sleep as the disease increaseth their hearts beat exceedingly their voice is interrupted their arteries beat weakly sometimes in the height of their pain they are extended and their mouth fomes as in the Epilepsie their belly is swoln like a Tympany Sometimes the pains abate and again there follow torments and Colique pains with a henterie flux of the belly sometimes they are costive and the excrements are hard These are the signs of Worms now follow the Prognosticks The Prognosticks are very necessary in all diseases to know what will be the event and to know the condition of the patient serves much for the cure as Hippocrates especially in his Prognosticks hath abundantly shewed who in the beginning of his book de prudent Medico hath delivered it Especially foretelling here before the patient things present past and to come and what the sick have neglected he is thought to understand the condition of the patient and hence it is that men wil better dare to trust the Physitian But because it is difficult to foresee all this unlesse we use some artificial conjecture I call that an artificial conjecture that comes very neer the truth and who can easily attain this unlesse he have learned the things that belong to the art and remember them and hath with all diligence exercised himself in the practice of it The things wil be thus known If a man suppose that there is any vital vertue he must know the disposition of the patient in strength and weaknesse and when he is perfect in these he must study further to know all differences of diseases in the greatnesse and manner of them and then to learn the foreknowledge of the future state And when he hath learned all these then he must exercise himself both in comprehending the magnitude of the disease by exact conjecture and the â—orce of the patient and how long they may last Now practise wil help him much in this and before he hath diligently learned all these it wil no whit profit him to see sick people wherefore they that professe physick proceeding in this method shal never undergo any disgrace neither in curing nor foretelling of future events which they report some famous Paysitians have fallen into Hence it may be collected why some Physitians are more fortunate then others and what a fraud that is to call a Physitian more fortunate then another how absurd that is Galen and Erasistratus have shewed saying that a Physitian must be exercised in all these things in his minde and he must be diligent and prudent by nature that comparing all together he may get a grosse summe of praedictions that shal be useful for himself and for his patient For such is the force of praediction that alwayes for the most part what the Physitian foresces wil come to passe where the Physitian is perfect and the sick doth not negiect his orders But because as it is evident a Physician by praedictions may get immortality almost so chiefly from those things that do belong to this affect he shal win glory to himself by telling the sick their condition who for the most part are children or ignorant what their disease is Since therefore Prognosticks are chiefly necessary for this disease I wil not fail to set down what the Ancients have written of this disease Paulus a great follower of Galen writes of these things to this purpose Worms bred at the beginning of Feavers have their subsistence from the corruption in the body about the state of the disease from the malignity of the disease about the declining they grow better For Hippocrates saith it is good that round Worms come forth when the disease comes to a Crisis But Aetius writes thus from the opinion of Herodotus a Physician Worms breed in Feavers and without that differ one from the other in multitude magnitude colour and time For Worms bred at the beginning of a disease have their being from the corruption that is in the body about the vigour of it from the malignity of the disease about the declination from the change to better and they are soon also voided forth Nature driving them to the outward parts as she doth the rest of the excrements But the greater ones are worse then the lesser many than few red than white living than dead Our new writers adde to these if round Worms are cast forth alive at the beginning of acute diseases they shew pestilent diseases but if dead ones be cast forth when the diseases decline they are an ill sign also however they appear both these times it is bad It may be because that Feaver that follows Worms is alwayes naught because it consumes the matter for Worms It happens also that the Worms are set on fire and grow hot by reason of a Feaver and so are wreathed together and moved that they so much the more affect and trouble those that have these Worms They adde further that it is proved by experience that Worms are in the belly if in the morning you sprinkle cold water on the mouth of childrens stomachs for they will all gather to one place Worms sprinkled with bloud so voided is ill for they shew great hurt of the guts to cast Worms up by vomit is naught for it shews the stomach to be stuffed with filthy humours Frequent cold breathing of children their bodies yet swelling is deadly for it shews they will die the next day If the eyes of the sick are somewhat held together and cannot be closed by the fingers of those that stand by death is at hand Some there are it may be following the opinion of Alsaravius that say that those who are troubled with Ascarides are but short-lived But there is a great question to be resolved and that being done I shal put an end to those things that concern the Prognosticks taken from Worms Aetius a little before said that live Worms were worse than dead ones But Rhasis and Avicenna that follows him think the contrary absolutely preferring the dead ones before the living In which question to passe over other men I shal say what I think that the strongest affection is taken from those that are dead because they must needs be driven forth and cannot come forth of their own accord yet I follow Hippocrates who in a certain place useth some words that are difficult wherein he would have us to consider diligently what symptoms VVorms breed for if they come forth without any symptoms they foreshew a good sign But he makes it clearer elsewhere thus It is necessary that round Worms should come forth with the excrements when the disease comes to the Crisis So that by this we may understand that if they be voided any other time it is done rather symptomatically than by force of nature and therefore they shew corruption or malignity as Paulus and Aetius distinguished But because we can never rightly undertake the methodicall way of curing Worms unlesse the belly in which they are
the hips that they slip not collar They have a round head a face like a man but black and bald on the crown his nose in a reasonable distance from his mouth like a mans and not continued like an Apes his stones greenish blew like a Turkey stone They are caught after the manner of Apes and being tamed and taught they conceive and work very admirable feats and their skins pulled off them being dead are dressed for garments The foolish Arabians dedicated Memnonius cercopitheous unto heaven and in all afflictions implored his aid There is one other kind of Munkeys whose tail is only hairy at the tip called Cercolipis The CEPUS or Martine Munkey THe Martin called Cepus of the Greek word Kepos which Aristotle writeth Kebos and some translate Caebus some Cephus or Cepphus or more barbarously Celphus the Latines sometimes Ortus for indeed this kind of Ape in his best estate is like * a garden set with divers flowers and therefore the best kind of them is discerned and known by the sweetest favour such being alwayes the most ingenious imitators of men It is very probable that this name Cepus is derived of the Hebrew Koph and Kophin signifying Apes in general as is before said but yet this kind is distinguished from other by Strabo Aelianus and Pliny although Aristotle doth make no difference betwixt this and another ordinary Munkey The games of great Pompey first of all brought these Martines to the sight of the Romans and afterward Rome saw no more they are the same which are brought out of Aethiopia and the farthest Arabia their feet and knees being like a mans and their fore-feet like hands their inward parts like a mans so that some have doubted what kind of creature this should be which is in part a man and yet a Four-footed beast it having a face like a Lion and some part of the body like a Panther being as big as a wilde Goat or Roe-buck or as one of the Dogs of Erithrea and a long tail the which such of them as have tasted flesh wil eat from their own bodies Concerning their colour howsoever they are not all alike for some are black with white spots having a greater voice then others some yellow some Lion-tauny some golden-yellow and some cole-black yet for the most part the head and back parts to the tail are of a fiery colour with some golden hair aspersed among the residue a white snowt and certain golden strakes like a collar going about the neck the inferiour parts of the neck down to the breast and the forefeet are white their two dugs as big as a mans hand can gripe are of a blewish colour and their belly white their hinder legs black and the shape of their snout like a Cynochephale which may be the difference betwixt Aelianus and Strabo their Cepus and Aristotles Cebus for nature many times bringeth forth like beasts which are not of the same kind In England there was a Martine that had his back and sides of a green colour having here and there white hair the belly chin and beard which was round white the face and shins black and the nose white being of the lesser kind for in bigness it exceeded not a Coney Some of them in Aethiopia have a face like a Satyre and other members in part resembling a Bear and in part a Dog so are the Prasian Apes This Martine did the Babylonians inhabiting neer Memphis for the