Selected quad for the lemma: order_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
order_n	advance_v	charge_v	pike_n	4,060	5	14.0696	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A31706	The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.; De bello civili. English	Caesar, Julius.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Observations upon Caesars commentaries of the civil warres.; Hirtius, Aulus. De bello Gallico. Liber 8. English.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Manner of our modern training or tactick practise.; Caesar, Julius. De bello Gallico. English.	1655 (1655)	Wing C199; ESTC R17666	660,153	403

may be furnished with the next most sufficient men both because of their nearnesse unto danger as also that if their leaders or bringers up shall either be slain or disabled by wounds they may presently succeed in their places and make them good There is also a good decorum to be observed in the middlemen or fifth and sixth ranks both for the men themselves and their armes that in our marches when the middlemen or sixth ranks shall be called up to front with their leaders they may in some sort and proportion answer their places as also when we double our front by calling up middlemen to fight in a greater breadth they may not be unsutable but especially in marches that they may be able to make the best resistance when they shall become the flanks of the Battallions As these respects ought to be observed in ranks so the files also are not without their different degrees of dignity As the leader of the right-hand file is accounted to have the first place of honour in the Battallion for he doth not onely lead the rest in his own file but he is the author and beginner of the motions of the whole Battallion The leader of the left-hand file hath the next place because that he with the leader of the right-hand file do alwaies in their marching and imbattelling rectifie or rank the whole front of the battallion and so consequently all the next of their files as they stand in order even untill the middle who are accounted the last in dignity The Battallion being thus disposed into files and ranks and each file and rank according to his worth and experience rightly advanced it followeth that there should be a just distance proportioned between either that at all times upon all occasions they might be found ready and in comeliest fashion either to offend their enemy or defend themselves These distances which every follower must observe in respect of his leader and every leader and follower in respect of the sidemen may be reduced unto three severall Orders as followeth The first is called open Order the distance whereof is twelve foot between every follower and his leader or between every rank and six foot between them and the sidemen or between every file This order is commonly used upon marches when the enemy is known to be farre off as also in private exercising of souldiers for their severall managing of their armes It differeth somewhat from the Ordinatus Miles amongst the Romans who alwayes observed but four cubits in files and ranks The second distance is called Order when we contract the battallion both in length and breadth and gather the souldiers within a nearer scantling both in files and ranks that is by observing six feet in their files between the follower and leader and three feet between the ranks or sidemen This distance is used when we march toward an enemy near at hand or in marches by reason of the opportunity of the place suspiciously dangerous This is also near unto Densatus ordo but onely that that was but two cubits in both files and ranks The third and last order is when either we attend the enemy his present assault or that we intend to charge him upon our securest and best distance when every follower standeth three feet or his rapier length behind his leader and a foot and a half from the sidemen or files or when every souldier occupieth but one foot and a half for his own station joyning pouldron to pouldron or target to target This differeth from Constipatus ordo because that alloweth but one cubit for files and ranks and this close order alloweth one cubit in the file but two in the ranks This distance doth agree also best with the length of our piles of 15 or 16 feet long For it is thought fit oftentimes that the battallion consisting of ten ranks there should not charge more at one time then the 5 formost so that the pikes of the fifth rank might be three foot over the formost shoulder and the other five ranks should in this close order or nearer if it be possible follow the other charging with their pikes advanced untill some occasion should require their charge In the mean time they should perform their dutie in keeping the five formost ranks from retiring and besides adde strength unto the charge or shock The manner of exercising of composed Battallions with their different motions THe files and ranks being thus understood disposed and ordered and all parts and members of the battallion being joyned in their just proportion and distance able and fit to be altered upon any sodain occasion as if it were but one entire body into severall and divers postures and to make resistance unto what forces soever shall oppugne the same it might be thought needlesse to have made the disposition of the members so exact unlesse by continuall practise and exercise they might be made nimble and ready not onely to defend themselves and their whole body on all sides but also to be able to offend whensoever they shall espie the least occasion of advantage The terms of direction or command which are commonly used in this modern discipline of martiall exercise as they are not many onely answering to the different postures which are required in the Battallion so they are and must be short and perspicuously plain that by this means being sodainly uttered easily apprehended and understood they may as speedily be put in execution by those which shall be