Selected quad for the lemma: order_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
order_n	advance_v	charge_n	pike_n	2,603	5	13.9993	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05975	The art of embattailing an army. Or, The second part of Ælians tacticks Containing the practice of the best generals of all antiquitie, concerning the formes of battailes. ... Englished and illustrated with figures and obseruations vpon euery chapter. By Captaine Iohn Bingham.; Tactica. English. Selections	Aelianus.; Bingham, John, Captain.; Droeshout, Martin, b. 1601, engraver.	1631 (1631)	STC 163; ESTC S106812	119,494	122

and after in the 9 Ch. he saith you shall command the Souldiers to stand by knowing exactly the soūd of the Trumpet again to moue by the sound of the trumpet So that although other signes were giuen for marching retreat yet the most cōmon signe was by the Trumpet Now we are to vnderstand that all signes giuen by sound to the eare except by the voyce are called signa semiuocalia because albeit their sound be lowder and stronger for the most part then the voyce is yet they are not articulated as is the sound of the voice Hitherto of signes that were giuen to the eare by the sound Now are we to speake briefly of mute signes or those that were set vp as it were a marke for the eye Mute sign swere of two kindes for either they were simple and vsed by themselues as an obiect of the eye alone or else they were mixed and ioyned to signes of sound and so communicated both to the eye and to the eare Of the second for were those whereof I haue spoken a little before and they were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 namely when a mute si ne is added to a vocall as when to the Word in the night is ioyned some speciall gesture of the body as holding downe or nodding of the head lifting vp the hand putting off the hat heauing vp the skirt of the garment c. concerning which see Onosander and Of the first kinde were signes presented to the eye alone which extended very largely and serued where neither voyce not trumpet could be heard by reason of the remorenesse of the place these were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signes properly and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 likewise because it was agreed by the parties who gaue and tooke them that they should haue such and such signification The words be different but the meaning and effect is all one for as no signe can be but there must be a giuer and a taker of the signe so ●● that respect the signes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by reason of the communication betwixt the giuer and taker of the signe may aptly also be tearmed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And albeit I noted before that the signe of the battaile and the watchword was called by no other name but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yet it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 taken often for a mute signe also Many occasions were of giuing these signes and they were sometimes shewen by day sometimes by night and in the day time they were sometime proposed in the battaile sometime in other places where they might be perceiued Arrian historieth of Alexander the Great that at his being in the Country of the Taulantians his enemies Clytus and Glaucias had with man● horse darters and slingers and not a few armed men taken the Mountaines and high places by which he was to passe in returning The place was streight and wooddy shut vp on the one side with a riuer on the other side with an exceeding high mountaine the sides whereof were very steepe so that the Armie could not march with more then foure armed in front Alexander marshalled his troopes to 120 in depth and ordering 200 horse on each wing he commanded silence and heede to be taken to his directions And first he willed the armed to aduance their pikes then vpon a signe giuen to let them fall and charge then to turne them close knit to the right hand then to the left and sometime he moued the battell quickly forward and sometime he moued it to the one wing sometime to the other And so fashioning it into diuers shapes in short time and at last casting it into a wedge as it were he led it against the Enemy who stood wondering at the speedinesse and good order of the diuers motions and now perceiuing the Armie to be led against them abode not the charge but left the hill which he held and fled Here are mentioned seuen seuerall motions of the phalange which wee haue in practice at this day 1 Aduancing of Pikes 2 charging of them 3 first to the right hand 4 then to the left hand 5 mouing of the battell forward 6 mouing it to the right wing and then 7 to the left And all these motions were directed by a signe what this signe was may be doubted because it is not expressed whether it was by voice trumpet or a mute signe For my part I would not take it to haue beene by voyce for how could the voice be heard in so great an Army as Alexander had which according to Diodorus Siculus consisted of 30000 foot and 3000 horse and was stretched out in depth and had but foure armed in front nor yet would I imagine it to haue