Agent full of Honor and Truth who will certainly make good whatsoever he hath said unto us in his Holy Writ in order to our Eternal Felicity if we observe Faith and Repentance Faith and Repentance are conditions of the New Covenant in order to Eternal Felicity the conditions of the Covenant and pay a duty of thanks and obedience to him And I confess the Incarnation of our Saviour seemeth a thing not consonant to natural reason that God and Man should be united in one Person What think ye of our union of Soul and Body But it seemeth very difficult to our apprehension how such different Natures the one a Spirit Immortal and Incorruptible the other a Body Material and Corruptible as being grand opposites should be united in one Person and assist each other in natural operations This is true in Nature and the other in Faith which rendreth all things credible to a willing mind that do not imply a contradiction in the nature of things which the Incarnation of Christ is free from it being not impossible that he who is intimately present to all things should in a more peculiar manner assume our Humane Nature as to the manner of it is as mysterious as true but the reason of it may be better apprehended for if our Redeemer had not been like us in nature as Man he could not have redeemed us for Man having offended Man also must be punished and satisfie God's Justice which Christ did in fulfilling the Law and offering himself a Sacrifice for our Sins which could in no way have proved efficacious to us had not his Divine nature been united to his Humane So that if Christ had been only Man though accomplished with Nature and Grace and had in every title fulfilled the Moral Law The Active Obedience of Christ and paid a perfect Obedience according to God's Will to all his most Holy Commands yet being a Creature he could only speak his Duty in offering up his Life in God's service to his Glory which he had originally received from him His Passive Obedience But Christ the Saviour of the World in reference to his Divine nature rendred his sufferings meritorious giving them thereby an infinite value as accompanied with infinite perfections proper to his Godhead only and upon this account he offered himself a Propitiatory Sacrifice for the whole World Another Mystery revealed in the Gospel is the Resurrection of our Bodies at the day of Judgment The Resurrection of our Bodies is not impossible which is disbelieved by Atheists and wicked Persons as repugnant to their interest to be called to account and to suffer Eternal torments for their demerits But laying aside all prejudice and truly considering the nature of the Resurrection it doth not at all imply any contradiction I confess there is no natural Agent of sufficient ability to produce such an Effect It is as easie to raise a Body as to create it but the supream cause being of infinite power and perfection having created Heaven and Earth and variety of Creatures in such great order out of nothing is able by the same power to raise Dust and Ashes to Life it being much less to restore somewhat bereaved of its being to its former Preexistence and to add new degrees of perfection then to create all things of nothing And indeed we need not wonder that the mysteries of Religion cannot be fathomed by our shallow capacities when the secrets of Nature the Essences of Forms do soar above our most elevated conceptions and we though bred in Schools are not Masters of so much Philosophy as to tell any Man's peculiar Nature The numerical difference of Individuums by which one Man is numerically discriminated from another which natural notion is as concealed from us as the greatest Article of Faith unless it be manifested to us by some supernatural Light which is as great an instance of God's Wisdom as his love to give clear and infallible Rules in an extraordinary manner to advance the Law of Nature when deficient in order to his Service and Glory and our Peace and Happiness And it will be worth our remark to consider how mean and flat our Sentiments are how abstracted soever they may seem in the knowledge of Philosophical Principles and much more in Divine And hence it may be well inferred how reasonable it is to make a strict enquiry whether God hath propounded any revealed Truth and then not to say it is an Article of Faith The Articles of Faith do not destroy but perfect the Law of Nature because it is opposite to Reason is a vain way of Argument and very fallacious because what is contrary to Reason is destructive of it and cannot be ascribed to Articles of Faith which do not destroy or abolish but perfect and exalt the Law of Nature as most suitable to it And when we are presented by Divine Revelation with some Truths of which we were formerly ignorant we must speak our thanks and obedience to him for clearing up our Understanding by some new revealed Principles The Sanctions of the Gospel are explicatory of the Law of Nature And though the great Law-giver hath enacted no new moral Sanctions but such as are consonant to the Law of Nature and the end of our Creation and hath taught us many new Precepts as explicatory of the old ones of the Moral Law and hath established new Ordinaries as Suppletories of the defect of the Law of Nature to elevate it to greater perfection to render Man capable of that great Happiness to which he was consigned in his first production And to that end the Holy JESVS hath instituted many holy Precepts and tendered gracious Promises in the Gospel as so many endearing instances of his love to caress him to his duty which are wrote in fair Characters by a Quill taken out of a Wing of the Dove to invite us by infallible and endearing Arguments to attain those Felicities and Glories which God designed us before the foundation of the World And the Eternal Law-giver our Gracious Redeemer The Levitical Rites are abolished hath taken off many burdensome and expenseful Rites of the Levitical Law which were ordained to be temporary in their first institution as the Sacrificing of Beasts and the like which were Typical of that most Excellent Sacrifice of the true Paschal Lamb who offered himself once upon the Altar of the Cross as a Propitiatory Sacrifice for the Sins of the whole World And because the Levitical Rites were only Shadows they were abolished when the more perfect substance came into the World and dwelt among us Faith and Repentance are essential to Religion and continued with us as long as this most divine order of Nature should last that Prayers Intercessions Eucharist Adoration and the observance of his Holy Ordinances Moral Precepts Faith and Repentance as the Conditions of the New Covenant should be essential to Religion and of an unalterable Nature by which a way is chalked out wherein
obtaineth the same nature and definition with the whole their Health consisteth in a due temperament flowing from the happy union of disagreeing Particles of sulphureous and saline of volatil and fixed of solid and liquid of spirituous and gross Particles reduced by Fermentation in the mutual action and passion of contraries to a due mediocrity Health made up of many requisites The First is a due number of parts The Second a due Magnitude The Third is a decent conformation of the Integrals and to an amicable disposition productive of the operations belonging to similar parts The health of Organick parts made up of many similars is supported by more requisites which give them their natural Constitution the first is the definite number of their Parts that integrate the Organ The Second is their due Magnitude confined within the proper limits of Nature The Third is the decent conformation of the Integrals compounding the Organ implying First a convenient Figure Secondly proper Cavities or Pores Thirdly a fit Surface The Fourth qualification of Organick parts The Fourth is a connexion of one part with another as they are quantitative is to have one part seated without another and so they must necessarily have a place and coherence with other parts whereupon they include Situation and Connexion The health of the Body is founded in the natural exercise of its Operations flowing from several Faculties Health is founded in a due exercise of the operations of the Faculties which are the powers of the Soul as so many rays acting with diverse influxes difinitively existent as they are in such and such parts endued with various structures and qualified with peculiar dispositions fitted to entertain the faculties of the Soul in order to celebrate their different operations Hence the Eye hath its Faculty of seeing and its proper Organ affected with many transparent Coats and Humors through which the various Images representations of visible objects as are transmitted and make appulses first upon the Retina and are afterward imparted to the optick Nerve As the Body hath its health attended with natural operations so the Soul too may be said to obtain its Health from the due disposition of its rational and sensitive Faculties The First and more noble celebrating their operations in the upper Apartiment in the Brain are acted with Animal Spirits seated in the nervous Liquor The rational Faculties are Two The rational Faculties Truth the object of the Understanding The nature of Truth the Understanding and Will the first in Order as well as Nature as guiding the Will is enobled by the excellent Object of Truth whose Nature is founded in a conformity with that of the Divine understanding whether Truth be considered in a simple Notion whereupon Entities are said to be true when their Essences perfectly agree with the Ideas in God's understanding and so is the verity of Enunciation when it holdeth Analogy with the Heavenly Mind and Good an Object perfective of the Will receiveth its Being as it keepeth a Conformity with the Divine Will And the rational Faculty may be entituled to Health as it is rectified by good natural Principles and enobled by supernatural Truths whereupon it being illuminated giveth wholsome Dictates to the Will The Will is guided by the Dictates of the Understanding whereby its indifferency is determined by the election of Good and refusal of Evil and the Will being acted with the good and salutary advice of the understanding giveth its Commands to the Irascible and Concupiscible Faculties and thereby regulates the Deordination of their acts Thus I have Treated of the several Apartiments of Man's Body The Analogy between the Body Natural and the Body politick and their fine Walls and rich Furniture which are disposed in an excellent order by reason the inferior parts are subordinate to the superior and as being serviceable to each other which speaketh the admirable Artifice of the All-wise and Omnipotent Agent The Oeconomy of the Body politick doth much resemble that of the Body natural in which all the Members are subordinate to one Head which is much akin to the best constitution of Monarchical Government having most of Unity as all the lines meet in one Center whereupon it is most excellent as it is farther removed from Anarchy All Governments consist in the due administration of Justice The nature of Governments and the subordination and obedience of inferior persons to superior The Supreme power is accountable to no body but God himself till we come to a supream Authority accountable to no body but God himself are of Divine Institution derived from God himself the fountain of all Power and Authority Commanding Reverence and Obedience to the Sanctions and Persons of Governors who are more or less eminently Gods Vicegerents as they are invested with greater or less Power Whereupon Governors being in some sort Particles of the Divine Nature Covernors do in some sort participate of a Divine Nature are styled Gods in Holy Writ in reference to the Royal Functions of Remunerative and Vindicative Justice And it were to be heartily wished and prayed for That all Governors and especially the Supreme in all Nations may truly so participate of the Divine Nature That they be like God in those most excellent Characters of Sanctity and Power to influence as well the Souls with virtuous and Pious inclinations as to command the Bodies of others by coercive Laws The Supreme Power hath diverse qualifications The kinds of Government and is founded in one in Monarchy in the best in Aristocracy and in the People in Democracy which is the worst of Governments as it is most near to Anarchy and Confusion And therefore Monarchy is judged the best Monarchy is the best of Governments as it resembles Gods Government who is the most truly supreme in Goodness Justice and Wisdom as it hath most of Unity because all Subjects do unite in one King as all Members in one head And Aristocrary is of a middle nature Aristocracy is worse then Monarchy and better then Democracy more degenerate then Monarchy in that it consisteth of many Governors and more exalted then Democracy because it is framed of the best And these being premised I beg the favour to speak my own Sense which as I humbly conceive is that of our Nation Parliamentary Government compriseth all sorts of Governments That Parliamentary Government is an excellent Constitution by reason in it all these are comprised in the King as Supreme and in the Two Houses of Parliament as His Majesty's Great Council First the Government is Constituted in the King as Supreme and so it is Monarchichal Secondly in the Lords as His greatest Ministers and so in some degree the Government may be styled Aristocratical Thirdly it is in the House of Commons as the Representatives of the People and so the Parliamentary Government after a manner may be called Democratical Whereupon this kind of Government being united in the King as the Head and Fountain of it
in order to recover her of an Ascitis caused by a suppression of the Haemorrhoids whence the current of the Faeculent Blood being intercepted her Body grew very much Emaciated and full of watry Recrements discharged into the Cavity of the Belly which being inspected after Death it was found overcharged with a quantity of Watry Humours Sometimes this kind of Dropsie ariseth from the stoppage of the Menstrua A Dropsie arising from a suppressing of the Menstrua whose watry Faeculencies do despoile the Body of the bounty of Blood as not being Purged off by the Arteries inserted into the inward Coat relating to the Body Neck and Vagina Uteri whereupon the Blood degenerates into a cold and moist Constitution as growing big with watry Impurities and hath its native heat and Spirituous parts depressed causing an unkindly Fermentation and Assimilation of Chyme into Blood and spoileth the Succus Nutricius so that it cannot be united and turned into the substance of the solid parts whence proceedeth an Atrophy of the whole Body in inveterate Dropsies derived from different Causes all producing a watry Mass of Blood which cannot be intimately conjoyned by Assimilation with the numerous Vessels of several Tribes and Families which integrate the Fleshy parts of the Body An Ascitis may also flow in good Fellows An Ascitis flowing from a Rupture of the Bladder Drinking to a hight from a large quantity of Urine which is commonly immured within the Walls of the Bladder which being overmuch distended and broken giveth a freedom to the Urine to expatiate in the more large Territories of the Belly filled up by this troublesome Liquor which causeth a great distention of the Peritonaeum Abdominal Muscles and the common Integuments of the Body rendring it uneasie and deformed Platerus maketh mention of a good Fellow after he had indulged himself in the too too free Cups of generous Liquor was forced his Legs not being able to support him to lay himself upon the Ground for repose whereupon an ill conditioned Man out of a Frolique leaped upon his Belly and broke his Bladder whence a great quantity of Urine gushed out of its lacerated Receptacle into the Cavity of the Belly which was more and more enlarged upon the unnatural recourse of Urine into the empty spaces of the Belly A Dropsie flowing from watry Recrements lodged in divers Vesicles which gave a period to his Life A kind of Dropsie may borrow its rise from watry Recrements enclosed in divers parts of the Body in proper Membranes as so many Vesicles of divers Magnitudes sometimes lodged in the substance of the Caul and between the Rim of the Belly and Intestines and between the Peritonaeum and Muscles of the Abdomen An Ascitis also may be produced which is very frequent by the Laceration of the Lymphaeducts which being Vessels of a most thin and tender Contexture may easily be broken as being obstructed either by too great a quantity or by the grossness of the Lympha stopping its course toward the common Receptacle whereupon the Lymphaeducts being surchar-charged with too great a quantity of Lympha are cracked and the Lympha doth flow through the breaches into the more free and empty spaces of the Belly A young Gentlewoman being troubled many Years with a Dropsie An instance of a Dropsie proceeding from the broken Lymphae-Ducts was at last freed from it by Death the last remedy of all Diseases and her Body being opened no fault could be found with the Viscera but only a discovery was made of the broken Lymphaeducts through which a great quantity of thin Transparent Liquor was vented into the Vacuities of the Belly which proceeded from her severe usage in her Minority by her Governours As to the Cure of an Ascitis three Indications present themselves Three indications do offer themselves in order to the Cure of Diseases the Preservative Curative and Vital The Preservative Curative and Vital The Preservative is founded in Tuenda sanitate which is accomplished by removing he antecedent Cause while the Disease is at a distance in Potentia solummodo wherein the Body is only in a disposition to a Distemper So that in reference to an Ascitis the watry Humours the remote cause of it is to be Purged off by Hydragognes which do empty the Body of serous Excrements while they are in motion in the Vessels before they are Extravasated in the spaces of the Belly The Curative Indication of a Dropsie is more difficult because it relateth to the Continent cause the watry Faeces stagnant in the Belly which being thrown out of the confines of the Vessels are hard to be Purged off but Nature being ambitious to preserve it self findeth out secret ways which are not obvious to Sense to free her self from Diseases by Purgatives which are very beneficial in an Ascitis though the manner of their Operation is very obscure and hard to understand And the most gentle Catharticks are first to be advised as Dwarf Elder Gentle Purgatives are first to be advised in Dropsies Syrup of Peach Flowers Mechoacan Extract of Elder and afterward Syrup of Buckthorn Jailap Juice of Iris and last of all refine of Scammony Gummi Gotte Elaterium which is a rough Powder and to be given only to strong Bodies in very few Grains to exalt a Medicine which must be given with great Caution because strong Hydragogues do weaken the Body Strong Hydragogues are to be given with great caution because they increase the Tumours of the Belly and aggravate the Disease by rendring the Tumors of the Belly greater derived from a larger proportion of serous Recrements impelled into the spaces of the Abdomen by the agitation of churlish Purgers as finding it more easie to throw the watry Excrements through the wonted passages of the Caeliac and Mesenteric Arteries into the Abdominal Vacuities then by unaccustomed ways the Terminations of the Mesenterick Arteries inserted into the inward Tunicle of the Intestines Diureticks may be also advised with good success Diureticks are very proper in Dropsies as the most proper means to discharge the potulent Matter of the Blood by transmitting it into the Kidneys whose obstructed Glands are opened by Diureticks whereby the Blood is refined by disburdening its Faeces into the Ureters and Bladder whence the Tumour of the Belly is lessened And because the Urine of Hydropick Persons is of a red Colour and of a Lixivial nature produced by over strict union of the fixed and crude Sulphureous parts so highly Confaederated that it is hard to sever the watry Particles in the Glands of the Kidneys and thereupon are reconveyed by the Emulgent Veins into the Cava and Heart and thence recommended by the Extreamities of the Mesenterick and Caeliac Arteries to the Abdominal Spaces whereupon it is well consulted for the advantage of the Patient Diureticks do refine the Blood and the most proper are composed of Volatil Salts labouring with an
Motion of various Elements before they enter into a perfect union with the Mass they highten Whereupon the Operation of Ferments are modelled after different Manners and Processes some by way of Ebullition and Intumescence by rendring the Compage of the subject Matter they work upon more loose and open or by way of Secretion or Precipitation when after a due Fermentation of the Matter the more pure parts are severed from the more gross the Alimentary Liquor from the Recrements And all Active Fluid Bodies impraegnated with Spirituous Saline Ferments are active fluid bodies affected with spirituous saline and sulphureous parts exalted by heat and Sulphureous parts much hightned by Heat may justly claim the title of Ferments To confirm this Description many Instances may be given As first In Spirit of Wine which consisteth in many active subtle Particles endued with Fermentative dispositions ministerial to enoble the vertues of Concrete Bodies by Fermentation frequently experimented in Courses of Chymistry as fluid Salts the Spirit of Vitriol and Sulphur do open the bodies of Mines and Minerals and by unloosing the bonds of Mixtion do sever their innumerable Atomes of which they are integrated from each others Company and do embody themselves with the Menstruum dissolving them to which they are near akin in disposition But on the other side fluid Salts Different bodies have various menstrua suitable to them to dissolve them though they are endued with Corrosive qualities yet they are in no capacity to dissolve Wax Pitch Rosines Turpentine and the like which being of a Sulphureous inflammable nature are dissolved by Oily and Unctuous Menstrua which do participate a similar temper with the said Sulphureous bodies into which Oily Liquors do insinuate themselves and enter into a near Union and Confederacy as preservatives of each other Ferments work upon bodies that have some disposition agreeable to their temper though in the main they are opposite Secondly Ferments do not universally work upon all Subjects but have determinate Operations as they are naturally inclined to raise Intestine Motion in such Bodies as are affected with peculiar Dispositions holding some analogy with the temper of the Ferments whereupon they enter into association with such substances as are Homogeneous and do make a separation of Heterogeneous unless they be rendred somewhat akin in likeness to the Ferment altering them with which they often embody As the Runnet being of a Curdly nature is a proper Ferment to Coagulate Milk in associating with the Caseous and secerning the Whey from the Oily parts of Milk out of which Butter may be extracted by long and repeated agitations in a proper Utensil Thirdly Ferments are little in bulk and great in efficacy Ferments are small in quantity and great in vertue in reference to their spirituous and subtle Particles of which they are composed as Balm Runnet are required only in a small quantity for the making of Bread and Cheeseand also Malignant and Pestiferous steams though small in quantity yet will infect in a short time the whole Mass of Blood Fourthly Ferments work in bodies opened by airy and aethereal Particles Ferments do most effectually Operate in substances whose frames are rendred Lax by aethereal influences and airy Particles insinuating themselves into the Pores of Bodies expanded by their rare and elastick Particles which are in perpetual Motion But enough of the subtle disposition of Air at this time because I intend to speak of it hereafter as a main Ferment working upon the Aliment in order to the Elaboration of Chyle Fifthly Ferments compounded of small parts are easily brought into action by reason they cannot oppose the contest of contrary agents The Ferments made up of most Minute Particles are most easily ly brought into Intestine Motion because they can less resist the disputes of contrary Agents to whose dominion they more readily submit themselves Sixthly The Figure of Atomes of which Liquid Ferments consist are very prevalent in raising a Fermentation and upon this account Minute Bodies furnished with difform Figures and different Magnitudes give a disposition to Intestine Motion and as being dressed with various Angles they are more adapted to take hold on those Bodies which encounter them From whence it followeth If the agitation of the Angular Bodies be so powerful as to conquer the resistance of the Subject Matter on which they work they so far subdue the contrary Agents as to bring them to their Beck and unite in a middle Temper in which the opposite principles of the Disputant are reconciled in a peaceable assimilation And again Ferments endued with acute Angles do more easily insinuate themselves into lax bodies The bodies of Ferments accommodated with acute angles are more apt to sever those parts which are most firmly united because they can more easily insinuate themselves in the manner of a Wedg and by degrees separate the associated parts of the Subject Matter upon which Ferments have an influence and reduce it into motion Seventhly Ferments as agreeing in Figure may have a disposition to motion Ferments which have an aptitude to Motion by reason of size and shape must have analogy with the Subject Matter on which they act because if it be endued with too open a Compage as being perforated with too enlarged Pores it giveth so easie an admission to the more Minute atomes of Ferments that they raise no Intestine Motion by reason no resistance is made between the Agent and Patient Or on the contrary when the Pores of the Patient are so recluse that the Fermenting Particles cannot be received into its substance whereupon no impression can be made and the actions of the Ferments are wholly obstructed and the Fermentation rendred frustrate Thus I have given the different nature and dispositions of Ferments in a common Notion and are applicable in some manner or other to the various Ferments of the Stomach in reference to Chylification of which some may be adapted to the Salival Liquor discoursed above and others to the Nervous Juyce which is our present Province But before we Discourse of the Nature and Qualities of the Nervous Liquors it is requisite to say somewhat of the Existence of it by reason some incredulous Person may give it out he hath not Faith enough to believe the Subject Matter and if that be true it will forthwith put a Period to our farther inquiry relating to the Fermentative dispositions of the Animal Liquor whose being in the nature of Things Doctor Glysson hath asserted with great weight of Reason The first is deduced from Nutricion to which if it be not the whole Matter as some Anatomists will have it it is very much assistant in repairing the decays of Nature in point of Aliment assimilated to the substance of parts which are supported Nervous Liquor is necessary in point of Nutrition and grow plump and vivid by Nervous Liquor insinuated into their Pores and united to their more inward