commanded First therefore that the Battallion may be commanded into some one fashion or posture from whence it shall be fit to convert it self into all other the Captain or Officer shall bid them stand in front When every particular souldier composing himself after his foremost leader standeth comely in file and rank fronting unto some certain place or to the Captain as shall be thought best for the present In this and all other directions whatsoever it shall be especially observed that every follower attending what is commanded mark his next leader and accordingly move himself as he shall see him move first The Battallion therefore thus fronting if the enemy should suddenly either assault the right or left flank it shall be commanded to turn faces to the right or left hand when every souldier observing his leader shall turn his face and make his flank his front according to the direction There is also a doubled motion or declination to the right or left hand when every souldier observing his leader shall turn their bodies twice to the right or left hand and by that means become turned with their faces where their backs were as if they expected an enemy in the rere or being to perform some other motion that may be offered beginning this alteration from the right or left hand as shall be commanded As every particular souldier in the troup is

in the rere who as in his proper place seeth all things executed accordingly as the Captain shall command It shall be unpossible to performe any thing herein unlesse first every one do exactly observe his leader and his sideman and to this purpose it is often commanded Keep your files Keep your ranks Of Marches IN champains there needs no great labour to marshall particular troups for their after-marches because they may march either by whole divisions observing onely their course of indifferency that every division may every third day have the vantgard or else in such form and fashion as the Generall hath proposed for a day of battell according as the danger of an expected enemy shall give occasion But because all countries will not afford a champain for the marching of an army and therefore not possible to march far with many troups in front nor many files of any one troup or division by reason of often straights and passages betwixt hills woods or waters It is provided though by long induction the whole army shall be extended into a thin length and few files yet the souldiers well disposed shall be as readily able to defend themselves and offend the enemy on their flanks from whence only in such streights the danger is imminent as if they were to affront an enemy with an entire battallion in a champain country First therefore a division or Battallion being ordered and drawn before the Quarter into one even front of just files ten in depth the musketiers equally divided on the right and left slanks of the pikes all standing in their order that is to ●ay six feet distant in files and ranks the Captain carefully provideth that the first fifth sixth and tenth ranks be alwayes well filled and furnished with his most able and best-armed souldiers Which done he commandeth first the middlemen or half files to come a front with their leaders so that the division becometh but five in depth Next he commandeth to turn faces to the right or left hand as direction shall be to march from that quarter and so the whole division resteth ready in his fashion to march five in front the one half of the musketiers in the vantguard and the other in the rere the pikes in the battell and both flanks well furnished with the ablest best men to offend or defend as there shall be occasion that is to say the right flanks with the first and fifth ranks and the left with the sixth and tenth ranks If occasion afterwards shall be given of a halt in a champain or before the quartering the Captain commandeth first unto all they being first closed into their order Faces as you were next unto the half files Faces about and march out and fall again upon your files By which means the division becometh again reduced into the same front and fashion from whence it was first transformed ready to encounter an enemy or to be drawn into the Quarter When pikes are to charge pikes in a champain it useth to be performed two severall wayes First the whole division being commanded into their close order the five first ranks charging their pikes every follower over his leaders shoulder directeth his pike as equally as he can the first rank shall have three feet of his pike over the formost shoulder The other five ranks with their pikes advanced follow close up in the rere either ready to second the formost or to be employed in the rere as occasion shall be offered Otherwise and most usuall when the whole depth of the files throughout the division shall charge together all fast locked and united together and therefore most able to make the strongest shock offensive or defensive provided alwaies that none mingle their pikes in others files but the whole file one in anothers shoulder In charging with musketiers it is observed no way convenient that there should be too many in a rank or that the ranks should be too long For the first rank is commanded to advance ten paces before the second and then to discharge and wheeling either to the right or left hand falleth into the rere and so the second advancing to the same distance dischargeth and wheeleth as before and likewise the third and so forward as long as the Officer shall be commanded Which shall not so well be performed the ranks being extraordinary long because it will require so long a time to wheel from the front that the second may succeed unlesse by direction the rank may divide it self the one half to the right hand and the other to the left in wheeling to the rere In the retreat the whole ranks having turned their faces about are to march three or four paces forward their chief officer coming in the rere first commandeth the last rank to make ready and then to