fancie growe from conceit to conceit altering both in passions and formes of thinges imagined For the minde of man is euer occupied and that continuall mouing is nothing but an imagination But yet there is a further cause of this in you For you being by nature giuen to melancholick discoursing and of late continually occupied your wittes and sences hauing bene ouerlabored doe easilier yeelde to such imaginations For to say that there are spirits or angells and if there were that they had the shape of men or such voyces or any power at all to come vnto vs it is a mockerye And for myne owne parte I would there were suche bicause that we shoulde not onely haue souldiers horses and shippes but also the ayde of the goddes to guide and further our honest and honorable attempts With these words Cassius did somewhat comfort and quiet Brutus When they raysed their campe there came two Eagles that flying with a maruelous force lighted vppon two of the foremoste enseignes and alwayes followed the souldiers which gaue them meate and fedde them vntill they came neare to the citie of PHILIPPES and there one daye onely before the battell they bothe flewe awaye Now Brutus had conquered the moste parte of all the people and nations of that contry but if there were any other citie or Captaine to ouercome then they made all cleere before them and so drewe towards the coasts of THASSOS There Norbanus lying in campe in a certaine place called the straights by another place called SYMBOLON which is a port of the sea Cassius and Brutus compassed him in in such sort that he was driuen to forsake the place which was of great strenght for him and he was also in daunger beside to haue lost all his armye For Octauius Caesar could not followe him bicause of his sicknes and therefore stayed behind whereuppon they had taken his army had not Antonius ayde bene which made such wonderful speede that Brutus could scant beleue it So Caesar came not thether often daies after Antonius camped against Cassius and Brutus on thother side against Caesar. The ROMANES called the valley betweene both campes the PHILIPPIAN fields and there were neuer seene two so great armies of the ROMANES one before the other ready to fight In truth Brutus army was inferior to Octauius Caesars in number of men but for brauery and rich furniture Brutus army farre excelled Caesars For the most part of their armors were siluer and gilt which Brutus had bountifully giuen them although in all other things he taught his Captaines to liue in order without excesse But for the brauery of armor weapō which souldiers should cary in their hands or otherwise weare vpon their backes he thought that it was an encoragement vnto them that by nature are greedy of honor that it maketh them also fight like deuills that loue to get and be affrayd to lose bicause they fight to keepe their armor and weapon as also their goods and lands Now when they came to muster their armies Octauius Caesar tooke the muster of his army within the trenches of his campe gaue his men onely a litle corne and fiue siluer Drachmas to euery man to sacrifice to the gods to pray for victory But Brutus skorning this miserie and niggardlines first of all mustered his armie and did purifie it in the fields according to the manner of the ROMANES and then he gaue vnto euery band a number of weathers to sacrifice and fiftie siluer Drachmas to euery souldier So that Brutus and Cassius souldiers were better pleased and more coragiously bent to fight at the daye of the battell then their enemies souldiers were Notwithstanding being busily occupied about the ceremonies of this purification it is reported that there chaunced certaine vnlucky signes vnto Cassius For one of his Sergeaunts that caried the roddes before him brought him the garland of flowers turned backwards the which he should haue worne on his head in the tyme of sacrificing Moreouer it is reported also that at another tyme before in certaine sportes and triumphe where they caried an image of Cassius victorie of cleane gold it fell by chaunce the man stumbling that caried it And yet further there were seene a maruelous number of fowles of praye that feede vpon dead carkasses and beehiues also were founde where bees were gathered together in a certaine place within the trenches of the campe the which place the Soothsayers thought good to shut out of the precinct of the campe for to take away the superstitious feare and mistrust men would haue of it The which beganne somewhat to alter Cassius minde from Epicurus opinions and had put the souldiers also in a maruelous feare Thereuppon Cassius was of opinion not to trye this warre at one battell but rather to delay tyme and to drawe it out in length considering that they were the stronger in money and the weaker in men and armors But Brutus in contrary manner did alway before and at that tyme also desire nothing more then to put all to the hazard of battell assoone as might be possible to the ende he might either quickely restore his contry to her former libertie or rid him forthwith of this miserable world being still troubled in following and mainteyning of such great armies together But perceiuing that in the dayly skirmishes and byckerings they made his men were alway the stronger and euer had the better that yet quickned his spirits againe and did put him in better hart And furthermore bicause that some of their owne men had already yelded them selues to their enemies and that it was suspected moreouer diuers others would doe the like that made many of Cassius friendes which were of his minded before when it came to be debated in counsell whether the battell shoulde be fought or not that they were then of Brutus minde But yet was there one of Brutus friendes called Atellius that was against it and was of opinion that they should tary the next winter Brutus asked him what he should get by tarying a yeare lenger If I get nought els q Attellius agayne yet haue I liued so much lenger Cassius was very angry with this aunswer and Atellius was maliced and esteemed the worse for it of all men Thereuppon it was presently determined they should fight battell the next daye So Brutus all supper tyme looked with a cheerefull countenaunce like a man that had good hope and talked very wisely of Philosophie and after supper went to bed But touching Cassius Messala reporteth that he supped by him selfe in his tent with a fewe of his friendes and that all supper tyme he looked very sadly and was full of thoughts although it was against his nature and that after supper he tooke him by the hande and holding him fast in token of kindnes as his manner was tolde him in Greeke Messala I protest vnto thee and make thee my witnes that
of Brutus actes Porcia studied in Philosophie The corage of Porcia Great difference betwext a wise and a harlot Porciaes words vnto her husband Brutus The wonderfull constancy of the conspirators in killing of Caesar. Sundrie misfortunes to haue broken of the enterprise The weakenes of Porcia notwithstanding her former corage Brutus with his countenaunce encoraged his fearefull consories * In Caesars life it is sayd it was Decius Brutus Albinus that kept Antonius with a talke without * In Caesars life he is called Metellus Cimber The mother of Caesar. Casca the first that wounded him VVhy Antonius was not slayne with Ceasar Brutus with his consorts went vnto the Capitoll Honors decreed for the murtherers of Caesar. Caesars will funeralls Brutus committed two great faults after Caesars death Antonius funerall oration for Caesar. The straunge dreame of Cinna the Poet The murder of Cinna the Poet being mistaken for an other of that name Brutus and his consorts doe flye from Rome Brutus playes and sportes at Rome in his absence Octauius Caesar comming to Rome Brutus reproued Cicero for taking part with Octauius Caesar. Porciaes sorowfull returne to Rome for the absence of her husband Brutus The story of Hector and Andromachè set forth in painted tables How Brutus bestowed his time at Athens Brutus commendeth Ciceroes sonne Brutus prepareth him selfe to warre A strange disease tooke Brutus at Dyrrachium VVho by snow this hungry disease taketh men that are wearied with trauaile Brutus thankfulnes and clemency C. Antonius yelded vnto Brutus Octauius Caesar ioyneth with Antonius Brutus senteÌ„sed and condemned by Octauius Caesars meanes for the death of Iulius Caesar. The Triumuirate C. Antonius murdered Brutus and Cassius doe ioyne armies together The sharpe and cruell condicions of Cassius Brutus gentle and â—aâ—er condicions Brutus intent good if he had ouercomen Antonius testimonie of Brutus Brutus to his mind to his contry Brutus a true Prophet of Antonius Cassius wanne the citie of Rhodes Brutus â—eâ—ts in Lycia The citie of Xanethus set a fire The desperat ende of the Xanthians The Palareâ—ans doe yeld them selues vnto Brutus The extreme couetousnes and crueltie of Cassius to the Rhodians Brutus clemeÌ„cy vnto the Lycians Theodotus borne in Chio a Rethoritian Scholemaister is Ptolomy the young king of AEgypt Theodotus saying a dead man biteth not Theodotus Chian the Rethoritian that gaue counsell to kill Pompeys was put to death by Brutus Brutus and Cassius doe meete at the citie of Sardis Brutus and Cassius complaints one vnto the other M. Phaonius a follower of Cato Cynick Philosophers cowÌ„red dogges Iulius Caesar slayne at the Ides of March. The wonderfull constency of Brutus in matters of iustice and equitie Brutus care and watching A spirit appeared vnto Brutus in the citie of Sardis Cassius opinion of spirits after the Epicurians sect The cause of dreames A wonderfull signe by two Eagles Brutus and Cassius camps before the citie of Philippes against Octauius Caesar Antonius Brutus souldiers brauely armed Brutus opinion for the brauery of souldiers in their armor and weapons Vnlucky signes vnto Cassius Cassius and Brutus opinions about battell Atellius opinion for the battell Cassius words vnto Messala the night before the battell Brutus and Cassius talke before the battell Brutus aunswer to Cassius The battell at Philippes against Octauius Caesar and Antonius Octavius Caesar falsely reported to be slaine at the battell of Philippes Cassius misfortune Cassius offended with the sundrie errous Brutus and his men committed in battell Cassius valliantnes in warres The importance of error mistaking in warres Cassius slaine by his man Pindarus The death of Titinnius The number of men slaine at the battell of Philippes Brutus clemeÌ„cy courtesie Brutus fault wisely excused by Plutarke Brutus victorie by sea VVonderfull famine amoÌ„g Caesars souldiers by sea The ignoraÌ„ce of Brutus victorie by sea was his vtter destruction The euill spirit appeared againe vnto Brutus Straunge fightes before Brutus second battell Brutus second battell Brutus valliantnes and great skill in warres The death of the valliant young man Cato the sonne of Marcus Cato The fidelitie of Lucilius vnto Brutus Brutus flying Appian meaneth this by Antonius The death of Statilius Brutus saying of flying with hands not with feete Brutus slue him selfe Strato Brutus familiar and frend Strato receiued into Caesars frendship Messala Coruinus Brutus frend Brutus funeralls Porcia Brutus wife killed her selfe with burning coles In what things Dion was inferior vnto Brutus Brutus hoâ—â—aved of his enemies after his death Brutus image or statue standing in brasse in Milleine was preserued and kept by Octauius Caesar The example of our auncesters wherein profitable to their posteritie The common weale of the Sicyonians commersed into tyrannie Abantidas â—â—ran of Sicyone Aratus the sonne of Clinias scaped the handes of the tyran Abantidas Aratus malice against tyrannes Aratus fauor Aratus wrote a booke of CoÌ„mentaries Abantidas the tyran slaine Aristotle the Logitian Aratus goeth about to deliuer his contry from the tyrannie * In an other place he calleth him Ecdemus Aristomachus and Ecdelus doe ioine with Aratus Aratus preparacioÌ„ to deliuer his contrie from tyrannie Aratus policy to deceiue Nicocles spialls Aratus daungers in deliuering of his contrie from the tyranny of Nicocles Aratus was the citie of Sicyone without bloodshed Nicocles the tyrant flyeth Aratus ioyneth the citie of Sicyone vnto the Achaians Aratus referred all things to the common wealth VVhy owles set best by night and not by day Management of Philosophy be likined unto owles Aratus taketh sea to go to king Ptolomy into AEgypt The pictures and paynted tables made in the citie of Sicyone did passe all the other paintings in Graece The excelleÌ„cy of Aristratus picture the tyran of Sicyone painted by all Melanthus scholers and Apelles help Aratus consultation for the defacing of it The saying of Nealces the paynter touching tyraÌ„ne The great liberalitie of Ptolomey vnto Aratus Aratus temperances Aratus doings in his first Praetorship Presche an Island of Peloponnesus Acto or inthus means Young king Philips saying of the castell of Corinth Antigunus wife and dauise Antigonus craftily taketh the castell of the Acrocorinthe Ouergreat as lay to a simple man maketh him mad Perceiue the Philisopher made captaine of the Acrocorinthe Aratus determination for the taking of the Acrocorinthe The error and daunger by likenes of men one vnto another Aratus great daunger in taking of the castell of the Acrocorinthe The happy benefit of the Moone Aratus taketh the Acrocorinthe Aratus ioyneth the city of Corinthe vnto Achaia Zenoes opinion that a man could not be a good Captaine vnles he were a perfit wise man. Persaus aunswer to Zenoes opinion Philopaemen the last famous man of the Graecians Aratus power and authority with the Achaians Aratus gaeth about to set Argos at libertie Aratus prepared litle short daggers against the tyrants decree ordinance Aristippus tyrant of the citie of Argos Aristippus layed man to kill Aratus No
