converting it into the humour called inominata humiditas Secondly by forming this seminall matter in the vessels and testicles Thirdly by reducing the seminall matter into simple members Fourthly by forming it at the command of the Creator into his Image and likenesse but I will only shwe you what faculties attend on these before named and for the rest I shall referre the desirous to Galen in libro de Hippocrat Platonicis dogmat li. 9. de curan morb cap. 10. lib. de potent natural It being more then my brevity will permit me to speake of Those faculties therefore that attend the forenamed three are in number foure viz. Attractive Retentive Digestive and Expulsive The Attractive drawes that juice which is most fit to nourish the body by heate and as it were a kinde of violence and is made three manner of waies 1. by heat 2. likenesse of substance 3. and to fill up vacant places it is said to be by heat as when frictions and rubbings are applied to any part of the body hot emplasters or vesicatories by which the native heate is encreased and nourishment is drawne to the part after which manner all the other parts draw The likenesse of substance is a certaine inexplicable propriety following the same forme and similitude as you may perceive in the loadstone amber and purgations which draw nourishment from the part not confusedly and indifferently but definitly and with a desire even as a familiar friend a part therefore drawes nourishment by heat but by the similitude of substance it drawes this or that nourishment such as is most fit for it as the braine drawes phlegmaticke blood the lunges cholericke blood after this manner the liver drawes the Chyle the reines the urine for every one drawes that it may get thereby as the bladder of the gall drawes the gall and delights in it because of the similitude of the substance and the propriety of the matter received to the place receiving Now the attraction to fill up vacant places is made by the desire the naturall parts have to shunne the fault of vacancy so that the light are carried downewards and the heavy are raised upwards by the ordination of nature to that end and in this manner doe the heart arteries and lunges attract aire to temper and qualifie the native heat But because the parts cannot enjoy their nourishment that they have acquired unlesse the attracted be somewhile staied for every action hath his time therefore nature like a good and skilfull workeman hath given every part a faculty of holding and retaining the nourishment untill it be made perfect by concoction into the forme of Chyle it is helped by coldnesse and drynesse Digestive faculty The digeive faculty is that which turnes the nourishment brought in by the attractive faculty and retained by the retentive faculty into a fit substance for that part whose faculty it is as from the stomacke the nourishment is turned into Chyle from Chyle the digestive faculty in the meseraicke veines turnes it into blood which by a third kinde is brought to the members and assimulated to them and converted into the same substance as may be perceived in the paps of women and testicles of men Expulsive faculty And because from aboundance of excrements proceed many dangerous diseases and that no nourishment whatsoever but hath his faeces therefore hath nature placed the expulsive faculty which is only appointed to expâ—ll those superfluities which by no action of heat can obtaine the forme of the part and thus the wombe at the appointed time doth send forth the infant by a most vehement expulsive faculty Now if any of these faculties be wanting in a body the health must needs decay for want of nourishment but if these faculties doe rightly performe their duties then the nourishment is changed into the proper substance of the part and truly assimulated to it CHAP. VI. Of the Actions What an action is THE next thing we must speake of is of the Actions which arise from the aforesaid faculties for as a faculty depends on a temperament so an Action depends on a faculty and therefore it is called an active motion proceeding from a faculty for let the faculty be removed away and there will be no action These actions are three in number Animall Vitall and Naturall which are called also Simple and Compound Simple actions simple to whom one alone operative faculty with its naturall instruments doth concurre as Attraction which is caused of the faculty Attractive by Heat and drinesse Retention which is caused of the faculty Retentive by Cold and drinesse Digestion which is caused of the faculty Digestive by Heat and moisture Expulsion which is caused of the faculty Expulsive by Cold and moisture Compound actions The compound is made either of two faculties as the naturall desire of meat proceeds from the attractive and sensative faculty by which the stomackes feeles emptinesse for five naturall motions goe before the naturall desire As First the emptinsse of the members Secondly the Attraction or sucking of the members by the veines Thirdly the attraction of the veines from the liver Fourthly the sucking of the liver from the stomacke by the meseraicke veines Fithly the sense and feeling in the stomacke from whence proceedes the naturall desire of meat This compound may be made of more then two faculties as the carrying which is as much to say as the helping forward of the nourishment in its passage to the members and the egestion of the excrements and urine