Kidney had been obstructed tho' he felt no great Prejudice by it so long as the other was open but when the Stone fell upon the Ureter of the other Rein then the Urine was altogether suppressed Certain it is that that Suppression of Urine was not caused by the Obstruction of one Kidney and consequently not by any sympathetical Affection of the other It is also farther to be noted that in the Dissections of Dogs we shall often find in the one Kidney a long thick ruddie Worm that has eaten all the fleshy Substance of the Bowel whereas there could be nothing more sound than the opposite Kidney which shew'd no sign of Sympathizing with the Miserâ—… of the other XXXVII But tho' it be the only Office of the Reins to separate the Serum from the Blood nevertheless some more narrowly considering their fleshy Substance and peculiar Bigness attribute also to 'em the Function of preparing and farther elaborating and concocting the Blood Which Opinion Deusingius following Beverovicius most stifly defends But if by Concoction he means that Elaboration only by which the secous Excrement is separated from the Blood then his Opinion may be tolerated But if such an elaborate Concoction by which the Blood is made more Spirituous and Perfect then his Opinion is to be rejected there being no Bowel that brings the Blood to greater Perfection than the Heart from which the more remote it is the more imperfect it is Nor can any thing of its lost Perfection be restor'd by any other Part no not by the Kidneys themselves For which Reason the Blood must return to the Heart to be restored to its pristine Vigor XXXVIII Besides the foresaid Office others according to the Opinion of Sennertus ascrib'd another Action to the Kidneys which is the Preparation of Seed Which they uphold by several Reasons of which these are the Chief 1. Because the Kidneys have a peculiar Parenchyma as the rest of the Bowels have now in regard there is a peculiar Power of Concoction in the peculiar Flesh of every one of the Bowels that peculiar Quality must not be deny'd the Kidneys which can be no other than a seminific Concoction when Straining is sufficient for the Separation of the Serum and there is no need of Concoction 2. Because the emulgent Arteries and Veins are too large to serve only for the Conveyance of the Serum it seems most probable that a great part of the Blood being separated from the Serum is concocted in the Kidneys into a seminal Juice which is to be further concocted in the Testicles 3. Because when the Seed is suppressed and over much retain'd the Kidneys are out of Order 4. Because Topics apply'd to the Region of the Kidneys prove beneficial in a Gonorrhea 5. Because a hot Constitution of the Reins causes a Proclivity to Venery lustful Dreams and Pollutions and the hotter it is the sharper the Seed is XXXIX But these are chaffiâ—… Reasons and of no force to which we answer thus in order 1. That the Kidneys indeed are certain straining Vessels whereby good part of the Serum is separated from the Blood that passes through and falling into the Renal Receptacle flows out again But this Straining can never be unless a certain necessary specific separating Fermentation precede separating the Blood from the Serum and so the Kidneys do not simply separate the Serum by straining but transmits as it were through a Sponge that which is separated by the said Fermentation Moreover because a great Quantity of Serum is to be separated and transmitted hence there is a a Necessity for larger and greater Strainers For if so much Serum separated by continual Fermentation were to be strain'd through small Strainers would they be so loose that together with the Serum separated by the said Concoction the thinner part of the Blood would also slip through ' em 2. Much of the Blood were to be carried through the emulgent Arteries being very large for the Separation of a moderate part of the Blood only for the Blood was not to be depriv'd of all the Serum to preserve it fluid But through the Emulgent Veins nothing flows to the Kidneys as is apparent from the Circulation of the Blood and the Valves which are placed at the Entrance of the emulgent Veins into the Vena Cava Lastly neither does that Consequence follow Much Blood flows to the Reins and therefore out of some part of it the matter of the Seed is prepared in the Kidneys 3. Nor does that other Consequence The Kidneys are out of Order through Retention of the Seed Therefore the Kidneys both prepare and supyly the Matter of the Seed For then this Consequence would be as true The Head-ach proceeds from the Retention and Boyling of the Choler therefore the Head prepares Choler 4. Neither is this Consequence true Topics apply'd to the Region of the Kidneys are beneficial in the Gonorrhea therefore the Kidneys supply seminal Matter For then would this be as certain Cold Water apply'd to the Testicles stops bleeding at the Nose therefore the Testicles made Blood to be carried to the Nostrils 5. A hot Constitution of the Kidneys is a Sign of Proneness to Lust but not the Cause For this is usual that where all the spermatic Vessels are hotter there the Kidneys are also hotter Not that the Kidneys add a greater Heat to the Seed But the Vapors rising from the hot Seed heat and warm the Kidneys So that in Brute Animals that are ripe and libidinous not gelt you shall perceive a certain seminal Savour and Tast in the Kidneys XL. Lastly we may add for a Conclusion that no specific Vessels are extended from the Kidneys to the Testicles through which the seminal Matter can be carried thither That the spermatic Arteries carry blood to the Testicles out of the Trunc of the Aorta and the Superfluity flows back through the spermatic Veins to the Vena Cava whose Valves are so plac'd that nothing can slide through them to the Testicles and so these Vessels cannot perform that Office and as for other Vessels there are none XLI From what has been said it appears that the Kidneys are Parts that evacuate the serous Excrement most necessary for the Support of Life The Question is therefore whether the Wounds of the Kidneys are mortal or no We must say they are Mortal and that of a hundred wounded in the Kidneys scarce one recovers perfect Health Which Lethality proceeds not from the Nobleness or Excellency of the Reins but from the Concourse of supervening Symptomes That is to say a vast Flux of blood cutting off the Vessels Obstruction of Urine or else the Impossibility of the Retention of it Great Pain Inflammation Exulceration Apostumation by reason of the continual Thorough-fare of the sharp Serum difficult to be cured and other Accidents that weare the Strength of the Patient to Death For tho' the Kidneys are not principal Parts
we have seen three or four seminal Arteries In the place of often I had rather he had said sometimes For the increased Number is so seldom found that of six Hundred Anatomists scarce one has seen it But generally two spermatic Arteries of each side one spring from the Trunk of the Aorta VII Bauhinus Riolanus and others report that these Arteries sometimes are of one side and sometimes both in both sides are obsorv'd to be wanting and this they affirm to be the cause of Barrenness Which thing Reason convinces us can never be true seeing that the Blood cannot be carried to the Stones through any other Passages than through these Arteries the Veins by reason of the Obstructions of the Valves sending no Blood to the Testicles And so for want of Matter which they affirm to be the cause of Barrenness not only no Seed can be made but neither can the Stones be supplied with Nourishment and by that means would wast and dry up Or else surpriz'd with a Sphacelus which is an Extinction of Life and Sense would fall down whereas in those Bodies where one or both Bodies are said to be wanting the Stones were found to be sufficiently swelling and juicie and a copious Quantity of Seed conspicuous in the seminal Vessels And therefore there must be some Deceit or Mistake in what they alledge which proceeds from hence which may often happen by reason of the extraordinary thinness of the Arteries that those Arteries might be cut off either through the Imprudence or overhasty Dissection of the Anatomists and so could be neither found nor demonstrated which is the reason they readily persuade themselves and the Spectators that they are wanting through some defect of Nature VIII The Spermatic Veins carry the Blood to the Vena Cava which remains after the Nourishment of the Stones and making the Seed Of these the right Vein from the right Stone ascending the Trunk of the Vena Cava before a little above the rise of the Emulgent enters the Vena Cava and the left enters the Emulgent on the same side rarely the Vena Cava Riolanus also writes that he has observ'd the right Vein inserted into the right Emulgent which I never happened to see Into both these Spermatic Veins within the Abdomen several slender Branches proceeding from the Caul and Peritonaeum open themselves by the Observation of Regner de Graef as also that the Veins do not proceed in so streight a Line as the Arteries And Do minic de Marchettis anat c. 6. writes that he twice or thrice saw the Spermatic Vein ascending from the Stone into the Abdomen divide it self in the mid-way into three Branches which singly enter'd the Trunk of the Vena Cava IX But least the Blood ascending through them should slide back to the Stones they are furnished with many semicircular Valves like half-Moons disposed in a double Order and looking upwards and so preventing the Return of the Blood Also at the Entrance of each into the said great Veins there is to be seen a little Swelling which is raised by the Valve when distended with Blood looking toward the Vena Cava as Rolfincius not without reason as he believes conjectures and Highmore shews that Valve in Delineation in the right Vein one and double in the left X. To each Stone belongs one Artery and one Vein and these two Vessels more above at their beginning about the Reins are somewhat distant one from another but by and by in their Progress joyn together and are somewhat writh'd one into another and so firmly fastened together with a Tunicle rising from the Peritonaeum that they can hardly be separated by Art Iohn Saltzman tells us of three human Bodies wherein he observed a left Artery rising a little above the Emulgent which did not presently joyn to the Vein but first ascended upward toward the emulgent Vein passed over it and wound it self about it and thence being presently joyn'd with the Spermatic Vein descended downward after the usual manner XI Thus joyn'd above the Ureters they are carried down to the Groyns where together with a slender Muscle from the Fold of the sixth Pair latent in the Abdomen and sometimes another is added from the 21st or 22d Pair of spinal Marrow and the Cremaster or hanging Muscle they pierce the Peritonaeum enter its Process which is the Extension of the outward Membrane of the Peritonaeum toward the Scrotum forming the Sheath wherein several Spermatic Vessels are contain'd together with the Testicle In which Process being divided into several small Branches complicated one among another with infinite Windings and Circumvolutions they proceed to the Testicles Nevertheless the inner Membrane of the Peritonaeum at that same Opening or Entrance sticks most close to the side of the Vessels For that Membrane being broken Burstenness follows the Gutt the Caul Water and Wind falling down through the Rupture into the Production of the Peritonaeum and the Scrotum Now these Vessels aforesaid having thus reach'd the Stones separate themselves again and with a winding Course of the Artery quite through the whole length of the Artery run out as far as the lesser Protuberance of the Epididymis or winding Vessel fix'd to the Back of the Testicles and there again divided first into two then into several small Branches return partly to the opposite Extremity of the Testicle partly lose themselves within the Substance of the Stones But the Veins divided into very small Roots are inserted into the little Branches of the small Arteries and with a kind of Net-work are joyned together one to another sometimes by a meer leaning and touch sometimes by Anastomoses But that here are neither observ'd nor allow'd any Anastomoses of the little Arteries with the slender Veins is apparent from the Injection of the Liquor into the Arteries which never enters the Veins Neither ought these Anastomoses to be there For if the Blood could pass through those Anastomoses from the Arteries nothing of it or very little would go to the Stones but pass to the Vena Cava far more speedily and more easily by those broader ways or Anastomoses than through the narrow and invisible passages of the Stones themselves XII Andrew Lawrentius Bauhinus Veslingius and many other Anatomists were grosly mistaken in this that they thought the Spermatic Artery and Vein ended in the Parastate or Epididymis and there was changed into the deferent Vessel as a Body continuous to it self Whereas it is apparent to those that look more narrowly that those Vessels do not enter the Epididymis or Parastate but the Testicle it self and that the Parastate may be there separated from the Stone those Vessels still remaining whole and adhering to the Testicle it self For the blood enters the Stones themselves as Regner de Graef by an ingenious Experiment apparently demonstrates lib. before cited That Opinion says he which holds that the Blood does not enter
Veins to all the Parts of the Body he on the contrary prosecutes them from the Parts to the great Veins and so to the Vena Cava that so the continual Progress of the Blood according to the Order of Circulation might the better be demonstrated Thus much he published in his Life Time But before he died he had made several fresh Collections and somewhere Alterations These in this last Edition from whence this Translation was made are added by his Learned Son Wherein we may modestly aver that the most material things found either in Ancient or Modern Anatomists are comprehended and far more Opinions and Discoveries than ever were contained in any one Anatomical Treatise yet extant Now it being agreed by all skilful Physicians that Anatomy is the solid Basis of Physic and as has before been said the Learned Diemerbroeck having excelled in laying the Corner Stone how can it reasonably be suggested that the same Learned Hand cannot build a Superstructure Correspondent The Author therefore having not rested in Theory alone but having put in Practice what he so well knew in the Art of saving Men and moreover having given not only his own but other Mens Practice in the most Epidemic Diseases the Small-Pox and Measles which were never till this Edition made publick we thonght we could not do better than give our Country-men in their own Tongue what he so advantagiously has written in the Learned and only to such as understand that In these acute and violent Diseases we find the best Methods yet invented scarce sufficient to rescue the major Part of Patients from them how requisite therefore is it that the Skill of so Learned and successful a Physician as Ours should not dye with him But he rests not here his worthy Son has likewise communicated in this Edition some of his Fathers Observations upon various Diseases wherein consists the Life and Soul of Physic for in them as in a Piece of Workmanship you may see the Authors Skill better than in any Precepts inasmuch as it is much easier to prescribe Rules how to act than to put those same Rules in Practice So that in this Volume you may have a Summary of the Excellencies in the Art of Physick which so many Learned Men in all Ages since Physic was an Art have by their utmost Diligence and Ingenuity been able to accomplish Tab. I. THE EXPLANATION Of the Sixteen PLATES The EXPLANATION of the First TABLE In Folio 68. This Table exhibits the Delineations of the Chyle-bearing Channels the Pectoral Chyle-bearing Channel and of the Lymphatic Vessels of the Liver cut in Brass by their first Discoverers FIGURE I. All the said Vessels as they occur in a Dog A. THE Ventricle B. The Pylocus CC. The Duodene Gut DDD The Iejune Gut EEE The Ilion Gut F. The Blind Gut H. The Beginning of the Right Gut IIIII The five Lobes of the Liver K. The Vesicle of the Gall. LL. The Kidneys MM. The Emulgent Veins NN. The Hollow Vein O. The Gate Vein R. The Vesicle of the Chylus SS The Mesentery TT The broken Part of the Mesentery that the Ligature of the Lymphatic Vessels of the Liver might be conveniently adapted aa The Glandulous Sweet-bread bb The Fleshy Sweet-bread annexed to the Duodenum and lying under the Ventricle ccccc The milkie Veins