vnto them and Cassius campe on the other side tooke the death of their Captaine verie heauilie and beside there was some vile grudge betwene them that were ouercomen and those that did ouercome For this cause therefore Brutus did set them in battell ray but yet kept him selfe from geuing battell Now for the slaues that were prisoners which were a great number of them went came to and fro amongst the armed men not without suspicion he commaunded they shoulde kill them But for the freemen he sent them freely home and said that they were better prisoners with his enemies then with him For with them they were slaues and seruauntes and with him they were free men and citizens So when he saw that diuers Captaines and his frendes did so cruelly hate some that they would by no meanes saue their liues Brutus him selfe hid them and secretlie sent them away Among these prisoners there was one Vulumnius 2 ieaster and Secculio a common player of whom Brutus made no accompt at all Howbeit his frends brought them vnto him and did accuse them that though they were prisoners they did not let to laugh them to scorne and to ieast broadly with them Brutus made no aunswere to it bicause his heade was occupied other wayes Whereupon Messala Coruinus sayd that it were good to whippe them on a skaffold and then to sende them naked well whipped vnto the Captaines of their enemies to shewe them their shame to keepe suche mates as those in their campe to play the fooles to make them sport Some that stoode by laughed at his deuise But Publius Casca that gaue Iulius Caesar the first wounde when he was slaine sayd then It doth nor become vs to be thus merie at Cassius funeralls and for thee Brutus thou shalt showe what estimacion thou madest of suche a Captaine thy compere by putting to death or sauing the liues of these bloodes who hereafter will mocke him and defame his memorie Brutus aunswered againe in choller why then doe you come to tell me of it Casca and doe not your selues what you thinke good When they hearde him say so they tooke his aunswere for a consent against these poore vnfortunate men to suffer them to doe what they thought good and therefore they caried them away slue them Afterwards Brutus performed the promise he had made to the souldiers and gaue them the two thowsand Drachmas a peece but yet he first reproued them bicause they went gaue charge vpon the enemies at the first battell before they had the word of battell geuen them and made them a new promise also that if in the second battell they fought like men he would geue them the sacke and spoyle of two cities to wit THESSALONICA and LACEDAEMON In all Brutus life there is but this only fault to be found and that is not to be gainesaid though Antonius and Octauius Caesar did reward their souldiers farre worse for their victory For when they had driuen all the naturall ITALIANS out of ITALIE they gaue their souldiers their landes and townes to the which they had no right and moreouer the only marke they shot at in all this warre they made was but to ouercome and raigne Where in contrarie manner they had so great an opinion of Brutus vertue that the common voyce and opinion of the world would not suffer him neither to ouercome nor to saue him selfe otherwise then iustlie and honestly and speciallie after Cassius death whome men burdened that oftentimes he moued Brutus to great crueltie But nowe like as the mariners on the sea after the rudder of their shippe is broken by tempest do seeke to naile on some other peece of wodde in liew thereof and doe helpe them selues to keepe them from hurt as much as may be vpon that instant daunger euen so Brutus hauing such a great armie to gouerne and his affaires standing verie tickle and hauing no other Captaine coequall with him in dignitie and authoritie he was forced to imploy them he had and likewise to be ruled by them in many things was of mind him selfe also to graunt them any thing that he thought might make them serue like noble souldiers at time of neede For Cassius souldiers were verie euill to be ruled and did shewe them selues verie stubborne and lustie in the campe bicause they had no Chieftaine that did cōmaund them but yet rancke cowards to their enemies bicause they had once ouercome them On the other side Octauius Caesar and Antonius were not in much better state for first of all they lacked vittells And bicause they were lodged in low places they looked to abide a hard and sharpe winter being camped as they were by the marish side and also for that after the battell there had fallen plentie of raine about the autumne where through all their tents were full of myre and durt the which by reason of the colde did freeze incontinentlie But beside all these discommodities there came newes vnto them of the great losse they had of their men by sea For Brutus shippes met with a great aide and supplie of men which were sent them out of ITALIE and they ouerthrewe them in suche sorte that there scaped but few of them and yet they were so famished that they were compelled to eate the tackle and sailes of their shippes Thereuppon they were verie desirous to fight a battell againe before Brutus should haue intelligence of this good newes for him for it chaūced so that the battell was fought by sea on the selfe same day it was fought by lande But by ill fortune rather then through the malice or negligence of the Captaines this victory came not to Brutus eare till twentie dayes after For had he knowen of it before he would not haue bene brought to haue fought a second battell considering that he had excellent good prouision for his armie for a long time and besides lay in a place of great strength so as his campe could not be greatly hurt by the winter nor also distressed by his anemies and further he had bene a quiet Lord being a conqueror by sea as he was also by land This would haue maruelously encoraged him Howbeit the state of ROME in my opinion being now brought to that passe that it could no more abide to be gouerned by many Lordes but required one only absolute Gouernor God to preuent Brutus that it shoulde not come to his gouernment kept this victorie from his knowledge though in deede it came but a litle too late For the day before the last battell was geuen verie late in the night came Clodius one of his enemies into his campe who told that Caesar hearing of the ouerthrow of his armie by sea desired nothing more then to fight a battell before Brutus vnderstoode it Howebeit they gaue no credit to his words but despised him so muche that they would not vouchsafe to bring him vnto Brutus bicause they thought
vvith svvifter course This is vvithouten fayle The ATHENIANS had nine score in euery one of the which there were eightene souldiers whereof foure of them were archers and all the rest armed men Themistocles also did with no lesse skill wisedom choose his time place to fight forbearing to charge his enemies vntill the hower was come that of ordinarie custome the sea winde arose and brought in a rough tyde within the channell which dyd not hurt the GRAECIAN gallyes being made lowe and snugge but greatly offended the PERSIAN gallyes being highe cargged heauie not yare of steredge and made them lye sidelong to the GREECIANS who fiercely set vpon them hauing allwayes an eye to Themistocles direction that best foresawe their aduaÌ„tage At the same time Ariamenes Xerxes admirall a man of great valure and worthiest of the Kings brethern be stowed arrowes and dartes as it were from the walles of a castell charging the gallye of Aminias Decelian and Sosicles Pedian which were ioyned and grappled with him and fiercely entring the same was by them valliantly receyued vpon their pikes and thrust ouer borde into the sea Whose bodie floting amongest other shippewracks ARTEMISIA knowing caused to be caried to king Xerxes Nowe whilest this battell stoode in these termes they saye that there appeared a great flame in the element toward the cittie of ELEVSIN and that a lowde voyce was heard through all the plaine of THRIASIA vnto the sea as if there had bene a nuÌ„ber of men together that had songe out alowde the holy songe of Iacchus And it seemed by litle and litle that there rose a clowde in the ayer from those which sange that left the land came lighted on the gallyes in the sea Other affirmed that they sawe armed men which did reache out their hands from the I le of AEGINA towards the GREECIAN gallyes they thought they were the AEACIDES for whose helpe they all prayed before the battell was begonne The first man of the ATHENIANS that tooke any of the enemies shippes was Lycomedes a captaine of a gallye who hauing takeÌ„ very rich furniture flagges did afterwards coÌ„secrate them to Apollo laurell as ye would saye victorious The other GREECIANS in the fronte being equall in nuÌ„ber with the barbarous shipps by reason of the straightnes of the arme of the sea wherein they sought so straightned as they could not fight but by one one where by the BARBARIANS disorderly layed one another abourde that they did hinder them selues with their ouer multitude in the end were so sore pressed vpon by the GREECIANS that they were coÌ„strayned to flye by night after they had fought mainteined battell vntil it was very darke So the GRAECIANS wanne that glorious famous victorie of the which maye truly be affirmed that as Simonides sayeth VVas neuer yet nor Greeke nor Barbarous crevv that could by sea so many men subdevv Nor that obteind so famous victorie in any fight against their enemie Thus was the victorie wonne through the valliantnes and corage of those that fought that battell but especially through Themistocles great policie and wisdome After this battell Xerxes being mad for his losse thought to fill vp the arme of the sea and to passe his armie by lande vpon a bridge into the I le of SALAMINA Themistocles bicause he would feele Aristides opinion tolde him as they were talking together that he thought best to goe and occupie the straight of HELLESPONT with the armie by sea to breake the bridge of shippes which Xerxes had caused to be made to the ende said he that we maye take ASIA into EVROPE Aristides liked not this opinion for we haue said he fought all this while against this barbarous King who thought but to playe with vs But if we shut him within GREECE and bring him to fight of necessitie to saue his life such an enemie that commaundeth so great an armie will no more stand still as a looker on and set at his ease vnder his golden pauilion to see the pastime of the battell but will proue euerie waye and be him selfe in euery place at all assayes to taâ—e him self from such a straight daunger Thus with politicke care foresight he maye easely amend his former faulte committed by negligence and doe well enough when he shall see his life and Kingdome both depend vpon it Therefore Themistocles I would thincke not best to breake his bridge at all which he hath caused to be made but rather if we could to build another to it to driue him out of EVROPE as sone as we could Themistocles then replied Seeing you thincke this were good to be done we must all laye our heades together to deuise how he maye be forced to come out assone as we could They breaking of with this resolutioÌ„ Themistocles sent immediately one of the Kings enuches called Arsaces that was one of the gromes of his chaÌ„ber whom he found out amoÌ„gest the prisoners by him he sent this message vnto the king That the GREECIANS hauing woÌ„ne the battell of him by sea had decreed in their counsell how they would goe to the straight of HELLESPONT to breake the bridge of shippes he had caused to be made there Whereof he thought good to aduertise him for the goodwil he did beare him and to the ende he might bethincke him betimes to get him away to the sea within his own dominion and so passe backe againe into ASIA as sone as he could whilest he gaue order to his allies and confederates to staye following him at the poope The barbarous King vnderstading these newes was so affrayed that he hoysed away with all possible speede The further foresight and great wisdome of Themistocles and Aristides in marine causes dyd manifestly appeare afterwards in the battell the GREECIANS fought before the cittie of PLATEA against Mardonius king Xerxes lieutenante who hauing but a small power of the King his soueraines there dyd yet put the GREECIANS to great distresse and in hazard to haue lost all Of all the townes and citties that fought in this battel Herodotus writeth that the cittie of AEGINA wanne the same for valliantnes aboue the rest of priuate men among the GRECIANS Themistocles was iudged the worthiest man although it was sore against their willes bicause they enuied much his glory For after the battell done all the captaines being gotten into the straight of PELOPONNESVS and hauing sworne vpon the altar of their sacrifices that they would geue their voyces after their consciences to those they thought had best deserued it euery one gaue him selfe the first place for worthines and the seconde vnto Themistocles The LACEDAEMONIANS caried him into SPARTA where they iudged the honour and dignitie to their admirall Eurybiades but the wisedome and pollicie they attributed to Themistocles In token thereof they gaue him an oliue braunche and the goodliest coche that was in their cittie and moreouer they
