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order_n	close_a	open_a	open_v	3,556	5	10.5024	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A54357	The perfection of military discipline after the newest method, as practised in England and Ireland, &c., or, The industrious souldiers golden treasury of knowledge in the art of making war containing instructions for the exercising the pike and musket in all their postures, with the signs of the drum, by its beating the several points of war, the exercise of granadeers, horse, and dragoons : the explanation of the words of command, and how to be put in practice ... : the several doublings, wheelings, and drawing up of battalions, squadrons of horse, &c. with the conduct of armies in open or inclosed countries, or upon any occasion or immergency ... the method to be observed in garrisons, and the manner of fortification, with that of besieging strong holds, &c. to which is added, as a second part, The art of gunnery, or, The compleat engineer : shewing the practice of the ordnance, mortars, &c. with the manner of making and using fire-works for war, at sea and land, and many other things necessary to be known for the improvement of souldiers.		1690 (1690)	Wing P1532; ESTC R18339	60,614	163

the word March the rest that compose the Rank must wheel to their places The manner of Wheeling backwards by Half Ranks Here you must observe there must as near as possible be an equal number of Men in every Rank the right and left-hand man of each Rank standing firm on his ground and turn only to the hand named the words of Command being viz. By half Ranks wheel to the right and left backwards March Whereupon the Battalion opens the half Ranks separating and falling back to the right and left-hand Men which leaves an intervale and forms two Ranks opposite to each other the Officers and Colours dividing in the same manner taking their Posts and Ranging before the Souldiers to make a Guard the Serjeants and Drums placing themselves equally on the right and left This being observed the manner of Reduction is by these Words of Command viz. By half Ranks to the right and left inward Form your Ranks as you were March Here the half Ranks are to wheel from the right and the left and close the interval by which means they become whole Ranks for having wheeled inward at the word March they are no more half Ranks but whole Ranks in a Marching order In case of Closings and Openings there are divers words of Command required viz. Ranks close forward to Order viz. three foot March Ranks close forward to close Order viz. a foot and half March Ranks open backward to Order viz. three foot March Ranks open backward to open Order viz. six foot March Ranks open backward to a doubling distance viz. 12 foot March In this manner of proceeding to open backward the Ranks must fall backward in Order without changing the Aspect having ever regard to their Leaders and right-hand Men. The further Words of Command are viz. Files close to the Right March Files close to the Left March Files close to the Centre March Files open to the Right March Files open to the Left March Files open from the Centre March By the Files opening to the Centre is meant their facing from the Centre and if there happen to be an odd File that remains and is properly termed the Centre File When Files are to open to the right or to the left they must keep their station without Changing in any manner till the word March be uttered whereupon they are to face to the hand named taking their distances commanded each from his Leader In all Openings as has been said the contrary Man must be observed if the Command be to open to the right the second File from the right must by short steps first take its distance suffering the Leader to pass as far as it is commanded before you move the rest of the Files in their turn and order observing to do the same as for the left-hand File it is not to move in all Openings they are to move directly forward with a slow pace Thus the young Souldier may his Duty Read But now to greater Things we must proceed The Ratling Drum and Trumpet calls us on A Souldier's Work you know is seldom done But ever Travels with the glorious Sun A further Consideration of Doublings Relating to Foot c. and their Reduction 1. RAnks to the Right double March 2. Ranks as you were March 3. Ranks to the Left March 4. Ranks as you were March In case of doubling the Ranks those that are to do so must observe their right-hand men and move as they move beginning to move with the Foot next the hand then named and so to come into Order this doubling the even Ranks must be observ●d to double into the odd when the odd Ranks are to double you must face the Body to the Rear and the like words of Command will perform it or you may further proceed viz. Odd Ranks that stood to the Right-about Double the even Ranks The Reduction of Ranks c. Those Ranks that double must face first to the contrary hand and then with the contrary foot bring themselves to the former Ground but not to move in the least till the word March be given and this is held upon all doublings of Ranks and half Ranks notwithstanding the contrary hand is to be turned to they must double on to the Ground they double to yet coming to their proper Ground they there must turn to the hand they doubled and thereby they are brought directly to their Leaders And in the like manner Files are doubled remaining much the same with the Reduction of doubled Ranks The manner of doubling Front half Files by half Files of the Rear The words of Command in this case are Half Files to the Right-hand Double your Front March Rear half Files As you were March Rear haal Files to the left hand double your Front March Rear half Files As you were March If this happen upon the March the Rear half Files must then move into the Front by a very swift motion the Front half Files at the same time continuing there each observing the right-hand Man In case of Reduction the Rear half Files must not face about but stand still till the Front half Files are passed and then fall in and follow the proper Leaders but if the occasion require the Front half Files to be doubled by the Rear the Rear half Files must march a softly pace observing their right-hand men so that all the Ranks may double at one time Observe in Reducement as it is in the doubling of single Ranks that no man must move till the word of Command March be given upon which they turn all together upon the contrary hand they doubled on and when they come up to their own Ground they must turn to the hand they doubled to Rear half Files doubled by the Front half Files Here the words of Command are viz. Front half Files to the Right-about double your Rear half Files This