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sleeve_v they_o upon_o one_o side_n which_o you_o will_v may_v be_v use_v without_o danger_n as_o well_o when_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_o as_o when_o the_o fight_n be_v in_o as_o much_o as_o they_o disturb_v not_o the_o battle_n but_o advance_v fresh_a aide_n against_o the_o enemy_n on_o the_o flank_n of_o it_o 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n there_o be_v two_o manner_n of_o doubling_n of_o the_o depth_n or_o of_o file_n one_o in_o number_n the_o other_o in_o place_n in_o number_n when_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o another_o the_o leader_n or_o first_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n stand_v behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o second_o the_o three_o behind_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o of_o the_o rest_n or_o when_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o their_o leader_n place_v themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a their_o file_n follow_v they_o or_o which_o come_v all_o to_o one_o the_o file_n be_v whole_a 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lest_o we_o give_v opportunity_n to_o the_o enemy_n to_o encircle_v and_o encompass_v it_o polybius_n note_v this_o a_o great_a faulâ—_n in_o marcus_n atilius_n regulus_n at_o such_o time_n as_o he_o fight_v with_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o be_v take_v prisoner_n his_o word_n have_v this_o effect_n k_o the_o roman_n see_v the_o enemy_n order_v 1._o his_o battle_n march_v out_o against_o he_o fuâ—l_o of_o courage_n be_v notwithstanding_o somewhat_o appall_v at_o and_o foresee_v the_o elephant_n violence_n in_o come_v on_o they_o set_v their_o darter_n before_o and_o place_v many_o maniple_n of_o arm_v behind_o one_o after_o a_o other_o and_o divide_v the_o horse_n half_a into_o one_o wing_n half_a into_o the_o other_o then_o make_v the_o whole_a battle_n short_a but_o deep_a than_o they_o be_v wont_a they_o provide_v well_o against_o the_o elephant_n but_o not_o against_o the_o horse_n that_o far_o exceed_v they_o in_o number_n be_v now_o come_v to_o hand_n the_o roman_a horse_n 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to_o the_o fresh_a phalange_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n stand_v in_o good_a order_n they_o be_v by_o they_o slay_v thus_o fortune_n be_v contrary_a on_o all_o side_n the_o roman_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o excessive_a might_n of_o the_o beast_n and_o the_o rest_n die_v with_o the_o dart_n of_o the_o horseman_n in_o the_o place_n where_o they_o fight_v the_o error_n of_o attilius_n regulus_n be_v in_o order_v his_o battle_n too_o deep_a by_o mean_n whereof_o it_o be_v easy_o encompass_v and_o distress_a by_o the_o carthaginian_a horse_n b._n appian_n likewise_o blame_v antiochus_n for_o order_v his_o phalange_n 32_o man_n in_o depth_n where_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n ought_v to_o but_o 16_o deep_a show_v that_o by_o that_o oversight_n it_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o overthrow_v i_o have_v touch_v the_o history_n in_o my_o note_n before_o many_o other_o example_n may_v be_v allege_v but_o these_o two_o be_v sufficient_a for_o our_o purpose_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o double_v of_o the_o length_n by_o number_n middle_a man_n double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n by_o this_o command_n the_o middle_a man_n with_o their_o half_a file_n march_v up_o to_o the_o front_n in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o file_n and_o stand_v even_o with_o the_o fileleader_n and_o the_o rest_n even_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n double_v of_o the_o length_n in_o place_n stand_v in_o your_o open_a order_n one_o half_n open_v their_o file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a and_o stand_v six_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o double_v of_o the_o depth_n in_o number_n double_o your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n fall_v