Peace and Health The Soul being receptive of high pleasure and satisfaction in obeying her Maker's commands Body and Soul meet together in mutual happiness Passions of the Wings of the Soul and Body doth impart a secret joy to the Body rendring it vivid and active to celebrate its natural operations whereupon the Animi Pathemata may be truly said according to received Philosophy highly to influence the Body Nobler Passions relating to the Triade of Love Joy and Hope are so many fine Wings to elevate the Soul and Body by exalting them to vertuous inclinations full of Honesty and Honor but on the other hand Hatred Sorrow and Despair are so many Weights or Bolts and Chains to depress and enslave the sensitive and rational Faculties and their operations often productive of sickness as an entry into the Chambers of Death The cheerful resentment of our duty to God and Man Our duty to God and Man giveth a serenity to the Soul and Body giveth a Heaven to the Soul and a serene temper to the Body in a sweet composure of its disagreeing Humors speaking us free and healthy as we are put into a capacity of enjoying our selves and Friends in a pleasant or amicable converse Good Fellows and Debauchees The Sentiments of Debauches are fond the only wise Men as they fancy have other Sentiments and deem their freedom much confined within the severe bounds of Temperance by giving too great an allay to the swing of their sensual enjoyments in reference to the indulgence of full Cups and variety of Mistresses But with their permission I conceive their apprehensions are very fond by reason Persons of sobriety transcend them in true sensual delight True sensual pleasure consists in Sobriety and have their Appetites more high as eating and drinking with greater gust when hungry and thirsty and enjoy Venereal pleasures with greater and more chaste flames according to our Saviours institution in Marriage rendring themselves immortal by propagation While the coy Appetites of irregular Persons are unduly hightened by high Gouts forced Meats and strange Provocatives which give false fire as it were lighting a Lamp at both ends and speedily exhausting the Oyl which supporteth the vestal flames of Life The fond Sensualists become untimely Fops Sensualists tire themselves in sensual pleasure by tiring themselves in over-acting their parts in the painted scenes of Pleasure and are Pageants in seeming to personate that which they cannot enjoy and antedate themselves bewiched making themselves the scorn of Curtizans before the time prescribed by Nature and by drinking too free Cups of generous Liquor do at once lose their Reason and Taste wherein they are made void of Sense and Pleasure A Good Fellow is called Boracio by the Italian a Hog's Skin filled with Wine as if his Gulet served for no other end but a Tunnel to pour down drink into his Belly as into a Hogshead which being often emptied by an extream part as by a Tap groweth at last closed up in a Dropsy so that the vessel of the Belly remaineth always full wherein the Patient groweth Thirsty when swelled with over-much Liquor Drowning and Burying the noble parts as in a Puddle These high pretenders purchase pleasure at a dear rate Inordinate sensual pleasures are countermanded by pain and are often worsted in Venus Camp and come off with broken Shins and cut Noses as so many scars and marks of dishonour so that the great Judge out of his tender Mercies mixeth Sweets with Bitter to punish stupid offenders by countermanding their vain pleasures as an earnest of future Torments and with horrid pains by banging us as Slaves with blows upon our Shoulders Arms Thighs and Leggs to make us sensible of our great prevarications to preserve our Health and Life Spiritual Aberrations are the more peculiar Diseases of the Mind Pride Spiritual prevarications are the diseases of the Mind by which some setting too great a value upon their parts and perfections do justly lessen themselves in the esteems of others to give a Reprimand to Supercilious persons for their arrogant deportment wherein they grow discontented upon being scorned and neglected as a due punishment for their insolent folly The envious person groweth sick at anothers greater Health The envious person is rendred unhappy by anothers prosperity looketh with an ill Eye upon his prosperous neighbour to whom he ought to wish all happiness in common Humanity as an associate of the same nature with himself and seemeth secretly to quarrel with his Maker in giving another a greater portion of his benefits whereas he ought in all reason to receive the Blessings of the Almighty whether more or less with a cheerful Look and thankful Heart who out of providence disposeth all things in great Wisdom and Justice The Glutton indulgeth his Palate in variety of Delicacies The Glutton killeth himself with kindness wherein he treateth his great Enemy and giveth him advantage to encounter him with the greater force by raising his rebellious Appetite to such a hight that he cannot subdue his inordinate inclinations and nourisheth his Body with dainty Fare to so great a fulness that he killeth himself with kindness in exalting his Blood to a Plethora thereby rendring himself liable to an Hospital of Diseases Inveterate Anger degenerates into Malice ulcering the Mind perverting the fine Oeconomy of Soul and Body taking away the Gaiety of our Nature and Compleasance of our Temper Anger and Malice are the Canker of the Soul putting us upon ill wishes variety of quarrels and revenge whereupon we being highly discomposed in our Minds the Crasis of our Blood is spoiled and we rendred obnoxious to great diseases censures and clamours to the pity of some and scorn of others Ambition putteth us upon a vain expectation of Honour or Fortune Ambition by lifting us up high maketh our fall the greater which is often disappointed by a fruitless success and mounteth us up by irregular motions to a Sphere above our Selves to speak us great in the opinion of the World making us to walk upon Rocks and Precipices from which we tumble and dash our Selves in pieces and Phaeton like lose our fond Selves and empty Designs Thus have I given a prospect of some great Aberrations which speak a high discomposure to the Mind and sickness to the Body whereupon it is my humble Advice to espouse as our good the salutary precepts of Piety Justice and Temperance which being of a Spiritual temper make us akin to the Great Heavenly Mind Virtue maketh us akin to the Heavenly mind in stamping his Image upon us which giveth a Blessing in the Temporals of this life as being a defensative against Sickness and Death Nothing can speak a greater honour and advantage to the Professors of Arts and Sciences Humane Bodies and Societies are advanced by Health and Happiness then to be Lovers of Mankind and to espouse such Principles and Methods as may prove effectual preservatives of Humane Bodies and Societies founded in Health
Nature to enact Laws and Constitutions Rules and Measures to govern all Persons and Families lineally descending from him but when this Parent this great Sufferaign was laid aside by that common Fate of Death that universal Power was abrogated in him And every Master of a Family grew co-ordinate in Power having no coercive Authority over each other but on the one side might violate common Justice at their pleasure and be disturbers of the quietude and surprisers of the Liberty and invaders of each others Propriety and might on the other hand which holdeth greater Analogy to right Reason and primitive Law of Nature as Persons oblige each other to Virtue and Honour to each other in Brotherly kindness and in the performance of mutual Offices of Friendship and Justice as the great instruments of Happiness Whereupon every Master of a Family having an equal Power in Nature and could not exercise a jurisdiction over each other were forced in order to satisfy their own Appetites in accomplishing the great design of Nature founded in a happy Life to enter into mutual Contracts The mutual Interests of Families Sacred by Contracts as so many Laws which they most solemnly obliged each other to keep inviolable to secure their just Liberty and Property The various passions as different Emanations of the Irascible and Concupiscible Appetite expressed in the fear of evil as destructive and the choice of Good as perfective of our Nature were the first and grand sollicitors of Families and Societies in Politie to bind up each others persons in mutual Covenants for the preservation of the publick Peace and private interest of Mens Fortunes and Liberties and upon this account are Sanctions ordained for regulating the extravagancies of Men and Societies who being their own Carvers upon the stock of Self-love would unequally preserve themselves and unreasonably destroy others unless they were bounded with Laws equally instituted for their mutual happiness Covenants may be altered by mutual consent of persons And because many necessities do frequently intervene our first Contracts which cannot be made so absolute upon one foresight as to prevent all errors and inconveniences that may ensue it is very reasonable to alter our Covenants which though after Sanctions yet are to be observed with the same Faith which engaged us in our first Contracts And though all parts of the natural Law have the same obligation Some obligations have a precedence before others and we must pay an Obedience chiefly to the Supream Power yet some have a precedence in order before others and do challenge a greater necessity as being of more importance and use and such do speak our Obedience and Submission to Governors upon whom dependeth the Life of the Law in order to its execution and here we must pay Obedience to the King as the Protector of the Law and the Father of the Countrey and the Supream Governor and Law-giver in whom the Legislative Power principally resideth and to all Magistrates for his sake as acting by his Power and Authority And although sometimes the appetite of some inferior Good All things subservient to the first Being are within the verge of the Law of Nature be far distant from the appetite of our first Being yet as it relateth to necessities subservient to the preservation and happiness of it it is still within the verge of the Law of Nature which descendeth to the utmost circumstances and most minute cases of our happy Life And to offer no violation to the Life Fortunes Relatives of our neighbour are great instances of that Justice by which we accomplish the great design of Nature of being Happy The primitive Laws of Nature were handed from Persons to Families and from them to Societies speaking our Duty to our Maker our Selves and Neighbour The primitive Laws of Nature were very few and afterward were handed down from Age to Age from Persons to Families from Families to Societies from Societies to Kingdoms and were in truth and in the main but two First our Duty to our Maker and our Second to our Selves and to our Neighbor which is performed by that great Bond and endearment of Love which rendreth those high obligations due to God and Man more pleasant and easy when acted with qualifications of being amiable as the one is essentially the other derivatively good And by the design of our first production Our Duty to God and Man is managed by Love as a great instrument as we are the Emanations of that essential Being we are obliged by the Law of Nature to pay him all Homage and Obedience and all Justice and Charity to our Neighbour as he participateth of the Image of God in his Being and here our Duty to God and Justice to our Neighbour managed by Analogy of Equality as relating to our Selves is accomplished by the bond of Love which doth not here speak a Passion but a Duty which floweth from a rule of Nature and regulateth our neighborhood by proportions of Justice and Equality The Law of Nature is performed by the Law of Equality and all other our equitable Treatings of him in reference to promote our well-being which is most excellently set forth in that Golden Rule of Retaliation expressed by our Blessed Saviour in the Gospel Whatsoever ye would that Men should do to you do you to them And these without doubt are the greatest Endearments of a most signal Love because it advanceth that most desirable end which was designed by God for the accomplishment of our Nature and all other instruments ordained for the attainment of this end are so many instances to prosecute that general love of Nature attended with a third Law that of Self-love which is only tacitely implyed in the Moral Law Man is naturally instructed with instruments tending to Self-preservation The moderate enjoyment of our sensual Appetite is called Sobriety and no where clearly set forth because every Man is supposed to be so much akin to himself that he is sufficiently instructed by Nature with such instruments of Sense and Reason as are subservient to Self-preservation and will so regularly Treat his Body in gratifying his Appetite in order to the enjoyment of sensual Objects that he will not pervert the choice Aeconomy of Nature which Christian Philosophy calleth Sobriety and is a moderate fruition of our sensual Appetite as far as it is perfective of our Nature and serveth the ends of our Creation by not indulging our selves in the over-free Cups of Wine and strong Liquors or the more brutish and luxuriant use of grosser Meats which dwindle our briske vivide parts in a dull sottish stupidity or when we debauch our selves in the deordinate use of Venery and unkindly Lusts and in frequent frolicks our very Appetites grow faint in the enjoyment of Objects which we have passionately desired at last most unnaturally propagating not our Selves but Diseases which proveth disadvantageous to the great interest and Designe of Nature which is Self-preservation so that
our Appetite is then irregular when we do hurry its satisfaction beyond the intendment of Nature in which we discompose our Serene estate of Life by offering a violation to our Health wherein by our folly we must unreasonably act a kind of revenge in giving our selves pain and torment the sad consequents of intemperance incident to the breach of that Law which is destructive of our Nature and that happiness which is founded in the Law of Nature proposed by such Constitutions as were enacted by a Civil Power as so many prosecutions of that great intendment The great Law-giver hath sometimes adopted the natural Law of Sobriety into Religion unless where the great Law-giver hath super-induced some positive Commands to give a check to our unnatural desires whereby the Natural and Civil Law of Sobriety is adopted into Religion which is a Holy abstinence from sensual enjoyments either to satisfy our unworthiness of them as merited by original and actual prevarication or in some sort to dispose us to Religious Exercises so that the three great Natural Laws are refined by Christian Philosophy in order to the Worship of God Sobriety to our Persons and Justice to our Neighbours The instances of the First and highest Law in reference to God as prescribed by God immediately or by his Deputies upon Earth to whom as his Commissioners we ought most readily to give Obedience The Second Law is directed to our Selves The Second Law of Sobriety referreth to our Selves in point of Sobriety The Third to our neighbour in point of Justice which is to Govern and preserve the more peculiar Aeconomy of our Nature by the conduct of Reason and Sense in the regular use of such sensual Objects as tend to the support and light recreation and refreshment of our Bodies The Third Law that referreth to our Neighbours is that of Justice and Equality which is managed by right Reason and by Humane Contracts and Civil Constitutions So that the former discourses Man is consigned by his Maker to a happy Life are as so many Premises inferring this grand conclusion that Man was Graciomsly consigned by his Creator to a Blessed Estate of Life and was furnished Originally with such natural assistances Man as a free Agent had power originally to render himself happy as would promote that high entendment of being made happy and as a free Agent had power originally to render himself so by his own Election by complying with God's Commands might so obtain his Love and Grace by obliging his Neighbour in acts of Justice might purchase his Favour and Friendship and being kind to himself in taking due measure of Earthly enjoyments it would much conduce to the preservation of his Health but if Man be disloyal and oppose his Makers Laws he becomes an angry Judge and Avenger An unjust Man maketh himself a Judge and an Avenger in reference to his neighbour and if he be unjust in treating his Neighbour with severe proceedings he will make him his Enemy and then he must expect to be called to account and prosecuted as unsober to his own person and if he pursue the full swinge of his wild irregular Appetite Man endeavoureth to be troublesome and uneasy to himself in debauching his Faculties and contracting Diseases by intemperance but if Man complieth with his Maker in the observance of his Dictates and his own interest in being just to his Neighbour in doing as he will be done to in the Law of Proportion and Equality and civil to himself in the regulation of his Appetite in order to the fruition of sensual Objects he may be master of that Happiness to which he is consigned by Nature These are those most excellent methods of securing our living well by paying a Duty to God in Religion to our Neighbour in Justice The most excellent method relating to the Law of Nature and to our Selves in Sobriety These are those proper instruments wherein we speak a satisfaction to our regular Appetites and serve the ends of our Creation in the fruition of Health and a Happy life The manner is somewhat indifferent how these three prime natural Laws have a binding power upon the Consciences of Men The three first natural Laws do oblige us to their observance before any positive Command was enacted how natural Laws should influence them as univerfal Rules obliging all People that have received no special Dictates from God by Revelation It seemeth difficult to understand how such persons having lost the use of right Reason in the transgression of their prime Parent and afterward having no supernatural Conduct how they should so govern themselves by principles of Nature as to be made partakers of a happy Life or else to incur an everlasting punishment for prevaricating the Laws of Nature which seem to be very obscure after the forfeiture of our first Righteousness in Paradise and then how these prime Laws of Nature being defaced and not reinforced by superinduced Sanctions should yet so universally oblige Mankind as to become measures of Virtue and Vice and so consequently espouse us to Happiness or Misery God gave Man in his first Creation such natural aids God gave Man in his first Creation such natural Aids as were requisite for the leading a happy Life by the light of Reason to accomplish that end to which he was originally consigned by his Maker and Man had a power as a free Agent of electing such means as were proportionate to the obtainment of that design of leading a happy Life and in that first divarication Man voluntarily disabled himself so that he could not so perfectly observe the prime Laws engraven in the very principles of Nature and so by rendring his first Appetite irregular discomposed the beauteous Oeconomy of Nature and therefore it was requisite for Man to have his inordinate desires empaled within Natures great intendment in reference to Happiness for a blind Will without the conduct of a guiding upper function a perfect understanding is like a Sword in a wild hand destined rather to mischief than use and rendred wholly offensive not defensive Whereupon the great Law-giver ordained such positive Sanctions God laid an obligation upon Man to love him above all things as his Creator to improve those prime Laws of Nature tending to a happy Enjoyment First laying an obligation upon him to love him above all things as his Creator Preserver and great Benefactor and upon which terms to have most reverent esteems of him to declare his Glory in his thoughts words and works in conforming them to his divine Will in obedience to God's Commands And as an example of this God gave a superinduced Law to our first Parent of not eating the Forbidden Fruit as an Instance of that prime and chief Law of nourishing him in the observance of this positive Precept for it cannot be conceived that God could be so wanting to himself as not to preserve his own Glory and Honor God preserves his own Glory by laying an
the Atmosphere with the Air the one endeavouring to press downward raiseth the Water and the other resisteth its ascent by depressing it by its elastick quality which is affected with greater or less vigour either as it is expanded by Heat or condensed by Cold. And Air being rarefied by Heat doth enlarge its Dimensions and reduceth the body of Water into a narrower place downward and the Particles of Air in Condensation making their retreat upward take up a less compass and give leave to the Water to ascend Moreover though I confess in the old Thermometer the pressure of the Atmosphere Thermometer is an index of cold and hot Weather in cold the Air and Liquors descend toward the bottom as contracted by Condensation in hot Weather the Air and liquors ascend as gaining greater Dimensions by Rarefaction may contribute somewhat to croud the Air into a more narrow Circumference yet I cannot conceive how the new Thermometer invented by Ingenious Master Boile being very close as Hermetically sealed can be liable to the pressure of the Atmosphere and in the interim the Particles of Air and Spirit of Wine having a recourse downward in cold Weather and their Quarters straightned by Condensation do more tend to the bottom of the Glass and upon the approaches of Heat insinuated into the Pores of Air and Spirit of Wine they are thereupon receptive of larger Dimensions by Rarefaction and by an elevated motion do aspire toward the upper Region of the Thermometer Transparent and Opace Bodies may be well entitled the Subject of our next Discourse as being akin to Rare and Dense Substances and indeed Transparent Bodies being more conspicuous as they participate of greater or less variety and may deserve as well our remark as esteem in that they speak a Joy and Comfort to our Lives as being Instruments to propagate the glorious Beams of Light to our Eyes presenting us with the beautiful order of the Creation and in it with many pleasant Prospects expressed in variety of outward Objects painted with divers Colours and modelled in several Shapes and Sises and above lal Transparent Bodies transmitting the Rays of Light to treat us with the harmonious Lineaments of different faces to give us a grateful sight of our Friends which setteth a Lustre upon our Converse speaking a kind of transport of Joy in our amicable Discourses with them And upon this account Transparent Bodies have ranks of pores one seated against another by which they are receptive of Light we are highly obliged to Transparent Bodies of Aether and Air and the like as receptive of bright Beams imparted to them as clear Substances made up of innumerable Pores aranged in such an Order one against another that they seem as it were pervious by reason of many insensible small Ducts through which the splendid Emanations of lucid Bodies are darted with a most quick motion to the Globes of the Eyes which being composed of divers Transparent Membranes and Humours all beset with Minute Pores receiving the subtle aethereal Particles making several refractions in so many different Mediums being embodied with visible resemblances do give appulses upon the Retina the immediate subject of Vision And truly to apprehend the nature of Transparent Bodies there are none absolutely so called because no substances are so universally encircled with uniform empty Spaces but there are some dense Interstices interspersed which hinder the reception of bright Aethereal Bodies and the more they are expanded and ranked with numerous Minute Pores the more they are receptive of fluid and airy Particles beautified with Beams of Light Opace Bodies are Dense having very small Cavities irregularly placed through which the rays of Light cannot be transmitted And Bodies the more they approach to Density as having a more close Compage and less Cavities irregularly ranked they grow more opace and so are not capable of the transmission of lucid Rays through their more solid substances which make reflections conveying the shapes of visible objects to the Eyes of the Spectators And this Hypothesis may be experimented in fine Linnen as Cambrick Tifany or the like composed of small Filaments interspersed with many Vacuities and Chinks through which the Air sporteth it self backward and forward illustrated with bright Rays And if you clap divers fine Linnen Clothes one behind another in which the Interstices of the several Clothes do not answer each other they will obstruct your sight in reference to Objects placed beyond them The same Instance may be given in the Membranes of Humane Body as the Peritonaeum Omentum Dura and Pia Mater Intestines which being contextures of fine spun Filaments not so closely interwoven with each other but that some little spaces may be left through which the subtle particles of Light do insinuate themselves rendring the Membranous Substance transparent and if many Membranes be conjoyned and that the ranks of void spaces lodged in several Membranes do not happen directly opposite to each other the beams of Light are intercepted by the more opace parts of the Membranes which do not throughly receive but make reflections only of those lucid Particles But the Liquors of the Eye the Cristaline parts of the Blood Liquors are transparent as made up of many ranks of insensible Cavities running in straight Lines through which the rays of Light are darted through the body of the Liquor the Nervous Juice Lympha and Urine and the like do partake of that noble quality of Transparency as encircled with bright Emanations of the Planets which have recourse into their open Compage as consisting of innumerable insensible Cavities easily admitting the subtle Particles of Light and as they are made up of many ranks running in straight Lines and seated directly one against another do transmit the bright Rays from one side to the other clean through the body of the Liquors when opposed to the Light And Gems which for the most part have no intrinsick value but what esteem giveth them unless some of them have Medicinal vertues and are used for Ornaments to speak a Foil to those more excellent Jewels of the Sex whose greater embelishments are Grace and Virtue imparting to them a higher Perfection than of outward Form and Beauty Though accompanied with great variety of Gems receiving their Lustre partly from reflections of Light and partly from Transparence derived from bright Particles darted through their various rows of innumerable minute Pores which give them high Price and Value received from the opinion of great Persons who are more peculiarly distinguished from the Vulgar by these select Ornaments And Jewels The origen of Jewels as fluid Bodies in solutis Principiis and after concreted by saline parts shooting themselves into several Shapes and Sises as to their Origen and Nature were first of all Fluid Bodies in Solutis Principiis and afterward concreted into more fine solid Substances by vertue of saline Particles shooting themselves into great variety of Shapes and
Sises which are instruments of great Pleasure and Admiration to those inquisitive Persons that are ambitious to pry into the Wonders of Nature discovered by Experimental Philosophy of which Learned and Honourable Mr. Boile is a great Master About Quarries seated near Springs having somewhat of a petrifying quality may be seen rough and opace Stones which being broken within their wombs may be oftentimes discerned some rare Liquor concreted into some finer substance and frequently in outwardly solid Stones may be discovered in their inward Recesses large Cavities all beset with beautiful Concretions resembling Transparent Christals adorned with different Figures and Magnitudes which seem to proceed from some thin petrifying Liquor percolated through the Compage of which the Stone was formed landing at those Cavities framing the inward Recesses of this Massy Stone and the moister parts of this fine lapedesent juice being exhaled it took the advantage to shoot into those curious Christals which did encircle the Cavities in numerous clusters And this Hypothesis may receive a farther Confirmation Gems do not resemble one another in outward form but also in the inward concretion of a Lump being an aggregate body of many soft Christals not only from the External Figuration but the inward texture of these Gems which do not only resemble one another in outward Forms but in the Interior Concretions as it hath been seen in a great Lump made up of an aggregate body of many soft Christals which seemed originally to be many fine liquid Particles hastily coagulated in a Clift or Cavity modelling them into such Figures as were suitable to the Mould into which they were cast And it hath been also observed that their inward Coalitions have been framed of one uniform Model very agreeable to the outward as is very conspicuous in common Salt originally a Fluid Body integrated of numerous Saline Particles dissolved in Water which being Concreted are dressed with one Shape and may by juxta position coalesce into one Lump The same account may be given of Gems Gems being once fluid transparent Bodies do retain the same compage beset with many minute Pores ranked in order one against another by which they receive Light as Diamonds Rubies Saphires and the like which were in their first substances Transparent liquid Bodies because it is not probable that solid concreted Substances that were never Fluid should participate of Transparency Which I conceive proceedeth from the loose compage of Liquid Bodies beset with various Minute Pores ranked in such order as it meeteth every way to receive the subtle Particles of Light which so dispose the Fluid Substances that when they are Concreted into solid Bodies they retain the same passages made in them by the beams of Light during their primitive constitution of Transparent Substances Transparent Substances do not proceed from refraction of lucid parts but also from lively reflections of opace parts mixed with the transparent whose lustre doth not only proceed from refractions of Lucid parts first Incident to the surface next to the Eye and then putting forward through the open compage of Pellucid Bodies but also from the lively Reflections made as I conceive from some opace parts accompanying a Transparent substance first penetrating the surface distant from the Eye and afterward darted through the more inward recesses of Transparent Bodies This Hypothesis may be confirmed by Christal and Cornish or true Diamonds whose vivid repercussions of Light are not only sporting up and down from the various polished angles of cut Diamonds borrowed from the plain external surfaces of these well polished and finely shaped Bodies but also from the reflection of Beams reconveyed from an opposite surface through the inward penetrals of pellucid Substances The bright repercussions of Light in Transparent Bodies are first received into their surface and then insinuated into-their inward parts till at last passing through the opposite surface did borrow most vivid reflections of Light from the neighbouring surface of Air. whereupon it 's remarkable that the most bright repercussions of Light take their rise from the inward compage of Transparent Bodies and that the Beams are first received into their Surface and then insinuated into their interior parts till at last passing through the most remote Surface did afterward suffer most vivid reflections of Light from the neighbouring surface of Air. So that more numerous Rays were reconveyed to the Eye by the surfaces of Christals or Diamonds in which they were twice inflected as admitting a double refraction after their incidence in each Surface whereupon they gained a greater brightness of the Christal or Diamond without any refraction as most ingenious Mr Hook hath truly observed And the truth of this Hypothesis may be farther evinced that the more bright reflections of Light arise from the more condensed parts of Air produced by the effluvia of Vegetables Minerals and the like may be experimented by putting the lower surface of Christals Diamonds into some Transparent Liquor which intercepteth the approach of any Air and then the reflection groweth so faint that it could scarce be discovered And another way may be tried by clapping on a solid body as the Hand to the lower surface of Christals wherein it is despoil'd of Air when the Hand presseth hard upon the Transparent Body and then the reflections do almost disappear and if the Hand be somewhat loosened from the lower surface of pellucid Substances the Air lodged in the creases of the Hand doth present us with lively reflections of Light as before And furthermore the lower surface of the Transparent Bodies being immersed into pure Quick-silver the clear repercussions of Light grow more strong than these arising from Air or Water and the reason as I apprehend may be this Because Quick-silver doth offer greater resistance to the motion of Light than either Air or Water whereupon Quick-silver giveth more bright reflections by making returns of more numerous Rays than Air or Water into the substances of Transparent Bodies And it may be worth our notice Diaphanous Bodies are made up of many thin Laminae or Plaits how Diaphanous Bodies embelished with fine Geometrical Figures are made up of many thin Laminae or Plates one seated within another which in their first origen are so many thin Accretions chiefly framed of Saline Particles imparting to Transparent Substances a power to coagulate by shooting themselves oftentimes into divers fine Plates so closely adheering to each other that they seem to constitute one uniform Substance This rare texture of Pellucid Bodies The rare texture of Transparent Bodies framed of Phisical plains may be discovered by their edges placed under each other in unequal distances composed of many thin Phisical Plains may be discovered by a curious survey of their Edges which are placed one under another in unequal distances that they seem to resemble so many small Steps lying one above another not unlike the Leaves of a Book a little opened this is