word of Command given the three Front Ranks or three half Files must turn to the Right-about and going on the right-hand of their Fellowers or the Rear half Files they must double into them and when they have doubled face to the Left-about to their Leader without expecting any word of Command The manner of Reduction The words of Command are Front half Files as you were March Whereupon the half Files must march slowly keeping at three foot from their right-hand Men by which means they incline to the left and are brought directly upon their former Ground and it is only doing thus and observing the contrary hand in doubling to the Left Now it remains that somewhat more particularly then has been said of the several manners of Fireings be laid down c. The manner of Fireing to the Front When the Souldiers are to Fire and keep their Ground 't is expedient that the Body be made close as well as in Rank as File as will stand conveniently with the use of Arms and hereupon Command must be given viz. Musketiers make Ready all Then they

Behold A Prince Renownd In Peace and Arms. whos name and Fame the world with wonder Charms The Be●gian Glory and Great Britains Joy who saued the Dear Palladium of our Troy P. P. Beu●ho Soul The Perfection of Military Discipline After the Newest Method As Practised In England and Ireland c. OR The Industrious SOULDIERS Golden Treasury of Knowledge in the Art of making WAR CONTAINING Instructions for the Exercising the Pike and Musket in all their Postures with the Signs of the Drum by its beating the several Points of War the Exercise of Granadeers Horse and Dragoons The Explanation of the Words of Command and how to be put in Practice The manner of drawing up in several forms of Battle The various Fireings and Advantages to be gained thereby The several Doublings Wheelings and drawing up of Battalions Squadrons of Horse c. with the conduct of Armies in open or inclosed Countries or upon any occasion or Immergency How the detached Party and Officers c. ought to carry themselves several ways off of Incampment opening difficult Passes taking Castles passing Bridges opposing Towns or Fortresses The Method to be observed in Garrisons and the manner of Fortification with that of befieging strong Holds c. To which is added as a Second Part. The Art of Gunnery or the Compleat Engineer shewing the Practice of the Ordnance Mortars c. with the manner of making and using Fire-works for War at Sea and Land and many other things necessary to be known for the Improvement of Souldiers London Printed for Nicholas Boddington at the Golden Ball in Duck-Lane 1690. Lisenced according to Order Octob. 12. 1689. THE PREFACE THE Profession of Arms has in all Ages been in such Esteem that the Great Men of the World have made it their Study Emperours and Kings have preferred the Name of a Souldier above the rest of their Glorious Titles and indeed the Sword is properly the Bullwark of a Kingdom without which the Laws would prove weak and ineffectual for did not the Violaters fear that Power which is of force to compel them to undergoe the Penalties of the Laws they would esteem them but a dead Letter And to speak more plain The Souldier is the Guard of Liberty Property and what ever is dear to Mankind as being at all times ready to sacrifice his Life for the Defence of his Country nor are the Advantages small that may incite men to the study of the Military Art for it is often seen that Persons of mean Birth and Fortune have by their Courage and Industry become great Commanders and many times Generals of Armies Courage indeed is a great Qualification in the profession of Arms but without Experience it frequently does hurt and rarely raises a man to any considerable Station but joyned with Experience and kept within bounds it wants but Opportunity to make him Eminent though many Books of this kind have appeared in the World yet being either of an extraordinary Price or wanting somewhat new and necessary to be known we thought fit especially for the Instruction of young Souldiers to compile in a small Volume such a Body of Military Disciplin'd c. as at this time is Practical and approved by the great Captains of the Age that they may be able to understand their Duty and perform it with Exactness and Dexterity so that being well grounded in the most necessary and honourable Art their Courage Zeal and Loyalty may not only frustrate the Projects of our Enemies abroad and at home but render these Kingdoms Dreadful to our Neighbours and Happy in themselves The Perfection of MILITARY DISCIPLINE After the Newest Method As Practised In England and Ireland c. THE most promising things to Preferment in this great Art are Valour and Obedience for it is not only very commendable when occasion offers to fight Valiantly but likewise to obey Patiently the latter being looked upon as a great Vertue to these Experience acquired by Labour and Industry being joyned Difficulties will the easier be overcome a man may indeed a long time bare Arms and yet be ignorant in many things he ought materially to know but an Industrious Mind will accomplish much in a short time There are several things in the Military Art to be considered and in the first place those properly called the Senses by which we receive Advertisement as the Eye and the Ear and in this case a strict Observance and Silence is required that the one and the other may not be mistaken The Signes used in War are commonly three viz. The Voice which conveys the word of Command to the Ear. The Trumpet or Drum which by certain Sounds and Beats give notice to the Cavalry and Infantry what is to be done And the last is The Hand Colours or other Signs which inform the Eye and these are called Vocal Semi-vocal and Mute and these must be perfectly understood or else by mistake or not knowing what to do a Souldier may run into great Error especially in Battle loosing himself and being the occasion of the loss others But of this more hereafter When it happens that a Regiment has the word of Command to draw out then ought the Major or Adjutant to Assign each Company its proper Post and this must be done by placing the eldest Company upon the Right and the next to that on the Left and so in order to the youngest who by this meanes will come into the Center and every Company or Body of Men are to be drawn up in the beginning at the same order they march at as well in Rank as File the single Companies always taking notice to leave so much room as the Serjeants and Drums may place themselves in on the Right and Left of each Company Then observe before you form your Battalions to draw up from every Company the odd Men forming in Opposition a Rank at fifty paces in distance from the head of each Company that no broken Files may appear and by this means with more speed and dexterity you may compleat the Files The Battalions may be form'd the Companies disposed in order as aforesaid by these words of Command viz. 1. Have a care to form the Battalion 2. Musqueteers to the Right and Left outwards 3. Pikes to the Right and Left inwards 4. March interchanging Ground Upon the interchange of Ground by the Pikes and Musqueteers the first Rank of Pikes must pass before the first Rank of Musqueteers And it ever is to be noted That after Command for moving of any kind no man stir till the word March be uttered so that they may move joyntly and not break the Order The Ground being changed the Souldiers must forbear to face to their Leaders till they be so commanded which done they are in Battalia at close Order in File and the Officers in this case must have a regard to the whole as not limitted to their particular Companies and the Commandant must take notice how many