into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a file_n double_o your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o fall_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o odd_a and_o place_n themselves_o lineal_o after_o they_o observe_v their_o first_o distance_n divide_v your_o file_n and_o double_v they_o by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n half_n the_o file_n divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a and_o countermarch_n out_o behind_o the_o rear_n then_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o place_n behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o stand_a file_n which_o remove_v not_o then_o march_v on_o and_o place_n themselves_o orderly_o behind_o they_o file_n to_o file_v then_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o double_v the_o depth_n in_o place_n rank_n open_v behind_o to_o your_o open_a order_n the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven-fronted_n phalange_n chap._n xxx_o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o deep_a phalange_n common_o call_v the_o hearse_n be_v that_o which_o procee_v by_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n in_o general_a speech_n every_o thing_n be_v call_v parameke_n which_o have_v length_n more_o than_o the_o depth_n and_o that_o which_o have_v the_o depth_n more_o than_o the_o length_n orthion_n and_o so_o likewise_o a_o phalange_n the_o phalange_n loxe_n or_o uneven_a front_a be_v that_o which_o put_v forth_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v think_v fit_a towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o with_o it_o beginning_n the_o fight_n hold_v off_o the_o other_o in_o a_o convenient_a distance_n till_o opportunity_n be_v to_o advance_v of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la eutaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n xxxi_o parembole_n or_o insertion_n be_v when_o place_v soldier_n before_o we_o take_v off_o the_o hindmost_a and_o rank_n they_o within_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o first_o protaxis_fw-la or_o fore-fronting_a be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o 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to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n which_o the_o other_o do_v not_o and_o what_o fight_v they_o with_o all_o not_o with_o lance_n for_o than_o shall_v they_o be_v lancier_n of_o who_o we_o have_v speak_v but_o they_o fight_v with_o battleax_n sword_n and_o such_o other_o short_a weapon_n suidas_n affirm_v it_o allege_v by_o 7._o arcerius_fw-la these_o say_v he_o at_o first_o cast_v light_n dart_v a_o far_o of_o and_o afterward_o approach_v join_v with_o the_o enemy_n fight_v with_o battell-ax_n or_o sword_n which_o kind_n they_o call_v light-horseman_n 20_o the_o horseman_n that_o use_n bow_v i_o need_v not_o allege_v any_o thing_n to_o show_v that_o the_o scythian_n be_v good_a archer_n it_o be_v know_v to_o any_o man_n that_o be_v not_o ignorant_a of_o history_n i_o will_v only_o note_v that_o in_o fly_v from_o the_o enemy_n thâ—y_o harm_v as_o much_o as_o in_o fall_v on_o for_o as_o they_o flee_v they_o turn_v half_a their_o body_n backward_o and_o shot_n at_o he_o that_o follow_v 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by_o they_o the_o soldier_n be_v defend_v from_o the_o missive_a weapon_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o his_o body_n cover_v even_o from_o the_o pierce_a of_o the_o sword_n synaspismos_n then_o or_o shut_v be_v that_o aistance_n in_o the_o phalange_n which_o bring_v the_o sonldiers_n target_n to_o touch_v one_o a_o other_o and_o be_v limit_v by_o aelian_n to_o a_o cubite_fw-la that_o be_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a betwixt_o sideman_n and_o sideman_n in_o the_o front_n what_o distance_n the_o follower_n shall_v have_v aelian_n set_v not_o here_o doâ—ne_v in_o plain_a word_n but_o imply_v that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o 3_o foot_n still_o in_o that_o he_o say_v the_o phalange_n in_o constipation_n gather_v the_o sideman_n close_o then_o in_o densation_n