be_v out-winged_a as_o assure_o he_o be_v it_o will_v easy_o be_v grant_v deep_a alexander_n at_o arbela_n but_o eight_o deep_a that_o the_o more_o ground_n he_o take_v up_o in_o front_n the_o less_o subject_n he_o be_v to_o that_o danger_n and_o this_o curtius_n confirm_v when_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o commander_n of_o the_o several_a body_n have_v order_n give_v they_o to_o extend_v their_o batallion_n as_o far_a in_o length_n as_o without_o eminent_a danger_n they_o may_v lest_o say_v the_o same_o author_n they_o shall_v be_v environ_v i_o conceive_v then_o it_o can_v be_v doubt_v but_o alexander_n study_v how_o to_o make_v as_o large_a a_o front_n as_o feasible_o he_o may_v against_o so_o numerous_a a_o enemy_n he_o make_v his_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n phalange_n but_o eight_o deep_a as_o that_o which_o suit_v best_a with_o his_o present_a affair_n and_o as_o he_o have_v see_v other_o grecian_a captain_n do_v before_o he_o for_o by_o that_o mean_v he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o twice_o as_o much_o ground_n as_o he_o have_v when_o it_o be_v marshal_v sixteen_o in_o file_n that_o he_o have_v reserve_v be_v most_o clear_a both_o from_o curtius_n and_o other_o for_o nicanor_n follow_v the_o phalange_n with_o the_o argyraspides_fw-la or_o silver_n shield_n and_o these_o be_v heavy_a arm_v observe_v it_o and_o cenos_n with_o a_o band_n of_o man_n which_o reserve_v and_o have_v reserve_v say_v curtius_n be_v appoint_v note_n this_o to_o be_v a_o relief_n then_o horestes_n lincerta_n polycarpon_n and_o philagus_n all_o with_o several_a body_n follow_v the_o phalanx_n and_o that_o all_o these_o be_v reserve_v aelian_a himself_n nor_o any_o for_o he_o will_v not_o be_v so_o impudent_a as_o to_o deny_v but_o i_o shall_v speak_v more_o of_o the_o marshal_n this_o army_n in_o the_o chapter_n follow_v the_o next_o i_o come_v now_o to_o the_o three_o reason_n which_o be_v pretend_v for_o sixteen_o deep_a of_o deep_a three_o reason_n for_o 16_o deep_a the_o heavy_a arm_a phalange_n and_o it_o be_v this_o though_o the_o pike_n of_o all_o those_o rank_n that_o stand_v behind_o the_o five_o or_o if_o you_o will_v the_o six_o be_v useless_a in_o regard_n they_o can_v reach_v but_o little_a or_o nothing_o beyond_o the_o file_n leader_n and_o you_o will_v remember_v these_o rank_n be_v not_o few_o than_o ten_o if_o not_o eleven_o yet_o be_v at_o close_a order_n with_o their_o pike_n advance_v they_o bear_v forward_o with_o the_o weight_n and_o force_n of_o their_o body_n those_o five_o or_o six_o rank_n that_o be_v before_o they_o and_o so_o make_v the_o impression_n the_o great_a and_o strong_a they_o take_v all_o occasion_n of_o flight_n from_o they_o and_o impose_v a_o necessity_n on_o they_o to_o overcome_v or_o die_v i_o answer_v first_o that_o this_o pretend_a advantage_n if_o it_o be_v any_o at_o all_o be_v very_o oft_o dear_o answer_v answer_v buy_v second_o i_o say_v five_o rank_n have_v their_o pike_n present_v to_o the_o enemy_n three_o rank_n behind_o they_o may_v have_v serve_v sufficient_o to_o bear_v forward_o the_o five_o before_o they_o or_o if_o aelian_a thought_n six_o rank_n may_v present_v all_o their_o pike_n with_o advantage_n then_o let_v four_o rank_n be_v allow_v behind_o they_o to_o bear_v they_o forward_o to_o the_o charge_n and_o hinder_v they_o to_o fly_v and_o this_o will_v make_v in_o all_o but_o ten_o rank_n and_o so_o still_o six_o rank_n may_v have_v be_v dispose_v of_o either_o to_o enlarge_v the_o front_n or_o make_v a_o body_n in_o the_o rear_n for_o a_o reserve_n and_o three_o i_o say_v when_o aelian_n six_o foremost_a rank_n be_v busy_a in_o fight_n the_o ten_o behind_o they_o who_o be_v to_o bear_v those_o six_o forward_a be_v at_o their_o close_a distance_n which_o he_o call_v constipation_n and_o so_o not_o able_a to_o open_v very_o sudden_o and_o face_n about_o in_o so_o good_a order_n and_o so_o soon_o as_o be_v requisite_a to_o receive_v or_o beat_v back_o the_o charge_n of_o a_o unexpected_a enemy_n for_o certain_o they_o must_v first_o have_v open_v backward_o and_o then_o face_v about_o both_o which_o must_v have_v be_v do_v by_o the_o command_n of_o some_o of_o their_o officer_n probable_o the_o lieutenant_n and_o it_o be_v well_o enough_o know_v how_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n which_o seldom_o fail_v to_o attend_v such_o occasion_n stop_v the_o ear_n and_o dull_v the_o judgement_n of_o soldier_n that_o they_o can_v neither_o hear_v nor_o understand_v the_o word_n of_o command_n aright_o i_o will_v fetch_v two_o instance_n from_o history_n and_o those_o i_o believe_v will_v prove_v all_o i_o have_v say_v and_o clear_v this_o whole_a matter_n pretty_a well_o at_o the_o battle_n of_o cynocephalae_n or_o dog_n head_n fight_v by_o philip_n the_o last_o king_n cinocephalae_n battle_n of_o cinocephalae_n of_o macedon_n except_o one_o against_o titus_n flaminius_n a_o roman_a consul_n the_o half_a of_o philip_n heavy_a arm_v phalange_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n bear_v down_o all_o before_o it_o and_o tread_v over_o the_o legion_n gain_v ground_n so_o far_o that_o the_o macedonian_a thought_n the_o day_n his_o own_o but_o flaminius_n have_v observe_v that_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n can_v not_o draw_v up_o in_o any_o close_a order_n because_o of_o the_o unevenness_n and_o knottiness_n of_o the_o mountain_n who_o little_a hillock_n represent_v the_o head_n of_o dog_n send_v a_o tribune_n with_o a_o legion_n and_o some_o elephant_n up_o the_o hill_n to_o charge_v that_o left_a wing_n which_o he_o smart_o do_v easy_o rout_v it_o and_o immediate_o fall_v on_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o victorious_a right_a wing_n and_o without_o opposition_n cut_v it_o in_o piece_n now_o if_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n which_o have_v no_o convenient_a ground_n whereon_o to_o draw_v up_o have_v place_v itself_o on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o hill_n at_o a_o distance_n behind_o the_o right_a wing_n as_o a_o reserve_v the_o roman_n dare_v never_o have_v hazard_v to_o have_v come_v between_o they_o or_o if_o the_o last_o ten_o rank_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n who_o serve_v for_o nothing_o but_o to_o bear_v forward_o the_o other_o six_o rank_n have_v face_v about_o according_a to_o aelian_o rule_n they_o can_v not_o so_o easy_o have_v be_v break_v but_o the_o close_a posture_n or_o constipation_n of_o these_o last_o ten_o rank_n to_o bear_v forward_o the_o foremost_a six_o rank_n make_v they_o uncapable_a to_o do_v that_o quick_o which_o the_o present_a necessity_n require_v or_o else_o the_o sudden_a charge_n of_o a_o unlooked_a for_o enemy_n do_v so_o appal_v they_o that_o they_o know_v not_o what_o they_o be_v do_v nor_o who_o command_v or_o who_o obey_v which_o as_o i_o have_v say_v frequent_o fall_v out_o in_o such_o case_n so_o this_o phalanx_n cast_v in_o aelian_n macedonian_a mould_n cost_v king_n philip_n very_o dear_a but_o another_o model_v after_o the_o same_o fashion_n cost_v his_o son_n perseus_n much_o dear_a at_o pidna_n a_o town_n of_o macedon_n king_n perseus_n fight_v with_o lucius_n aemilius_n pidna_n battei_n of_o pidna_n a_o roman_a consul_n and_o the_o ground_n for_o his_o phalange_n be_v as_o good_a as_o his_o own_o heart_n can_v wish_v the_o roman_a legion_n be_v not_o able_a to_o resist_v its_o furious_a charge_n but_o give_v ground_n in_o several_a place_n insomuch_o that_o the_o consul_n see_v fortune_n look_v with_o so_o grim_a a_o countenance_n upon_o he_o begin_v to_o despair_v of_o the_o victory_n and_o to_o tear_v his_o coat_n of_o arm_n but_o be_v of_o a_o ready_a judgement_n he_o quick_o espy_v his_o advantage_n for_o he_o see_v the_o phalange_n open_v its_o constipation_n some_o small_a body_n of_o it_o pursue_v those_o who_o give_v ground_n and_o other_o fight_v loose_o with_o those_o of_o his_o roman_n who_o make_v stout_a opposition_n and_o therefore_o order_v some_o of_o his_o legionary_n to_o fall_v into_o those_o void_a and_o empty_a place_n of_o the_o several_a phalangarchy_n and_o these_o get_a entrance_n at_o those_o interval_n come_v upon_o the_o side_n of_o the_o macedonian_a pike-man_n and_o so_o without_o much_o trouble_n make_v most_o of_o they_o die_v on_o the_o place_n if_o but_o a_o three_o nay_o a_o four_o or_o five_o part_n of_o this_o phalange_n have_v be_v stand_v at_o a_o convenient_a distance_n in_o reserve_n ready_a to_o have_v charge_v the_o weary_a and_o disorder_a legion_n will_v any_o man_n doubt_v but_o that_o in_o all_o humane_a probability_n perseus_n have_v be_v master_n of_o the_o field_n but_o the_o want_n of_o that_o lose_v he_o in_o the_o twinkle_n of_o a_o eye_n his_o wife_n and_o child_n his_o kingdom_n his_o riches_n which_o he_o love_v too_o well_o his_o honour_n and_o at_o last_o his_o life_n the_o defect_n then_o of_o