which is made three waies by the sensative that feeles the burthen by the appetitive or desiring which desires to be eased and the expulsive which expelleth and driveth the excrement to the instrument Naturall actions Actions are either voluntary or naturall the naturall are performed against our will as the continuall motion and pulsation of the heart and arteries and expulsion of excrements and these actions flow from the liver and veines or from the heart and arteries and therefore are they called naturall and vitall actions The unvoluntary vitall actions be the dilatation contraction of the heart and arteries which we commonly call pulse by that they draw in and by this they expell or drive forth The unvoluntary vitall actions be generation which proceedeth from the generative faculty and growth and nutrition which proceedeth from the growing and nourishing faculty Generation Generation is a producing of matter and introducing of a substantiall forme into the said matter Growth Growth is an inlarging of the solid parts retaining still both the figure and solidity as the bones whose encrease the whole body followes Nutrition Nutrition is a perfect assimulation of that nourishment which is digested into the nature of the part which digests and is performed by the foure aforesaid actions Attractive Retentive Digestive and Expulsive Voluntary motions The voluntary motions we willingly performe are three the sensative action the moving action and the principall The sensative comprehends all
coates that the spirits may not be exhaled and that it may not be broken by the continuall motion and beating a veine beates very little or not at all A nerve A nerve is that which proceeding from the braine or spinall marrow hath sence and motion some partes of the body which have nerves have feeling also but no voluntary motion as the membranes veines arteries guts and all the entrailes from the braine arise two soft nerves which have feeling the hard nerves spring from the spinall marrow and are moving from the braine proceed seven conjugations of nerves from the spinall marrowe thirty paire that is sixty nerves some nerves cannot be perceived to be hollow at all it is a simple part of our body bred and nourished by a grosse and phlegmaticke humour The second instruments Of the three first and simple instruments veines nerves and arteries and of the eight aforesaid parts least conformable being knit in due quantity number and scite spring the second instruments amongst which the muscles Muscles have the first place as being the instruments of voluntary motion which is performed six maner of waies viz. upwards downewards forwards backwards to the right hand and to the left hand this is simple motion the second voluntary motion is circularly as when you lure a hauke you swinge your hand round A muscle consists of veines nerves and arterious flesh and fibres from which they receive nourishment life sense and motion they are reckoned amongst the second instruments because they consist of a coate a tendon and a ligament and are devided into three partes the begining middle and end the head insertion and neather parte and these are all differing in figure scituation perforation and quantity colour and connexion The fingers The fingers consist not only of veines of which they are nourished of arteries from whence they receive spirit and vitall heate nerves by which they feele and muscles whereby they are mooved but also of three bones in each finger that is fifteene in each hand which are hollow fistulous and full of thinne and liquid marrow and not of grosse and thick as in the arme or thigh whereby they are fortified and sustained likewise of ligaments whereby the bones are connexed of flâ—sh and skin by whose coniunction is ordained the true organicall touching the fingers are in number five The nailes are generated by the fibers of the ligaments and the excrements of the tendons which are terminated at the bottom of the nailes The hand The hand consists of five fingers the palme or hollow of the hand the back of the hand and the wrest it is the instrument of instuments made for to take up and hold any thing for with the hands are all the other instruments made it is devided into five fingers the more easily to take up even the least bodies of any figure or fashion soever and to this end nature ordained us the nailes because the fingers ends being soft flesh might not turne away in meeting with a hard body The heart The heart is the chiefe mansion of the soule the organe of the vitall faculty and is placed in the body as the Sun in the firmament it is placed by nature as it were in a box that it may have free liberty to spread it selfe and receive hurt neither from the ribs or vertebres of the chest it containes a continuall moisture that by its motion and heat it may not be over dried it consists of a hard and dense flesh in which are two hollowes the right side is the biggest the left side is the more corpulent and thereby the more straite but it is the more solid and thick that the vitall spirits which are worked in it may not be exhaled In the right hollow are two vessels a branch of the hollow veine whereby the heart drawes the bloud from the liver and the gate veine by which it sends the bloud throughly concocted and subtilized to the lunges In the left side also are two vessels the great Artery Aorta whereby it sends the vitall spirits every way and the