stangeness the colour and shape thereof worship for a God They are of evill disposition like Apes and therefore we will spare both their pictures and further description finding very little of them in Histories worth commemoration The Ape CALITRICH THe Calitrich so called by reason of his beard and may be termed in English a bearded Ape will live no other where then in Ethiopia and India which are easie to take but very hard to bring away alive into these Countrys They differ in appearance from all other Apes having a long beard and a large tail hairy at the end being in India all white which the Indians hunt with darts and being tamed they are so apt to play that a man would think they were created for no other purpose whereupon the Grecians use in proverbe an Ape having a beard for a ridiculous and foolish jesting man Of the Prasyan Apes MEgasthenes saith Aelianus and Strabo writeth of Apes in Prasia a Region in India which are no lesse then great Dogs and five cubits high having hair like a Man coming forth of their forehead and beards being altogether white except their tails which are two cubits and a half long very like a Lions and unto a simple man it might seem that their tufts of hair were artificially trimmed thought it grow naturally Their beard is much like a Satyres and although their body be white yet is their head and tip of their tail yellow so that the Martins before mentioned seem to be affianced to these These Prasyan Apes live in Mountains and Woods and yet are they not wilde but so tame that oftentimes in great multitudes they come down to the Gates and Suburbs of Latagis where the King commandeth them dayly sodden Rice for their food which they eat and being filled return again to their home and usuall places of harbour in great moderation doing no harme to any thing While he was in the ship bound with chains other of the company having been on land to forrage brought out of the Marishes a Bore which Bore was shewed to the Munkey at the first sight either of other set up their bristles the raging Munkey leapeth upon the Bore and windeth his tail round about the Bore and with the one arme which he had left caught him and held him so fast by the throat that he stifled him There is another kind of Munkey for stature bignesse and shape like a Man for by his knees secret parts and face you would judge him a wilde man such as inhabit Numidia and the Lapones for he is altogether overgrown with hair no creature except a man can stand so long as he he loveth women and children dearly like other of his own kind and is so venereous that he will attempt to ravish women whose Image is here described as it was taken forth of the book of the description of the holy Land Of the CYNOCEPALE or BABOUN CYnocephales are a kind of Apes whose heads are like Dogs and their other parts like a mans wherefore Gaza translateth them Canicipites to wit dog-heads In the French German and Illyrian tongues they are called of some Babion and Babuino in Italian is a small kind of Ape but Aristotle saith that a Cynocephale is bigger then an Ape In English they are called Babouns There are many kinds of Baboons whereof some are much given to fishing so that they will tarry
and inquire of him whether there be any wine to be had that we may offer it to the Satyre whereunto all consented and they filled four great Egyptian earthen vessels with wine and put it into the fountain where their cattel were watered this done Apollonius called the Satyre secretly threatning him and the Satyre inraged with the savour of the wine came after he had drunk thereof Now said Apollonius let us sacrifice to the Satyre for he sleepeth and so led the inhabitants to the dens of the Nymphes distant a furlong from the Town and shewed them the Satyre saying Neither beat curse or provoke him henceforth and he shall never harme you It is certain that the Devils do many wayes delude men in the likeness of Satyres for when the drunken feasts of Bacchus were yearly celebrated in Parnassus there were many sights of Satyres and voices and sounding of Cymbals heard yet is it likely that there are Men also like Satyres inhabiting in some desert places for S. Jerom in the life of Paul the Eremite reporteth there appeared to S. Antony an Hippocentaure such as the Poets describe and presently he saw in a rocky valley adjoyning a little man having crooked nostrils hornes growing out of his forehead and the neather part of his body had Goats feet the holy man not dismayed taking the shield of Faith and the breastplate of Righteousness like a good Souldier of Christ pressed toward him which brought him some fruits of palms as pledges of his peace upon which he fed in the journey which St. Antony perceiving he asked him who he was and received this answer I am a mortall creature one of the inhabitants of this Desert whom the Gentiles deceived with error do worship and call Fauni Satyres and Incubi I am come in ambassage from our flock intreating that thou wouldst pray for us unto the common GOD who came to save the world the which words were no sooner ended but he ran away as fast as any fowl could flie And lest this should seem false under Constantine at Alaxandria there was such a man to be seen alive and was a publick spectacle to all the World the carcass whereof after his death was kept from corruption by heat through salt and was carried to ANTIOCHIA that the Emperor himself might see it Satyres are very seldom seen and taken with great difficulty as is before said for there were two of those sound in the Woods of Saxoxy towards Dacia in a Desert the female whereof was killed by the darts of the hunters and the biting Dogs but the male was taken alive being in the upper parts like a Man and in the neather part like a Goat but all hairy throughout he was brought to be tame and learned to go upright and also to speak some words but with a voice like a Goat and without all reason he was exceeding lustful to women attempting to ravish many of what condition soever they were and of this kind there are store in Ethiopia The figure of another Monster THe famous learned man George Fabricius shewed me this shape of a monstrous beast the figure whereof see p. 12. that is fit to be joyned to the story of Satyres There was said he in the Territory of the Bishop of Saltzburgh in a forrest called Fannesburgh a certain four-footed beast of a yellowish-carnation colour but so wild that he would never be drawn to look upon any man hiding himself in the darkest places and being watched diligently would not be provoked to come forth so much as to eat his meat so that in a very short time it was famished The hinder legs were much unlike the former and also much longer It was taken about the year of the Lord One thousand five hundred thirty whose image being here so lively described may save us further labour in discoursing of his main and different parts and proportion Of the Norvegian Monsters WHen as certain Ambassadors were sent from James the fourth of that name King of Scotland among whom was James Ogill that famous Scholar of the University of Aberdene they no sooner took shipping and hoisted sail but there sudainly arose such a tempestuous storm that they were driven to the coasts of Norway and there going on shoar they were very strangely affrighted to see as to them it appeared certain wild monstrous men running on the tops of the mountains Afterward they were told by the inhabitants that they were beasts and not men which did bear mortal hatred to mankind although they could not abide the presence of a mans countenance yet in dark nights when the reverend visage of humane creatures are covered they will come down by troops upon the Villages and except the barking of Dogs drive them back they break open doors and enter houses killing and devouring whosoever they find for their strength is so unresistible and great that they can pull up by the roots a tree of mean stature and tearing the boughs from the body with the stock or stem thereof they fight one with another Which when the Ambassadors heard they caused a sure watch to be kept all night and withall made exceeding great fires and when the light appeared they took their farewel of those Monster-breeding-shores recovering with joy the course which before they had lost by tempest Of the AEGOPITHECUS UNder the Equinoctial toward the East and South there is a kind of Ape called Aegopithecus an Ape like a Goat For there are Apes like Bears called Arctopitheci and some like Lions called Leontopitheci and some like Dogs called Cynocephali as is before expressed and many other which have a mixt resemblance of other creatures in their members Amongst the rest is there a beast called PAN who in his head face horns legs and from the loins downwards resembleth a Goat but in his belly breast and armes an Ape such a one was sent by the King of Indians to Constantine which being shut up in a Cave or close place by reason of the wildness thereof lived there but a season and when it was dead and bowelled they pouldred it with spices and carried it to be seen at Constantinople the which having been seen of the ancient Grecians were so amazed at the strangeness thereof that they received it for a god as they did a Satyre and other strange beasts Of the SPHINGA or SPHINX The name of this Sphinx is taken from binding as appeareth by the Greek notation or else of delicacie and dainty nice loosness wherefore there were certain common strumpets called Sphinctae and the Megarian Sphingas was a very popular phrase for notorious harlets hath given occasion to the Poets to saign aâ— certain monster called Sphinx which they say was thus derived Hydra brought forth the Chymaera Chymaera by Orthus the Sphinx and the Nemean Lion now this Orthus was one of the Geryons Dogs This Sphinx they make