body_n of_o foot_n it_o be_v the_o easy_a motion_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o can_v be_v sudden_o do_v and_o therefore_o be_v dangerous_a if_o a_o enemy_n be_v near_o to_o take_v advantage_n of_o the_o disorder_n of_o the_o motion_n three_o if_o all_o the_o three_o countermarche_n laconian_a macedonian_a and_o chorâ—an_n three_o three_o be_v of_o very_o little_a use_n and_o great_a danger_n in_o the_o infantry_n as_o i_o have_v endeavour_v to_o make_v appear_v in_o one_o of_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o grecian_a militia_n than_o i_o suppose_v it_o will_v be_v easy_o grant_v that_o the_o use_n of_o any_o of_o the_o three_o be_v as_o little_a and_o the_o danger_n as_o great_a in_o body_n of_o cavalry_n four_o that_o i_o conceive_v wheeling_n a_o more_o proper_a motion_n and_o more_o easy_a four_o four_o for_o the_o horse_n than_o for_o the_o foot_n it_o be_v a_o motion_n that_o have_v be_v much_o use_v by_o horse_n in_o fight_n for_o unless_o in_o wheel_v they_o be_v charge_v in_o the_o flank_n and_o if_o so_o they_o be_v ill_o second_v they_o be_v quick_o reduce_v to_o their_o first_o posture_n but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o with_o the_o foot_n for_o if_o the_o body_n be_v but_o indifferent_o great_a suppose_v fifteeen_n hundred_o man_n stand_v at_o three_o foot_n distance_n in_o file_n and_o six_o in_o rank_n you_o must_v â—irst_n make_v they_o come_v both_o rank_n and_o file_n to_o their_o close_a order_n before_o you_o can_v wheel_v your_o battle_n and_o that_o require_v some_o time_n for_o it_o be_v a_o motion_n of_o itself_o and_o the_o great_a the_o body_n be_v the_o long_a time_n it_o will_v have_v to_o make_v that_o first_o motion_n for_o great_a body_n move_v slow_o next_o the_o motion_n itself_o of_o wheel_v the_o battle_n be_v not_o soon_o do_v if_o well_o do_v for_o if_o it_o be_v not_o order_v discreet_o the_o body_n be_v immediate_o in_o confusion_n three_o when_o you_o have_v wheel_v this_o body_n of_o fifteen_o hundred_o man_n you_o must_v beg_v yet_o a_o cessation_n of_o arm_n from_o your_o enemy_n till_o you_o put_v your_o battle_n in_o a_o fight_a posture_n which_o you_o can_v do_v till_o you_o reduce_v they_o to_o their_o first_o order_n for_o at_o close_a order_n your_o musqueâ—eers_n can_v fight_v and_o therefore_o you_o must_v cause_v your_o battle_n to_o open_v it_o be_v true_a the_o rank_n will_v quick_o open_v backward_o but_o the_o file_n be_v no_o less_o in_o a_o body_n of_o fifteen_o hundred_o man_n than_o two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o must_v have_v such_o a_o time_n to_o open_v though_o they_o do_v it_o with_o all_o the_o have_v imaginable_a that_o a_o resolute_a body_n of_o horse_n will_v charge_v through_o they_o before_o you_o end_v these_o three_o motion_n but_o a_o body_n of_o horse_n be_v in_o rank_n and_o file_v at_o that_o distance_n at_o which_o it_o be_v to_o fight_v need_v no_o command_n to_o close_a rank_n and_o file_n before_o it_o wheel_n nor_o no_o command_n to_o open_v they_o after_o it_o have_v wheel_v be_v constant_o in_o a_o posture_n to_o receive_v a_o enemy_n and_o with_o submission_n to_o great_a drill_n master_n i_o shall_v think_v the_o motion_n of_o facing_n and_o countermarch_v of_o body_n of_o horse_n whether_o great_a or_o small_a may_v be_v spare_v in_o their_o exercise_n because_o you_o may_v face_v a_o enemy_n with_o a_o squadron_n of_o horse_n either_o in_o flank_n or_o rear_v by_o wheel_a either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n or_o by_o either_o of_o the_o two_o about_o a_o great_a deal_n soon_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o more_o ease_n and_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o less_o danger_n than_o you_o can_v do_v by_o either_o face_n or_o countermarch_v five_o observe_v that_o no_o man_n can_v or_o will_v attain_v to_o a_o perfect_a understanding_n of_o five_o five_o either_o posture_n motion_n or_o evolution_n in_o the_o train_n particular_a man_n or_o yet_o body_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n by_o read_v the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o a_o book_n or_o paper_n or_o look_v upon_o the_o figure_n of_o they_o for_o the_o military_a art_n be_v practical_a one_o shall_v understand_v what_o belong_v to_o drilling_n and_o training_n more_o by_o look_v on_o the_o real_a practice_n of_o it_o three_o day_n than_o by_o the_o contemplative_a study_n of_o it_o three_o year_n when_o you_o see_v a_o countermarch_v in_o the_o field_n you_o will_v quick_o understand_v what_o a_o evolution_n it_o be_v when_o you_o see_v the_o figure_n of_o it_o in_o a_o book_n but_o you_o will_v not_o so_o soon_o know_v what_o it_o signify_v when_o you_o see_v the_o figure_n before_o the_o practice_n and_o last_o i_o avouch_v it_o to_o be_v the_o essential_a duty_n of_o a_o captain_n to_o exercise_n his_o six_o six_o troop_n or_o company_n himself_o whether_o it_o be_v of_o foot_n or_o horse_n nor_o shall_v it_o be_v permit_v that_o his_o lieutenant_n shall_v do_v it_o when_o he_o be_v present_a much_o less_o a_o sergeant_n as_o i_o have_v often_o see_v for_o thereby_o he_o uncaptain_n himself_o and_o change_v place_n with_o his_o lieutenant_n and_o this_o be_v too_o ordinary_a a_o military_a grievance_n against_o which_o the_o earl_n of_o swafford_n guard_v by_o a_o express_a instruction_n that_o no_o lieutenant_n shall_v exercise_v a_o company_n unless_o the_o captain_n be_v absent_a which_o he_o may_v not_o be_v without_o either_o sickness_n or_o that_o lord_n own_o permission_n a_o very_a just_a command_n and_o by_o the_o same_o reason_n all_o colonel_n shall_v exercise_v their_o regiment_n and_o in_o their_o absence_n their_o lieutenant_n colonel_n but_o when_o either_o of_o they_o be_v present_a the_o major_n ought_v neither_o to_o be_v command_v nor_o of_o himself_o offer_v to_o do_v it_o and_o this_o be_v contrary_n to_o the_o opinion_n of_o many_o who_o will_v impose_v so_o many_o duty_n on_o a_o major_n that_o they_o make_v thereby_o colonel_n and_o lieutenant_n colonel_n cipher_n or_o very_o insignificant_a creature_n chap._n xi_o of_o compay_n regiment_n and_o brigade_n of_o foot_n what_o they_o have_v be_v what_o they_o be_v how_o they_o be_v marshal_v of_o all_o their_o officer_n their_o duty_n and_o qualification_n i_o suppose_v most_o military_a man_n acknowledge_v the_o infantry_n to_o be_v the_o body_n of_o a_o army_n with_o it_o the_o artillery_n munition_n and_o provision_n lodge_v and_o so_o do_v he_o who_o command_v in_o chief_a the_o member_n of_o this_o body_n be_v regiment_n or_o brigade_n and_o the_o sinew_n and_o artery_n of_o these_o be_v company_n a_o company_n be_v a_o band_n of_o arm_a man_n marshal_v in_o rank_n and_o file_n a_o rank_n and_o file_n differ_v in_o this_o that_o the_o first_o consist_v of_o man_n whether_o on_o horseback_n or_o foot_n stand_v in_o one_o file_n a_o rank_n and_o a_o file_n front_n side_n for_o side_n the_o second_o of_o man_n stand_v in_o one_o row_n or_o lane_n one_o behind_o another_o so_o they_o may_v easy_o be_v convert_v a_o file_n into_o a_o rank_n and_o a_o rank_n into_o a_o file_n the_o number_n of_o these_o rank_n and_o file_n must_v be_v determine_v by_o the_o number_n of_o man_n appoint_v to_o be_v in_o each_o company_n for_o which_o there_o be_v no_o general_a rule_n every_o prince_n and_o state_n order_v that_o as_o they_o please_v neither_o do_v they_o restrict_n themselves_o constant_o to_o one_o number_n but_o appoint_v their_o company_n to_o be_v strong_a and_o weak_a as_o the_o emergency_n of_o affair_n or_o the_o present_a ratio_fw-la belli_n seem_v to_o require_v it_o in_o former_a time_n ever_o since_o gunpowder_n be_v invent_v it_o have_v be_v so_o likewise_o for_o sometime_o company_n be_v more_o numerous_a than_o at_o other_o time_n yet_o never_o be_v the_o weak_a of_o they_o of_o so_o small_a a_o number_n as_o general_o now_o they_o be_v the_o first_o time_n i_o remember_v to_o have_v read_v of_o a_o company_n of_o one_o hundred_o in_o the_o modern_a war_n be_v in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o france_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o charles_n the_o nine_o about_o one_o hundred_o year_n since_o in_o they_o i_o find_v that_o the_o protestant_a foot-company_n strong_a company_n of_o one_o hundred_o strong_a be_v but_o general_o one_o hundred_o strong_a for_o which_o i_o can_v guess_v at_o no_o reason_n unless_o it_o be_v that_o many_o gentleman_n who_o be_v force_v to_o take_v arm_n and_o dare_v not_o stay_v at_o home_n may_v be_v invest_v with_o charge_n and_o employment_n suitable_a to_o their_o quality_n yet_o methinks_v it_o have_v conduce_v more_o to_o the_o advancement_n and_o prosecution_n of_o the_o grand_a design_n that_o troop_n and_o company_n of_o gens_n d'armes_fw-fr or_o curiassier_n have_v be_v make_v up_o of_o those_o number_n of_o gentleman_n a_o service_n very_o
have_v discharge_v their_o shot_n even_o in_o the_o hot_a piece_n of_o service_n and_o without_o the_o help_n of_o musquet-rests_a and_o i_o suppose_v it_o needs_o be_v think_v no_o paradox_n in_o i_o to_o say_v that_o five_o rank_n of_o musqueteer_n can_v fire_v one_o after_o another_o without_o intermission_n and_o deep_a five_o deep_a the_o first_o of_o the_o five_o be_v ready_a to_o fire_n again_o before_o the_o last_o have_v discharge_v let_v any_o commander_n try_v it_o with_o expert_a firemen_n he_o will_v find_v it_o will_v be_v do_v easy_o enough_o and_o that_o you_o may_v see_v that_o this_o be_v no_o new_a conceit_n of_o i_o i_o shall_v tell_v you_o that_o giovio_n inform_v we_o that_o at_o vienna_n the_o twenty_o thousand_o harquebusier_n that_o be_v in_o the_o christian_a army_n be_v all_o marshal_v five_o deep_a and_o so_o make_v four_o thousand_o file_n it_o be_v without_o all_o peradventure_o that_o the_o best_a commander_n then_o in_o europe_n be_v there_o who_o will_v not_o have_v permit_v this_o if_o they_o have_v not_o know_v that_o the_o first_o rank_n can_v have_v fire_v and_o make_v ready_a again_o before_o all_o the_o other_o four_o have_v discharge_v neither_o must_v you_o impute_v this_o to_o the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o historian_n as_o be_v a_o churchman_n for_o he_o be_v so_o punctual_a as_o to_o write_v nothing_o of_o any_o military_a action_n but_o what_o he_o have_v from_o the_o relation_n of_o the_o great_a captain_n that_o be_v upon_o the_o place_n and_o true_o if_o you_o will_v consider_v all_o i_o have_v say_v or_o all_o that_o may_v be_v say_v on_o this_o subject_n it_o reason_n for_o it_o you_o may_v perhaps_o think_v with_o i_o that_o both_o musqueteer_n and_o pikeman_n may_v be_v marshal_v five_o deep_a with_o no_o inconvenience_n at_o all_o to_o the_o service_n i_o think_v i_o hear_v some_o speculative_a person_n cry_v out_o that_o this_o be_v against_o the_o rule_n of_o all_o tactic_n who_o reject_v odd_a number_n as_o unfit_a for_o double_v but_o stay_v do_v you_o exercise_v for_o show_v only_o or_o for_o use_v if_o only_o for_o show_v i_o grant_v you_o shall_v neither_o have_v odd_a rank_n it_o objection_n against_o it_o nor_o file_n but_o if_o for_o use_n i_o say_v that_o five_o deep_a be_v better_a than_o six_o deep_a for_o those_o very_a reason_n that_o make_v six_o deep_o better_a than_o eight_o deep_a and_o eight_o better_a