lying between the Intestines and the Glandulous Sweet-bread ddd The Milkie Veins issuing out of the Glandulous Sweet-bread eeeee The Exits of the Lymphatic Vessels from the Liver fff The Progress of them to the Kernel m. And from thence into the Chylus-Bag gg Two Branches of the Choller-receiving Channel H. The Insertion of this Channel into the Duoclenum iiiii The 〈◊〉 Veins m. A Kâ—…rnel seated under the Porta Vein receiving the Lymphatic Vessels of the Liver nn One of these Channels creeâ—…ng through the Vesicle of the Galâ—… oooo The Ramification of the Porta Vein and its Ingress into the Liver tt The Veins of the Vesicle of the Gall. xxxx The Places of the Valves in those Channels FIGURE II. pppp The Places of the same Valves FIGURE III. T. The Bifurcation of the Chyle-bearing Channel in the Thorax under the Heart as it is frequently found FIGURE IV. z. The various Ramification of the Chyle-bearing Channel less common FIGURE V. x. The Axillary Vein with the Left Iugular i. n. The threefold Insertion of the Chyle-bearing Channel less common for it is more frequently single FIGURE VI. AAA The same Insertion in a Mans Head BB. The Axillary Vein entire C. The External Iugular Vein d. The Clavicle FIGURE VII A. The Heart removed to the Side BB. The Lungs turned back CC. The Hollow Vein D. The Right Axillary Vein E. The Left Axillary Vein F. A part of the same Vein opened to shew the Insertion of the Chyle-bearing Channel G. The Sternon delineated only with Points H. The Left Iugular Vein II. The Aorta Arteria KK The little Chylus-bag L. The Hepatic Branches of the Hollow Vein aa The Emulgent Veins bb The Lumbar Veins dd The Crural Veins eeee The Lymphatic Vessels under the Right Gut tending upwards to the Chylus-bag fffff The Kernels placed by the Crural Veins out of which those Lymphatic Vessels rise ggg The said Lymphatic Vessels rising out of the Kernels hhh The Lymphatic Vessels proceeding between the Muscles of the Abdomen to the Chylus-bag iiii The Milkie Veins creeping between the Glandulous Sweet-bread and the Chylus-bag kkk The Glandulous Sweet-bread ll The Milkie Mesenteric Veins between the Glandulous Sweet-bread and the Chylus-bag MM. The Chyle-bearing Channel in the Thorax N. The Insertion of it into the Axillary Vein oo The Kernels of the Ster non pp. Their Lymphatic Vessel discharging it self into the Channel of the Chylus in the Thorax Q. A little Branch of it proceeding toward the Ribs RR. The Glandules of the Heart S. Their Lymphatic Vessels inserted into the Chyle-bearing Channel under the Heart FIGURE VIII xx The Gullet β. The Kernel annexed to it γγ The Lymphatic Vessel arising out of it and inserted into the Chyle-bearing Channel δδ The Chyle-bearing Channel FIGURE IX The Chyle-bearing Channel in a Dog as first discovered by Pecquetus and by him delineated 1. The Trunk of the Hollow Vein ascending 2. The Receptacle of the Chylus 3. The Kidneys 4. 4. The Diaphragma dissected 5. 5. The Lumbar Psoa Muscles 66. The several Meetings of the Chyle-bearing Channels FIGURE X. The same Chyle-bearing Channel together with the Chyle-Bag taken out of a Dog A. The Trunk of the Hollow Vein ascending open'd upwards in length BB. The Meeting of the Iugular and Axillary Veins where the Springs of the Chylus are marked out by Points CC. The Valves of the Iugular Veins looking downwards DD. The Distribution of the Milkie Vessels to the Springs as described by Pacquetus EEE Various Meetings of the Milkie Vessels F. The Ampulla or upper Part of the Chyle-bearing Bag conspicuous in the Thorax near the untouched Diaphragma toward the
string the motion of the Milkie Liquour in the Mesentery is not perceiv'd to be hindered And then he adds the Experiment of Lewis de Bills by which he believes it to be obvious to sight These are the principal Arguments by which that Famous Artist endeavours to uphold his Opinion Now let us examin of what weight they are and whether they are so ponderous as they promise to be to the end we may see whether Truth will give her voice for this acute Invention XXIV I answer to the first and second That there is not only a lesser but a greater Proportion between the Milkie Mesenteric Vessels and one or two Thoracic Ducts than there is between so many innumerable Veins that proceed from the Head the Trunk the Feet the Arms and some other Parts and one Vena Cava into which they all evacuate themselves For if we consider so many Myriads of Veins all of 'em may be thought to evacuate into the Vena Cava ten times as much Blood as either the Vena Cava can contain or disburthen from it self And yet who does not see that it is done without any disorder and why therefore should we wonder that the same should be conveniently done in the Milkie Vessels Besides we must consider that the flowing of the Chylus is not so continual for many times there is a great distance between the two Meals at what time there is no Chylus that is either made or flows which is manifest to the Eye in Creatures hang'd a long time after they have fed in which those Vessels are found empty of Chylus and that Men who feed often or else eat to excess and therefore neither Concoct the Chylus over hastily or in over great quantity so that it cannot swiftly make its way through those Passages such men are out of order either because they do not digest the Food they have eaten sufficiently or for that the quantity of the Chylus being too great cannot pass quick enough through those Milkie Vessels and therefore by the way by reason of its longer stay grows thick sowre coagulates or is otherwise corrupted which breeds Obstructions and impedes the Passage of the Chylus Lastly If we may argue from similitude we must consider how much serous Humour passes in a little time through the narrow Ureters which if it may be done with so little trouble in those Vessels why may not so much pass through the Milkie Vessels and the Ductus Thoracicus XXV To the third and fourth I answer That the portion of the Chylus that passes through the Ductus Thoracicus is not so small in quantity but very copious as is obvious to the sight If a living Dog be quickly open'd four or five hours after he has been well fed and the Milkie Vessels in the middle of the Breast be cut away and then the Intestines together with the Mesentery be alternately and softly pressed by the hand so they be relax'd as in Respiration that Compressure is alternately made in healthy and living Creatures then it will appear what a quantity of Chylus passes through that Vessel in the Breast For in a short time a great quantity will flow forth into the hollowness of the Breast neither shall any thing be discern'd to flow thither through any other Passages Moreover by the singular Observation of Walaeus there is wasted every day in a healthy Plethoric Person very near a pound of Blood Is it impossible that in a whole days time a pound of Chylus should pass through the Milkie Vessels to restore and supply that waste of Blood In the space of half a quarter of an hour we have squeez'd out above two Ounces by the same way as is before express'd how much therefore might pass in a whole day certainly much more may be thought to pass than is wasted supposing that the Chylus were continually present in the Guts from whence being continually present and still passing proceeds the growth and increase of the Body and the Plethory is caus'd To this may be added Lower's Experiment cited by Gualter Needham l. de Format Foet c. 1. who in a live Dog having made a hole in the right side of his Breast tore the Receptacle of the Chylus with his Finger near the Diaphragma and then sewing up the External Wound preserv'd the Dog alive nevertheless tho' the Dog were very well fed within three days he dy'd as being starv'd to death but then after he had opened the Body the whole Chylus was found to be cram'd into that part of the Breast which was wounded and the Veins being open'd the blood was seen to be much thicker without any serous Humour or Refreshment by any mixture of the Chylus XXVI To the fifth I answer That a great part of the Chylus that is wont to be carried through the Ductus Thoracicus to the Subclavial Vein during the time of breeding and giving suck is carried to the Womb and the Dugs and because that for want of that Chylus which is carried another way the Womans Body is not sufficiently nourish'd hence those Women if they be otherwise healthy by the force of Nature become more hungry and greedy that by eating and drinking that defect may be supply'd and that in the mean time the Necessities of Nature may be furnished which requires Nourishment for the Embryo or Birth But if through any Distemper of the Stomach or of any other Parts those Women are not so hungry but eat little or less than they were wont to do then they grow weak by reason that the Chylus is carried another way for the Nourishment of the Birth and are emaciated almost to skin and bone as we find by daily Experience XXVII To the sixth That when the Pectoral Chanel is ty'd and the Creature lyes a dying we see that the Milkie Mesentery being partly press'd by the adjoyning Parts that lye upon 'em and partly flagging one upon another vanish by little and little This is true but not because the Chylus enters the Mesaraic Veins but because it is pour'd forth into the Chyliferous Bag and the Ductus Thoracicus which are then dilated and extended more than is usual by the Chylus and when they can hold no more then it stays about the great Glandule of the Mesentery in the Milkie Mesaraics and may be seen therein for a whole day and longer which could not be if the Chylus enter'd the Mesaraic Veins XXVIII As for the Experiment of Lewis de Bills which has seduc'd too unwarily several Learned Men into another Opinion what is to be thought of that we shall tell you L. 7. c. 2. Iohn Swammerdam in his Miracles of Nature p. 29. promising to himself that he will restore to the Liver the Office of Sanguification or of making Blood affirms that the whole Chylus ascends through the Mesaraic Veins to the Liver and that what we see in the milkie Vessels is nothing else but a whitish lymphatic Juice And this he proves from
distempered that this Bowel did execute its Office Chiefly enduc'd by this Argument because the Spleen in the Birth is of a ruddy Colour just like the Liver and for that the Spleen being deprav'd Sanguification is annoy'd Then they thought that that same Blood which was made in the Spleen serv'd for the Nourishment of Bowels contain'd in the Abdomen as the Liver-blood serves for the Nourishment of the rest of the Parts Which splenetick Blood they affirm'd was made of the watry feculent Chylus which some believe to be carried thither through the Milkie Vessels others from the Stomach through the Vas Breve and others that it was attracted by the Spleen through the Splenetic Branch But this Opinion by many things already said is most plainly overturned Seeing the Work of Sanguification is not accomplished either by the Liver or the Spleen but only by the Heart there being no Vessels that proceed from the Liver through which any Blood can conveniently flow to the Nourishment of the Parts seated in the Abdomen Neither are there any Passages that convey the Chylus to the Spleen as being a Part to which no Milkie Vessels run Neither is any thing carried through the Vas venosum breve from the Stomach seeing that the said Vas breve is not inserted into the Spleen but into the Splenetic Branch without the Spleen nor can any Attraction be made of the Splenetic Branch toward the Spleen as is before prov'd Veslingius therefore observing this Difficulty of the Access of the Chylus flyes to the Invisible Pores of the Ventricle through which he says there is a watry Chylus conveighed to the Spleen but proves it by no Reasons Lastly this Opinion is totally refuted by the circular Motion of the Blood by which it is apparent that no Blood is carried to the Parts from the Liver or Spleen through the Veins for the Ends of Nutrition nor can be carried by any manner of Means by reason of the obstructing Valves but that the Boold is all transâ—…uted from the Heart through the Arteries to all the Parts XXXIV Emilius Parisanus Subtil l. 6. Exercit. 2. c. 3. following the Opinion of Ulmus believes that the Spleen prepares Arterious Blood out of the best part of the Chylus for the left Ventricle of the Heart which Blood is carried through the Arteries into the Aorta and thence into the left Ventricle of the Heart Which Fiction Ent deservedly derides and explodes Apolog. Artic. 23. Galen also writes that some of the Scholars of Erasistratus believ'd that the whole Chylus was carried to the Spleen by which it was made into a courser sort of Blood for the Liver But both these Opinions are so absurd that if we only consider the Passages and Motion of the Blood they want no farther Refutation XXXV Walaeus observing that there was no motion of the Humours through the Splenetick Branch to the Spleen nor that any milkie Vessels reach'd thither concluded rightly that the matter concocted in the Spleen is Arterial Blood infus'd into it through the Coeliaca Only in this he fail'd that he thought the Spleen attracted to it self the acid part of the blood and not the rest as if the Spleen being endu'd with judgment and taste was more pleas'd with the acid than the sweet part and not only could distinguish but knew how to separate the one from the other Moreover he consider'd not that in Arterial Blood there are no Particles actually acid but that acid Particles are generated in the Spleen out of the saltest Particles of it which being mix'd with the Venal Blood serve instead of a Ferment whose slightest acidity concocted in a specific manner in the Liver with the sulphurous Particles changes it into a biliary Ferment which by that Effervescency that is made in the Heart perishes again and vanishes XXXVI Glisson asserts that the chief Action of the Spleen is to make Alimentary Liquor for the Nourishment of the Nerves which Opinion we rejected when we discours'd of the Nerves of the Spleen XXXVII As for Helmont's Opinion who places the seat of the sensitive Soul in the Spleen it is not worth a Refutation XXXVIII The most accurate and industrious Malpigius being very much dissatisfied concerning the Action and Use of the Spleen to the end he might be able to assert something more certain than others had done resolv'd to try an ingenious Experiment hoping thereby to discover some light in this obscure darkness In a young Dog says he having made a wound in the left Hypochondrium the bloody Vessels of the Spleen bursting forth at the gates of the Spleen were ty'd with a string then thrusting back what was coming forth into their places the Peritonaeum and Muscles being sow'd up together and the skin loosly united in a few days time the wound was cur'd In a weeks time the Dog recover'd and ran about as he us'd to do so that as long as he liv'd there was no sign observ'd that any harm had been done him or of the hurt of his health But becoming more hungry he greedily devour'd his Meat and eat Bones or any thing of that nature and his Excrement observ'd the exact course of Nature One thing only I observ'd that the Dog piss't frequently and very much which though it be customary to other Dogs yet this seem'd to exceed the common custome The habit of body every way healthy and fat and in nimbleness and briskness equal to others of his kind But this was peculiar in the external habit of his body a swelling of the right Hypochondrium so that the extream Ribs burgeon'd out beyond the rest Thereupon fresh hopes encouraging a second Dissection is design'd The Spleen then in the slit Abdomen whose Vessels were fast ty'd appear'd very slender so that being wrapt with the Caul there hardly remain'd any footstep of it behind For it resembled a small bag interwoven with Membranes the Blood-Vessels numerously dispers'd to the Stomach and through the Caul were entire and flourishing and full of blood The Splenetic Branch open and natural surrounded with its natural fat The Liver to sight as to substance colour and shootings forth of the Branches all in good order only you might have said it exceeded a little in bigness in regard it spread it self largely over the left Hypochondrium Neither was there any thing found amiss in the Breast or the Abdomen or the fleshy part the blood brisk ruddy and fluid All these things being found in a Dog gave us not the least light to find out the use of the Liver Certainly it is a wonder that nothing could be learnt or found out concerning the Use of the Spleen Nevertheless I put down this that I might excite others to make the like Experiments that so at length the true use of the Spleen may come not only to be taught by Reason but to be shewn and prov'd by Demonstration XXXIX From what has been said it is