beene giuen by trumpet because though perhaps the trumpet might be heard of all the Army by reason of the Eccho rebounding from the Mountaine and riuer yet could it not fitly and cleerely distinguish the sound that should direct these seuen seuerall motions I haue before declared in what case the trumpet was employed Let me with leaue therefore thinke that it was a mute signe presented to the eye as for the purpose a Coate or other garment fastned to the end of a long staffe the colour whereof being eminent and the staffe being lifted aloft might be perceiued by the whole Army The signe then aduanced to the full height might signifie aduancing of Pikes which was the first motion Being abased and held leuell before the front charging to the front which was the second motion held out leuell to the right flanke charging to the right hand to the left flanke charging to the left hand which were the third and fourth motions of Alexander mouing forward in front it might be a signe for the battell to follow which was the fift Mouing to the right hand for the battell to march to the right which was the sixt to the left for the battell to moue to the left which was the seuenth which motion might more easily be performed in case the ensignes of the particular Companies tooke their direction from the maine signe and so framed themselues to the same motions and the Souldiers to the motions of their Ensignes This I say is my coniecture wherein notwithstanding I preiudice no mans opinion but leaue euery man to his owne conceit and sence Xenophon relateth a notable example of Iphicrates the Athenian who being chosen Admirall by the Citie as soone as he began to take the Sea with his Nauie both at once sailed and also prepared all things necessary for Sea-fight for he left at home the greater sailes as one that sailed forth to fight and seldome vsed the greater masts were the winde neuer so faire but hasting forward with the oare he both made the bodies of his men strong and healthy and the Nauie gained a speedier way and oftentimes where he meant to dine there would he draw his whole

euery man shall haue three foot distance from other in ranke double them twice the file hath but foure men and euery mans distance in ranke is no more then a foot and halfe which as it is allowable in close order so admitteth it no third dou 〈…〉 wherein the space betwixt man and man cannot exceed three quarters of a foot As therefore the second doubling of ranks in a Phalangarchy albeit it extend the front of the battell leaueth yet too small a depth to the Plagiophalange or broad-fronted battaile it containing no more then foure men in depth so the doubling of files twice fitteth not the Orthiophalange or Herse as hauing 64 in depth and as many in length which number neither holdeth proportion of the depth manifold to the length of the Orthiophalange or Herse nor yet by reason of the length hath conueniency to apply it selfe to streight waies a thing that containeth the principall vse of that manner of battaile which was the cause that antiquity vsed another course If the march were to be made out of a Plagiophalange or broad-fronted battaile they framed a Herse by putting forth out of the right or left wing first one Tetratchy or other body which might march whole according to the largenesse of the ways and after it followed from the same wing the rest of the Army in the same kinde If contrariwise a Plagiophalange or broad-fronted battaile were to be framed out of an Orthiophalange or a Herse they caused the body which had the vaunt to stand firme and the rest following to sleeue vp by it on the right or left hand till they all came to an euen front Xenophon sheweth the manner in a Company whose words are these in English Then he Cyrus the elder beheld another Captaine leading his Company from the river side to dinner one souldier following another in a single file who when hee thought ●it commanded the second and third and fourth file to sleeue vp and make an euen front with the first the file-leaders being new in front hee commanded the halfe files to double the front so that new the Decadarches or leaders of halfe files stood in front Againe when it seemed good he commanded the quarter files to double the front so the Pempedarches or leaders of the quarter of files led vp and the files marched on being diuided into foure parts When they were come vnto the Tent doore hee commanded the first file to single out againe and to enter in and the second to follow it single in the reare and so the third and fourth till all were within the Tent. To cleare these words of Xenophon It is to be vnderstood that the Company or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 here mentioned consisted of 100 men and was diuided into foure files or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 each file containing twenty foure men The file had fiue Officers the file leader the Decadarch two Pempedarchs and the bringer vp At the head of the file stood the file-leader and behinde him directly fiue men next after them stood the first Pempedarch and fiue men that followed him in the middest of the file that is after the Pempedarch and