but_o speak_v nothing_o of_o follower_n a._n polybius_n teach_v it_o more_o plain_o who_o give_v they_o three_o foot_n distance_n from_o the_o leader_n both_o according_a to_o the_o macedonian_a and_o roman_a discipline_n and_o that_o 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and_o be_v more_o pliable_a to_o be_v carry_v but_o the_o hollowness_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v much_o he_o will_v have_v it_o also_o 3_o eight_o handful_n in_o diameter_n the_o diameter_n in_o a_o circle_n be_v a_o right_a line_n which_o be_v draw_v from_o one_o side_n of_o the_o circumference_n to_o the_o other_o pass_v through_o the_o centre_n or_o middle_a point_n of_o the_o circle_n divide_v the_o circle_n in_o two_o equal_a part_n here_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o target_n be_v take_v for_o the_o exact_a breadth_n of_o the_o target_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v according_a to_o the_o macedonian_a manner_n eight_o handful_n or_o two_o foot_n that_o be_v 32_o finger_n for_o four_o handful_n go_v to_o a_o foot_n and_o four_o finger_n to_o a_o handful_n 38._o leo_n give_v it_o three_o spithams_n that_o be_v 36_o finger_n if_o he_o mean_v the_o great_a span_n spithame_n which_o be_v of_o twelve_o finger_n and_o the_o less_o comprehend_v a_o handful_n he_o can_v mean_v for_o so_o shall_v 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force_n to_o his_o son_n aleander_n that_o he_o need_v no_o other_o ally_n to_o overthrow_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o persia._n after_o his_o death_n 〈…〉_z alexander_n â—ooke_v his_o langdome_n and_o army_n and_o with_o it_o encounter_v and_o five_o inquish_a darius_n in_o two_o great_a battle_n run_v through_o asia_n like_o a_o flash_n of_o 〈◊〉_d renâ—ing_v a_o piece_n aâ—_n that_o resâ—ted_v or_o stand_v in_o his_o way_n and_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o albeit_o afterward_o divide_v continue_v long_o in_o his_o successor_n neither_o be_v the_o experience_n of_o their_o invinciblenesse_n against_o the_o barbarous_a people_n only_o but_o as_o much_o against_o the_o grecian_n who_o â—ill_v philip_n time_n be_v esteem_v the_o chief_a master_n of_o arm_n in_o europe_n this_o be_v clear_a by_o the_o victory_n the_o macedonian_n obtain_v against_o the_o renown_a city_n of_o greece_n both_o joint_o and_o several_o 〈…〉_z philip_n overthrow_v the_o phocean_n albeit_o 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be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o phalange_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n have_v not_o the_o proper_a place_n nor_o mean_n to_o use_v it_o own_o power_n in_o the_o encounter_n so_o long_o as_o the_o phalange_n have_v ground_n enough_o and_o can_v meet_v the_o enemy_n with_o a_o right_a front_n he_o hold_v it_o not_o possible_a to_o be_v foil_v be_v divide_v and_o in_o place_n uneven_a he_o be_v of_o opinion_n and_o experience_n have_v teach_v it_o may_v easy_o be_v put_v in_o a_o rout_n 〈…〉_z plutarch_n compare_v it_o for_o strength_n so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v one_o body_n and_o maintain_v the_o synaspisme_n joint_o to_o a_o invincible_a beast_n be_v disâ—evered_v he_o say_v it_o lose_v the_o force_n in_o the_o whole_a and_o in_o every_o man_n particular_a both_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o arm_v and_o also_o because_o the_o violence_n oâ—_n it_o consist_v rather_o in_o knit_v of_o all_o part_n together_o than_o in_o particular_a of_o any_o man_n valour_n three_o battle_n to_o praetermit_v aivers_a skirmish_n i_o find_v the_o roman_n 〈◊〉_d with_o and_o thiem_v 〈◊〉_d the_o macedonian_n one_o against_o king_n philip_n the_o son_n of_o demeâ—us_n a_o 〈◊〉_d against_o antiochus_n the_o three_o against_o perâ—eus_n the_o soâ—e_a of_o king_n pâ—lip_n 〈…〉_z for_o i_o paâ—_n over_o those_o wherein_o they_o be_v beat_v by_o pyâ—hus_n 〈◊〉_d worâ—_n 〈…〉_z philip_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d phalange_n and_o not_o use_v the_o whole_a together_o but_o fight_v against_o the_o roman_n with_o the_o right_a wing_n only_o