the Spleen and Parts aforesaid to be the greatest part concocted into a more perfect Ferment by the Liver for the Venal Blood and Chylus XVIII And thus the first Original of Internal Ferment is from the Nourishment which afterwards is more and more attenuated by various Concoctions and alter'd in our Body into a more subtle Ferment XIX Now that it is the true Office of the Liver Spleen and Sweet-bread to make Ferment in the manner aforesaid is apparent from hence that when those Bowels are perfectly Sound and perform their Duty according to Nature the whole Mass of Blood is better and more full of Spirits and thence the Body more Lively and Active and all the Natural and Animal Operations are rightly perform'd On the other side when these Bowels are out of Order a thousand Diseases arise from the Blood and Chylus ill fermented XX. As we have already said there is a sharp Salt acid Iuice which is made in the Liver out of the artery Blood copiously forc'd through the splenic Artery into this Bowel which by the plentiful pouring in of Animal Spirits through the Nerves and by the specific Temper of this Bowel is soon altered and the sulphury Spirit that was before predominant in it is dull'd fix'd and suffocated so the salt acid latent Spirits comes forth into Action and the salt Particles somewhat separated from the Sulphury get the upper hand And hence it comes to pass that the hot sweetish Blood flows through the Arteries into the Spleen but by and by the sulphury Heat being extinguish'd together with the Sweetness it becomes Saltish or somewhat Acid and flows through the Splenic Branch from the Spleen to the Liver Which is the Reason a boyl'd Spleen tasts somewhat Sowrish And thus it happens in this Matter as in a Vinegar Vessel Vinegar is made out of Wine for the Vinegar Vessel is laid in a warm Place commonly in the Garret where the Sun may come at it Into this Vessel not quite full they pour a moderate Quantity of good strong Wine for weak Wine will not make good Vinegar Which done presently the sulphury sweet Spirit of the Wine is fix'd and suffocated by the salt and acid Particles predominating in the Vinegar and the salt and acid Particles which are lodg'd in the Wine are melted dissolv'd attenuated and forc'd to Action by the sharp Acidity of the Vinegar and so the Wine turns Eager and becomes Vinegar And thus the sulphureous Spirit of the Arterial Blood is fix'd and stifl'd partly by the Animal Spirits flowing through the Nerves partly by the acid and salt Spirits prepared and contain'd in the Spleen and the salt and acid Spirits that are in it get the upper hand which afterwards new sulphury Spirits that ly in the Venal Blood being mix'd therewith afresh are to be by the Liver altered into perfect Ferment XXI Now that the first Matter of the Ferment to be perfected in the Liver is prepared in the Spleen may be in some measure demonstrated by Experience For if the Spleen of an Ox Hog or other Male Creature be cut into small Bits and macerated in luke-warm Water and afterwards mixed with a small Quantity of Dough it dilates it and causes it to ferment like Yest or any other Leven Which it does so much the more effectually if the smallest Quantity of Vinegar be added to it XXII Now if this Function of the Spleen be interrupted there are two Causes of Diseases which arise from thence Some by reason of the salt and acid Iuice too thick and fix'd Others when it is too thin and volatile For when the salt and acid Juices in the Spleen are not sufficiently dissolv'd and attenuated then the Spirits which are extracted out of them are too sharp corroding and in too great Abundance and this Diversity produces Diversity of Diseases XXIII If the Spleen be weak either through its own or the Fault of the Nourishment or through any other Cause then the acid Iuice that is concocted in it is not sufficiently dissolv'd attenuated and volatiliz'd but remains thick and tartarous or earthy and the greatest Part of it lyes heap'd together in the Bladdery Substance of the Spleen and adjoyning Parts by reason of its crude Viscosity which causes the Spleen to wax great and to swell in regard the Spirit that lies hid within it is not sufficiently rous'd up but boyling a little in the narrow Passages in the Spleen and about the Spleen distends the whole Spleen and Parts adjoyning to it and raises a thousand windy Vapours with rumbling and roaring and a troublesome Distemper familiar to Hypochondriacks Which Mischiefs are very much encreased by a deprav'd Condition of the Pancreas proceeding from the Blood corrupted by the vitious Humors of the Spleen and brought to it through the Arteries By reason whereof it concocts its own Juice but ill and of over Salt leaves it too Acid or Austere which partly begets great Obstructions in the Pancreas the Disturbeâ—…s of the Function of that Bowel Partly flowing into the Intestines causes an undue Effervescency therein and infuses a bad subacid Quality into the Chylus whereby it becomes lyable to fixation or coagulation nor cannot be sufficiently attenuated Whence by reason of the more fixed and thicker Chylus remaining in the Abdomen and less prepared to farther Solution are generated Obstructions in the milkie Vessels in the Mesentery and Glandules of the Mesentery and therein a great Quantity of crude and ill Humors is heaped together from the Quantity and Corruption of which a thousand Diseases arise which are vulgarly called Melancholic and are said to arise from the Spleen but how they are bred by it has not been as yet sufficiently Explain'd But when the Blood remains too thick for want of effectual and convenient Ferment and Spirits not supply'd in sufficient Quantity the whole Body grows dull and languid and many Diseases arise For the Blood being thick and not sufficiently Spirituous and having salt crude and slimy Parts intermix'd with it by coagulating the Humors in the Liver and other Bowels of the Abdomen it breeds Obstructions and Scirrhosities It is not sufficiently dilated in the Heart but is forc'd too thick into the Lungs and there being yet more refrigerated by the Air drawn in it difficultly passes through the narrow Passages of 'em and so stuffing the Lungs and compressing the Gristles of the Windpipe causes difficulty of Breathing In the Heart it self by reason of the inequality of the Particles and the difficult Dilatation of many it produces an unequal and sometimes an intermitting Pulse In the Brain passing difficultly and disorderly through those narrow Channels it causes Noises and Heaviness of the Head and because it endammages the natural Constitution of the Brain and because it tears it with its remaining Acrimony the principal Animal Actions are thereby impaired the Imagination and Judgment are deprav'd the Memory is spoyl'd and thence Madness
Speculations upon the History of Eggs in the beginning of the Year 1672. Whom some Months after followed Iohn Swammerdam a Physician of Amsterdam who nevertheless in his little Book which he calls the Miracle of Nature contends most sharply with Regner de Graef for the first little Honour of putting forth Cuts and that with so much Heat that he seems to besmear the whole Ovary together with the Eggs not with Honey but with most bitter Gall complaining that he could not prevent the other with a more early Edition of his Book That Womens Stones are ordained for the generating of Seed tho' not so perfect as is the Seed in Men and that this Seed is infused partly into the Womb partly into the Uterine Sheath from these Stones through the Fallopian Tubes and other Passages describ'd by other Persons in former Ages even till our times was written and taken for granted by all Physicians and Anatomists so that it was by my self held for a thing not to be controverted Which was the reason that I wrested some Arguments against this new Invention of Eggs and Ovaries which till then I never saw or heard of But afterwards examining the thing more diligently and comparing the Observations of others printed upon that Subject with my own ocular Views I found that my own and the Opinion of the Ancients could not hold which I am forc'd to confess in this second Edition of my Anatomy X. These Stones are two more soft more flagging more unequal and less than in Men. But sometimes somewhat bigger and softer sometimes lesser harder and dryer according to the Age of the Party and her moderate or immoderate use of Venery XI Their Bigness according to Diversity of Age Regner de Graef describes by weight For he observ'd in Children and new-born Infants the Stones to be from five Grains to half a Scruple in such as had attained to Puberty and were in the Flowre of their Age that the Stones generally weigh'd a Dram and a half and so were much about half the Bigness of a Mans Stone That in more elderly People they became less and harder In decrepit Persons that they weigh still a Scruple But 't is very probable this Rule cannot be so exactly set down but that it may suffer some Exception and that in Womens as in Mens there may be some Variety of the Bigness For in Persons that have dy'd in the Flowre of their Age according as they have been more or less prone to Venery we have observed the Bigness and consequently the Weight to vary by our Inspection of dead Bodies nor have we found 'em to be alike small in old Women XII They are seated within the Concavity of the Abdomen adjoyning on both sides to the sides of the Womb at the upper part of the Bottom in Women that are clear about two Fingers or one and a half remote from it but in Women with Child the Bottom swelling recedes upwards by degrees and fasten'd to it with broad membranous Ligaments On the other part adhering to the Spermatic Vessels by the help of the Membranes wherein those Vessels are infolded about the Râ—…ion of the Oâ—… Ilium they stick closely to the Peritonaeum and observe the same hight with the bottom of the Womb in Women that are empty but in Women with Child are remov'd more and more from it ascending by reason of its Increase But they hang by no Cremaster Muscle for that not being pendulous without they need not those Muscles to draw 'em up to the upper Parts so that they are only held and strengthened by the broad Ligaments XIII Their Figure for the most part Semi-Oval in the fore and hinderpart somewhat broad and depress'd XIV They are infolded with a strong Tunicle call'd in greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which some aver to be single and proper to themselves others single but produc'd from the Peritonaeum others double and consisting of one proper and another common proceeding from the Peritonaeum strongly annexed to the former But this Division of it into two Membranes seems to be a thing hardly to be seen and difficult to be affirm'd XV. They differ in Substance very much from the Stones of Men whereas the one are form'd of little seminary Vessels joyn'd and interwoven one within another with a wonderful Order But these consist of Membranes Vessels and other Bodies XVI This Substance of theirs Regner de Graef has with great Diligence inquired into discovered and describ'd in these Words Their inward Substance says he is composed chiefly of many little Membranes and small Fibres loosely united one with another in the space between which are found several Bodies which are within either naturally or preternaturally The Bodies naturally found in the Membranous Substance of the Stones are little Vessels full of Liquor Nerves and preparing Vessels which râ—…n forward almost in the same manner as in Men to the Stones and creep through their whole Substance and enter the Vessels in whose Tunicles numerous Tunicles vanish after they have copiously dispersed and spread themselves as we find in the Yolks of Eggs annexed to the Bâ—…ch of the Ovary And saith he the Lymphatic Vessels found in the Stones whether they enter their Substance we have not so clearly discovered as to affirm it tho' we believe it agreeable to Truth And he adds farther That what things are sometimes only naturally found in the Stones of Women are little Buttons which like the Conglomerated Glandules consisting of many Particles tending in a direct Course from the Center to the Periferie and are infolded with their own proper Membrane We do not say these little Glandules or Buttons are always in the Stones of Females for they are only discovered in 'em after Copulation one or more as the Female is to bring forth one or more Creatures into the World after that Copulation Nor are they alike in all Creatures nor in all sorts of Creatures For in Cows they are of a yellow in Sheep of a red in other Creatures of an Ash-colour Moreover some few days after Copulation they come to be of a thinner Substance and the middle of 'em contain a lympid Liquor included in a Membrane which being thrust forth together with the Membrane there remains a small Hollowness only in 'em which by degrees is so entirely defaced that in the last Months of Childbearing they seem to be composed of a solid Substance At length the Birth being born those little Glandules diminish and at last quite vanish Now those things that are observed to be Preternatural in the Stones of Women are watery Bladders call'd Hydatides little stony Concretions and preternatural Swellings call'd Steatomata and the like XVII Sometimes other preternatural things are found therein in a sickly Condition of Body In the Years 1656 1658 1663. I dissected three Women wherein one Stone exceeded the other the bigness of a Stool-Ball and contained a
mov'd XLVI Here perhaps by way of a Corollary some one may ask me what is that same Architectonic Vertue latent in the prolific Seed which performs the Formation of the Parts In the foregoing Chapter we have discoursed at large concerning the enlivening Spirit implanted in the Prolific Seed as it is the Subject of the first forming Spirit but because no Spirit of it self and by its own Power seems able to perfect Generation unless it have in its self some effective Principle by virtue whereof it produces that Effect hence the Question arises what that is that affords that active Force to the Spirit and power to form a living body and endues the Matter with all manner of Perfection and produces Order Figure Growth Number Situation and those other things which are observed in living bodies Which is a thing hitherto unknown and has held the Minds of all Philosophers in deep Suspense Of whom the greatest part have rather chosen tacitly to admire the Supream Operator and his work than to unfold him and so affirm with Lactantius That Man contributes nothing to his Birth but the Matter which is the Seed but that all the rest is the handy work of God the Conception the forming of the Body the inspiration of the Soul and the conservation of the Parts In which sense says Harvey most truly and piously does he believe who deduces the Generations of all things from the same Eternal and Omnipotent Deity upon whose pleasure depends the Universality of the things themselves But others who believe that the Bounds of Nature are not so slightly to be skipped over nor think that in the Inquiries after the Principles of Generation there is such a necessity to have recourse to the first Architect and Governour of the whole Universe but that the first forming and efficient Cause created by God with the Things themselves and infus'd and planted within 'em is to be sought out of the Things themselves more arrogantly have presum'd to give us a clearer Explication of the Matter by Philosophical Reason yet differing in their Opinions which are various and manifold XLVII For Galen calls this Architectonic Power sometimes by the name of Nature sometimes Natural Heat sometimes the Inbred Temperament sometimes the Spirit which he affirms to be a Substance of it self moveable and always moveable Aristotle distinguishing between the Heat or Spirit of the Seed and Nature asserts the Artichectonic Power to be that Nature which is in the Spirit of the Seed and therefore distinct from the Spirit it self which is inherent in the Spirit as in its Subject and acts upon the Spirit as its Matter This Nature in the Spirit of the Seed was also acknowledged by Hippocrates saying That it is learned tho' it has not learnt rightly to act Not that it is Rational but because as Galen explains it it acts of it self all that is necessary to be acted without any direction Hence Deusingius defines it to be a certain immaterial Substance arising out of the Matter so determin'd to the Matter by the Supream God that it can neither be nor subsist nor operate without it This