than_o ten_o you_o say_v you_o can_v double_v your_o rank_n at_o five_o deep_a what_o then_o i_o say_v you_o need_v not_o for_o i_o will_v have_v your_o rank_n no_o few_o than_o five_o when_o you_o be_v ten_o answer_v answer_v deep_a why_o double_v you_o your_o rank_n be_v it_o not_o to_o make_v they_o five_o and_o thereby_o to_o enlarge_v your_o front_n and_o why_o then_o may_v you_o not_o be_v five_o rank_n at_o first_o and_o thereby_o save_v yourself_o the_o labour_n of_o double_v and_o as_o it_o be_v not_o at_o all_o necessary_a to_o double_v your_o rank_n when_o your_o batallion_n consist_v of_o no_o more_o but_o five_o rank_n so_o i_o conceive_v the_o double_n of_o rank_n not_o necessary_a when_o your_o battle_n be_v but_o six_o deep_a for_o three_o rank_n of_o pike_n be_v not_o strong_a enough_o either_o to_o give_v or_o receive_v a_o charge_n nor_o be_v they_o numerous_a enough_o for_o musqueteer_n to_o fire_n one_o rank_n after_o another_o without_o interruption_n it_o not_o be_v feasible_a for_o the_o first_o rank_n to_o fire_n and_o be_v ready_a before_o the_o three_o rank_n have_v discharge_v so_o that_o when_o six_o rank_n be_v make_v three_o it_o be_v only_o for_o a_o part_a blow_n for_o the_o musqueteer_n to_o fire_n kneel_v stoop_a and_o stand_v now_o you_o may_v order_v the_o first_o three_o rank_n of_o five_o to_o fire_n in_o the_o same_o fashion_n kneel_v stoop_a and_o stand_v and_o you_o have_v by_o the_o bargain_n two_o rank_n in_o reserve_n till_o the_o first_o three_o recover_v and_o those_o two_o rank_n may_v afterward_o fire_n the_o first_o rank_n kneel_v and_o the_o second_o stand_v and_o then_o all_o the_o five_o rank_n have_v fire_v and_o be_v as_o ready_a either_o with_o butt_n of_o musket_n or_o sword_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n if_o he_o advance_v as_o the_o six_o rank_n double_v in_o three_o and_o in_o far_o better_a order_n either_o then_o your_o double_n of_o rank_n be_v unnecessary_a in_o service_n or_o five_o deep_a at_o first_o be_v as_o good_a if_o not_o better_a as_o ten_o rank_n to_o be_v double_v in_o five_o or_o six_o rank_n double_v in_o three_o and_o though_o five_o rank_n can_v be_v double_v the_o inconvenience_n of_o that_o be_v not_o so_o great_a as_o the_o advantage_n it_o have_v of_o a_o large_a front_n and_o bring_v many_o hand_n to_o fight_v and_o if_o upon_o any_o emergency_n which_o will_v fall_v out_o very_o seldom_o you_o conceive_v your_o front_n too_o large_a you_o may_v quick_o help_v it_o opinion_n the_o author_n private_a opinion_n by_o cause_v your_o file_n to_o double_a and_o then_o you_o be_v ten_o deep_a but_o i_o shall_v quick_o part_v with_o this_o opinion_n when_o i_o hear_v a_o strong_a argument_n against_o it_o than_o that_o which_o say_v that_o thereby_o rank_n can_v be_v double_v for_o the_o truth_n be_v it_o be_v my_o private_a opinion_n that_o there_o be_v many_o superfluous_a word_n in_o exercise_n and_o though_o i_o think_v double_v of_o rank_n and_o file_n too_o sometime_o convenient_a before_o the_o near_a approach_n of_o a_o enemy_n yet_o i_o hope_v none_o will_v deny_v that_o both_o of_o they_o be_v very_o improper_a in_o the_o time_n of_o service_n but_o loquendum_fw-la cum_fw-la vulgo_fw-la be_v a_o golden_a sentence_n well_o we_o have_v our_o foot-company_n no_o strong_a than_o one_o hundred_o man_n and_o man_n seventeen_o file_n in_o a_o company_n of_o one_o hundred_o man_n divide_v into_o three_o part_n whereof_o two_o be_v musqueteer_n and_o pikeman_n be_v glad_a to_o be_v admit_v to_o make_v the_o three_o these_o must_v be_v marshal_v six_o in_o one_o file_n now_o seventeen_o time_n six_o be_v more_o than_o one_o hundred_o and_o sixteen_o time_n six_o be_v less_o than_o one_o hundred_o add_v therefore_o three_o corporal_n to_o the_o hundred_o soldier_n you_o shall_v have_v seventeen_o complete_a file_n and_o one_o man_n over_o who_o you_o may_v appoint_v to_o help_v the_o ensign_n to_o carry_v his_o colour_n for_o a_o furer_n be_v not_o allow_v he_o in_o all_o establishment_n a_o company_n be_v thus_o marshal_v in_o seventeen_o file_n eleven_o must_v be_v musqueteer_n and_o six_o pikeman_n to_o wit_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o pikeman_n six_o file_n of_o musqueteer_n and_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n five_o file_n the_o captain_n be_v to_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o keep_v their_o just_a distance_n between_o file_n distance_n the_o several_a kind_n of_o distance_n and_o file_n end_n between_o rank_n and_o rank_a distance_n be_v ordinary_o threefold_a order_n open_a order_n and_o close_a order_n the_o first_o of_o three_o foot_n the_o second_o of_o six_o the_o three_o of_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a to_o which_o in_o some_o case_n be_v add_v open_a open_a order_n which_o be_v of_o twelve_o foot_n at_o exercising_n both_o rank_n and_o file_n shall_v stand_v at_o open_a order_n in_o march_n the_o file_n at_o order_n but_o the_o rank_n at_o open_a order_n because_o of_o the_o pike_n which_o must_v have_v more_o ground_n than_o musqueteer_n require_v and_o in_o service_n both_o the_o file_n and_o rank_n of_o musqueteer_n must_v be_v at_o order_n that_o be_v three_o foot_n distance_n but_o the_o pikeman_n both_o in_o file_n and_o rank_n at_o close_a order_n that_o be_v at_o the_o distance_n of_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a i_o must_v tell_v you_o in_o this_o place_n of_o a_o general_a mistake_n distance_n mistake_v in_o reckon_a distance_n and_o be_v the_o very_a same_o i_o accuse_v vegetius_n of_o in_o the_o roman_a militia_n and_o it_o be_v this_o all_o say_v that_o the_o file_n when_o they_o stand_v in_o battle_n shall_v be_v at_o order_n that_o be_v at_o the_o distance_n of_o three_o foot_n as_o indeed_o they_o shall_v but_o if_o you_o ask_v how_o many_o foot_n of_o ground_n seventeen_o file_n whereof_o our_o company_n consist_v possess_v in_o front_n they_o will_v immediate_o answer_v you_o fifty_o and_o one_o and_o here_o there_o be_v a_o double_a file_n distance_n of_o file_n error_n first_o no_o ground_n be_v allow_v for_o the_o combatant_n to_o stand_v on_o for_o the_o distance_n of_o three_o foot_n between_o file_n take_v up_o that_o one_o and_o fifty_o foot_n or_o very_o near_o it_o second_o they_o make_v seventeen_o file_n to_o have_v seventeen_o distance_n whereas_o they_o have_v but_o sixteen_o this_o oversight_n i_o
the_o velite_n of_o the_o three_o and_o four_o batallion_n since_o they_o be_v all_o light_n arm_v and_o if_o it_o be_v say_v the_o slinger_n can_v cast_v their_o stone_n over_o the_o head_n of_o the_o two_o batallion_n of_o heavy_a arm_v i_o answer_v first_o their_o stone_n will_v do_v less_o hurt_v at_o that_o distance_n second_o the_o archer_n in_o the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n can_v have_v do_v as_o much_o three_o the_o keep_v their_o station_n and_o place_n in_o the_o five_o batallion_n hinder_v the_o triarii_n to_o advance_v now_o if_o these_o of_o vegetius_n his_o three_o and_o four_o batallion_n be_v oblige_v to_o go_v to_o the_o van_n and_o fight_v or_o skirmish_v there_o why_o do_v he_o not_o appoint_v the_o light_n arm_v of_o his_o five_o batallion_n to_o do_v so_o too_o since_o they_o be_v all_o liable_a to_o one_o duty_n but_o i_o hinder_v he_o to_o marshal_v his_o six_o batallion_n the_o six_o order_n or_o body_n say_v he_o consist_v of_o and_o now_o welcome_a triarii_n warrior_n furnish_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o triarii_fw-la triarii_fw-la arm_n and_o weapon_n who_o the_o ancient_n call_v triarii_n these_o say_v he_o use_v to_o sit_v than_o they_o kneel_v not_o behind_o all_o the_o other_o batallion_n that_o be_v whole_a and_o sound_a and_o in_o breath_n they_o may_v with_o more_o vigour_n attack_z the_o enemy_n for_o if_o any_o thing_n fall_v out_o otherwise_o than_o well_o with_o the_o batallion_n that_o stand_v before_o they_o all_o hope_n of_o recovery_n depend_v on_o they_o now_o if_o our_o author_n have_v speak_v well_o of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a legion_n i_o be_o sure_a he_o have_v speak_v enough_o of_o it_o he_o have_v be_v at_o much_o pain_n to_o make_v up_o that_o legion_n but_o that_o you_o may_v the_o better_o see_v the_o defect_n of_o it_o i_o shall_v be_v at_o the_o trouble_n to_o take_v it_o down_o in_o piece_n in_o the_o ensue_a chapter_n chap._n xii_o vegetius_n his_o legion_n review_v and_o examine_v whoever_o have_v read_v or_o shall_v be_v please_v to_o read_v vegetius_n his_o treatise_n de_fw-fr re_fw-mi militari_fw-la will_v believe_v with_o i_o that_o he_o intend_v nothing_o less_o than_o to_o write_v the_o military_a constitution_n and_o custom_n of_o levy_n arm_n exercise_v marshal_n embattel_v march_v or_o other_o law_n and_o point_n of_o the_o art_n of_o war_n use_v in_o his_o own_o day_n but_o in_o the_o contrary_a the_o roman_a way_n and_o method_n of_o war_n of_o the_o ancient_a time_n and_o this_o he_o profess_v all_o along_o not_o only_o in_o his_o prologue_n to_o his_o master_n the_o emperor_n valentinian_n but_o almost_o in_o every_o book_n of_o his_o treatise_n in_o the_o prologue_n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o say_v the_o emperor_n have_v command_v he_o to_o set_v down_o the_o antiqua_fw-la the_o ancient_a custom_n in_o the_o prologue_n to_o militia_n vegetius_n oblige_v himself_o to_o write_v of_o the_o old_a roman_a militia_n his_o three_o book_n he_o aver_v that_o the_o emperor_n have_v command_v he_o to_o abbreviate_v in_o one_o piece_n all_o the_o ancient_a military_a custom_n and_o constitution_n which_o be_v disperse_v and_o scatter_v in_o several_a book_n and_o author_n and_o in_o one_o word_n he_o entitle_v his_o epitome_n institution_n of_o military_a matter_n out_o of_o the_o commentary_n of_o cato_n celsus_n trajan_n adrian_n and_o frontinus_n now_o none_o of_o these_o write_v or_o can_v write_v of_o any_o military_a custom_n practise_v in_o vegetius_n his_o time_n as_o have_v live_v several_a age_n before_o he_o and_o he_o acknowledge_v himself_o that_o the_o art_n of_o war_n of_o his_o day_n be_v but_o a_o shadow_n and_o