turn faces about discharge and wheel about to the head or front of the division and being clearly passed the next rank to perform as much and so the rest in order Where the passages are narrow and the division cannot come to charge in front as between two waters or woods the manner of charging is different for there being five or ten files led in the induction that file which flanketh the enemy dischargeth first onely and the rest marching continually forwards it standeth firm untill the last rank be passed and then sleeveth it self on the left flank and makes ready and so the second file and the third so long as the enemy shall continue there being a continuall discharging by files as before by ranks Unlesse it be in the pases of Ireland meeting with an irregular enemy where they use to intermingle their files of shot with pikes that the one may be a defence for the other when the enemy shall come up to the sword as they use there very often How directions are delivered in the warres ALl directions in the wars have ever been delivered either by signes subject to the eye by word of mouth or the sound of a drumme or some such warlike instrument Concerning those visible signes displayed unto the souldiers the falling of mists the raising of dust showers of rain snow the beams of the Sun hilly uneven and crooked passages by long experience have found them to be most doubtfull and uncertain as also because as it was a matter of great difficulty to invent different signes upon all sodain occasions so it is almost an impossibility that the common souldier who oftentimes is found scarce capable of the understanding of plain words distinctly pronounced should both apprehend and understand sodainly and execute directly the true sense and meaning of his Commanders signes The Drum and Trumpet are yet used But because many different sounds are not easily distinguished in souldiers understanding without some danger of confusion we onely command by the inarticulate sounds to arm to march to troup to

OBSERVATION IT now plainly appeareth by this negligent and ill-ordered march and the unlooked for incounter which the Galles gave them that fear had ratified in the judgement of Sabinus the smooth suggestion of Ambiorix with an approbation of a certain truth and layed that for a principle which a discourse free from passion would have discerned to be but weak and of no probability which so much the more amazed Titurius by how much his apprehension had erred from the truth and betrayed good counsell to a course full of danger which as Caesar noteth must needs fall upon such as are then to seek for direction when the businesse requireth execution I have handled already the inconveniences of disappointment and therefore at this time will but bring it only into remembrance that we may take the greater care to prevent an accident of that nature wherein as the best remedy for an evil is to foresee it according to the saying Praevisa pereunt mala evils foreseen fall of themselves so the greatest mischief in an evil is when it cometh unthought of and besides our expectation for then it falleth upon us with a supernaturall weight and affrighteth the mind with a superstitious astonishment as though the divine powers had prevented our designments with an irremediable calamity and cut off our appointment with a contrary decree although peradventure the thing it self carry no such importance but might be remedied if we were but prepared with an opinion that such a thing might happen It were no ill counsell therefore what resolution soever be taken to make as full account of that which may fall out to crosse our intentions as that which is likely to happen from the direction of our chiefest projects and so we shall be sure to have a present mind in the midst of our occasions and feel no further danger then that which the nature of the thing inforceth CHAP. XIII The Romans cast themselves into an Orbe and are much discouraged BUt Cotta who had before thought that these things might happen by the way and for that cause would not be the authour of the journey was not wanting in any thing that concerned their common safety for both in calling upon the souldiers and incouraging them he executed the place of a Commander and in fighting the duty of a souldier And when they found that by reason of the length of their troup they were not able in their own persons to see all things done and to give direction in every place they caused it to be proclaimed that they should all for sake their baggage and ●ast themselves into an Orbe Which direction although in such a case it be not to be reproved yet it fell out ill favouredly for it both abated the courage of the Romans gave the Enemy greater incouragement inasmuch as it seemed that that course was not taken but upon a great fear and in extremity of perill Moreover it hapened as it could not otherwise chuse that the souldiers went from their Ensignes to take from the carriages such things as were most dear unto them and there was nothing heard amongst them but clamours and weepings But the Barbarous Galles were not to learn how to carry themselves For their Commanders caused it to be proclaimed that no man should stir out of his place for the prey was theirs and all that the Romans had laid apart was reserved for them and therefore let them suppose that all things consisted in the victory The Romans were equall to the Galles both in number of men and valour and albeit they were destitute of good Captains and of good fortune yet they reposed in their manhood all the hope of their safety and as often as any cohort issued out they failed not to make a great slaughter of the Enemy on that part THE FIRST OBSERVATION I Have already handled the nature of an Orbe with such properties as are incident to a Circle wherein I shewed the conveniency of this figure in regard of safe and strong imbattelling I will now add thus much concerning the use thereof that as it is the best manner of imbattelling for a