Serjeants are present and if the Battalian contain eight or ten Companies or a bigger number and every Company two Serjeants and three Corporals designed to do the duty of Serjeants two must necessarily be placed on each Rank to the Right and Left and the others must have their Stations in the Rear but if the Serjeants be not so many then there will be allowed but one to each Rank to the Right and Left and the rest in the Rear making a Parallel Rank to the Souldiers keeping three paces distance from the Rank The Serjeants thus placed the Drums must stand one half on the Right and the other half on the Left that they may range directly with the first Rank of the Souldiers but if the Drums be more than usual and the ground be streight then they may be disposed in two Ranks on the Right and Left ranging with the two first Ranks of Souldiers ever slinging their Drums unless contrary Command be given The Hoitboys if there be any are to take the right of the Drums which are on the right of the Battalion ranging with them in the same Ranks The Commission Officers according to the English Military Discipline are to take their places at the head of the Battalion as the Colours are drawn but more of this hereafter In this close Order the Ranks by the care of the Serjeants are to have twelve large Feet distance between Rank and Rank which must be kept very even the Chief Commandant to place himself about forty paces distant from the Center of the Pikes As to the words of Command they must be given with deliberation least commanding too fast put the Souldiers beside their Exercise Silence being commanded the next word of Command is Files open to the Right or to the Left to your Order March At these words each Souldier turns to the hand mentioned and after a short stand the Flanking Searjeants lead the Ranks which by this means are Files marching slowly forward by short steps the Serjeants with advanced Halberts the Iron uppermost every man if they move to the Right observing the left-hand man if to the Left the contrary and as soon as the last man but one of the first Rank stirs the Command is to be given for them all to Halt And in proceeding to open Files after this manner no man ought to move till his Leader be at four foot distance and then to move with equal pace and keep the distance so that when faced to the proper Front there will be three foot space between them The word of Command to Halt being given the word of Command succeeding is To your Leader In this case the Captains and Lieutenants are to carry their Pikes comported ever when they move to the Right or Left the Ensigns being Advanced the Ranks must also be kept even at twelve feet distance which is the Serjeants Care the Files must be likewise at three feet distance each having regard to his right and left-hand man To draw the Officers from the Front of the Battalion to the Rear these words must be used viz. Have a care of the Exercise Upon this the Musqueteers are to draw off their right-hand Gloves and stick them in their Girdles The next words are viz. Officers take your Posts of Exercise in the Rear March Upon this the Officers must face to the right-about the Captains marching a pretty swift pace in the one Rank and the Lieutenants and Colours in another two paces behind Captains and Lieutenants carrying their Pikes Advanced being in the Rear the Lieutenants and Ensigns are to take their places in a Rank about twelve feet from the Serjeants the Captains ought to be thirteen paces from the last Rank of Souldiers and the Lieutenants and Colours eleven and at this word of Command or further signal from the Officers to take their Posts of Exercise in the Rear six Serjeants of the Rear must march thorough the Intervals of the Files posting themselves in the Front forty six paces from the first Rank of Souldiers being advanced six paces before the Chief Commandant making by their ranging a parallel Line with the Battalion keeping the Front free and undisordered This word being likewise given the Pike men must joyn their left-hands with their Pikes placing them even with their Shoulder We suppose the Musqueteers to have Shouldered and the Pikes Advanced none are to speak after Silence is Commanded but the Officer in Chief who thus proceeds 1. Order your Pikes 2. To the Right to the Right to the Right to the Right to the Right-about as you were To the Left to the Left to the Left to the Left to the Left-about as you were Words of Command for the Exercise of the Fire-Lock and Pike 1. MVsqueteers have a care of the Exercise and carry your Arms well 2. Lay your right hands on your Muskets 3. Poise your Muskets 4. Rest your Muskets 5. Cock your Muskets 6. Guard your Musket 7. Present 8. Fire 9. Recover your Arms. 10. Half bend your Muskets 11. Clean your Pans 12. Handle your Primers 13. Prime 14. Shut your Pans 15. Blow off your loose Corns 16. Cast about to Charge 17. Handle your Chargers 18. Open them with your Teeth 19. Charge with Powder 20. Draw forth your Scowerers 21. Shorten them to an Inch. 22. Charge with Bullet 23. Ram down Powder and Ball. 24. Withdraw your Scowerers 25. Shorten them to a Handfull 26. Return your Scowerers 27. Poise your Muskets 28. Shoulder your Muskets 29. Order your Musket 30. Pike-men take heed 31. Advance your Pikes to the Front Charge 32. To the Right Charge 33. To the Right Charge 34. To the Right Charge 35. To the Right Charge 36. To the Right-about Charge 37. As you were Charge 38. To the Left Charge 39. To the Left Charge 40. To the Left Charge 41. To the Left Charge 42. To the Left-about Charge 43. As you were Charge 44. Advance your Pikes 45. Shoulder your Pikes 46. Charge to the Front 47. As you were Charge to the Right as you were 84. Charge to the Right-about 49. As you were Charge to the Left as you were 50. Charge to the Left-about 51. As you were 52. Port. 53. Comport 54. Charge to the Front 55 Trail your Pike 56. Charge as you were 57. Advance your Pikes When you Exercise thus it must be done altogether and not one after another that a whole Battalion may seem to do but one and the same Action Then to proceed further viz. Musqueteers take heed Poise your Muskets Shoulder your Muskets Musqueteers make Ready at which time all the Postures of the Musket are to be performed by the Musqueteers together which readiness imploys a Cocking which must be guarded with the Thumb least it should go off unseasonably and the Muskets brought streight before them with the left hands a little above the Chin. The Pike-men at the word Make Ready are likewise to bear their Pikes straight before them and recover