yet_o have_v the_o better_a and_o wâ—_n too_o â—ard_o for_o that_o part_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n that_o join_v with_o he_o but_o the_o other_o 〈…〉_z winâ—_n come_v into_o the_o field_n fit_v rather_o for_o a_o march_n than_o a_o fight_n and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o order_v themselves_o phalaâ—ge-wise_a be_v soon_o defeat_v and_o the_o roman_a victorious_a fall_v upon_o the_o râ—re_a oâ—_n the_o right_a winâ—_n where_o philip_n be_v and_o have_v now_o get_v 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to_o enter_v and_o defeat_v it_o so_o long_o then_o as_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v fit_a ground_n and_o the_o right_a property_n of_o embattail_v it_o stand_v fast_o against_o the_o roman_n the_o great_a soldier_n that_o ever_o be_v be_v in_o their_o hand_n that_o know_v not_o how_o to_o use_v it_o as_o a_o sword_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o child_n it_o yield_v to_o time_n and_o fortune_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v assign_v to_o be_v 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v which_o consist_v principal_o in_o order_v of_o target_n and_o pike_n in_o close_v of_o the_o target_n by_o synaspisme_n and_o in_o joint_a charge_v of_o the_o pike_n which_o lie_v out_o thick_a from_o the_o front_n beside_o the_o horror_n of_o the_o sight_n give_v almost_o a_o impossibility_n to_o enter_v the_o phalange_n i_o have_v allege_v the_o judgement_n of_o aemilio_n aemilius_n concern_v the_o sight_n present_v by_o a_o phalange_n when_o the_o pike_n lie_v so_o charge_v out_o of_o the_o front_n a._n polybius_n think_v nothing_o can_v resist_v the_o force_n thereof_o c._n livy_n albeit_o many_o time_n more_o than_o partial_a to_o the_o roman_n yet_o in_o the_o selfsame_o fight_n between_o perseus_n and_o aemilius_n give_v his_o judgement_n thus_o of_o the_o phalange_n the_o second_o legion_n say_v he_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o middle_n empty_a place_n and_o so_o break_v asunder_o the_o phalange_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o more_o evident_a cause_n of_o victory_n than_o the_o fight_v in_o diverse_a place_n at_o once_o which_o first_o trouble_v the_o phalange_n in_o turn_v many_o way_n and_o afterward_o plain_o disjoint_v and_o scatter_v it_o who_o force_n be_v unite_a and_o rough_a with_o charge_a pike_n be_v intolerable_a if_o by_o give_v on_o in_o diverse_a place_n you_o constrain_v it_o to_o bring_v about_o the_o pike_n immovable_a through_o length_n and_o weight_n it_o entangle_v itself_o with_o confuse_a cross_n if_o at_o one_o 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it_o weak_a and_o ready_a to_o be_v break_v and_o dissever_v by_o the_o enemy_n and_o give_v a_o passage_n through_o and_o mean_v not_o only_o to_o encompass_v the_o front_n but_o at_o the_o same_o instant_n also_o to_o assault_v it_o behind_o and_o so_o utter_o to_o defeat_v it_o so_o that_o the_o reason_n of_o leo_n reach_v not_o home_o as_o i_o say_v there_o be_v other_o cause_n of_o thicken_a a_o horse_n troop_n beside_o reach_v of_o lance_n to_o the_o front_n and_o joint_a thrust_v on_o of_o the_o horse_n come_v behind_o and_o where_o leo_n speak_v but_o of_o 4_o horse_n in_o depth_n of_o a_o troop_n polybius_n say_v plain_o that_o be_v order_v for_o fight_n they_o have_v for_o the_o most_o part_n 8_o in_o depth_n polybius_n a_o man_n which_o live_v in_o the_o time_n whereof_o leo_n speak_v and_o have_v be_v general_n of_o the_o horse_n of_o the_o achaean_n beside_o leo_n seem_v not_o a_o little_a to_o differ_v from_o himself_o 70._o for_o in_o his_o seven_o chapter_n he_o write_v after_o this_o manner_n if_o there_o be_v many_o horse_n that_o be_v above_o twelve_o thousand_o let_v the_o depth_n be_v of_o 10._o if_o but_o few_o let_v it_o be_v no_o more_o than_o 5._o in_o square_n therefore_o i_o hold_v aelians_n proportion_n best_o to_o double_v the_o number_n of_o the_o front_n to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o flank_n and_o as_o the_o number_n of_o the_o troop_n arise_v for_o horse_n troop_n