defensive strength and therefore never used but in extremity so we must be very carefull that the sudden betaking of our selves to such a refuge do not more dismay the souldiers then the advantage of that imbattelling can benefit them For unlesse a Leader be carefull to keep his men in courage that their hearts may be free from despair and amazement what profit can there arise from any disposition or body soever when the particular members shall be senselesse of that duty which belongeth unto them For order is nothing but an assistance to courage giving means to manage our valour with advantage In the war of Africk we rea● that Caesars legions being incircled about with great multitudes of enemies were forced to make an Orbe but he quickly turned it to a better use by advancing the two Cornets two contrary wayes and so divided the Enemy into two parts and then beat them back to their great disadvantage THE SECOND OBSERVATION I Need not stand upon this order which the Galles here took concerning pillage that no souldier should forsake his station or disrank himself in hope of spoil which is a thing that from the very infancy of wars hath often changed the fortune of the day and sold the honour of a publick victory for private lucre and petty pilfering Amongst other examples let that which Guicciardine reporteth of the battel of Taro suffice to warn a well-directed Army as well by the good which Charles the eighth of that name King of France received at that time as by the losse which the Italians felt by that disorder not to seek after pillage untill the victory be obtained THE THIRD OBSERVATION THe insufficiency of these Commanders whereof Caesar now complaineth as the only want which these Romans had to clear themselves of this danger bringeth to our consideration that which former times have made a question which is Whether is were the vertue of the Roman Leaders or the valour of their souldiers that inlarged their Empire to that greatnesse and made their people and Senate Lords of the world Polybius weighing the causes of a victory which the Carthaginians gained of the Romans by the counsell and good direction of one Zantippus a Grecian having before that time received divers overthrows during the time of those wars in Africk concludeth that it was more in the worthinesse of the Commanders then in any extraordinary vertue of the souldiers that the Romans atchieved so many conquests And besides the present example of Zantippus he confirmed his opinion with the proceedings of Hannibal who from the beginning of the second Punick war still gained of the Roman Empire enlarging the territories of Carthage and streightning the jurisdiction of mighty Rome untill it had got a Leader matchable to that subtle Carthagiman and found a Scipio to confront their

them certain Cities to ri●●e In the mean time he made bitter and heavy exactions of money throughout all the Province for he put a tribute upon slaves and free-men by pole set impositions upon the pillars and doors of houses as also upon grain oar-men armes Engines and carriages and whatsoever had a name was thought fit to yield mony by way of imposition and that not only in Cities and Towns but almost in every Village and Castle wherein he that carried himself most cruelly was held both the worthiest man and the best Citizen The province was at that time full of Officers and Commandements pestered with Overseers and Exactors who besides the mony levied by publick authority made their particular profit by the like exactions For they gave out they were thrust out of their houses and their Country and in want of all necessaries to the end they might with such pretences cover their wicked and hatefull courses To this was added the hard and heavy Usury which oftentimes doth accompany warre when all monies are drawn and exacted to the publick wherein the forbearance of a day was accounted a discharge for the whole Whereby it happened that in those two yeares the whole Province was overgrown with debts And yet for all that they stuck not to levy round sums of mony not only from the Citizens of Rome inhabiting in that Province but also upon every Corporation and particular Citie which they gave out was by way of loan according to a Decree of Senate commanding the receivers to advance the like ●um by way of loan for the year to come Moreover Scipio gav● order that the monies which of old time had been treasured up in the Temple of Diana at Ephesus should be taken out with other Images of that Goddesse But as he came into the temple having called unto him many of the Senators that were there present he received a Dispatch from Pompey That Caesar had passed the Sea with his legions and that setting all things apart he should hasten to him with his Army These Letters being received he dismissed such as he had called unto him and began to dispose of his journey into Macedonia setting forward within a few dayes after by which accident the Treasure at Ephesus was saved OBSERVATIONS IT is Seneca his conceit that Iron being of that excellent use in things pertaining to Mans life and yet so much undervalued to Gold and Silver will admit of no peace as often as there is question of Mony but raiseth continuall garboiles and extremities as a revenge that the World doth misvalue●t and fell out as true in those better Ages as it doth in these dayes that are of baser Metall For what greater violences in the State of Rome then those concerning Tributes and Impositions A particular whereof may be made out of this Chapter For first we find a Tribute by pole without respect of state or condition which they called Capitatio And then a second as grievous as that being a taxe laid upon every dore in a house which they called Ostiaria whereof Tully maketh mention in the eighth Epistle of his third Book And lastly an other upon every pillar in a mans house which they called Columnaria mentioned likewise by cicero columnarium vide ut nullum debeamus See that we own no tax-mony for our pillars