is so hard and thick that of it the Scythians make breast-plates which no dart can pierce through His colour for the most part like an Asses but when he is hunted or feared he changeth his hew into whatsoever thing he seeth as among trees he is like them among green boughs he seemeth green amongst rocks of stone he it transmuted into their colour also as it is generally by most Writers affirmed as Pliny and Sclinus among the Ancient Stephanus and Eustathius among the later Writers This indeed is the thing that seemeth most incredible but there are two reasons which draw me to subscribe hereunto first because we see that the face of men and beasts through fear joy anger and other passions do quickly change from ruddy to white from black to pale and from pale to ruddy again Now as this beast hath the head of a Hart so also hath it the fear of a Hart but in a higher degree and therefore by secret operation it may easily alter the colour of their hair as a passion in a reasonable man may alter the colour of his face The same things are reported by Pliny of a beast in India called Lycaon as shall be afterward declared and besides these two there is no other among creatures covered with hair that changeth colour Another reason forcing me to yeeld hereunto is that in the Sea a Polypus-fish and in the earth among creeping things a Chamaeleon do also change their colour in like sort and fashion whereunto it may be replyed that the Chamaeleon and Polypus-fish are pilled or bare without hair and therefore may more easily be verse-coloured but it is a thing impossible in nature for the hair to receive any tincture from the passions but I answer that the same nature can multiply and diminish her power in lesser and smaller Beasts according to her pleasure and reserveth an operation for the nails and feathers of birds and fins and scales of fishes making one sort of divers colour from the other and therefore may and doth as forcibly work in the hairs of a Buffe as in the skin of a Chamaeleon adding so much more force to transmute them by how much farther off they stand from the blood like as an Archer which setteth his arm and bow higher to shoot farther and therefore it is worthy observation that as this beast hath the best desence by her skin above all other so she hath a weakest and most timerous heart above all other These Buffes are bred in Scythia and are therefore called Tarandi Scythici they are also among the Sarmatians and called Budini and neer Gelonis and in a part of Poland in the Duchy of Mazavia betwixt Oszezke and Garvolyin And if the Polonian Thuro before mentioned have a name whereof I am ignorant then will I also take that beast for a kinde of Bison In Phrygia there is a territory called Tarandros and peradventure this beast had his name from that Countrey wherein it may be he was first discovered and made known The quantity of this beast exceedeth not the quantity of a wilde Ox whereunto in all the parts of his body he is most like except in his head face and horns his legs and hoofs are also like an Oxes The goodness of his hide is memorable and desired in all the cold Countries in the world wherein only these beasts and all other of strong thick hides are found for the thinnest and most unprofitable skins of beasts are in the hot and warmer parts of the world and God hath provided thick warm most commodious and precious covers for those beasts that live farthest from the Sun Whereupon many take the hides of other beasts for Buffe for being tawed and wrought artificially they make garments of them as it is daily to be seen in Germany Of the Vulgar BUGIL ABugil is called in Latine Bubalus and Buffalus in French Beufle in Spanish Bufano in German Buffel and in the Illyrian tongue Bouwol The Hebrews have no proper word for it but comprehend it under To which signifieth any kind of wilde Oxen for neither can it be expressed by Meriah which signifieth fatted Oxen or Bekarmi which signifieth Oxen properly or Jachmur which the Persians call Kutzcohi or Buzcohi and is usually translated a Wilde-Asse For which beast the Hebrews have many words neither have the Graecians any proper word for a vulgar Bugil for Boubatos and Boubatis are amongst them taken for a kinde of Roe-buck So that this Bubalus was first of all some modern or barbarous term in Africk taken up by the Italians and attributed to this beast and many other for whom they knew no proper names For in the time of Pliny they used to call strange beasts like Oxen or Bulls Vri as now a days led with the same error or rather ignorance they call such Bubali or Buffali The true effigies of the vulgar Bugil was sent unto me by Cornelius Sittardus a famous Physitian in Norimberg and it is pictured by a tame and familiar Bugil such as liveth among men for labour as it seemeth to me For there is difference among these beasts as Aristotle hath affirmed both in colour mouth horn and strength This vulgar Bugil is of a kinde of wilde Oxen greater and taller then the ordinary Oxen their body being thicker and stronger and their limbs better compact together their skin most hard their other parts very lean their hair short small and black but little or none at all upon the tail which is also short and small The head hangeth downward to the earth and is but little being compared with the residue of his body and his aspect or face betokeneth a tameable and simple disposition His fore-head is broad and curled with hair his horns more flat then round very long bending together at the top as a Goats do backward insomuch as in Crete they make bows of them and they are not for defence of the beast but for distinction of kinde and ornament His neck is thick and long and his rump or neather part of his back is lower then the residue descending to the tail His legs are very great broad and strong but shorter then the quantity of his body would seem to permit They are very fierce being tamed but that is corrected by putting an Iron ring through his Nostrils whereinto is also put a cord by which he is led and ruled as a Horse by a bridle for which cause in Germany they call a simple man over-ruled by the advise of another to his own hurt a Bugle led with a ring in his nose His feet are cloven and with the formost he will dig the earth and with the hindmost fight like a Horse setting on his blows with great force and redoubling them again if his object remove not His voyce is like the voyce of an Oxe when he is chased he runneth forth right seldom winding or turning and when he is angred he
kernels of Walnuts put into Eggeshels for this cure and other take the bloudy water it self and blow it into the beasts Nostrils and herd-men by experience have found that there is no better thing then Herb-Robert to stay the pisling of bloud they must also be kept in a stall within doors and be fed with dry grasse and the best hay If their horns be anointed with wax oil and pitch they feel no pain in their hoofs except in cases where any beast treadeth and presseth anothers hoof in which case take oil and sod wine and then use them in a hot Barly plaister or poultess layed to the wounded place but if the plough-share hurt the Oxes foot then lay thereunto Stone-pitch Grease and Brimstone having first of all seared the wound with a hot Iron bound about with shorn wool Now to return to the taming and instruction of Oxen. It is said that Busiris King of Egypt was the first that ever tamed or yoaked Oxen having his name given him for that purpose Oxen are by nature meek gentle slow and not stubborne because being deprived of his genitals he is more tractable and for this cause it is requisite that they be alwayes used to hand and to be familiar with man that he may take bread at his hand and be tyed up to the rack for by gentleness they are best tamed being thereby more willing and strong for labour then if they were roughly yoaked or suffered to run wilde without the society and sight of men Varro saith that it is best to tame them betwixt five and three year old for before three it is too soon because they are too tender and after five it is too late by reason they are too unweildy and stubborn But if any be taken more wilde and unruly take this direction for their taming First if you have any old tamed Oxen joyne them together a wilde and a tame and if you please you may make a yoak to hold the necks of three Oxen so that if the beast would rage and be disobedient then will the old one both by example and strength draw him on keeping him from starting aside and falling down They must also be accustomed to draw an empty Cart Wain or sled through some Town or Village where there is some concourse of people or a plow in fallowed ground or sand so as the beast may not be discouraged by the weight and strength of the business their keeper must often with his own hand give them meat into their mouth and stroke their Noses that so they may be acquainted with the smell of a man and likewise put his hands to their sides and stroke them under their belly whereby the beast may feel no displeasure by being touched In some Countries they wash them all over with wine for two or three daies together and afterward in a horn give them wine to drink which doth wonderfully tame them although they have never been so wild Other put their necks into engins and tame them by substracting their meat Other affirm that if a wilde Ox be tyed with a halter made of wool he will presently wax tame but to this I leave every man to his particular inclination for this business only let them change their Oxens sides and set them sometime on the right side and sometime on the left side and beware that he avoid the Oxes heel for if once he get the habite of kicking he will very hardly be restrained from it again He hath a good memory and will not forget the man that pricked him whereas he will not stir aâ— at another being like a man in fetters who dissembleth vengeance untill he be released and then payeth the person that hath grieved him Wherefore it is not good to use a young Oxe to a goad but rather to awaken his dulness with a whip These beasts do understand their own names and distinguish