arteria venosa whereby it receives the aire from the lunges which are only the bellowes of the heart to coole it The heart hath auricles or little eares on every side to hold up the gate vein and branch of the hollow veine that they be not broken by the violent motion of the heart the heart is one alone scituate most commonly upon the fourth vertebrae of the chest being placed there by nature because it is the most sure and armed place and is besides as it were covered on every side by the hands of the lunges and is made of a more dense solid and compact substance then any other part of the body because it must have a naturall motion of its selfe These thinges I have spoken in briefe only to shew you how necessary it is to be perfect in Anatomie wherby you shall the more easily discern the pâ—rts affâ—cted by the place of paine and cure it by a fit application of remedies without the hurting of any other part next I shall speake of the faculties CHAP. V. Of Faculties What a faculty is A Faculty is a certaine power and efficient cause proceeding from the temperament of the part and the cause whereof proceed the actions and powers of the body The animall faculty Of these are three kindes in every perfect body that is the Animall Vitall and Naturall which have a certaine simpathy one with another for if one be hurt all the rest suffer with it The Animall is that which proceeds from the proper temperament of the braine and yields knowledge sense and voluntary motion and this is of three kindes 1. Moving which remaines in the Muscles and Nerves as the fit instruments of voluntary motion 2. Sensative which consists in the five externall senses Sight Hearing Taste Smell and Touch. 3. and principall which comprehends the reasonable faculty the memory and fantasie The Animall faculty being thus seated in the braine sends from thence sence and motion by the nerves or certaine chanels into the whole body Vitall faculty But the Vitall faculty is that which sendeth life to every member of the whole body and maintaines the essence of the spirits and this hath his seat in the heart from whence he sends heat through the arteries to every part of the body and is much hindred by diseases in the breast Naturall faculty The naturall faculty is that which carries the nourishment into all the members of the body and this claimes his place in the liver it is by Avicen and most of the ancient Philosophers concluded that this naturall faculty is divided into two parts whereof one is the preserving of life and health unseparable and to nourish the body as comming from the fountaine and mint of nourishment the other is the preserving and maintaining the forme and species made in generation First by drawing the seminall matter from the humours of the body and
he includes two principall offices of a Physitian for a disease proceeds either from too much emptinesse or from too much fulnesse The first whereof is cured by adding what is wanting end the latter by taking away that which exceedes Galen calls physicke a science of the healthfull unhealthfull and neuters which are neither well nor can properly be said to be sicke and this is made good three waies as the body as the cause and as the signe that body is counted healthfull that enjoyes his perfect health that cause is healthfull that procures health and is the meanes of preserving it The healthfull signe doth show or indicate the present health the unhealthfull body is affected with a disease which is generated by an unhealthfull cause and the manner and greatnesse of the griefe is showne by the unhealthfull signe a body is said to be neither healthfull nor sicke when it is as it were declining and cannot be said to be perfectly well nor altogether sicke But the more vulgar and common definition of physicke is this Physicke is an art which preserves health in the sound and restores it to the sicke and preserves the neuters that are neither well nor sicke and from hence it is said to be an art of things naturall not naturall and against nature the former were according to the theory these are according to the practique Things naturall doe agree with our nature and are those things whereof our body is compacted and made and are in number seven viz. Elements Temperaments Humours Members Faculties Operations and Spirits Things not naturall are those meane and indifferent things whereby the body is preserved in health and are six in number Aire Meate and Drinke Sleepe and Watching Labour and Rest Fulnesse and Emptinesse or repletion and inanition and perturbations of the minde Things against nature are those that doe destroy our health and are of three sorts A Disease the cause of a Disease and a Symptome Hereby you may understand the two parts of Physicke Theoricke and Practique and by the Theoricke know every disease and the quality thereof and by the Practique to preserve health and cure a disease by the due administration of things not naturall and by removing of those that are against nature Things naturall and which properly belong to the constitution of our body are as I said before in number seven Elements Temperaments Humours Members Faculties Actions Spirits whereto are annexed Sex Colour Composure Time or season Region Vocation of life CHAPTER I. Of Elements An Element what it is AN Element is the most least and simple portion whereof any thing is made and in the destruction thereof is lastly resolved which to