scarce_o that_o of_o the_o ancient_a one_o but_o by_o the_o way_n i_o must_v tell_v you_o that_o stevechius_n think_v adrian_n write_v no_o military_a constitution_n since_o at_o his_o desire_n aelian_a have_v compose_v that_o piece_n de_fw-fr instruendiâ—_n aciebus_fw-la whereof_o we_o have_v speak_v but_o his_o reason_n be_v exceed_o weak_a for_o adrian_n may_v very_o well_o have_v write_v the_o roman_a military_a art_n and_o yet_o have_v de-desired_n aelian_a to_o write_v the_o grecian_a one_o but_o to_o return_v vegetius_n in_o the_o twenty_o chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n have_v give_v we_o a_o account_n of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a time_n not_o that_o of_o his_o own_o time_n arm_n acknowledge_v that_o they_o be_v whole_o wear_v out_o and_o that_o in_o comparison_n of_o they_o the_o foot_n of_o his_o time_n be_v naked_a which_o have_v give_v so_o great_a a_o advantage_n to_o the_o barbarous_a nation_n of_o the_o goth_n huns_n and_o allans_n to_o the_o eight_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o give_v this_o title_n of_o those_o who_o be_v leader_n of_o the_o ancient_a century_n and_o file_n and_o the_o seven_o chapter_n of_o that_o book_n he_o begin_v with_o these_o word_n have_v expound_v say_v he_o the_o ancient_a order_n of_o a_o legion_n and_o in_o many_o other_o place_n he_o witness_v that_o it_o be_v the_o ancient_a roman_a militia_n that_o he_o be_v to_o open_v to_o we_o and_o no_o new_a one_o which_o have_v deviate_v from_o that_o old_a one_o this_o be_v premise_v by_o i_o to_o anticipate_v objection_n i_o make_v bold_a to_o charge_n vegetius_n with_o seven_o gross_a error_n in_o the_o description_n of_o his_o legion_n yet_o all_o seven_o legion_n seven_o error_n in_o the_o descrition_n of_o his_o legion_n will_v not_o amount_v to_o one_o mortal_a sin_n which_o they_o say_v be_v likewise_o seven_o nay_o nor_o to_o one_o capital_a crime_n but_o if_o he_o be_v guilty_a of_o all_o these_o or_o any_o of_o these_o than_o i_o say_v he_o be_v not_o so_o good_a as_o his_o word_n in_o the_o four_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n where_o he_o promise_v ordinationem_fw-la legionis_fw-la antiquae_fw-la secundum_fw-la norman_n militaris_fw-la juris_fw-la exponore_fw-la to_o expound_v to_o we_o the_o right_a order_n of_o a_o ancient_a legion_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o military_a law_n but_o i_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o justify_v my_o charge_n in_o this_o follow_a order_n first_o i_o question_v the_o number_n of_o his_o legionary_a foot_n which_o he_o make_v to_o be_v error_n first_o error_n six_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o and_o all_o heavy_a arm_v mark_v that_o i_o read_v once_o of_o six_o thousand_o and_o once_o more_o of_o six_o thousand_o and_o two_o hundred_o and_o in_o that_o number_n be_v comprehend_v the_o velite_n but_o never_o of_o six_o thousand_o and_o one_o hun-hundred_n the_o truth_n be_v romulus_n make_v his_o legion_n three_o thousand_o after_o he_o it_o be_v augment_v and_o diminish_v according_a to_o the_o king_n senate_n or_o people_n pleasure_n or_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o state_n to_o 4000_o to_o 4200_o to_o 5000_o to_o 5200_o and_o sometime_o but_o very_a seldom_o to_o 6000_o or_o 6200_o as_o regiment_n be_v now_o make_v strong_a and_o weak_a in_o our_o modern_a levy_n according_a to_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o prince_n or_o state_n who_o make_v they_o but_o for_o most_o part_n the_o ancient_a roman_a legion_n be_v 4000_o or_o 4200._o livy_n in_o his_o six_o book_n say_v four_o legion_n be_v levy_v against_o the_o gaul_n each_o of_o 4000_o foot_n in_o his_o seven_o book_n he_o say_v that_o in_o the_o consulship_n of_o young_a camillus_n four_o legion_n be_v raise_v each_o of_o 4200_o foot_n in_o his_o eight_o book_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o latin_n every_o legion_n consist_v of_o 5000_o foot_n in_o his_o nine_o book_n he_o make_v the_o legion_n to_o be_v 4000_o foot_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o samnite_n in_o his_o 21_o book_n he_o speak_v of_o six_o legion_n each_o of_o they_o 4000_o foot_n and_o not_o to_o spend_v more_o time_n in_o instance_n the_o same_o historian_n out_o of_o who_o and_o polybius_n i_o suppose_v vegetius_n borrow_v his_o great_a light_n of_o history_n say_v in_o his_o 22_o book_n that_o every_o roman_a legion_n be_v 5000_o foot_n in_o the_o time_n of_o their_o dangerous_a war_n with_o their_o redoubt_a enemy_n hannibal_n but_o after_o that_o be_v end_v they_o be_v reduce_v to_o 4000_o till_o the_o macedonian_a war_n except_o that_o some_o of_o they_o be_v make_v 6200_o by_o scipio_n unless_o then_o once_o in_o africa_n and_o once_o in_o greece_n we_o never_o find_v a_o legion_n 6000_o strong_a but_o never_o at_o all_o to_o be_v 6100_o as_o vegetius_n will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v constant_o he_o will_v have_v do_v himself_o much_o right_n and_o his_o reader_n a_o great_a favour_n to_o have_v tell_v who_o levy_v these_o legion_n of_o 6100._o if_o it_o be_v so_o in_o his_o own_o time_n or_o yet_o in_o the_o decadency_n of_o both_o the_o roman_a empire_n and_o militia_n that_o make_v nothing_o to_o his_o purpose_n it_o
of_o the_o author_n but_o since_o i_o intend_v not_o in_o this_o treatise_n to_o present_v my_o reader_n with_o any_o figure_n of_o my_o own_o i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v he_o with_o any_o that_o belong_v to_o another_o chap._n xviii_o of_o several_a figure_n of_o army_n use_v by_o the_o ancient_n in_o their_o battle_n if_o a_o general_n or_o commander_n in_o chief_a have_v not_o the_o choice_n of_o the_o ground_n where_o he_o be_v to_o fight_v he_o must_v marshal_v his_o army_n according_a to_o the_o advantage_n or_o difficulty_n of_o it_o but_o if_o he_o may_v make_v choice_n of_o the_o place_n of_o battle_n than_o no_o doubt_n he_o may_v model_n his_o force_n as_o he_o please_v without_o tie_v himself_o to_o any_o other_o prescript_n or_o precedent_n of_o other_o notwithstanding_o which_o he_o must_v be_v very_o wary_a not_o to_o cast_v his_o army_n in_o such_o a_o figure_n as_o carry_v along_o with_o it_o intricacy_n such_o as_o may_v make_v both_o the_o order_n and_o observe_v it_o difficult_a and_o more_o especial_o he_o be_v to_o be_v very_o rich_a of_o change_v the_o figure_n of_o his_o army_n in_o the_o time_n of_o action_n action_n dangerous_a to_o alter_v the_o figure_n of_o a_o army_n in_o time_n of_o action_n in_o regard_n that_o the_o bulk_n of_o a_o army_n be_v compose_v of_o such_o member_n as_o be_v for_o most_o part_n rude_a gross_a and_o of_o so_o dull_a understanding_n that_o they_o be_v not_o able_a in_o a_o instant_n to_o apprehend_v the_o reason_n of_o sudden_a alteration_n or_o to_o dive_v into_o the_o design_n of_o their_o great_a commander_n and_o therefore_o a_o change_n of_o the_o form_n of_o a_o battle_n after_o a_o army_n be_v engage_v may_v cast_v it_o into_o confusion_n which_o may_v quick_o render_v it_o a_o prey_n to_o a_o attentive_a and_o vigilant_a enemy_n the_o figure_n of_o army_n use_v by_o the_o ancient_n not_o only_a grecian_n and_o roman_n but_o even_o of_o those_o nation_n likewise_o who_o both_o these_o be_v please_v to_o qualify_v batallion_n five_o figure_n of_o batallion_n with_o the_o title_n of_o barbarian_n be_v for_o most_o part_n of_o five_o kind_n these_o be_v the_o quadrate_n or_o square_n the_o wedg_n the_o tenaille_n or_o tongue_n the_o saw_n and_o the_o globe_n the_o quadrate_n or_o square_n they_o subdivide_v into_o three_o sort_n to_o wit_n the_o turrite_n the_o lie_v lateritial_a and_o the_o simple_a lateritial_a the_o turrite_n be_v that_o battle_n turrite_n quadrate_n turrite_n who_o height_n or_o depth_n be_v much_o great_a than_o its_o front_n as_o draw_v up_o a_o thousand_o man_n six_o deep_a let_v they_o face_n either_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o leave_v you_o shall_v see_v they_o but_o six_o in_o front_n and_o a_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o deep_a it_o be_v the_o quadrate_n turrite_v so_o call_v because_o its_o height_n or_o depth_n make_v it_o look_v like_o a_o tower_n it_o be_v but_o seldom_o use_v and_o indeed_o it_o be_v very_o useless_a the_o simple_a latrice_n be_v where_o all_o the_o latera_fw-la or_o side_n of_o the_o battle_n that_o be_v front_n quadrate_n simple_n lâ—teritial_a quadrate_n rear_n and_o both_o flank_n be_v of_o a_o like_a extent_n one_o hundred_o man_n draw_v up_o ten_o deep_a give_v you_o the_o simple_a lateritial_a quadrate_n because_o it_o be_v a_o battle_n equal_a on_o all_o side_n it_o be_v also_o call_v the_o aequilateral_a quadrate_n of_o this_o form_n be_v the_o ancient_a egyptian_a battle_n as_o i_o have_v tell_v you_o in_o the_o grecian_a art_n of_o war_n ten_o thousand_o of_o their_o man_n marshal_v a_o 100_o deep_a make_v they_o a_o 100_o in_o front_n a_o 100_o in_o rear_n and_o a_o 100_o in_o each_o flank_n so_o that_o face_n they_o any_o way_n you_o please_v still_o they_o be_v a_o 100_o in_o front_n the_o lie_a lateritial_a square_n or_o quadrate_n be_v a_o battle_n in_o which_o the_o front_n be_v of_o a_o quadrate_n lie_v lateritial_a quadrate_n great_a extent_n than_o the_o flank_n or_o where_o there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o more_o man_n in_o the_o rank_n than_o in_o the_o file_n as_o 16000_o man_n after_o the_o grecian_a way_n marshal_v 16_o deep_a give_v you_o a_o front_n of_o 1000_o man_n and_o the_o flank_n but_o of_o 16._o and_o this_o be_v usual_o both_o the_o grecian_a and_o roman_a way_n of_o embattel_v and_o continue_v so_o still_o in_o our_o modern_a army_n so_o when_o you_o read_v in_o story_n that_o a_o army_n march_v in_o a_o quadrate_n form_n as_o livy_n speak_v both_o in_o his_o second_o and_o thirteen_o book_n and_o sallust_n also_o say_v that_o marius_n march_v against_o jugurtha_n with_o a_o quadrate_n army_n you_o be_v to_o understand_v it_o that_o they_o march_v in_o order_n of_o battle_n ready_a to_o fight_v and_o that_o the_o form_n of_o their_o batallion_n