head of the Pikes in an equal Line each two paces distant from the Body the Captains to be divided on each Wing advanced two paces before the Lieutenants the Commander in Chief excepted none are to be before the Ensigns and he to be two paces advanced beyond the Captains unless it be when a Regiment makes but one Battalion and the Presence of the Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel be had then the latter is to take his Post on the left hand of the former The Major who must be on Horse-back is to place himself in a direct Line before the Serjeants on the right Angle somewhat more advanced before the Line of the Captains and the Aid Major being likewise mounted in the left Angle after the same manner If the King be to be received then Pikes must be Advanced and Muskets Shouldered the same likewise to the Queen but to all others the Pikes are to Ordered If a Company of Granadiers belong to the Regiment it must be drawn up on the right of the Battalion at three deep about three paces being left between their Drums and those of the Battalion The Order and Manner of Salute As soon as it is observed the King approaches the Drums must beat a March and the Officers are to Salute in their Order as he passes by keeping the Spear of their Pikes exactly with the proper Front and not by any means turning their cross ways The Salute being made they without making a Leg or Bowing are immediately to pull off their Hats keeping them off with their bodies upright till the persons to be Saluted are passed by The manner of the Ensign's Saluting is with their Colours at one Motion bringing them near the ground directly before them raising them altogether at one Motion upon which they pull off their Hats as the former The Serjeants are to stand with their Hats off and their Halberts Ordered facing the same way with the Battalion and here it is to be noted That if the Person to be Saluted goes round the Battalion it must face as he moves without altering the Posts This must be observed upon the private review of a Battalion but if it so happen that it be to be done in the Field and the Army drawn up each Battalion must salute with Pikes and Muskets Charged The Musketiers upon the approach to be Shouldered and the Pikes Advanced when the Commander in Chief proceeds to give the Word c. Recover your Arms. Upon this bring your Pikes and Muskets directly before you the butt ends of your Pikes in the Palms of your Hands and the right Heel brought to the left Instep and when the Drum first strikes the March you must Charge with Pikes and Muskets at one Motion and keep your Arms in that posture till the person to be Saluted is passed by up which these words of Command ensue Recover your Arms. Poise your Muskets Shoulder your Muskets At which time the Pikes are to be brought to the Advance but in case of Marching the Salute is somewhat different Of Marching and the Salute c. In marching a Battalion be sure in the first place to see the Files close to the right or left in their marching Order which is so much distant as they can conveniently have the use of their Arms without incumbering each other and greater Bodies in this case require more distance than the lesser as half a Foot and more from the right hand Man and so in Order to the rest when the Pikes being Advanced and Muskets Shoulder'd The words of Command are Files close to the Right or the Left To your close Order March Then each man is to turn to the hand named and consequently closes to the distances and hand mentioned and when this is performed the next word of Command is To your Leader Hereupon the Serjeants are to see the Ranks kept at their twelve large Feet distance and being thus disposed if it march in a Body the Lieutenants must be in the Rear at the same distance they were in the Front from the Souldiers the Serjeants that were in the Rear taking care of the Flanks that they keep even and well in Order and upon the word March they are in Front and Rear to step with their left Feet forward all at a time setting them down together marching very slowly the Pikes marching equal with the Wings of Shot not in the least pressing upon each other When the Body is marched as far as is intended then the Command to them must be Halt To the Right-about The Drums beating a Retreat the Lieutenants in the same Order and Method lead them back to their Ground as was before observed and there again the word of Command is Halt viz. To the Left-about To the Right-about As you were At this word the Lieutenants must quit the Rear and come to their station in the Front whilst the Serjeants in the Flank who were removed from the Rear take their places again To March in three Divisions the Method and Order IF you are to march a Battalion in three Divisions the Captains must divide the one half at the head of the first Division of Shot and the remaining half in the Rear of the last Division And again one half of the Lieutenants in the Rear of the first Division of shot and the remainder at the heard of the last Division of shot The Colours marching at the head of the Pikes which are to be Advanced the Commandant in Chief marching two paces before the Rank of Captains at the head of the first Division of Shot the Captains and other Officers exactly keeping the distance they were at first posted at when the Battalion was drawn up The Officers that are appointed in this case to march in the Rear of the Division are as they march off to fall after them and the Serjeants that were posted in the Rear are to take care of the Pikes upon their marching As for the Drums they are equally to be divided upon the Division marching between the second and third Ranks The Granadiers marching about twenty Yards before the Battalion the Equipage of the Officers of the Front must march somewhat on the left hand between the Battalion and Granadiers The Hoitboys marching in the middle distance between the Colonel or Commander in Chief and the Granadiers In marching the Colonel and all the o Officers must march with their Pikes underhand Comported not suffering the Spear to descend too much but keep it steady from swinging c. But if they have occasion to Salute they must as they approach Shoulder all together that is every Rank of Officers as they approach carrying them level upon their Shoulders performing the Salute as if it was the Action but of one Man not must the first Rank of Captains Salute till the Colonel or Commander in Chief has performed it not standing still or medning their Pace when they Salute The Officers pulling off their Hats as has been