betwixt the voice of their keepers and strangers They are also said to remember and understand numbers for the King of Persia had certain Oxen which every day drew water to Susis to water his Gardens their number was an hundred Vessels which through custom they grew to observe and therefore not one of them would halt or loiter in that business till the whole was accomplished but after the number fulfilled there was no goad whip or other means could once make them stir to fetch another draught or burthen They are said to love their fellows with whom they draw in yoak most tenderly whom they seek out with mourning if he be wanting It is likewise observed in the licking of themselves against the hair but as Cicero saith if he bend to the right side and lick that it presageth a storm but if he bend to the left side he foretelleth a calmy fair day In like manner when he lougheth and smelleth to the earth or when he feedeth fuller then ordinary it betokeneth change of weather but in the Autumn if Sheep or Oxen dig the earth with their feet or lie down head to head it is held for an assured token of a tempest They feed by companies and flocks and their nature is to follow any one which strayeth away for if the Neat-herd be not present to restrain them they will all follow to their own danger Being angred and provoked they will fight with strangers very irefully with unappeasable contention for it was seen in Rhaetia betwixt Curia and Velcuria that when the herds of two Villages met in a certain plain together they fought so long that of threescore four and twenty were slain and all of them wounded eight excepted which the inhabitants took for an ill presage or mischief of some ensuing calamity and therefore they would not suffer their bodies to be covered with earth to avoid this contention skilful Neat-herds give their Cattel some strong herbs as garlick and such like that the savour may avert that strife They which come about Oxen Buls and Bugils must not wear any red garments because their nature riseth and is provoked to rage if they see such a colour There is great enmity between Oxen and Wolves for the Wolf being a flesh-eating creature lyeth in wait to destroy them and it is said that there is so great a natural fear in them that if a Wolves tail be hanged in the rack or manger where an Ox feedeth he will abstain from eating This beast is but simple though his aspect seem to be very grave and thereof came the proverb of the Oxen to the yoak which was called Ceroma wherewithal Wrastlers and Prize-players were anointed but when a foolish and heavie man was anointed they said ironically Bos ad ceroma Again the folly of this beast appeareth by another Greek proverb which saith that An Ox raiseth dust which blindeth his own eyes to signifie that foolish and indiscreet men stir up the occasion of their own harmes The manifold Epithets
flesh is sweet for meat of a yellowish colour like the Larde of Swine and therefore not so white as is our vulgar Cony they do not dig like other Conies and for the farther description of their nature I will express it in the words of Munzingerus aforesaid for thus he writeth One of the males is sufficient in procreation for seven or nine of the females and by that means they are made more fruitful but if you put them one male to one female then will the venereous salacity of the male procure abortment It is affirmed that they go threescore daies with young before they litter and I saw of late one of them bear eight at one time in her womb but three of them were stifled They bring forth in the winter and their whelpes are not blinde as are the Conies They are no way so harmful as other are either to bite or dig but more tractable in hand howbeit untamable If two males be put to one female they fight fiercely but they will not hurt the Rabbets As the male is most libidinous so doth he follow the female with a little murmuring noise bewraying his appetite for generation without wrath and these are also called Spanish Conies by Peter Martyr whose nature except in their abundant superfoetation cometh nearer to Hogs then Conies Of the Fallow Deer commonly called a BVCK and a DOE THere are some beasts saith Pliny which nature hath framed to have horns grow out of their head like fingers out of the hand and for that cause they are called Platicerotae such is this vulgar Fallow Deer being therefore called Cervus Palmatus that is a palmed Hart by reason of the similitude the horn hath with the hand and fingers The Germans call this beast Dam and Damlin and Damhiriz The Italians Daio and Danio the French Dain and Daim The Spaniards Garno and Corâ—za the Cretians vulgarly at this day Agrimi and Platogna and Aristotle Prox the Latins Dama and Damula because de manu that is it quickly flyeth from the hand of man having no other defence but her heels and the female 〈…〉 roca and the Polonians Lanii It is a common beast in most Countries being as corpulent as a Hart but in quantity resembleth more a Roe except in colour The males have horns which they lose yearly but the females none at all their colour divers but most commonly branded or sandie on the back like the furrow of a new plowed field having a black strake down all along the back a tail almost as long as a Calves their bellies and sides spotted with white which spots they lose in their old age and the females do especially vary in colour being sometimes all white and therefore like unto Goats except in their hair which is shorter The horns of this beast are carryed about every where to be seen and therefore this is also likely to be the same beast which Aristotle calleth Hippelaphus as some would have it yet I rather think that Hippelaphus was like to that rare seen horse which Francis the first of that name King of France had presented unto him for a gift which was engendred of a Horse and a Hart and therefore can have no other name then Hippelaphus signifying a Horse-hart In the bloud of these kind of Deer are not strings or Fibres wherefore it doth not congeal as other doth and this is assigned to be one cause of their fearful nature they are also said to have no gall in their horns they differ not much from a Harts except in quantity and for their other parts they much resemble a Roe-buck their flesh is good for nourishment but their bloud doth increase above measure melancholy which caused Hiera to write thus of it after his discourse of the Roe Damula adusta magis si matris ab ubere rapta est Huie prior in nostro forte erit orbe locus For the preparation or dressing of a Buck we shall say more when we come to the description of a Hart. Albertus translateth the word Algazel a Fallow Deer and sayeth that the flesh thereof is very hurtful being cold and dry and bringeth the Hemorhoides if it be not well seasoned with Pepper Cinnamon Mustard seed and Hony or else Garlick which caused Juvenal to cry out upon the excess of rich men for their feasts and delicate fare being compared with the Ancients which lived upon fruits in these words following as they are left in his eleventh Satyre Olim ex quavis arbore mensa fiebat At nunc divitibus coenandi nulla voluptas Nil Rhombus nil dama sapit putere videntur Vnguentum atque rosae The dung or fime of this beast mingled with oil of Myrtles increaseth hair and amendeth those which are corrupt If the tongue hereof be perfumed under a leech or tick that sticketh in the throat of man or beast it causeth the leech to fall off presently and the powder of such a tongue helpeth in a Fistula some of the late writers do prescribe the fat of a Moul of a Deer and of a Bear mingled together to rub the head withall for increase of memory Of the second kind of Deer the ROE-BVCKE The representation both of male female Delicium parvo donabis dorcada nato Jactatis solet hanc mittere turba togis The Persians call this beast Ahu The Arabians Thabiu a which cometh neer to the Chalde word the Germans Reeh or Rech and the male Rech-bocke and the female Rech-giese the Illyrians Serna or Sarna the French Chireau and Chevreulsauuage The Spaniard Zorito or Cabronzillo-montes the Italians Capriolo and Cauriolo for the male and Capriola and Cauriola for the female The Grecians Dorcas as the Septuagint do every where translate which Strabo termeth corruptly Zorces also Dorx Kemas Nebrous and vulgarly as at this day Zarkadi and Dorcalis Dorcadion for a little Roe The Latins do also use the word Dorcas in common with the Grecians and beside Caprea and Capreolus for a little Goat for I do not think that any learned man can find any difference betwixt Caprea and Caprealus except in age and quantity The reason of these two latter names is because of the likeness it hath with a Goat for Goats as we shall shew in their description have many kindes distinguished from one another in resemblance but in the horns a Roe doth rather resemble a Hart for the female have no horns at all These beasts are most plentiful in Africk beyond the Sea of Carthage but they are of another kinde then those which Aristotle denyed to be in Africa there are also in Egypt and in Germany and in the Helvetian Alpes Likewise in Catadupa beyond Nilus in Arabia in Spain and in Lycia and it is to be observed that the Lycian Roes do never go over the Syrian Mountains Aelianus doth deliver these things of the Lybian Roes which for the colour and parts of their body may