his fiue was placed the Decadarch who ●ed the hinder most halfe file and after him fiue men more Lastly the second Pempedarch and fiue more after him the last of which was the bringer vp Now when Xenophon saith that the whole Company followed by one or file wise he meaneth that the foure files were cast into one file and followed one another in a right line and by that meanes had 100 in depth and but one in front To bring it therefore to conuenient length from this depth the Captaine commanded the first file leader to make Alte or to stand and the second file leader with his file to aduance and to sleeue vp on the left hand and to front with the first file leader and so both files to stand euen fronted in open order The like he commanded the third and fourth file to doe so that the foure files being laid one to another and fronting equally the front or length of the body had foure men the depth 24. Then because he held this depth disproporcionable to the length in so small a body he againe enlarged the front by doubling commanding the halfe files to double their front The Decadarchs hereupon marched vp to the front and ranked with the file leaders and the halfe files following them ranked with the front-halfe files man to man Now was the front eight in length the flanke or depth twelue To enlarge againe the front and to make the length exceede the depth he commanded the quarter-files to double the front hereupon the Pempedarchs aduanced marching vp with their quarter files after them till they fronted with the file leaders and Decadarchs and each man of the quarter files ranked with the rest so that the front came to be of 16 men in length the flanke six men in depth and each man in ranke had a foot and halfe distance in file six foot And thus the Company from one file as it were from an Orthiophalange or Herse was formed into a long body somewhat resembling a Plagiophalange or broad-fronted battaile To reduce it againe to an Orthiophalange or Herse the Captaine at the entry into the Tent where the whole Company was lodged together first directed the first file to march out namely by the file leader with his fiue then the first Pempedarch with his fiue after him the Decadarch with his fiue lastly the second Pempedarch with his fiue which drawing out of the Officers one after another in depth with the parts of the file Commanded by them immediately brought the file to the iust depth of 24. This being done the second file followed the first in like order and the third the second last of al came the fourth and this was the manner of changing one forme into another and albeit the example be but of a Company yet is the reason all one in a Phalange or battaile for as a company is compacted of many files so is a phalange of diuers companies and as one file in the example before was led after another filewise so is or may one company or other body be led after another making thereby an Orthiophalange or Herse and as one file aduanced to front with another to the intent to alter the forme of the Orthiophalange so must the bodies or companies sleeue vp one by another to make a plagiophalange or broad-fronted battaile yet want there not Examples in the Greeke History of turning the Orthiophalange or Herse into a plagiophalange or broad fronted battaile and by consequence the plagiophalange into an Orthiophalange Cherisophus in the returne of the 10000 Grecians that followed Cyrus the yonger into Persia had the leading of the Vant-gard all the way He in his march in Armenia perceiuing the Chalybes Taochians and Phasians had taken

repassed through the enemies wedge twice with great slaughter eueryone breaking his staffe The Celtiberians after the breaking and dispersing of their wedge in which all their hope remained began to be afraid and almost quitting the sight sought where they might best to saue themselues Hitherto Liuy In which passage a man may obserue the violence of the wedge which if it be rightly managed is of wonderfull power to breake and dispart any square it shall fall vpon The other example or precedent is out of Agathias where he describeth the battaile betwixt Narses the Emperour Iustinians Lieutenant and Bucelinus Generall of the French-men He hath thus Narses when he came to the place where the fight should be ordered presently his army into a Phalange The horse were ranged in the wings Himselfe stood in the right wing and next him Zandalas Captaine of his followers and with him all his mercinary and houshold seruants that were not vnfit for the warre vpon either side of him was Valerian and Artabanus who were commanded to hide themselues a while in the thicke of the wood that was thereby and when the enemy ioyned to fall out suddenly and vnlooked for vpon them and to put them into an amazement The foot had all the space in the middest and the file-leaders ioyned shoulder to shoulder being armed with curaces and other pieces of armour reaching downe to the foot and with caskes Behind them were other souldiers ordered euen as farre as to the open fields The light armed and such as vsed flying weapons were cast in the reare expecting a signall of employment The middest was reserued for