Alciatus understandeth this to be that we read in Dionysius Halicarnasseus That when Treasure failed at the siege of Modena they laid an Imposition upon every tile that was found on the Senators houses in Rome which gave the Trium-virate occasion to make the tiles as heavy to the rest of the Roman Citizens and this saith he was called columnaria Some Popes out of their occasions have gone far in this kind and found means to lay Impositions upon all things pertaining to the use of man Insomuch as Pasquill begged leave to dry his shirt in the Sun before there were an Imposition laid upon the Light The rule is diversly given in this behalf That the Fisk doth not swell above his proportion Alexander is commended for making his Subjects the keepers of his Treasure And Claudianus giveth Honorius this Elogium Nec tua privatis crescunt aeraria damnis Thy chests fill not by losse of private men Basilius adviseth that mony thus raised be not at any time dipped either in the teares or in the bloud of the people But Tully draweth it to a more certainty by making Necessity the square of such commands Da operam saith he ut omnes intelligant si salvi essent velint necessitatie esse parendum Do your endeavour to let all see that they must obey necessity if they mean to be safe And so the opening of private mens purses is but to keep them shut and safe from such enemies as would consume all according as Scipio once answered when the Romans blamed him for spending their Treasure Howsoever Scipio knew well what he did in getting into his hand such store of Treasure for War cannot any way be maintained but with plenty of Money neither can any State continue if the revenue which supporteth the Common-weal be abated as Tacitus hath well observed Dissolvitur imperium si fructus quibus respub sustinetur diminuantur CHAP. XII Caesar sendeth forces into Thessalia Aetolia and Macedonia Scipio cometh into Greece CAesar being joyned with Antonius drew that legion out of Oricum which he had formerly lodged there to keep the Sea-coast and thought it expedient to make triall of the Province and to advance further into the Country And whereas Embassadours came unto him out of Thessalia and Aetolia assuring him that if he would send forces to protect them the Cities of those Provinces would readily obey what he commanded he sent L. Cassius Longinus with the legion of young souldiers called the seven and twentieth and two hundred horse into Thessalia and C. Calvisius Sabinus with five cohorts and a few horse into Aetolia exhorting them specially to take a course for provision of Corn in those two provinces which lay near at hand He sent likewise Cn. Domitius Calvinus with two legions the eleventh and the twelfth and five hundred horse into Macedonia of which Province for that part thereof which is called Frank or Free Menedemus a principall man of that Countrey being sent as an Embassadour had professed exceeding great forwardnesse on their behalf Of these Calvisius upon his coming was entertained with great affection of the Aetolians and having cast the garrison of the enemy out of Caledon and Naupactum became Master of all Aetolia Cassius arrived with the Legion in Thessalia and finding there two Factions was accordingly received with contrary affections Egesaretus a man of ancient power and authority favoured Pompey's party and Petreius a man of a most noble house endeavoured by all means to deserve well of Caesar At

who came with such a 〈◊〉 upon Pompey's horsemen that none of them were able to stand before them but turning their backs did not onely give place but fled all as fast as they could to the highest Hills whereby the Archers and Slingers being left naked without succour were all put to the sword And with the same violence those Cohorts incompassed about the left Cornet notwithstanding any resistance that could be made by Pompey's party and charged them behind upon their backs At the same time Caesar commanded the third Battell which as yet stood still and were not removed to advance forward by means of which fresh and sound men relieving such as were faint and weary as also that others did charge them behind upon their backs Pompey's party were able no longer to endure it but all turned their backs and fled Neither was Caesar deceived in his opinion that the beginning of the victory would grow from those Cohorts which he placed in the fourth Battell against the horsemen according as he himself had openly spoken in his incouragement to the souldiers For by them first the Cavalry was beaten by them the Archers and Slingers were slain by them Pompey's Battell was circumvented on the left Cornet and by their means they began to flie As soon as Pompey saw his Cavalry beaten and perceived the part wherein he most trusted to be amused and affrighted and distrusting the rest he forthwith left the Battell and conveighed himself on horseback into the Camp And speaking to the Centurions that had the watch at the Praetorian gate with a loud voice as all the souldiers might hear he said Keep the Camp defend it diligently to prevent any hard casualty that may happen In the mean while I will go about to the other Ports to settle the Guards of the Camp And having thus said he went into the Praetorium distrusting the main point and yet expecting the event THE FIRST OBSERVATION POmpey so carried himself in the course of this war as he rather seemed a sufferer then a doer never disposing his Army for any attempt or on-set but onely when he brake out of the place wherein he was besieged at Dyrrachium And accordingly he gave order that in the main action point of triall his souldiers should suffer and sustain the assault rather then otherwise But whether he did well or no hath since been in question Caesar utterly disliked it as a thing contrary to reason Est quaedam saith he animi incitatio atque alacritas naturaliter innata omnibus quae stud●o pugnae incenditur hanc non reprimere sed augere Imperatores debent There is a certain incitation and