for an old Cough proceeding of cold after purging and heating by holding the Horses tongue in ones hand while the medicine is thrust down his throat The same in Sheeps milk with Rubrick and soft Pitch drunk every day or eaten to your meat helpeth the Ptisick and Obstructions Anatolius approved Bean meal sifted and sod with Harts marrow to be given to a Horse which stalleth bloud for three daies together Also mingled with the powder of Oyster shels it cureth Kibes and Chilblanes A woman perfumed with the hairs of this beast is preserved from abortements and the same perfume helpeth the difficulty of urine and little pieces cut off from the hide with a Pummise put in wine and rubbing the body helpeth the holy-fire The powder of the bones burned is an antidote against the falling evill and the dispersing of the milt and the bones beaten to powder stayeth the Flux of the belly It were endless to describe all the virtues ascribed to the horn and therefore I will content my self with the recital of few Pliny and Solinus prefer the right horn Aristotle the left and the spires or tops are more medicinable then the hard and solide stem but the horns found in the Woods lost by the beasts and grown light are good for nothing The other have their uses both raw and burned which may be these which follow Take the horn and cut it into small pieces then put it into an earthen pot anointed within with durt and so set it in a furnace untill it become white then wash it like a mineral and it will help the runnings and ulcers in the eyes and the same also keepeth the teeth white and the gums sound The young horns while they be soft being eaten are an antidote against Henbane and other poisonful herbs The right horn hid by the Hart in the earth is good against the poison of Toades The Harts horn hath power to dry up all humors and therefore it is used in eye salves and Orpheus promiseth to a bald man hair on his head again if he anoint it with oil and powder of this horn likewise the same with the seed of black mirtle Butter and Oil restraineth the falling away of the hair being anointed upon the head after it is newly shaven with Vinegar it killeth Ringwormes The same burned in the Sun and afterward the face being rubbed and washed therewith thrice together taketh away pimple-spots out of the face the powder drunk in wine or anointed on the head killeth lice and nits the same with Vinegar Wine or Oil of Roses anointed upon the forehead easeth the head-ach if it proceed of cold A perfume made of this horn with Castoreum and Lime or Brimstone causeth a dead childe strangled in his mothers womb to come forth if the horn be taken raw and rubbed upon the gums keepeth the cheeks from all annoyance of the tooth-ach and fasteneth the loose teeth as Serenus said Quod vero assumpsit nomen de dente fricando Cervino ex cornu cinis est Galen prescribeth the powder of this horn for the Jaundise and for him that spitteth bloudy matter and to stay vomit being taken in a reere Egge It comforteth also a rheumatick stomach and it is tryed to cure the Kings evill it pacifieth the milt dryeth the Spleen driveth all kind of Wormes out of the belly being drunk with hony and easeth the Colick expelleth away mothers helpeth the Strangury and the pain in the bladder stayeth Fluxes in women both white and red being mingled with Barly meal water and twigs of Cedar beside many other such properties The tears of this beast after she hath been hunted with a Serpent are turned into a stone called Belzahard or Bezahar of which we have spoken before and being thus transubstantiated do cure all manner of venom as Avenzoar and Cardinal Ponzetti affirme after many trials and Sernus also expresseth in this Distichon Seminecis cervi lachrymam miscere liquori Convenit atque artus illinc miscere calentes The liver of this beast helpeth all sores in the feet being worn in the shooes the same dryed to powder with the throat or wind-pipe of the beast and mingled with Hony and so eaten helpeth the Cough Ptisick sighing and short breathing Pliny and Sextus affirme that when a Hinde perceiveth herself to be with young she devoureth or eateth up a certain stone which is afterward found either in her excrements or ventricle and is profitable for all Women with childe and in travell for by that only fact the Hinde is most speedily delivered without great pain and seldome or never suffering abortment and there is also a little bone found in the heart of every one of these beasts which performeth the same qualities in stead whereof they have such a thing to sell at Venice holding it at great price but Brasavola affirmeth that he opened the hearts of two Harts and found in them a little gristle not much unlike to a crosse whereof the one being of a Beast new killed was very soft but the other was much harder because the beast was slain about six dayes before This bone is in the left side of the heart upon which the Spleen moveth and sendeth forth her excrements by vapors which by reason of their driness are there turned into a bone and being first of all of the substance of the Harts bloud and it is good against the trembling of the heart and the Hemorrhoides but this bone cannot be found in any except he be killed betwixt the middle of August and the twelfth of September The skinny seed of the Hind-Calf is above all other commended against poison and the bitings of Serpents and of mad Dogs likewise it stayeth all Fluxes of bloud and spitting of bloud and egestion of bloud and it being eaten with Beets and Lentils is profitable against the pain of the belly The genital part and stones are wholesome being taken in wine against all bitings of Vipers Adders and Snakes and the same virtue hath the natural seed supped up in a rere Egge The genital hath also a virtue to encrease lust in every creature it being either dryed and drunk or else bound fast to their privie parts Likewise being warmed in water and afterward dryed to powder and so drunk helpeth the Colick and the difficulty of making water if you put it into a little Triacle The dung of Harts cureth the Dropsie especially of a Subulon or young Hart the urine easeth the pain in the Spleen the wind in the ventricles and bowels and infused into the ears healeth their ulcers In the tip of the tail lyeth poison which being drunk causeth extasie and death if it be not helpt by a vomit made of Butter Annise and oil of Sesamine or as Cardinal Ponzetius saith that the Harts eye is an Antidote to this evill It may be known by a yellowish-green colour and therefore it is called the gall for nature
several and apart one from the other then watch they which of them the Bitch first taketh and carryeth into her kennel again and that they take for the best or else that which vomiteth last of all Some again give for a certain rule to know the best that the same which weigheth least while it sucketh will prove best according to the Verses of Nemesian Pondere nam catuli poteris perpendere vires Corporibusque leves gravibus pernojcere cursu But this is certain that the lighter whelp will prove the swifter and the heavier will be the stronger Other make this experiment first they compass in the Puppies in the absence of the Dam with a little circle of small sticks apt to burn and stinking rags then set they them on fire about the whelpes and that Puppy which leapeth over first they take for the best and that which cometh out last they condemn for the worst As soon as the Bitch hath littered it is good to chuse them you mean to preserve and to cast away the refuse keep them black or brown or of one colour for the spotted are not to be accounted of And thus much of the outward parts and the choise of Dogs The manifold attributes of Dogs among all Writers do decipher unto us their particular nature as that they are called sharp bitter fierce subtil sounding bold eared for attention affable swift speedy clamorous wilde faithful horrible rough fasting cruell ungentle unclean hurtful biting filthy smelling sent-follower watchful mad hoarse and quick-nosed beside many such other both among the Greeks and Latins And likewise you shall read of many particular Dogs and their names appellative both in Greek and Latine which may be remembred also in this place to shew what reckoning all ages have made of this beast for it is necessary that as soon as he beginneth to feed he presently receive a name such are these of two syllables or more as Scylax Speude Alke Rome Lacon Acalanthis Agre Labros Hylactor Alleus Argus one of Vlysses Dogs Asbolus Augeas Aura Bria Polis Bremon Kainon Canache Happarus â—haron Chorax Harpia Lycitas Chiron Lycisca Arcas Dromas Gnome Eba Hybris Hyleus Maira Melampus Orne Lethargos Nape besides infinite other among the antients but among the latter writers Turcus Niphus Falco Ragonia Serpens Ichtia Pilaster Leo Lupus Stella Fulgur Bellina Rubinum Satinus and Furia so that every Nation and almost every man hath a proper and peculiar name for his Dog as well as for his Oxe There is not any creature without reason more loving to his Master nor more serviceable as shall appear afterward then is a Dog induring many stripes patiently at the hands of his Master and using no other means to pacifie his displeasure then humiliation prostration assentation and after beating turneth a revenge into a more servent and hot love In their rage they will set upon all strangers yet herein appeareth their noble spirit for if any fall or sit down on the ground and cast away his weapon they bite him not taking that declining for submissive pacification They meet their Master with reverence and joy crouching or bending a little like shamefast and modest persons and although they know none but their Master and familiars yet will they help any man against another Wilde beast They remember voices and obey their leaders hissing or whisling There was a Dog in Venice which had been three years from his Master yet knew him again in the Market place discerning him from thousands of people present He remembreth any man which giveth him meat when he fauneth upon a man he wringeth his skin in the forehead The Dog which is broad faced like a Lion is most full of stomach and courage yet the tongue or skin of an Hyaena by natural instinct maketh him run away sometimes they will agree with Wolves for they have engendered together and as the Lute strings made of a Wolfe and a Lambe cannot agree in musick but one of them will break so also will a Dogs and a Lambs Aelianus thiâ—keth that Dogs have reason and use Logick in their hunting for they will cast about for the game as a disputant