be_v not_o always_o of_o one_o number_n to_o enlarge_v the_o length_n of_o cap._n 19_o a_o rhombe_n file_v but_o not_o rank_v the_o front_n the_o rear_n cap._n 19_o a_o rhombe_n neither_o fill_n nor_o rank_v the_o front_n the_o rear_n cap._n 19_o a_o rhomb_n rank_v but_o not_o file_v the_o front_n the_o rear_n the_o front_n and_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o flank_n proportionable_o one_o to_o another_o 6_o when_o there_o be_v as_o many_o horse_n in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n i_o note_v before_o in_o the_o nine_o chapter_n that_o there_o be_v two_o square_n of_o equal_a side_n 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the_o front_n double_a to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o flank_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o horse_n or_o foot_n in_o foot_n because_o the_o soldier_n in_o ranke_n have_v but_o half_a so_o much_o distance_n as_o they_o have_v in_o file_n in_o rank_n a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a in_o file_n three_o foot_n in_o horse_n because_o the_o length_n of_o the_o horse_n be_v much_o more_o than_o his_o breadth_n and_o that_o length_n be_v full_o stretch_v out_o in_o flank_n the_o breadth_n only_o in_o front_n why_o rhombe_n be_v first_o bring_v into_o use_n and_o the_o diverse_a form_n of_o they_o chap._n xix_o the_o form_n of_o the_o rhombe_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v up_o for_o the_o necessary_a use_n thereof_o for_o the_o captain_n possess_v the_o first_o place_n the_o next_o follow_v horseman_n be_v not_o to_o rank_n with_o he_o but_o to_o come_v a_o little_a after_o on_o both_o side_n so_o that_o 1_o the_o head_n of_o their_o horse_n may_v reach_v to_o his_o horse_n shoulder_n &_o on_o the_o 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decad_a 4._o lib._n 7._o 142._o a._n diod._n sicul._n lib._n 14._o 408._o remedy_n against_o they_o diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 592._o 593._o xenoph._n de_fw-fr exp_v cyr._n lib._n 1._o 265._o liu._n decad_a 4._o 142._o quint._n curt._n lib._n 4._o 141._o plutarch_n in_o sylla_n i_o come_v to_o the_o name_n of_o the_o command_v of_o chariot_n 1_o a_o zygarchie_n the_o command_n of_o two_o chariot_n as_o it_o be_v a_o yoke_n of_o chariot_n 2_o a_o syzygy_n the_o command_n over_o two_o yoke_n as_o it_o be_v of_o chariot_n join_v together_o that_o be_v over_o 4_o chariot_n 3_o a_o episyzygy_n the_o command_n over_o four_o yoke_n of_o chariot_n that_o be_v over_o eight_o chariot_n 4_o a_o harmatarchie_n proper_o the_o command_n of_o chariot_n but_o use_v by_o aelian_n for_o the_o command_n of_o 16_o chariot_n 5_o a_o wing_n as_o foot_n so_o chariot_n and_o elephant_n have_v their_o wing_n of_o battle_n to_o the_o wing_n go_v 32_o chariot_n yet_o find_v i_o this_o order_n of_o imbattail_v chariot_n no_o where_o but_o in_o aelian_n he_o that_o will_v let_v he_o read_v the_o place_n that_o i_o have_v note_v before_o for_o the_o order_n of_o chariot_n notwithstanding_o i_o can_v not_o doubt_v that_o the_o name_n give_v here_o by_o aelian_n be_v take_v out_o of_o ancient_a writer_n 6_o a_o phalange_n it_o consist_v of_o 64_o chariot_n and_o we_o here_o see_v that_o chariot_n also_o have_v their_o phalanges_fw-la as_o well_o as_o foot_n and_o horse_n of_o elephant_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o their_o commander_n chap._n xxiii_o touch_v elephant_n he_o that_o be_v commander_n of_o one_o elephant_n be_v call_v 1_o zoarcha_n of_o two_o 2_o therarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o therarchy_n of_o four_o 3_o epitherarcha_n and_o the_o
themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n the_o other_o set_v against_o the_o target_n and_o with_o the_o pike_n abase_v wherein_o he_o quite_o dissent_v from_o diodore_n and_o polien_n diodore_n say_v the_o command_n be_v to_o keep_v their_o array_n polienus_n not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o probus_n not_o to_o give_v back_o probus_n say_v they_o shall_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n and_o rest_n against_o the_o target_n with_o the_o other_o diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o target_n sink_v to_o their_o knee_n polienus_n that_o they_o shall_v carry_v their_o target_n before_o at_o their_o knee_n probus_n that_o they_o shall_v abase_v and_o charge_v their_o pike_n diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v continue_v and_o order_v they_o upright_o polien_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o pike_n upright_o so_o that_o diodore_n and_o polien_n agree_v and_o expound_v one_o another_o aemilius_n probus_n bring_v in_o a_o new_a history_n dissent_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o other_o two_o especial_o in_o make_v that_o to_o be_v a_o form_n of_o fight_n prescribe_v by_o chabrias_n a_o simple_a form_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n upon_o their_o knee_n which_o be_v a_o contempt_n to_o show_v how_o little_a especial_o in_o that_o strength_n of_o ground_n he_o regard_v agesilaus_n which_o contempt_n also_o make_v agesilaus_n retire_v not_o doubt_v but_o it_o proceed_v from_o a_o great_a assurance_n of_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o as_o i_o say_v i_o take_v these_o word_n ep_o '_o orthon_n apodounai_fw-mi not_o only_o to_o appertain_v to_o the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o also_o and_o that_o much_o rather_o to_o the_o erection_n and_o order_v of_o pike_n of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxviii_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n each_o of_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o kind_n the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a which_o be_v also_o the_o persian_a and_o the_o cretan_a 1_o the_o macedonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n backward_o where_o before_o it_o be_v forward_o 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v likewise_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o steed_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a and_o choraean_a this_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o the_o phalange_n every_o soldier_n take_v another_o place_n for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o file-leader_n the_o place_n of_o bringer-up_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v when_o a_o man_n will_v transfer_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o section_n and_o the_o section_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n to_o the_o end_n to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n likewise_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n they_o that_o fear_v to_o countermarch_n the_o phalange_n in_o gross_a the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n do_v it_o by_o syntagmae_n i_o will_v now_o set_v down_o in_o what_o manner_n countermarch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o a_o other_o according_a as_o the_o file-leader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n therefore_o it_o make_v show_v to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o or_o it_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n pass_v by_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n place_v themselves_o orderly_a one_o behind_o another_o but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o file-leader_n order_v themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n wherefore_o to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v behind_o it_o make_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o again_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v his_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v stand_n as_o before_o behind_o he_o or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o pass_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o first_o the_o choraean_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o file-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o file-leader_n and_o these_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v countermarch_v make_v by_o rank_n in_o case_n a_o man_n will_v countermarch_n by_o rank_n for_o every_o rank_n countermarch_v