henceforth indeuor my selfe to excede you in continuing this your desire After which aunswere he told Aristides now he purposed to mocke the barbarous kinge and prayed him to intreate Eurybiades to yelde to his deuise to perswade him that there was no other way to saue GREECE but to fight by sea for Eurybiades gaue more creditte to Aristides perswasions then he did to Themistocles wordes For when all the Captaines were called to counsell to determine whether they should geue battell or not one Cleocritus CORINTHIAN sayd to Themistocles that his counsell did not like Aristides at all as it seemed bicause he spake neuer a worde to it being present Aristides answered him straight that he vtterly mistooke him For quod he if I did not thinke his counsell good I would not hold my peace as I do but now I am mute not for any good will I beare him but bicause I finde his counsell wise and sounde While the Captaines of the GREECIANS were reasoning in this sorte Aristides seeing PSYTTALEA a litle Ilande before SALAMINA within the straight full of men of warre of their enemies imbarked immediatly the valliantest and lustiest souldiers he hadde of all his contry men into the least foystes or pynnasies he had among all his gallyes and went with them and landed in that I le and ouerthrewe all the barbarous people he founde there and put them to the sworde euery man taking the chiefest of them only prisoners among which were three sonnes of Sandauce the kinges sister whome he sent vnto Themistocles These three Lordes were all slaine by the commaundement of Euphrantidas the Soothsayer and sacrificed to Bacchus Omestes as to say the cruell Bacchus and eater of raw flesh and all vpon an oracle they had receiued That done Aristides dispersed his souldiers about the I le to receiue all such as were by fortune of watre or of the sea cast into the Ilande to the end that no enemy of theirs should scape their hands nor any of his frendes should perish For the greatest fleete of all their shippes and the sharpest encounter of the whole battell was about this little Ilande and therefore the tokens of triumphe were set there After the battell was wonne Themistocles to feele Aristides opinion sayed vnto him we haue done a good peece of seruice but yet there is an other behinde of greater importance and that is this We must bringe all ASIA into EVROPE which we may easily do if we saile with all speede to the straight of HELLESPONT and go breake the bridge the king hath made there Then Aristides cried out stay there neuer speake of that but I pray you let vs rather seeke al the wayes we can how to driue this barbarous king out of GREECE least if we kepe him in still with so great an army and he shall see no way before him to escape out we driue him then to fight like a desperate man and perill our selues we can not tell to what When Themistocles had hearde his opinion he secretely sent the euenuke Arnaces his prisoner vnto kinge Xerxes to aduertise him from him that he had altered the GREECIANS purpose which was fully bent to haue broken vp the bridge he hadde made at the straight of HELLESPONT to passe ouer his army and that he was the willinger to let him vnderstande it that he might the better prouide for the safety of his person King Xerxes being netled with this aduertisement tooke straight his iorney and with all speede went to recouer the straight of HALLESPONT and left Mardonius his Lieutenant general in GREECE with three hundred thowsand of the best souldiers of his army This Mardonius was maruelously dreaded of all the GREECIANS for the wonderfull great army he hadde by lande and he did threaten them also by his letters he wrote vnto them You haue sayed he with your shippes by sea ouercome men acquainted to fight by lande and that neuer handeled ower but now the plaines of THESSALIE or the fieldes of BOEOTIA are very fayer and large for horsemen and footemen to make proofe of their valliantnes if you will come to the battell in the field He wrote letters to the ATHENIANS by the kinge his maisters commaundement of other effect and offered them from him to builde vp their city againe to geue them a great pencion and furthermore to make them Lordes of all GREECE so they woulde geue ouer and leaue of these warres The LACEDAEMONIANS beinge forthwith aduertised of his letters wrytten to the ATHENIANS and fearing least they would haue bene perswaded by them sent their Ambassadors with al speede to ATHENS to pray them to send their wiues and children vnto SPARTA and also to offer them vittailles to relieue their poore olde people bicause of the great scarcity that was at ATHENS for that their city was burnt and rased and all their contry besides destroyed by the barbarous people The ATHENIANS hauing heard the offers of the Ambassadors of LACEDAEMON made them a maruelous answer through Aristides counsell and this it was That they bare with the barbarous people though they thought all thinges were to be sold for gold siluer bicuase they esteemed nothing more pretious nor better in this world then to be riche and wealthy but on the other side they were greatly offended with the LACEDAEMONIANS that they only regarded the present pouerty and necessity of the ATHENIANS and did forget their vertue and noble corage thinking to make them fight more valliantly for the preseruation of GREECE by offering them vittells to liue withall The people approuing this aunswere Aristides then caused the Ambassadors of SPARTA to come to the assembly and commaunded them to tell the LACEDAEMONIANS by worde of mouth that all the golde aboue or vnder the grounde coulde not corrupt the ATHENIANS to make them take any summe of money or reward to leaue the defence of the liberty of GREECE to the herauld that came from MARDONIUS he shewed him the sunne and sayd vnto him so long as yonder sunne keepeth his course about the worlde so long will the ATHENIANS be mortall enemies vnto the PERSIANS bicause they haue spoyled and destroyed all their contry and haue defiled and burnt the temples of their goddes Besides he willed that the Priestes by commaundement of the people shoulde excommunicate and curse him that woulde procure them to sende vnto the PERSIANS to make peace with them and to breake their league and allyance with the other GREECIANS Hereupon when Mardonius came againe the seconde time to ouerrunne the contry of ATTICA the ATHENIANS got thē againe into the I le of SALAMINA and then they sent Aristides Ambassador vnto the LACEDAEMONIANS He sharpely tooke then vp and reproued their sloth and negligence bicause they had againe forsaken ATHENS and left it to the spoyle of the barbarous people and prayed them yet they woulde looke to saue the rest of GREECE The Ephori which were
famines pinche and therevvith made them feele The dynte of vvarre so many a time vvith trusty tooles of steele Till in the end dispaire so pearced in their thought As there they did destroy them selues and so vvere brought to nought Vpon the second there is such an other The citizens vvhich dvvell in Athens stately tovvne Haue here set vp these monuments and pictures of renovvne To honor so the facts and celebrate the fame Their valliant chieftaines did achieue in many a marshall game That such as after come vvhen they thereby perceiue Hovv men of seruice for their deedes did rich revvards receiue Encoraged may be such men for to resemble In valliant acts and dreadfull deedes vvhich make their foes to tremble And vpon the third an other VVhen Mnestheus did lead forth of this citie here An armie to the Troyane vvarres by Homer doth appeare He vvas aboue the rest that out of Graecia vvent A valliant knight a vvorthy vvight a Captaine excellent To take in hand the charge an army for to guide And eke to range them orderly in battell to abide That praise of provvesse then o graue Atheniens Is novv no nevves to fill the eares of these your citizens Since through the vvorld so vvide the fame and vvorthy praise For marshall feates to you of yore hath iudged beene alvvayes Now though Cimons name be not comprised in these inscriptions yet they thought that this was a singular honor to him at that time for neither Miltiades nor Themistocles had euer the like For when Miltiades requested the people one day that they woulde licence him to weare a garland of olyue boughes vpon his head there was one Sochares borne in the towne of DECELEA that standing vp in open assembly spake against him and sayd a thing that maruelously pleased the people though in deede it was an vnthankeful recompence for the good seruice he had done to the common wealth When you haue Miltiades sayd he ouercome the barbarous people alone in battell then aske to be honored alone also But howe was it then that Cimons seruice was so acceptable to the ATHENIANS Yt was in myne opinion bicause they had with other Captaines fought to defende them selues and their contrie onely and that vnder the conduction of Cimon they had assulted and driuen their enemies home to their owne dores where they conquered the cities of EIONE and of Amphipolis which afterwardes they did inhabite with their owne citizens and wanne there also the I le of SCYROS which Cimon tooke vpon this occasion The DOLOPIANS did inhabite it who were idle people and liued without labor or tillage and had bene rouers of the sea of a wonderfull long time vsing pyracie altogether to maintaine them selues withall so that in the end they spared not so much as the marchaūts passengers that harbored in their hauens but robbed certaine THESSALIANS that went thither to trafficke And when they had taken their goodes from thē yet would they cast them in prison besides Howbeit the prisoners found meanes to escape after they had saued them selues repayred to the parlament of the AMPHICTYONS which is a generall counsell of all the states and people of GREECE The AMPHICTYONS vnderstandinge the matter condemned the citie of the SCYRIANS to pay a great summe of money The citizens refused to be contributaries to the payment of the fine bad them that robbed the marchauntes and had the goodes in their handes pay it if they would And therfore bicause there was no other likelyhood but that the theeues them selues should be driuen to aunswer the fine they fearing it wrote letters vnto Cimon and willed him to come with his army and they would deliuer their city into his handes the which was performed And thus Cimon hauing cōquered this Iland draue out the DOLOPIANS thence ryd the sea AEORV◠of all pirates therby That done remembring that the auncient Theseus the sonne of AEgeus flying from ATHENS came into that Iland of SCYROS where king Lycomedes suspecting his comming had traiterously slaine him Cimon was maruelous carefull to seeke out his tombe bicause the ATHENIANS had an oracle and prophecie that commaunded them to bring his ashes and bones backe againe to ATHENS and to honor him as a demy god But they knewe not where he was buried for that the inhabitantes of the Ilande would neuer before confesse where it was nor suffer any man to seeke it out till he at the last with much a doe founde the tombe put his bones abord the Admirall galley sumptuously decked and set foorth and so brought them againe into his contry foure hundred yeares after Theseus death For this the people thanked him maruelously and thereby he wanne exceedingly the ATHENIANS good willes and in memorie of him they celebrated the iudgement of the tragicall playes of the Poets For when Sophocles the Poet being a young man had played his first tragedy Aphepsio◠the president perceiuinge there was great strife and contention amongest the lookers on would not draw them by lottes that should be iudges of this play to geue the victorie vnto that Poet that had best deserued but when Cimon the other Captaines were come into the Theater to see the same after they had made their accustomed oblatiōs vnto the god in honor of whom these playes were celebrated he stayed and made them to minister an othe vnto tenne which were of euery tribe of the people one and the othe being geuen he caused thē to sit as iudges to geue sentēce which of the Poets should cary away the prise This made all the Poetes striue and contend who best shoulde doe for the honor of the iudges but Sophocles by their sentence bare away the victory But AEschilus as they say was so angry and grieued withall that he taried not long after in ATHENS and went for spight into SICILIA where he dyed and was buried neere vnto the citie of GELA Ion wryteth that he being but a young boy newly come from CHIO vnto ATHENS supped one night with Cimon at Laomedons house and that after supper when they had geuen the goddes thankes Cimon was intreated by the company to sing And he did sing with so good a grace that euery man praised him that heard him sayd he was more curteous then Themistocles farre who being in like company and requested also to play vpon the citherne aunswered them he was neuer taught to sing nor play vpon the citherne howbeit he could make a poore village to become a rich and mighty city After that done the company discoursing from one matter to an other as it falleth out commonly in speeche they entred in talke of Cimons doinges and hauing rehearsed the chiefest of them he him selfe told one which was the notablest and wisest parte of all the rest that euer he played For the ATHENIANS and their confederates together hauing taken a great number of barbarous people prisoners in the cities of