be_v quadrate_n but_o do_v not_o imagine_v they_o be_v aequilateral_a or_o simple_a lateritial_a it_o be_v from_o the_o quadrate_n form_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v lie_v lateritial_a consist_v of_o four_o angle_n that_o our_o word_n squadron_n have_v its_o denomination_n a_o word_n use_v now_o for_o any_o thing_n i_o know_v in_o all_o european_a language_n by_o what_o i_o have_v say_v it_o appear_v that_o though_o it_o be_v grant_v to_o terduzzi_n as_o it_o be_v not_o that_o the_o roman_n draw_v up_o their_o foot_n twelve_o deep_a yet_o that_o will_v not_o conclude_v their_o curious_a terduzzi_n nice_o curious_a batallion_n whether_o lesser_a body_n or_o great_a to_o have_v be_v aequilateral_a quadrate_n as_o he_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v for_o in_o their_o maniple_n draw_v up_o as_o he_o will_v have_v they_o twelve_o depth_n since_o every_o one_o of_o they_o consist_v of_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o man_n they_o can_v make_v but_o ten_o file_n now_o ten_o in_o front_n and_o twelve_o in_o file_n make_v no_o more_o a_o aequilateral_a batallion_n than_o a_o hundred_o twenty_o man_n marshal_v ten_o deep_a and_o twelve_o in_o front_n can_v represent_v that_o figure_n this_o lie_a lateritial_a quadrate_n whereof_o i_o now_o speak_v be_v that_o form_n of_o battle_n whereof_o vegetius_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v when_o he_o speak_v of_o a_o quadrate_n army_n with_o a_o long_a front_n the_o wedg_n i_o have_v speak_v of_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o grecian_a militia_n but_o i_o will_v not_o have_v my_o reader_n to_o imagine_v that_o these_o wedg-battel_n speak_v so_o much_o of_o in_o ancient_a history_n be_v such_o as_o be_v paint_v to_o we_o begin_v with_o one_o man_n than_o wedg-figure_n wedg-figure_n two_o next_z three_z and_o so_o to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o chapter_n though_o that_o method_n may_v be_v well_o enough_o observe_v in_o a_o small_a body_n either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n but_o they_o be_v batallion_n condense_v and_o at_o close_a order_n the_o point_n consist_v of_o a_o good_a many_o man_n yet_o point_v because_o the_o body_n grow_v broad_a and_o broad_a till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o rear_n where_o it_o be_v broad_o for_o to_o imagine_v that_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o fight_n any_o batallion_n of_o the_o most_o experience_a soldier_n can_v be_v sudden_o cast_v into_o so_o punctual_a a_o form_n as_o first_o one_o than_o two_o by_o the_o ready_a general_n that_o ever_o be_v be_v a_o speculation_n never_o reduce_v or_o reducible_a to_o practice_n and_o so_o you_o be_v to_o understand_v the_o wedg_n in_o which_o the_o theban_a epaminondas_n cast_v some_o of_o his_o infantry_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o mantinaea_n whereby_o he_o break_v the_o laconian_n be_v not_o a_o flim-flam_n of_o one_o two_o three_o and_o four_o he_o have_v no_o time_n to_o tell_v straw_n but_o a_o good_a massy_a body_n of_o man_n perhaps_o of_o fifty_o sixty_o seventy_o or_o a_o hundred_o in_o front_n grow_v great_a till_o it_o come_v to_o the_o end_n this_o wedg-battel_n consist_v of_o three_o angle_n the_o foremost_a point_n make_v one_o and_o the_o broad_a end_n furnish_v the_o other_o two_o and_o indeed_o it_o be_v a_o triangle_n but_o not_o a_o aequilateral_a one_o i_o tell_v you_o in_o another_o place_n out_o of_o livius_n how_o the_o celtiberian_n have_v well_o near_o rout_v the_o praetor_n fulvius_n by_o their_o wedg-battel_n till_o he_o defeat_v they_o with_o a_o desperate_a charge_n of_o unbridled_a horse_n he_o who_o think_v that_o this_o wedg-battel_n of_o these_o spaniard_n understand_v how_o it_o be_v right_o to_o be_v understand_v begin_v with_o one_o man_n at_o the_o point_n and_o by_o equal_a degree_n come_v to_o a_o great_a many_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o wedg_n have_v a_o strong_a imagination_n livy_n in_o his_o twenty_o second_o book_n call_v that_o batallion_n of_o macedonian_n who_o stand_v range_v in_o battle_n within_o the_o wall_n of_o cenchrea_n to_o receive_v the_o assailant_n when_o the_o roman_a
to_o be_v these_o which_o follow_v in_o his_o observation_n of_o the_o advantage_n and_o disadvantage_n of_o both_o the_o phalanx_n be_v compose_v of_o sixteen_o rank_n and_o of_o one_o thousand_o twenty_o phalange_n first_o advantage_n of_o the_o phalange_n four_o file_n of_o lusty_a well_o arm_v man_n and_o at_o its_o close_a order_n or_o constipation_n so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v able_a to_o preserve_v its_o â—orce_n it_o bear_v down_o all_o before_o it_o for_o at_o that_o posture_n every_o combatant_n take_v up_o but_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a of_o ground_n and_o suppose_v their_o pike_n but_o eighteen_o foot_n long_o whereas_o the_o sarissas_n be_v twenty_o one_o of_o length_n you_o may_v easy_o compute_v the_o point_n of_o the_o five_o rank_n or_o if_o you_o will_v of_o the_o six_o rank_n to_o extend_v three_o foot_n before_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v speak_v enough_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o gracian_a militia_n now_o though_o all_o the_o rank_n behind_o the_o six_o be_v useless_a as_o to_o the_o present_v their_o pike_n or_o wound_v a_o enemy_n yet_o by_o the_o weight_n and_o strength_n of_o their_o body_n they_o assist_v the_o impression_n of_o the_o first_o six_o rank_n help_v the_o charge_n to_o be_v more_o forcible_a and_o take_v away_o all_o possibility_n from_o those_o that_o be_v before_o they_o to_o turn_v their_o back_n upon_o the_o enemy_n but_o this_o phalange_n must_v have_v such_o a_o disadvantage_n its_o first_o disadvantage_n ground_n that_o it_o may_v open_v and_o close_o at_o pleasure_n and_o that_o ground_n must_v be_v plain_a and_o even_o without_o the_o encumbrance_n of_o wood_n tree_n bush_n hedge_n ditch_n enclosure_n rise_v hill_n and_o hollow_a ground_n for_o any_o of_o these_o be_v sufficient_a to_o disorder_v it_o in_o its_o part_n and_o that_o be_v once_o do_v a_o enemy_n with_o little_a or_o no_o danger_n may_v enter_v at_o the_o void_a place_n of_o that_o great_a body_n when_o it_o be_v disjoin_v and_o swordman_n be_v once_o within_o the_o point_n of_o the_o pike_n the_o pike-man_n be_v a_o prey_n to_o they_o especial_o to_o the_o roman_a legionary_n who_o beside_o short_a sword_n carry_v likewise_o semispathâ—_n which_o i_o english_a dagger_n now_o say_v polybius_n such_o a_o champaign_n such_o a_o field_n as_o we_o have_v describe_v not_o be_v to_o be_v find_v every_o where_o the_o phalange_n must_v of_o necessity_n stay_v where_o it_o have_v meâ—_n with_o such_o a_o ground_n and_o march_v from_o it_o and_o accept_v of_o such_o as_o time_n place_n or_o occasion_n offer_v as_o all_o army_n must_v do_v if_o the_o first_o then_o have_v a_o enemy_n free_a liberty_n to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o country_n to_o besiege_v and_o force_v town_n and_o take_v all_o other_o manner_n of_o advantage_n if_o the_o second_o and_o that_o the_o field_n prove_v improper_a for_o the_o phalange_n than_o the_o enemy_n take_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o ground_n enter_v at_o the_o void_a place_n and_o have_v so_o disarrayed_a it_o quick_o overthrow_v it_o next_o polybius_n grant_v that_o the_o phalange_n have_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o legion_n in_o this_o that_o three_o foot_n be_v advantage_n its_o second_o advantage_n allow_v between_o two_o legionary_n whereof_o i_o have_v speak_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o interval_n and_o but_o half_a so_o much_o to_o two_o phalangites_n when_o they_o be_v both_o to_o fight_v it_o follow_v that_o every_o legionary_a have_v two_o phalangites_n in_o front_n of_o he_o and_o consequent_o twelve_o pike_n present_v to_o he_o for_o it_o be_v already_o grant_v that_o the_o point_n of_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o six_o rank_n may_v be_v extend_v before_o the_o first_o rank_n so_o by_o this_o account_n there_o be_v twelve_o man_n against_o one_o a_o advantage_n in_o nature_n irresistible_a but_o on_o the_o other_o part_n the_o phalangites_n can_v not_o fight_v in_o maniple_n â—ohorts_n or_o small_a body_n for_o be_v disadvantage_n its_o second_o disadvantage_n separate_v or_o divide_v they_o be_v quick_o break_v the_o legionary_n be_v so_o aâ—med_v and_o that_o they_o can_v fight_v any_o way_n either_o in_o a_o great_a or_o small_a body_n or_o man_n to_o man_n at_o any_o time_n or_o in_o any_o place_n let_v the_o encumbrance_n be_v what_o they_o will_n let_v we_o resume_v all_o this_o and_o say_v in_o one_o word_n polybius_n prefer_v the_o legion_n to_o the_o phalange_n because_o the_o essential_a propriety_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o fight_v close_o together_o and_o so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v able_a to_o keep_v so_o it_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v down_o the_o legion_n but_o sure_o it_o can_v but_o seldom_o keep_v in_o one_o entire_a body_n the_o legion_n by_o its_o order_n and_o constitution_n be_v apt_a to_o fight_v in_o small_a or_o little_a body_n and_o to_o divide_v according_a to_o opportunity_n and_o emergency_n can_v ready_o enter_v at_o the_o void_a place_n of_o the_o phalange_n whether_o these_o be_v in_o the_o van_n rear_n or_o flank_n and_o overthrow_v it_o as_o often_o it_o do_v i_o shall_v presume_v to_o add_v two_o other_o advantage_n that_o i_o think_v the_o legion_n have_v of_o phalange_n a_o legion_n three_o advantage_n over_o the_o phalange_n the_o phalange_n which_o polybius_n have_v not_o mention_v the_o first_o the_o phalange_n fight_v all_o in_o one_o body_n the_o legion_n in_o three_o body_n successive_o one_o after_o another_o so_o that_o if_o the_o hasâ—aâ—â—_n charge_v brisk_o they_o may_v put_v the_o great_a body_n of_o the_o phalange_n in_o some_o disorder_n and_o they_o retire_v the_o principes_fw-la find_v it_o in_o some_o discomposure_n may_v disorder_v it_o so_o