either_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n or_o change_v the_o right_a hand_n place_n or_o else_o the_o left_a hand_n place_n of_o the_o battle_n one_o of_o which_o must_v needs_o fall_v out_o and_o never_o fail_v note_n the_o two_o former_a motion_n be_v perform_v one_o in_o close_a order_n the_o other_o in_o all_o order_n epistrophe_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v shut_v so_o close_o that_o as_o aelian_n say_v a_o man_n can_v turn_v his_o face_n neither_o the_o one_o way_n nor_o the_o other_o clisis_fw-la in_o open_a order_n order_n and_o close_a order_n the_o two_o â—_o follow_v motion_n countermarch_v and_o double_v one_o be_v do_v in_o open_a 84._o order_n the_o other_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o open_a order_n too_o and_o yet_o sometime_o in_o order_n and_o close_a order_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o due_a place_n this_o chapter_n handle_v countermarche_n the_o next_o doubling_n countermarch_v be_v a_o motion_n whereby_o every_o soldier_n march_v after_o other_o change_v his_o front_n for_o the_o rear_n or_o one_o flank_v for_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n and_o the_o other_o by_o rank_n and_o each_o of_o these_o be_v again_o divide_v into_o three_o the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a or_o cretan_a a_o countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o leader_n of_o the_o same_o file_n by_o rank_n when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o sideman_n of_o the_o same_o rank_n in_o the_o countermarch_v 1_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o purpose_n of_o the_o commander_n be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n of_o his_o battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o withal_o to_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v say_v aelian_n because_o
the_o macedonian_n be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o which_o of_o the_o macedonian_n he_o tell_v not_o but_o exclude_v philip_n and_o alexander_n who_o both_o use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v and_o before_o their_o time_n i_o have_v not_o read_v of_o any_o warlike_a king_n of_o macedonia_n the_o manner_n of_o it_o be_v this_o first_o all_o the_o fileleader_n turn_v their_o face_n about_o either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n then_o the_o next_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a by_o they_o on_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o be_v come_v to_o their_o distance_n place_n themselves_o direct_o behind_o their_o fileleader_n and_o then_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o same_o way_n and_o so_o the_o three_o rank_n after_o they_o and_o the_o four_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o bringers-up_a be_v last_o and_o have_v take_v the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n again_o and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o figure_n express_v not_o well_o the_o action_n for_o in_o it_o the_o bringers-up_a begin_v first_o to_o countermarch_n which_o according_a to_o aelian_n shall_v move_v last_o yet_o may_v this_o countermarch_v be_v do_v as_o the_o figure_n be_v but_o i_o take_v aelians_n way_n to_o be_v easy_a and_o ready_a and_o it_o may_v be_v also_o that_o the_o countermarch_v express_v in_o the_o figure_n be_v lose_v in_o the_o text_n for_o one_o of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarche_n which_o proceed_v the_o contrary_a way_n begin_v the_o motion_n with_o the_o fileleader_n as_o this_o do_v with_o the_o bringers-up_a as_o we_o shall_v straight_o see_v 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o proceed_n be_v contrary_a to_o that_o of_o the_o former_a that_o take_v the_o ground_n before_o the_o phalange_n this_o take_v the_o ground_n after_o in_o that_o the_o move_n be_v from_o the_o rear_n to_o the_o front_n in_o this_o from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n this_o be_v the_o invention_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n aelian_n describe_v it_o to_o be_v do_v in_o two_o