least the same signified that all the goodly preparation of this army the which was set out with such pompe brauery would come to nothing Now for Nicias that he spake against this warre in open counsell whilest they were deliberating apon it and that he was not caried away with any vaine hope nor puffed vp with the glory of so honorable a charge to make him chaunge his minde therein surely he shewed him selfe an honest man wise and constant But when he saw plainly that he could by no perswasions remoue the people from the enterprise of this warre neither yet by sute nor intreaty get him selfe discharged from being a Captaine thereof but that they would in any case make him one of the heades of the army then was it out of time to be fearefull and still geuing backe turning his head so oft like a child to looke apon his gallie behinde him and euer to be telling that no reason could be heard in determining of this iorney For in deede this was enough to discorage his companions to marre all at their first setting out where to say truly he should sodainly haue set apon his enemies haue gone to it with a lusty corage to haue assayed fortune But he tooke a cleane contrary course For when Lamachus thought good at their first comming to goe straight to SYRACVSA and to geue them battell as neere the walles as might be that Alcibiades on the other side was of opinion first of all to goe about to winne the cities that were in league with the SYRACVSANS and after that they had made them rebell then to goe against the SYRACVSANS them selues Nicias to the contrary spake in counsell and thought it better to goe on fayer and softly deserying the spastes of SICILE round about to view their gallies and preparation so to returne straight to ATHENS againe leauing only a few of their men with the EGESTANS to helpe to defende them But this from the beginning maruelously cooled the corage of the souldiers and quite discoraged them Shortly after also the ATHENIANS hauing sent for Alcibiades to aunswere to certaine accusations Nicias remaining Captaine with Lamachus the other Captaine in sight but Nicias selfe in power and authority the Lieutenaunt generall of all the army still vsed delayes running vp and downe and spending time so long in consultation till the souldiers were left without both hope and corage and the feare thenemy had of them at their first comming to see so great an army was now in maner cleane gone Yet Alcibiades being in the army before he was sent for from ATHENS they went with three score gallies to SYRACVSA of the which they placed fifty in battell ray out of the hauen and sent the other â—enne into the hauen to discouer which approaching neere the city caused an Herauld to make open proclamation that they were come thither to restore the LEONTINES to their landes and possessions and tooke a shippe of the enemies in the which among other thinges they founde tables wherein where wrytten the names of all the inhabitants of SYRACVSA according to their tribes and houses These tables were kept farre from the citie in the temple of Iupiter Olympian but at that time they had sent for them to know the number of men of seruice and of age to beare weapon The same tables being taken by the ATHENIANS and caried to the generalls of the army the soothsayers seeing this long rolle of names at the first misliked it fearing least the prophecy had bene fulfilled which promised them that the ATHENIANS one day should take all the SYRACVSANS Howebeit it is reported this prophecy came to passe in an other exployte wheÌ„ Callippus ATHENIAN hauing slaine Dion wan also the city of SYRACVSA Now when Alcibiades was gone from the campe Nicias bare all the sway and commaunded the whole army For Lamachus though otherwise he was a stowre man an honest man and very valliant of his handes and one that would not spare him selfe in time of neede neuerthelesse he was so poore and miserable that euen when he was in state of a Generall gaue vp an accompt of his expences he would not sticke to put into his bookes so much for a gâ—wne and so much for a payer of pantophles Where Nicias authority reputacion contrarywise was of an other maner of out as well for other respectes as for his riches and for the honor of many noble thinges which he had done before As one namely which they tell of him that on a time being a Captaine with others and sitting in counsell with his companions in the counsell house at ATHENS about the dispatch of certaine causes he spake vnto Sophocles the Poet then present amongest them and bad him speake first and say his opinion being the oldest man of all the whole company Sophocles aunswered him againe in deede I confesse I am the oldest man but thou art the noblest man and him whom euery man regardeth best So hauing at that time Lamachus vnder him a better Captaine man of warre then him selfe was yet by being so slow to imploy the army vnder his charge by deferring of time still and houering about SICILE as farre from his enemies as he could he first gaue the enemies time and leasure to be bold without feare of him And then going to besiege HYBLA being but a polting litle towne and raising the siege without taking of it he fell into so great contempt with euery man that from thenceforth no man almost made any more reckoning of him At last he retyred vnto CATANA with his army without any other exployte done â—saying that he tooke HYCCAPA a baggadge village of the barbarous people and where it is sayd 〈…〉 courtisane was borne and that being then a young gerle she was sold among other persoâ—â— and afterwardes caried into PELOPNNESVS And in fine the sommer being farre spent Nicias was informed that the SYRACVSANS had taken such corage to them that they would come and enterprise the charge apon them first and that their horsemen were approached already before his campe to skirmish with them asking the ATHENIANS in mockery if they were come into SICILE to dwell with the CATANIANS or to restore the LEONTINES to their landes againe Hereupon with much a do Nicias determined to goe to SYRACVSA and bicause he would campe there in safety and at ease without hasard he sent one of CATANA before to SYRACVSA to tell them as if he had bene a spye that if they would sodainly come and set apon the campe of the ATHENIANS take all their cariage he wished them to come with all their power to CATANA at a day certaine which he would appoint them For the ATHENIANS sayd he for the most parte are within the city wherein there are certaine citizens which fauoring the SYRACVSANS haue determined so soone as they heare of their coÌ„ming to keepe the gates of the
solemnizing of a sacrifice other men of his estate hauing payd their part he was often also called vpon to pay his But he aunswered them againe aske them that be rich for it were a shame for me to giue you any thing being yet in this mans debt pointing to Callicles the Vserer who had lent him money But when they left him not for all this to cry out apon him for the contribution he began to tell them this tale that on a time there was a coward preparing to goe to the warres and as he was ready to depart he heard the Rauens what a crying they made and taking it for an ill signe he put of his harnes and kept him at home After that he put on his harnes againe went on his way towards the campe the Rauens beganne againe to make a goodlier cry hee hind him But thereuppon he staied straight and at length sayd ye shall crooke as lowd as ye list before ye feede of my carkas An other time the ATHENIANS being in warre vnder his charge would needes haue him to leade them to giue charge vppon their enemies but he would not thereuppon they called him coward and sayd he durst not Well sayd he againe it is not you can make me valiant no more then my selfe can make you cowards and yet one of vs know an other Another time in a maruelous daungerous time the people handled him very churlishly and would needes haue him presently deliuer accompt of his charge but he aunswered them O my friendes first saue your selues Furthermore the people beeing very lowly and humble for feare in time of warres and presently in peace againe waxing braue in wordes against Phocion charging him that he had taken the victorie out of their handes he onely sayd this to them you are happy that haue a Captaine that knowes you els you would singe a new songe Another time there was a quarrell betwixt the BOâ—OTIANS and them about their bounds and fronters the which they would not try by lawe but by battel But Phocion told them they did they wist not what counselled them rather to fight it out in words in which they were the stronger and not with weapons where they were the weaker Another time they so much misliked his opinion in the assembly that they woulde not abide to heare him nor suffer him to speake Wel my Maisters q he then you may make me doe that which is not to be done but you shall neuer compell me against my minde to say that which is not to be spoken He would as gallantly also gird the Orators his aduersaries when they were busie with him As on a time he aunswered Demosthenes that sayd vnto him the people Phocion will kill thee one day and if it take them in the heades Yea thee q he if they be wise Agayne when Polyeuctus SPHETTIAN in a hotte day perswaded the people of ATHENS to make warre with king Philip sweating and with much a doe fetching his breath being a fatte man that he was driuen oftentymes to drinke water to ende his oration surely sayd Phocion ye shall doe maruelous wisely to make warre at such a mans motion Why what thinke ye will he doe when he hath his curats and his target vpon him and that the enemies be ready to fight that now in making an oration onely before you which he hath studied long before is almost stifled Another time also wheÌ„ Lycurgus in his oration had openly reproued him for many things before the people and among the rest for that Alexander demaunding tenne Citizens of ATHENS to do with them what he thought good that he had counselled them to deliuer them Phocion aunswered him I haue oftentimes counselled them for the best but they would neuer follow my councell There was one Archibiades at that time in ATHENS that counterfeated the LACEDAEMONIAN with a maruelous long beard a beggerly cloke and a sower looke Phocion being checkt one day before the people appealed vnto Archibiades for a witnes to confirme that he spake But he rising vp counselled the people contrarily to flatter them withall Phocion perceiuing it tooke him by the beard and sayd vnto him alas Archibiades why diddest thou not then clippe thy beard seeing thou wouldest needes flatter There was another great pleader one Aristogiton that in all assemblies of the citie did nothing but busse warres continually in their eares Afterwards when men were to be leauied and mustered and their names entred that should goe to the warres Aristogiton came halting into the market place with a staffe in his hand and both his legges bound vp to make the people beleeue that he was sicke and disseased Phocion spying Aristogiton farre of cryed out to the Clearke that wrote the billes put in Aristogiton lame and impudent So that oftentymes it makes me muse howe or wherefore so sharpe and seuere a man as by these examples it appeareth he was could come to the surname of good Notwithstanding in the ende I find it a hard thing but not impossible that a man should be like wine both sweete and sharpe together as there are others to the contrary that at the first sight seeme very curteous and gentle of conuersation and apon better acquaintance proue churlishe and dogged It is reported also that Hyperides the Orator one day should say to the ATHENIANS I pray you my Lords note me not for my sharpenes but consider if my sharpenes be without profit As who should say men were not troublesom but for couetousnes onely and as if the people did not rather feare and hate them that of insolencie malice did abuse contemne their authority Phocion on thother side he neuer did Citizen hurt for any priuate malice he bare him but was euer sharpe and cruell to them which were against any matter he preferred for the benefit of the commonwealth For in all other things he shewed him self maruelous lowly and curteous to euery body and would be familliar with his aduersaries and helpe them if they wanted or were otherwise in daunger of displeasure with the state Insomuch as his friendes therefore reproued him on a time when he spake in the behalfe of a naughty man an offender O sayd he honest men neede no helpe An other time Aristogiton the Sycophant beeing clapped vp in prison sent vnto Phocion to pray him to come and speake with him after he was condemned Phocion went into the prison to him though his friendes perswaded him the contrary and aunswered them O let me alone sayd he for where could I see Aristogiton more gladly then in prison Furthermore when there went any army to sea out of ATHENS if there were any other chosen generall but Phocion the townes and Ilandes all alongest the sea coast which were friendes and confederats of the ATHENIANS fortified their walls filled vp their hauens and brought their wiues slaues and cattell and all their goods into their townes and cities as if they