say plainely the foure first and simple bodies which accommodate and subject themselves to the generation of all manner of things be the mixture perfect or imperfect Thus Aristotle called the Heaven an Element counting five parts of the world Heaven Fire Aire Water and Earth Of Elements we reckon foure whereof two are grosse and heavy and move downewards as Earth and Water and two are light and strive upwards as Fire and Aire Earth is a simple body whose naturall place is the center of the universe in which it naturally remaines solid and still round as an apple in the middle whereof as the antient Philosopher writes is the pit of hell like as the blacke kernels lyeth in the midst of the apple and at the day of doome when all things shal be renewed then shall this Element be made a thousand fold more transparent and brighter then the Christall or any pretious Stone that they that are in the bitter paines of hell to their encrease of torment shall through it behold the blisfull joyes of heaven which will be more paine to them then all the torments of hell Earth is of nature cold and dry Water is also a simple body whose naturall place is to compas the earth it is light in respect of the earth but heavie in respect of the fire and aire therefore Reolanus saith that the earth holds the lowest part because of it's heavinesse and the fire because it is absolutly light hath the highest place the aire and water because they are as it were equally heavie or light have the middle place water being heavier then the ayre lighter then the earth the nature of water is cold and moist Aire is a simple body whose naturall place is above the Water and under the Fire and is by nature hot and moist Fire is also a simple body whose naturall place is above all the elementary parts because it is a hollow superficies of the Heavens and by its absolute lightnesse striveth upward even to Heaven its nature is hot dry these are so contrary in nature that they cannot be joined without a meane which is a temperament which fals out next to be treated of CHAP. II. Of Temperaments What is a Temperament A Temperament therefore is a concord or mixture of the former disagreeing elements or a mixture of hot cold moist and drie Of these temperaments which are in number nine eight are called distemperate and one temperate The temperate is also devided either to temperature of weight or temperature of justice but we call it not a temperature to weight wherein the elements are mingled by a like heape or weight but where it is exquisitely made temperate by the equall mixture of the foure first qualities wherein no quality exceeds but wherein all equality is included and that as if it were put in a ballance it drawes downe neither to this nor that parte Secundum justitiam A temperament to justice is that which is conveniently temperate to the vse that nature hath appointed and destinated it therefore all those things that have taken from nature a mixture of the elements though unequall yet agreeable to motion and use are called temperaments secundum justitiam as if wee see any living creature that performes the functions of nature aptly and as is ought to doe we say he hath a temperament secundum justitiam according to justice The distemperate temperament is double simple and compound the simple wherin one only quality exceeds the other two contemperate as hot cold moist dry hot in which the heate hath the dominion over the cold the moist and drie being temperate cold in which the cold excels the heate the other two being temperate The compound in which two qualities exceed and this is hot and moist or hot and drie cold and moist or cold and drie for the first qualities may be joyned within themselves six manner of waies but heate cannot be joyned with cold nor moisture with drinesse because they are in themselves contrary neither can they remaine together in one subject Heere may be added the temperatures of the seasons of the yeere which are four Spring Summer Autumn and Winter and are in nature hot cold moist and drie Spring The Spring is the most temperate as being neither too cold and moist
parts and the just number of the parts and the â—quall proportion it is required that they have a right scituation and that they joyne all together as nature hath appointed in a well composed body from hence it is that if any member be out of joint if the intestines fal down into the flanck or cod if the right gut come out it is called a disease in scituation wherto pertains the growing together of the lips fingers and secret parts of women eyther from the birth or by an ulcer Bâ—sides number magnitude and scituation is also required a conformation of the instrument which consists of foure things 1 the figure 2 the cavity 3 the smoothnesse 4 the roughnesse some have their nostrils either by nature or accident depressed and closed some their nose either turning too much up or pressed too much downe which we call a disease in figure also crooked legges are called a disease in figure if the pores of the skin the veines arteries nerves or uceters are too big and wide or too narrow and small or crushed by som neighbouring part it is called a disease in the passage or hollownes the like if the guttes are stopped when the part made by nature light becomes heavy as the aspera arteria whose inner coat ought to be light if it be made heavier or sharper by some acride distillation or if the part which ought