as they have fired to their proper heighth the sub-altern Officers always minding that the next Rank of Musketiers be ready at the Angle to make their March under the Pikes instead of the second Rank which is to take the Place of the first when the first Rank has fired In this manner of fireing if the street to be defended be very broad then a space or interval must be made over and above the passage on the flanks sufficient for two Men a breast which will prevent the Horse from making any advantagious Attack To reduce this Order the Words of command are viz. Musketiers face to the right and left outward March and as soon as they are quit the farther Command is given viz. Musketiers to your proper Front March. This they must observe to do till such time as they are even with the first Rank of Pikes and then the Officers Drums Colours and Hoitboys must take their proper Posts Of the hollow Square and the manner of forming it by Words of Command IF you proceed to this the Battalion must be drawn up in Ranks at Twelve Foot distance the Files being at three then the Muskets shouldered and the Pikes advanced the Words of Command ensue viz. Colours Drums and Hoit-boys to the Centre of the Pikes March Ranks close forward to Order March Three outward Files of Pikes on the Right and Left double your Files to the Right and Left inwards March Half Files of Musketiers to the left-hand double your Front March Files close all to the Right to your close Order March To your Leader Pikes face square Pikes close forward to the Front Left Wing of Musketiers to the Right about Both Wings of Muketiers March Halt Musketiers Face to the Left March Halt Face to your proper Front all Officers and Serjeants take your Posts March Granadiers take your Posts in the Angles March Face square Musketiers make ready At this VVord the Pikes must be ported very low when the Musketiers present and the next VVord is First Rank kneel which must be done in such a manner that the two last Ranks may advantageously Fire over Then again The two last Ranks present Fire Having fired the next is Recover your Arms upon which the first Rank is to stand up with their Muskets recovered ready cock'd and guarded whereupon the two Ranks that have fired take the opportunity to Load again and these VVords of Command ensue viz. Front Ranks present Fire which done the Commandant proceeds viz. Recover your Arms and hereupon the Pikemen recover from their Port then again To your Leader March Halt Face Square c. These being performed after the same Order they may March and fire to every Front noting that when they are hid to Face to their Leader it must be to the Commandant in chief wherever he takes his Station but in facing to the proper Front it must be done to the Front of the Battalion as it was before it was formed into this manner of Figure Words of Command used to reduce this Form The Battalion being faced to the proper Front the Commander in chief proceeds viz. Granadiers take your Posts on the right of the Battalion March The Right and Left of each Wing of Musketiers Face to the Right and Left outward March Halt The three Files of Pikes of the Right and Left that doubled as you were March Musketiers Face to the Right March Halt To your Leader Rere half files of Musketiers that doubled to the Right about as you were March Ranks open backward to Twelve Foot March Colours Drums and Hoitboys to your former Posts March Files close to the Right to close Order March To your Leader Things proper to be observed by a Commander being in an Enemies Country c. HE must be carefull to observe the situation of the Place and gain as good Intelligence of the Enemy as he can and if he Command a Troop of Horse he must beware of skirting the side of a Wood for fear of an Ambush the strength of Horse consisting in the open Country as that of the Foot do's in a VVood for the Enemy is all ways to be expected to take advantage it is therefore dangerous for a Troop of Horse by reason it may be fallen upon before it can get to any secure Post An Officer of Foot marching through an inclosed VVoody Country must avoid if he can marching in the middle of a Plain or too near a VVood by which means if the Enemy approach he will have time to consider what course to take and if he be attacked by Horse then ought he to retreat unto the Wood Skirmishing to make it good for if he get into it the Horse will not attack him there but if he has to deal with Foot and observes himself the weakest he must regain the last Defile or narrow Post and drawing up in Battalia dispute it till he can better secure himself and the like is to be observed by the Horse if overmuch pressed wherefore it is good for a Commander to take special notice of the places he passes through sending his Scouts before him to discover the Enemy and search the Places where Ambushes are suspected for although it be in a Village there may be a Party of the Enemy there who will suffer the Scouts to pass by and conceal themselves till they see an opportunity to set upon the main Body When an Officer is arrived where he intends to Encamp he ought to Draw up his Men and having set his Guards he may permit them to take some ease by alighting from their Horses if it be Horse or if Foot to repose themselves always facing towards the Town or Place possessed or suspected to be possessed by the Enemy having if possible a Defile in the Front and Rear or some other security to prevent surprize the Scouts ought to be sent out from one half hour to another and when day appears they may venture farther into the Country and if there be no convenient Town or Place the best way if two or three days March in the Enemies Country is to lye in a Wood when it has been well searched to prevent an Ambush nor must an Officer suffer his Men to straggle though he be near a Friendly Town for it may so fall out that a Party may lye hid who taking that advantage may fall upon him and rout him though a lesser number for there it is the Enemy most commonly lays Ambuscades thinking as it often happens that by a Confidence of Security they shall find Men negligent and disordered When at any time the VVord is required of a Party you meet it is generally given by the weakest however it ought not lightly to be credited nor the Souldiers to Return their Arms till the Officer be assured whether they are Friends or Foes for many times a Deserter may betray the Word to the Enemy and he make an advantage of it Considerations in Marching an Army through