alacrity of spirit naturally planted in every man which is inflamed with a desire to fight Neither should any Commander represse or restrain the same but rather increase it and set it forward Agreeable whereunto is that of Cato the Great that in cases of battell and Enemy is to be charged with all violence And to that purpose it is requisite to put the souldiers at some reasonable distance into a posture of vaunting and definance with menaces and cries of terrour and then to spring forward in such manner as may make them fall upon their enemies with greater furie As Champions or Wrastlers before they buckle stretch out their limbs and make their flourishes as may best serve to assure themselves and discourage their adversaries according as we read of Hercules and Antaeus Ille Cleonaei projecit terga Leonis Antaeus Liby●i persud●t membra liquore Hospes Olympiacae servato more Palaestrae Ille parum ●idens pedibus contingere matrem Auxilium membris calidas infudit arenas The one throws by 's Cleoncan Lion's skin The other 's Libyan and ere they begin The one anoints himself from top to toe As the Olympian Gamesters use to do Not sure his foe would let his feet touch ground Himself with sand Antaeus sprinkles round Howbeit forasmuch as all men are not of one temper but require severall fashions to tune their minds to the true note of a battel we shall find severall Nations to have severall usances in this point The Romans as appeareth by this of Caesar were of ancient time accustomed to sound Trumpets and Hoboies in all parts of the Army and to take up a great clamour and shout whereby the souldiers in their understanding were incouraged and the Enemy affrighted Whereas contrariwise the Greeks went alwaies with a close and silent mouth as having more to do then to say to their Enemies And Thucydides writing of the Lacedemonians the flower of Greece for matter of Arms saith that instead of Trumpets and Cornets to incite them they used the sweet harmony of Flutes to moderate and qualify their passions least they should be transported with unbridled impetuesity It is reported that Marshall Biron the Father seemed to dislike of our English march hearing it beaten by the Drums as too slow and of no encouragement and yet it so fitteth our Nation as Sir Roger Williams then answered as we have divers times over-run all France with it Howsoever the event of this battel is sufficient to disprove Pompey's errour herein and to make good what Caesar commanded THE SECOND OBSERVATION THese six Cohorts which made the fourth battel did so encounter Pompey's Cavalry that they were not able to withstand them It is said that Caesar gave them order not to sling their Piles as commonly they did but to hold them in their hands like a Pike or a Javelin and make only at the faces of those Gallants and men at Arms on horseback For the holding of them in their hands I do not understand it and cannot conceive how they could reach more then the next ranks unto them in that manner But for making at the faces of the Cavalry Florus saith that Caesar as he galloped up and down the ranks was heard to let fall bloudy and bitter words but very patheticall and effectuall for a victory as thus Souldier cast right at the face whereas Pompey called to his men to spare their fellow-Citizens Eutropius in his Epitome of Suetonius affirmeth the same thing both of the one and of the other and Lucan seemeth to averre the same concerning that of Caesar Adversosque jubetferro contundere vultus He bids them strike just at the Enemies face Frontinus hath it thus C. Caesar cum in partibus Pompeianis magna equitum Romanorum esset manus eaque armorum scientia milites conficeret ora oculosque eorum gladiis peti jussit sic adversam faciem cedere coegit Pompey having in his army a great company of Roman Knights who being well-skill'd at their weapons made an end of their enemies Caesar commanded his men to make at their faces and eyes and thereby compelled them to turn away their faces THE THIRD OBSERVATION AMongst these memorialls Crastinus may not be forgotten being the first man that began the battel

the Tripod were the marks by these two divinities For Phoebus or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath two significations which relate much to his starre and Tripod that is to say splendid and luminous so that he is both foreteller and Augur But to return to the starre of Venus or Phosphorus or as Philo Iudaeus calls it Eosphorus and to this Sun or starre of Phoebus Apollo It may be conjectured they are placed above this Tripod to give us to understand that these Gods should promise the Roman Augur Caesar by a continuall successe in all his enterprises the absolute conquest of both East and West The seventh Medall CAESAR An Elephant with a Serpent betwixt his legges On the other side the utensils and instruments that belong'd to sacrificing with the head-ornament of the High-priest Divers Antiquaries have so commented upon this Medall as to make the word Caesar signifie an Elephant But in my opinion this devise signifies altogether as much as if it had this inscription about it IMP. CAESAR or CAESAR DICTATOR PERP. on one side and PONTIF MAX. on the other For as the one shewes forth the Royall quality the other supposes the Pontificall to have been in those times joyned with it in the person of Caesar An Elephant in Italy according to Artemidorus signifies a Royall imperiall or supreme Power But Achmet in his Oneirocriticks ch 271. tells us that this creature had the same signification in the Indies and Aegypt therefore Artemidorus hath not done well to restrain it to Italy But it may be the Moors imitating other nations herein took an Elephant to signify a Monarch and because Caesar was the most famous man that ever was one that commanded Kings and Monarchs would make his name stand for an Elephant for this word is little lesse then African The same Artemidorus sayes that a Dragon seen in a dream signifies a King and a supreme Magistrate which