Treats and Collations Wine is a Liquor acted with the greatest Fermentation except that of Blood as so many Expresses of our high Esteems and affectionate Caresses to each other this noble Juice is acted with greater Fermentation than any Liquor except that of Blood which proceedeth from the exuberant quantity of volatil Salt and Sulphur the great Engines of intestine Motions and the Arts of exalting and depressing the Fermentation of Wine the Vintners as much as they can reserve in their own Breasts as the great Secrets and Mysteries of their Profession In these they have many Systems of a kind of Medical Rules Precepts and Methods consigned to the curing of Wines when they are sick wherein they prescribe a kind of Maturia Medica made up of Purging Alterative and cordial Druggs to raise the Fermentation when deficient in Wines not fine and to depress it by attempering Medicines when it runneth so high by reason of intemperate Heat and do add Stumm inclosed in Vessels hooped with Iron and put into the Earth to detein it from working and other more salutary Ferments to impart Colour Life and Spirit to decaied Wines So that in short The curing of Wines consisteth in three things the First in Fining them when they are gross and embodied with their â—ees The Second Art is to check the immoderate Fermentation called the Froth The Third is to render them brisk when pauled and faint the Art of a Vintner consists chiefly inthese three Heads First In the Fining of Wines when they are turbid and gross in their substance proceeding from a mixture of their flying Lees Secondly In giving them due allays in so great Effervescences and Fermentations commonly called Frets caused by immoderate Heats in the midst of Summer Thirdly In rendring them brisk and palatable when they are grown faint and pauled or sower caused by the evaporation of their delicate oily parts As to the First It is not so requisite that Ferments should be applied to Wines in the Must as to Wort in the Tun because the finer juyce of the Grape is enobled with spirituous qualities that they rarely need any auxiliary Ferments to raise their natural intestine motion Therefore the Grapes being trode and the juyce put into open Vessels hath at first a high ebullition somewhat resembling that of Water put into a Kettle and set upon a great Fire and when the great effervescence of Wine in the Must is somewhat allayed it is then confined in closer Vessels in which it is receptive of a farther depuration wherein the more delicate and volatil particles do open the compage of the Wine making a secretion of the gross faeces from the more generous and pure parts which renders the Wine fine and transparent and serviceable to entertain its Master the Lord of this lower Orbe And because in the juyce of Grapes the finer parts are so deeply engaged with the more gross that they cannot make themselves free without the assistance of Art and thereupon Vintners consulting their own Interest as well as the publick Good do add some depurating Medicines that the more Earthy and excremental parts as unprofitable for use may be sunk to the bottom whereupon they are clarified upon a double account either by viscous applications as Ising-Glass Whites of Eggs and the like whose clammy Embraces associating with the Lees of Wine do so far depress them till the Liquor is refined and rendred useful There are also other ingredients added to Wines in the Muste that have a precipitating quality insinuating themselves into the Pores of the Liquor do squeeze the grosser particles out of their former receptacles till they force them to the bottom of this kind is Alabaster poudered and Flint Calcined and the like Wines having great bodies though made fine yet do fret as the Vintners stile it which giveth them a kind of feverish Distemper as labouring under too great a distemper of Ebullition proceeding often in Summer from Heat opening the body of Wine and disposing it for the reception of the flying Lees arising from the bottom of the Vessel being full of Salt and Sulphur active Particles which being exalted put the Wine into a new Fermentation rendring it Rancid Ropy and sometimes Sour and Vapid derived from an extravagant Effervescence destructive of its fine volatil Temper Whereupon to prevent this Inconvenience the Winecoopers and Vintners wrack their Wines and by drawing them out of one Cask into another do sever the Liquor from the Lees adding sometimes Milk to temper the Ebullition of Wine and to restore its Colour and make it grateful to the Eye and Pallate by turning the dark brown hue into a more bright Colour And to speak a Cure for Ropy Wines Artists apply unslackt Lime burnt Allom Salt and the like by which the Faeces of this generous Liquor are secured from the more fine parts and at last turned to the bottom by a kind of Precipitation Lastly Wines growing faint and pauled loosing their briskness of taste do drink down which is occasioned in small Wines by the evaporation of the fine and delicate Salt and Sulphur in the heat of Summer arising from a tumultuary motion of the active principles of Wine Whereupon Artists advise a kind of Cordial Medicines to be applied to decayed Wines to repair their lost Life and Briskness which is effected by adding to them new and choice Tartar and the like which being big with Saline chiefly and also some Sulphureous Particles do as it were impart a new life and spirit to Depauperated Wines which are also accomplished by Syrupes made of Generous Wine mixed with Spice and Sugar And I conceive it will not be requisite to tire you with a farther Discourse of the Fermentation of the Juices of Apples Cherrys Corants Goosberries and the like which are to be treated according to the same Rules and Method of Art prescribed in order to defaecate these gross and revive the decayed Juices Having made you a mean Treat of Wine and of the manner of its Intestine Motions how they are managed by subtle and gentle and by gross and sluggish Elements in Plants my Design at this time Fermentation in Animals hath great affinity with those of Vegetables is to shew you the more exalted Fermentation in Animals which hath great analogy in Nature with those of Vegetables being Commenced and Promoted by Volatil Airy and Spirituous Particles enlarging the Compage of their more generous Liquors whose gross parts do inclose the more fine binding them to their good behaviour lest they should make their escape and pervert the choice Aeconomy of Nature which endeavoureth to espouse Gross with Subtle Particles that they may refine and perfect each other in a mutual Converse Nature being ambitious by various motions to reconcile different dispositions of Entities in a third more friendly temper as an Union arising out of contrary Agents designing by different Conflicts The Fermentation of the Liquors of Humane
Mastication and is afterward protruded by the contractions of the Muscles proper to the Gulet through its Cavity into the capacity of the Ventricle where it is farther elaborated by new Ferments of Serous Liquor of the Blood distilling through the extremities of the Capillary Caeliac Arteries and a more select Juice dropping out of the terminations of the Nervous Fibres inserted into the inmost coat of the Stomach whose empty space is every way filled with Air praegnant with fruitful Steams which do much contribute to the better Concoction of Aliment in the Ventricle From whence The motion of the Chyle is accelerated by fleshly Fibres of the Stomach it is gently impelled by the contraction of Fleshy Fibres into the cavity of the Intestines and there is more attenuated by the Pancreatic Liquor and airy Particles and afterward the Chyle is carried by the Milky Vessels into the Mesenteric Glands where it is meliorated with Nervous Juice and so conveyed into the common receptacle of Chyle where it is Dilated and improved by a Lymphatic Liquor to render it more capable to pass through the Minute Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins and right ventricle of the Heart by whose contract it is impelled through the Pulmonary artery into the substance of the Lungs Where the Air big with variety of Effluxes streaming out of the several orders of Entities doth insinuate it self into the body of the Blood causing a greater Fermentation than in the Chambers of the Heart proceeding from the contrary principles of the aethereal and sublunary Steams floating in the Air and conveyed by inspiration into the vital Liquor Whereupon the different Spirituous and Volatil are confined within the more fixed and gross Effluvia and the vinous and aperitive within the Gummy and Refinous the fine Saline within the more consistent oily Particles CHAP. V. Of the nature of Blood and how it is supported by Chyle and refined by Glands IT is my intendment here to Treat of the Constitution of the Blood impraegnated with Air acted with divers Steams consisting of various Elements giving it a Fermentative power and how it is maintained by the Succus nutricius and of its Intestine and Local Motion from part to part to quit its Faeculencies which is performed by Secretion and Percolation made by various Vessels lodged in the Glands relating to the Viscera and Ambient parts These various Steams impelled into the Lungs The Air consisting of various Steams embodied with the blood made up of Heterogeneous Principles hath great contests by which the different parts are brought to a due temper and in some sort assimilated by the elastic particles of Air and embodied with the Blood consisting of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous principles do make great contests with those of a different temper in order to bring them to a Harmony in which Nature pleaseth it self in reference to its own accomplishment effected by reconciling the Heterogeneous to the Homogeneous Elements in an amicable union of an innumerable company of Minute Bodies So that various Effluvia first sporting in the Air and afterward immitted into the substance of the Lungs are made up of spirituous saline and sulphureous Particles which enter into society with those Homogeneous parts of the Blood and Succus Nutricius broken into small Particles by local motion in the Chambers of the Heart Lungs and Arteries where they receive perpetual Intestine Motion to give them a greater refinement promoted by nitroaereal Particles proceeding from Corporeal Effluxes accompanying the Blood through the greater and smaller Arteries into the outward parts of the Body in which the Air growing effaete as its nobler parts are incorporated with the Blood is discharged through the extremities of the Capillary Arteries terminating into the Skin into the ambient air to receive new impraegnation of fruitful Steams which afterwards are reconveyed through the secret passages of the Cutis into the extremities of the Capillary Veins into the Blood which is much enobled by these subtil and spirituous Emanations Whereupon these Effluxes embodying the Air move in a kind of Circulation because the effaete air perpetually transpiring the terminations of Arteries with the volatil parts of the Blood The Effluxes swimming in the Air move to and from the Blood in a kind of Circular motion and the Air being again rendred fruitful as impraegnated with new Effluvia is reconveyed through the Porous Skin into the extreamities of the Veins where they are admitted into fellowship with the Vital Liquor which is thereby rendred more attenuated and fit for its retrograde motion toward the Heart Thus having given the several Ferments by which the Intestine Motion of Minerals Vegetables and Animal Liquors are celebrated my design at this time is to close these Philosophical Discourses with the effects of Fermentation and Ferments how in Humane Bodies Secretion and Percolation is managed by Secretory Organs The frame of Mans Body is a rare Contexture made up of different Intetegrals disposed in an excellent order which are so many Cylinders encircling various Liquors some Alimentary others Recremental It being ordered by a most Prudent and Supream Power that spirituous and volatil parts of the Blood Some parts of the Blood perpetually transpiring are supported by Alimentary Liquor perpetually transpiring the secret avenues of the Body should be supported by new supplies of a Succus Nutricius So that some parts being in the Bud and Blossome and others in Maturity do afterwards droop and die The blood being acted with continual Intestine Motion some parts being brisk and young others grown old and decayed doth perpetually discharge its Fuliginous and Effaete Particles with the unfruitful Air by a free Expiration The Alimentary Juice being extracted out of Meat in the Stomach The Succus Nutricius after divers alterations made in several parts of the Body is afterward assimilated into Blood the more gross parts are secerned by a kind of Precipitation and turned into the Intestines while the Nutricious Liquor is impelled through the Lacteal and Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it is made an associate of the Blood and afterward by several Comminutions and Steps turned into its substance by Assimilation while other grosser parts which cannot be subdued do quit the converse of the Vital Liquor as unfit for Life and Nourishment The Blood is composed of different parts The Blood is made up of Alimentary and Excrementitious parts some Alimentary and others Excrementitious The first are integrated of more matured and crude Particles The last are indigested Chyle not turned into Blood whose better parts of a Christaline Liquor and a red Crassament which Coagulates when Extravasated thereby gaining a more solid Consistence The Alimentary parts of the Blood are composed of a serous part and a red Crassament produced by manifold Fibres whose more compacted parts are diluted by Serous Liquor and by the more thin watry Lympha and above all by the more subtil substance of Air
into the outward surface of the inward skin whereupon the Cuticula was more elevated into greater Swellings then at first and her Face was denuded of all Features by this envious Disease treating most severely the best Faces and greatest Beauties to teach us Humility and Self-denial to make us out of love with our selves and Admire and Adore him in kissing with reverence the gentle correcting Hand of our Great Maker and Redeemer whose Dispensations though they seem severe to the outward Man yet they prove most advantagious to the inward and work for the best to all that Love Fear and Obey him Pray pardon the Digression which I have added to divert the good Reader and if any Person be so unkind to me and himself to receive it as impertinent with scorn I pity and pray for him But to return and visit our sick Patient whose Body was preserved though her Face ruined which was chieflly accomplished by Nature her self under God producing a great Ptyalisme which I advanced by all means possible in advising most powerful opening and cleansing Gargarisms highly assisting Nature in discharging the impurities of the Blood by the Excretory Glands belonging to the Mouth In the Flux Pox complicated with a Spotted Fever we ought always to consult the Honour of our Art when we cannot be happy Ministers of a Cure to fore-arm the Friends and Relations of the Patient Pronosticks give an Honor to Art where Diseases are dangerous or deplorable with a Prognostick of the eminent danger of the Disease which in this Case is deplorable else we shall gain the repute of Unskilful Artists though we satisfie the indications of the Disease with the most proper Remedies and use our utmost Endeavours and Art to recover the Patient yet ill Success shall render us liable to the censure of the Vulgar who are governed more by Sense then Reason unless we give account before-hand what can be said in Humane Probability relating to the event of the Disease which in this case is very dangerous if not fatal to the Patient where the Person is not relieved in the Flux Pox with the large Eruption of the matter of the Disease by the Cutaneous Glands nor by free ejection of the faeculent and serous parts of the Blood and Succus Nutricius by salival Liquor spued out of the Oâ—al Glands and yet notwithstanding these hopeful Evacuations the Disease prevaileth and the blew spots appeared the symptoms of a Pestilential Fever the mournful Heralds proclaiming the approaches of Death Person of great Honour and Virtue being of a timorous disposition was frequently daunted at the apprehension of the Small Pox denying her self the ease and happiness of her Life as being always in pain with the phancy of a Disease which at last surprised her though she often quitted beloved London the Dalilah of Women to preserve her self from this noisome and afflictive Distemper which seised her by the imprudence of her Landlady who lodged her in a bed infected with a Body lately dead of the Sall Pox complicated with a Spotted Fever which made the same impressions in her as receiving the pestilential Steams into her Body as reposed in the infected Bed in which when she found her self discomposed she took free draughts of Strong Waters thinking thereby to calm her Distemper which in truth had a contrary effect and raised the Storm much higher by producing a much greater â—bullition of Blood which taking its progress from the inward to the Ambient parts in which the serous parts of the Vital Liquor and Succus Nutricius discover themselves in most minute Swellings and pustles and Nature in this person of Honour did not make a discharge only of the offenssive matter by the Skin but also by streams of Salival Liquor flowing out of the Excretory Channels relating to the numerous Oral Glands which I promoted by proper Gargarisms In reference to her Pestilential Fever which highly afflicted her Medicines appliable to the Small Pox in case of Malignant Fevers I ordered pearl Cordials and many kinds of moderately cooling Julaps and temperate Diaphoreticks consisting of mild testaceous Powders which brought out the Small Pox very fair and to a laudable Suppuration appearing in the white heads of fruitful Tumours big with a well digested purulent Matter which at last began to dry into Scabs interspersed with large blew spots the sad Emblems of Death which happened in the seventeenth day of her Sickness which highly discomposed me to part with a Friend as well as a Patient a person of so great Honour Kindness and good Humour whose Memory I shall account sacred and for ever revere being now ready upon this sad History which happened many Years since to dapple my Paper with Tears as a due resentment of my great trouble and loss A Salemans Wife fell sick of a dangerous Small Pox as cofaederated with a Spotted Fever which had so unkindly an Eruption that the Livid Spots far exceeded the Pimples in number but upon due applications of gentle Diaphoreticks and Cordial Julaps the Fermentation of the Blood was reduced to a good allay as being not too much exalted nor depressed so that the offensive Matter was brought out and thickned whereupon the Fever disappeared and the Small Pox growing first plump and then the Ulcerous Matter was dried into Scabs whereby the Patient being recovered liveth a Momument of Gods wonderful Mercy I humbly beg the favour of all Mens Lives are not to be trusted in the hands of Empericks which are very unsafe and destructive in reference to the Cure of the Small Pox and all other Diseases that shall so far Honour me as to read this rude Treatise as they have a value for their own Health rather then my Interest not to trust themselves in the hands of Quacks and Empericks in any Distemper and especially in this dangerous Disease in which out of Arrogance to speak themselves an attribute they contradict the safe and wholesome advice of Physitians and contrary to all Reason Art and Experience they confound the Aeconomy of Nature and destroy their Patients with strong Vomits and Purges and hot Faetide Drops and Spirits as knowing no better which too much raise the Fermentation of the Blood and weaken the course of Nature and divert its regular Current of offensive Humours in the Measles and Small Pox from the outward confines of the Body to the inward and tender Recesses of the Bowels where their violent Medicines produce Loosnesses Bloody Fluxes Lypothymies Syncopies and Death speaking a sad Catastrophe of all Worldly Joy and Happiness hastned by impudent new Experiments which they make upon their overcredulous Patients CHAP. VIII Of Freckles Spots Morphew and the like THere are other disaffections which are more superficial and of less importance as lessening the Lustre Freckles Spots and Morphew are Cured by Cosmeticks and Beauty of the outward Skin as Freckles Spots Morphew and the like which are Cured often by Cosmeticks as the
and Wine not fine and upon the fret and small crab Wines full of Tartar and we must all be very careful that our Meat and Drink be not prepared with Mineral Waters which do infect the Mass of Blood with bad Elements apt to Concrete In relation to more intimate Causes the impure Recrements of the Blood This Disease is Cured by Purgatives Bleeding Antiscorbuticks Diureticks Chalybeat and Antimonial Medicines and Decoctions of China and Sarsa and Nervous Liquor debased with Tartar and gross Sulphureous parts Cathartick Medicines are to be Administred which purge off the serous parts of the Blood which is also to be lessened by opening a Vein Whey prepared with the tops of Pine and Firr is a proper Medicine in this Case as also other Antiscorbutical and Diuretick Apozemes mixed with Sarsaparilla and China which may be taken with Chalybeate preparations made either in form of an Electuary or Syrupe and also Purging and Diuretick Minerals are of great use in this Leprous Distemper to take off the acide saline Particles of the Blood and restore it to its former Purity If this Leprosie ariveth to so great height as to infect a main part of the Blood and Nervous Liquor with corrupt Heterogeneous Particles and gross Tartar degenerating into a venenate nature imparted to the Purple Liquor impelled by the Arterial Branches and Capillaries into the Cutaneous Glands and by their Excretories into the surface of the Body incrusted with a whitish Scurff and Scales Purging and Mercurial Preparations backed with Diet-Drinks of China and Sarsa are very efficacious in a Leprosie it is not to be Eradicated without Purging Medicines and sometimes with Mercurial and other times with Antimonial Preparations backed with Apozems of China Sarsaparilla Sassafras Viper Wine to sweeten the Blood and discharge the Mineral Administrations which cannot be effected without Purgatives in Decoctions of Sarsa and China and with Sudorifick Medicines And thereby the Blood disaffected with Leprous Ferments consisting in a Malignant nature is defaecated from acide saline parts severed in the Cutaneous Glands and thence conveyed into the Skin whereupon it is disguised with a white dry Crust which doth indicate cleansing and drying Topicks when Universals have been Administred which consummate the Cure of a Leprosie CHAP. XI Of the Membrana Adiposa vulgarly called Carnosa of the Fat Membrane HAving Described the Cuticula and Cutis the outward and inward Skin the first the Scarfe Skin being a thin white Vail covereth the whole Body with a fine Dress by which it is rendred Beautiful courting the Spectator to Love and Admiration The other more useful and warm Habit The fat Membrane is Natures thick Robe to secure the Body against cold the fat Membrane investeth the noble frame of Mans Body as with a thicker Robe safely to immure it against cold blasts and Storms lest they should surprise the Vital flame and condense the more thin and volatil parts of the Blood floating in the Ambient parts rendring it more unfit for Life and Motion The Body being uncased and stripped of the thin This Membrane is fleshy in Beasts but fat in Man and thicker more outward Vests the Membrana Adiposa discovereth it self which is fleshy in Bruits as Bullocks Deer Sheep Goats Dogs and the like in these Animals it is a Carnous Membrane a musculous Expansion overspreading the Fat as with a Coat but in Humane Bodies the order of Nature is inverted and the Membrane is not lined but faced with Fat which is lodged immediately under the Skin The Fat Membrane being of a different nature as composed of various substances receptive of a diverse Treatment under a double notion either considered abstractly as a Membrane or as its surface is inwrapped in Fat This Membrane is not framed of one simple Coat This Membrane oft-times is made of many Tunicles but sometimes as learned Diembroeck will have it of a treble and quadruple Tunicle but this is rare being composed of a double Coat The outward is hollowed with many Minute Cells dressed with various shapes and sizes as so many Minute Repositories of Fat. As to its inward Coat it is more Membranous The inward Coat is composed of many Fibrils variously interwoven with each other being made up of numerous fine Fibrils which shooting themselves divers ways in length breadth and obliquely are curiously interwoven with each other so that the Interstices being filled up with an intercurrent white Juice are rendred more equal and plain especially in its lower Surface as it consisteth of variety of Fibres running in several positions in being capable to endure Extension after divers manners and is thereby rendred more strong and secured from Laceration unless great violence be offered to it The inward Membrane is more plain This Membrane â—s conceived to be one because the several Coats are so firmly and closely united that they can scarce be parted and so closely conjoyned to the outward that it requireth a curious Hand to sever them which hath drawn divers Anatomists into a belief that they are but one Membrane beautified with two Surfaces of which the outward is more unequal as punched with divers small holes the receptacles of concreted Sulphureous Particles This Membrane is more beautiful in Infants and young Children which are more lean as being painted with blushes of Red and White derived from Blood tinging the outward Surface which being unequal is somewhat filled with Vital Liquor the forerunner of Fat in more mature Age. Vesalius and Velverda Some Persons have moved their Skin by vertue of Carnous Fibres seated in the Membrana Adiposa two renowned Anatomists report that some Persons by the interposition of this Membrane have been able at their pleasure to move their Skin both in Back and Breast which in them was a great variety of Nature not recounted by any other Authors as far as I can learn And this unusual motion of Back and Breast was accomplished as I conceive by Carnous Fibres inserted into the Membrana Adiposa by reason this action was celebrated by a thin Muscular Expansion here the immediate machin of voluntary motion This Membrane in Bruits The Membranae Carnosa in Bruits is a thin Carnous Expansion or Muscle is a thin Cutaneous Muscle immediately surrounded with the Skin which celebrating various concussive motions by frisking up and down the Skin giveth a disturbance to the importunate guess of Flies and freeth it from other ill accidents which discompose their ease and quiet This Muscular Expansion of other Animals in whose dissection most Anatomists have been commonly exercised hath given occasion to deceive them thereby giving their opinion that this Membrane was also Carnous in a Humane Body which is found only in its Neck and Face and other parts are discerned to be Membranous Therefore in a Humane Body it may truly obtain the appellative of Membrana Adiposa because in most parts it is of a membranous nature being a fine