the matter and in fine Lucius Caesar being ready to departe Cato recommended his sonne and frendes vnto him and imbracing him tooke his leaue of him Then he returned vnto his lodging and calling his sonne and frends before him and talking of many matters among others he charged his sonne in no ease to meddle in thaffaires of the common wealth For said he to deale vprightly like Catoes sonne the corruption of the time and state will not abide it and contrarily obseruing the time thou canst not do like an honest man Towards euening he went into his bath to washe him selfe and as he was a bathing thinking apon Statilius he cried out a lowde well Apollonides thou hast at length yet perswaded Statilius to goe his way and pulled downe his stowt courage he had and is he gone without bidding vs farewell Howe gone sayd Apollonides Nay his hart is now more stowt and couragious then euer it was notwithstanding all the perswasions we could vse vnto him for he is determined to tary to take such part as thou doest After he had bathed him selfe he went to supper fare at his meate as he had alwaies vsed after the battell at Pharsalia and neuer lay but when he went to bed So he had all his frends the chiefe Magistrats of VTICA to supper with him After supper they fell into graue talke and matters of Philosophie till at length they came vnto the straunge opinion of the Stoick Philosophers which was this that only the good man is free and all the euill be slaues The Peripateticke Philosopher that was present there was straight against it But Cato was very earnest against the Peripatoricke and argued the matter a long time with a vehement speach and contencion insomuch as they that heard him found then that he was determined to ende his life to rid him him selfe out of all those troubles But then when he had ended his argument and sawe that euery man helde his peace and looked sadly of it to comfort them againe and to put the suspicion of his death out of their heades he beganne againe to fall in talke of their affaires and seemed to be carefull of them as though he had bene affrayed least some misfortune were come vnto them apon the sea or vnto them that were gone by land bicause they passed through desertes where there was no water to be had Now when supper was done and the straungers gone he walked as his manner was with his frends and hauing taken order with the Captaines of the watch for matters of seruice as the time required going into his chamber he embraced his sonne and his frendes more louingly then he was wont to doe whereby he made them againe suspect the execution of his determination When he was come into his chamber and layed in his bedde he tooke Platoes dialogues in his hand treating of the soule and red the most parte of it Then looking by his beds side and missing his sword which his sonne had taken from him when he was at supper he called one of the groomes of his chamber to him and asked him who had taken his sword away his man made him no aunswere he fell againe to read his booke Then a prety while after not seeming to be importunate and ouerhastie of the matter but as though he woulde only know what became of it he willed thē to bring him his sword againe They taried long and he had red ouer all the booke but yet his sword was not brought him againe Wherupon he called for all his men one after an other very angrily asked them his sword gaue one of them such a blow in the face that his nose fell a bleeding his hand was all bloody withal and cried out that his sonne and his seruaunts would deliuer him naked into the hands of his enemie vntill his sonne and frends at length ranne vnto him falling downe on their knees lamented and besought him to be contented Cato then rising out of his bedde looked grimly vpon them and sayd vnto them O goddes who euer saw me in this taking Why doth no man by reason perswade me if they see me out of the way not to kepe me from my determination by plucking my weapons from me why doest thou not bind thy father my sonne his hands behinde him that when Caesar commeth he may finde me in case not to defend my selfe I doe not desire my sworde to hurte my selfe for if I had any suche minde I neede but hold my breath a litle or geue but a knocke of my head against the wall onely and dispatche my selfe quickely When he had sayd thus his sonne went out of his chamber weeping and all his frends also no man remayning with Cato but Demetrius and Apollonides vnto whom he spake more gently and reasoned in this sorte What doe you thinke to keepe an old man as I am aliue by force And haue you taried behinde but to sit staring apon me and say nothing vnto me If otherwise else by reason you come to perswade me that it shall be no shame for Cato dispairing of the safetie of his life to seeke it by the grace and mercy of his enemy why then doe you not now tell me your reasons to perswade me that forsaking all other fancies determinatiōs which hetherunto we haue holden for good being on a sodaine become wiser by Caesars meanes we should be bound the more therefore to geue him thankes I do not tell you this that I haue determined any thing of my life but that it is in my power if I lift to put the thing in execution I haue determined but yet I will consult with you when I am so determined to heare the reasons and opinion of your bookes which your selues doe vse in discourse and argument together Goe your way therefore hardily vnto my sonne and tell him that he must not thinke to compell his father vnto that which he can not proue good vnto him by reason After this talke Demetrius and Apollonides being nothing comforted weeping departed out of his chamber Then his sword was brought him by a litle boy When he had it he drew it out and looked whether the point and edge of his sword was sharpe and woulde cut when he saw it was well O sayd he now I am where I would be and so laying downe the sword naked by him he tooke his booke againe in his hand and red it ouer as they say twise together Then he slept so soundly after it that his men which were without his chamber heard him snort againe About midnight he called for two of his freemen Cleanthes his Phisitian and Butas whom he chiefly employed in his weightiest affaires of the common wealth So he sent him vnto the hauen to see if all his men that were imbarked were vnder saile and gaue his hand vnto the Phisitian to be bound vp bicause it was
Leonidas incontinently with a great number of souldiers that were straungers beset the prison round about The Ephores weÌ„t into the prison sent vnto some of the Senate to come vnto them whom they knew to be of their mind then they coÌ„maunded Agis â—â— if it had bene iudicially to giue accompt of the alteracion he had made in the coÌ„mon wealth The younge man laughed at their hypocrisie But Amphares told him that it was no laughing sport that he should pay for his folly Then another of the Ephores seeming to deale more fauorably with him to shew him a way how he might escape the condeÌ„nation for his fault asked him if he had not bene intised vnto it by Agesilaus and Lysander Agis aunswered that no man compelled him but that he onely did it to follow the steppes of the auncient Lycurgus to bring the common wealth vnto the former estate of his graue ordinaunce institution Then the same Senator asked him againe if he did not repent him of that he had done The younge man boldly aunswered him that he would neuer repent him of so wise and vertuous an enterprise though he ventred his life for it Then they condemned him to death and commaunded the Sergeants to cary him into the Decade which was a place in the prison where they were strangled that were condemned to dye Demochares perceiuing the Sergeaunts durst not lay hold of him likewise that the souldiers which were straungers did abhorre to commit such a fact contrary to the law of God and man to lay violent hands vpon the person of a king he threatned reuiled them and dragged Agis perforce into that place called the Decade Now the rumor ranne straight through the citie that king Agis was taken a multitude of people were at the prison dores with lights torches Thither came also king Agis mother grandmother shreeking out praying that the king of SPARTA might yet be heard and iudged by the people For this cause they hastned his death the sooner and were afraid besides least the people in the night would take him out of their hands by force if there came any more people thither Thus king Agis being led to his death spied a SergeauÌ„t lamenting weeping for him vnto whom he said good fellowe I pray thee weepe not for me for I am honester man then they that so shamefully put me to death with those words he willingly put his head into the halter Amphares then going out of the prison into the street found Agesistraetae there king Agis mother who straight fel downe at his feete but he taking her vp againe in old famillier manner as being her very friend told her that they should doe king Agis no hurt that she might if she would goe see him Then she prayed that they would also let her mother in with her Amphares sayde with a good will and so put them both into the prison house and made the dores be shut after them But when they were within he first gaue Archidamia vnto the Sergeaunts to be put to death who was a maruelous olde woman and had liued more honorably vnto that age then any Lady or Matrone beside her in the citie She being executed he commaunded Agesistraetae also to come in Who whe she sawe the bodye of her dead sonne layed on the ground her mother also hanging on the gallowes she did her selfe helpe the hangman to plucke her downe and layed her body by her sonnes Then hauing couered her in decent manner she layed her downe on the ground by the corps of her sonne Agis and kissing his cheeke sayd out alas my sonne thy great modestie goodnes and clemencie brought thee and vs vnto this deathe Then Amphares peeping in at the dore to see what was done hearing what she sayde came in withall in a greate rage and sayde I perceyue thou hast also beene of counsell with thy sonne and sithe it is so thou shalt also followe him Then she rising likewise to be strangled sayd the goddes graunt yet that this may profit SPARTA This horrible murther beeing blowen abroad in the citie and the three dead bodies also brought out of prison the feare though it were great amongest the people could not keepe them back from apparant show of griefe and manifest hate against Leonidas and Amphares thinking that there was neuer a more wicked and crueller fact committed in SPARTA since the DORIANS came to dwell in PELOPONNESVS For the very enemies them selues in bartell would not willingly lay hands vpon the kings of LACEDAEMON but did forbeare as much as they could possible both for feare reuerence they bare vnto their maiestie For in many great battels coÌ„flicts which the LACEDAEMONIANS had against the GRAECIANS there was neuer any king of LACEDAEMON slain before Philips time but CleoÌ„brotus only who was slain with a dart at the battell of LEVCTRES Some write also that the MESSENIANS hold opinioÌ„ that their Aristomenes slue king Theopompus howbeit the LACEDAEMONIANS sayde that he was but hurt not slayne But hereof there are diuers opinions but it is certain that Agis was the first king whom the Ephores euer put to death for that he had layd a plat of a noble deuise and worthy of SPARTA being of that age when men doe easily pardon them that offend and was rather to be accused of his friendes and enemies bicause he had saued Leonidas life had trusted other men as the best natured younge man that could be Now Agis hauing suffered in this sort Leonidas was not quicke enough to take Archidamus his brother also for he fled presently Yet he brought Agis wife out of her house by force with a litle boy she had by him and maried her vnto his sonne Cleomenes who was yet vnder age to marye fearing least this younge Ladye should be bestowed els where beeing in deede a great heire and of a riche house and the Daughter of Gylippus called by her name Agiatis besides that she was the fayrest woman at that tyme in all GRAECE and the vertuousest and best condicioned Wherefore for diuers respects she praied she might not be forced to it But now being at length maried vnto Cleomenes she euer hated Leonidas to the death and yet was a good and louing wife vnto her young husband Who immediatly after he was maried vnto her fell greatly in fancy with her and for compassions sake as it seemed he thanked her for the loue she bare vnto her first husband and for the louing remembraunce she had of him insomuch as he him selfe many times would fall in talke of it and would be inquisitiue how thinges had passed taking great pleasure to heare of Agis wise counsell and purpose For Cleomenes was as desirous of honor and had as noble a minde as Agis and was borne also to temperancie and moderation of life as Agis in like manner was howbeit