same Architectonic Vertue others with Avicen call the Intelligence others with Averrhoes and Scotus a Coelestial Force or a Divine Efficacy Iacob Scheggius calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 oâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 active or forming Reason and says that by the word Reason or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 he understands a Substantial Form which is not to be apprehended by Sense but by the Understanding and Reason And so while he seems to speak something he says nothing at all XLVIII The Platonics call it a General Soul diffus'd through the whole World which according to the diversity of Materials and Seeds produces various Generations as a Plant from the Seed of a Plant a Man from the Seed of a Man a Horse from that of a Horse a Fish from that of a Fish c. But Plotin the great Platonist distinguishes this same Architectonic Vertue from the Platonic Soul of the World as produc'd from that by which it is produc'd and therefore he calls it Nature flowing from the Soul of the World which he says is the Essential Act of it and the Life depending upon it Themistius says that the forming Power is the Soul inclos'd in the Seed potentially enliven'd Deusingius in his Original of the Soul calls it Nature in the Seed that is as he explains himself a Soul potentially subsisting in the Seed being in it self the Beginning and Cause of Motion But in a Body already form'd he calls it the Soul actually subsisting And so without any necessity at all distinguishes one and the same thing into two and gives it two distinct names as it either rests or acts and according to the diversity of the Subject to be form'd or else already form'd Just as if a man distinguishing between a Painter lazily sleeping or painting awake should call the one Nature latent in his Spirit as one that could paint if he were awake and the other a real Painter as one actually painting as if the Painter that slept were not as much a Painter as he that actually painted Whereas as it appears by the Effects that which is able to form a Body at first out of the Seed and that which actually forms were not one and the same thing and so by a certain continuation the form of the thing formed remains This Opinion of his Deusingius seems to have drawn from the Institutes of the Platonists who distinguish between the Soul and Being a Soul that is between the Substance of the Soul which is said to be in the Seed and the Appellation of Nature and the Soul which acts at this prâ—…sent and is the form of the form'd Body Fernelius calls the Plastic Power a Spirit but he does not mean such a common Spirit which the Physicians say is rais'd by the preparations of the Bowels out of the Humours but some other Spirit of far sublimer Excellency For says he this Spirit is an Ethereal Body the Seat and Bond of Heat and the Faculties and the first Instrument of the Duty to be perform'd And Lib. 2. de Abdit c. 10. he believes it to be something that flows down from Heaven For says he the Heaven without any Seed produces many both Creatures and Plants but the Seed generates nothing without the Heaven The Seed only prepares aptly and conveniently Materials for the begetting of Things the Heaven sends into the Matter prepar'd Form and consummate Perfection and raises Life in all Things A little after he adds One Form of Heaven within its Power comprehends all the Forms that ever were or can be of all Creatures Plants Stones and Metals and impregnated with those innumerable Forms casts as in a Mold and generates all things out of it self XLIX Others believe the Plastic Vertue to be a certain Power flowing into the Seed from the Soul of
Substance is grateful to the taste neither is there any thing of luxivious or salt in it But it does not only grow thick and viscous by boyling but also the Cold congeals it to a moderate thickness and viscosity by which I have seen this Juice thicken'd in the Umbilical Intestine to the thickness of a perfect Gelly and in the Amnion to the consistency of the white of an Egg. XXIX Now tho' it may seem to be a thing unquestionable that this milky Iuice is carried through some milky Vessels from the Mother to the Womb and from that through the milky Vessels of the Placenta within the hollowness of the Amnion yet from what part of the Mother and from whence these milky Vessels proceed toward the womb has been hitherto discovered by no body that I know of Some by uncertain Conjectures believe that they are extended thither from the Thoracic Chyle-bearing Chanel others from the Chyle-bearing Bag others from the Sweet-bread Of which if any clear demonstration could be made out the Question would be at an end Ent most couragiously endeavours to dispel this Cloud of Darkness Apol. Digress 5. where he writes That this Liquor is deriv'd from no inner milky Vessels but that it flows from the Womans breasts to the womb and that the birth is nourish'd with the Mothers milk no less within than without the womb and for this reason he believes the Teats of brute Beasts to stand so near the womb to the end the milk may flow from them more easily to the womb But as for the passage which way he takes no great care For he writes that the Milk descends from the breasts through the Mamillary Veins and from thence into the Epigastrics joyned to them by Anastomosis and through those flows down to the womb But that he may not seem to contradict Circulation altogether he says That it may happen without any prejudice that there may be a Flux contrary to the usual Circulation through some Veins if there be a new Attractor He adds That it is for this reason that the Milk is generated in the breast so long before delivery that is so soon as the Woman quickens So that if the Milk did not flow to the birth the Woman would be very much prejudic'd and the Blood being detain'd for three or four Months together would be corrupted Lastly he aâ—…nexes the Authority of Hippocrates who says Aph. 5. 37. If the breasts of a Woman with child suddainly fall and grow lank she miscarries For says Ent when the Milk fails in the breast there can be no nourishment afforded to the birth in the womb which for that reason dies and is thrown out by Abortion XXX But tho' these things are speciously propounded by Ent yet there are many things that subvert the learned Gentleman's Argument 1. Because that milky Liquor abounds within the Amnion before any thing of Milk be generated in the breasts 2. Because it is impossible that the blood should be carried upward and the milky Juice downward at the same time through the Mammillary and Epigastric Veins 3. Because that between the Mammillary and Epigastric Veins there are no such Anastomoses as he proposes 4. For that the milky Liquor of the Breasts passing through those blood-conveighing passages would lose its white colour by its mixture with the blood and so it would not be found to be white but red in the Amnion 5. For that the feeble heart of a small Embryo could never be able to draw this milky Juice from the Mothers breasts besides that there is no such distant attraction in the body of Man and whether there be any such at a nearer distance is much to be question'd 6. For that the Milk from the one half of the Womans time till the time of Delivery never remains in the breast but entring the Mammillary Veins together with their blood is carried in the order of Circulation to the Vena Cava as the Chylus reaches thither through the Subclavial Vein which is the reason it is neither corrupted nor does the Woman any prejudice at all 7. As to Hippocrates his affirming the lankness of the breast to be a sign of Abortion for this in a Woman shews that either the Chylus is defective or that it is all carried to the heart and none to the womb or breasts Hence Hippocrates concludes That if formerly the Chylus flow'd in great abundance to the breasts they dry up of a suddain as appears by the lankness of the breasts much more will that fail which is carried in a lesser quantity to the womb for the nourishment of the tender birth and that through much narrower Vessels and so of necessity the birth must dye for want of nourishment and be cast forth by Abortion XXXI From all which it is apparent that milky Iuice let it come from what parts it will to the Womb it does not come from the Breasts and that their Opinion iâ—… most probable who believe it flows from the Chyle-bag the Pectoral Passage and other Internal Chyle-bearing Vessels tho' there has been as yet no clear Demonstration of those Passages XXXII Veslingius either not observing or ignorant of the nourishment of the Birth at the Mouth ascribes to this milky Liquor of the Amnion a use of small Importance For he says that it only preserves the tender Vessels of the Embryo swimming upon it in the violent Motions of the Mother and when the time of Delivery approaches that it softens and loosens the Maternal places by its Efflux to render the passage of the Infant more easie Moreover he thinks it to be the more watery part of the Womans Seed as we have said before Cap. 28. XXXIII The Amnios Urinary Membrane and Chorion at the Caruncle in Abortions describ'd Cap. 29. sticks close one to another where they transmit the Umbilical Vessels toward the Uterine Liver but every where else they lye loosely only at the beginning of the Conception and when at length the Umbilical Vessels have pass'd those Membranes then through the flowing in of the Urine of the birth through the Urachus the Urinary Membrane begins to recede from the Chorion which till that time seemed to be the inner part of the Chorion and between that and the Chorion the urinary serous Humour begins daily to increase as the birth grows so that near the time of Delivery it is there to be found in great quantity XXXIV This Urinary Liquor Riolanus denies to be there and affirms that there is no Liquor to be found without side the Amnios And so Veslingius seems never to have distinctly observ'd it for he says that no Humour can be collected together between the Membranes of the birth by reason of their sticking so close together But Ocular inspection teacheâ—… us that there is no such close Connexion but only a loose Conjunction or Imposion one upon another The whole mistake seems to have proceeded from hence
innate Spirit of the Heart the principal Cause of Motion is overmuch coagulated refrigerated or dissipated by those Humors 3. Because other more sensible Parts being pain'd and tormented by those vicious Humors are very much agitated contracted and loosen'd and for that reason they force the Blood from themselves toward the Heart after an unusual manner whence it happens that the Blood is attenuated also in the Heart after an unusual manner so that the Pulse being alter'd it is not sent conveniently to the Brain by which means it happens that the Animal Spirits are generated out of order and sent out of Order to the Nerves Descartes observing no remarkable or apparently manifest Nerves to be extended into the Substance it self of the Heart was unwilling confidently to affert it but in the mean time that he might the better explain the Passions of the Mind affirms with Fallopius that there are certain diminutive Nerves which reach to the Orifices of the Ventricles of the Heart for he says that there are particularly to be observ'd certain Nerves inserted into the Basis of the Heart which serve to dilate and contract the Orifices of its Concavities and upon this foundation he rear'd his Learn'd Treatise of the Passions of the Mind XVII These Animal Spirits therefore as has been said contribute a certain faint sense of feeling to the Heart for it ought not to have a quick sense lest it should be disturb'd and molested by its continual motion and the Passage and Fermentation of sharp and corroding Humors Besides the Parts being altogether compleated they contribute also a kind of fermentative power to the Nourishment of the Heart of which at the beginning it had no need because the sharp particles of the ingendring Seed collected together in the formation of the Heart contain in themselves a sufficiently sharp fermenting quality proportionable to the tenderness of the Matter wherein they operate But afterwards when the Bulk of the Heart enlarging it self there is in need of stronger Matter than there is requir'd the assistance of Spirits somewhat more fermentative Lastly These Spirits loosen or contract the Orifices of the Heart or its Ventricles by which means there happens a freer Ingress and Egress of the Blood to the Heart in the Passions of the Mind and hence at the same time proceed alterations of the Blood Hence in Fear Palpitations of the Heart in Grief Contractions with a small Pulse in Joy a grateful and pleasing heat about the Heart with a swift and strong Pulse XVIII The Heart then is the principal and sovereign Bowel from which is diffus'd the vital Liquor with perpetual heat the support of Life to all Parts of the Body of which when any of the Parts are never so little depriv'd they fall and die And therefore the Distempers that befal it are chiefly dangerous and the Wounds of it altogether mortal as Hippocrates pronounc'd so that although some being wounded in the Heart have lived for a time yet they could never be cur'd Nay for the most part so soon as the Wound enters the Ventricles they fall like men Thunder-struck which I have seen three or four times with my own Eyes so that I have often stood in admiration how a man could be so soon depriv'd of all Life Sense and Motion Nevertheless the Reason is plain for that the Blood which ought to be forc'd into the Great Artery and through that to the Brain and all other Parts by reason of the Wound is pour'd forth into the Concavity of the Breast So that no Blood being carry'd to the Brain presently the motion of the Animal Spirits ceases in the Brain nor are they any longer convey'd through the Nerves to the several parts Hence also there happens a Cessation of the principal Faculties and Senses and of all motion of the Muscles and among the rest of the Respiratory which occasions the suddenness of the Death But if a small Wound do not penetrate into the Ventricles then sometimes but very seldom it happens that a man does not fall presently but lives for some hours Thus Paraeus saw a man wounded in the Heart that ran above two hundred Paces Schenkius also makes mention of a Student who having receiv'd a Wound through both his Ventricles yet ran the length of a whole Street and was in perfect sense of Mind for an Hour Sennertus Iohnson Muller Heer 's and Tulpius produce several Examples of men that have liv'd after they were wounded in the Heart for several hours nav for one or two day Says Fernelius Wounds in the Heart which do not penetrate far into the Ventricles do not presently kill In a certain Person who linger'd and consum'd away by degrees and at length dy'd I found three Ulcers in his Heart hollow and foul and long before contracted Somewhat like this concerning an Ulcer in the Heart Dominic Marchettis relates of a man who having been consuming a long time dy'd in the dissection of which person he found a great Ulcer which had eaten out not only the Capsula of the Heart but also a great part of its Substance till it had penetrated into the Cavity of the left Ventricle and then kill'd the man But it is more wonderful that a great Wound in the Heart should be cur'd Of which Cabrolius saw a President in the Dissection of a human Carcass in the Anatomical Theater For he says he found in the Heart of a Thief that was hang'd the remaining Scar of a Wound that had been cur'd about two Fingers long and about the thickness of a Sixpence But though such Accidents are rare nevertheless I never remember that ever I read so extraordinary an Example of a Heart wounded as what I saw with my Eyes a Story so remarkable that I thought fit to insert it in this place In the Year 1660. April 5. I was sent for to Câ—…lenburgh together with some other Physicians and Surgeons at the Request of the Magistracy of that Town to view the Body of a Young Man of about twenty years of Age and very strong when he was alive wounded with a Sword and dying of his Wound to the end we might give our Judgments whether he dy'd of his Wound or by any other Disaster Upon opening the Body my self first we were inform'd that the young man after he had receiv'd the Wound walk'd about fifty or sixty paces and then fell down and then falling into a Convulsion was carry'd home and in a little time after came to himself again The Physicians and Surgeons who then lookt after him affirm'd that the first and second day very little Blood issu'd forth from his Wound which was very narrow but that afterwards the Wound being somewhat dilated such a quantity of Blood gush'd forth that they were forc'd to stop the Flux of Blood by tying of his Body in several places They added That the Patient was all along very sensible and never complain'd in