agreeing with what he sayes of the Elephant and both these creatures being on the other side I conceive my interpretation the more receiveable The eighth Medall CAESAR DICTATOR Caesar with the augurall stick In the reverse there is L. LIVINEIUS REGULUS a Bull furiously running with his head stouping It is conceiv'd this was stamp'd by Regulus in Caesar's favour when Caesar was created Dictator or shortly after This Bull is brought in as an emblem of Principality as Dion Chrysostome sayes who hath made an excellent parallel between this creature and a King and his Kingdome But before him St Denys in the 15. ch of his Hierarchy said that the strength of a Bull represents the force necessary for a Prince and that his horns signify Servatricem atque invictam vim Stephanus observes upon the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that the Ancients called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 all things that were excessive for greatnesse or strength The intention therefore of Regulus was to let Caesar understand that having overthrown Pompey and become perpetuall Dictator he was in effect the most powerfull and most redoubted Monarch that ever was and was in a condition to pursue and accomplish the utter ruine of his enemies and protect his friends There is a reverse among the Medalls of Augustus where there is also a Bull in a different figure and posture from this bending his knee to represent as is conceived the Taurus Coelestis which is under the dominion of Venus which signified the invincibility of Augustus It may be also considered that this Bull may signify Italy subdued and subject to the Laws of Augustus as being now the civile warres were over ready to receive the yoke For that Province took its name from a Bull which the Tyrrhenians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so that Italy submitted its neck to receive the yoke of the new government as the Bull Summittit aratris Colla jugumque suis poscit cervicibus ipse The ninth Medall DIVO JULIO the effigies of Caesar deifi'd the Starre of Venus before him or if you will Caesar's own On the other side Mars upon an Altar or rather Caesar representing Mars before whom sits a figure which hath a Cornucopia or horn of abundance under the left arme in the right holds a Victory which presents a Crown to him This Medall seems to have been made shortly after Caesar's death to keep his memory in veneration and nourish that belief of the people that he was while living a God transformed into a man It was indeed an excellent artifice of Augustus and his party to make the superstitious vulgar believe that Iulius Caesar was become a fellow-Commoner among the Gods to make his succession the more plausible For being already persuaded that no other then a demy-God could have arrived to that glory which Caesar had having baffled the Universe it was not very hard to persuade them that the Comet which appeared in the North after his death was his deifi'd soul But the cheat was that this soul must appear there to render Augustus more illustrious who to retribute the glory and make the businesse more authentick must erect Caesar's statue in the Capitoll representing upon the head of it that Starre in Gold and giving it this bold inscription 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Caesar the Demi-god To make any long discourse upon Comets from hence were superfluous since all that can be said is that they signify changes and revolutions of States and Empires and sometimes favourably This signified in all likelyhood the warre then kindling against Augustus after which a generall peace ensueing the Prince of Peace should be born the Comet at whose birth denoted the universall change of Religion that afterward happened To be short all that the Poets those fine Cooks of fictions and inventions could dresse that would be any way digestible with the credulous vulgar was serv'd up at this time to raise the memory of Iulius Caesar to the greatest reputation that might be but it will be to no purpose to repeat their adulations in this place On the reverse of this Medall we find Mars who receives the Crown which Victory presents him with represented with a dart The Victory is Venus Victrix or the Victorious City of Rome and the Mars Iulius Caesar himself in the posture of that God The statue is conceived to be the same with that of Mars erected by the Romans in the Temple of Quirinus with this magnificent title 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Deo invicto This supposition is confirmed by the dart for Mars was ordinarily represented with a speare as divers Medalls discover But in this statue he hath a dart which is that piece of Armes which is capable of furthest casting and that indeed which the Romans most used and at the sight of Pharsalia was one main cause of the Victory Caesar having given his men order that they should aime at the faces of the raw Roman Nobility they had to deale with as divers Historians have delivered Yet this argues not but that Caesar sometimes

made use of a Iavelin or Pike as well as Mars but it is to be conceived this was more for the convenience of his travelling which was afoot and that many times in the winter haply over the Alpes according to the custome of most of the great Captains and Generalls of Rome as Livy and Plutarch abundantly attest The tenth Medall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cai Iulii Caesaris Imperatoris Dictatoris The effigies of Caesar crowned with a thick crown of Laurell which closed before the better to cover his baldnesse the hair being thrust forward to help it The reverse hath 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iliensium bis Neocororum Aeneas carrying his Father and the Palladium at their quitting of Troy the little Iulus going before with his hat in his hand That which in this falls under question is First to know the situation of this Ilium wherein Strabo hath spent more sweat then all the Geographers affirming