doth for the truth as if they should say either the Hare is gone on the left hand or on the right hand or straight forward but not on the left or right hand and therefore straight forward Whereupon he runneth forth right after the true and infallible foot-steps of the Hare There was a Dog in Africa in a ship which in the absence of the Mariners came to a pitcher of oil to eat some of it and the mouth of the pot being too narrow for his head to enter in because the pot was not full he devised to cast flint stones into the vessel whereby the Oil rose to the top of the Pitcher and so he eat thereof his fill giving evident testimony thereby that he discerned by nature that heavy things will sink down and light things will rise up and flie aloft There is a Nation of people in Ethiopia called Nubae which have a Dog in such admirable estimation that they give unto him the honor of their King for they have no other King but he If he faun they take him for well pleased if he bark or flie upon them they take him for angry and by his gestures and movings they conjecture his meaning for the government of their state giving as ready obedience to his significations as they can to any lively speaking Prince of the world for which cause the Egyptians also picture a Dog with a Kings robe to signifie a Magistrate Those people of Egypt also observe in their religious processions and gesticulations dumb-idle-gods to carry about with them two Dogs one Hawk and one Ibis and these they call four letters by the two Dogs they signifie the two Hemispheres which continually watch and go over our heads by the Hawk the Sun for the Hawk is a hot creature and liveth upon destruction by the Ibis the face of the Moon for they compare the black feathers in this bird to her dark part and the white to her light Other by the Dogs do understand the two Tropicks which are as it were the two porters of the Sun for the South and North by the Hawk they understand the Equinoctial or burning line because she flyeth high by the Ibis the Zodiack and indeed those Painters which could most artificially decipher a Dog as Nicias were greatly reverenced among the Egyptians The like folly or impious beastliness was that of Galba who forsook the precedents of his predecessors in stamping their coin with their own image and imprinted thereupon his sealing ring left him by his forefathers wherein was engraven a Dog bending upon his female I know not for what cause the Star in the midst of Heaven whereunto the Sun cometh about the Calends of July was termed Canis a Dog and the whole time
it is better then being thin likewise if they be hard causeth the pastern to stand higher from the ground for so in their pace the soft and hard parts of the foot do equally sustain one another and the hard hoof yeeldeth a sound like a Cymbal for the goodness of a Horse appeareth by the sound of his feet Now on the contrary side it is good also to set down the faults and signes of reprobation in Horses and first of all therefore a great and fleshy head great tears narrow nostrils hollow eyes a long neck a mane not hairy a narrow breast hollow shoulders narrow sides and little fleshy sharp loins bare ribs hard and heavy legs knees not apt to bend weak thighs not strong crooked legs thin full fleshy plain and low hoofs all these things are to be avoided in the choise of your Horse Of the choise of Stallions and breeding Mares NOw in the next place let us consider the choise of Horses and Mares appointed for breed and procreation and we have shewed already that in a Stallion we are principally to consider the colour form merit and beauty This Stallion is called in Italy Rozzâ—ne in France Estalon in Germany Ein Springhengst and in Latine Admissarius quia ad generandam sobolem admittitur because he is sent to beget and engender The Graecians Anabates or Oeheutes First of all therefore to begin with the colour that Horse is best which is of one continued colour although oftentimes as Rufus saith Horses of a despicable colour prove as noble as any other The chief colours are these bay white carnation golden russet mouse-colour flea-bitten spotted pale and black of all those the black or bay is to be preferred Opplanus maketh distinction of Horses by their colour in this manner the gray or blewish spotted is fittest for the hunting of the Hart the bright bay for the Bear and Leopards the black with flaming eyes against the Lyons The natural colour of the wilde Horses are an ash colour with a black strake from the head along the back to the tail but among tame Horses there are many good ones of black white brown red and flea-bitten colour But yet it is to be remembred that seldom or never Colts be foaled white but rather of other colour degenerating afterward by the increase of their age for such Horses are more lively durable and healthy then other of their kinde and therefore Plutarch commendeth a white Horse of Sylla for his swiftness of foot and stomach among all colours first the black then the bay next the white and last the gray are most commended Camerarius commendeth a certain colour called in Latins Varius and may be englished daple gray because of the divers in-textures of colours which although many Nations do disallow yet undoubtedly that colour saith he is a signe and argument of a good nature constituted and builded upon a temperate commixture of humors Where black white and yellow hairs appear so that the sight of one of these is nothing inferiour to the equestrial party coloured caparisons Among Horses which are divers coloured they which have stars in their fore-head and one white foot were most commended such were the Thracian Horses not admitted in copulation of which Virgil speaketh in this manner Thraoius albis Portat equus bicolor maculis vestigia primi Alba pedis frontemque ostentans arduus albam Black Horses also which have one russet or swart spot in their faces or else a black tongue are highly commended for generation but the pale coloured Horses are no wayes to be admitted to cover Mares because their colour is of no account and likewise it is seldom seen that the Foal proveth better then the Sire The bay colour hath been received without exception for the best travellers for it is supposed that Baudius amongst the Latines is derived of Vadium quia inter caetera animalia fâ—rtius vadat because among other creatures he goeth most surely It is also behoveful that in a Stallion Horse the mane be of the same colour with the body Horse-keepers have devised to make their Mares conceive strange colours for when the Mares would go to the Horse they paint a Stallion with divers colours and so bring him into the sight and presence of the Mare where they suffer him to stand a good while untill she perfectly conceive in her imagination the true Idea and full impression of those pictures and then they suffer him to cover her which being performed she conceiveth a Foal of those colours In like manner Pigeons conceive young ones of divers colours The Germans to mingle the colour of Horses hairs especially to bring black among white take the roots of Fearn and of Sage and seethe them together in lee and then wash their Horses all over therewith For the making of their Horses white they take that fat which ariseth from the decoction of a moul in an earthen pot and therewithall anoint the places they would have white Also they shave off the hairs and put upon the bald place crude Hony and Badgers grease which maketh the hairs to arise white and many other means are used by Horse-leaches as afterward shall be shewed In the old age of a Horse his hair doth naturally change white above all other beasts that we know and the reason is because the brain-pan is a more thin and slender bone then the greatness of his body would require which appeareth by this that receiving a blow in that place his life is more endangered then by hurting any other meniber according to the observation of Homer Et quasetae haerent caepiti lethaleque vulnus Praecipue sit equis And thus much shall suffice for the colour of a Stallion now followeth the form or outward proportion of the body which ought to be great and solid his stature answerable to his strength his sides large his buttocks round his breast broad his whole body full and rough with knots of muscles his foot dry and solid having a high hoof at the heel The parts of his beauty are these a little and dry head the skin almost cleaving to the bones short and pricked ears great eyes broad nostrils a long and large mane and tail with a solid and fixed rotundity of his hoofs and such an one as thrusteth his head deep into the water when he drinketh his ribs and loins like an Oxes a smooth and straight back his hanches or hips long broad and fleshy his legs large fleshy and dry the sinews and joynctures thereof great and not fleshy near the hoofs that the hinder part of his body be higher then his forepart like as in a Hart and this beauty better appeareth in a lean body then in a fat for fatness covereth many faults the former parts are thus expressed by Horace Regibus hic mos est ubi equos mercantur opertos Inspiciunt ne si facies ut saepe decora Molli sulâ—a pede est