Troop possessing the whole Front and between the Lodging of the Captain and the Troop there must be the space of 20 Foot a Lane of 10 Foot must be likewise between the Stables that the Horses may be brought out without incumbering each other and behind the Troop the Sutlers ought to place themselves at about 20 Foot distance and if any considerable number of Troops Encamp together then 20 Foot distance is allowed between Troop and Troop or more as the commodiousness of the ground will allow The manner of the Incampment of Foot A Hundred paces is commonly allowed for the Incampment of a Battalion of Foot divided by the Quarter Master into several Stations he allowing for each Hutt or Lodging a Square of 7 Foot 12. Foot to the By-street and 15. Foot to the great Street and two Foot distance between Hutt and Hutt every Company composed of fifty Men ought to have ten Hutts and the Kitchin for dressing Provision ought to be just over against the Hutts at 12 Foot distance the length of the Kitchen 12 Foot and the breadth 8 standing about 30 paces from the Captains Tents and 40 paces between the Tents of the Subalternate Officers and the Captaine the remaining ground being for the Encamping of the Field Officers and this Captains Equipage the Hutts of the Serjeants are to be at the head of the Souldiers opening to the Front the Suttlers to Encamp behind the Tents of the Officers at a convenient distance about 30 paces are allowed between one Battalion and another the Colonels Field-Officers and Staff-Officers Tents ought to be in the Center of the Battalion behind the Captains Tents and the Pikes to be at 18 Foot distance from the Hutts the Muskets to stand the like distance and the Drums and Colours to be placed within the hollow of the Pikes Things worthy to be observed in Relation to Garrisons THose Officers that take place in a Garrison are usually a Governour a Lieutenant Governour a Major Aid-Major and Captains of the Gates The Governour above others is obliged in this case to have a care of the Place and see that there be no wrong done to the Inhabitants and furthermore he is to appoint the Guard Rounds and Patrolls to give the Word each Evening visit the Posts keep the Officers and Soldiers in such Order that their Duty be performed observing that frequent Parties go abroad to get Intelligence and thereby prevent surprize and in the Governour 's Absence the Lieutenant Governour has the same Charge upon him and commands with the like Authority The Major's Care is to see the Guards mounted the Posts and Rounds assigned he Orders the Sentinels and goes every Evening to receive the Word from the Governour giving it about to the Quarter-Master and Serjeants upon the Place of Arms and likewise goes his Rounds the Major also visits the Corps of Guards and observes that the Soldier 's Arms are well placed and in good Order ordering the necessary Ammunition to be distributed amongst them he takes care of the Gates being shut and opened and is accountable to the Governour of what passes and gives him a Relation thereof and indeed the Officers that are in Garison are to be obedient to the Governour or Commander in chief and not to stir thence without leave in Writing The Captains of the Gate are to go morning and evening to the Governour 's House to receive the Keys that they may open and shut them and frequently there is in the Garison if it be in a Frontire-Town more especially a Commissary of the Artillery or Store keeper whose care it is to keep a Reckoning of the Ammunition and to distribute it according to the Governour 's Order and always one Gunner is to be upon the Guard at the Batteries There ought to be likewise a Commissary of the Provisions and if there be any suspicion of an Enemy some of the Garrison ought always to be at the Gate to observe Strangers that go in and out and the Centinels are to suffer no Carts or Waggons to stand or stop upon the Bridge or under the Gate and the Inn-keepers and others must give an Account to the Major every night what Strangers they Lodge As for the exact time of Mounting the Guards it cannot be set down by reason many vary being set sooner and others later as pleases the Governour but the frequentest time is about Two in the afternoon and whilst the Drums give them that notice the Serjeants and Corporals cast Lots at the Major's House for the Posts and Rounds which are writ down in a Register to that intent then they return to their Companions who assemble before the Captain 's Quarters and if only detached Men mount and not whole Companies they are Lead by the Serjeants the Drums beating the while as far as the place of Arms and when the Detachments are drawn thither and formed in a Readiness to Mount the Guards the Major or Aid-Major makes the Captains even to the Serjeants draw Lots for their Posts and Rounds always observing in the weakest Places to post the strongest Guard with skilfull Officers and not till the Officers have taken their Posts do's the Major order the Main Guard or Guard of Arms to March off then he causes those of the Gate and Bastions to do the like and after them those that were without and during the time the Guard is mounting those Officers who are to be Relieved put their Men in a posture of Arms and Draw off from the Guard posting themselves at the Head of their Souldiers over-against those that are to take their Places and deliver to them whatever Orders there are whilst the other Corporals do the like to the Corporals that are come on and those that are Relieved being Drawn up at the Place of Arms they are there dismissed in order to refresh themselves Those Officers that have Mounted the Guard proceed thereupon to Command the Souldiers to set down their Arms the Pikes at that time being advanced and the Musketiers shouldered which is done upon these Words of Command viz. Recover your Arms. Ranks file off by Division to the Right and Left March Set down your Arms in good Order This done the Corporals upon the Souldiers setting down their Arms receive Orders to be carefull in all things that they may be in a Readiness to prevent Danger or Surprize and here the out-Sentinels upon the approach of any Stranger whether Horse or Foot are to make him stand and call their Corporal who is to give notice of it to the Officer and he to send him to the Governour 's House with a Guard to know his Business and if the Centinels discover any Troops though at a great distance they are to give notice to the Main-Guard and the Officers are to make the Barriers fast and draw up the Bridges suffering none to pass unless an Order be brought from the Governour by the Major or Aid-Major There is in all