that_o the_o triarii_n come_v fresh_a to_o the_o charge_n may_v have_v a_o very_a cheap_a market_n of_o it_o the_o second_o advantage_n which_o i_o conceive_v the_o legion_n have_v of_o the_o phalange_n advantage_n a_o legion_n four_o advantage_n be_v in_o its_o large_a front_n which_o i_o offer_v to_o make_v appear_v thus_o the_o great_a phalange_n consist_v of_o sixteen_o thousand_o three_o hundred_o eighty_o four_o heavy_a arm_v these_o marshal_v sixteen_o deep_a and_o so_o their_o front_n consist_v of_o one_o thousand_o twenty_o four_o man_n to_o who_o you_o be_v to_o allow_v one_o thousand_o twenty_o four_o foot_n for_o they_o to_o stand_v on_o when_o they_o be_v to_o fight_v they_o have_v no_o more_o but_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a allow_v between_o file_n and_o therefore_o for_o one_o thousand_o twenty_o four_o file_n allow_v one_o thousand_o twenty_o three_o distance_n and_o for_o these_o fifteen_o hundred_o thirty_o four_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a add_v these_o the_o aggregate_v be_v two_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o fifty_o eight_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a thus_o much_o ground_n and_o no_o more_o do_v the_o phalange_n take_v up_o in_o its_o longitude_n when_o it_o be_v to_o fight_v the_o legion_n be_v compose_v of_o three_o body_n who_o be_v marshal_v one_o behind_o another_o the_o hastati_fw-la have_v the_o first_o batallion_n and_o be_v divide_v into_o ten_o maniple_n in_o every_o one_o of_o which_o be_v one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o man_n these_o be_v marshal_v ten_o deep_a and_o so_o each_o maniple_n be_v twelve_o man_n in_o front_n for_o who_o allow_v twelve_o foot_n to_o stand_v on_o and_z as_o both_o polybius_n and_o vegetius_n do_v allow_v three_o foot_n between_o file_n twelve_o file_n have_v eleven_o distance_n and_o for_o they_o you_o must_v have_v thirty_o three_o foot_n add_v thirty_o three_o to_o twelve_o make_v forty_o five_o so_o much_o ground_n do_v every_o maniple_n possess_v in_o front_n â—n_o every_o batallion_n be_v ten_o maniple_n multiply_v then_o forty_o five_o by_o ten_o the_o product_n will_v be_v four_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o you_o may_v remember_v that_o i_o have_v elsewhere_o demonstrate_v that_o these_o ten_o maniple_n have_v nine_o interval_n and_o every_o interval_n must_v have_v as_o much_o ground_n allow_v to_o it_o as_o the_o maniple_n that_o be_v forty_o five_o foot_n multiply_v forty_o five_o by_o nine_o the_o product_n be_v four_o hundred_o and_o five_o add_v four_o hundred_o and_o five_o to_o four_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o the_o aggregate_v be_v eight_o hundred_o fifty_o five_o foot_n and_o so_o much_o ground_n do_v the_o hastâ—ati_fw-la of_o one_o legion_n possess_v in_o a_o consular_a army_n there_o be_v four_o legion_n than_o you_o be_v to_o multiply_v eight_o hundred_o fifty_o five_o by_o four_o and_o the_o product_n will_v prove_v to_o be_v three_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o and_o so_o much_o ground_n do_v the_o hastati_fw-la of_o a_o consular_a army_n take_v up_o in_o front_n now_o here_o the_o hastati_fw-la be_v reckon_v to_o be_v but_o twelve_o hundred_o the_o legion_n according_a to_o polybius_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v but_o four_o thousand_o two_o
have_v observe_v in_o most_o tactic_n lieutenant_n colonel_n elton_n be_v very_o clear_a in_o his_o definition_n of_o a_o distance_n which_o though_o i_o tell_v you_o of_o it_o before_o i_o shall_v again_o give_v you_o distance_n say_v he_o be_v a_o place_n or_o interval_n of_o ground_n between_o every_o rank_n and_o rank_n and_o every_o file_n and_o file_n as_o they_o stand_v by_o this_o description_n then_o three_o foot_n of_o distance_n be_v allow_v between_o every_o file_n and_o file_n there_o be_v in_o seventeen_o file_n sixteen_o distance_n or_o interval_n which_o make_v but_o forty_o and_o eight_o foot_n than_o you_o be_v to_o allow_v seventeen_o foot_n to_o the_o combatant_n that_o be_v one_o foot_n for_o every_o man_n to_o stand_v on_o seventeen_o be_v add_v to_o forty_o eight_o make_v sixty_o five_o and_o so_o many_o foot_n of_o ground_n do_v a_o company_n possess_v in_o front_n if_o it_o consist_v of_o seventeen_o file_n for_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o rank_n you_o be_v to_o compute_v it_o thus_o six_o rank_n take_v six_o foot_n to_o stand_v on_o and_o thirty_o foot_n for_o five_o interval_n six_o foot_n be_v allow_v for_o open_a order_n in_o all_o six_o and_o thirty_o foot_n which_o a_o rank_n distance_n of_o rank_n company_n regiment_n brigade_n or_o army_n of_o foot_n constant_o possess_v from_o the_o toe_n of_o the_o leader_n to_o the_o heel_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o unless_o you_o bring_v the_o rank_n to_o stand_v at_o order_n which_o you_o may_v frequent_o do_v with_o very_o good_a reason_n and_o then_o the_o five_o interval_n take_v up_o but_o fifteen_o foot_n which_o be_v add_v to_o the_o six_o foot_n on_o which_o the_o rank_n stand_v make_v but_o twenty_o one_o foot_n and_o when_o pike_n be_v to_o give_v or_o receive_v a_o charge_n you_o may_v bring_v they_o to_o close_a order_n that_o be_v one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o then_o the_o five_o interval_n take_v up_o but_o 7½_n foot_n these_o be_v add_v to_o six_o make_v 13½_n foot_n observe_v that_o in_o exercise_v this_o company_n of_o seventeen_o file_n you_o be_v to_o set_v aside_o one_o of_o the_o file_n because_o it_o be_v odd_a and_o so_o colour_n the_o colour_n will_v hinder_v the_o double_n the_o file_n the_o colour_n of_o the_o company_n be_v to_o be_v on_o the_o head_n of_o the_o pike_n neither_o can_v they_o convenient_o be_v between_o the_o second_o and_o three_o rank_n in_o time_n of_o battle_n as_o some_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v for_o you_o may_v easy_o consider_v what_o room_n a_o ensign_n can_v have_v with_o his_o colour_n between_o rank_n when_o they_o be_v at_o order_n much_o less_o at_o close_a order_n as_o they_o shall_v be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o battle_n it_o will_v be_v fit_v before_o i_o go_v further_o to_o meet_v with_o a_o objection_n concern_v file_n objection_n against_o my_o distance_n of_o file_n distance_n it_o be_v this_o the_o three_o foot_n of_o distance_n allow_v between_o file_n say_v they_o must_v be_v reckon_v from_o the_o centre_n that_o be_v from_o the_o two_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o two_o file-leader_n as_o from_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o right_a hand_n file-leader_n to_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o file-leader_n who_o stand_v on_o his_o left_a hand_n i_o wonder_v at_o this_o notion_n for_o hereby_o two_o file-leader_n take_v up_o one_o foot_n of_o ground_n and_o so_o do_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o file_n and_o there_o be_v but_o two_o foot_n of_o interval_n between_o the_o two_o file_n and_o this_o can_v at_o all_o quadrate_n with_o the_o definition_n of_o distance_n for_o that_o be_v a_o interval_n between_o file_n and_o not_o betwixt_o the_o two_o middle_a part_n of_o two_o man_n body_n and_o the_o author_n of_o tactic_n shall_v have_v be_v clear_a in_o their_o expression_n and_o have_v say_v two_o foot_n between_o file_n which_o they_o know_v be_v too_o answer_v answer_v little_a and_o have_v add_v that_o every_o file_n shall_v have_v one_o foot_n of_o ground_n to_o stand_v on_o for_o what_o language_n be_v this_o a_o man_n shall_v have_v half_a a_o foot_n for_o his_o right_a middle_a part_n and_o another_o half_a foot_n for_o his_o left_a middle_a part_n for_o this_o way_n of_o their_o reckon_n of_o the_o three_o foot_n of_o distance_n amount_v to_o just_a so_o much_o and_o no_o better_a language_n which_o i_o conceive_v be_v very_o improper_a beside_o by_o this_o account_n the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n file_n will_v have_v each_o of_o they_o one_o half_a foot_n of_o ground_n more_o than_o any_o of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o file_n the_o right_a hand_n filemen_n have_v it_o by_o the_o right_n middle_a part_n of_o their_o body_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n filemen_n by_o the_o left_a middle_a part_n of_o their_o body_n because_o these_o two_o file_n on_o these_o two_o hand_n have_v no_o sideman_n which_o you_o may_v easy_o conceive_v if_o you_o please_v a_o little_a to_o consider_v it_o let_v we_o in_o the_o next_o place_n see_v what_o officer_n be_v appoint_v to_o have_v the_o command_n company_n of_o officer_n of_o a_o company_n and_o inspection_n of_o this_o company_n and_o here_o we_o may_v find_v some_o difference_n in_o the_o several_a establishment_n of_o prince_n and_o state_n yet_o in_o this_o we_o find_v all_o agree_v to_o have_v a_o captain_n a_o lieutenant_n a_o ensign_n sergeant_n corporal_n and_o drummer_n except_o the_o spaniard_n who_o reject_v the_o lieutenant_n as_o useless_a some_o allow_v no_o more_o officer_n than_o those_o i_o have_v speak_v of_o some_o allow_v more_o to_o wit_n a_o captain_n of_o army_n a_o furer_n a_o fourier_n and_o a_o clerk_n or_o scrivener_n and_o beside_o some_o allow_v lancepesat_n or_o lancpresad_n as_o they_o be_v common_o call_v as_o also_o reformado_n and_o gentleman_n of_o a_o company_n but_o neither_o lancepesat_n gentleman_n of_o the_o company_n nor_o reformado_n be_v officer_n and_o though_o corporal_n be_v yet_o they_o carry_v arm_n and_o march_v in_o rank_n and_o file_n i_o shall_v describe_v all_o these_o and_o all_o the_o officer_n of_o a_o foot_n company_n begin_v with_o the_o reformado_n and_o end_v with_o the_o captain_n those_o be_v call_v reformado_n or_o reform_v who_o have_v be_v officer_n suppose_v officer_n reform_a officer_n commissionated_a and_o those_o only_a and_o be_v out_o of_o charge_n and_o bear_v arm_n till_o they_o can_v be_v prefer_v in_o some_o place_n they_o be_v permit_v to_o be_v without_o arms._n a_o gentleman_n of_o the_o company_n be_v he_o who_o be_v something_o more_o than_o a_o