its free play intercepted by the overmuch distention of the swelled parts produced by a quantity of Blood overcharging the Interstices of the Vessels and by the separating the Nerves from each other which doth violate their Union and discompose them with Pain Whereupon the immediate and continent Cause of an Inflammation is a Plethora or quantity of Blood impelled out of the termination of the Arteries into their Interstices and into those of the Veins and Nerves lodged in the Muscular parts of the Body which are distended above their natural Dimensions and affected with great heat flowing from a check of insensible Transpiration and from an exuberant Mass of Blood extravasated whence is raised an unnatural Fermentation consisting of Heterogeneous Elements making great disputes with each other tending to a dissolution of the Mixtion and ending in the putrefaction of the stagnant Vital Liquor The antecedent cause of an Inflammation is considered in Actu signato The antecedent cause of an Inflammation is a quantity of Blood moving in the Vessels when the Plethora is in the next disposition to the production of an Inflammation by reason of too great a quantity of Blood moving in the Vessels which being transmitted out of the Capillary Arteries into the empty spaces of the Muscles is received into the Extreamities of the Veins with great difficulty whence an Inflammation may arise upon easie terms The continent cause of an Inflammation a quantity of Blood extravasated by turning the Antecedent into a conjunct Cause if the current of the Blood be intercepted in the habit of the Body produced either by its Grossness or Superaabundance The Procatarctick or remote Causes of an Inflammation are derived from the overmuch indulgence of our Appetite in generous Wine and in the luxurious eating of various succulent Meats easily turned into Blood or from an idle Life or too violent Motion causing strong Contractions of the Muscles which by compressing the Arteries do impel a great proportion of Blood into the substance of the Fleshy parts whereupon they grow unnaturally distended by too great a source of Purple Liquor obstructing its Retrograde Motion by reason the Minute Orifices of the Veins are not able to give a reception to its extravagant quantity The continent Cause of an Inflammation being a quantity of Blood A quantity of Blood settled in the habit of the Body doth denote Blood-letting to solicite the motion of the Blood to take on an Inflammation stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels doth indicate the Circulation of the Blood to be made good which is most readily effected by opening a Vein and a fine emission of Blood quickly easiing the parts affected if the Purple Liquor is not grown too gross or putride by its long Stagnancy Blood-letting also may prove beneficial in point of an Inflammation by helping the parts affected by Revulsion in diverting the Current of Blood another way whence the greater increase of the Swelling is hindred as the Course is not only turned but also as the quantity of Blood is lessened and the great Influx of it is abated into the parts Tumefied And after Blood-letting and Purging Midicines have been Administred to repair the Motion of Blood and to empty the Vessels of ill Humours If the parts affected remain Tumefied Emollient and Discutient Medicines are to be advised to ease pain and by turning the Peccant Humours into Vapours to discharge them in a free Transpiration and by thinning the Blood by the heat of the Discutients and by opening the obstructed Extreamities of the Veins the Circulation of the Blood may be promoted and the swelled parts relieved Repelling Topicks are dangerous in an Inflammation Repelling Topicks consisting of Cold and Astringent Medicines are to be Administred with great caution in Inflammations as proving very dangerous in a great Plethora especially if it be accompanied with a Malignant Fever wherein the repelled Blood infected with a Venenate Disposition having a recourse to the Noble parts aggravates the Disease and cutteth off the Patient If the swelled parts are not relieved by Blood-letting Where Emollients and Discutients are not prevalent Suppurating Medicines are to be applied and by Emollient and Discutient Application by reason of the Blood having been long Extravasated in the habit of the Body groweth thick and unfit for Motion as dispoiled of its fine and Spirituous Particles thereby tending to Putrefaction whereupon Suppurating Medicines are to be applied to assist the Elaboration of purulent Matter which is produced by Coction flowing from natural heat raising the Fermentation of the Blood and by opening the Compage of it doth untie the bond of Mixtion and let loose the Heterogeneous Elements of the Blood Whereupon the Chrystalline parts associated with Chyle and Nervous Liquor are separated from the red Crassament which being accomplished produceth an Aposteme arising from Purulent Matter concocted by the natural heat much hightned by Suppurating Medicines which being endued with a gross Emplastick disposition as Turpentine beaten up and dissolved with the Yolk of an Egg and the like do by obstructing the Pores of the Skin hinder the Transpiration of warm and spirituous steams of the Blood and so by consequence do encrease the natural heat and promote the Elaboration of purulent Matter which being lodged in the habit of the Body consisting of sharp Caustick parts which having recourse to the Ambient parts do Corrode and Penetrate them thereby to discharge the troublesome Guests through the broken Skin whence ariseth an Ulcer proceeding from a flux of sharp purulent Matter which is best effected not by corroding putrid Humours making their own way which giveth a great Vexation and Torture to the Patient caused by intolerable pain before the purulent Matter breaketh the Skin Therefore it is better to consult the good and ease of the Patient by opening the Skin by a Launcet in a propendent part for the more ready discharge of the offensive Matter which naturally tendeth downward as a heavy body And moreover when Nature produceth an Ulcer by breaking the Skin Tumours brought to Suppuration are to be opened by Incision it maketh most commonly a small Hole which cannot freely evacuate the corrupt Humours and keepeth the Patient long under Cure Whereupon to consult the good of the Sick an artificial apertion of the Aposteme is more convenient to make a large Incision thereby quickly to discharge the purulent Matter which consisting of a double Recrement the one thick and the other serous do indicate cleansing and drying Medicines and because in all Ulcers there is Solutio unitatis partium affectarum a violation of Union which is natural to all parts of the Body Consolidating Medicines are to be Administred to assist Nature which is the best Chyrurgeon and Physician to repair the lost union of parts which receive Incarnation principally by the good and Balsamick disposition of the Blood An Officer of one of the King's Ships being a Patient of mine
this troublesome Distemper I advised her to take Purgatives Antiscorbuticks and Diureticks which so diverted the course of the Salival Liquor that the Patient in a short time was restored to Health again CHAP. XIII Of the Gulet I Have given a sight of the fine Apartiment of the Mouth and its select Furniture of the Palate Uvula and Tongue as so many Utensils of Speech to Caress others in this Chamber of entertainment with variety of Language as also to Treat our selves with several delicacies of Meat and Drink rendred grateful by a pleasant Gust seated in the Tongue by whose help and principally by the set of Ivory Instruments of Eating the Aliment is Chewed and besprinkled with Salival Liquor flowing out of the Oral Glands as so many Fontanels to give it the first rudiment of Concoction in the Mouth from whence as from a curious Dining Room the prepared Nutriment is conveyed through the long Gallery of the Gulet into the more large Kitchin of the Stomach to be farther Cooked in reference to support the elegant frame of Mans Body The Gulet is a Tube The use of the Gulet in Man is to convey Aliment into the Stomach or a round Concave soft tensil body instituted by Nature in Man not for a Repository of Aliment as in Fowl and Fish but as a passage through which it is transmitted from the Mouth into the Ventricle and is endued with an upper and lower Orifice the one conjoyned to the Fauces above and the other to the Stomach below It taketh its rise from the Jaw near the Root of the Tongue The origen and progress of the Gulet where it is stiled Pharynx which is the head or top of the Gulet which creepeth down under the Winde-pipe first in a straight course till it arriveth the fifth Vertebre of the Back and then that it may give way to the Trunk of the Aorta it inclineth somewhat to the Right-side till it approacheth the ninth Vertebre of the Thorax where it is a little lifted up from the Vertebres and then passing over the Aorta after a small space perforateth the Midriff in the Left-side and about the eleventh Vertebre of the Back is inserted into the left Orifice of the Stomach Perhaps some inquisitive Person may ask a Reason why the Gulet The reason of the situation of the Gulet behind the Wind-pipe is seated behind the top of the Wind-pipe because at the first sight it might seem Nature had been better advised if it placed the Gulet before the Larynx wherein it might have prevented the descent of Aliment into the Wind-pipe and so took away all danger of Suffocation Against which Nature hath wisely provided the Epiglottis as a covering to guard the entrance of the Aspera Arteria and to give a check to the falling down of Meat and Drink into the Lunâ—s And I humbly conceive the Gulet to have its situation behind the Aspera Arteria in order to Deglutition which is performed first of all by the lifting up of the Root of the Tongue and the top of the Wind-pipe whereupon the Aliment is thrown down upon the entrance of the Gulet which is forthwith opened by proper Muscles to give it reception As to the structure of the Gulet it may be termed a Collective Body The Gulet as to it compage is made of Muscles Vessels and Glands made up of Muscles Membranes Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts and numerous Glands The motion of the Gulet is performed by seven Muscles The first pair are stiled Cephalopharyngaei The first pair of Muscles enlargeth the entrance of the Gulet for the admission of Aliment and are derived from the confines of the Head and Neck and are implanted with a fair expansion of numerous Fibres into the origen of the Gulet which is lifted up by the Contraction of these Muscles and its entrance enlarged for the reception of Meat and Drink The second pair of Muscles are called Sphenopharyngaei The second pair of Muscles dilateth the Gulet and borrow their origination from the bosome of the inward side of Os Spheneoides whence it deriveth its Denomination and terminates with an oblique insertion into the sides of the Gulet which are dilated by the motion of these Muscles to give entertainment to the chewed Aliment The third pair of Muscles appertaining to the Gulet The third pair of Muscles do also enlarge the Gulet are named Stylcpharyngaei which take their rise from the Styliform Process and descending with a round fleshy body do also terminate into the sides of the Gulet and are auxiliaries to the former Muscles whom they assist in a Concurrent motion and do enlarge the Cavity of the Gulet The seventh Muscles is named Oesophagaeus and Sphincter Gulae The seventh Muscle contracteth the Cavity of the Gulet and protrudeth the Aliment into the Ventricle and taketh its origen from each side of the Buckler Cartilage and afterward giveth a soft fleshy covering to the Gulet and by its various Fibres doth contract the Cavity of the Oesophagus and force the Aliment into the bosome of the Stomach This useful Cylinder The various origen of the Gulet as to its first Coat made for the transmission of Aliment into the Stomach doth not consist only of various Muscles but of Tunicles too which are Three in number The First is most outward which by some is derived from the Rim of the Belly by others from the Pleura and Ligaments of the Vertebres of the Spine and by Doctor Willis from the Midriff And in some sense all these Opinions may be said to be true if they be meant of the origen of Connexion Because it is very evident that this Membrane is conjoyned to the Pleura where it pierceth the Midriff as Learned Doctor Glysson hath well observed and to the Rim of the Belly where it is joyned to the Stomach and is often fastned with Fibres to the Ligaments of the Spine relating to the Vertebres of the Neck and Back this outward Tunicle of the Gulet is very thin and is composed of many Minute Membranous Fibres finely interwoven and covering the Orifices of the Vessels The second Coat of the Gulet The second Coat of the Gulet is more fleshy and is made of Spiral Fibres is more thick and fleshy whose Carnous Fibres are vulgarly reputed to be Round and Transverse But Ingenious Steno hath discovered them to be Spiral framed of two Ranks intersecting each other Et binas saith he veluti Cocleas oppositas constituunt So that this Coat may seem to be composed of two thin Muscular Expansions which make four Paralelogramms two being seated in the upper and two in the lower surface of this fleshy Tunicle adorned with divers opposite rows of ascending and descending Fibres decussating each other of which the last being Contracted do serve Deglutition and the other Spitting and Vomiting This Coat in some Fish is Glandulous as in Skaits and Thornbacks The third
into Acidity as separated from the sweet Alimentary Juyce the end of Concoction which is quickly transmitted out of the Stomach into the intestines while the more useless parts staying in the Ventricle do contract an Acidity Farthermore when the Stomach laboureth with some great indisposition Soure belchings the effect of an ill Concoction or when oppressed with too great a quantity or affected with an ill qualified Aliment the Stomach throweth up four Belchings the effects of an ill Concoction proceeding from fixed saline parts as too much exalted and brought to a fusion the cause of Acidity which is promoted to a great height as the Saline Particles obtain a more eminent Degree of volatility as crude vitriol in its prime Constitution hath some degrees of Acidity but when it is driven through a retort with a fierce Fire it is affected with such an Intenseness of Acidity that the Palate is impatient of it unless it be diluted with some insipid or soft Liquor and upon this account the reliques of the former Concoction do sometimes arrive to so great an Acidity that the Teeth are set on edge upon vomiting this troublesome Acide Matter And this is the third Cause how the Stomach produceth an Acidity in Digestion when the Aliment newly received The Chyle is often embodied in the Stomach with acide Recrements the reliques of a former Concoction is embodied with the Recrements of the former Concoction with an acide Phlegme destitute of Sweetness whereupon the Chyle cannot be conceived to be improved with this acide Mixture but groweth more impure and degenerate and the lacteal Vessels receive only the purer parts of the concocted Liquor as Secerned from all acide Atomes wherefore we may conceive that the Acidity in the Stomach to be no constituent part or ingredient of Chyle but an Instrument as some will have it by which the more solid parts of Aliment are Dissolved Acidity is a fusion of saline Eliments as in the fermentation of Vegetables The Fourth Cause of Acidity is found in Vegetables wherein a Fusion is made of Saline Elements which is not produced in Flesh which being exalted doth not degenerate into an Acidity after the rate of Vegetables because animal Salts being elaborated and reduced to Fusion do not contract a sourness but rather rankness and cannot arrogate to themselves the nature of a due Ferment in Concoction and Aliment composed of Vegetables have divers steps of Elaboration and first of all groweth Acide then acquireth another degree of Saltness and last of all arriveth at a greater perfection of Concoction and endeth in a pleasant Sweetness most evident in the production of Chyle But that we may speak more clearly to the Serous Ferment distilling out of the Extremities of the Arteries into the Cavity of the Stomach this Question may be fitly propounded Whether this Serous Ferment hath its Operation in the Production of Chyle as endued with Acide or with Saline Particles to which a Reply may be made with this distinction either of the sweetness of Chyle proceeding from Vegetable Aliment as Sugar Honey and the like and then the nourishing Liquor first groweth Acide and then Sweet but if the Sweetness of the Alimentary Juyce proceedeth from Concocted Flesh it is first brought by Fusion to a Saline and then to a sweet disposition which is derived from the disposition of a Serous Ferment in a good constitution of Body which is Saline and not Acide as may be plainly proved from the nature of this Crystaline Liquor which is highly impregnated with a great quantity of Volatil Salt which may be extracted by Chymical Operations a very active Instrument in Chylification by which the body of the Aliment is opened and the Alimentary Liquor extracted and exalted And to give a farther confirmation The serous Liquor conveyed to the cavity of the Stomach is not acted with Acide but Saline parts that the Serous Liquor distilling into the capacity of the Stomach is not acted with Acide but Saline parts I will endeavour divers experimental Instances in the production of Chyle in the Stomachs of divers Animals An acute Author giveth out that the Concoction in the Ventricles of Birds is managed by Acide Ferments which may be clearly determined by tasting Chyle in their Stomachs and to this effect I have opened the Crop of a Pullet and the extended Gulet of a Curlue which supplieth the place of a Crop in both which and many other Birds I have found a Liquor of a Whitish colour in good proportion affected not with an Acide but Saltish Taste and if the Aliment be Lodged too great a time in the Ventricle it rather resembleth a stinking than sourish Smell not unlike that of the grosser Excrements belonging to the Intestines Learned Moebius giveth an Account of a young Dormouse about a fortnight old whose Stomach he opened and found it empty of all Ingests except a white Milky Humour of which he receiving a little into his Mouth did affect his Tongue not with any Sourness but with a sharp Saline pungent Taste not unlike that of Crowfoot or Cuckooe-pintle which gave a disgust to his Palate for some time though he frequently gargarized it with Water I have frequently tasted of a Cineritious Liquor which I conceive to be Chyle in the Stomachs of Skaits The Stomachs of Fish in point of Concoction are endued not with Acide but Saline Particles Thornbacks Pikes and other Fish and have found it of a high Saline or Armoniack Taste without the least relish of sourness and in the Stomachs of Crabs Lobsters being opened you may plainly discern the inward Coats of their Ventricles to be highly tinged with a nitrous Saltness And in the Stomachs of Lambs newly killed being cut open plainly may be discovered a Saline and no sour Liquor adhaering to the inward Coat of the true Ventricle In a Dog opened alive Maebius maketh mention of Chyle contained in the Ventricle emitting a strong smell like that of the Intestines and having taken it into his Mouth did savour of a Saline Taste And I have made trial in the Stomachs of Brutes and Men The Stomach in Scorbutick and Hypocondriacal Distempers is affected with four Humors and have discovered the inward Coats of their Stomachs affected with a succulent Matter impregnated with Salt Particles and not with Sour except in Scorbutick and Hypocondriacal and other unhealthy persons The serous Ferment being severed from the Blood in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach participates of its nature and is impregnated with Saline Particles as may easily be discovered by Chymical Operations made upon Blood out of which by Art may be extracted a Spirit highly exalted with volatil Saline Atomes and also out of variety of Alimentary Liquor it self in divers sorts of Milk may be extracted by Chymistry great quantities of volatil Salt whereupon it may be easily evinced both by the Alimentary Liquor it self in divers sorts of Milk
easily Concocted then solid Pottage Water-gruel Panada Oatmeal Caudle and the like do not require so long stay in the Stomach as more solid Meats because they consist as fluid bodies of enlarged Pores as their parts are easily separable one from another in reference to Motion to which they have naturally great inclinations So that the Ferments of the Stomach may obtain a more easie admission through open Pores into the body of Liquid Aliment and as being fluid the Alimentary Liquor is easily severed from the Faeces which are thin in consistence if compared with the more gross Excrements of solid Meats Wherefore liquid kinds of Nourishment admitting an easie solution of their Compage the disserviceable parts are readily parted from the more useful without any great elaboration of the Aliment in which the more Spirituous parts being quickly elevated in Liquid Bodies do speedily attain unto Maturity with a gentle Fermentation of the Stomach On the other side As the solid Meats yield a greater Solid Meats give a more substantial nourishment and require greater Heat to open its more close Pores and more substantial Nourishment so they require a better tempered heat of the Stomach and adjacent Viscera and well disposed Ferments by reason the body of solid Meat is more compact and hath very Minute Pores and therefore asketh a more intense and kindly natural Heat to open its closer pores and Ferments enobled with more refined spirituous Particles in reference to insinuate themselves into the secret passages of solid Meat which upon that account are endued with a small proportion of Liquor so intimately espoused to the solid parts that it can hardly be separated without a more lasting and higher Fermentation of the Stomach extracting with greater time and difficulty the alimentary Tincture which cannot be accomplished without many alterations performed step by step one after another the former being previous to the latter as inducing into the changed Aliment greater and greater Degrees of more and more mature Concoction ending in the production of Chyle a sweet and delicate Elixir of Nature the Materia substrata of Blood and all other alimentary Liquor supporting the Body A Question may now arise Whether the most solid Bodies of Mines Wines being very solid Bodies cannot be Concocted by the too faint Heat and low Ferments of Animals cannot admit a Concoction in the Body of Animals It is a received opinion that an Estrich can as well digest as swallow Iron which I cannot approve as rational because Iron is a solide and compact Body whose integrals are so closely united that they cannot be severed by the faint Heat and the too low Ferments of the Stomach to make impressions in so hard and dry a Body as Iron which being composed of few Sulphureous and most fixed Saline and Earthy parts not diluted with any Liquor cannot admit any Concoction by the too too mild Fermentation of the Ventricle acted with soft and delicate Salts wholly unfit to make a separation of the stubborn parts of Iron which requireth Vitriolick Armoniack and other corrosive Salts to open the compact Bodies of this and other Mines Gesnerus Libro tertio de Historia animalium de Struthiocamelo caput huic aliti exiguum cerebrum fere nullum hinc absque delectu quicquid tetigerit vorat lintea férrum lapides verum haec inconcocta integra in ejus ventriculo manent si nimia fuerint tandem animal ad mortem aut tabem deducunt ut in dissectis apparuit Aldrovandus confirmeth our Opinion that an Estrich cannot digest Iron but after some stay in his Body expelleth it through the Stomach and Intestines and at last out of the Body by the Anus Ait ille ego Struthionem ferrei frustula dum tridenti essem deglutire observavi sed quae inconcocta rursus excernere Prepared Powders and Salts of Steel The corrosive Salts of Steel do precipitate the Acide Juyces of the Body are prescribed upon good grounds to Hyppocondriacal and Scorbutick Persons as most proper Medicines because corrosive Salts do precipitate the Acide Juyces of the Body and thereupon receive some alteration in the Stomach but by reason Minerals though prepared by Art being of a dry and different nature from Animals can no way be so Concocted by the Ferments of the Stomach as to be turned into laudable Aliment A Learned Man is of an opinion Gold may receive such great impressions of the Stomacick Ferments that it may be digested in the carnous Stomachs of Fowle and upon this account Wendelerus scripsit ad Sennertum quod sno experimento in Gallina cui auri folia per mensem devoranda in pectore lineas pure aureas quasi ab artifice inductas observavit ut videre est in libro de consensu dissensu Chymicorum cum Aristotele Galeno But Learned Sennertus being dissatisfied with the Opinion of Wendeler tried the Experiment of Gold in a Hen in which he was not so happy as to have his expectation Crowned with a successful event So that this pleasant Golden Story of Wendelers relating to the dissolving Gold in the Stomach of a Hen and turning it into Aliment and making the Inscription of these Golden Lines in the Breast ended at last in a mere Chymaere much resembling that of the Golden Mountains or pieces of Gold which a Fool fancied in his Purse but in truth were only in his Head The most perfect Metals of Gold Gold passeth through the Stemach and Gut unconcocted and Silver do pass only through the animal fire of the Stomach unconcerned and are transmitted through the Ventricle and Guts without any sensible alteration but more imperfect Minerals as divers kinds of Stones being reduced to Powder do receive divers changes and by various Ferments acting upon them do communicate Saline Particles to the mass of Blood Faulkoners do give out who are very much versed in Manning and Dieting Hawkes Stones received into the Stomachs of Fowl do cleanse them that Stones taken into their Stomachs do cleanse them and render them Healthy and more fit for Flight and it is generally set forth by those who Feed and Fat Fowle that they will loose their Appetites and Health unless they swallow little Stones which do not turn into nourishment but disgorge their Stomachs from some gross Phlegme or filth that oppresseth them as some phancy and in truth do help the breaking the Aliment into small Particles CHAP. XXXI Of the manner of Chylification HAving Discoursed somewhat in the precedent Chapter of the Matter Meat and Drink as the Materia substrata out of which the milky Humour is generated in the Stomach it may now seem agreeable to method to speak a little how Chylification is modelled of the manner how Chyle is produced in the Stomach The Antients have given their Sentiments as Praxagorus Empedocles which Hyppocrates seemeth to back With his Suffrage in his Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sectione Quinta
the Ileon then Jejunum is different from that of the Ileon in relation to its multitude of more conspicuous Folds by reason as Doctor Glysson asserteth the inward doth very much exceed the outward Coat in length So that it is necessary to contract it self into numerous Transverse and Annular Folds which indeed are half Valves †T. 7. q q q q. and turn somewhat Oblique near the beginning of the Ileon in which the Plicatures or Valves grow more Oblique and are placed at a greater distance from each other as they more and more approach the Termination of the Ileon the Connivent Valves seated in the Origen and middle of the Jejunum are not half an Inch but those of the Ileon are a whole Inch distant from each other It may be some curious Person may desire a Reason The cause why the Valves of the Jejunum stand more close then those of the Ileon why Nature who hath instituted all things in great Wisdom hath formed the Valves of the Jejunum Transverse and more near each other which I conceive is to confine the more thin parts of the Chyle within its Circular embraces and thence the more readily to Transmit it into the Extreamities of Lacteal Veins and the Semivalves of the Ileon are more Oblique and remote from each other because the more Fluid Particles of the Alimentary Liquor being received into the Orifices of the Lacteae seated in the Jejunum the more gross descending into the Ileon may receive a stop in its Connivent Valves in order to a greater refinement produced by the Ferments flowing from the Iliack Glands through the Pores of the inward Coat into the Cavity of this Intestine The Ileon and Jejunum have many Connivent Valves †T. 7. q q q q q. which appear in the Exterior Coat The Connivent Valves of the Gutsâ—arise out of their inward Tunicles but truly arise out of the inward Tunicles which are very conspicuous in the opening of the Intestines to which these arched Prominencies are affixed and do only encompass one Mediety of the Jejunum Ileon and Colon whereby the half of these Guts are Contracted and the other left open and free whereupon the Excrements and Chyme are confined in one part and may readily pass in the other The great Intestines The Intestina Crassa are called vulgarly Intestina Crassa but in truth have thinner Coats then the Jejunum two of them the Colon and Rectum have greater Bores and the Caecum †T. 7. r r. The Caecum so called by reason it hath but one Orifice hath the least of all and is so called by reason this Gut hath but one Orifice seated in its beginning and is shut up in its Termination which is made in a Cone and is situated about the Cavity of the Os Ilei in the right side to which it is affixed with a Membranous Connexion it deriveth its Origen from the right side of the Colon to which it is continued about its beginning or the Termination of the Ileon it is largest in its first rise out of the Cavity of the Colon and groweth afterward much smaller somewhat resembling a Worm in shape and size †T. 7. r r. An extraordinary Caecum appeared in a Woman lately Dissected in the Colledg Theatre In a Woman lately Dissected in the Colledg Theatre it appeared five or six Inches long and an Inch and an half wide at the least In Horses Indian Hogs Cunneys it hath a very much greater Bore and length then in Man it is endued with Spiral Fibres in a Cunney and many Cells are found in a Monkey much resembling those of the Colon which were formed by a Ligament running in the middle The Cunney hath a Caecum endued with Spiral Fibres the whole length of the Caecum which straightned the Gut into many Cells as so many Allodgments of Faeces till the Alimentary Liquor was wholly Extracted before they were discharged this short Gut and the other more large and long Intestines The Caecum is single in Man The Caecum is single in Man and double in many other Animals and other most perfect Animals but double in Swans Cranes Ducks and most Birds in which the Caecum is situated in its Origen near the Termination of the Guts and ascendeth many Inches in length on each side of the Intestines The bigness of the Caecum in Man The Caecum in Man is less then in other Creatures is the least of Animals and doth not much exceed the body of a large Worm which I conceive proceedeth from the delicate Meat Man feedeth upon which is small in Quantity and great in Vertue and thereupon may be contained in a smaller Cavity of this Intestine But in Horses Cunnys Guiny Pigs and the like whose Diet is more mean as Doctor Glysson hath well observed a greater quantity of Aliment is required for the production of a sufficient proportion of Alimentary Liquor greater Receptacles are instituted by Nature which are much Contracted upon the alteration of Diet as is most clear in Race-Horses which being fed with the slender Diet of Oats A slender Diet rendereth the dimensions of the Guts less Bean Bread and Straw have their Bellys the Caecum and other Guts very much lessened which are much enlarged upon the eating of Grass Hay c. Whence it may be reasonably deduced That if a Man should feed upon several sorts of Herbs and the like as he did by Gods Command before the Flood his Caecum and other Intestines would be endued with far greater Dimensions to the extent of the Colon which is little less in an Embryo Perhaps as I humbly conceive another cause of the smalness of the Caecum in Man The smalness of the Caecum in Man may proceed from delicate Food may proceed from the delicate Food with which he is nourished and is for the most part digested before it arriveth the Caecum in which it needeth no stay for a farther Concoction but Brutes who Treat themselves largely with store of Provision of little nourishment have occasion to make use of a large Caecum as a kind of Ventricle to lodge Aliment till it is farther Digested This Gut though small in bulk yet may have its use too The Caecum giveth a stop to the return of Excrements into the Ileon as well as the other Intestines in Man as it farthereth the distribution of Chyle in the Colon and to give a check to the return of the Excrements into the Ileon which would speak a great disturbance to Nature when the Colon by reason of its long and orbicular contracted Fibres doth force the Contents in it to ascend the Caecum by reason of its large Orifice continued to the Colon which doth entertain some part of the Chyle and Excrements for a time and afterward dischargeth them into the Colon. The Second of the Guts called vulgarly The situation and progress of the Colon. the