or most Garrisons a Bell to give notice to those that are abroad to repair home a little before the time of the Gates being shut and then the Keys are fetched from the Governour and returned again so that none can pass after the Gates are shut and then one half of the Guards Draw off upon the Rampart to pass that night in the Corps of Guard in the Bastions or Curtains and whilst some Soldiers are ordered by the Corporal to fetch Fire and Candle the VVords are received by the Serjeants at the Place of Arms and then it is carried to the Officers and dispersed about amongst the Corporals and after that none whether Towns-men or Strangers are to be upon the Ramparts without giving an Account of themselves especially when the Taptooe is beaten and the Major himself when he goes the Rounds is received by the Officers of the Guards by their Corporal attended by two Muketiers giving the Word but once viz. at his Round-Major but when the Governour or Commander in chief is received upon the Rounds he may require the VVord as many times as he thinks fit all other Rounds are obliged to give the VVord and the Corporal receives it with his drawn Sword at the Breast of the Party and where there is the least thing suspected in a Garrison the Rounds go frequently as every quarter of an hour that the Ramparts may not be unprovided and care is taken to know who neglects and thus Rounds are made with Light wherefore at the Approach of it the Centinel must demand VVho comes there with such an audible Voice that it may be heard by the next Guard and he that approaches must reply or may be in peril for the Centinel is not to let him come within his Arms and the Answer is generally the Round the Round Major or the Governour 's Round being to be received not by the Centinel but the Corporal who is called forth for that purpose and he is to bid him that has the Word Advance which upon coming forth he gives him in his Ear so softly that it cannot be over-heard but if the Word be wrong the Officer of the Guard is to have notice and the Party to be secured if he sees occasion and although in the night-time it is observed that the Centinels stand with their Pikes charged and rest their Muskets upon the passing by of the Rounds yet in the day-time it is the contrary for then the Pikes are ordered and the Muskets shouldered As for the out Corps of Guard they pass the Rounds about the covered Ways but there is no Word required of them they being only to listen and give notice if any thing happens As for the Patrolls they are made in the Street by a Serjeant commanding about six Soldiers of the Main-guard and then the Soldiers are to be in their Quarters and all publick Houses within the Garrison to shut up their Doors and at any time when the Alarm is rung all the Soldiers are to hasten and present themselves before their Captain 's Quarters in order to his Leading them to the Posts assigned by the Major and when day appears the Reveille is beat and the ●eys are fetched again from the Governour and the Soldiers are commanded off the Romparts and drawn in two Ranks with their Muskets presented till the Gates are opened and a detached Party must be sent out into the Suburbs adjacent Villages and narrow ways the Bridge being drawn up after their going out till they return and bring News the Coast is clear thereupon the Bridges are let down then the out Centries being placed the Keys are carried back to the Governour and the Souldiers are commanded to set down their Arms though where there are any considerable number of Horse in Garrison it is their Business to go out upon Parties and see that the Roads are clear and every Officer is accountable for his Post c. All Governours or Commanders in chief should have their Doors guarded by a Centinel or a greater number according to their Quality in Command These are the chief things and indeed the most material and ought to be carefully observed for it has sometimes appeared that the safety of a Kingdom has depended upon a strong Fortress A Survey of War-like Fortification and what is to be observed in Sieges c. IF a Town be defended by Out-works a Ditch or Mote Bastions Flankers Curtains or Counter-mures and the Garrison be strong it was the old Way to build Forts at advantagious Places but now they proceed in a Siege by making Trenches raising Batteries Mining and gaining Lodgments which indeed is the quicker way and the most secure from the Cannon of the Town The best Fortification is held to be built Octangular by which means the force of the Cannon is much abated for the points of the Angle slaunt the shot or if it make a breach in the hollow Cavity yet the Angles serve as Flankers on either side to hinder the Approaches of the Besiegers so that it has happened when there has been a Breach wide enough to enter they durst not Attempt it though indeed the manner of Fortification is various throughout Europe yet the late Models have been indifferently uniform and in case a Town be well fortified and an Army comes to Besiege it a serious View must be taken and the true Nature of the Ground as well as the Scituation of the Place enquired into with the Number of the Garrison and especially the Courage Conduct and Reputation of him that Commands for as it is in an Army so it is in a Town a valiant Governour whose Courage is carried on with Prudence will better defend it with a small Garrison than some with a very powerful one as the famous City of London-Derry has instanced to the Immortal Honour of her worthy Governour Mr. G. Walker whose Name shall live in spite of all that Malice can devise Vienna likewise under the brave Staremberg in the year 1683. held out till Relieved against an Army of 120000 Turks being the Flower of the Ottoman Empire and yet neither of these Cities had any thing considerable to trust to in their Fortifications But to return The place being viewed and the ground ordered to be broke the Pioneers once set on work must make such places or Lodgings that those who enter them may be able to succour their Fellows against any violent Sally of the Besieged having Issues and Passages for passing and re-passing as the best advantage shall require Having made these Advances the Artillery must be planted upon Batteries raised with Earth and staked with Timber secured with Gabions or Baskets filled with Earth or else the Engineers cannot be secured from the Fire of the Town Wool-packs were formerly used on this occasion and are not altogether laid aside in the present management of Sieges planting your Batteries something aslant that the Cannon if recoyling may the easilier be brought up again and