multitude of souldiers they gathered together was to subdue the tyrannes that would keepe them in slauery and subiection Wherefore regarding their chiefe purpose and intent they should not be farre from ITALY as heare as they could possible but should rather make all the haste they could to helpe their contry men Cassius beleued him returned Brutus went to meete him and they both met at the citie of SMYRNA which was the first time that they saw together since they tooke leaue eche of other at the hauen of PIRAEA in ATHENS the one going into SYRIA and the other into MACEDON So they were maruelous ioyfull and no lesse coragious when they saw the great armies together which they had both leauied considering that they departing out of ITALY like naked and poore banished men without armor and money nor hauing any shippe ready nor souldier about them nor any one towne at their commaundement yet notwithstanding in a short time after they were now met together hauing shippes money and souldiers enowe both footemen horsemen to fight for the Empire of ROME Now Cassius would haue done Brutus as much honor as Brutus did vnto him but Brutus most commonly preuented him and went first vnto him both bicause he was the elder man as also for that he was sickly of bodye And men reputed him commonly to be very skilfull in warres but otherwise maruelous chollerick and cruell who sought to rule men by feare rather then with lenitie and on the other side he was too famillier with his friends and would iest too brodely with them But Brutus in contrary manner for his vertue and valliantnes was wellbeloued of the people and his owne esteemed of noble men and hated of no man not so much as of his enemies bicause he was a maruelous lowly and gentle person noble minded and would neuer be in any rage nor caried away with pleasure and couetousnes but had euer an vpright mind with him and would neuer yeeld to any wronge of iniustice the which was the chiefest cause of his fame of his rising and of the good will that euery man bare him for they were all perswaded that his intent was good For they did not certainly beleue that if Pompey him selfe had ouercome Caesar he would haue resigned his authoritie to the law but rather they were of opinion that he would still keepe the souerainty and absolute gouernment in his hands taking onely to please the people the title of Consul or Dictator or of some other more ciuill office And as for Cassius a hot chollerick cruell man that would oftentymes be caried away from iustice for gayne it was certainly thought that he made warre and put him selfe into sundry daungers more to haue absolute power and authoritie then to defend the libertie of his contry For they that will also consider others that were elder men then they as Cinna Marius and Carbo it is out of doubt that the ende and hope of their victorie was to be Lordes of their contry and in manner they did all confesse that they fought for the tyranny and to be Lordes of the Empire of ROME And in contrary manner his enemies them selues did neuer reproue Brutus for any such chaunge or desire For it was sayd that Antonius spake it openly diuers tymes that he thought that of all them that had slayne Caesar there was none but Brutus only that was moued to doe it as thinking the acte commendable of it selfe but that all the other conspirators did conspire his death for some priuate malice or enuy that they otherwise did beare vnto him Hereby it appeareth that Brutus did not trust so much to the power of his army as he did to his owne vertue as is to be seene by his writings For approaching neare to the instant daunger he wrote vnto Pomponius Atticus that his affayres had the best happe that could be For sayd he eyther I will set my contry at libertie by battell or by honorable death rid me of this bondage And furthermore that they being certeine and assured of all thinges els this one thing onely was doubtfull to them whether they should liue or dye with libertie He wrote also that Antonius had his due paiment for his folly For where he might haue bene a partner equally of the glory of Brutus Cassius and Cato haue made one with them he liked better to choose to be ioyned with Octauius Caesar alone with whome though now he be not ouercome by vs yet shall he shortly after also haue warre with him And truely he proued a true Prophet for so came it in deede to passe Now whilest Brutus and Cassius were together in the citie of SMYRNA Brutus prayed Cassius to let him haue some part of his money whereof he had great store bicause all that he could rappe and rend of his side he had bestowed it in making so great a number of shippes that by meanes of them they should keepe all the sea at their commaundement Cassius friendes hindered this request and earnestly disswaded him from it perswading him that it was no reason that Brutus should haue the money which Cassius had gotten together by sparing and leauied with great euill will of the people their subiects for him to bestowe liberally vppon his souldiers and by this meanes to winne their good willes by Cassius charge This notwithstanding Cassius gaue him the thirde parte of his totall summe So Cassius and Brutus then departing from eche other Cassius tooke the citie of RHODES where he too dishonestly cruelly vsed him selfe although when he came into the citie he aunswered some of the inhabitants who called him Lord and king that he was nether Lord nor king but he onely that had slaine him that would haue bene Lord and king Brutus departing from thence sent vnto the LYCIANS to require money and men of warre But there was a certaine Orator called Nauâ—rates that made the cities to rebell against him insomuch that the contry men of that contry kept the straights and litle mountaines thinking by that meanes to stoppe Brutus passage Wherefore Brutus sent his horsemen against them who stale vppon them as they were at dinner and slue six hundred of them and taking all the small townes and villages he did let all the prisoners he tooke goe without payment of ransome hoping by this his great curtesie to winne them to drawe all the rest of the contry vnto him But they were so fierce and obstinate that they would mutyne for euery small hurt they receyued as they passed by their contry and did despise his curtesie and good nature vntill that at length he went to beseege the citie of the XANTHIANS within the which were shut vppe the cruellest and moste warrelikest men of LYCIA There was a ryuer that ranne by the walls of the citie in the which many men saued them selues swymming betweene two waters and fledde howbeit they
them that to delay time was for their auaile considering that they had plentie and store of all maner of prouision where the enemies on thother side being also in their enemies contrie their vittells would quickely faile them Marius Celsus liked verie well of these perswasions And so did Annius Gallus who was not present at this counsell but gone from the campe to be cured of a fall he had from his horse but he was wrytten to by Otho to haue his opinion also So Annius Gallus returned aunswere that he thought it not best to make hast but to stay for the armie that came out of MYSIA considering they were onwardes on their way Howbeit Otho woulde not hearken to this counsell but followed their mindes that concluded of battell for the which were alleaged diuers occasions But the chiefest and likeliest cause of all was that the souldiers which are called the Praetorian gard being the dayly gard about the Emperours person finding then in effect what it was to professe to be a souldier and to liue like a souldier they lamented their continuing in ROME where they liued at ease pleasure feasting and banketing neuer feeling the discommodities and bitter paines of warre and did therefore so earnestly crie out to fight that there was no staying of them as if they should at their first crie and setting forward haue ouerthrowen their enemies Moreouer it seemed also that Otho him selfe could no more away with the feare and dout of the vncertaine successe to come neither could any lenger abide the grieuous thoughts of the daunger of his estate he was so effeminate and vnacquainted with sorowe and paines This was the cause that caried him on headlong as a man that shutteth his eyes falling from a high place and so to put all at aduenture The matter is thus reported by Secundus the Orator and Othoes secretarie Others also doe report that both armies had diuers determinations and mindes as to ioyne all together in one campe and ioyntly to choose among them if they could agree the worthiest man of all the Captaines that were there if not then to assemble the whole Senate in a place together there to suffer the Senators to choose such one Emperour as they liked best of And sure it is verie likely it was so considering that neither of them both which were then called Emperours was thought meete for the place they had and therefore that these counsells and consideracions might easely fall into the ROMANE souldiers heades who were wise men and expert souldiers that in deede it was a thing for them iustly to mislike to bring them selues into the like miserable time and calamitie which their predecessors before them had caused one an other to suffer first for Sylla and Marius sakes and afterwards for Caesar and Pompey and now to bestow the Empire of ROME either vpon Vitellius to make him the abler to follow his dronkennes and gluttony or else vpon Otho to maintaine his wanton and licentious life This was the cause that moued Celsus to delay time hoping to end the warres without trouble and daunger and that caused Otho also to make the more hast being affrayed of the same Howebeit Otho returning backe againe to BRESSELLES he committed an other fault nor only bicause he tooke his mens good wils from thē to fight the which his presence and the reuerence they bare vnto him did put in them but bicause also he caried away with him for the gard of his person the valliantest souldiers most resolute men of all his host About that time there chaunced a skirmish to fall out by the riuer of Po bicause Cecinna built a bridge ouer it Othoes men did what they could to hinder them Howbeit when they saw they preuailed not they laded certaine barges with faggots and drie wodde all rubbed ouer with bunistone and pitche and setting them a fire they sent them downe the streame When the barges were in the middest of the streame there sodainlie rose a winde out of the riuer which blewe vppon this woddestake they had prepared to cast among the enemies workes of this bridge that first made it smoke and immediatly after fell all on a great flame which did so trouble the men in the barges that they were driuen to leape into the riuer to saue them selues and so they lost their barges and became them selues also prisoners to their enemies to their great shame and mockerie Furthermore the GERMAINES vnder Vitellius fighting with Othoes fensers which of them should winne a litle Iland in the middest of the riuer they had the vpper hand and slue many of the sensers Thereuppon Othoes souldiers which were in BERRIACVM being in a rage withall and would nedes fight Proclus brought them into the fielde and went and camped about fiftie furlong out of the citie so fondly and to so litle purpose that being the spring of the yeare and all the contrie thereabout full of brookes and riuers yet they notwithstanding lacked water The next morning they raised their campe to meete with their enemies the same day and were driuen to march aboue a hundred furlong Now Paulinus perswaded them to go fayer and softly and not to make more hast then neded and would not so soone as they should come being wearied with their iorney and trauell set vpon their enemies that were weil armed and besides had leasure time enough to set their men in battell ray whilest they were cōming so long a iorney with all their cariage Now the Captaines being of diuers opinions about this matter there came a horseman from Otho one of those they call the Nomades that brought them letters in the which Otho commaunded them to make all the hast they could and to loose no time but to marche with all speede towards the enemie So when these letters were red the Captaines presently marched forward with their armie Cecinna vnderstanding of their comming was astonied at the first and sodainlie forsooke the worke of his bridge to returne to his campe where he founde the most parte of his souldiers alreadie armed and Valens had geuen them their signall word of battell And in the meane time whilest the legions were taking their places to set them selues in battell ray they sent out before the choycest horsemen they had to skirmish Now there ran a rumor no man knew how nor vpon what cause that Vitellius Captaines would turne on Othoes side in battell Insomuch that when these men of armes came neare to meete with the voward of Othoes armie Othoes men did speake very gently to them and called them companions Vitellina man on the other side tooke this salutacion in euill parte and aunswered them againe in rage as men that were willing to fight Insomuch that those that had spokē to them were quite discoraged cragede and the residue also beganne to suspect their companions which had spoken to them and mistrusted them to be traytors