forc'd in at the upper part out of the Syringe I say through the Pores because there is no need of middle pipes to convey the Water into the lower Pipes for that the Pores of the Spunge afford a sufficient passage But if these Pores are streightned and the lower Pipes are contracted by any Accident that the Water cannot pass equal in quantity and swiftness then the Spunge receiving more than it can transmit begins to swell and consequently the loose piece of Leather wherein it is wrapt becomes distended hard and tumid The same will happen if any viscous Matter be forc'd through the Syringe into the Spunge by which the Pores and Passages are stopt up for then receiving much more than it can well discharge of necessity it will rise into a Tumor He that will apply this Similitude to the Body of Man will find the Circulation of the Blood to be occasion'd in like manner through the Pores of the Substance and hence perceive the Cause of most Swellings XIV There is an extraordinary and manifold necessity of this Circulation 1. Seeing that the Blood being once discharg'd into the Parts the farther off it flows from the Hearth of its Fire is so much the more refrigerated and less a part for nourishment there is a necessity of its return to the Fountain of heat the Heart to be again new warm'd and attenuated therein which return is occasion'd by this Circulation 2. Without this Circulation neither could the Blood be forc'd to the Parts that are to be nourish'd nor could that which remains after nourishment together with the Chylus be carry'd back to the Heart 3. By means of this all the Particles of the Blood are made fit for nourishment by degrees and according to a certain order For there being no long Concoction in the Heart but only a certain swift Dilatation therefore the Chylus upon its first passage through the Heart does not acquire the absolute perfection of Blood but at several passages sometimes these sometimes those Particles become more subtile and fit for nourishment 4. By the help of this Circulation the virtue of Medicines taken and apply'd is carry'd through the whole Body or the greatest part thereof 5. By means of this the Blood is in continual motion and preserv'd from congealing and putrifying 6. By means of this we come to the knowledge of many Diseases concerning which in former time many Disputes have arisen among Physicians 7. By means of this Physicians also understand how to undertake the Cures of most Diseases whereas formerly they only proceeded by uncertain Conjecture There is no necessity that I should here refute in particular the vain Arguments of Primrosius Parisianus and others who stifly endeavour to oppose this Circulation and uphold the darkness of former Ages remitting the Readers that desire to be more particularly inform'd of these things to Ent Highmore and several others who make it their Business to refute the Arguments of such as uphold the contrary Opinion XV. But here remain two more Doubts 1. Whether the Chylus circulates through the whole Body 2. Whether the Serum circulates in like manner I answer That as to the Chylus so long as it is not within the command of the Heart and before it has enter'd the Veins it is not forc'd by the beating of the Heart and consequently does not circulate Thus the Chylus contain'd in the Milky Mesenteric and Pectoral Vessels is thrust forward by the compressure of the Muscles and other parts but is not mov'd further forward by the beating of the Heart so long as it has not enter'd the Veins So the Chylus falling out of the Milky Vessels into the Breasts circulates no farther but like Milk is either suckt or flows of its own accord out of the Teats But if any part of it there enter the Mamillary Veins that same still retaining the form of Milk or Chylus is convey'd together with the Vein-Blood to the Heart wherein being dilated presently it loses the form of Chylus or Milk and assumes the form of Blood at first more crude or less spirituous but afterwards to be more and more perfected by several passages ' through the Heart And so it does not circulate through the whole Body in the form of Chylus but in the form of Blood having no manner of similitude with the Chylus Whence it comes to pass that there is no Chylus to be found or that can be found in the Arteries In like manner neither does the Chylus circulate in Women with Child toward the Cheese-cake or Amnion As neither does it in some Women not with Child but flowing likewise to the Womb is corrupted and putrefies about the Womb and flows forth with more or less ill smell according as its Corruption is more or less Which is most probable to be the most obvious Cause of Uterine Fluxes Also the Chylus that sometimes flows to the Urinary Bladder cannot circulate All which things being consider'd we must conclude at once that the Chylus does not circulate through the whole Body but that entring the Veins it retains the form of Chylus only so far as the Heart and there loses its form upon the dilatation As for the Serum this is also to be said that it does not circulate but when it enters the Blood-bearing Vessels For no Humors circulate by virtue of the beating of the Heart till after they have enter'd the Limits of the Heart's Command and become subject to its Motion But so long as they acknowledge any other Mover such as are the Peristaltic Motion of the Stomach Guts and other parts and the compressure of the Abdomen c. they never circulate As the Serum when having pass'd beyond the Bounds of the Heart's Empire it falls into the Ureters and Bladder And the Flegmatic Lympha when separated from the Blood of the Choroidal Fold it comes to be deposited in the Ventricles of the Brain circulates no more tho' it circulated before when it was mix'd with the Blood CHAP. IX Of the Parts of the Heart See the 9th Table I. IN the Heart are these Parts to be specially consider'd Two little Ears two Ventricles with a middle Septum that distinguishes them eleven Valves and four large Vessels of which two adhere to the Right Ventricle the hollow Vein of the Pulmonary Artery and two adhere to the Left Ventricle the Pulmonary Vein and the Aorta Artery Now let us us see in what Order the making of that enlivening Nectar proceeds in this Ware-house of Sanguification To which purpose we shall produce the several Parts in that Order as Nature makes Use of 'em in the execution of this Office II. The Little Ears are as it were Appendixes to the Heart seated on both sides at the Basis of the Heart before the Orifices of the Vessels carrying the Matter to the Ventricles and from some sort of likeness to the Ears call'd the Little Ears of the Heart III. They
Unions of the Vessels for want of humane Birth may be conveniently demonstrated in Calves newly Calv'd and Lambs newly yean'd CHAP. XI Of the Office or Action of the Heart I. PLato Galen and several of the Stoicks assert That the Heart is the Seat of the Irascible Soul But Chrysippus Possidonius and many of the Aristotelians not only of the Irascible but Concupiscible Soul From whom Hippocrates does not very much differ while he alledges That the Soul abides in the hottest and strongest Fire and plainly affirms moreover That the Mind is seated in the Heart of Man This was also the Sentiment of Diogenes as Plutarch witnesses and of Zeno according to Laertius To which Opinion Apollodorus also subscrib'd as Tertullian testifies and which Gassendus likewise among the modern Authors endeavors to prove Nor do the Sacred Scriptures a little contribute to the confirmation of this Doctrine Where we read That God is the Searcher of the Heart That out of the Heart issue evil Thoughts That Folly Wisdom Iudgment Counsel Repentance proceed from the Heart Whence the Prophet David thus prays Psal. 119. Give me Wisdom and I will keep thy Law and observe it with my whole Heart Incline my Heart to keep thy Testimonies The Lord hates the Heart which imagines evil Thoughts Besides this they produce several Reasons 1. Because the Heart first lives and moves and last dies and being wounded the whole Structure falls 2. Because it is seated in the middle and most worthy part of the whole Body 3. Because this Bowel only makes the Blood and vital Spirit and nourishes and enlivens every Part of the Body and that the Soul abides in the Blood is apparent from the Sacred Text The Soul of the Flesh is in the Blood 4. Because the Heart being out of order the whole Body suffers with it but when other Parts are vitiated it does not necessarily die with them 5. Because the Brain to which most ascribe the Seat of the Soul depends upon the Heart and the Motion of the Brain proceeds from the Heart 6. Because a Part of the Brain may be corrupted and taken away the Life and Soul remaining but no part of the Heart all whose Wounds are mortal 7. Because although Perception Thought Imagination Memory and other principal Actions are perform'd in the Brain it does not follow that the Seat of the Soul is in the Instrument by which those Actions are perform'd The Workman by the Clock and Dyal which he makes shews the whole City what time of the Day it is and numbers the Hours by the striking the Bell yet hence it does not follow that he himself abides or has his fix'd residence in the Clock 't is sufficient he affords the Clock what is requisite for the performance of the Action though he live in another place Thus the Soul may operate indeed in the Brain as in the Instrument but may have its Seat nevertheless in the Heart Hence Picolomini acutely alledges That the Soul is ty'd to us upon a double Accompt 1. By Nature and so abides absolutely in the Heart 2. By Operation as it sends Faculties to the Instruments by means of the Spirits discharg'd out of the Heart by the operation of which Faculties the Presence of the Soul is discern'd In the same manner Avicen will have the Soul with its Faculties abide in the Heart as in the first Root but that it gives its Light to all the Members That is to say that the Heart is the beginning of the Animal Faculties but makes use of the Brain as the Instrument of Feeling so that the Animal Faculty is radically in the Heart but by way of Manifestation in the Brain And these and some others like these are the Authorities and Reasons wherewith some going about to describe the Office of the Heart endeavour to defend their opinion which Cartesius nevertheless most strenuously opposes But they seem to be all out of the way who going about to describe the Office of the Heart presently fall a quarrelling about the Seat of the Rational Soul and prosecute it with that heat as if the whole Question depended upon that Hinge But we are going about to examine the Office of the Mortal Heart not the Seat of the Immortal Soul II. Now the Chief and Primary Action of the Heart in the whole Body is to make Blood and by Pulsation to distribute it through the Arteries to all the Parts that all may be nourished thereby This Office of Sanguification the most ancient Philosophers always ascrib'd to the Heart Thus Hippocrates calls the Heart the Fountain of Blood Plato in his Timaeus asserts the Heart to be the Fountain of Blood flowing with a kind of violence Aristotle asserts the Heart to be the beginning of the Veins and to have the chief power of procreating Blood But after them came Galen the Introducer of a new Opinion who excuses the Heart from the Function of Sanguification and ascribes it sometimes to the Liver sometimes to the Substance of the Veins and sometimes to both Vesalius Iacobus de Partibus Columbus Picolomini Carpus Bauhinus Ioubertus and several others imitate Galen with great Applause especially those who are meer Followers of the Flock that goes before going not where they are to go but where the Galenists go and had rather admire Galen's Authority than enquire any farther into the Truth But in this our Age the ancient Truth that lay long wrapt up in thick Clouds again broke forth out of Darkness into Light For ever since the Knowledge of Circulation has illustrated the whole Body of Physick it has been certainly found out That the Office of Circulation agrees with the Heart alone and that therein only this General Nutriment is made by which all the Parts of the whole Body are to be nourish'd and for that reason that there is a perpetual Pulse allow'd it on purpose to disperse that Nourishment and communicate it to all the Parts This Sanguifying Duty the most Famous Philosophers at this day allow the Heart so that there are very few left that uphold the Galenic Sentence of the Liver any longer Though Swammerdam has promis'd to restore the Liver to its former Dignity but upon what Grounds and with what Applause we longingly expect III. But Glisson revolts from both Opinions as well the Ancient one concerning the Heart as the Galenic Opinion concerning the Liver Who finding that the Seed being conceiv'd and alter'd by the Heat of the Womb the Vital Spirit that lay asleep is rais'd up from power to act and that then that Vital Spirit moves the Vital Juice in which it abides every where and also makes Channels and Passages for it self through the Seminal Matter moreover that Sanguineous Rudiments appear before the Heart Liver or other Bowels can be manifestly seen from all these things he concludes That the Blood is not generated and mov'd in the Heart but that the Heart and Blood are generated by
the Spirit or vivific Juice which is in the Blood it self To which he adds an Axiom Because says he the same quatenus the same always operates the same And hence he concludes That the Cause that made the first Blood in the first Conception the same or at least a Cause aequipollent to it ought afterwards also to be esteem'd the Fountain of Sanguification This Opinion he confirms with many specious Reasons which I omit for Brevity's sake IV. But we answer to the most Learned Glisson That the Vivific Spirit is the first Mover in the Seed and that when it begins to rise into Act and enliven the Seed so disposes by its Motion the vital Iuice to which it adheres as to its Subject that out of some of its Particles are made the Heart out of others the Liver out of others the Vessels Membranes c. And so by that Motion they erect to themselves a Habitation the several and particular parts of which according to the various Disposition of the least Principles perform various and distinct Operations over all which that Spirit presides as General President For enlivening all the Parts together it excites every one to the Function properly allotted to them Not that the Spirit performs the peculiar part of every one but whatever Aptitude to act it bequeath'd to the several Parts in the first Confirmation that Aptitude it preserves by its presence without which they could perform no Operations at all Therefore the Vivific Spirit according to the Axiom fore-cited always performs one and the same Action in the whole Body that is to say it enlivens But it does not produce the Matter to be enlivened without which nevertheless it cannot subsist when the Consumption of its Subject that is the vital Juice requires daily reparation Therefore the several Parts enliven'd generate that Matter by degrees and by vertue of many and various Concoctions and other preparatory Operations which the Vivific Spirit cannot perform without those Parts For it could not Chylifie without the Stomach nor Sanguifie without the Heart And hence tho' that Spirit be the general Life of the whole Body without which nothing can be done and which is presuppos'd to abide and be in all and singular the Parts specially operating nevertheless because it cannot perform those Operations without the said Parts it cannot be said that it absolutely performs those peculiar Operations but it is better and indeed necessary to say That they proceed from the Nature of the several living Parts And so the Ventricle in respect of its proper Nature Chylifies and the Heart only sanguifies and no other Parts of the Body can perform the same Actions because no others have the same Propriety of Nature False therefore it is what Glisson says That it is not the Heart but this vivific Spirit which he certainly presupposes to be in the Blood that generates other new Blood in the Blood it self and is the Cause of the Motion of the Blood That the first is untrue is apparent from hence for that if the Blood were generated out of the Blood existing in the Blood then the Blood being out of order and distemper'd there will be a stop to Sanguification But the contrary