ordinary_a company_n gentleman_n of_o a_o company_n soldier_n have_v a_o little_a more_o pay_n and_o do_v not_o stand_v centinel_n in_o french_a he_o be_v call_v appoint_v and_o with_o the_o german_n he_o be_v call_v gefreuter_n they_o march_v and_o watch_v with_o arm_n they_o go_v common_a round_n and_o patrovill_n and_o near_o a_o enemy_n they_o be_v to_o be_v the_o forlorn_a sentinel_n who_o the_o french_a call_n perdus_fw-fr lancespesate_fw-it be_v a_o word_n derive_v from_o the_o italian_a lance_n spesata_fw-la which_o signify_v a_o break_a or_o spend_v lance._n he_o be_v a_o gentleman_n of_o no_o ancient_a stand_n in_o the_o militia_n for_o he_o draw_v his_o pedigree_n from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o war_n between_o francis_n the_o first_o and_o his_o son_n henry_n the_o second_o king_n of_o france_n on_o the_o one_o part_n and_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o and_o his_o brother-in-law_n the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n on_o the_o other_o part_n in_o those_o war_n when_o a_o gentleman_n of_o a_o troop_n of_o horse_n in_o any_o skirmish_n battle_n or_o rencounter_n have_v break_v his_o lance_n on_o his_o enemy_n and_o lose_v his_o horse_n in_o the_o scuffle_n he_o be_v entertain_v under_o the_o name_n of_o a_o broken-lance_n by_o a_o captain_n of_o a_o foot_n company_n as_o his_o comrade_n till_o he_o be_v again_o mount_v but_o as_o all_o good_a order_n fall_v soon_o from_o their_o primitive_a institution_n so_o in_o a_o short_a time_n our_o monsieur_n lancespesata_n for_o so_o he_o be_v call_v be_v force_v to_o descend_v from_o be_v lancespesata_fw-la lancespesata_fw-la the_o captain_n comrade_n and_o become_v the_o corporal_n companion_n and_o assist_v he_o in_o the_o exercise_n of_o his_o charge_n and_o therefore_o be_v sometime_o call_v by_o the_o french_a aid_v caporal_a but_o when_o the_o caporal_n grow_v weary_a of_o the_o comradeship_n of_o his_o lancespesata_n he_o make_v he_o officiate_v under_o he_o and_o for_o that_o have_v some_o allowance_n of_o pay_n more_o than_o the_o common_a soldier_n which_o he_o enjoy_v in_o those_o place_n where_o he_o be_v make_v use_n of_o and_o still_o keep_v the_o noble_a title_n of_o lancespesata_n though_o perhaps_o he_o be_v never_o on_o horseback_n in_o his_o life_n corrupt_o
of_o drill_v i_o say_v that_o in_o exercise_v a_o body_n of_o horse_n whether_o one_o troop_n or_o more_o some_o allow_v for_o order_n six_o foot_n some_z ten_o and_o for_o open_a order_n some_o allow_v twelve_o foot_n and_o some_o twenty_o other_o conclude_v six_o distance_n distance_n foot_n between_o rank_n and_o rank_n and_o file_n and_o file_v sufficient_a but_o in_o march_v there_o shall_v be_v the_o length_n of_o a_o horse_n between_o rank_n and_o rank_n but_o so_o much_o be_v not_o at_o all_o needful_a between_o file_n now_o it_o seem_v the_o german_n allow_v ten_o foot_n for_o the_o length_n of_o a_o horse_n in_o march_v and_o exercise_v as_o well_o as_o in_o their_o castrametation_n for_o when_o horse_n be_v orderly_o quarter_v in_o the_o field_n ten_o foot_n of_o ground_n be_v allow_v for_o a_o horse_n to_o stand_v on_o between_o his_o head_n and_o his_o tail_n but_o for_o all_o this_o i_o say_v six_o foot_n be_v not_o to_o be_v allow_v in_o all_o motion_n of_o exercise_n as_o in_o wheeling_n which_o be_v the_o pope_a motion_n of_o the_o cavalry_n you_o can_v make_v it_o till_o your_o rank_n and_o file_n be_v at_o close_a order_n and_o in_o this_o motion_n of_o wheeling_n observe_v that_o the_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n be_v the_o bridle_n hand_n be_v more_o proper_a than_o wheeling_n wheeling_n to_o the_o right_n observe_v also_o that_o after_o your_o body_n have_v wheel_v you_o be_v to_o reduce_v they_o to_o their_o first_o order_n by_o make_v the_o rank_n open_a which_o they_o must_v do_v by_o advance_v and_o not_o by_o step_v back_o as_o the_o foot_n do_v the_o strong_a the_o troop_n be_v it_o shall_v have_v the_o more_o corporal_n who_o begin_v now_o to_o be_v qualify_v with_o the_o title_n of_o brigadeer_n for_o it_o seem_v not_o proportionable_a for_o a_o troop_n of_o one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o to_o have_v no_o more_o corporal_n than_o a_o troop_n of_o sixty_o or_o seventy_o yet_o for_o most_o part_n now_o all_o troop_n have_v a_o like_a number_n of_o officer_n and_o these_o be_v the_o captain_n or_o ritmaster_n the_o lieutenant_n the_o cornet_n the_o quartermaster_n three_o corporal_n or_o brigadeer_n two_o trumpeter_n some_o have_v three_o and_o some_o four_o a_o saddler_n and_o a_o smith_n and_o some_o allow_v a_o chirurgeon_n and_o a_o clerk_n many_o troop_n have_v no_o allowance_n for_o the_o last_o four_o though_o all_o four_o troop_n officer_n of_o a_o troop_n be_v very_o necessary_a in_o some_o place_n if_o a_o chirurgeon_n be_v allow_v for_o every_o regiment_n it_o be_v think_v very_o fair_a many_o ritmaster_n entertain_v a_o saddler_n and_o a_o smith_n in_o their_o troop_n allow_v they_o the_o pay_n of_o trooper_n and_o what_o benefit_n else_o they_o can_v make_v by_o their_o several_a trade_n but_o if_o all_o who_o ride_v in_o the_o troop_n be_v gentleman_n they_o will_v not_o permit_v these_o two_o mechanic_n to_o ride_v with_o they_o yet_o my_o opinion_n be_v since_o all_o who_o ride_v now_o in_o troop_n be_v not_o gentleman_n they_o may_v without_o any_o disparagement_n suffer_v a_o smith_n and_o a_o saddler_n to_o ride_v in_o rank_n with_o they_o be_v they_o be_v profitable_a member_n of_o that_o little_a commonwealth_n it_o be_v i_o think_v a_o oversight_n that_o a_o clerk_n be_v not_o allow_v for_o every_o company_n of_o horse_n for_o a_o quarter_n master_n have_v enough_o to_o do_v otherwise_o though_o he_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o officiate_v for_o the_o clerk_n to_o receive_v the_o pay_n of_o the_o troop_n and_o give_v it_o out_o and_o keep_v the_o account_n of_o it_o unless_o you_o will_v say_v that_o the_o pay_a money_n to_o a_o troop_n fall_v out_o so_o seldom_o that_o the_o receive_v it_o will_v be_v rather_o a_o divertisement_n than_o a_o trouble_n to_o the_o quartermaster_n have_v speak_v to_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o captain_n lieutenant_z and_o ensign-bearer_n of_o a_o foot_n company_n i_o have_v nothing_o to_o add_v to_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o ritmaster_n lieutenant_n and_o cornet_n but_o between_o the_o quartermaster_n of_o foot_n and_o horse_n there_o be_v this_o difference_n that_o the_o first_o have_v no_o command_n but_o the_o second_o have_v in_o horse_n quartermaster_n of_o horse_n other_o duty_n there_o be_v none_o but_o i_o shall_v tell_v the_o quatermasters_n of_o horse_n that_o they_o shall_v have_v skill_n in_o castrametation_n as_o much_o as_o the_o foot_n quartermaster_n have_v and_o rather_o more_o for_o the_o last_o look_v only_o to_o the_o regular_a quarter_a of_o man_n in_o the_o field_n the_o first_o to_o the_o quarter_a of_o both_o man_n and_o horse_n a_o corporal_n brigadeer_n corporal_n of_o brigadeer_n of_o horse_n shall_v have_v experience_n for_o he_o either_o assist_v the_o lieutenant_n in_o place_v and_o set_v the_o guard_n or_o he_o do_v it_o himself_o without_o his_o lieutenant_n he_o set_v the_o sentinel_n and_o see_v they_o relieve_v and_o order_n the_o patrovil_n which_o be_v round_n he_o be_v to_o ride_v in_o rank_n and_o if_o the_o troop_n march_v not_o in_o breast_n but_o in_o three_o several_a squadron_n than_o there_o be_v a_o corporal_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o every_o squadron_n but_o in_o absence_n of_o high_a officer_n corporal_n lead_v division_n so_o do_v they_o those_o party_n which_o they_o be_v to_o command_v if_o there_o be_v none_o to_o command_v above_o they_o when_o a_o troop_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o squadron_n they_o have_v not_o their_o denomination_n from_o the_o corporal_n or_o brigadeer_n but_o the_o first_o be_v call_v the_o captain_n squadron_n the_o second_o the_o lieutenant_n the_o three_o the_o cornet_n and_o if_o there_o be_v a_o four_o it_o be_v call_v the_o quartermaster_n when_o a_o troop_n march_v the_o troop_n march_v of_o a_o troop_n captain_n lead_v the_o first_o division_n the_o cornet_n with_o his_o standard_n the_o second_o the_o quartermaster_n lead_v the_o three_o and_o the_o lieutenant_n bring_v up_o yet_o some_o will_v have_v the_o elder_a corporal_n to_o lead_v the_o last_o division_n and_o the_o quartermaster_n to_o bring_v up_o on_o the_o lieutenant_n leave_v hand_n for_o which_o i_o see_v very_o small_a reason_n or_o rather_o none_o at_o all_o some_o french_a troop_n and_o we_o likewise_o have_v beside_o these_o officer_n who_o i_o have_v name_v a_o sub-lieutenant_n or_o under_o lieutenant_n who_o sub-lieutenant_n sub-lieutenant_n have_v no_o command_n in_o the_o lieutenant_n presence_n but_o in_o his_o absence_n he_o command_v over_o the_o cornet_n the_o french_a have_v likewise_o a_o guidon_n to_o who_o perhaps_o may_v guidon_n guidon_n answer_v he_o who_o in_o other_o place_n be_v appoint_v to_o carry_v the_o standard_n either_o in_o the_o cornet_n absence_n or_o when_o he_o please_v to_o appoint_v he_o to_o carry_v it_o as_o to_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o regiment-staff_n of_o the_o cavalry_n they_o be_v the_o same_o with_o those_o of_o the_o foot_n and_o their_o duty_n be_v the_o same_o but_o now_o methinks_v i_o hear_v a_o trumpeter_n sound_v a_o call_n of_o trumpet_n and_o of_o trumpeter_n i_o have_v speak_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o roman_a art_n of_o war_n that_o which_o i_o have_v now_o to_o add_v be_v trumpeter_n shall_v be_v skilful_a to_o sound_v all_o the_o trumpeter_n trumpeter_n point_n of_o war_n and_o in_o the_o field_n they_o shall_v seldom_o want_v their_o trumpet_n about_o they_o for_o sudden_a alarm_n and_o because_o they_o be_v frequent_o send_v to_o a_o enemy_n they_o ought_v to_o be_v both_o witty_a and_o discreet_a and_o must_v drink_v but_o little_a that_o so_o they_o may_v be_v rather_o apt_a to_o circumvent_v other_o than_o be_v circumvent_v they_o shall_v be_v cunning_a and_o wherever_o they_o be_v send_v they_o shall_v be_v careful_a to_o observe_v wary_o the_o work_n guard_n and_z sentinels_z of_o a_o enemy_n and_o give_v a_o account_n of_o they_o at_o their_o return_n to_o he_o who_o send_v they_o one_o trumpeter_n shall_v constant_o lodge_v where_o the_o standard_n quarter_n the_o german_a trumpeter_n assume_v to_o themselves_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o liberty_n and_o have_v in_o a_o manner_n set_v up_o trumpeter_n pretend_a privilege_n of_o the_o german_a trumpeter_n a_o republic_n of_o their_o own_o independent_a of_o that_o discipline_n by_o which_o the_o army_n of_o which_o they_o be_v member_n be_v govern_v they_o pretend_v to_o have_v their_o own_o law_n whereby_o they_o punish_v crime_n very_o severe_o especial_o such_o fault_n that_o any_o of_o their_o number_n commit_v against_o the_o article_n of_o war_n of_o that_o prince_n who_o they_o serve_v and_o endeavour_v to_o vindicate_v themselves_o from_o any_o punishment_n inflict_v by_o other_o than_o those_o of_o their_o own_o commonwealth_n if_o any_o trumpeter_n be_v abuse_v or_o disgrace_v whether_o by_o his_o own_o ritmaster_n or_o any_o other_o officer_n