it was not the Ilium of his time a town well known nor any thing built upon the ruines of the old one so ill-entreated by the Greeks as being distant from this thirty stadia that in that place there was only a small village bearing up the name that it was built up by Alexander from a small town that it was before having a little Temple of Minerva much ruin'd and received from him divers priviledges and immunities with a promise after his Victory over Darius of a magnificent Temple and the toleration and setting up of Games and exercises This was partly executed after his death by Lysimachus who enlarged the City by a wall of forty stadia disposing thither many out of the neighbouring Cities that were ruin'd After which it was ruined and restored diverse times but lastly it received great favours from Sylla which is conceived to be the reason that it declared against Caesar in the Civile warres whence it may be inferred that those of that City knew not at that time that Caesar pretended to be of the race of Venus and Anchises which was only found out after his Victory But at length Caesar receives them into favour restores and confirmes their ancient priviledges and immunities and imitating Alexander did them many courtesies In the second place the understanding of these words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iliensium Neocororum The word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is translated commonly Aedituorum which we cannot render properly in English but by Overseers Supervisors and those that are entrusted with the charge of the Temples and dispose of all things sacred or in some sort they were such as we call Church-wardens in our Churches But they are not those Neocori of the Temples that this Medall and divers others represent unto us but the word was analogically applyed to whole Nations as also to Cities and Bodies corporate to whom the Kings and afterwards the Emperours gave Commissions to make Panegyricks and Encomiastick Orations upon their Statues Pomps religious worships publick recreations and exercises to the honour of their Gods and Princes which was done out of the publick stock or by the contribution of the Corporations As therefore the Neocori that belonged to the Temples were disposers and guardians of the things sacred that were in their Sanctuaries nay haply entertained the people or strangers with the rarities and antiquities of their worships and mysteries so these Nationall Neocori had the superintendency over the Pomps and Solemnities panegyricall celebrations exercises sacrifices and ceremonies which were to be observed upon the more festivall dayes whereof they had the absolute disposall This I build upon the conjecture of the Great and Learned SELDEN who was the first cut this Gordian knot upon a passage of the Acts of the Apostles chap. 19. There we have Demetrius and those of his profession raising a Tumult and accusing St. Paul and others for preaching that the Statues made with the hands of men were not Gods The Town-Clark or the Church-warden having appeased the Tumult tells them that it was wellknown that the City of Ephesus was then Neocore in the English Translation worshipper of the great Goddesse Diana and of the Image fallen from Iupiter and that therefore there being no contradiction in that they ought not to do any thing rashly For these men faith he are neither sacrilegious nor blasphemous persons and therefore have done nothing against the Majesty of Diana But if they had any matter against any man the Law was open but in case it were something else relating to their Goddesse whether by Blasphemy impiety or sacriledge the cognizance whereof did of right belong to the Ephesians in body as being then Neocori they should have satisfaction in a full assembly convocated for things of that nature Now those silver shrines which Demetrius is said to make are conceived to have been Modells of that magnificent Temple which the Ephesians being Neocori caused out of magnifice to be made of that rich Metall Had this controversy between the Apostles and the Goldsmiths come to a decision they had proceeded thus They would have had some to make publick panegyricks of their Goddesse in the first place then if Paul and his companions should not rest satisfied this Neocorean people would have punished them according to their manner Now that the Neocori of the Temples were used to commend to all comers especially Travellers the greatnesse and power of their Gods and that the Neocori of Cities imitated them but did it with great Pomp employing persons eminent for Learning and Eloquence as Poets and Orators for the honour of their Gods as also their Kings Monarchs Emperours Founders and that upon dayes in stituted and ordain'd for that purpose may be learn'd from Horace who lib. 2. Ep. 1. writing to Augustus call's those Poets Aidituos who should immortalize the Vertue of that Emperour or rather those who were charg'd to chose such as should do it in these verses Sed tamen est operae pretium cognoscere quale is Aedituos habeat belli spectata domique Virtus indigno non committenda Poetae But besides Selden hath well observed that there were none of these Medalls in the time of the Common-wealth for that the Cities of Greece were not yet arrived to that esteem of the Roman greatnesse by the fabrick of their monies and other signes of veneration which they have come to since it became a Monarchy This is the opinion of that great judicious man which yet is not absolutely true for there were found the marks of this magnificence under the title of Neocori abundantly among the Medalls of Alexander the Great whereof Goltzius reckons above 20. with this inscription● KOINON MAKE 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Whence may be observ'd that the people of Mac●donia being generally Neocori had caused these Coins to be stamp'd in the honour of Alexander having upon the reverse the figures of statues chariots temples columns c. Nay the Maroneans in