appears in Persons Scorbutic and labouring under Cachexies in whom Sanguification nevertheless goes forward nay the Corruptions of the Blood are mended and corrected by the benefit of the Heart which otherwise could never be corrected by reason of the distemper of the Blood On the other side if the Heart be out of order presently there is a stop to Sanguification and the Blood it self is deprav'd The latter is false as appears by the Dissections of Living Animals For if the beginning of the Aorta-Artery be ty'd with a string near the Heart presently all Motion of the Blood ceases in the Arteries which would still continue if it contain'd within it such a Spirit-mover of it self and had not its Motion from without but cut the string and presently the Motion of the Heart returns by virtue of the Pulse of the Heart The same is also manifest in faint-hearted persons who at the time of letting Blood fall into a Swoon upon the Surgeon 's pricking the Vein nor can you hardly perceive their Heart to beat so that there is little or no Blood mov'd through the Vessels nor will the Blood flow from the small Wound but when the Patient comes again to himself and that the Heart begins to beat presently the Blood moves again and spins out at the little hole made by the Lancet Whence it appears that the Blood is not mov'd or generated by the Vivific Spirit which is in the Blood but by the Heart and that the Vivific Spirit abiding in all the Parts of the Body does only revive the Parts and that those enliven'd Parts according to the variety of their several Dispositions act specially and after various manners upon the Matter to be enliven'd V. Moreover I think it requisite more accurately to examin Whether any Vivific Spirit as Glisson presupposes be in the Blood I know indeed That the Vital Spirit generally so call'd is generated in the Heart that is to say apt to be enliven'd and to promote Sanguification by its Heat yet I cannot believe that this Vivific Spirit that is already actually living and enlivening is mingl'd with the Blood when that Spirit is of a higher Order and only abides in the German and Blossom of the Seed and the necessary primogenial moisture of the Parts themselves of the Body and must be rouz'd into Action by the flowing in of the hot vital Spirit in regard the Blood it self is not yet a Part of the Body nor enliven'd but to be enliven'd when it shall be assimilated to the Parts VI Thus an Artist who has made a Clock does not move the Wheels nor shew the Hours but he makes the Clock which could never move the Wheels nor tell the Hours unless the Artist had made that Engine and bequeath'd such an Aptitude to it which afterwards he preserves to it also So the Vivific Spirit although at the first Creation of the Parts it made the Heart and endu'd it with a Sanguifying Aptness which afterward it also preserves therein by its presence yet is it not that Spirit but the Heart which must be said to Sanguifie As to the first Principles of the Blood which as Glisson says are observ'd at the first time of Conception before the Heart appears I say that those Rudiments are also produc'd by the Heart for these Rudiments are not to be seen till the leaping Bubble begins to move which is the first beginning of the Heart and although the whole Structure of a live Heart does not appear to the Eye yet that it is there and generates the first Principles of the Blood the Effect teaches us I wonder indeed that Harvey who asserts the Blood to be made before other things did not take notice of this especially
who at Smyrna in Ionia receiv'd a Wound in one of the upper Ventricles yet liv'd for all that I my self here in Utrecht in the Year 1648. inspected the Body of a young Nobleman of Over-Yssel a Student in the Law who dy'd of a wound in his Head in whom the Cranium being first open'd it was first found that the Sword had enter'd the bigger or innermost Corner of one Eye without any harm to the Eye it self and had peneâ—…rated through the upper right Ventricles and lighting upon the upper part of the Cranium on the inside toward the top of the Lambdoidal Suture had almost pierced that also yet this young Gentleman was depriv'd of none of his Animal Actions a certain Sign that the Spirits had not flow'd out of the Ventricle through the broad Wound but sound in Mind Seeing Hearing Tasting and well moving all his Parts walking and judiciously discoursing with his Companions that came to see him upon any Discourse liv'd ten days and then being seiz'd with a violent Fever dy'd in two days Thus Lindan makes mention of a certain Patient that was wounded whose Surgeon for fourteen days together before his Death put in a Probe as far as the Ventricle of his Brain whither the Wound had reach'd without any feeling Yet he further adds that the same Person walk'd every day about the City unless it were the last four days at the end of which he dy'd In these Cases certainly the most subtle Spirits had either flow'd out of their own accord or had been expell'd out of the Ventricles by the alternate dilatation and compression of the Brain and so the person must have dy'd depriv'd of his Animal Actions if the place of their Generation had been in the Ventricles From all which Examples the weak Supports of the said Opinion are sufficiently evident though Webfer refutes the same Opinion more clearly by other Reasons l. de Apoplexia VI. Cartesius differs not very much from the said Opinion who teaches us that these Spirits are not generated in the Ventricles but says that they are separated in the Pineal Kernel by the narrow Passages of the little Arteries of the Choroid Fold and from thence infus'd into the Ventricles and no other way differ from the Vital Spirits only that they are the thinest Parts separated from them and only call'd by another Name To which he adds that there is no probability that the separation of these Spirits is perform'd in the Pineal Kernel as well by reason of the smalness of the Kernel as the vast quantity of Animal Spirits which can never be so swiftly strain'd through so diminutive a particle Besides that this Kernel being obstructed and compress'd yet it is found that these Spirits are generated in great quantity as was apparent in the forecited persons in whose Ventricles the Pus and Serum that was collected in great quantity could not but compress the Kernel and obstruct it in its Office as is also apparent in such Men in whom you shall find Sand and Stones oppressing more than half the Kernel As to that which follows where Cartesius says that these Spirits are collected in the Ventricles that is already refuted as also that other that they differ nothing from the Vital Spirits but only in their separation VII Many others believe that the Animal Spirits are elaborated in the Choroid Fold and that the Vital Blood in its passage through the Fold is alter'd into these Spirits by a singular propriety of the Brain Which Opinion as the Liver many embrace at this day and I was of the same mind once though now I have good reason to think the contrary For upon more mature consideration three Arguments utterly subvert it First Because the Blood contain'd in that Fold is altogether ruddy neither is it observ'd to undergo any alteration therein neither at any time whatever part of the Fold you inspect is it of any other colour than red and Blood-colour whereas the Animal Spirits are pellucid and invisible by reason of their extraordinary subtility Secondly Because the Fold is not continuous with any of the Nerves and therefore no Spirits can be transfus'd out of it into the Nerves 3ly Because the Blood flows into the Pithy Substance of the Brain out of the Fold partly through innumerable diminutive branches partly by the order of circulation flows to the Vein that runs between the middle Fold above the Kernel and thence is carry'd to the inferior Hollownesses of the hard Meninx or Scythe and from them to the Jugular Veins Through which Passages the Animal Spirits also if any were made in the Fold would flow forth together with the Blood nor would any reach to the Nerves which are seated without the Fold and no way continuous to them VIII Francis de le Boe Sylvius suspects them to be elaborated in the Arteries running forth all along the Superficies of the Brain and Cerebel which he thinks to be distributed thro' the Superficies for that public and not for any private Use and that out of those Arteries they penetrate into the Cortex of the Brain and Cerebel and thence into the middle whitish Substance and in this Passage are freed from its watery part that sticks most closely to it But this Opinion is overthrown by these three Arguments 1. Because that in the Arteries of the Head there is no other Humour contain'd than in other Arteries that is to say Blood and those Arteries are only assisting Parts conveying the Blood not altering it into Animal Spirits or making any other Humor or Spirit out of it 2. Because the innumerable bloody Specks which every way occur to the Sight in the dissected Substance teach us that not the Animal Spirits but the arterious blood it self is thrust forward as well through the Ash-colour'd Cortex of the Brain as through the whitish Substance out of the Arteries which bloody Specks would not appear if that blood were only chang'd into invisible Animal Spirits in the said Arteries 3. Because the several remarkable Mutations of Humors require some particular Bowel to make that alteration as appears in the Stomach which turns the Nourishment into Chylus in the Heart which changes the Chylus into Blood in the Liver which alters the blood into a choleric Ferment and therefore we must certainly conclude that the making of Animal Spirits out of Blood cannot be perform'd in the Arteries which only carry the Matter out of which they are to be generated but that of necessity it must be performed in that most noble Bowel the Brain and not in the Arteries encompassing the Brain and Cerebel but in the Substance it self IX Thus also Galen and with him Bauhinus and Sennertus Hoffman Emilius Parisanus Plempius believethem to be elaborated in the Substance it self of the Brain Whose Opinion we are also willing to embrace as being that of which the Truth appears from hence because the arterious blood is driven
two Oblique Muscles because of the secret Allurements of Lovers Glances are called Amatorious but from their rowling Motion Circumactors XII In Brutes that feed with their Heads toward the Earth besides these six Muscles there is also a seventh which is sometimes observed to be divided into two but rarely into three Muscles This being short and fleshy encompasses the Eye and is inserted into the hinder part of the Horny Tunicle and sustains the looking down continually upon the Ground and draws it back when it s own weight carries it farther out XIII The Muscles are endued with a moving Power by the little Branches of the second Pair of Nerves which are chiefly inserted into the streight Muscles For the innermost Oblique Muscle receives a little Branch from the fifth Pair the outermost Oblique receives a little Branch from the slender Pair that stands next before the Fifth XIV Here arises a Question when each Eye has distinct and proper Muscles why they do not move with various Motions but are always mov'd together with the same Motion Aristotle ascribes the Cause to the Coition of the Optic Nerves and Galen and Avicen seem to be of the same Opinion But in regard the Optic Nerves are only visory and contribute nothing to Motion nor enter the Muscles they cannot be the cause of this thing Besides Anatomists have now found it out that this Conjunction of the Optics is wanting in several men and yet the motion of their Eyes while they liv'd was the same as in other men so equal always that the Sight of both was always directed to one Point Andrew Laurentius says that such an equal Motion is requisite for the perfection of the Sense and so he only proposes the end of the Motion but does not explain the Cause Others alledg that this equal Motion proceeds from hence that the moving Nerves are mov'd together at their beginning But it appears from this Conjunction that the Spirits indeed may flow to the Muscles of each Eye however it is not manifest why the Spirits flow more especially in greater quantity into these or those Muscles of the Eyes and not into the same external and internal of both Eyes For Example's sake suppose a Man would look for something upon his Right-Side presently the Spirits are determined toward the external Muscle of the Right-Eye and the internal Muscle of the Left-eye and so the Sight is turned to one Point through the two various Muscles of each Eye But if the Union of the Beginning of the Nerves of the second Pair should any way contribute to this in regard of that Union it would be requisite that the Spirits should flow at the same time into the same Muscles of both Eyes as well external as Internal and so by vertue of that Motion both Eyes would look several ways upon several things and not up on the same And therefore the true Reason proceeds from the Mind for when the Mind intends to behold any thing one Eye is not to be turn'd to this another to that thing for so there would happen a Confusion of the Rays and Perception in common Sence but both Eyes are of necessity to be turn'd toward the same thing and hence the Spirits are always determin'd to those Muscles that can draw both the Eyes toward the same Object but not to such Muscles as draw each Eye several ways Because the Mind always intends to behold one Object apart and though it may often intend to behold several things yet it observes a certain Order and beholds one thing after another which may be done with a speedy Motion if the Objects are so near and large that they may be easily perceiv'd But if the Object be remote and small then both Eyes must of necessity be longer fix'd upon the Object and a greater quantity of Rays are requisite to flow into the Eyes for the better Perception of what the Mind is intent to behold CHAP. XVII Of the Bulb of the Eye THE Bulb of the Eye consists of Membranes and Humors The Membranes are either common or proper The Common Membranes are twofold Adnate and Innominate I. The first next the Bone or White Adnate by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it adheres to other Membranes of the Eyes by Galen and Hippocrates call'd the White of the Eye is a thin Expansion of the Pericranium above the Sclerotic as far as the Circle of the Iris joyning the Eye to the Orbit and inner Bones whence it is called the Conjunctive It is endued with an exquisite Sence of Feeling being sprinkled with many diminutive Arteries and Veins Through which little Arteries when there is a greater Afflux of hotter Blood then a Reflux through the diminutive Veins then happens an Ophthalmy of which Distemper this Membrane is the Seat II. The other by Columbus call'd the Innominate is nothing else than a thin Expansion of the Tendons of the Muscles concurring to the Corneous Tunicle produc'd to the very Circumference of the Iris to which it adheres like a small broad Ring which causes the White of the Adnate Tunicle to look more bright Bauhiâ—… Riolanâ—…s and Casserius will not allow this Tunicle to be number'd among the Tunicles but rather among the Muscles of whose Tendons it consists However Galea makes mention of it among the Tunicles of the Eye but gives it no Name and therefore perhaps by Columbus call'd the Nameless or Inâ—…ominate III. Besides these two common Membranes in an Oxe there is another Membrane which is the outermost of all not sticking close to the Eye but endued with Motion and a Muscle By means of which Cows and Oxen close and twinkle with their lâ—…es â—…et their Eye-lids remain open all the while IV. The Proper Membranes or Tunicles are three of which the first and outermost is said to proceed from the Dura Mater and expands it self about the Bulb of the Eye It is call'd the Sclâ—…rotic from its hardness though Fallopius will not allow the former believing it to differ very much from the Dura Mater both in substance and thickness The Sclerotic enâ—…olds the whole Eye and is thick hard tough equal opacous behind before transparent like a bright Horn and polish'd whence it had the Name of the Horny Tunicle Which Name however many times is given to the whole Sclerotic by reason of its horny thickness and hardness Though it be thick and hard yet it is generally thought to be single though Bauâ—…inus will have it to consist of several Rinds or four as it were thin Plates and affirms that from hence it was that Avicen alledg'd it to be four fold But this same Quadruplicity is more easily to be conceiv'd and imagin'd from the thickness and hardness of it then to be demonstrated V. The second and middle Tunicle which is much thinner than the former arising from a thin Film and sprinkled with several diminitive Vessels because