Arteries and Veins from the Emulgents or rather from the Trunks of the Aorta and Cava and Nerves in each side from the Par Vagum whose Branches derived from each side are conjoyned and make a Plex to which these Glands are fastned and do borrow many Fibrils from it Bartholine Bartholines's use of the Glands hath assigned these Glands to be Receptacles of Atribilarian Humours which being accidental and unnatural cannot be entertained by Nature into Cavities which are found in these Glands appertaining to Healthy Persons who have no use of them as not being affected with these gross Humours found only in ill habits of Body A Learned Physician is of an opinion That the Plex of Nerves The second use of the Succus Nutricius is carried into the body of these Glands doth import a large proportion of Succus Nutricius into the substance of these Glands wherein a Secretion is made of the more refined parts from the less pure which are in some kind serviceable to Nature whereupon they are discharged through many Pores into the Sinus and thence transmitted into the Emulgent or hollow Vein to give a Ferment to the Blood as I conceive to make a Secretion of its Recrements from the more vital parts A farther use as I suppose of these Glands confining on the Kidneys may be to impart a Fermentative Liquor flowing out of the Termination of the Nerves by some secret passages not yet discovered into the body of the Glands belonging to the Kidney to dispose the Blood in order to the the Secretion of the serous and saline parts from the Vital Liquor whose Compage may be opened and watry Particles conveyed into the Roots of the Urinary Ducts and from thence through the Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters CHAP. XXII Of the Kidneys HAving shewed you the Compage of the Liver as a Systeme composed principally of various Vessels and Glands the Colatories of the Blood in reference to Bilious Particles secerned and transmitted into the Excretory Ducts relating to the Bladder of Gall and Choledoch Duct My design at this time is to give a History of the Kidneys as Streiners too of the Blood which being depurated from its salt and watry parts is conveyed through the Excretories and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters The Kidneys have their situation under the Liver in the right The situation of the Kidneys and Spleen in the left side and lean in their hinder region near the Spine on the sides of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Ascendent of the Vena Cava and upon the originations of the Musculi called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Hippocrates under which are lodged eminent Nerves which being compressed by a Stone of the Kidney a Stupor ariseth in the same side by reason the cause of the Nervous Liquor inspired with Animal Spirits is intercepted They are connected to the Loins and Diaphragme The connexion of the Kidneys by a common Integument springing out of the Rim of the Belly by the Branches of the Emulgent Arteries and Veins to the Trunk of the Aorta and Vena Cava and by the Ureters to the Bladder The right Kidney is tied to the blind Gut and now and then to the Liver the left Kidney is fastned to the Spleen and Colon from whence Nephritick pains receive an aggravation from store of Excrements lodged in the Colon and this Gut sympathizeth with the Kidney when oppressed with violent pain proceeding from the Stone grating its Vessels The Figure belonging to the Kidneys of Man The shape of the Kidneys have much affinity with that of other Animals Araeteus judgeth them to be like the Testicles from which as I conceive they differ in breadth and crookedness Ruffus conceiveth them to be round which is very imperfect and do more truly resemble in shape the Seeds of Mandrakes or Kidney-Beans though not exactly by reason the Beans are more short in length and round in point of Circumference The surface of the Kidneys The surface of the Kidneys is outwardly Convex and Crooked and more inwardly somewhat Concave near the ingress and egress of Arteries and Veins Their surface also is even in Persons of mature Age wherein all the Interstices of the Globules are filled up but in Embryo the Kidneys are rendred unequal in their Surface as they are composed of various Protuberancies different in Shape and Magnitude which seem to be so many Kidneys integrating the body of the Kidneys which much resemble the Kidneys of other Animals as Calves c. The Kidneys are clothed with a double Membrane The Membranes of the Kidneys the outward coat of the Kidneys the Exterior is loose as not affixed to the substance of these Bowels and may be stripped off without any great trouble and is therefore called Fascia Renum and taketh its origen from the Rim of the Belly about the lower region of the Midriff out of this Membrane many Fibres do sprout which tie both Kidneys to the Loins and Diaphragme and fasten the right Kidney to the Caecum and sometimes to the Liver and the left to the Spleen and Colon. The proper Membrane of these Bowels The proper Membrane of the Kidneys doth immediately encircle their substance and is very thin and is thought by a Learned Physician to be made of the Terminations of Vessels The texture of them uniting and expanding themselves into a Membrane but in truth is principally framed as I apprehend of numerous fine Fibres running several ways and Decussating each other till they form a curious Texture into which many Nerves do insert themselves which are propagated from the Mesenterick Plex originally derived from the Par Vagum and Intercostal Trunk These Nerves are carried further and implanted into the Ureters giving them acute Sense whereupon the Nerves of the Par Vagum being also inserted into the Coats of the Stomach are one main cause why the Stomach is drawn into consent clearly evidenced in Vomiting when the Ureters are Tortured in violent Nephritick Pains The Kidneys are seldom endued with equal Dimensions The Kidneys are unequal in Dimensions by reason the left Kidney doth somewhat exceed the right in greatness they are extended about three Vertebres of the Spine in length and three Transverse Fingers in breadth and a Thumb in thickness and are sometimes monstrous in bigness which hath been discovered in Lascivious Persons One had Kidneys half as big as a Mans Head So that Nature sporteth her self to admiration both in Magnitude Number and Figure of these parts of which divers Learned Physicians give most remarkable Instances The Kidneys are endued with a middle Colour The colour of the Kidneys between that of the Liver and Spleen as having not so bright a Red as the former and not so deep as the latter The Colour of this Bowel and all others as hued with Red proceedeth from a quantity of Blood impelled by the fruitful
and ill Medicines endeth into a Scirrhus coming from a quantity of gross Pituitous Blood whose thinner parts being Evaporated the substance of the Kidney groweth Indurated and unable to percolate the Blood from its watry and saline parts whereupon an ill habit of Body ensueth a Lucophlegmatia a cold Tumour of the Muscular parts flowing from a quantity of Serous Recrements lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels CHAP. XXVI Of the Stones of the Kidneys HAving given an Account of the Structure of the Kidney and its Apparatus of various Utensils set in excellent order speaking the great Power and Wisdom of the Creator as the Colatories of the Blood It may not seem altogether disaggreeable to Method to shew how the oeeconomy of Nature is perverted and the percolation of the Vital Liquor is hindred and the Current of the Serous Recrements is intercepted by Stones generated in the substance of the Kidney Urinary Ducts Papillary Caruncles and Pelvis And here I make bold to offer you the Subject the Material the Instrumental and principal Efficient Causes and manner of Production of Stones in the Kidneys and all other parts of the Body This Disease being often as fatal as troublesome Stones are found in all parts of the Body may be seated in all Apartiments of the Body in the Head Tongue Heart Stomach Intestines Mesentery Liver Bladder of Gall Pancreas and Spleen And Stones are called Per Antonomasian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Those that are placed in the Kidneys and Bladder as the most common and best known The Kidneys as consisting of divers parts The causes of the Stone of the Kidney are so many Receptacles and seats of Stones sometimes they are lodged in the substance of the Glands which proceed as I conceive from Serous Recrements mixed with Blood passing from the Terminations of the Arteries to the Roots of the Veins whereby the Tartar of the Potulent Matter adhaereth to the sides of the Vessels in its passage through their Interstices and generateth at first small Stones or Gravel which grow greater by the accretion of Saline and Earthy Particles whereupon the Vessels are more and more parted from each other upon new supplies of Tartar offering a violation to the adjacent parts by disordering their situation whence ariseth a painful discomposure caused by the violent crowding the Nervous Filaments too close together and a stoppage of the course of Blood in the Arteries and Veins and of watry and saline superfluities in the Urinary Ducts produced by Stones lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels compressing their Coats and straightning their Cavities And when the Stones lodged in the Spaces of the Vessels The Stones do break the tender Capillary Vessels in the Kidney do acquire greater Dimensions they do not only compress but gaul and sometimes Lacerate the tender Capillaries and cause a Flux of Blood into the Parenchyma of the Glands producing Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers and wastings of the Fleshy parts of the Kidneys The Urinary Ducts Papillary Caruncles and Pelvis are seats of Stones as the gross saline parts of the Urine passing through the greater and less Excretory Vessels do cleave to the inside of their Coats in the manner of Tartar to the Casks of Wine and give a check to the streams of watry Faeculencies by filling up the Cavities of the obstructed Vessels and by narrowing those of the neighbouring Ducts caused by the compression of their Coats The Bladder of Urine also is the seat of the Stone and is an appendage of the Kidney to which it is fastned by the mediation of the Ureters as Aquâ—ducts conveying watry Excrements into the Cistern of the Bladder to whose sides the faeculent salt parts of Urine do adhaere as Tartar to the sides of the Urinal The Material Causes concurring to the production of Stones in Animals The material causes in the production of Stones may be reduced to two kinds either Remote or more Near and Immediate As to the first All gross Liquors whether Chyle Chyme Vital and Nervous Liquor do contribute at a distance to the Procreation of Stones in which crude indigested Chyle may claim a great share proceeding from gross Diet of a viscous nature as great Fish Skait Thornback Eels and divers sorts of Shell-Fish c. or consisting of Earthy and dry parts as Beef and Hogs-Flesh highly Salted and hung up in the Smoak as also gross heavy bodied and small sour Wines growing in Earth impraegnated with Mineral Salts as all sorts of small Rhenish Wines Bayray Manbeck Small Wines the remote causes of the Stones of the Kidney Diback and the like Crude Chyle a remote cause of Stones doth not only proceed from gross Aliment but also from ill Ferments of Serous and Nervous Liquor destilling out of the Glands into the Cavity of the Stomach and Stagnant Air as encompassed with Woods and stenched with Lakes Ponds and Ditches exhaling Vapours and Earth great with Minerals The Chyle is farther rendred crude by ill Ferments of the Guts by acid Pancreatick Liquor and gross Bilious Recrements vitiating the Alimentary Liquor in the Intestines which being carried through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins doth deprave the Blood the remote matter of the Stone as a caement of Concreted Particles consisting of a Glutinous substance coming from crude Chyme not capable to be perfectly assimilated into Blood Another remote cause concurring to the Production of the Stone Adust Blood a remote cause of the Stone may be the adust parts of the Blood often seen in Hypocondriacal Diseases wherein the Purple Liquor is torrefied with an intense unkindly heat productive of a Red sabulous Matter which hath been found upon Dissections to adhaere to the Vessels of the Liver and Kidneys through which as mixed with Urine it passeth by the Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder and is thence ejected through the common passage of Urine The more immediate Materia Substrata of the Stone in the Kidneys The next material cause of the Stone are saline and earthy Particles and other parts of the Body are Saline and Earthy Particles to which Sulphur may somewhat contribute in reference to its solid consistence which are of a fixed nature and are the greatest Ingredients in point of Solidity rendring the compage of Bodies firm and durable Salt giveth a check to the putrefaction of Humours and dissolution of Bodies as a great bond of mixtion whereby its various principles espouse a near union and preserve the integrity of Compounds And to speak more closely to our purpose it highly promotes the Coagulation of solid Particles and as having a fixed saline disposition and by reason it is confaederated with somewhat of Sulphur and most of Earth doth impart Concretion to the more hard and compact bodies of Minerals and Metals And that I may give a more perfect account of the Causes of the Stone I will conjoyn the remote and near Causes the glutinous Matter
Laminae or Plates making up the curious Compage of this salutary Stone commonly called Bezoar The Glands of the Liver The Glands of the Liver petrified have been often discerned upon Dissections to be petrified which is derived from gross Blood carried by the Branches of the Porta into the Parenchyma of the Liver depraved with fixed Salt and earthy Atomes embodied with a Lapidescent Juice turning the Glands of the Liver resembling Cubes in Figure into a stony substance But by reason some may conceive the Petrification of the Glands relating to the Liver may be produced by the gross parts of Choler petrified in the Excretory Vessels appertaining to the Bladder of Gall and Porus Bilarius taking their rise in the Glandulous part of the Liver I will take the freedom to propound another Instance of Stones lodged in the Ventricles of the Heart which can proceed from no other cause as I apprehend but from the Tartar of the Blood confaederated with a petrifying Juice coagulating it into Stones Stones have been discerned by Sennertus Stones generated in the Brain and Skenchius in the Ambient parts of the Brain which I judg to be produced by the Saline and Earthy parts of crude Nervous Liquor generated in the Cortex of the Brain embodied with a petrifying Spirit concreting the crass parts of the Succus Nutricius into Stones Stones are not only propagated from crude Chyle Stones propagated from various Liquors of the Body as having a Lapidescent Juice Vital and Nervous Liquor but from the Recrements of the Blood the Pancreatick Bilious and Serous Liquor whose Tartar espouseth a Lapidescent Juice which are coagulated into Stones lodged in the Pancreas Bladder of Gall Kidneys and Bladder of Urine which I conceive is made after this manner This first beginning is very small at first derived from Saline and Earthy parts of different Liquors accompanied with a Lapidescent Juice and afterward acquireth greater and greater Dimensions by the access of new Tartar formed into thin stony Accretions which encircle one another in the manner of fine Flakes which is very evident in Bezoar and in Stones of the Kidney Bladder of Urine and Gall c. which being gently broken into pieces the Stones may be seen to be integrated of many fine Laminae or thin Plates enwrapping each other in elegant order which is very pleasant to behold CHAP. XXVI The Stone of the Kidneys and its Cures THe Stone in the Kidney in a Person of Honour was broken into pieces in the taking out of its Bed as being of a friable nature and was formed of divers unevennesses defacing its outward Surface in irregular Figures somewhat resembling a Race of Ginger The Stone consisting of many thin Flakes and was like a Race of Ginger This Stone was composed of numerous thin Plates the outermost being araied with a dark hue and their inward compage with a White Colour closely Caemented to each other so that the body of the Stone may be stiled a Systeme made up of many thin Flakes lodged within each others embraces to which they are closely affixed by a viscid Concreted Liquor and some of it enwrapping the Stone not yet Coagulated These stony Plates were produced of the Tartar of Serous Liquor very manifest in their whitish Colour confaederated with a clammy Matter the Caement to conjoyn the various thin Accretions made up of Earthy and Saline parts and the most inward Plates are smallest in Circumference as being the first in order of Generation and afterward are more and more enlarged as they are encircled with new Flakes of saline Accretions whence the body of the Stone putteth on greater and greater Dimensions The Stones of the Kidney when they grow great do sometimes fill up the substance of the Kidney in their various Branches compressing the Urinary Ducts and other times are lodged in the Pelvis wholly intercepting the streams of Serous Recrements into the Ureters and Bladder of Urine I saw a Stone taken out of Doctor Waldron's Kidney a Learned Fellow of the Colledg A Stone resembling a Tree and one of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary which resembled a Tree in Figure whose Branches were clothed with White and were divaricated through the substance of the Kidney among the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles whereupon the Patient was afflicted with pain caused by the compression of the Nerves and often made a bloody Urine proceeding from the gauling of the tender Capillary Vessels and the Trunk of this Stony Tree was hued with a deep Red insinuating it self through the Papillary Trunks into the Pelvis where it caused a total suppression of Urine As to the Cure of the Stone of the Kidney Bladder c. The indications relating to the Cure of the Stone Three Indications present themselves The first is to hinder the generation and increase of the Stone The second is to Expel it when it is generated The third is to Alleviate and take away Pain which is very afflictive in this Disease The Indications are first to be satisfied by Purgatives Purgatives are proper in the Stone to take away the cause of the Stone the gross Viscous Humours and the Earthy and Saline parts of the Liquors of the Body which may be effected by Purging Boles made of Cassia or the Lenitive Electuary of Chio Turpentine Hollands Powder Creme of Tartar c. and after two Hours a Quart of Northal or Barnet Posset may be taken Emollients and Diuretick Apozems are good in this Disease And Purging Medicaments having been Administred Emollient and Diuretick Apozems are proper in this Disease made of the Opening Roots of Dogsgrass Asparagus and of the Leaves of Mallows Marsh-Mallows Pellitory of the Wall Golden Rod Raisons of the Sun boiled in Water to which may be added some White Wine at last and it being streined may be sweetned with Syrupe of the Five Opening Roots Cooling and Emollient Emulsions may speak a great advantage in this Malady made up of the Four Cooling and White Poppy Seeds sweet Almonds c. Electuaries may be also advantageous made of Emollient and Diuretick Medicines of Conserve of Hips Flowers of Mallows Condite Eringo Roots mixed with the Judaick Stone Seeds of Burdock Millet Parsley and Sows or Hogs-Lice powdered mixed with Syrupe of Marsh-Mallows upon which a Draught may be immediately drunk of a Decoction prepared with Nephritick Wood and other Diureticks mixed with Emollients And in great pains Fomentations may be applied made with Emollient and Discutient Medicines of Mallows Marsh-Mallows Centaury the less Wormwood Rue Saint-Johns-Wort Flowers of Elder Melilot and Chamaemel of Line-Seed Fenugreek Seed Bay-Berries Juniper Berries to which when they have been well Boiled in Water and streined may be added some Malago or Spirit of French Wine commonly called Brandy CHAP. XXVIII Of the Vreters THe Ureters being Aquaeducts The description of the Ureters are oblong white Tubes taking their rise in the Glands of the Kidneys wherein
the defect of a kindly natural heat and good Ferment Crude Urine proceeding from an unkindly natural heat the Vehicle of the Chyle and Blood groweth crude and thin resembling fair Water in Colour produced by the want of Saline and chiefly Sulphureous parts not well cocted and embodied with the Potulent Matter of the Vital Liquor which is very manifest when we take too free Cups of Drink irritating Nature by violent Pulsations of the Heart and Arteries to discharge the watry parts clogging the Blood by the Kidneys before they are sufficiently confaederated by a due digestion with Saline and Sulphureous parts to give them an Amber Colour But if the watry Recrements of the Vital Liquor The cause of a red and gross Urine be embodied with the Elements of the Blood too much exalted by its intense heat and ill Ferments the Urine becometh Red and gross So that the Potulent parts of the Alimentary Liquor tinged with a Lixivial disposition in their first Rudiment in the Stomach are afterward imparted to the Blood with which its thin Vehicle is associated and is receptive of a farther Coction and deeper Amber Colour as it is endued with more Saline and Sulphureous Recrements by reason the Effaete and Adust parts of the Vital Liquor though for the most part discharged into the Bladder of Gall and Hepatick Duct yet some proportion of the Sulphureous and Saline Faeces is embodied with the serous Vehicle of the Blood and by Coction affecteth it with a deep Lixivial Tincture especially upon great Fasting and a high Ebullition of the Blood in acute continued Fevers On the other side Urine groweth very Pale The cause of a pale Urine after the over-much Indulgence of our Appetites with great and frequent draughts of Beer and Wine which being received with crude Chyle into the Blood do give it a quick Motion by which the Potulent part is impelled into the Kidneys before it hath received an Amber hue produced by the Saline and Sulphureous superfluities of the Blood Having given an account of the Quantity and Colours of Urine it may seem pertinent now to Discourse somewhat of its Contents or Hypostasis and its matter and manner of Production The Vital Juice being in perpetual motion to give it heat and Life The Hypostasis of Urine as also refinement in its passage through divers Colatories and last of all Nutrition too while the Blood is impelled out of the Terminations of Arteries into the Interstices of various Vessels before it is received into the Roots of the Veins to make good the Retrograde Motion of the Blood into the right Auricle and Cistern of the Heart whereupon I humbly conceive Nutrition is performed by the motion of the Blood through the substance of the Viscera Membranes and Muscular parts wherein the Vital Liquor being some small time extravasated in its motion between the Vessels from the Termination of one to the beginning of the other during which passage some soft and albuminous parts of the Blood embodied with the Succus Nutricius are received into the innumerable Pores of the Vessels and Assimilated by a kind of accretion into their substance and the parts improper for Nutricion as being too crude and gross do embody with the watry superfluities of the Blood which being carried down the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Arteries into the Glands of the Kidneys a secretion is made of the Potulent parts of the Blood The white contents of Urine and the reliques of the third Concoction which being of a clammy nature do easily incorporate with each other and do produce the White Contents of the Urine inclining to the bottom of the Urinal Learned Doctor Willis The contents of Urine as to its substance maketh the Contents of Urine to be a Composition of many long small Filaments interwoven and complicated with each other produced by various motions upward and downward this and that way whereby they mutually embody Of which the Renowned Author giveth a farther account Pag. 11. De Urinis Filamenta ista sunt longa tertia etiam asperitatibus quibusdam veprium instar praedita ut hinc inde commota facile se invicem corripiant inter se complicentur non aliter ac si matracio aquae-pleno plurimos injicias pilos ac deinde vas istud diu conquassando circumducas pili primo sparsim innatantes brevi post tempore se mutuo comprehendent ac in unam fasciolam colligentur pari uti videtur ratione Filamenta quae Hypostasin constituunt calore Spiritibus Urinae insitis varie hinc inde agitata se invicem implicant protrudunt donec mutuo omnium implexu in unam nubeculam coeunt quoniam Filamenta illa sunt compacta Caeteris contentis solidiora pondere suo versus fundum subsidunt This Hypothesis may be probably reinforced by reason of the Filaments seated in the Blood which being endued with a laudable disposition fit for Nutrition is affected with many white Fibres because the Blood let out of the Vessels being immitted into warm Water the red Crassament is diluted and the long white Filaments may be discovered to swim on the surface of the Water In ill Hydropick Constitutions of Bodies the Blood being clogged with watry Recrements is despoiled of its well digested Filaments whereupon the Urine is destitute of all Hypostasis or groweth turbid and confused which is caused by a quantity of gross reliques of Concoction filling up the Pores of the Urine A good and laudable Hypostasis A good Hypostasis of a white colour is of a white Colour proceeding from the remains of Nutricion which is repaired by the Crystalline part of the Blood embodied with the Nervous Liquor which being both of a whitish aray give the same Tincture to the Hypostasis which is their more crude Particles disserviceable to Nutricion as being not capable to be received into the innumerable Pores of the solid parts in order to be turned into their substance It is of a kind of equal Consistence not gross in one part The figure of the Hypostasis and thin in another and hath a kind of round or rather as I conceive an Oval Figure when the Urine is confined within the sides of a Urinal and hangeth in the body of the Urine somewhat tending towards its lower Region The Consistence of Urine in healthy Persons is of a middle nature The good consistence of Urine between Thick and Thin somewhat resembling a high bodied Langoon white Wine or well-brued Ale as Doctor Willis will have it consisting of many well dissolved particles of Salt and Sulphur and some Earth broken very small and lodged in the innumerable Pores of Urine So that if they be destitute of Saline Sulphureous and Earthy Particles as it is often found in great Drinkers the Urine hath a thin pale colour but in other Bodies that have foul Masses of Blood the Urine groweth thick and