always in this there is one Battery bigger than the rest called the Royal Battery which generally fronts the Town besieged and is frequently raised as high as the Walls and these Batteries must labour to dismount the Cannon of the besieged as well as batter the Walls for thereby the Enterprise will be facilitated but many times the Flankers are covered in a manner by the Counterscarp which must thereupon be laid open or possessed by the besiegers to gain a more uninterrupted Access and if the besieged Parly and send out to make terms Hostilities ought to cease till those that came out are returned unless the besiegers will refuse to hearken to any Parly which is not often observed unless the matter be carried so far that the breaches are laid open and there is no way or means for a longer Defence then instead of gaining Conditions they are forced to surrender upon Discretion If by Battery Mining throwing Bombs or a perpetual tiring the Enemy the Town is saultable and a general Storm be intended it must however be the General 's care as much as in him is to keep his intentions from the besieged but pretending one thing suddenly change the Order into another for by it the Enemy is accused and the Souldiers Spirits are kept up this Rule was observed by the Duke of Lorain in taking of Buda and proved very successful as it has done in the like upon other occasion The Court Martial or Council of War what is to be considered therein IT is necessary the young Souldiers should have some insight in this Affair to prevent his ignorantly incurring Danger and in this Case in an Army or Incampment the Council of War meet at the General 's Tent or Quarters and to this are called the Lieutenant-Generals the Major-Generals the Brigadiers as likewise the Collonels and Commanders of Bodies where it is requisite or that the Matter concerns their Regiment There are private Court-Martials or Councils of War frequently held in Garrisons and these may be held at the Governour 's House or in any other convenient place as the Governour shall appoint or if it be in a Camp it may be at the Collonel's Tent and he thereupon is to send notice to the Captains of his Regiment to be present those whose business it is to be there being assembled the Collonel or Governour or whose Right it is to be President takes place at the upper end of the Table and the Captains in their Degree and if there be no Judge-Advocate or he be absent the Town-Major Aid-Major or Quarter-Master discharges that Office and accordingly takes his place at the lower end of the Table As for the Lieutenants Sub-Lieutenants and Ensigns they have Priviledge to be there but only as Spectators with their Hats off and if the Matter be of consequence after it is opened by the President the youngest Officers gives first his Opinion and so the rest in Order the President being the last and being put all in Writing the Matter happens conform to the plurality of Votes and then is to be signed by the President if the matter is to be judged of by this Council or Court then the Party accused is brought before them and being informed of what he stands accused the Questions proper to the matter of his Accusations are asked him and then he has Liberty to reply as in case of civil Judicature when being withdrawn in the custody of the Marshal who is the Goaler of this Court the proof against him is considered and every one gives his opinion upon his Conscience and he stands or falls by the plurality of Voices and being called in and made acquainted with what has been determined the Sentence is pronounced by the President in the name of the Court c. and if he be guilty 't is the business of the Provost Martial to see it put in Execution and if the Punishment be publick the Regiment ought to be drawn up Spectators as a warning to them in offending c. but a Souldier for the Honour of the Profession is not to undergo any infamous Punishment before he be degraded of his Arms and his Coat in publick strip'd off and to frame this Court there must be no less than Seaven the President being one many times for want of a sufficient number of Superiour Officers Inferiour Officers are admitted but not often Of divers Figures in Battel-Array or for Fireing c. THere are various Figures wherein an Army or a Body of Men may be drawn up besides these we have named wherefore for the satisfaction of the more curious and for the greater variety it will be convenient to incert them by way of Prospect c. If you would draw up a cross Battle in the following Figure you may do it with a private Company or as many as you please and to bring them into form The words of Command are viz. The first two Ranks wheel your Front into the midst The two last Ranks wheel your Rear into the midst These words being given the next Command must be The rest of the Body Face to the right and left March The March must be continued till the Rear of the four Divisions make an even Hollow that may be square after that the Commander must go into the middle and give these words of Command viz. To the Center face all by which means he may give them directions what to do and then proceed further to say Face all about to the Right which makes the cross Battle Of the two Divisions one after the other Then Face all to the proper Front So you have all your Musketires in the midst flanked with Pikes Then Musketiers Face The Cross Battel Face to the right and left outward Pikes face to the right and left inward pass through and interchange ground So is your Body reduced to its first Front and Order If you would fire upon this Figure consider there are two ways in general and of these first it is to be noted when the Musketiers give Fire thereupon placing themselves in the Rear of their own Division the next Rank is after they have Fired place themselves in the Rear of the Pikes To Reduce the Cross Battle The Officers in the middle must give the Command viz. Face all to the Centre And then further proceed to Command those Divisions that were Flankers viz. Close to your Order The four fronted Battle called the Plynthium how to frame it by Command TO order this the Command must be viz. Half Files of Pikes Face to the Rear March This they must observe till clear of the Ranks of the Musketiers and then the Command is Half Files of Musketiers Face to the Right and Left March This must be done in marching between the Divisions of Pikes then the further word is Left half Ranks of the first Division of Musketiers Face to the Right and March between the Rear Division of Pikes In this case it is noted that