Month after the first formation III. 2. By Synchondrosin by the means of some Gristly interceeding Medium as the Share-bones are united one with another and the Os Sacrum with the Bones of the Hip. IV. 3. By Sysarcosin when the Conjunction is made by means of the Flesh as that of the Teeth in the Gums Spigelius rejects Syneurosis and instead thereof sets up three other sorts of Coalition Syndesmosis when the Bones are bound together by means of a Ligament Syntenosis when they are knit together by means of a Tendon and Synemeusis when the Conjunction happens by means of a membrane Now the reason why some Bones unite without a Medium and some not is given by Galen Bones that are hard solid and thick require a Medium to to unite them For those things which differ much one from another as hard and soft cannot be united but by a Medium soft with soft easily unites but hard with hard cannot unite unless something intervene to bind both together V. For Motion Bones are joyned together by Articulation which Composition consists in Contiguity and the Connexion is for the most Part made by the Ligaments and either it is to cause a conspicuous or a less violent Motion VI. In order to a violent Motion the Bones are joyned by Diarthrosis that is by a loose Articulation that has an evident Motion And this is threefold VII Enarthrosis when the great Head of the Bone protuberant from the long Neck enters the profound Cavity or Cotyle as in the Articulation of the Thigh Bone with the Ischion VIII Arthrodia when the lesser Head of the Muscle protuberant from the Neck which is not so large is inserted into the superficiary Cavity and such is the Articulation of the Shoulder-bone with the Scapula IX Ginglymus when one Bone with one or two Protuberances enters the Cavity of another Bone and also possesses the Cavity into which it receives the Protuberances of the other Bones as in the Bone of the Arm and Shoulder Gynglism happens three manner of ways 1. When the Bone is received by one Bone and receives the other 2. When one Bone receives and is received by another which it does not receive as in the Vertebres 3. When Articulation is made after the same manner as of a Wheel to the Axle as is the Articulation of the first Vertebre of the Neck with the second IX For slow Motion or Rest the Bones are joyned by Synarthrosis which Articulation has but little Motion or none at all unless upon necessity The Conjunction of the Bones for slow Motion is threefold 1. Enarthrosis in Synarthrosis as between the Bone of the Heel and the Astragalus 2. Arthrodia in Synarthrosis as between the Cyboid-bone and the Bone of the Heel the Bone of the Wrist and Matacarpus 3. Gynglymus in Synarthrosis as between the Bone of the Heel and the Ancle Synarthrosis is not moved of it self to rest unless great necessity require which moves the Parts not subject to arbitrary Motion without drawing them one or t'other way XI 1. The Suture when the Bones are so unequally joyned together as if they were sowed on XII 2. Harmonia which is a Conjunction of the Bones by a simple streight oblique or circular Line as in the Bones of the upper Jaw and Nose XIII Gomphosis when the Bones seem to be driven in like a Nail as the Teeth into the Jaws CHAP. III. Of the Cranium in General I. THE whole Frame of all the Bones in the Body of Man adhering together is called a Skeleton from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to dry up because in dry'd Bones such a Conjunction is made by Art This Conjunction is either of the Bones of grown Persons or of Infants The Skeleton of grown Persons is divided into the Head Trunk and Joynts The Head is all that which is set upon the Neck and is divided into the Cranium and Face II. The Cranium is globous and round withinside the Concave bony Part of the Head containing the Brain by some called Calva and Calvaria the Skull or Scalp III. The Face is that Part of the Head which is extended between the Fore-head Ears and Chin. IV. The Figure of the Skull is oblong protuberant before and behind and depressed on both sides Whatever Figure deviates from this is vitious and the more it deviates the more vitious it is But here arises a Doubt whether the Head shapes the Brain or the Brain the Head Hippocrates says the Bones give the Shape to the Body Galen writes that Nature in imitation of the Bones forms all the other Parts in a living Creature Others add that the House is first built and form'd for the Person that is to inhabit it and that the softer is more easily shaped by the hard than the hard by the soft Which Reasons so far prevailed with Arnold Senguerdius that he subscribed to it On the other side Galen teaches us in several Places that the Brain shapes the Cranium not the Cranium the Brain which seems to us the more rational Opinion 1. Because the Brain was not made for the Cranium but the Cranium for the Brain 2. Because the House is never made before the Person for whom it is designed but is generally built by the Person that is to inhabit it Thus the Heart is conspicuous before its Domicil the Breast in the salient Point in the Bubble of an Egg after the Heâ—… has sate some few days 3. Because the Brain in an Embrio is as soft as the Brain it self as being altâ—…gether Membranous so that it is easily and naturally shaped according to the Figure of the Brain as the Membranes take their Shapes in other places from the Parts contained nor is there any necessity that the Hard should be shap'd by the Soft because that when it is figur'd it is not soft but after it is shap'd it grows hard by degrees 4. Because the Wrinkles which are imprinted into the insides of the Skull and which receive the more eminent Veins of the hard Meninx and other protuberances of the Brain sufficiently shew that they were not furrowed in the harden'd Brain but while the Birth was in the Womb by the Protuberances of the Brain and Veins making an Impression in the soft and membranous Substance of the Skull V. The Substance of the Skull in the Embryo is altogether Membranous and in new-born Infants for the most part bony but so soft that it will yield to compression especially at the upper part of the Head about the Sutures where at that time it has hardly attained its due bony hardness but is extraordinary thin to the end the plentiful Moisture of the Brain abounding in Children may the more commodiously exhale Afterwards for the greater security of the Brain it grows hard by degrees like other Bones but in the middle remains
are also more suddenly ripened which Forestus has also observ'd long before us But if Phlebotomy be made use of after the Pox come forth nature being then employed in concocting and expelling the Morbific matter is very much debilitated and called off from that Employment with so much prejudice to the Patient that I have observed that most People have dy'd who have been thus let blood For which reason 't is always my custom to inculcate into my Schollars that if they be called in time to any Patient before any signs of the coming forth of the Distemper that if it be necessary they may open a Vein But after the least signs thereof appear and that the red Spots begin in the least to shew themselves that they forbear to let Blood and endeavour to help Nature in her expulsion begun by Antidotes Diaphoretics and other proper Medicines This Blood-letting also I am willing to admit if there be a necessity in Persons of grown years and that are able to bear it but in Children before the seventeenth or eighteenth year I do not approve Blood-letting notwithstanding that Avenzoar and Averroes boast their successes in that sort of Practice and and that many Italian French Spaniards and among the rest Amatus the Portugueise are of the same Opinion For though in those hot Countries of Italy France and Portugal such Practice may have proved successful I do not think it so safe to let Children Blood in our cold Countries In like manner neither does Trincavellus approve of this letting Children Blood in regard the event proves often Fatal or if it succeed it is rather to be attributed to Fortune then Reason Eustachius Rudius Duncan Liddelius and Bauderon order that if the Small Pox do not suddainly break out in Children to lay House Swallows to the Back Buttocs and Hips of such Children or else to apply Cupping-Glasses with a slight Scarification to the same Parts the first or second day But this advice I do not like for two Reasons First Because 't is very prejudicial to lay the Body open the first days which must of necessity be done in the application of Swallows and Cupping-Glasses and so give admittance to the cold Air which checks the coming forth of the Small Pox. Secondly Because it is very dangerous to wast the strength of Children which is apt enough to decay of it self by drawing away the Blood CHAP. IX Of Pharmaceutic Remedies and first of Purgations PHarmaceutic Remedies are twofold either Purgative or Expulsive As to Purgatives there is not a little dispute among Practitioners whether they ought not to be first prescribed in the Cure and whether at the beginning part of the Matter ought not to be evacuated that Nature being eased of part may more readily expel the rest These Purgations many approve and many reject They that approve them unanimously consent in this that all strong Purgatives are to be forborn But milder Purgatives they hold may be safely made use of As Pill Ruffi Sena-leaves Aloes Pills Manna Cassia Tamarinds and such other things as gently move the Belly more especially such as are somewhat cooling Others with Averroes will allow no Lenitives to be taken at the Mouth but only that the Body may be gently mov'd upon urgent necessity with Glysters and Suppositories These therefore differ but little from the Opinion of the other who are absolutely against purging the Belly of which number is Nicolaus the Florentine who by the Appearance of the Pox denys the use of Glysters On the other side Willis I know not upon what grounds is not contented with Purgatives only but adventures to proceed to Emetics To decide this Controversie we say that a Physitian in this particular ought to be guided by Reason and Experience Reason teaches us that Nature when she has once begun her work well ought not to be disturbed nor to be hindred by any other contrary Motion or to be called away from the business which would be done if that Motion which Nature endeavours from the Center to the Periphery should be inverted by Purgatives from the Periphery to the Center Experience tells us that always in this Distemper the Morbific Matter moves with success from the Center to the Periphery but where Nature tends thither we ought to lead by the common ways agreeable to the Law of Nature and that a Motion contrary to this is very unfortunate whether voluntary or artificial and that all Perturbations of the Belly whatever and Vomitings are greatly prejudicial nay for the most part pernicious for that they presently check the Expulsion of the Pox and strike those in again that were expelled So that the Patients overwhelmed with pains and miseries upon the failing of their strength are brought to the period of their lives in a short time It teaches us also that all Lenitive Medicaments whatever though never so gentle in this Disease procure a pernicious loosness as we have observed in the Plague and that the Small Pox is sooner expelled if there is little or no Motion to Stool for the first day then if there should be a loosness either Spontaneous or Artificial and a frequent dejection Therefore Avicen orders that in the Progress and end of the Distemper the Belly should be stopt with moderate Astringents Of the same Opinion also are Rases and Avenzoar and among the Moderns Fracastorius Mercurialis Holler and Lazarus Riverius who thus writes upon this Subject When the Small Pox begin to appear says he ensuing Purgation is pernicious especially if the Malignity be in its full vigor and at an Epidemic conjuncture when most Children dye of the Distemper And therefore it is better to forbear all manner of Purgation for that in Malignant and Pestilential Diseases Purgation at the beginning is extreamly prejudicial And therefore I would advise Physitians that for the first few days they would think no more of loosening the Belly Or if they judge it necessary for some extraordinary cause that they give no Purgatives or Lenitives at the Mouth but for grown People make use of Emollient Glysters and for Children and Infants of Suppositories only made of Honey For long practice has taught me that this is the safest way of Cure and that others who pretended another way of Cure have unfortunately killed several nay the most of their Patients CHAP. X. Of Medicines Diaphoretic and Expellers of the Small Pox. OMitting therefore Purgation for a time and using Phlebotomy with great caution upon urgent necessity the next thing for a Physitian to consider is whether Nature do her duty in Expulsion sufficiently or no In the first Case there is no necessity to assist her with much Physic especially if there be no grievous Symptoms for slight ones will easily vanish of themselves and the Small Pox will come forth sufficiently if there be care taken against the External cold and keep the Patient in a gentle Sweat for the first three or four days But if the Patient
for that by the Motions of the Mind it frequently works Miracles And thus in these two Gentlewomen through a continual and constant Cogitation caused by the Preceding Fear that Idea of the Small Pox so strongly Imprinted in their Minds and thence in the Spirits and Humours begat therein a disposition and Aptitude to receive the Small Pox. I remember the same Year I went to Visit a Noble German who Dreamâ—… that he was drawn against his Will to visit one that was Sick of the Small Pox and was very much Disfigur'd which Dream made such an Impression in his Mind that he could by no means drive it out of his thoughts He lived free for three Weeks but then falling into a Fever was pepper'd with the Small Pox. HISTORY VI. A Certain Apothecary that was a strong Man about Thirty Years of Age going into a Citizens House when he found and saw of a suddain his Patient all over covered with the Small Pox upon his Face he trembled a little at the sight of so much deformity and so departed A little after to drive the Whimsey out of his Head he drank very hard nevertheless all he could do could not put that Fancy out of his thoughts which the sight of such an Object had imprinted in his Mind though he were otherwise a Man of an undaunted Courage So that the sixth day a Fever seized him with an extream Heaviness a restless sleep and a kind of slight Delirium which after twice taking of a Sudorific Decoction was attended with the red Spots that usually fore-run the Small Pox which within the space of twenty four hours came forth very thick upon which eruption the Fever and all the Symptoms vanished and the Patient being restor'd to his Health went abroad again in three weeks ANNOTATIONS I would not advise any Persons that are timorous to come near those that are Sick of the Pestilence or Small Pox for if the Sight of one that lay Ill of the Small Pox could move a Man of that courage as this Apothecary was how much more would it have affected a timorous Person now it may be questioned whether this Apothecary might not be touched with any Infection or whether he might not contract the Distemper from some other cause Now that there could not be any thing of Contagion appears from hence that the same Person was of such an undaunted Spirit that he Visited at other times several Persons that had lay Sick of the same Distemper without any prejudice and therefore the cause seems rather to be that suddain conturbation of his Mind and Spirits with which he was stricken upon the unexpected Sight of this same Sick Person and which continually ran in his thoughts from which Idea such a disposition arose in his Body which at length produced the Small Pox. Now if any man can more clearly unfold how such an Accident should happen he shall be my great Apollo HISTORY VII A Young Maid of two and twenty Years of Age full body'd fresh colour'd and somewhat fat being seized with a mild Fever besides extream Heaviness and some sleight interveneing Deliriums suffered under frequent and strong Epileptic Convulsions and very terrible swooning Fits so that the standers by thought she had been troubled with the Mother and that she would presently dye I being sent for when I understood