passage of them in Men is different from Dogs as between two safe fine Walls to conserve and guard them from the assaults of the neighbouring parts which compressing the Arteries might hinder the due Current of the Vital Liquor toward the Testicles So that these Vessels are safely conveyed within the Coats of the Peritonaeum whose upper Membrane doth so finely close the passage that the Intestines cannot fall into the Scrotum and this Membrane is overmuch dilated in Ruptures wherein the Caul or Intestines or both together doth quit their natural station and repose and slide through the enlarged passage relating to the process of the Peritonaeum into the troublesome Cavity of the Scrotum wherein they are straightly confined as in a close Prion thereby rendring the Body uneasie If the Process of the Rim of the Belly The process â—f the Rim of the Belly is closer in Man then Bruits did gape as much in Humane Bodies as in Bruits wherein it conveyeth the Spermatick Vessels Man having an erect posture of his Body in Progressive Motion the Caul and Intestines being pressed downward by their own weight would thrust themselves into the aperture of the Process relating to the Rim of the Belly and by consequence The space of the Rim of the Belly in Bruits is not inconvenient by reason of their prone position of body in Progressive Motion force themselves into the Cavity of the Scrotum But the inconvenience of the empty space left after the perforation of the Process belonging to the Peritonaeum made by the Spermatick Vessels in Dogs and Bruits is prevented by reason their Progressive Motion is performed in a prone position of the Body whereupon the Caul and Intestines are easily contained in the Cavity of the Abdomen as in a proper place without any tendency downward toward the Hole bored by the Transmission of the preparing Vessels and thereupon Bruits are not liable to any Hiernia by the falling down of the Caul or Guts into the Serotum The Spermatick Arteries The Spermatick Arteries are divided into small Branches after they have left the Abdomen when they have quitted the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment they here and there do dispense many Minute Branches into the adjoyning parts which are so small that they can scarce be discerned unless they be rendred turgid by Inflation effected by a Blow-Pipe And the Trunk out of which these fine Vessels do sprout doth not make so many Maeanders in Men as in Bruits but is carried in more straight course to the Testicles And it seemeth very strange The Spermatick Arteries in Man are carried in many Gyres as the Antients imagined how the great streams of Ancient and Modern Anatomists should run so far from the Channel of Truth as to describe the preparing Arteries to make turnings and windings in the form of fruitful Tendrels of Vines shooting in many Divarications Whereupon the preparing Vesicles obtained the appellative of Vasa Pampiniformia and Pyramidalia whereas in truth the Spermatick Vessels in Men make their descent in a straight position toward the Testicles without many Gyres and Circumvolutions as many will have it who are more versed in the Dissection of Bruits then Men. CHAP. II. Of the Testicles LIndenius is of an opinion That the Arteries relating to the Testicles The preparing Arteries are not greater then the Veins do exceed the Veins in Magnitude which if granted is different from the Arteries dispensed through other parts of the Body And I conceive the reason is this Because the Blood is impelled with greater force through the Arteries and the retrograde motion of the same Blood in quantity being more slow in the Veins must necessarily imply them to be more large or more numerous at least to give a due reception to the Blood else the Circulation of it cannot be made good through the Veins Perhaps it may be true as this Learned Author will have it in some Salacious Persons who are a kind of Monsters in Nature as having the Arteries greater then the Veins but this is a great rarity as it is very evident to Autopsy Paraeus giveth an account of an Old Man A Hanged Man having but one Spermatick Artery and two Veins that was Hanged and Dissected in whom was found but one Preparing Artery Sicut ait ille Anno. 1598. Cadaver senis suspensi qui venas quidem spermaticas circa initium habebat bifidas Arteriam autem Spermaticam non nisi unam ex medio Trunco ortam decuplo majorem vulgaribus duabus recta in Parastatas desinentes hic quum annum ageret 67. tam erat faecundus ut uxorem relinqueret gravidam cum duodecem Liberis And the reason of the successful endeavours of the Old Man in point of Propagation Pawius attributeth to the greatness of the Spermatick Artery The goodness of the Semen proceedeth chiefly from the good disposition of the Testicles But I conceive it more probable to assign the cause of his fruitfulness of the Seminal Liquor and laudable disposition of the Testicles to the Hypogastrick Artery transmitting a Branch into the Testicle to supply the defect of the Spermatick Artery which should have proceeded from the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta The use that Doctor Glysson assigneth to the Spermatick Arteries The use of the Spermatick Arteries is only to impart heat to the Testicles and nothing in reference to generate the Seminal Matter But with the permission of this Learned Author the Preparing Arteries do contribute to the production of the Semen by reason they transmit a Serous and Chymous Liquor associated with the Fibrous parts of the Blood into the Testicles wherein a separation is made of the delicate the Crystalline Liquor and Milky parts not assimilated into Blood which I conceive is the Materia Substrata productive of Seminal Liquor which is generated in great quantity in Lustful Persons highly indulging Venery and cannot totally proceed from Nervous Liquor moving very slowly and in small quantity between the Filaments of the small Nerves belonging to the Testicles But of this with your leave I will take the freedom to give a more full account in a subsequent Discourse concerning the generation of Seminal Liquor Having discoursed the Origen and Progress of the Preparing Arteries The preparing Veins it followeth in course to Treat of their Associates the Spermatick Veins which do equal the Arteries in number and exceed them in bigness as it is manifest in most Men according to Ocular Demonstration to any Person that curiously enquireth into the secrets of Nature The right preparing Vein The origen of the right preparing Vein taketh its rise out of the Trunk of the Cava †T. 11. ω ω. somewhat under the Emulgent Vein out of which it ariseth for the most part in a single Origen and rarely in a double The left Spermatick Vein The rise of the left-pâ—eparing Vein issueth out of the middle of
Vessels consisting of many bodies different in shape and size whence the Testicles may be truly stiled Colatories of several Liquors and thereupon they merit the appellative of Glands as it will be more clearly set forth hereafter in a Discourse relating to the use of the Testicles in order to the percolation of different Liquors made by variety of Vessels and more especially by the Seminal Ducts in reference to the Seminal Matter And to prepare the way to vindicate this Assertion I will make bold to entertain you for the present with the Description of the different Tubes the main constituents of the Glands of the Testicles The first Vessels that present themselves in order are the Arteries The Spermatick Arteries enter into the substance of the Testicles Some are of an Opinion that it is doubtful whether any Vessels enter into the Compage of the Testicles or only insert themselves into the proper Tunicle of the Testicles But Hyppocrates the great Master of our Art determines this Controversie In Libro de ossium Natura 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Venae tendunt juxta 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Musculos ex utraque parte in Testiculos 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are promiscuously used by this great Author for Arteries and Veins which do enter into the Testicles Others because the Vessels have an obscure ingress into the Testicles conceive that they are not at all transmitted in their substance but only lose themselves and die in the Albugineous Coat where the Divarications are most discernable and afterward are difficult to be traced into the body of the Testicles by reason they are so small that they evade an ordinary Eye but in Emaciated Bodies it is more easie to discover a multitude of small Arteries transmitted through the whole Compage of the Testicles which pass under their Albugineous Coat and then make many Maeanders toward the right and left side of the Testicles and afterward insinuate their numerous Ramulets into their more inward Recesses and perforate the common Nervous Channel and afterward make a Retrograde Progress toward the Circumference of the Testicles The Veins do also answer the Arteries The Veins do answer the Arteries in point of entercourse with them as having a constant entercourse with them and are very numerous both in the Albugineous Coat and in the Ambient and more inward parts of the Testicles which are garnished with geat variety of venal Branches as well as Arterial making many Divarications both this and that way through the whole substance of the Testicles and their Capillary Extreamities are open to give a reception to the Blood unuseful to the Testicles and to reconvey it upward into the Trunk of the Cava and from thence into the right Cistern of the Heart The Testicles have fruitful Nervous Fibres The Nerves of the Testicles and their rise derived partly from the Par Vagum and partly from the Spine and more immediately from the lower Abdominal Plex as Learned Doctor Wharton hath observed in which the Nervous Fibres are variously interwoven and conjoyned and the Nerves springing out of the Plex do associate with the Arteries and their Divarications to secure them from being intangled one with another and the Nerves the lower they descend grow more numerous and do impart many Fibres into Coats investing the Testicles and at length being propagated to their Ambient parts do seem to be expanded into a Membrane and constitute the Albugineous Coat from whose upper surface divers Fibrils are transmitted into the Nervous Ducts which is a fair Tube composed of them The Lymphaeducts of the Testicles and their rise The Lymphaeducts furnishing the Testicles are more in large Animals accommodated with fair Vessels and do seem to take their rise from the Tunicles encircling the Testicles The Lymphaeducts of the Testicles associates of the Veins but in truth as I humbly conceive they proceed from their Glandulous substance and pass thence to the Coats and afterward accompany the Veins and do enter into the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment and thence take their course toward the Mesentery and at last discharge their Liquor into the common Receptacle The Vaives of the Lymphaeducts The Lymphaeducts of the Testicles as well as Veins are accommodated with many Valves discovered by most Ingenious Mr. Steno and are rendred very conspicuous when the Lymphaeducts are big with Liquor and then these fine Vessels appear as it were joynted and knotty where the Valves are seated Learned De Graaf An Experiment demonstrating the Lymphaeducts of the Testicles a Person very inquisitive into the secrets of Nature giveth an account of a Memorable Experiment whereby he rendred the Lymphaeducts of the Testicles more evident by fastning a Ligature upon the Spermatick Vessels with the Lymphaeducts at the distance of four Fingers breadth from the Testicles And in Cattle new killed a discovery may be made without a Ligature because the Lymphaeducts do swell as being full of Liquor without the assistance of Art and two days after the Cattel have been flain the Preparing Vessels being tied the Lymphaeducts were plainly enlarged upon a gentle handling of the Testicle Whereupon it may be inferred that the Lympha moving upon the soft compression of the Testicle doth flow from the inward substance of the Testicle And the Lymphaeducts being swelled as this Learned Author hath intimated in Libro de virorum Organis if they be cut off above the Ligature near the Testicles no Liquor contained in the Lymphaeducts will destil because the Valves hinder the flux of it downward toward the Testicles but if the Vessels be cut off between the Ligature and the Testicles whatsoever is contained between the Apertion and the Testicles will ouse out which plainly argueth that the Lympha doth flow from the Testicles toward the common Receptacle and not from the Abdomen toward the Testicles And these Glandulous bodies The proper Vessels of the Testicles are the chief parts of their Testicles not only adorned with Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts but also with other more proper Vessels then any of these which make up a great part of the substance of the Testicles and speak them much to participate of the nature of Glands and are the principal ingredients of the Testicles as being endued with a faculty chiefly productive of the Seminal Liquor from whence they borrow the title of Seminal Ducts and are a Systeme of many Minute Vessels that are Colatories by whose help the more gentle and delicate are separated from the Fibrous and sharp parts of the Blood in reference to the production of Semen These Seminal Tubes are Nervous Ducts The rise of the Seminal Vessels of the Testicles taking their rise near the Albugineous Coat in the ambient parts of the Testicles and are from thence propagated into then more inward substance toward the common Duct into which these Seminal Ducts do discharge their Liquor and then into the Parastars and Deferent Vessels
Danger of a Gangreen a Defensative is to be applied and the affected part is to be Scarified as also Unguent Aegyptiac Apostolorum mixed with Honey of Roses dried Turpentine Dragons Blood Myrrh c. If a Gangreen or Mortification hath seized the Yard The Yard is to be cut off in Mortifications it is most safe to Cut off the Mortified Part and to apply Medicaments proper to Heal an Ulcer The Yard is Subject in its Glans to Warts Nodes Schirrhus and also to many soft Spongy Excrescences which may be taken away by Manual Operation and afterward proper Topicks may be Administred to Heal the Part. CHAP. XIII Of the Parts of Generation in a Woman THe All-wise Being out of his Infinite Love to preserve Mankind The great end of the Creation of Woman is to Propagate Mankind as well the Work of his Hands as the Master-piece of the Creation below hath made a Woman a fit Consort for Man in reference to Converse and procurement of due Aliment to support his Person and above all to Propagate his human Nature Wherefore the First Principle A Woman is created after Gods Image and Mans likeness out of his unspeakable Wisdom and Goodness hath Created Woman after his own Image and Mans Likeness to gain his greater Esteem and Affection which is very much founded in Similitude wherein we Complace our selves in an agreeable Object which speaketh our delight in another as participating our own qualifications which causeth us to step out of our selves to Court and Enjoy our like so that Love endeavoureth to assimilate the Faculty and its Object by espousing an union with it to obtain the greater Perfection and Happiness The most wise Agent hath made a second Creature A Woman is full of Vertue and Beauty according to his own Image full of all Graces of Soul and handsomness of Body to render her lovely in her Husbands Eye and hath given his Spouse a pleasant Frontispiece of Face embellished with variety of parts set together in great order and graceful union which constitutes Beauty as it is a Harmony of different parts elegantly conjoyned and hath also adorned her Face with many unevenesses of Hills and Dales Rises and Falls to give it the advantage of Light and Shades which speak a great sweetness to her Visage beautified with variety of Features and Colours attended with a round Softness and Plumpness as consisting of many small Muscles invigorated with Purple and Nersous Liquor inspired with Vital and Animal Spirits And not only her Face but her whole Body is encircled with a white Vail to render her Amiable in the Eye of her Lover to invite him to enjoy those Sweets which are forbidden Fruit unless hallowed by the holy Institution of Marriage in order to an excellent end of Propagation whereupon Nature hath prudently contrived many proper parts of Generation in Woman distinct from those of Man for the preservation of our human Nature which is our Province at this time Some part of the Genitals belonging to a Woman are the Pudenda the outward parts which easily accost our view without Dissection the Hill of Venus Labia Fissura longa and Nymphae and sometimes the Clitoris when great hangeth out of them The Mons Veneris or the Hillock of Venus Temple Mons Veneris is the superior part of the Pubes and is more prominent than the rest which People ascend in Sacrificing to Venus its outward part is Skin and the more inward substance which rendereth it protuberant is Fat and may be stiled the soft Pillow of Venus keeping the Share-bones of each Sex from grating against each other in Coition and serve in a Woman for the Closure of the Rima longa The Labia are the walls enclosing the Entrance of Venus Temple Labia Pudendi and are made of a Spongy substance enwrapped with Skin and beset with Hair shading the Rima longa which Nature endeavoureth to Conceal as being ashamed of this mean part often exposed to great Violation of Chastity The Nymphae Nymphae or the Goddesses of Waters as seated near the Egress of serous recrement or rather Goddesses or Bridemaids waiting at the Gate of Venus Temple and are lodged in the upper part of the Pudendum and take their rise from the Clitoris to whose Glands they are so firmly united that they seem to be its processes and do constitute a membranous production covering the Glans of the Clitoris in manner of a Prepuce so that these Nymphae are Processes derived from the Clitoris descending on each side of the Urinary Channel unto the middle of the Vigina Uteri where they manifestly disappear The Nymphs being productions of the Clitoris The dimensions of the Nymphae have their dimensions more or less enlarged according to the magnitude of the Clitoris and are sometimes so excessively great that they hinder the freedom of Coition in experienced Women and are small in Maids that have not been exercised The Figure of the Nymphae seemeth to be Oval The Figure of the Nymphae as they are parted in the middle according to the length and do somewhat resemble the red Flaps or Combs hanging under the throat of Hens or Cocks and are endued with the same Colour in time of Coition wherein by their agitation a great source of Blood is impelled into them by the Hypogastrick Arteries The substance of these parts is spongy and soft The Substâ—nce of the Nymphae not unlike the lips of the Mouth or those of the Pudendum and are often distended in the manner of the Clitoris in the time of Fruition The use of the Nymphs is to cover the Urinary Channel The use of the Nymphae and in some sort the entrance into the Vagina Uteri and being extended do compress the Penis and speak a delight in the act of Coition The Labia pudendi being opened as folding Doors The Labia Pudendi shutting up the passage into Venus Temple The Clitoris appeareth within as a protuberant part taking its origen from the higher Region of the Pudendum and hath a round body terminating in a kind of Glans This obscoene part is very small in Maids and greater in Women often enjoyed and is increased in magnitude as being very tense and red in the time of Coition flowing from a quantity of Blood carried into it by the Hypogastrick Arteries its ordinary bigness when not distended is much like the Uvula not relaxed The Clitoris †t. 14. x. x. is a small round Body The Clitoris composed of Nervous and Spongy parts arising out of a knob of the Os Iskii as out of two Thighs †y. y. meeting at the commissure of the Share-bone Diemerbroeck is of an opinion that the Clitoris answereth the Penis in figure situation substance and differeth only in greatness and length which I humbly conceive is somewhat improbable because the Clitoris is not perforated in its Glans and is
those parts affecting the Albuminous particles of the Blood and Nervous Liquor the principles of Genital Juice It is very evident how prevalent a strong Imagination hath been in Women with Child The Imagination is very powerful in giving its Figures to the Foetus which hath wrought wonderful effects of Shapes Colours which have proved very Monstrous in a Woman terrified with a horned Beast which made such impression upon the Foetus that he grew deformed by the accrescence of a Horn And perfect Women in Shape and Limbs have brought forth defective Children caused by deep thoughts and a fearful imagination making ill impressions upon the Seminal Liquor But some inquisitive Person may ask a reason The manner how the Imagination concurreth to the production of Monsters how this strong Imagination can produce such strange effects by configuring the Seed and make addition of things to the Foetus which differ in their whole nature as it appeareth in the production of Monsters by strength of Imagination which I humbly conceive proceedeth after this manner The Portraicture of visible Objects or things though not existent being constantly and deeply thought upon by Women with Child do make an impression upon the Succus Nutricius in the Brain which is afterward carried by the Par Vagum and Vertebral Nerves into the Testicles where it meeteth with the Albuminous part of the Blood and giveth it the same Signature whereupon these Elements of the Seed being configured by a powerful Imagination do produce the same Ideas in the Foetus and do supply the defect of Parts in those that want their Limbs and communicate the Ideas of them to the Embrio by a potent Imagination as if they really enjoyed them The fourth kind of Architectonick Power The fourth kind of Architectonick Power giveth a due magnitude number figure situation connexion c. resident in the spirituous particles of Seminal Liquor giveth a due magnitude to the Integral parts and a decent Conformation which comprehâ—â—deth first a convenient Figure accommodated to celebrate the action of the Organ Secondly Cavities and Pores obtaining their just number and magnitude Thirdly Its Conformation requireth a proper surface as endued with such a smoothness and roughness as the nature of the part requireth Fourthly Conformation is affected with a due situation of parts as they have a proper place and connexion with the adjacent parts So that the Plastick Power of the Seed doth constitute all parts in weight number and measure and unity too which aggree to similar and dissimilar parts and dispose them in an excellent order of situation and production in which the similar parts do claim the Primogeniture as the Vital Liquor Membranes Veins Arteries Ligaments Cartilages Bones and afterward the Dissimilar parts integrated of the Similar as the Viscera and Muscular parts The Impregnated Egg being excluded the Testicles and sliding through the adjoyning Tube into the Cavity of the Womb is closely immured within its inward Membrane contracted by fleshy Fibres to enliven and cherish the Genital Liquor which in a short time is encircled with a thick and fine Coat and is altered and colliquated by the moist warmth of the Womb So that the more thin and Volatil Particles of the Masculine Seed insinuating into the secret Pores of the more gross and fixed Particles of the Faeminine Liquor opens its Compage and by an expansive motion of Spirituous and Elastick airy Particles do set the Volatil Particles of the Faeminine Seed at liberty whereupon the Seminal Liquor of both Sexes is united and put upon Fermentation The Plastick Vertue seated in the more thin and Spirituous Particles The Plastick Vertue doth first shew it self in the more Colliquated part of the Seed doth first exert its operation in the more Colliquated and Crystalline part of the mixed Seminal Liquors which being acted with Intestine motion are Concreted here and there into various shapes and hollowed into many greater and smaller Cavities and so by degrees the Delineation of all parts of the Body is produced The Genital Liquor when well concocted in the Testicles The Seminal Liquor is Fibrous is thence conveyed by the Deferent Vessels into the Seminal Vesicles wherein it being reposed a due time acquireth a laudable consistence and becometh fibrous as being made up of many white Filaments which I humbly conceive are the first rudiments constituting the parts of the Foetus In these fibres which are the chief integrals of the Semen being of a diverse disposition and configuration as more or less solid The Seminal fibres have divers dispositions and figures and as modelled in several shapes the Plastick vertue is seated and are the first stamina productive of the various parts of the Embryo The numerous Vessels which are so many Tubes The Vessels are composed of divers united Fibres and Filaments framing the Compage of the Muscles and Viscera are composed of these numerous Seminal Fibrils which being united in a round figure with a concave surface do make the Cylindres of Arteries and Veins containing the Vital Liquor and the Nerves being systems of many Filaments curiously lodged one within another in which the Nervous Juice is conserved are framed also of a company of these Seminal Fibrils curiously conjoyned And some of these Filaments being impregnated with saline Particles The Concretive Power is seated in these Fibres acted with diverse kinds of Salts have a concretive power by which the Seminal Fibres are first made Membranous and then Cartilaginous and afterward Bony So that I most humbly conceive That all the more or less solid parrs have these various Seminal Filaments acted with different Salts as so many rough draughts out of which the Limbs of the whole body of the Embryo are delineated and finished by various saline Concretions And now I will endeavour to Explicate the order that Nature observeth in the Formation of Parts one after another The order how the parts of the Body are formed among which the Blood doth claim the priority and is framed out of the most hot spirituous volatil sulphureous and saline parts of Colliquated Seminal Liquor From this most prime and principal Particle the Vital Spirit the innate heat is propagated to the whole Body and from this choice Elixir of Life all other Liquors receive their birth and perfection This is that pure Vestal Flame ever burning and imparting Heat and Life in its perpetual motion through all the apartiments relating to the stately fabrick of Man's Body The Blood is first formed in the ambient parts of the Seminal Liquor The Blood is first formed in the outward parts of the Colliquated Seminal Liquor as most colliquated and inspired with attenuated and volatil Particles by the heat of the Womb and is afterward carried from the circumference to the Center and is generated before the Liver Heart or any Viscera are formed and is carried first by Veins into the Punctum Saliens and afterward by
Man being created by God as a person of love and peace is not furnished with natural arms of Horns long and sharp Teeth Clawes Beaks c. Man in his production is void of natural Arms. which are found in other Animals as wisely formed by Nature for their guard and defence which great Harvey hath expressed in his Book de Generatione Elegantly worded by Learned Sir George Ente a worthy Member of the Colledg of Physicians after this manner Nascitur certe homo nudus pariter inermis utpote quem natura Animal sociale politicum ac pacificum voluerit rationeque duci voluerit quam vi trahi Ideoque manibus ingenio eum dotavit ut acquisitis necessariis semet ipse vestiret defenderet Quibus enim animalibus natura robur concessit iis arma quoque viribus consentanea attribuit quibus autem illud denegavit his ingenium solertiam Ingeny supplieth the defect of natural Arms. miramque injurias evitandi dexteritatem largita est Man is born naked and unarmed by reason Nature hath designed him a sociable political and peaceable Creature as led by reason and not drawn by force and therefore hath endowed him with Hands and Ingenuity that he might provide necessaries and Cloth and defend himself by reason to those Animals Nature hath given strength she hath appointed Arms agreeable to it but to those he hath not granted Arms he hath given Ingenuity or Craftiness and an admirable dexterity of guarding themselves against outward assaults CHAP. XXVII Of the Placenta Uterina HAving Treated of the Formation of the Foetus and of the order of Delineation of its parts one after another my Task at this time is to discourse the Confines the various Integuments with which the Foetus is encircled in the Womb The origen of the Placenta Vterina which being opened the Placenta Vterina presenteth it self to the Eye of the Spectator and taketh its origen from the Albuminous or Serous parts of the Blood percolated in first the substance of the Chorion which is beset with very Minute Glands which are more or less in all Membranes and afterward destilleth through its Pores into the outward surface where the Placenta appeareth in many downy Hairs the first rudiment of the After-burden which is afterward filled up with a soft red substance by degrees growing more solid as furnished with Vessels derived from the Womb and at length frame the Navil Whereupon it acquireth the nature and substance of a fleshy Bowel ministerial to the Foetus in reference to Nutrition The Placenta most times is single The Placenta is most times single and rarely double and sometimes double which I plainly discerned in the After-burden of my first Twins wherein the peculiar Afterburdens belonging to each Child were parted from each other by a Seam or Fissure passing between them but my Twins born a year after had but one After-burden which was one entire substance without any Seam which grew very thin as distended by the enlarged dimensions of the two Foetus near their time of birth Learned Dr. Twins have most times two and rarely one After-bunden Walter Needham affirmeth That Twins have always but one After-burden and though the After-burden seemeth to be parted by a Line passing through it yet it is truly but one entire substance saith this Judicious Author by reason the Umbilical Vesicles of the right Foetus are transmitted into the left side of the Placenta and so vice versa from the left Foetus the Vessels of the Navil are branched into the right region of the After-burden The Anatomists have various Sentiments concerning the situation of the Placenta The situation of the Placenta some affirm it is seated about the forepart and others about the hinder part of the Womb some about the left and others about the right side of it but in truth it encircleth one of the Tubes near one angle of the Vterus which is the Center of the Placenta So that the Womb having two Angles which are the holes into which the Tubes do terminate and now and then the Placenta is placed all round about the right Termination and now and then the left This Coat of the Foetus is clothed with Red somewhat brighter than the Spleen The colour of the Placenta and darker than the Liver and seldom with a pale colour The Placenta The Figure of the Placenta in reference to its whole Circumference is adorned with a circular Figure and hath various dimensions of greatness and thickness in reference to the different magnitude of the Foetus and is so small that it scarce appeareth in its first origen and by degrees is more and more enlarged till it arriveth its utmost perfection wherein it obtaineth a Foot in breadth and is endued with the thickness of three Fingers in the middle and with less in the Circumference The Placenta is endued with a Convex surface as it faceth the Womb that it may the better comply with the Concave surface of the Uterus The coevex surface of the Placenta toward the Womb. and be lodged close in its bosom to receive Blood and warmth from it and is rendred uneven by many Protuberancies by which it is affixed as learned Diemerbroeck will have it to the inward Cavity of the Womb. This integument of the Foetus is adorned with a Concave surface as it confineth on the Convex of the Chorion The Placenta hath a Concave surface as it faceth the Chorion that they may be reposed near to each other to take up the less room and more easily transmit nourishment from the Placenta through the Chorion to the Foetus The Placenta hath a peculiar substance which is loose and soft in some parts and in other respects Fibrous The substance of the Placenta as made up of innumerable Filaments and Fibres interwoven with an infinite number of branches of Vessels sporting themselves through the whole compage of the Placenta whose Parenchyma somewhat resemsembleth concreted Blood adhering to the outward surface of the Vessels and is not much unlike the loose Parenchyma of the Liver which may be taken away from the fibrous part by frequent washings or by gentle scraping with a Knife only it is more viscid and hath somewhat of the Albuminous nature relating to the white of Eggs or to the Concreted Liquor belonging to the Parenchyma of the Glands which is less friable than that of Blood The Placenta is furnished with many Minute Glands The Glands of the Placenta appendant to the extremities of the Sanguiducts and are divers collective bodies of Arteries Veins and Nerves as so many Colatories of the Vital and Nervous Liquor to prepare a fit Aliment for the Foetus during its abode in the Womb and do resemble the Glands of the Breast both in substance and use Learned Dr. Wharton assigneth a double glandulous substance to the Placenta saith this worthy Author in the 36. Chap.