Annibal was but would by voluntary banishment dye out of the citie The ende of the whole volume of Plutarkes liues Three things necessary for a Magistrate or Captaine Prouerbe Sossius Senecio a Senator of Rome Theseus and Romulus very like The linage of Theseus Pelops king of Peloponnesus Pitheus the grandfather of Theseus The wisedom of Pitheus AEgeus the father of Theseus AEthra the daughter of king Pitheus the mother of Theseus The Palla 〈…〉 tides Pallas had fiftie sonnes VVhy Theseus vvas so called Connidas Theseus schoolemaster A custome to offer heares at Delphes Theseia Theseus manner of shauing The Abantes The cause of shauing their heares before Alexander Magnus made the Macedonians shaue their beardes Theseus said to be Neptunes sonne The Troezenians coyne stamped vvith Neptunes three picked mace Theseus youthe Great robbing in Theseus time Thucid. lib. 2. Hercules a destroyer of theeues Hercules serueth Omphale Theseus foloweth Hercules â—â—she of saue pricketh men forward to great enterprises Theseus and Hercules nere kynsemen Periphetes Corinetes a famous robber slayne of Theseus Theseus caried the clubbe he wanne of Periphetes at Hercules did the lions skin Sinnis Pityocamtes a cruel murtherer slaine Perigouna Sinnis daughter Theseus begaâ—te Menalippus of Perigouna Ioxus Menalippus sonne Ioxides Phaea the wilde sowe of Crommyon slaine Phaea a woman theefe Sciron a notable robber throweÌ„ downe the rocks by Theseus AEacus Cychreus Cercyon the Arcadian slaine of Theseus by wrestling Damastes Procrustes a cruel murtherer slaine of Theseus Hercules doinge Termerus euill Cephisus aviâ—er of Caâ—â—â— The Phytalides the first men that feasted Theseus in their houses This sacrifice Pâ—â—â—che calleth Milâ—â—â—â—â—hia Medea perswaded AEgeus to poyson Theseus AEgeus acknowledgeth Theseus for his sonne The Pallantides take ernes against AEgeus and Theseus Leos an Herauld bewrayeth their treason to Theseus Theseus killeth the Pallantides The bull of Marathon taken aliue by Theseus Apollo Delphias Iupiter Hecalian The Athenians payed tribute to Minos king of Creta for the death of Androgeus his sonne The manner of the tribute conditioned The Minotaure what it was The Laberinthe a prison in Creta Taurus one of Minoes captaines Of the Bottieians Plin. lib. 4. cap. 2. King Minos defated by the Poets in the theaters as Athens RadamaÌ„thus The thirde time of payment of the tribute The Atheniâ—â—e are grieued to depart with their children Theseus offereth to goe with the children into Creta Lotts dreâ—m for the children that should goe The Athenians sent their children into Creta in a shippe with a blacke sayle AEgeus geueth the master of the shippe a white sayle to signifie the safe returne of Theseus Cybernesia games Hiceteria offering Theseus taketh shippe with the tribute childreÌ„ the sixt of Marche and sayleth into Creta Venus Epitragia Theseus slewe the Minotaure by meanes of Ariadne king Minoes daughter Theseus returne â—â—e of Creta Taurus ouercome of Theseus was a men Taurus suspected with Pasiphäe king Minoes wife How Ariadne fell in loue with Theseus Minos sendeth Theseus home with his prisoners and releaseth the Athenians of their tribute 〈…〉 Daedalus 〈…〉 King Minos dyed in Sicile Deucalion King Minoes sonne sent to Athens to demaunde Daedalus Theseus sayled into Creta and a anne the cittie of Gnosvs and slewe Deucalion Diuers opinions of Ariadne O Enopion Staphylus Theseus sonnes Theseus leaueth Ariadne in Cyprus Ariadne dieth wish childe in Cyprus The ceremonie of the sacrifice done to Ariadne in Cyprus Venus Ariadne Two Minoes and two Ariadnees Corcyna Ariadnes nurce Theseus returneth out of Creta into the I le of Delos Theseus daunce called the Crane Palme a tokeÌ„ of victory Theseus master of his shippe forgate to see out the white sayle AEgeus death Theseus arriueth safe with the tribute children in the hauen of Phalerus The Herauld bare a rodde in his hand The feast Oscophoria October called Pyanepsion in the Aâ—ucan tongue Persd of Iresione in the life of Homer and Suidas Theseus went into Creta with the tribute children in the galliot of 30. owers Disputation about increase The galliot alleaged for a doubt Theseus thanksfullnes to the Phytalides â—hâ— were the first that frosted him in their houses Theseus brought the â—â—cabiâ—ants of the contrie of Arciâ—â— into cue cin Asty the towne house of the Athenians The feastes Panathenea and Metaecia Theseus resigneth his kingdome maketh Athiâ— a common wealth The oracle of Apollo in Delphes Theseus maketh differeÌ„ce of states and degrees in his coÌ„mon weals Theseus the first that gaue ouer regall power framed a populer state An oxe stamped in Theseus coyne Hecatomboeon Decaboeon Olympia Theseus erected the games Isthmia in the honour of Neptune Theseus iornye into mare Maior Antiopa the Amazone rauished by Theseus Solois fell in loue with Antiopa Solois droâ—â—ed him selfe for loue Pythopolis built by Theseus Solois fl The cause of the warres of the Amazones against the Athenâ—â—s Bosphorus Cimmericus an arme of the sea Theseus fighteth a battell with the Amazones The order of the Amazones battell Peace concluded as feâ—â—e moneths ende by meanes of Hyppolita Oreemosion the name of a place Auncient toÌ„bes of losenge facion Thermodon nowe called Haâ—monst Hippolytus Theseus senne by Antiopa Phâ—dra Theseus wife and Minos daughter king of Creta Theseus mariages Theseus battels Prouerbe Nots witheus Theseus Prouerbe This is another Theseus Theseus valliantnes the cause of Pirithous friendshippe with him Pirithous Theseus sworne brethern in the field Pirithous maried Deidamia The Lapithae ouercomen the Centauari Theseus and Hercules met at Trathina Theseus fiftie yere olde wheÌ„ he rauished Hellen. The manner of Hellens rauishement Diana Orâ—hia Theseus lefte Hellen in the cittie of Aphidnes Theseus went with Pirithous into Epirus to steale Proserpina Aidonius daughter Pirithous terne in peces with Cerberus Theseus close prisoner The warre of the Tyndarides against the AtheniaÌ„s Academia why so called Marathon Aphidnes wonne raced by the Tyndarides Alycus Scirons sonne slayne at the battell of Aphidnes The Tyndarides honoured at godds and called Anaces Cicer. de Nasdeâ—r lib 3. King called Anactes Anaces why so called AEthra takeÌ„ prisoner and caried to Lacedaâ—mon Diuers opinions of Homers verses Sperchius â— Theseus deliuered one of prison by Hercules meanes The AstheniaÌ„s disdaine to obey Theseus Theseus fled from Athens into the I le of Sciros Theseus cruelly slayne by Lycomedes Menestheus king of Athens Theseus sonnes Cimon taketh the I le of Sciros and bringeth Theseus bones to Athens Theseus tumbe Neptune why called Asphalius and Gaiochus Diuers opinions about the name of Rome Tybria st The beginning of kissing their kinsefolkes in the mouthe came from the Troian women Fables of Romulus byrthe An oracle of Thetis in 〈…〉 Thuscans See the fragments of Fabius Pictor and of Cato See also Haelitarnasseus T. Linius Romulus kinred Romulus mother Faustulus Cermanum Ruminalis The goddesse Rumilia Acca Laurentia Faustulus wife that nurced the twynnes The Greeke soâ—â—â— Larentia Lâ—reÌ„tia fâ—â—t Laurentia a curtisan Tarrutius Vâ—labrum
Irenes Melirenes The â—â—eeuerie of the Lacedaemonians Straight dyet causeth groeth and height Childrens exercise afect their supper The LacedamoniaÌ„s manner of liuing Short speache taught among the Lacedaemonians Lycurgus wise aunswere Lycurgus loue to god To geue a haÌ„d is to consesse him self ouercome Shorte sentences of certaint Laconians Leonidus Charilaus Archidamidas Shaâ—e sentences of the Laconians Demaratus Agis Theopompus Plistonax Pausanias sonne Archidamidas In the life of Agesilous The Lacedaemonians songes Three daunces among the Lacedaemonians Terpander of the Lacedaemonians Pyndarus of the Lacedaemonians The longe bushes and beare of the Laconians How the Laconians beganne battell The LaconiaÌ„s songe when they marched Eust. Ilia 15. How save the Lacedaemonians dyd pursue their enemies Lycurgus a very good captaine Oulames The LaconiaÌ„s opinion to serue their countrie The rest and leysure of the Lacedaemonians Idie liuers punished at Athens Sutes in lawe went aways with golde siluer that was banished How they spâ—o the time in Sparta The Lacedaemonians liued not priuately to them selues in the comm'd weale Paedaretus saying The manner of choosing the Senate in Sparta VVhat was done the Senatour being chosen The manner of buriall with the Lacedaemonians The time of mourning None allowed to trauell into other couÌ„tries without licence No straungers suffered to dwell in Sparta Cryptia with the Lacedaemonians The cruelty of the Lacedaemonians against the Ilotes Diodorus lib. 2. Plato in Timaeo Lycurgus wonderfull counsell in stablishing his lawes Lycurgus death Sparta florished fiue hundred yeres Lycurgus lawes were broke in king Agis time by Lysanders meanes Money corrupteth Lycurgus Lawes See more in Lysaders life Lysander brought in richer againe into Sparta Theopompus wordes of obeying and commauÌ„ding Good gouernmeÌ„t breedeth due obedieÌ„ce Antisthenes Socrates schollers wordes The foundation of a common weale Diuine honours to Lycurgus after his death Antiorus Lycurgus â—â—â—â—â— In what time Numa â—â—â— Cicero de Or. 2. Tuscâ—l 4. Lius Hâ—lic lib. 2. VVhether Pythagoras had any conversation with Numa Pythagoras the seconde a Spartan borne taught Numa at Rome The death of Romulus In the life of Romulus he is named Trocolus â— Dissention as Rome about choosing of their King. Liuie sayeth but a hundred Dionysius 200. Plutar. in the life of Romulus agreeth with Dionysius Interregnum Numa chosen King. Numa borne in the cittie of Cures Quirites why so called The life and manners of Numa before his raigne Tatia the wife of Numa Numa conuersant with the goddesse Egeria Goddes familliar with men VVho are beloued of the goddes Proclus and Velesus ambassadours to offer Numa the kingdom The orasion of Numa to the abassadours refusing to be King. Numa beginneth his kingdome with seruice of the goddes Numa was consecrated by the Augures The garde of Celeres discharged by Numa Flamen Quirinalis instituted of Numa Numa inducent ciuill quiet life Plato de Rep. lib. 2. Numa and Pythagoras institutions muche a like Numa worshipped Tacita one of the Muses Pythagoras taught his schollers to kept silence Pythagoras opinion of god Numa forbad images of God. Proofes for the conuersation of Numa and Pythagoras Numa instituteth Bishoppes Pontifices why so called The wodden bridge as Rome The highe bishoppe The institution of the Vestall Nunnes The holy and immortal fire How the holy fire is drawen from the pure flame of the sunne See the life of Camillus touching the Vestall Nunnes The Vestalls prerogatius The punishment of the Vestall Nunnes The temple of Vesta represenseth the figure of the worlde VVhere the fire abideth The manner of buriall Libitina honored at funeralls The time of mourning Salâ—i Feciales Pluto Probl. 62. Gell. lib. 16 c.4 Feciales called Irenophylaces Irenen a quarrell pacified with reason without the sword Rome taken by the Gaules See Camillus Life The institution of the Salij A target from heauen VVhereof they were called Salij Ancylia whereof so called Regia the Kings palace The manner of the Romaines worshipping of the goddes The Pythagorians opinion touching prayer Hoc age a watcheword to tend diuine seruice The similitude of Numa and Pythagoras precepts By what means Numa made the Romaines quiet and gentle The wonders of Numa Numaes speaking with Iupiter Picus Fannus The purifying of thunder Ilicium the name of the place Numa buylded temples to Faythe and Terme Numa made the boundes of the territorie of Rome Numa aduaunceth jillage Numa deuided his people into sundrie occupations Numa tooke away the factions of Romulus and Tatius The ordinaunce of the moneths of Numaes institution Macrob. 1. Sarâ—r 13. The yere diuersely counted * Peraduenture ye must read in the Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is to saye of the name of Iuno * Some olde Grecian copies saye in this place marg 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as much to saye as for the deade VVhy Ianus is painted with two faces At what time the temple of Ianus is thus in Rome Liu. lib. 1. The Romains had us warres in al Nunaes time Platoes saying concerning the felicitie of a coÌ„mon weale Numaes tiues and posteritie Pompilia Numaes daughter Pompilia maried to Caius Martius Corislanus Martius the Sabyne made Sunatouar at Rome Ancus Martius the sonne of Caius Martius Coviolanus The death of Numa Numaes bookes VVhy the Pythagoriâ—agrave left nothing in writing 12. bookes of priesthood 12. bookes of philosophie Good men praysed after their death The misfortunes of Numaes successours Hostilius The vertues of Numa and Lycurgus were alike but their deeds diuers VVhat things were harde to Lycurgus Slaues sai with their master as Saturnes feasts Macrob. Satur lib. 1. Diuers causes of the diuersitie of institutions of Numa and Lycurgus Description of their people Reason for mariages Numaes order for maidens the better The Laconians were to manly The Romaine women very modest The first diuorce aâ— Rome Howe much education and discipline is worthe Arist. polit 8. How Lycurgus lawes were stablished VVhy Numaes orders dyed Why Numa is to be preferred before Lycurgus Solons linage Great friendshipp betâ—ixâ— Solon Pisistratus A statute for bondmen Solon gaue him selfe in youth to trade marchauÌ„dise Solons iudgemeÌ„t of riches The commodities of merchandise A marchauns builded Massilia Thales Hippocrates Plato all marchaunts Pouerty with vertue better than riches How Solon vsed his poetrie Solon delited in morall but not in naturall philosophie Hellens three footed stoole of gold draweÌ„ vp in a drag net The rare modesty of the wise men Anacharsis and Solons meeting Anacharsis saying of Solons written lawes Solons talke with Thales at Miletum about mariage for hauing of children VVe should not let to get things necessarie fearing to lose them Cybistus Thales adopted sonne The instinct of naturall loue Proclamation vpon paâ—ne of death no man so moâ—e the counsell for the title of Salamina Solon fained madnes to recouer Salamina Solons Elegies of the Salaminians Of the temple of Venus Coliade Sâ—ab lib 4. â—â—rsan of the Athenians Solons stratageames Solon wanne Salamina Great stryfe betwext