to be rough as the ventricle wombe and guttes the better to containe if they be made light or smoth as it happens to the guttes affected with a fluxe and to women with child who miscarry by reason of the slipperinesse of the wombe it is called a disease of roughnes or smoothnes A solution of continuity A distemperature only hurts the actions of the similar parts an organicall disease hurts the instrument but a solution of continuity as an ulcer a wound a fracture a luxation and tumors against nature doe hurt both the operations of the similar parts trouble and hinder the use of the instruments and therfore are called common diseases a fracture in a bone is called a solution of continuity in a nerve a convulsion in a ligament a divulsion in the skin the excoriation in the flesh a wound ulcer rupture contusion a rupture of the fleshy part as of a muscle and sometimes of a veine or artery is a solution without a wound a wound is a solution of continuity in the fleshy part from an outward cause an ulcer from an inward cause as a sharp corroding humour CHAP. XVI Of the causes of diseases The causes of diseases THE cause of a disease is an affect against nature which causes the disease which is either externall or internal the externall is that which is outwardly and evidently upon our bodies as strokes falles shot woundes c. the internall have their seat in the body and are divided into an antecedent and a conjunct the conjuâ—ct is it which neerest and immediately causes the disease as the bloud which causeth a phlegme the antecedent doth not actually cause a disease but procures matter and stirs it up almost to the making of a disease but between it and the disease are some causes placed as aboundance of humours and ill digestion and these things must chiefely be considered before we think of expelling the disease because How to remove a disease diseases are first cured by removing the cause antecedent and then the causes conjunct The externall ought to be knowne because they breed diseases internall and wonderfully change the body therefore to be sought with all diligence that they bring us to the knowledge of the hidden internall diseases The externall are either not to be avoided and amended but necessarily enter into our bodies as aire meat and drinke labour and rest sleepe and watching repletion and evacuation and perturbations of the minde or to be avoided and unnecessary as warre wounds by swords or stones and the like The cause of a disease commeth sometimes from the corrupt matter whereof they are generated as when either the father or mother is not sound then needs must the seminall matter be infected and thus the disease is called hereditary some are ingendrd after our birth as by the evill regiment of life by strokes falls c. as you have heard CHAP. XVII Of a simptome What a Simptome is THere is as I have shewed you before three affects contrary to nature the cause of a disease the disease and a simptome the cause goeth before the disease a simptome accompanies it just as the shadow goeth with the body in the generall signification it is called any thing whatsoever that chanceth to man contrary to nature for whether it be cause or a disease yet if they come in a disease and are over and above nature they are properly called simptomes There be three kinds of a simptome first when the action is hurt which may be done three waies they mâ—y be abolished diminished and weakned or depraved as when an eie is blind the action of seeing is depraved or abolished dulnesse of sight is a diminution or weakning thereof and a suffusion which hapneth in the beginning of a cataract is a deprivation of the sight The second is the immoderate evacuation or retention of excrements as by retaining such as should be evacuated and expelling those as should be retained as bleeding in a sound heathfull body that is not plethoricke and retention of the courses in women urine and stone in the bladder The third is a simple affect of the body or a mutation of some qualities contrary to nature as the scabbe of the flesh to a leprosie Thus I have shewed you the briefe introduction to the art of physick wherof I have only gathered together the chiefe and principall heads because it is so largely discoursed on by others yet out of such a magazine I thought it not amisse to extract a small proportion briefely to instruct the practitioner in the chiefest things belonging and necessarily to be considered in the administration of medicaments for the chiefest thing that belongs to a Physition is to know the causes of thinges which the antient Philosophers got by admiration of the fabrique next I shall shew you the exposition of some wordes difficult to bee understood and so as breifely as I can proceed to the medicaments CHAP. XVIII Ill dayes CRiticall daies be such daies on which there is or may be perceived some manifest alteration in a sick body either to health death or continuance of sicknes and are very necessary to be observed the critick day doth often happen after the beginning of the sicknes the 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 14. 17. 21. 28. day in which daies neither medicines nor bloudings should be used neither any naturall or voluntary evacuation be stopt as flux of the belly bleeding at the nose urine sweate vomiting flux of the hemorrhoids or courses in women some follow the Egptians rule in observing certaine daies wherin if any fal