you as in a Glass consisting of many outward Coverings enclosing each other as fine Walls guarding the more inward and Noble parts supported by a fine Column of the Chine composed of many joynts of the Vertebers of the Back curiously carved into variety of Processes This elegant Pile of a Humane Body is made up of three Stories the lowest is outwardly convered with the common Integuments and Muscles of the Belly and more inwardly beautified with the fine Hangings of the Rim of the Belly and Caul encircling the noble Furniture of the Viscera The Stomack is like a Retort in which a milky Humour is extracted and the Guts are its recipients the Spleen Liver and Kidneys are so many Colatories to refine the Vital Liquor and the Ureters are Aquaeducts to convey the strained watry parts of the Blood into the Bladder as into a Cistern The middle Story of the Body is divided from the lowest by the interposition of the Midriff as by a Floor arched in its repose and brought toward a Plane in motion this A partiment is seeled above by the Clavicles and fortified before by the Stermon as with a Breast-plate and behind with the carved Spondyles of the Back and on each side with many bony Arches of the Ribs and more inwardly is adorned with the choice hangings of the Pleura and Mediastine encircling the Heart as an Engine to move the Blood and the Lungs a Systeme of Pipes to fan and exalt the Blood by the elastick Particles of Air. The third Apartiment is embelished with a beautiful Frontispiece of the Face dressed with variety of Colours composed of many lights and shades and of a fine symmetry of different parts answering each other in due proportions The Brain being the noble Housholdstuff of this highest Story is guarded with the Ivory Tables of the Skull as with a Helmet and clothed more inwardly with the coverings of the Dura and Pia Meninx as with thin Vails This delicate Compage of the Brain is made up of various Processes beset with numerous streaks which are so many Filaments entertaining the Animal Liquor and Spirits the immediate Emissaries the great Ministers of the Soul by which it acts its more noble operations of Sense and Reason Thus I have shewed You the pleasant prospect of the several Apartiments and their rich Furniture relating to the magnificent Fabrick of Man that your Grace may make a reflection upon your own Elegant Composition and admire and adore the great Goodness Wisdom and Power of the Omnipotent Architect disposing all things to your own Person in due weight number and measure and give this great heavenly Maker all Eucharist and Obedience by reason he hath imparted to you out of his infinite Mercy such salutary methods of Vertue expressed in Sobriety to preserve your excellent frame of Nature So that your Grace hath served the ends of Nature and Creation as you have demeaned your self in that decorum which is most orderly in sensual Enjoyments proportionate to the Law of Nature and perfective of a happy Life Your well composed and serene Temper is seated in a Haven of Ease and Repose as secured against the Storms and Tempests of Passions making your Grace capable to inspect the Secrets of Nature and Mysteries of Religion and contemplate the more Divine Attributes of the Eternal Being and your regular Appetites hold conformity with the more sober Dictates of Reason as having inclinations to obey the Commands of the Understanding whereby you become a Master of Prudence and Conduct as being first a Governor of your Self and so are rendred fit to Govern others as being Constituted by His Sacred Majesty a Great Minister of State in Civil and Military Affairs wherein your Grace hath wisely deported your Self with Justice and Equity to the Love and Admiration of others Your Amicable and generous Disposition your great Courage and Gallantry of Mind your profound Judgment and quick Apprehension your life of Temperance Charity and Humility have made you an Ornament of Mankind and me perfectly your just Admirer and Votary as all the Intellectual and Moral Perfections of your many Noble Ancestors are met in your Grace as a Center of Vertue and Learning to whom this Book is humbly Dedicated as an Oblation from My LORD Your Graces most Obedient and Obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS BOOK II. CHAP. I. Of the common Receptacle and Chyliferous Thoracick Ducts IN the former Book I have endeavoured to entertain you with the pleasant sight of Utensils relating to the lowest Apartiment outwardly immured in its Exterior Region and Sides with the four common Integuments and the Abdominal Muscles and behind with the Musculi latissimi longissimi dorsi Sacrolumbares quadrati sacri and supported with Vertebres of the Loins as with a Column finely Carved with variety of Processes And this lowest Story is more inwardly enclosed with the rim of the Belly and Caul as curious Hangings made up of many minute Filaments rarely interwoven and embroidered with variety of Vessels encircling the Pancreas Spleen Liver Kidneys attended with the bladder of Gall and Urine as Cisterns of bilious and serous Recrements of the Blood I have also Treated of the various parts manner and principles of Generation in Man and Woman as well as in other Animals espousing each other to impart a kind of Immortality to Humane Nature and other Entities too by innumerable repeated acts of Propagation And in order to preserve every particular Animal by a proper Nourishment as well as the Species by Generation I have given an account how Concoction is begun in some manner in the Mouth by the Comminution of Aliment impregnated with Salival liquor ousing out of the Excretory Ducts of the Glands belonging to the Pallat Tongue and adjacent parts mixed with the Elastick particles of Air opening the Compage of Meat afterward transmitted through the entry of the Gulet into the Kitchin of the Stomach where the Concoction of the Aliment is farther Elaborated as mixed with various Ferments of the mild parts of the Blood and Nervous Liquor destilling out of the extremities of Arteries and Nerves confederated in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach and conveyed into its Cavity by secret Pores whereby the body of the Aliment is opened and a white Tincture extracted My design in this Book is to shew you the Noble Furniture of the middle Apartiment of the Body and its structure actions and uses and in this Chapter how the Milky humor is transmitted through the Guts and Lacteae of the Mesentry into the common receptacle and afterward how it is conveyed through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins Heart and Lungs wherein it is exalted by Local and Intestine motion and then impelled with the Blood by the contraction of the Heart and circular Fibres of the Arterial Channels into all the apartiments of the Body in reference to Filtration in the Interstices of the Vessels and glandulous parts belonging to the fine Contextures of the
the help of a Microscope and also many small network Plexes interspersed with Areae or little Loculaments affixed to the inside of the Membranes as so many Repositories of the ichorous Liquor of the Blood And afterward upon a deeper search made into the more interior recesses of the Blood I discovered first a reticular Plexe full of Cavities tied to the inside of the Membrane constituting the lowest Membrane of the white viscide contexture finely wrought with interwoven Filaments pinked with many holes as so many allodgments of the Purple Liquor divided also into many Fibrils which run in length downward making an elegant Compage beset with curious Embroidery made up as it were of nervous Filaments adorned with Interstices of divers Figures as so many minute Receptacles big with Red Liquor in the lower region of the Blood let out into a Vessel and concreted the structure of the Blood seemeth to be more loose then the Crust swimming a top as framed of Filaments endued with larger Cavities which are receptive of the Red Crassament or rather as some will have it a black melancholy Liquor the Faeces of the Blood in whose Pores as well as in the Interstices of the white coagulated Liquor is lodged an ash-coloured pale Serum somewhat resembling the concreted albuminous matter of the Blood or the White of an Egg. And to the oblong Filamentous Productions propagated through the Red mass of coagulated Blood are appendant divers small reticular Plexes interlining the spaces of the long Fibres And the Body of the concreted Blood being washed in divers waters hued before with Red whereby the Serum being parted from its Receptacles many Plexes making the fine Network may be seen arayed in White and as they are longer and longer gently washed the Whiteness coating the fibrous contexture of the Blood may be more clearly seen And besides these white and fibrous Particles which are the first Stamina giving a bulk and body to the Blood the most eminent are the Red Particles enclosed in many Cells and Filaments and being highly attenuated with Motion do intimately associate with the albuminous part of the Blood and wholly obscure it In this Crystalline Liquor are seated the fine volatil Salts attenuated and dissolved by Heat and intestine Motion which are the chief ingredients constituting the Ferments of the Viscera helping the Stomack and Intestines in the concoction of Aliment out of which a white tincture is extracted the Materia Substrata of Blood And it is very probable that the fibrous parts of the Blood are propagated from small Capillaments which being united do constitute many thin Filmes in the Body of the vital Juyce and more thick and tough Membranes cloathing the upper region of extravasated Blood The Filaments are very visible in the Concretions of Salt The contrary Principles of the Blood affecting Dis-union and Concretion whereupon Nature hath contrived with great Artifice the Confederation of various parts by Motion which rendreth them Fluid least the Heterogeneous Elements should be divorced from each others embraces by a kind of precipitation to this end the Grand Architect hath made a great Apparatus of Organs the Heart and its appendants as so many Engines and Channels dedicated to the Motion of the Blood that its little Filaments and Filmes might be broken into small Particles and pass through the small Pores and extremities of the capillary Arteries and Veins and the Compage of the Blood gaineth a disposition to be fluid as acted with the intestine Motion of its proper parts which agreeth to all Fermented Liquors and agitateth and attenuates the integrals of fluid Bodies by bringing them to a high Comminution whereupon they become more moveable and acquire greater freedom in a restless agitation of Parts which being of a different nature are preserved in union by a constant and continued Motion On the other side the Blood groweth gross and apt to be Stagnant when the Fermentation is very much Dispirited as the several Liquors of vital Juice are not well filtred in the Interstices of the Vessels relating to the Conglobated Glands of the Viscera giving to the Blood many unnatural Films and Filaments whereby it acquireth an over-gross Fibrous disposition apt to concrete into Membranes and White conglobated Bodies producing prolypose coagulations often found in the Heart Lungs Veins and Arteries which I intend more freely to discourse in the diseases of the Heart Another ill constitution of Blood proceedeth either from a hot and sharp nourishment and more free Cups of generous Wine as also immoderate eating of Oil and Meats highly seasoned with Spices or from the inward Compage of the Blood abounding with hot oily Particles conveyed to all coasts of the Body The bilious Con itution of the Blood which do render it hot and dry called the Bilious Constitution which furnisheth the Blood with inclinations to Intermittent and Continued Fevers the First is differenced by Tertian Quotidian by reason the Quartan is proper to a melancholick temper commonly called Agues in our Tongue of which the Tertian if single is distinguished by its accession every other day and if double every day I humbly conceive the Materia Substrata of this disease is seated in an over bilious mass of Blood The oily Particles of the Blood the cause of an Intermittent Tertian Fever impregnated with large proportions of subtle oily Particles rendring it unable to subdue the quantity of indigested Chyme by not breaking it into very minute portions in reference to assimilation which cannot be accomplished by reason of the hot Diathesis of the Blood which being not capable to reduce the crude Chyme to a perfect association is put upon a great ebullition in the Heart sending forth toward the ambient parts very hot Effluvia which arriving the Membrana Carnosa force it into great Concussions commonly called Rigors which begin the Scene of the Paronysme relating to an Ague in which the more hot steams carried with great fierceness by the Capillary Arteries to the surface of the Body produce the state of the Fit and lastly the fiery exhalations being associated with the serous recrements of the Blood do end in steams of Sweat which distilling through the miliary Glands and Pores of the Cutis do freely bedew the surface of the Body whereupon the Tragick Scenes of the Fit do close in a pleasant interlude of an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the matter of the Paronysme being breathed out by a free transpiration and the Patient is treated with a grateful Repose till a plenty of fresh Crude Alimentary Liquor is transmitted to the bilious mass of Blood which is perverted into nitrous sulphureous Particles causing an inordinate effervescence beginning a new Scene of another Paronysme of a Tertian Fever which often degenerates into a double Tertian called by some a Quotidian which in truth is very different from it as being a double Tertian because every other days Fit doth answer in Measure and Time and one
curious Engine of Air is divided into two Regions The Lobes of the Lungs are parted by the mediastine parted by the Mediastine the one placed in the Right and the other in the Left Chamber of the middle Story and each part consisteth of two Lobes the Superior and Inferior as Partitions wisely ordered by Nature that when one Lobe is wounded or corrupted the other may be preserved The rare structure of the divided Lobes are mutually conjoyned by Membranes The Lobes of the Lungs have a mutual entercourse by Vessels and have entercourse with each other by the union of variety of Vessels importing and exporting different kinds of Liquors The Right and Left partitions of Lobes are severed from each other by the mediation of the Mediastine as by a middle Wall passing between them by whose help they are connected in their fore parts to the Sternon and in their hinder to the Vertebres of the Back below to the Midriff and above to the Neck and Back by the interposition of the Wind-pipe Learned Spigelius conceiveth the Lungs to be tied to the Pleura and Ribs The Connexion of the Lungs by Fibres which being short saith the worthy Author they produce an incurable difficulty of Breathing but with the permission of this skilful Anatomist I humbly conceive these Fibres are very rare and preternatural as proceeding either from an ill conformation in the Womb or from some Disease and if these Fibres were natural they might be discerned in all Men upon Dissection which contradicteth Autopsy The Figure of the Lungs do conform themselves to that of the Thorax The Figure of the Lungs and have their upper ambient parts invested with a convex Surface as lodged within the circular Walls of the Ribs and the lower Surface of the Lobes is Concave as fitted to receive the Heart within their soft embraces The two Lobes seated in each Chamber of the middle apartiment The two Lobes resemble the hoofs of a Bullocks Foot may be most fitly resembled to a Heart or Bullocks Hoof consisting of two Claws parted all along in the middle and begin in more large and end in more narrow Dimensions and also are covered in their upper region with a Convex and in their lower with a Concave Surface The ambient parts of the Lungs are coated with a thin Porous Membrane The Membrane of the Lungs borrowing its Origen as some will have it from the Pleura and as others from the outward Tunicle of the Vessels entring into the substance of the Lungs This Membrane is beset with many Pores which may be seen when the Lungs are blown up with a pair of Bellows and are so minute that they hold no proportion in Figure and magnitude with the Particles of Air contained within the substance of the Lungs or else they would soon transpire the Pores of the Membrane encompassing the Lungs before it had sufficiently impregnated the Blood with its Nitrous and Elastick Particles conserving the vestal flame of Life Learned Diemerbroeck asserteth that though Pus cannot be received through the Pores pinking the Coat into the substance of the Lungs yet he saith thin Liquors injected through the wound made between the Ribs in case of an Empyema into the Cavity of the Thorax may insinuate themselves through the secret Meatus of the Tunicle encircling the Lungs into their inward Recesses and Bronchia and thence into the Mouth as the renowned Author hath it in lib. 2. Cap 13. de Pulmo respirat Pag. 511. Ait ille Memini me Noviomagi sex septemve Empyricis ad puris evacuationem Thoracem inter Costas sectione aperuisse ac denique evacuato pure nonnullis eorum injectiones abstergentes amaras in Thoracis Cavitatem infudisse quaruni non tantum amarum saporem ore perceperunt quod etiam a Fernelio Paraeo Lommio aliis observatum verum bonam quoque partem per sputa rejecerunt quod certum judicium erat in illis aegre poros tunicae pulmonis adeo angusâ—os fuisse ut nullum Pus crassius sed duntaxat tenuiores liquores admittere potuerint Hypocrates the great Oracle of our Art asserted the substance of the Lungs to be glutinous and full of Cells and numerous Blood-Vessels Hypocrates's Opinion of the structure of the Lungs as he hath it Sectione Tertia lib. de carnibus his words are these in the Original 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pulmo atem juxta Cor sic extitit quod in humido glutinosissimum erat Cor calefaciens celeriter exsicavit veluti spumam Fistulosum reddidit multisque venulis respersit I conceive the moist clammy seminal Matter according to Hypocrates is concreted by heat into a loose spungy substance of the Lungs which this great Author calleth Froth as Boys raise Bubbles out of Water impregnated with some fatty substance which are watry Vesicles filled with Air so that the soft frothy Parenchyma of the Lungs is nothing else but a spungy Systeme of many Vesicles of Air without any effusion of Blood as the Antients imagined which Cicero seemeth to assert 2. Natura Deorum raritas pulmonis celebratur Cicero his Opinion of the Lungs assiduis spongiis mollitudo adhauriendum spiritum aptissima This great Philosopher as well as Orator conceived the Lungs to be a loose Compage made up of Spunges which are loose Bodies furnished with numerous Cells the Receptacles of Air which much resembleth the Vesicles chiefly constituting the spungy body of the Lungs often filled and emptied by the many repeated Expansions and Contractions of the Lungs celebrated in inspiration and expiration the one being assisted by the Midriff and Intercostal and the other by the Abdominal Muscles Ingenious Malpighius hath given a greater Light to the more intricate and obscure Opinion of Hypocrates who left us much in the dark Malpighius Sentiments of the frame of variety of the Lungs in reference to the curious structure of the Lungs whose substance is integrated of parts Air-pipes made up of Cylinders and Orbs as also Sanguiducts and Lympheducts The Cylinders of Air are branched through the whole body of the Lungs The branches of the 〈◊〉 pipe in many Divarications highly dilated in inspiration These oblong Tubes have many Membranous appendages The Vesicles of Air appendant to the branches of the Trochâ—a affixed to them as so many Outlets and Receptacles of Air which being big with it do very much enlarge its Perimeter That I may give a more full History of these Membranous Cells relating to the Lungs as a Machine of Air I will Treat of their Situation Connexion Figure Origen Termination Substance and Use These fine Cells are seated every way near the Bronchia The seat of the Vesicles of Air. as so many appendants of them and every Cell hath a double passage an Egress from and Ingress into the Bronchia to give the Air a free play in and out upon inspiration and expiration These Membranes
most Delight in understanding the Causes of Things and the Wonders and Secrets of Nature whereupon I have taken the boldness to present your Lordship with many Notions of Experimental Philosophy deduc'd from Anatomical Dissections wherein you may have a fine sight of the Noble Fabrick of Man's Body in which you may see your own Structure and admire and adore the great Artifice of the All wise and Powerful Protoplast and pay a duty of the greatest Thanks and Obedience imaginable to His most Glorious Name for His Wondrous Works Evidenced in Comparative Anatomy in viewing the Parts of Varieties of Animals how they partake Similitude with and Illustrate those of a Humane body which is very useful to the advancement of Natural Knowledge subservient to more Divine and Christian Philosophy consisting in many salutary Precepts and sober dictates of rectified Reason rendring us Happy which your Lordship hath highly practiced and made you very valuable in the opinion of Wise men As you have confined your Appetites in which Licentious persons are irregular within due bounds instituted by Nature whereby they become proper instruments as Incentives to supply our Necessities and preserve Humane nature Your Lordship hath made good in a great degree the primary obligations of Nature in your Piety to your Maker by speaking Obedience to His most Sacred Commands and in Justice to your Neighbor in the observance of the Law of Equality and in Sobriety in reference to your Person in the prosecution of wholsome Rules preservative of it Your Life of Piety Justice Temperance Charity and Devotion are very Exemplary as you are a Person of Honor and Fortune and will allure others to conform to so excellent a Pattern which if generally imitated would conserve Humane Society and prove a great Blessing to our Nation Your evenness and sweetness of Temper free from all extravagancy of Passion do highly oblige all Persons that have the honor to converse with your Lordship Your Generous and Hospitable disposition expressed in your Noble and Amicable Entertainments do invite and treat your Friends with all Civility and Kindness I cannot but Congratulate your Lordship in your most Excellent and Accomplished Lady a Meet-help for you being as near akin to you in Vertue as Person and gives a most kind reception to all your Friends which her Ladyship entertains with a pleasant Aspect kind Language and most endearing Civility which renders your House a Paradise to all your Acquaintance and Strangers that have the happiness to converse in it I take the boldness to present your Lordship with this mean Paper as a small Token of my most humble Duty and most affectionate Esteems which I have affixed to the Chapter of Seeing which I humbly beg your Lordship to peruse as a most Noble Subject Dedicated to you who are so Candid as to pardon all Defects and so Favourable as to grant a Patronage to the Studious Endeavors of My LORD Your Lordships most Humble and most Obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS CHAP. VII Of Seeing HAving Treated of the Rise intermedial Steps and Periods of the motion of Light as it is in several instances and circumstances perfective of Sight how innumerable minute Bodies stream out of greater Luminaries and being mutually conjoyned and not able to penetrate each other the later still pressing forward the former Sicut unda pellit undam are most swiftly carried with a direct progress through the several regions of the Hemisphaere till at last they attack the Atmosphaere and cause it to put off its dark Vail and cloath it with bright Robes of Light which arriving the Center are beset with divers opace Bodies whose Dense and more compact substance cannot entertain the beams of Light into its more inward Recesses so that the Rays being dressed with several Lineaments and Figures of Bodies are forced to retreat Various images of things are arayed with beams of Light And now I will shew you how the Light newly modelled with various Shapes and Semblances of things which Aristotle the Great Master of Philosophy calleth visible Species and the Atomists and later Philosophers call Effluxes of Bodies moveth in a Pyramide whose Base or greater circumference is placed in the Surface of opace Bodies and afterward its dimensions are more and more lessened as its progress draweth nearer and nearer to the Eye where it terminateth into a Cone at the Cornea The Surfaces of Bodies moulded into variety of Schemes and Figures receive divers ornaments of Colours after some manner derived from the unevennesses and Cavities which are framed into Sphaerical Elliptick Conical Cylindrical and many other irregular Figures Colours seem to be derived from Light sporting upon the Protuberances and Cavities of Bodies according to the disposition of Opace and position of lucid Bodies which sporting in a diaphanous Medium are variously reflected from the Asperities and hollownesses of opace Surfaces in which the brighter beams of Light receive an allay from darker Shades which seem in some sort to constitute the greater variety of Colours with which visible Objects are arrayed Our present Discourse is not of Mathematical Surfaces of Bodies which being meerly imaginary have no Dimension but that of Latitude we now Treat of Physical Surfaces which though they seem according to Sense to be exactly Polite and Plane yet in truth by help of a Microscope we may easily discern most sensible Prominencies and Depressions formed into various regular and irregular Figures in which the Rays of Light do play up and down and as being foiled with various shadows are productive of different Colours wonderfully modelling visible Objects which being represented to the Eye give us a power to distinguish the different outward Faces of opace Bodies The Rays of Light arrayed with various Figures and Colours of things may be compared to Lines streaming out of the several points of visible Objects intersecting each other in obtuse Angles The visible Rays do decussate each other about the Cornea before they are received into the Pupil of the Eye so that the visory Rays reflected obliquely from any point of an opace Body do decussate each other about the Cornea and that Ray is only to be excepted which cometh perpendicularly in a right Line to the Axis of the Eye without any Refraction To illustrate this Hypothesis An Experiment to make good the Visory Rays I make hold to offer this Instance If the Eye be shaded with a thin opace Plate perforated with a small hole through which the visible Object seated beyond the Plate may be transmitted and recommended to the Pupil of the Eye by Rays intersecting each other at the hole of the Plate vailing the Eye which may be confirmed by this Experiment That if a thin little Plate being placed between the Eye and greater Plate be moved gradually toward the hole the point of the visible Object may be discovered to be obscured before the little Plate toucheth the hole on that side Because
of Nerves Beyond the transverse Processes in a Fire-flaire The Medulla oblongata of a Fireflaire is lodged the Medulla oblongata which is thin and halfe an Inch broad of a depressed round Figure endeth into Two oval Processes and is seated in the Base of the Brain to the upper Region of the Medulla oblongata are appendant many Cortical small Processes tied to it and to each other with thin membranous Filaments The Medulla oblongata in a Skait is also joyned in its fore Region The Medulla oblongata of a Skaite to the large transverse Process and passeth under the Cortical Protuberancies the space of an Inch in one entire Body and then divideth into Two Branches running obliquely towards the insides of the Skull to which they are affixed and at last are united terminating into the Origen of the Medulla Spinalis The Medulla oblongata in a Cod is much akin to that of the Fireflaire and Skait The Medulla oblongata of a Cod. in substance and colour and is an oblong depressed round Body seated in the lower Region of the Brain near the Base of the Skull Not far from the middle of the Medulla oblongata are lodged Two oval Processes which may be styled Testiformes The Natiform Process in the Brain of a Cod. Orbicular Processes The orbicular Processes of the Medulla oblongata The upper Region of the Medulla oblongata of a Pike The Medulla oblongata of a Base much resembling the Testicles and beyond those are seated Two orbicular Protuberancies confining on the Medulla Spinalis In the middle of these round Prominencies runneth a long Fissure upon the Medulla oblongata parting these Processes in the middle so that the Medulla oblongata of a Cod hath many greater and smaller Processes growing to it The upper Region of the Medulla oblongata in a Pike is enwrapped in diverse cortical Processes much resembling so many small Glands The Medulla oblongata in a Base being of a more solid substance then that of the Cortex is of a roundish oblong Figure and seemeth to be one entire Body but is composed of many small Globules distinguished from each other by the interposition of distinct Membranes every Process or Globule being encircled with a peculiar Coat And now some Person may think and not without reason that I have put my self to a greater expense and trouble then are requisite in giving a History of so many Brains which I have done to shew a fine prospect of the wondrous Works of Nature declared in the variety of Processes in reference to the Brain of several Fish as adorned with different shapes sizes Figures numbers and situations which speak the infinite Power and Wisdom of the Great Protoplast T. 60. F. 1. The Head of a Dog-Fish opened Under the Skull of a Dog-Fish called Galaeus Laevis may be seen Three sorts of clammy Liquor the First is lodged immediately under the Skull being thick and highly viscid The Second is a Cristalline Humor seated in the middle And the Third Liquor is most glutinous gross Matter immediately covering the Coats of the Cerebrum Cerebellum and Medulla Spinalis The Brain of this Fish is very remarkable and very different from that of other Fish as being made of Three Apartiments or large Processes which are made of diverse parts the middle is adorned with a Semilunary Figure †a. whose Convex surface is set upward and the Concave below encircling the upper Region of the middle Province of the Brain to the horns of the Semilunary Prominence are affixed Two other Processes which resemble Legs to which are appended Two Processes not unlike Feet These parts I conceive are the Thalami nervorum opticorum The middle story of the Brain †b b. is very prominent and somewhat resembleth in plumpness the Breast of a fat Child its Convex part is received into the Concave bosom of the upper Province and is the Medullary substance of the Brain The Third Province of the Brain is made of Two Processes much less then the other and each of them is beautified with a Semilunary Figure these Processes are instituted by Nature as I apprehend to supply the place of Natiform Processes The Cerebellum is composed of diverse ranks of Processes a middle and Two lateral ones The middle †c c. is made up of many greater and less Semilunary Processes enclosed above in the Concave Surface of the Testiform or Natiform Processes and below with the inward rowe of lateral small Processes †d d. which are again immured on each side with greater Proceses †e e. graced with an oval Figure The optick Nerves †f f f f. derived from the sides of the Medulla oblongata and passing proper Perforations of the Skull are inserted into the inside of Eyes On eac side of the beginning of the Medulla Spinalis proceedeth a Nerve †g g g g g g g g. covered with a Black Tunicle and passing all along the outside of the Skull over the upper part of the Eye after an Inch is inserted with many Fibrils †h h. into the upper Mandible and assisteth its Muscles in their Contraction by which it is lifted up T. 61. F. 1. The upper Region of the Brain of a Skait taken out of the Skull The Brain of a Skait being taken out of the Skull a Bel visto appears composed of many ranks of Processes to which are appendant as outlets the optick and olfactory Nerves The Brain and Cerebellum is framed of Five rows of Protuberances the First is made of Four Processes Two lateral and Two interior the outward †a a. are Graced with a kind of pyramidal Figure the Bases adjoyning to the middle Processes and the Cones to the olfactory Nerves The middle pair †b b. are greater and longer then the lateral and somewhat resemble Parallelograms The Second row †c c. are endued with an oval Figure and are much less then the First †The Third rank †d d. are after a manner adorned with a pyramidal shape The Fourth row †e e. are somewhat of a triangular Figure The Fifth row †f f. make the Cerebellum and have an oblong irregular Figure as well as the rest of the Processes And each side of the Processes of the Cerebellum is encircled with Processes of irregular shapes not unlike Intestines and somewhat resembling the Anfractus of a Humane Brain Beyond the Cerebellum appears the Medulla Spinalis †g g. divided into Two equal parts by the interposition of a small Fissure †h h. and each side of the Medulla Spinalis is garnished with numerous Nerves †iiiiiiii deriving themselves from its inward Recesses The optick Nerves †k k. take their rise from the Medulla oblongata and afterward creep out of the Brain and after some space are inserted into the Eyes The olfactory Nerves are Two pair of which the