winneth Bizantium Alcibiades honorable returne into his countrie Alcibiades oration to the people Alcibiades chosen generall with soueraine authoritie Plynteria Alcibiades restored the olde ceremonies Alcibiades second iorney Lacke of money the occasion of the ouershowe of the AtheniaÌ„s armie by sea Antiochus rashnes procured his owne death and the ouerthrowe of the Athenians armie Lysander being generall of the Lacedaemonious ouercame the Athenians Alcibiades accused again by Thrasybulus Alcibiades put from his authoritie of generall Lysander rode at ancker before Lampsacus The Athenians regarded not Alcibiades good counsell The Athenians ouercome by Lysander Athens taken by Lysander Alcibiades flieth into the countrie of Bithynia Lysander appointed 30. tyrannes ouer the citizens of Athens To lose repentaunce of the Athenians The Lacedaemonians will Lysander to kill Alcibiades Alcibiades dreame in Phrygia before his death Alcibiades death Timandra the curtisan buried Alcibiades Lais a curtisan of Corinthe The familie of the Martians Publius and Quintus Martius brought the water by conducts to Rome Curseland wit. The benefit of the learning VVhat this worde Virtue signifieth Coriolanus first going to the warres Coriolanus crowned with a garland of oken boughes The goodnes of the oke To soden honor in youth killeth further desier of fame Coriolanus noble endeuour to continue well deseruing Cariolanus Epaminondas did both place their desire of honour alike The obedieÌ„ce of Coriolanus to his mother Extremitie of vserers complained of at Rome by the people Counsellers promises make men valliant in hope of iust performance Ingraeiende and good seruice vnrewarded prouoketh rebellion Martius Coriolanus against the people The people leaue the cittie and doe goe to the holy hill An excellens case tolde by Menenius Agrippa to pacifie the people The first beginning of Tribuni plebis Iunius Brutus Sicinius Vellutus the 2. first Tribunes The cittie of Corioles besieged by the Consul Cominius Titus Lartius a valliaÌ„t Romaines The propertie of a souldier The cittie of Corioles takeÌ„ Souldiers testaments By Coriolanus meanes the Volsci were ouercome in battell The tenth parte of the enemies goods offered Martius for rewarde of his seruice by Cominius the Consul Valiance rewarded with honour in the fielde Martius noble aunswer refusall Martius surnamed Coriolanus by the Consul How the Romaines come to three names VVhy the GreciaÌ„s gaue Kings surnames * These were the princes that buils the cittie of Cyrene Names of mockery amoÌ„g the Romaines Sedition as Rome by vanson of famiâ—â— Velitres made a colonie to Rome Two practised to remoue the sedition in Rome Sicinius and Brutus Tribunes of the people against both those deuises Coriolanus offendeth the people Coriolanus inuadeth the Antiates and bringeth rich spoyles home The manner of fuyng for office as Rome VVhereupon this manner of suyng was so deuised Offices geuen then by deserâ— without fauour or corruption Bankets and money geuen only destroyers of common wealth Anytus the Athenian the first that with money corrupted the sentence of the iudge and voyces of the people See the sickie mindes of coÌ„mon people The fruites of selfe will and obstinacie Great store of corne brought to Rome Coriolanus evasion against the insolencie of the people Sedition at Rome for Coriolanus Articles against Coriolanus Coriolanus stowtnes in defence of him selfe Sicinius the Tribune pronounceth sentence of death vpoÌ„ Martius Coriolanus hath daye geuen him to aunswer the people Coriolanus accused that he sought to be King. Coriolanus banished for life Coriolanus constaÌ„t minde in aduersitie The force of anger Tullus Aufidius a greate persone emoÌ„g the Volsces Coriolanus disguised goeth to Antium a cittie of the Volsces Coriolanus oration to Tullus Aufidius Great dissention at Rome about Martius banishment The Romaines manner of punishing their slaues VVhereof Furcifer came A ceremonie instituted by king Numa touching religion The superstition of the Romaines Thensae The Romaines gaue the Volsces occasion of warres Martius Coriolanus craftie accusation of the Volsces Coriolanus chosen generall of the Volscesâ— with Tullus Aufidius against the Romaines Coriolanus inuadeth the territories of the Romaines A fine deuise to make the communaltie suspect the nobilitie Great harte burning betwext the nobilitie and people Lauinium built by AEneas The Romaines send ambassadours to Coriolanus to treate of peace The first occasion of the Volsces enuy to Coriolanus Another ambassade sent to Coriolanus The priestes and soothesayers sent to Coriolanus Valeria Publicolaes sister Volumnia Martius mother The wordes of Valeria vnto Volumnia and Virgilia The aunswere of Volumnia to the Romaine ladies The oration of Volumnia vnto her sonne Coriolanus Coriolanus compastion of his mother Coriolanus withdraweth his armies from Rome The temple of Fortune built for the womeÌ„ The image of Fortune spake to the Ladyes at Rome Of the sweating voyces of images Of the omnipotencie of God. Tullus Anfidius seeketh to kill Coriolanus e Coriolanus murdered in the cittie of Antium Coriolanus funeralles The time of mourning appointed by Numa Tullus Aufidius slaine in battell The acts done by both The manners of Alcibiades Coriolanus Alcibiades Coriolanus manner for money Alcibiades Coriolanus loue vnto their contrie Coriolanus notable abstinence from bribes The house of the AEmylians came of Pythagoras sonne Lucius Paulus AEmylius Consul slaine at the battell of Cannes AEmylia the daughter of Lucius AEmylius maried to Scipio the great The vertues of Paulus AEmylius Paulus AEmylius made AEdilis and Augure The philosophers opinion of religion Paulus diligence in the coÌ„moÌ„ wealth eueÌ„ in trifles The discipline of carres Paulus AEmylius sent Praetor into Spayne AEmylius skilful to choose place and time to fight Scipio the seconde Fabius Maximus were the sonnes of P. AEmylius by Papyria his first wife A prety tale of a Romaine that forsooke his wife The vertue of AElius Tubero his pouertie and quiet life In naturalitie amongest kinred infamous AEmylius Consul AEmylius ouer commeth the LigvsriaÌ„s The cowardlines of the Romaines in Spayne The successioÌ„ of Antigonus king of Macedon Antigonus Doson king of Macedon Philip king of Macedon was ouercome in battell by Titus Quintus Flaminius at the cittie of Scotvsa Philips secoÌ„d preparation for warres in Macedon Philips armorie The death of king Philip. Perseus extreme couetous King Perseus maketh warre with the Romaines Publius Licinius Consul ouerthrowen by Perseus Hostilius CoÌ„sul repulsed out of Macedon Bastarnae the Gaules dwelling apon the riuer of Danubie AEmylius chosen Consul the second time taketh charge of the warres of Macedon Good lucke pronouÌ„ced by Tertia a litle girle Paulus AEmylius oratioÌ„ of thanckes or the Romaines when he was Consul obseruing the custome See what fruite souldiers reape by obedience reason Perseus couetousnes and miserie was the destruction of him selfe and his realme of Macedon Bastarnaeâ— a mercenary people Note what became of Perseus husbandry AEmylius army against Perseus was a hundred thousand meÌ„ Gentius king of the IllyriaÌ„s ayded Perseus Perseâ— double dealing with king Gentius King Gentius ouercome by Lucius
of the Argiues Helenus Pyrrus sâ—nne The straunge loue of an Elephant to his keeper Kinge Pyrrus slaine with a tyle throwen by a woman Alcyoneus king Antigonus sonne Antigonus courtesie towards Pyrrus body and frendes Of the names of the Romaines Marius fauor Marius could no skill of the Greeke tongue Platoes saying to Xenocrates Marius parents maners and contry Marius first iorney vnto the warres Scipio Asricous iudgement of Marius Marius Tribune of the people Costa Consull Two sortes of AEdiles AEdilitas Curulis AEdilitas popularis Marius denyed to be AEdilis Marius chosen Praetor Sabacon put of the Senate Caius Herennius pleaded in Marius behalfe touching the patron client Marius actes in Spayne The opinioÌ„ of Spanyards in olde time Eloquence riches raised men to authority How Marius credit and estimacion grew Iulia Marius wife Marius temperaunce and pacience Caecilius Metellus Consull The Labours presence of the Generall maketh the souldiers worke willingly Marius the author of Turpilius false accusation death Vacca a great city The cause of the supposed treason against Turpilius Turpilius wrongfully put to death Displeasure betwixt Metellus Marius Marius first time of being Consull Marius offended the nobility Marius depriued Metellus of the honor of conquering of king Iugurthe Bocchus kinge of Numidia deliuereth Iugurthe vnto Sylla Lucius Sylla Quaestor vnder Marius The originall cause of the ciuill warres betwixt Marius and Sylla The comming into Italie of the Teutons and Cimbres The army of the Tevtons and Cimbres 300000 men Cimbri Cimmerij Marius chosen Consull the second time against the law Law must giue place for common benefit Marius triumphe into Rome for king Iugurthe How Marius trained his souldiers Marius moyles Marius commended for his iustice Marius third Consullshippe Manius Acilius Lieutenant of the army vnder Marius Lucius Saturninus Tribune Marius fourth Consullshippe with Catulus Luctatius Rhodanus fl Marius channell The Cimbres went through Germanie into Italie The Teutons and Ambrons fall apon Marius to passe into Italie through the territory of Genua Martha a wise woman or prophetesse The attier of Martha in time of sacrifice A wonder of the Vultures shewed to Marius VVonders seene Batabaces the priest of the mother of the goddes Aulus Pompeius Tribune The enemies campe were removing sixe dayes together Marius bolde wordes to his souldiers and their aunswer Battell betwixt the Ambrons Marius Marius ouercome the Ambrons The mannishnes of the women Marius seconde battell with the Teutons Marius victory of the Teutons and Ambrons Much veine followeth after great battells Marius the fift time Consull Athesis flu Catulus Luctatius the Consull flieth from the Cimbres Marius refused to enter in triumphe Marius goeth towardes Catulus Luctatius to helpe him Po flu Marius mocke to the Cimbres The Cimbres march against Marius Marius deuise for alteringe the darte in fight Baeorix king of the Cimbres Two and fiftie thowsand and three hundred men betwene Marius and Catulus The Romaines battell The battell of the Cimbres A dust raised that neither army could see one another The sunne ful in the Cimbres faces The fielde fought the 27. of Iuly Horrible cruelty of women Prisoners 60. thowsand Men slaine six score thowsand Might ouercoÌ„meth right Metellus against people pleasers Valerius Flaccus Consull with Marius the sixt time Valerius Coruinus sixe times Consull The law Agraria An article for the othes of the Senate to confirme what the people should passe by voyce Marius duble dealing To lye cunningly Marius taketh it for a vertue Timorous policy causeth periury Metellus constant in vertue Metellus wise saying touching well doing Metellus banishment Marius doble dealing betwene the nobilitie and people Marius procureth sedition at Rome No trust on the faith of the coÌ„mon people Metellus returne from banishement Marius iorney into Cappadocia and Galatia Marius prowd wordes to Mithridates The cause of the dissension betwene Marius Sylla The warre of the confederates Siloes stowts chalenge and Marius answer Mons Misenum Marius ambition Sulpitius gard of sixe hundred knightes Sulpitius boldness Marius sedition Marius flieth from Rome Marius the sonne flieth into Africke Marius found an ayrie of Eagles How many egges the Eagle layeth Liris fl Marius set a land and forsaken of the mariners Marine hidden in the marisses Marius takeÌ„ Fanniaes curtesie vnto Marius One hiered to kill Marius The Minturnians suffered Marius to go his way with sefety Marica Sylua Marius the elder flieth into Africke Marius wise answere of surtimes inconstancy Marius the younger esâ—apeth Hyempsals hands Cinna driuen out of Rome by Octauius Marius ioyneth force with Cinna Octauius negligence in defence of the citie of Rome against Cinna Marius Octauius too much geuen to Southsaiere Octauius vertue and imperfection Octauius slaine by Marius souldiers Agreas contrariety in astronomy Cinna and Marius entry into Rome Bardini Marius caused great murder in Rome Marius crueltie Small trust of frendes in aduersitie The faithfulnes of Cornutus seruaunts to their master M. Antonius the Orator betrayed by a tauerner The force of eloquence Catulus Luctatius killed himselfe The Bardiaeians slaine of their Captaines for their crueltie Marius seuenth Consulship Marius thoughtes and feare Deuise to winne sleepe Marius the fathers death Marius mad ambition a note against the ambitious Platoes words at his death note that in Syllaes life following to appeareth that Marius the younger was besieged in the city of Preneste and not in Perusia as ye rende here So as the city seemeth to be mistakeÌ„ in one of these liues Lysanders image Licurgus the anchor of wearing longe heare The commoditie of wearing longe heare Lysanders kinred The education of the Laconian children Lysanders manners VVise man he euer melancholye Lysander a despisor of riches Lysanders words of Dionysuis liberalitie Lysander admirall for the Lacedaemonians by sea Lysander enlargeth the citie of Ephesus Sardis a citie in Lydia Lysander tooke money for paye of his souldiers Lysanders victorie of the Athenians by sea Cherronesus a contrye in Thracia Callicratidas Lysanders successor in his office of admyraltie Playnenes coÌ„mended for a vertue but liked as an olde image of a god that had bene excellent faier The spighte of Lisander to Callicratidas Nothing estemed with the Barbarians but money Callicratidas pacience The death of Callicratidas Lysander crafty and deceitfull A wise saying of Lysander The wicked dissembling and double dealing of Lysander Lysander regarded no periâ—rie following the example of Polycrates the tyran of Somos Cyrus liberaâ—itie to Lysanders Lysanders artes by sea Philocles cruel advise vnto the Athenians Lysanders craft in marine fight Alcibiades gaue good aduise to the Captaines of the AtheniaÌ„s A copper target lift vp the signe of battell by sea Conon Admirall of the Athenians Lysanders victory of the Athenians Paralos the holy galley of Athens The starres of Castor and Pollux A stone fell out of the element AEgos st Anaxagoras opinion of the starres VVhat falling starres be Damachus testimonie of the fiery stone seene in the element