manner_n one_o when_o the_o bringers-up_a first_o turn_n about_o their_o face_n and_o the_o next_o 95._o rank_n likewise_o turn_v face_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o every_o man_n thereof_o place_v himself_o direct_o before_o his_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o three_o do_v the_o like_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o fileleader_n come_v to_o be_v first_o the_o other_o when_o the_o fileleader_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o every_o one_o in_o their_o file_n follow_v they_o orderly_o the_o figure_n express_v this_o last_o aelian_n prefer_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v before_o the_o macedonian_a because_o in_o it_o the_o soldier_n seem_v to_o fall_v on_o and_o go_v to_o the_o charge_n where_o in_o the_o macedonian_a they_o seem_v to_o fly_v there_o be_v notwithstanding_o time_n when_o it_o be_v better_a to_o use_v the_o macedonian_a as_o in_o case_n you_o mean_v to_o march_v on_o and_o not_o to_o fight_v with_o the_o enemy_n except_o you_o be_v compel_v or_o else_o you_o seek_v to_o gain_v some_o ground_n of_o advantage_n for_o the_o macedonian_a continue_v still_o the_o march_n and_o stay_v not_o the_o lacedaemonian_a return_v upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o so_o lose_v ground_n in_o march_v agesilaus_n after_o victory_n get_v against_o the_o argive_n against_o who_o he_o stand_v in_o the_o right_a wing_n hear_v that_o the_o theban_n have_v beat_v the_o orchomenian_o in_o the_o left_a wing_n use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v against_o they_o the_o word_n of_o c._n xenophon_n sound_v thus_o here_o the_o stranger_n be_v about_o to_o crown_n agesilaus_n think_v he_o have_v get_v the_o victory_n when_o news_n be_v bring_v that_o the_o theban_n after_o they_o have_v break_v the_o orchomenian_o have_v force_v a_o passage_n as_o far_o as_o the_o baggage_n then_o agesilaus_n countermarch_v his_o phalange_n lead_v against_o they_o the_o theban_n perceive_v their_o confederate_n be_v fie_v up_o to_o the_o mount_n helicon_n close_v their_o troop_n together_o as_o near_o as_o they_o can_v seek_v to_o open_v a_o way_n by_o force_n and_o to_o get_v up_o unto_o they_o agesilaus_n albeit_o he_o may_v by_o give_v way_n to_o the_o foremost_a have_v follow_v they_o at_o heel_n and_o charge_v the_o rear_n yet_o do_v he_o it_o not_o but_o meet_v the_o theban_n front_v to_o front_v thus_o encounter_v and_o clash_v their_o target_n together_o they_o fight_v thrust_v on_o kill_v and_o be_v kill_v in_o fine_a some_o of_o the_o theban_n break_v through_o to_o helicon_n other_o some_o as_o they_o seek_v to_o escape_v be_v leave_v dead_a on_o the_o place_n agesilaus_n here_o follow_v the_o chase_n upon_o the_o argive_n towards_o the_o mount_n helicon_n the_o theban_n upon_o the_o orchomenian_o the_o contrary_a way_n towards_o the_o enemy_n campe._n the_o theban_n see_v their_o confederate_n flee_v to_o the_o mount_n helicon_n return_v towards_o they_o agesilaus_n countermarch_v to_o meet_v they_o meet_v they_o and_o fight_v with_o they_o for_o the_o countermarch_v he_o use_v i_o make_v account_v it_o be_v the_o lacedaemonian_a himself_o be_v a_o lacedaemonian_a and_o he_o use_v it_o to_o meet_v the_o theban_n brave_o in_o front_n the_o same_o agesilaus_n after_o he_o have_v by_o night_n encamp_v in_o a_o piece_n of_o ground_n behind_o mantinaea_n encompass_v d._n about_o with_o mountain_n perceive_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o the_o mantinaeans_n gather_v together_o upon_o the_o top_n that_o lay_v right_a over_o the_o head_n of_o his_o rearegard_n determine_v to_o lead_v his_o army_n out_o of_o the_o place_n with_o all_o speed_n now_o if_o himself_o shall_v lead_v he_o fear_v the_o enemy_n will_v give_v upon_o his_o rear_n therefore_o stand_v still_o and_o turn_v his_o arm_n against_o the_o enemy_n he_o command_v the_o last_o of_o the_o phalange_n to_o march_v back_o again_o from_o the_o rear_n and_o come_v up_o to_o he_o and_o so_o at_o once_o he_o bring_v his_o army_n out_o 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