the Heruly and remained empty because they were not yet come vp Bucelinus aduanced his battell and all ran cheerefully against the Romans not leisurely and in good order but rashly and tumultuously as if with the very cry they would haue rent asunder all that stood against them The forme of their battaile was like a wedge For it resembleth the letter Delta And the front which shot out in a point was couered and close by reason it was hemmed in with Targets you would haue said they counterfeited a swines head but both the flanks on each side lying out by files in depth and stretching backward byaswise by little and little were parted and seuered one from another and bearing out still toward the reare ende at last in a great distance so that the ground in the middest betwixt them was empty and the backes of the souldiers that were in the wedge appeared cleane through the files vncouered For their faces were turned contrariwise one from another to the end they might beare them toward the enemy and saue themselues from blowes by casting their Targets before them and secure their backe by placing them opposite to the backes of their fellowes All things fellout according to Narses his wish to whom both a faire opportunity was presented and who had wisely before contriued what was to be done For when the Barbarians running on furiously fell vpon the Romans with a shout and outery giuing vpon the milder they presently broake the front of those that stood in the void space for the Heruli were not yet come vp and the leaders of the point of the wedge cutting asunder all that stood in their way euen to the vttermost depth of the file and yet making no great slaughter were carried beyond the bringers vp of Narses battaile and some of them continued their course further thinking to take in the Roman Campe Then Narses presently turning about and extending out his wings and making as the Tacticks name is an Epicampios emprosthia commanded the archers on horsebacke to send their arrowes by turnes vpon the backes of the enemy which they easily performed For being on horsebacke higher then the Barbarian foot they might at their pleasure strike them as they aduanced forward being in a great bredth and nothing to shadow them Hitherto Agathias It would be long to rehearse the rest of the battaile which he exaggerateth rhetorically I haue recited so much as both sheweth the strength of the wedge and withall the manner which was vsed by Narses to ouerthrow it For I find three kinde of wayes which haue beene practised to resist and defeat it One by charging it with horse before it enter the aduerse battaile as Flaccus did against the Celtiberians The second to frame the aduerse battaile empty in the middest filling it with some souldiers notwithstanding for shew and when hee entreth the space to plye his reare with shot and charge it throughly as Narses did The third to oppose against it a hollow wedge which Vegetius calleth forfex and receiuing and letting in the point of this wedge into the hollownesse of the other to claspe it in and charge it on all sides Against the wedge saith Vegetius is opposed the battaile called forfex a paire of sheeres For it is framed of the best and valiantest souldiers to the similitude of the letter V. and it receiueth in and embraceth the wedge so that it cannot breake through it 4 It is fashioned when the Diphalange Antistomus This manner of framing a wedge is described by Aelian in the 36 Chapter and yet that wedge set downe there openeth in front keepi 〈…〉 the reare shut and is opposed against the right induction and called Caelembolos here the wedge is described that openeth the reare keeping the front close and is opposed against the square But the manner of framing both standeth vpon one reason For the file-leaders being placed within the Caelembolos the front of the battaile is opened and the reare kept close in the other the file-leaders being without the reare is opened the front still maintained shut Now the file leaders place is varied in either of them because of the seuerall effects which they worke The hollow fronted wedge Caelembolos seeketh to hold the enemy together so defeat him The other to dispart and rout him and so to gaine the victory And because the stresse of the Caelembolos is within for the flankes of the hollownesse claspe in the enemy and fight against his flanks therefore are the file leaders the formost that fight within as likewise because the outsides of the wedge of this Chapter beare all the weight of the fight therefore in it are the file-leaders without For as in all other battailes the file-leaders ought first to attach the enemy so is it likewise in these two formes But where Aelian saith that this battell is made out of the Diphalange Antistomus by ioyning the wings in front and opening them behinde I take the Text to be corrupted For the Diphalange Antistomus hath the file-leaders within to resist the horse that charge them as the 40 Chapter teacheth this hath the file-leaders without to breake the enemies battaile and disseuer it The Caelembolos indeed is framed out of the Diphalange Antistomus But the wedge of this Chapter springeth out of the