find no such thing The cure according to Martin is thus Bring the Horse into some house or place that hath over head a strong balk or beam going overthwart and strew that place thick with straw then put on four pasternes with four rings on his feet and then fasten the one end of a long root to one of those rings then thread all the other rings with the loose end of the rope and so draw all his four feet together and cast him on the straw That done cast the rope over the baulk and hoise the Horse so as he may lie flat on his back with his â—egs upward without strugling Then bathe his stones well with warm Water and Butter most â—n together and the stones being somewhat warm and well mollified raise them up from the body with both your hands being closed by the fingers fast together and holding the stones in your 〈…〉 in such manner work down the gâ—â— into the body of the Horse by striking it downward continually with your two thumbs one labouring immediately after another untill you perceive that side of the stone to be so small as the other and having so discorded that is to say returned the gâ—t into his right place take a list of two fingers broad throughly anointed with fresh Butter 〈…〉 stones both together with the same so nigh as may be not over hard but so as you may put your finger betwixt That done take the Horse quietly down and lead him fair and softly into the stable where he must stand warm and not be stirred for the space of three weeks But forget â—ot the next day after his discording to unloosen the list and to take it away and as well at that time 〈◊〉 every day once or twice after to cast a dish or two of cold water up into his cods and that will cause him to shrink up his stones and thereby restrain the gâ—t from falling down and at the three weeks end be sure it were not amisse to gold the stone on that side away so shall he never be encorded again on that side But let him not eat much nor drink much and let his drink be alwayes warm Of the bâ—toh in the grains of a Horse IF a Horse be full of humours and then suddenly laboured the humours will resort into the weaâ—est partâ— and there gather together and breed a B 〈…〉 h and especially in the hinder parts betwixt the thighs not far from the cods The signes be chese The hinder legs will be all swollen and especially from the hoofs upward and if you feel with your hand you shall find a great kind of swelling and if it be round and hard it will gather to a head The cure according to Martin is thus First râ—pe it with a plaister take of Wheat-flowre of Turpentine and of Hony of each a like quantity stirring it together to make a stiffe plaister and with a cloth lay it unto the sore renewing it every day once untill it break or wax soft and then lance it as the matter may run downward then â—ent it with Turpentine and Hogs grease molten together renewing it every day once untill it be whole Of the diseases incident to the womb of a Mare and specially of barrenness IT seemeth by some writers that the womb of a Mare is subject to certain diseases though not so many as the womb of a Woman as to ascent descent falling out Convulsion Barrenness aborsement yea Aristotle and others do not let to write that menstrual bloud doth naturally void from the Mare as from the Woman though it be so little in quantity as it cannot be well perceived But sith none of mine Authors have written thereof to any purpose nor any Farrier of this time that I know have had any experience in such matters I will passe them all over with silence saving barrennesse whereof I promised before in his due place to declare unto you the causes and such kind of cure for the same as the old writers have taught A Mare then may be barren through the untemperateness of the womb or matrix as well for that it is too hot and fiery or else too cold and moist or too dry or else too short or too narrow or having the neck thereof turned awry or by means of some obstruction or stopping in the matrix or for that the Marc is too fat or too lean and many times Mares go barren for that they be not well Horsed Wel the cure of barrenness that cometh through the fault of the matrix or womb according to the old writers is thus Take a good handful of Leeks stamp them in a morter with half a glasse full of wine then put thereunto twelve Flies called of the Apothecaries Cantharides of divers colours if they may be gotten then strain all together with a sufficient quantity of water to serve the Marâ— therewith two dayes together by powring the same into her nature with a horn or glyster-pipe made of purpose and at the end of three dayes next following offer the Horse unto her that should cover her and immediately after that she is covered wash her nature twice together with cold water Another receipt for the same purpose TAke of Nitrum of Sparrows dung and Turpentine of each a like quantity well wrought together and made like a Suppository and put that into her nature and it will cause her to desire the Horse and also to conceive Hippocrates saith that it is good also to put a nettle into the Horses mouth that should cover her Of the Itch Scab and Manginess in the tail and falling of the tail IN Spring time Horses many times are troubled with the Troncheons in their fundament and then they will rub their tail and break the hair thereof and yet in his tail perhaps shall be neither Itch Scurffe nor Scab wherefore if you rake the Horse well with your hand anointed with Sope and search for those Troncheons and pull them clean out you shall cause him to leave rubbing and if you see that the hair do fall away it self then it is a sign that it is either eaten with Worms or that there is some Scurffe or Scab fretting the hair and causing such an itch in his tail as the Horse is alwayes rubbing the same As touching the wormes Scurffe or Scab it shall be good to anoint all the tail with Sope and then to wash it clean even to the ground with strong lie and that will kill the Wormes and make the hair to grow again And if much of the tail be worn away in shall be needful to keep the tail continually wet with a spunge dipt in fair water and that will make the hair to grow very fast But if the Horses tail be mangy then heal that like as you do the manginess of the mane before rehearsed Again if there breed any Canker in the tail which will consume both flesh and bone and as Laurentius Russius
they have another property if they do not breed and engender before the casting of their Colts-teeth they remain steril and barren all their life long for so doth the generative power of the Asses body rest upon a tickle and nice point apt to rise or easie to fall away to nothing And in like sort is a Horse prone to barrenness for it wanteth nothing but cold substance to be mingled with his seed which cometh then to pass when the seed of the Ass is mixed with it for there wanteth but very little but that the Asses seed waxeth barren in his own kinde and therefore much more when it meeteth with that which is beside his nature and kinde This also hapneth to Mules that their bodies grow exceeding great especially because they have no menstruous purgation and therefore where there is an annual breeding or procreation by the help and refreshing of these flowers they both conceive and nourish now these being wanting unto Mules they are the more unfit to procreation The excrements of their body in this kinde they purge with their urine which appeareth because the male Mules never smell to the secrets of the female but to their urine and the residue which is not voided in the urine turneth to encrease the quantity and greatness of the body whereby it cometh to pass that if the female Mule do conceive with foal yet is she not able to bring it forth to perfection because those things are dispersed to the nourishment of her own body which should be imployed about the nourishment of the foal and for this cause when the Egyptians describe a barren woman they picture a Mule Alexander Aphrodiseus writeth thus also of the sterility of Mules Mules saith he seem to be barren because they consist of Beasts divers in kinde for the commixtion of seeds which differ both in habit and nature do evermore work something contrary to nature for the abolishing of generation for as the mingling together of black and white colours doth destroy both the black and white and produce a swart and brown and neither of both appear in the brown so is it in the generation of the Mules whereby the habitual and generative power of nature is utterly destroyed in the created compound which before was eminent in both kindes simple and several These things saith he Alcmaeon as he is related by Plutarch saith that the male Mules are barren by reason of the thinness and coldness of their seed and the females because their wombs are shut up and the veins that should carry in the seed and expel out the menstruous purgation are utterly stopt And Empedocles and Diocles say that the womb is low narrow and the passages crooked that lead into it and that therefore they cannot receive seed or conceive with young whereunto I do also willingly yeeld because it hath been often found that women have been barren for the same cause To conclude therefore Mules bear very seldom and that in some particular Nations if it be natural or else their Colts are prodigious and accounted monsters Concerning their natural birth in hot regions where the exterior heat doth temper the coldness of the Asses seed there they may bring forth And therefore Collumella and Varro say that in many parts of Africk the Colts of Mules are as familiar and common as the Colts of Mares are in any part of Europe So then by this reason it is probable unto me that Mules may ingender in all hot Countries as there was a Mule did engender often at Rome or else there is some other cause why they do engender in Africk and it may be that the African Mules are like to the Syrian Mules before spoken of that is they are a special kinde by themselves and are called Mules for resemblance and not for nature It hath been seen that a Mule hath brought forth twins but it was held a prodigy Herodotus in his fourth Book recorded these two stories of a Mules procreation When Darius saith he besieged Babylon the Babylonians scorned his Army and getting up to the top of their Towers did pipe and dance in the presence of the Persians and also utter very violent opprobrious speeches against Darius and the whole Army amongst whom one of the Babylonians said thus Quid istic desidetis ô Persâ— quin potius absceditis tunc expugnaturi nos cum pepererint Mulae O ye Persians why do you sit here wisdom would teach you to depart away for when Mules bring forth young ones then may you overcome the Babylonians Thus spake the Babylonian believing that