have_v be_v a_o eye-witness_n of_o the_o contrary_a but_o i_o ever_o say_v and_o still_o think_v that_o when_o a_o enemy_n be_v near_o a_o retreat_z be_v much_o more_o proper_a to_o be_v begin_v in_o the_o night_n than_o in_o the_o day_n the_o timely_a and_o orderly_o break_v up_o and_o retire_v of_o army_n from_o the_o sieges_n of_o town_n have_v save_v many_o of_o they_o whereof_o it_o will_v be_v more_o proper_a to_o speak_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n when_o i_o discourse_n of_o the_o sieges_n of_o town_n and_o fortify_v place_n the_o manner_n of_o retreat_n whether_o they_o be_v make_v by_o day_n or_o by_o night_n use_v retreat_n the_o manner_n of_o a_o retreat_n to_o be_v this_o 1._o the_o whole_a train_n of_o artillery_n except_o some_o field-piece_n which_o shall_v stay_v in_o the_o rear_n with_o the_o general_n coach_n chancery_n and_o principal_a secretary_n be_v send_v away_o with_o a_o strong_a convoy_n of_o foot_n and_o some_o horse_n than_o all_o the_o sick_a and_o wound_a man_n next_o to_o they_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n next_o to_o it_o a_o party_n of_o horse_n behind_o who_o come_v the_o whole_a brigade_n of_o foot_n and_o after_o they_o the_o cavalry_n and_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o it_o all_o the_o dragoon_n with_o as_o many_o command_v musketeer_n out_o of_o the_o several_a foot-regiment_n as_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a think_v fit_v and_o as_o many_o of_o they_o mount_v on_o horse_n as_o can_v be_v and_o behind_o they_o a_o select_a party_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n for_o present_a service_n which_o be_v to_o be_v relieve_v by_o turn_n by_o those_o who_o be_v before_o they_o one_o party_n still_o face_v the_o enemy_n till_o the_o party_n that_o be_v behind_o they_o be_v past_a this_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v if_o the_o whole_a army_n march_v one_o way_n but_o if_o it_o can_v divide_v and_o go_v several_a way_n the_o expedition_n will_v be_v the_o great_a the_o time_n and_o place_n be_v name_v the_o last_o whereof_o shall_v be_v a_o pass_n or_o fortify_v place_n by_o the_o general_n where_o all_o shall_v meet_v so_o that_o he_o who_o be_v first_o shall_v stay_v for_o the_o rest_n unless_o some_o command_n be_v give_v afterward_o to_o the_o contrary_n the_o same_o order_n in_o retire_v be_v to_o be_v keep_v by_o several_a grand_a division_n or_o wing_n of_o the_o army_n as_o if_o it_o march_v in_o one_o body_n but_o the_o truth_n be_v the_o baggage_n of_o a_o army_n make_v so_o long_a a_o train_n that_o it_o retard_v country_n wagon_n and_o cart_n rather_o to_o be_v leave_v behind_o in_o the_o highway_n than_o to_o be_v burn_v in_o a_o close_a country_n the_o retreat_n exceed_o especial_o where_o there_o be_v enclosure_n and_o hedge_n and_o therefore_o i_o wonder_v that_o in_o all_o retreat_n order_n be_v not_o give_v to_o leave_v all_o wagon_n and_o cart_n behind_o for_o in_o a_o close_a country_n that_o will_v be_v a_o great_a deal_n more_o advantageous_a than_o to_o burn_v they_o and_o every_o man_n shall_v take_v his_o best_a and_o most_o precious_a thing_n out_o of_o they_o leave_v all_o trash_n and_o luggage_n of_o small_a value_n in_o they_o which_o will_v likewise_o retard_v the_o pursue_a enemy_n and_o these_o good_n the_o officer_n shall_v cast_v upon_o one_o horse_n or_o two_o at_o the_o most_o and_o upon_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o baggage-horse_n either_o sick_a man_n shall_v be_v mount_v or_o musketeer_n for_o service_n and_o this_o shall_v be_v see_v do_v by_o the_o colonel_n themselves_o under_o pain_n of_o infamy_n and_o no_o less_o do_v they_o deserve_v who_o will_v prefer_v a_o little_a paltry_a stuff_n to_o either_o the_o welfare_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n or_o the_o safety_n and_o preservation_n of_o any_o one_o sick_a or_o wound_a member_n of_o it_o yet_o this_o be_v not_o do_v so_o oft_o as_o occasion_n require_v it_o shall_v be_v which_o gross_a oversight_n can_v be_v impute_v to_o none_o so_o much_o and_o indeed_o i_o think_v to_o none_o else_o but_o to_o the_o general_n in_o all_o retreat_n great_a care_n shall_v be_v take_v that_o none_o get_v leave_v to_o fall_v behind_o to_o prevent_v which_o not_o only_o all_o the_o superior_a and_o inferior_a officer_n of_o regiment_n shall_v do_v their_o duty_n but_o the_o general_a marshal_n shall_v severe_o execute_v their_o power_n against_o delinquent_n and_o here_o if_o at_o any_o time_n it_o be_v lawful_a to_o shoot_v those_o who_o will_v not_o keep_v rank_a and_o file_n i_o tell_v you_o that_o some_o light_a field-piece_n shall_v be_v leave_v in_o the_o rear_n for_o there_o they_o may_v be_v serviceable_a and_o the_o loss_n be_v not_o great_a if_o they_o be_v take_v for_o if_o he_o who_o command_v the_o army_n see_v he_o can_v with_o any_o probability_n â—ace_n about_o and_o fight_v nor_o can_v retire_v in_o that_o order_n that_o i_o have_v speak_v of_o be_v hardly_o pursue_v by_o a_o powerful_a and_o prevalent_a enemy_n he_o shall_v rather_o bury_v or_o if_o he_o can_v do_v that_o break_v and_o spring_v his_o great_a ordnance_n retreat_n ordnance_z to_o be_v break_v or_o spring_v in_o sudden_a retreat_n than_o lose_v his_o army_n by_o a_o hopeless_a hazard_n it_o to_o preserve_v his_o artillery_n and_o rather_o leave_v his_o foot_n to_o fight_v for_o good_a quarter_n than_o lose_v both_o it_o and_o his_o cavalry_n for_o the_o rule_n never_o fail_v that_o it_o be_v better_a to_o save_v some_o than_o lose_v all_o yet_o all_o mean_n shall_v be_v try_v before_o either_o infantry_n or_o artillery_n be_v desert_v i_o have_v hear_v that_o the_o stay_v two_o or_o three_o hour_n for_o a_o mortar_n which_o be_v a_o great_a one_o and_o bemire_v in_o deep_a and_o dirty_a way_n occasion_v the_o loss_n of_o prince_n palatine_n and_o lieutenant_n general_n king_n be_v little_a army_n in_o their_o retreat_n from_o lemgaw_n to_o vlotho_n when_o a_o party_n of_o either_o horse_n or_o foot_n or_o of_o both_o perceive_v they_o be_v neither_o able_a to_o fight_v nor_o retire_v in_o a_o body_n it_o have_v be_v and_o may_v be_v practise_v to_o disband_v the_o party_n he_o who_o lead_v it_o bid_v every_o man_n that_o belong_v to_o it_o to_o go_v what_o way_n he_o please_v or_o shall_v find_v most_o safe_a or_o convenient_a for_o he_o and_o to_o meet_v at_o such_o a_o place_n as_o he_o then_o name_n so_o soon_o as_o possible_o they_o can_v that_o famous_a retreat_n which_o the_o two_o feltmarshal_n banier_n and_o leslie_n make_v in_o the_o year_n 1637._o from_o turgaw_n in_o saxony_n make_v a_o great_a noise_n in_o the_o world_n it_o be_v indeed_o a_o noble_a action_n and_o the_o matter_n be_v short_o this_o banier_n have_v besiege_v tâ—rgaw_n banier_n and_o leslie_n s_o retreat_n from_o tâ—rgaw_n leipsick_a which_o keep_v out_o gallant_o against_o he_o he_o make_v some_o breach_n and_o prepare_v to_o storm_v it_o in_o that_o very_a time_n come_v letter_n from_o leslie_n show_v that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o retire_v from_o the_o river_n saal_n and_o march_v towards_o he_o count_n get_v with_o a_o imperial_a army_n be_v much_o too_o strong_a for_o he_o banier_n immediate_o give_v over_o the_o storm_n and_o the_o siege_n too_o send_v away_o his_o artillery_n baggage_n and_o foot_n and_o follow_v with_o his_o cavalry_n and_o join_v leslie_n at_o turgaw_n this_o town_n they_o fortify_v and_o bring_v in_o a_o world_n of_o provision_n both_o for_o man_n and_o horse_n and_o resolve_v to_o make_v it_o the_o seat_n of_o war_n against_o all_o the_o imperial_a and_o saxish_a army_n join_v together_o at_o that_o time_n to_o the_o number_n of_o fourscore_o thousand_o fight_a man_n under_o the_o command_n of_o count_n gallas_n for_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o swede_n whereof_o the_o two_o swedish_n feltmarshal_n have_v good_a enough_o intelligence_n yet_o persist_v in_o their_o resolution_n till_o the_o imperialist_n be_v come_v very_o near_o they_o and_o then_o they_o begin_v to_o cast_v up_o another_o account_n and_o find_v they_o have_v lose_v by_o their_o stay_n there_o a_o three_o of_o their_o force_n and_o therefore_o though_o a_o little_a too_o late_o they_o resolve_v to_o march_v to_o pomerania_n and_o so_o break_v up_o and_o get_v over_o the_o river_n of_o other_o at_o landsberg_n in_o spite_n of_o all_o opposition_n and_o maugre_o all_o the_o enemy_n they_o have_v about_o they_o join_v with_o felt-marshal_n wrangle_n without_o loss_n of_o either_o infantry_n or_o cavalry_n a_o very_a gallant_a and_o memorable_a action_n yet_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o they_o shall_v have_v begin_v their_o retreat_n soon_o and_o so_o have_v save_v that_o three_o part_n of_o their_o army_n which_o they_o lose_v next_o year_n banier_n make_v gallas_n retire_v with_o a_o quick_a pace_n than_o he_o have_v make_v when_o gallas_n