that she had had her Monthly Evacuations eight days before loosened her Belly with a Glyster and the same day order'd her to be let blood in the Arm about the Evening I gave her this Sudorific â„ž Theriac Androm Ê’ j. Harts-horn burnt Extract of Carduus Benedictus Salt of the same an ℈ j. Treacle-water and Carduus-water an â„¥ j. Oyl of Amber three drops Mix them for one draught Having taken this she sweat soundly that Night with great relief neither did her swooning Fits nor her Convulsions return The next day the red Spots fore-runners of the Small Pox began to appear up and down all over her Body Thereupon we gave her this Decoction to drink â„ž Elecampane Root Licorice sliced an Ê’ iij. Barley cleansed â„¥ j. Red Vetches â„¥ j. s. Fennel Seed Ê’ij Figs no. xvj Raisins stoned â„¥ j. s. Water q. s. Make a Decoction to two Pints Upon this the Small Pox broke out very thick and all the Symptoms presently ceasing with the Fever she was restored to her health in four Weeks and as it were rescu'd from the Jaws of Death went abroad again about her business ANNOTATIONS IN this Disease such Epileptic Convulsions and Swoonings are very band presages and unless the Small Pox appears very quickly the greatest danger is to be feared for that they may be easily the Death of the Patient before the Pox break forth Nor is it any wonder in regard this malignant Mischeif grievously effects the Heart as appears by the Fever the Swoonings and the heaviness of the Mind and therefore greater danger is to be expected if the Brain the Primary Bowel of Life be equally afflicted HISTORY VIII RUtger Schorer a Lad of Fourteen Years of Age and Eldest Son of Isaac Schorer a Lodger of mine was taken in September with a Fever and Small Pox and had them very thick when he began to grow well about the fourteenth day his Brother Isaac Schorer was taken in the same manner When he had lain sixteen days his Sister Mary Schorer about Ten Years of Age fell sick of the same Distemper and when she was pretty well at the fourteenth day the other and Youngest Daughter Maud Schorer had the Small Pox come out very thick upon her In the mean time the two Sons that were first seiz'd were recovered and went abroad But when the Youngest Sister Maud Schorer had kept her Bed about twenty days Rutger Schorer was taken again with a Fever and the Small Pox and he being recovered Isaac Schorer took his Bed again upon the same account and being almost cured Mary Schorer was taken a second time and the third week after Maud Schorer was again seized as the rest had been And as the first time the Disease had descended in order from the Eldest to the Youngest so likewise in so short a space of time it observed the same order a second time and yet two at once were never seiz'd with the Disease And which is to be wondered at all these four were so little prejudiced by the Distemper that not one of them happened to be disfigured in the Face either with Pits or Scars which is in great part to be attributed to the great care which we took in the Cure in regard we were all of one Family so that we had the opportunity to see them every hour ANNOTATIONS THe Small Pox seldom seize the same Person twice or thrice for that generally upon the first seizure all that Specific Malignant Contamination inherent in the Blood and several Parts being seperated by the Fermentaceous Ebullition is quite expelled which Effervescency if it be not strong enough
then it happens that the Blood is not sufficiently purify'd from that defilement and hence that after some Years the Small Pox comes again by reason that the Old remainders are by some new occasion provoked to Action But that the Small Pox should seize in such an Order four Children of the same Man and that in so short a distance of time and every time come out so thick is that which never before we knew in all our Practise If perchance some few had only come forth the first time it might have been probable that some of the Relics of the Contamination not sufficiently seperated through weak Fermentation might break forth again but in regard that Conjecture vanishes by reason of the great quantity coming out over the whole Body both the first and second time I would fain know to what other cause we can attribute such an accident as this then to some occult and unexpressible cause that lies no less latent in the Small Pox then in the Pestilence and how it should come to pass that I my self who am now about seventy Years of Age and was not only conversant with these but a Thousand others yet never should have the Small Pox since that contagion does so easily infect others HISTORY IX A Virgin of Three and Twenty Years of Age Plethoric and Strong being taken of a suddain with a Fever accompanied with an extraordinary heaviness of her own head took a Dram of Treacle in a little Wine which causing her to Sweat soundly presently the Small Pox came out very thick over all the Body but her Fever and heaviness were so far from slackning that they grew more violent Then my advice but too late was asked for the strength of the Maid was so far spent that there was hardly any thing to be given her However I gave her twice a Dram of Crabs-Eyes prepared with a little Decoction of Barley and prescribed her a pleasing Julep But the sixth day her Monthly Evacuations came from her out of the Order of time and the same day the Pox that continued high raised till then suck down again So that the Fever and heaviness increasing the Maid all her strength failing her dy'd the next Night ANNOTATIONS AT the same time two other Young Maids their Evacuations bursting out unexpectedly and unseasonably in a short time dy'd And this has been observed by us several times in this disease when there is a violent Ebullition of the Blood and that the Small Pox come out thick without any Diminution of the Fever and Symptoms then it is a very bad if not a mortal Sign if the Monthly Evacuations break forth out of Season For such Patients seldom or never escape though that Eruption happens upon the Seventh or any other Critical day Moreover we have observed this that if during the Ebullition of the Blood in the Small Pox the Monthly Evacuations also break forth at the usual Period of time such Patients are then also in great danger and many of them dye though some ease might be expected from such an Evacuation HISTORY X. ANN of Durenburch a Young Maid of Twenty Years of Age was taken with a Fever and Heaviness accompanied with a Dosiness of the Head and an inclination to sleep and oft-times a slight interveneing Delirium affrightment in her sleep and a moderate Thirst. Having taken a Diaphoretic and Sweat soundly soon after the Small Pox appeared Afterwards she drank of this Decoction four five or six times a day ℞ Barley cleansed ℥ s. Root of Elacampane ʒ v. sliced Licorice ʒij Orange-peels ʒiij Scabious a handful and a half Fennel seed ʒj four greater Cold seeds an ℈ iiij Fat Figs no. xv Raisins stoned ℥ j. s. VVater q. s. for an Apozem of two Pints When the Small Pox were now sufficiently expelled by the use of this Decoction I ordered that her face should be often fomented with a soft Spunge dipped in lukewarm Mutton Broth but because it fell out that the Broth could not be had and she was importunate for some Topic to preserve her Face I ordered her Face to be anointed twice a day with old Oyl of Turneps which done the Pox in her Face were not so big as those over the rest of her Body they ripened also sooner and the Scabs at length falling off no Pits at all remained in her Face Only the Oyntment was continued till she was perfectly cured ANNOTATIONS IF the Small Pox are not large and Contiguous for the most part we administer nothing to prevent Piting but leave Nature to do her own business in regard she does it better of her own accord then the Physitians can do by Art so that the Patients themselves do not dig off the Scabs with their Nails but suffer them to dry and fall off of their own accord This daily Experience tells us For that Thousands are better Cured without Pits or Marks left behind to whom no Topics are administer'd and many to whom Topics have been administer'd without Judgment have had deeper Pits then if they had left the Work to Nature without Topics But if the Pox are very large and Contiguous in the Face or if they be such Patients that will not be satisfy'd unless the Physitian ascribe them Topics which is frequent among Young Ladys that are afraid of their Beauty then such things are to be prescrib'd as mollifie the Scabs of the Pustles and bring the matter therein contain'd to quickest Maturation To that purpose I have frequently prescribed the Oyl of Turneps with good success by which means very few or no Footsteps of the Small Pox have been seen which was once imparted to me as a great Secret by on Harscamp a Famous Practitioner Forestus anoints the Scabs with Oyl of Sweet Almonds till they are dryed up which prevents as he says all Piting and Scars and so highly approves that remedy that he cannot think of any better as being that which has no Smell and is no way noisom either to Children or grown People However great care is to be taken of making use of dryers at the Beginning for these prevent the farther Maturation of the matter and by drying up the Scabs and Pits hinder the Generation of new Flesh of which Errour committed Forestus gives us a terrible Example For says he when a Young Gentleman of Thirty Years of Age having had the Small Pox by the advice of his Nurse made use of Butter Fryed to Blackness in a Frying-Pan and besmeared all his Face over with it the Scab became so very nasty exulcerating all his Face that he lost one of his Eyes and but for the application of timely remedies had lost the other too And therefore it is that we so often inculcate that many People scape better that use no applications at all so that whatever Authors write that Maturing Medicines are to be applyed I say it is to be done with great Caution HISTORY XI A Noble Lady of Eighteeen
After she had taken this at first she voided common Excrements Soon after she felt an extraordinary Pain in her Left-side which presently removed from thence to the Guts which Pain weakned her to that degree that she went away sometimes in a Swoon Not long after she voided a certain black Water like Ink in so great quantity that she fill'd three whole Chamber-pots to the top From hence she felt an extraordinary Ease and the Pains of her Left Hypocondrium went almost quite off Four days after I gave her the same Purge again upon which she voided again a great quantity of black Water but not so black as before neither was it so black as the former as not being much unlike the Lye in which our Country-women boils their Linnen Spinnings After this Evacuation she was terribly griped in her Belly wherefore about Evening I prescribed her Methridate Democ Ê’j with five Drops of Oyl of Aniseseed in a Draught of heated Wine After the use of these Medicines the Patient grew indifferent well and in regard she began to loath Physic to that degree that she could not endure to hear the Name of Physic we were forced to defer the rest of the Cure till May only ordering her to observe a proper Diet. But in May she drank three Apozemes again was three or four times purged and took her Electuary and so was restored to her pristin Health ANNOTATIONS THis Woman for two years before had lost her monthly Evacuations and from that time the Distemper of the Spleen began to seize her more and more till she became altogether Melancholy Whence it is very probable that the failing of her accustomed Evacuations that fling off many other Excrements of the Bowels was the Cause of the Accumulation of this Melancholy Humor in the Spleen and Neighbouring Parts which now wanted the usual passage of Evacuation through the Womb. Therefore says Sennertus The accustomed Evacuations of the Hemorrhoids and Courses being suppressed conduce very much to accumulate vitious Humors in the Spleen Thus we have seen in our Practice that Women after their Purgations have left them have fallen into several Diseases because the noxious Humors that were evacuated with the menstruous Blood were then retain'd in the Body And therefore when Womens Purgations fail through Age they ought to purge often to the end the excrementitious Humors that want to pass through the Womb may be drawn to the Guts As to the black Evacuations it is indeed a Wonder how these melancholy Humors heap'd together in our Patient could be retain'd in the Body without doing any more harm and could be changed into a Blackness like Ink. Besides Hippocrates tells us that black Stools are dangerous and mortal Tho Petrus Salius well advises the Physitians not always to fear those black Stools wherein there is nothing many times of dangor For if the Spleen be out of order this Matter gathers together about the Bowels in great abundance and in those Veins which are common to them which if it be in great quantity it gathers also about the Mesentery and Sweet-bred which are as it were the Sink of the whole Body and then when it grows burthensome to Nature is expell'd to the great Ease of the Patient by the Expulsive Faculty excited either of its self or by Medicaments the Evacuations of which are black However that Melancholy Matter so collected is not always expelled through the Guts but also to the great benefit of the Patient sometimes by Urine which Mercurialis also testifies Nor are you to wonder says he that Diuretics are by me preferred above other Medicines since Reason tells that Melancholy and Splenetic Persons have black melancholy Blood With which agrees the Authority of Aristotle in his Problems but chiefly of Hippocrates who gives us the Story of Byas the Fisty-Cuffer who was cured of a Swelling in his Liver by a Flux of Urine For which reason they that undertake the Cure of the Spleen must make it their Business to provoke Urine for which we have a remarkable Story which Valetius relates in Holler I knew says he a Religious Person whose Liver swell'd three or four times a year but chiefly at the beginning of Spring and Fall and while that bunchy Tumor lasted he was infested with Hypochondriac Pains black and blew over his whole Body and growing worse and worse by degrees But at length coming to make black Water like to Ink for five or seven days he recovered his former Health the Tumor and Pain of the Hypochondrium vanishing And now for these twelve or fifteen years he has had these Profluvium's of black Urine whereas before he had the Hemorrhoid which though they swell'd indeed were nâ—…r so open OBSERVATION XV. A Wound in the Leg. ANdrew Ioannis a Cook hapening to be drunk and finding his Chamber-door shut set his Foot to the Door with all his force so that after he had broke it his Leg past through the Slit with the same swiftness and rak'd the middle of his Leg withinside toward the Calf to that degree that though the Solution of the Continuum were not very broad yet it reach'd to the very Periosteum and by reason of the Contusion in the Part swell'd very much A certain ignorant Chyrurgeon had had him in hand for some days but his Pains increasing my Advise was desired By this time his whole Leg was swell'd very much and began to look of a greenish Colour among the Black and the Blew with most acute Pains and the Colour sufficiently demonstrated that the Fore-runner of Mortification would soon contract a Gangrene which I found to have been occasioned by the Ignorance or Mistake of the Chyrurgeon for he having thrust in a hard Tent into the Wound as far as the Periosteum had stop'd it so close that no Moisture could come forth For he had laid a defensive Plaister over it as broad as my hand composed of Bole Armoniac and other astringent things then had wrap'd his Leg from the Knee to the Foot in a Linnen Roller dip'd in Water and Vinegar and had swath'd all this extreamly hard pretending by this means to prevent a Tumor and Inflammation To say truth the Wound was plainly raw and ill colour'd without any Digestion so that upon drawing forth the Tent only a little watry Corruption came forth All these things I threw away and to prevent a Gangrene took care to have the Wound wash'd with Spirit of Wine that no Tent should be put in but only that a Linnen Cloth four double should be laid upon it and that the whole Leg should be fomented with the following Fomentation â„ž Betony Thyme VVoorm-wood Sage Hissop Rosemary Flowers of camomil Elder Melilot Roses an Handful j. Seeds of Cumin and Lovage an â„¥ j. s. Laurel Berries Ê’ij VVhite-wine q. s. Boil them to three Pints add to the Straining Spirit of VVine lb j. This Fomentation being wrapt warm about his Leg the next Night his Pain was much