Patient dying of a Palsey proceeding from pains of the Stomach and Intestines who laboured of aspurious tertain intermittent Fever proceeding from an obstruction of the Liver and Bladder and then fell into Colick pains and a paralitick disaffection which continued the space of a year and at last she died afflicted with a Delirium and Convulsive motions The Palsey first affected the Arms and Head and afterward descended to the Thighs This Woman having the Abdomen opened the Liver was found to be over-large with reference to the Body and very much obstructed and the Bladder of Gall filled with gross Black Choler and the Stomach much distended with Green Excrements and the Colon full of hard Faeces and dilated with much flatulent Matter and the Brain being dissected a Water was discovered to gush out and follow the Knife and the same Liquor was discerned to fill up all the space interceceding the coats of the spinal Marrow where the Fibres the Origens of the vertebral Nerves were seated Whereupon the beginnings of the vertebral Nerves being compressed the current of the nervous Liquor and Spirits was intercepted and the Filaments of the Nerves relaxed and the use of the Arms Hands and Thighs lost Persons also obnoxious to Arthritical disaffections sometimes fall into a Palsey by reason the acide and saline Particles of the Blood An Arthritis sometimes degenerates into a Palsey infecting the nervous Liquor do vitiate its refined Particles whereupon the Animal Spirits losing their expansive nature do not invigorate the Nerves so that they grow limber and unfit for motion whence ariseth a Palsey Scorbutick habits of Body are liable to this Disease Scorbutick habits of Body are oboxious to a Palsey as having an ill mass of Blood debased with acide saline Particles which spoil the albuminous part of the vital Juyce the Materia substrata of the Succus Nervosus which being dispirited doth not duely invigorate the nervous Fibrils whereupon arise Tremors in the Limbs proceeding from faint Animal Spirits not rendring the nervous Filaments Tense and apt for motion whence floweth a Paralytick disposition which also proceedeth in Cachetick Bodies from a quantity of serous Recrements sometimes inwardly obstructing the spaces of the Filaments and othertimes outwardly compressing the Origens Trunks and Branches of Nerves whereupon they grow flabby and relaxed as not receptive of nervous Liquor and its spirituous tensive Particles A Palsey may also arise a soluta unitate from a wound of the Skull and Brain lacerating sometimes and othertimes cutting asunder its Blood-vessels A Palsey may proceed a Soluta unitate Craniâ— whereupon the Brain is affected first with an inflammation by a source of extravasated Blood lodged in the substance of the Brain which afterward degenerates into a purulent Matter compressing the sibrous frame of the Brain and hindring the influxe of Animal Spirits into the Nerves productive of a Palsey A Souldier was wounded in the hinder part of his Head with a weapon An Instance of the said case in a Palsey not only dividing the Skull but penetrating the coats into the substance of the Brain which generated first an Inflammation and afterward an Abscess whereupon the Patient complained of a vertiginous disposition and of a pain in his Right Eye and afterward was affected with an Hemiplegia of his Right side and a Carus and Convulsive motions of his Right Arm the fore-runner of a more fatal storm of death The Skull being taken off a great part of the Brain was overspread with a fungous Matter which is very common in wounds Inflammations and Abscesses of the Brain into which an Incision being made an Aposteme of the Brain was discovered and the Right Ventricle distended with a clear serous Liquor compressing the nervous Fibres of the Right side of the Brain and intercepting the progress of the Animal Liquor into the Right mediety of the Spinal Marrow and Origens of the vertebral Nerves whereupon ensued a resolution of them belonging to the Right side A Palsey may also happen upon a wound of the Medulla Spinalis A Palsey coming from a bruised Medulla Spinalis bruising or cutting the Origens of the vertebral Nerves whereupon the motion of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is checked in reference to the nervous Trunks and Branches propagated from the Spine so that they grow loose and flabby wholly indisposed for action A Maid being shot into her Back with the Bullet of a Pistol An Instance of this kind of Palsey was immediately sensible of a great pain and defect of the motion of her Limbs a Resolution being made from the middle of her Loins to her lower parts which proceeded from the wound of the Origens of the vertebral Fibres seated in one side of the Spine and from a Bullet lodged in the Spinal Marrow outwardly compressing the beginnings of the vertebral Nerves The Patient heing dead a round hole was found penetrating the Musculi longissimi and Sacrolumbares and afterward the Spine and its Marrow wherein was discovered a Bullet lodged in its substance and compressing the Origens of the vertebral Nerves Having discoursed the continent causes of a Palsey An ill mass of Blood is the chief antecedent cause of a Palsey illustrated by many instances of several cases in this Disease I will now Treat somewhat of its antecedent causes of which the chief is an ill mass of Blood generated by an ill Diet either of too much Meat or hard of digestion or the immoderate drinking of Wine and strong Drink and Tobacco and Fumes and Metallick Vapours or vehement Passions of the Mind making great alterations in the vital Liquor the Materia substrata of the Succus Nervosus which is highly discomposed by the Sex res non naturales some of which are very offensive producing a kind of Narcosis in the Animal Spirits despoiling them of their brisk elastick nature thereby rendring the Nerves Laxe and resolved And the Locomotive power of the Limbs and Body is not only abolished The Locomotive Faculty is lessened and abolished by the dâ—fect of Animal Spirits but also lessened in point of Impotency of motion proceeding from a defect of Animal Spirits not fully invigorating the Nerves hence ariseth a trembling of the Head and Limbs so that the motive Faculty is not able easily to sustain the weight of the Limb produced from the weakness of the Nerves rendring the Antagonist Muscles not able to balance each others Contractions and reduce the Limbs to a tonick motion by containing them in a firm fixed posture whereupon the weight on one side so depresseth the Limbs and the Nixus of the Antagonist Muscles that they are not able to make good their tonick Motion The Limbs grow disordered by various tremulous motions The cause of tremulous Motions derived from contrary principles of the weight of the Limbs and of weak nervous Fibres which putting forth their utmost Nixus make different successive agitations originally flowing from an
hath two Sinus arising between them receiving two heads of the Second Bone and the Protuberance of the third Bone enters into a Sinus made in the middle of the head of the Second Bone and upon this account the Protuberances of the second Bone enter into the sockets of the third and the third also insinuates its Prominence into a Cavity of the Second and both the Bones have such an articulation in a mutual ingress that the joynt is only capable of Flexion and Extension and not of a lateral motion and after this manner of articulation the second and third joynts of the Thumb are framed and make an acute Flexion and a straight Extension without any lateral motion The first joynt belonging to each Finger The first joynt of each Finger consists in one Head and one Sinus consists in one Head and one Sinus in various Bones receiving and being received by each other And every Bone of the Metacarpium doth determinate into one Head being long in the Inside then broader as taken transversly from one side to the other by reason the Head belongs more to the inside and is incrusted a greater space with a Cartilage And the Sinus engraven in the upper region in the first Bone relating to every Finger is endued with an orbicular Figure and the first Bone upon this Head doth celebrate the various motions of Flexion and Extension and Adduction and Abduction And the lateral motions and extensions are not so eminent by reason they do not make such acute Angles as Flexion because the head of the Bones of the Metacarpium is but a little depressed both outwardly and laterally And by reason the head of the first Bone of the Fingers is externally more covered with a Cartilage The first joynt of the Fingers is more extended then the second and third and is capable of lateral motion as having a laxe Articulation then the heads of the second and third Joynts therefore the first Joynt is more extended then the rest beyond a right line Farthermore the first Finger doth incline more inward in motion and the little one more outward then the rest of the Fingers because the heads relating to the Bones of the first Joynts of those Fingers are more easily carried to the said sides and moved somewhat orbicularly And by reason we can move the first joynts of our Fingers laterally a laxe Articulation is ordered by nature The second and third joynts of the the Fingers can only be bent and extended which is not requisite in the second and third joynt which cannot move laterally and are only capable of Flexion and Extension as the most useful motions in the conduct of our Life in order to take things into our hands and hold them by Flexion and let them go again by Extension of our Fingers The third Bone of the Finger in its lower region where it is conjoyned to no Bone is protuberant The third Bone of the Fingers is protuberant in its lower region and hath a rough Head and two crooked Processes and is endued with a rough head and with two crooked Processes that the Tendons of the Flexors might be propagated out of the lower part of the third Bone which is inserted in its termination into the apex of the Bone which becomes Cartilaginous that the Tendon might be the more firmly implanted into it And by reason of this Tendon the third Bone in his inside where it is somewhat protuberant is rendred rough and uneven Learned and curious Vesalius The Bones of the Fingers called Sesamina from their smallness in which they resemble the Sâ—eds of Sesami beside the common Bones of the Fingers made a discovery of some other small Bones in the Hands and Feet not exceeding the dimensions of Sesame or Faenugreek-seed which are chiefly found among the Tendons As the renowned Author hath it De lib. Hum. Fabrica Lib. primo pag. 91. Ait ille praeter ossa tribus jam proxime praecedentibus capitibus explicata alia quaedam exigua in manu occurrunt sesami semini a dissectionum peritis comparata Cujusmodi tamen ea sint quibus sedibus quoque numero in homine aut etiam simia reponantur neminem observasse descripsisseve scio atque adhuc minus illorum ossiculorum usus a quoquam exacte vereque est pertractatus oportune igitur quot hujus generis ossicula diligenti musculorum tendinumque examine hactenus invenerim hic persequor Musculorum namque magis quam ossium inspectione presentium ossiculorum non poenitendum numerum tam in pede quam in manu comperi Cum scilicet maxima ex parte ac tota fere tendinibus innascantur unaque tantum superficie laevi lubrica Cartilagine incrustata alterius cujusdam ossis lubricam levemque sedem contingant peculiaribus ligamentis illi ossi nusquam commissa All these small Bones are lodged among the Tendons The sesamine Bones are lodged among the Tendons of Muscles that by reason of their hardness they might receive and sustain the force of the Bone in some motions to and by which the Tendon is conjoyned and enlarged And these Bones are chiefly found in old persons and in Children are of a Cartilaginous nature and are not very conspicuous in their Tendons and are commonly found in Dogs Apes and other Brutes who are endued with more dry Costitution then Man in whom when he cometh to mature age saith Vesalius he hath two Bones not far from the second joynt of the Thumb adjoyning to the head of the first Bone where it is received into the Sinus of the second and are bred among the Tendons of Muscles which taking their rise from the Palme of the Hand do bend the second joynt of the Thumb And these small bones are not only seen about the second joynt of the Thumb but also about the first joynt of the four Fingers These small Bones are lodged about the Joynts of the Thumb and Fingers which are less then those of the Thumb and seated among the Tendons of the Muscles which having their Origens from the Bones of the Metacarpium do bend the first joynts of the four Fingers and another soft Bone and almost Cartilaginous is found about the Third and Fourth Joynts of the Fingers and in very old Men other very small Bones are found in Tendons about all the joynts of the Thumb and Fingers The ranks of Bones in the Carpus and Metacarpium The Origens of the Bones belonging to the Carpus and Metacarpium in a Foetus seem in the second Month of a Foetus not to be one Cartilage and to be parted into five Grisles as the Origens of Fingers in whose extremities some white points may be discovered the first steps of ossification In the Seventh and Eighth Months of a Foetus the Cartilages of the Carpus and Metacarpium are somewhat obscure The rudiments of the Bones of the Fingers and are most conspicuous in the
roundness of its figure and denominated by the Latins Patella †T. 72. F. 1. L L. as being somewhat like a little Dish in its orbicular shape as the Antients imagined In its hinder region looking toward the Thigh it is for the most part immured with a smooth and slippery Cartilage The hinder Region of the Patella is incrusted with a Cartilage and hath a Sinus fitted to a Head of the Thigh-bone and with a Protuberance and Sinus elegantly fitted to the anterior part of the Heads relating to the lower region of the Thigh-bone and according to its length is adorned with a large Prominence entring into a Sinus engraven in the anterior part of the Heads belonging to the Thigh-bone and on each side of this Protuberance one Sinus is seated receiving the prominent parts of the heads of the Thigh-bone incrusted with a Cartilage And the outward Head of the said Bone doth incline more forward then the inward Head and is more largely covered with a thin Cartilage So also the outward Sinus of the Patella placed at the outside of its Protuberance is more large and broad then the inward Sinus The Patella in that part The Surfaces of the Patella wherein it is contiguous to the Thigh-bone is smooth and slippery and in its anterior region and sides it is rough and beset with some obscure holes and in its hinder part is carried downward with an acute Process and is rough and adorned with small holes that it might be the more fitly conjoyned to the Tendons The Patella in fastned to the Thigh-bone by the Tendons of Muscles appertaining to the Tensors of the Thigh And this is peculiar to the Patella that it is not tied to any Bone by the help of Ligaments but strongly fastned only by Tendons passing over the Joynt of the Knee to the Bone of the Thigh Galen is of an Opinion that the Patella is endued with a soft Cartilaginous substance which seemeth to contradict Autopsy especially in Persons of mature age in whom the Compage of the Patella is found to be very hard and solid In Sheep Oxen and the like this Bone is much longer and more narrow then in Men and in Fowls it is shorter and broader This Bone is formed by Nature to prevent a Luxation of the Joynt when the Knee is highly bent forward The Extream Foot is composed of three ranks of Bones The Foot is composed of three ranks of Bones of the Tarsus or Pedium of the Metatarsus or Metapedium and of the Toes The Tarsus †T. 72. F. 1. l l. is framed of seven Bones very different in shape and size The first is called the Talus or Astragalus which is endued with a head The Tarsus is made up of seven Bones The Head of the Talus is received into the Sinus of the Tibia received into the lower Sinus of the Os Tibiae from whose inner Process the inner Ankle is constituted as the outward proceeds from the Fibula This Bone in its fore-part emits a Prominence received into the Sinus of the Os Naviculare and hath a lower Protuberance which is conjoyned with the Os Calcis The Os Tali seemeth to be circumscribed with four Sides or Ribs The Bone of the Talus seemeth to be adorned with a quadrangular figure The first and second seem according to their Sides to run round in an Orb according to their length The third is carried about the anterior part of the said Bone And the fourth maketh its progress about the posterior part of it So that this Bone appears after some manner to be adorned with a quadrangular figure The Protuberance of the Talus according to its Sides by which it is contiguous to the Ankles is compressed and incrusted with a smooth Cartilage though not every way alike In the inside it is very little compressed because the Process relating to the lower Appendix of the Os Tibiae maketh the inner Ankle and this containing a side of the Talus is incrusted for a little space with a smooth Cartilage but the outside belonging to the Protuberance of this Bone is much hollowed and covered for a great space with a Cartilage that it might form a fit place to which the inner side of the outer Ankle might agree which maketh its progress lower then the inner Ankle-bone And all the Joynt of the Talus with the Bone of the Tibia and Fibula The Joynt of the Talus with the Tibia is bent and extended without any great lateral motion The rough Sinus of the Ankle-bone out of which a Ligament is emitted fastning the Talus to the Os Tibiae and their mutual reception the Talus is bent and extended without any considerable lateral motion And in the outside of the inner Ankle-bone is endued with a rough Sinus out of which a cartilaginous Ligament fastning the Talus to the Os Tibiae taketh its rise And the inner side of the Talus is engraven with a rough Sinus for the reception of the said Ligament and moreover the outer side of the Talus is hollowed that it might admit a Ligament coming out of the inner side of the outer Ankle-bone And upon the account of these Ligaments †F. 1. k k. the hinder region of the Talus placed at the foot of the fore-described Protuberance is rough to entertain the Ligaments taking their origination from the Os Tibiae The Sinus of the Talus made for the reception of Tendons of Muscles The round Head of the Talus being incrusted with a Cartilage is received into a Sinus of the Os Naviculare and the Talus doth emit other Ligaments to the Os Calcis And beside this roughness the hinder region of the Talus is hollowed with a Sinus for the reception of the Tendons of Muscles From the anterior region of the Talus and chiefly from the inner side of it ariseth an oblong Neck which making its progress for some space terminates into a round head incrusted with a slippery Cartilage which is received into a deep Sinus of the Os Naviculare as making an articulation by whose help the Foot makes an obscure lateral motion And the inferior region of the Talus hath a double Articulation with the Os Calcis A double Articulation of the Os Tali and is seated under it and one Joynt consists in the lower region where the Os Calcis is protuberant with a large broad Head received into a deep Sinus of the Talus And the other Joynt is seated forward inclining to the inner side of the Foot and is framed after another manner different from the hinder Joynt by reason the Os Calcis is here engraven with a long Sinus which being incrusted with a Cartilage doth entertain the lower region of the Head belonging to the Talus articulated with the Os Naviculare Cartilaginous Ligaments fastning the Talus to the Os Calcis In the middle of these
Body the several Bones and their Protuberances and Sinus framing different Articulations of Joints whose motion is made easie by Cartilages and rendred firm as encircled and fastned together by Ligaments By many curious Dissections great discoveries have been lately made in the Body of Man and other Animals much improving the Theory and Praxis of Physick of the Milky Vessels in the Mesentery of the common Receptacle and Thoracick Duct in the middle Apartiment of the Lymphaeducts in the Liver and other parts of the Body of the many Tunicles of the Stomach and Guts and of the Glands and Nervous Compage of the Brain and various Processes and Animal Liquor and of the Carnous Nervous and Tendinous Fibres of the Heart of the Vesicles of Air and Lobules in the Lungs and of the Glands in the Cutis Mesentery Spleen Liver Kidneys and Testicles of new Seminal Vessels in them and of many actions and uses of the parts and of the motion of the Chyle Lympha Blood and Nervous Liquor The principal end and accomplishment of Physick is its Praxis relating to Diagnosticks Prognosticks and Therapeuticks which are all derived à parte affecta actione laesa both these are made known by Anatomy whereby we inspect the outward parts and the more inward Recesses the Viscera whose penetrals are discovered by Dissections So that no person can truly deserve the appellative of a Learned and able Physician which is not well versed in Anatomy whose precepts relate to Physiology and are the first rudiments of our Art without which we cannot truly judge the nature of a Disease manifested in the part affected and the actions offended And to this end to promote the Art of Physick which hath been my long Study and Employment I have been concerned in many Dissections of the Body of Man to contribute my Mite to the improvement of Experimental Phylosophy depending upon Anatomy the chief part of Physiology which is much advanced by the Dissections of the Bodies of other Animals as well as that of Man to render his Parts more clear and intelligible So that I have with great Care and Faithfulness laid open various kinds of Creatures to inspect their Viscera which I have ordered to be curiously drawn with a Pensil from the Life in many Schemes beautified with variety of Elegant Figures Engraven in Copper-Plates as so many Monuments of Art and Copies of Nature lively representing the Noble Parts of the Body of Man and other Creatures faithfully recommending them to Posterity that the Republick of Learning may have a recourse to them to revive their Notions gained by great Observation made by Autopsie upon the Bodies of Animals These curious Tables embelished with the Images of various Parts may be termed Natures fine Pictures copied by Art wherein we may read God's most admirable Works as so many Products of His infinite Essence written in fair Characters in the Book of the Creatures composed of divers Volumes disposed in excellent order consisting of several fine Leaves bound up with great Artifice teaching us to know love and adore the Supreme Good the Author of all Being Goodness and Perfection The Following SCHEMES Are Adorned with many FIGURES Representing the VISCERA of MAN and other Animals Engraven in large Copper-Plates Tab. I. A Humane Body opened a a. THe Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria which are not perfectly circular α α. The long Fibers passing down the Aspera Arteria β β. The circular Fibers every way surrounding the Aspera Arteria b b. The outward Skin of the Arm being turned back the first and Reticular Coat of the inward Skin appears c c. The Papillae Pyramidales seated in the wrinkles of the Skin are derived from the Nervous Coat and terminate into the Cuticula d d. The Reticular Coat of the Skin being turned up the Nervous appears being composed of long transvers and oblique Filaments e e. The minute Membranous Fibers are derived from the Membrana Musculorum Communis and passing through the Fat and Membrana Adiposa are inserted into the Skin f f. The Nervous Coat being turned back the Glandulous discovereth it self beset with small Glands which are Colatories of the Blood having recourse to the Ambient part of the Body g g g g. Part of the Ribs seated on each side of the Thorax h. The Thymus being fastned in its Base to the Pericardium climbeth up till its top arriveth the highest Rib. ii The right Lobes of Lungs turned toward the right side k k. The numerous divarications of Blood-vessels seated in the Surface of the right Lobes after the manner of Network l l. The left Lobes of the Lungs lifted up that the Heart may appear are beautified with Blood-vessels after a reticular manner m m. The right Auricle of the Heart surrounded with many circular Fibers running Horizontally n n. The Base of the Heart seated exactly in the middle of the Thorax o o. The Cone of the Heart inclining toward the left Pap. p p p p. The Coronary Blood-vessels Enameling the Surface of the Heart q q q. The Diaphragm passing horizontally in an Arch parteth the lowest Apartiment from the middle and hath in its Relaxation a Convex Surface toward the Thorax and a Concave toward the Belly r. The broad suspensory Ligament derived from the Peritonaeum by which the Liver is fastned above to the Midriff s s. The right Region of the Liver turned backward that the Stomach may be discerned t t. The left Region of the Liver being put out of its situation inclineth toward the left Hypocondre u u. The Blood-vessels branching themselves upon the Surface of the Liver after the manner of Network w w. The minute Glands besetting the ambient parts of the Liver x x. The Bladder of Gall which in its natural situation is lodged in the concave part of the Liver α α. The Trunk of the Gastrepiploick Vessels running horizontally over the Caul after the form of an Arch. β β. The Gastrepiploick Vessels sprouting out of the Trunk are branched downward all along the Caul δ δ. The greater Adipose Ducts accompanying the Blood-vessels Υ Υ. †ε ε. The more numerous small Adipose Ducts seated in the Area †of the greater Vessels are branched after the manner of a curious small Network y y. The body of the Stomach appearing upon the turning up the Liver z z. The first Coat of the Stomach Enameled by Blood-vessels Tab. 1. Tab. II. Fig. 1. Represents the Vpper-Lip Cheeks Teeth Palate Uvula of a Man a a. THe transverse Fissures of the Upper-Lip b b. Some part of the Upper-Lip stripped of its Coat wherein the spongy substance of it may be discovered as interspersed with many minute red Glands c c c c. The Fat of the Cheeks cut open wherein are seated many Particles of Fat as in so many Membranous Cells resembling Glands of divers magnitudes and figures d d. The Cheek being cut many small Glands may be discerned accompanying the fleshy parts of the Buccinators
mixtion being dissolved The Chyle is improved by new Ferments in the Guts a milky Liquor is extracted and conveyed to the Intestines where it meets with bilious and pancreatick Juyce rendring the Chyle more perfectly concocted appearing by its greater thinness and whiteness which is afterward transmitted by the peristaltick motion of the Guts The Chyle is farther matured in the Glands of the Mesentery and compression of them by the Midriffe when it is brought from an Arch to a Plane in Inspiration into the milky vessels of the Mesentery through which the Chyle passeth into its Glands where it receiveth a farther elaboration by a select Liquor distilling out of the terminations of the Nerves coming from the mesenterick Plexes and is afterward admitted into the extremities of the second kind of milky Vessels by which the Chyle is imparted to the common Receptacle where it incorporates with the Lympha which renders it more thin and capable of motion through the Thoracick Duct into the subclavian vessels The Chyle is mixed with the Blood in the Heart and the Blood is also refined in the Lungs wherein it confederates with the Blood and is afterward carried through the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart where the Chyme espouseth a more intimate union with the Blood as being broken by the strong contractions of the Muscular Fibres into small Particles against the Walls of the Right chamber of the Heart where it is advanced by a Juyce dropping out of the Nerves and then it is impelled with the Blood through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it is embodied with a Liquor coming out of the terminations of the pulmonary Nerves and with the nitrous and elastick particles of Air opening and refining the Compage of the Blood and clothing it with a florid Red and then it is transmitted by the pulmonary Vein into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The Chyme is mixed more perfectly with the Blood in the Left Ventricle The Blood is improved in the Glands of the Spleen and Liver where the Chyme is more perfectly united to the Blood as violently thrown against the inside of the said Ventricle in whose bosom the Blood is embodied with some drops of fine Liquor exuding the extremities of the Cardiack Nerves and then is impelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta down the Back into the Artery implanted into the Glands of the Spleen where it incorporates with a mild Juyce distilling out of the terminations of the Splenick Nerves and is afterward carried by the Vena Porta into the substance of the hepatick Glands where the Blood is farther advanced by a Ferment coming out of the extremities of the Hepatick Nerves disposing it for a secretion of the bilious and lymphatick Recrements from the more refined Particles of the Blood which are received into the Cava and transmitted to the Heart and the bilious Particles by proper vessels into the Ductus Cholidochus and Bladder of Gall and Lympha into the Lymphaeducts The Bood maketh its progress through the descendent Trunk of the great Artery a little below the Splenick The Blood is exalted in the Renal Glands into the emulgent Artery implanted into the body of the Renal Glands where it mixeth with some fine drops of Juyce spued out of the extremities of the Renal Nerves whereupon the Blood is exalted and disposed for a secretion of the serous and saline from its more select parts which are entertained into the Origens of the emulgent Veins and the watry Faeces into the urinary Ducts The vital Liquor being carried through the Trunk of the great Artery a little below the emulgent is received into the Spermatick Arteries implanted into the Glands of the Testicles where the albuminous part of the Blood being embodied with a Liquor exuding the terminations of the Testicular Nerves is entertained into the Extremities of the Seminal Vessels where it obtains the first Rudiment of Seed The production of Seminal Liquor and is then carried into the Seminal vessels of the Parastats wherein it acquires a farther elaboration and is afterward transmitted by the deferent Vessels into the seminal Vesicles and Prostats as so many Repositories of this generous Liquor The vital Juyce being defaecated from its bilious and lymphatick Humors in the hepatick Glands The Blood is severed from Bile in the hepatick Glands and from watry Faeces in the Renal. and from the pancreatick Recrements in the Glands of the Pancreas and from watry and saline Faeces in the Renal Glands and being enobled with the reliques of Seminal Matter in the testicular Glands and being also exalted in all the said Glands with a choice Liquor distilling out of the terminations of the Nerves is returned by various Branches of Veins taking their Originations in the several Colatories of the Blood terminating into the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and from thence through the right chamber of the pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the Left Ventricle of the Heart wherein as well as the Lungs the Blood having espoused a Liquor coming out of the extremities of the Nerves is impelled through the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and carotide Arteries into the Glands of the Cortex where the albuminous part of the Blood being impregnated with volatil saline Particles The Animal Liquor is produced in the cortical Glands adhering the sides of the vessels of the Brain and the nitrous and elastick Atomes of Air is received into the Origens of the nervous Fibrils and by them transmitted through the Corpus callosum Fornix Corpora striata Medulla oblongata and Spinalis into the numerous Nerves as so many out-lets of the Brain leading into the three Apartiments giving to all parts of the Body Sense Motion Nourishment and Life as the Animal is a main Element constituting the vital Liquor Having given a short and fine sight of the curious structure actions and uses of the parts of Man's Body I will give a farther account of them as they are the subject of our Faculty which consisteth in Praesenti sanitate tuenda amissa restituenda Life is founded in a union of two essential parts Life is constituted in the union of essential parts of Body and Soul and hath the enjoyment of Life which if taken in a strict Notion relateth to the Body as its most proper Subject but if considered in a more comprehensive conception is inclusive of the Soul too as it is the first principle of both Life and Health as the Soul imparteth the chief Essence to the Body Health consisteth in a due union of disagreeing Particles as its great perfection upon which dependeth the Emanation of its free and excellent Operations which speak Health to the Body whereupon it is defined a power of exerting its Functions according to Nature flowing from the good costitution of all its parts And so Galen stileth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And as Parts are similar wherein every Particle