the Persians should never overcome them because of the common proverb epcan emionoi tekâ—sin when a Mâ—le beareth young ones But the poor man spake truer then he was aware of for this followed after a yeer and seven months While the siege yet lasted it hapned that certain Mules belonging to Zâ—pirus the son of Megabizus brought forth young ones whereat their Master was much moved while he remembred the aforesaid song of the Babylonian and that therefore he might be made the Author of that fact communicated the matter with Darius who presently entertained the device therefore Zopirus cut off his own nose and ears and so ran away to the Babylonians telling them that Darius had thus used him because he perswaded him to depart with his whole Army from Babylon which he said was in expugnable and invincible The Babylonians seeing his wounds and trusting to their own strength did easily give credence unto him for such is the nature of men that the best way to beguile them is to tell them of those things they most desire for so are their hopes perswaded before they receive any assurances But to proceed Zopirus insinuated himself further into the favour of the Babylonians and did many valiant acts against the Persians whereby he got so much credit that at last he was made the General of the whole Army and so betrayed the City unto the hands of Dirius Thus was Babylon taken when Mules brought forth Another Mule brought forth a young one at what time Xerxes passed over Hellespont to go against Graecia with his innumerable Troops of Souldiers and the said Mule so brought forth had the genitals both of the male and female Unto this I may adde another story out of Suetonius in the life of Galba Caesar As his father was procuring Augurisms or divinations an Eagle came and took the bowels out of his hands and carryed them into a fruit-bearing-oak he enquiring what the meaning of that should be received answer that his posterity should be Emperours but it would be very long first whereunto he merrily replyed Sane cum Mula pepererit I sir when a Mule brings forth young ones which thing afterwards happened unto Galba for by the birth of a Mule he was confirmed in his enterprises when he attempted the Empire so that that thing which was a prodigy and cause of sorrow and
they turn them down upon them sodainly who take them and destroy them yet such is the nature of this Beast as also of the Pardal that if he doe not take his prey at the fourth or fift jump he falleth so angry and fierce that he destroyeth whomsoever he meeteth yea many times his Hunter Therefore the Hunters have always a regard to carry with them a Lamb or a Kid or some such live thing wherewithal they pacific him after he hath missed his game for without bloud he will never be appeaâ—ed and thus much shall suffice to have spoken of the difference betwixt Panthers Pardals and Leopards and their several names in Greek and Latine from whom almost all Nations do derive their denomination for the Italians call it Leonpardo the French Leopard and Lyopard and Germans Leppard and Lefarad and Pantherthier the Spaniards Leonpardal and Leopardo the Illyrians Leuhart the Chaldeans Nimra and some make no difference betwixt this and the Arabian Wolf The reason of the Greek word Pardalis or Pordalis for they signifie both one seemeth to me in most probability to be derived from the Hebrew word Pardes signifying a Garden because as colours in a Garden make it spotted and render a fragrant smell so the Panther is divers coloured like a Garden of sundry flowers and also it is said to carry with him a most sweet savour whither soever he goeth and therefore in ancient time they made their Ivory tables standing upon pictures of Panthers whereof Juvenal writeth thus in one of his Satyres Olim ex quavis â—rbore mensa fieâ—at At nunâ— divitbus c 〈…〉 ndi nulla voluptas nisi sustinet orbes Grande 〈◊〉 magne sublimis Pardus â—iatu Dentibus ex illis quos mit 〈…〉 porta Syenes Jam nimiâ—s capitique graves c. For the same cause Pardalis was the name of a notable Harlot for as the Panthers by their sweet smells draw the Beasts unto them and then destroy them so also do Harlots deck and adorn themselves with all alluring provocations as it were with inchanted odours to draw men unto them of whom they make spoil and repine There is a pretious stone also called Lapis Pantherus brought out of India whereupon if a man look before the Sun-rising he shall see divers colours namely black red green russet purple and Rose colour and they say it hath as many vertues as it hath colours but I list not to follow the name any further The Countries breeding Panthers are Abasia in the Kingdom of Melacha in the Isle of Sumatra Likewise 〈…〉 especially Syria for there are none in Europe all Africk over they are plentiful as in Lybia and Mauritania where abound all store of wilde Beasts Likewise beyond G 〈…〉 pâ— for Apollonius and his companions saw there many Lions and Panthers In Arabiâ— the furthest part namely the Promontory of Dyra towards the South are the strongest Pardals of the world as saith Strabâ—â— Likewise in the Mediterranean Region beyond Barygaza toward the South unto Dachinabades and towards the East are all sorts of wilde Beasts both Tygers and Panthers and Diodorus writeth that in that part of Arabia joyning upon Syria there Lions and Pardals are both more in number and greater in quantity then in Lybia Also it is said by Volaterranus and Gillius that the Panther of Lycia and Caria are very long but yet weak and without carriage being not able to leap far yet is their skin so hard as no Iron can pierce Betwixt the River Ganges and Hiphasis Apollonius saw many Panthers The Indians also breed many and make them tame and Leopards do live in the Woods of Barbaria It is apparent by that which is already said that the Panther is the name of the greater Pardal and the Leopard of the lesser which the Arabians call Alne 〈…〉 and Alfbead Al 〈…〉 r is bigger then a Linx but like a Leopard having greater and sharper nails and feet black and terrible eyes and therefore stronger fiercer and bolder then the Leopard for it setteth upon men and destroyeth them Oppianus describeth both kindes in this manner There are saith he two kindes of Pardals a greater and a lesser the greater are broader backe and bigger in quantity the lesser being less in quantity but not inferior in strength both of them have the same shape and colour of body except in their tail for the greater Pardal hath the lesser tail and the lesser the greater either of them have solid and found thighs a very long body bright seeing eyes the apples whereof do glister under their eye-lids which are gray and red within like to burning coals their teeth pale and venemous their skin of divers colours yet bright and pleasant the spots standing like so many black eyes upon it thus fat Oppianus Such skins are oftentimes sold in the Marts of Europe which are brought in bundles twenty or thirty together and it is not to be forgotten which Voleterran citeth out of Aelianus that there is in this kinde of Pardals a Beast called Bitis not unlike to the vulgar Leopards in all parts except that is wanteth a tail and they say that if this Beast be seen by a woman it will instantly make her to be sick but to proceed to the residue of the parts of these Beasts we must remember that which Aristole writeth in his Physiognomy as is recorded by Ada 〈◊〉 Leopersectis sim 〈…〉 〈◊〉 ideam prae se sert Pardalis vero 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 exceptis quibus ad invadendum fortiter utitur that is to say Among all Beasts the Lion doth most resemble the male and the Pardal the female except in the legs which she useth to take her prey In hath a little face a little mâ—nth little 〈◊〉 somewhat white plain and not much hollow along fore-head ears rather round then smooth or broad a neck very long and slender the breast not well set out with ribs because they are small the back long the buttocks and thighs very fleshy the parts about the small of the belly or lâ—ins are more smooth less hollow and bunchy the colour divers and the whole body 〈◊〉 and not well compounded for the outward sight and it is to be remembered saith Gard 〈…〉 that all ravening Beasts like a Cat as Lions Panthers Linces and Pardals for they have in common the length and strength of their claws beautiful party coloured skins a little head and round face a long tail nimbleness of body and wildeness of 〈◊〉 living upon the meat they get in hunting The Persians call a Pardal 〈◊〉 and Soaliger describeth it thus In his red or yellow hair he is like a Lioness but set with divers black spots both in length and breadth as if they were paâ—â—ted It hath a brown face aspersed with black and white and it is to be remembered that as other Beasts are either all black or all red or all white or all of one colour by nature so also
be cold a little so likewise in the morning let them be milked so soon as day appeareth and the little Lambs be turned out unto them which were shut from them But if there appear upon the grass Spiders webs or Cob-webs which bear up little drops of water then they must not be suffered to feed in those places for fear of poysoning and in times of heat and rain drive them to the highest hills â—or pastures which do most of all lie open to the windes for there shall the cattle feed most temperately They must avoid all sandy places and in the month of April May June and July they must not be suffered to feed overmuch but in October September and November let them have their full that so they may grow the stronger against the Winter time The Romans had a special regard to chuse some places for the Summering of their Sheep and some place for their Wintering for if they summered them in Apulia they wintered them in Samnis and therefore Varro saith the flocks of Apulia betimes in the morning in the Summer season are led forth to feeding because the dewy grass of the morning is much better then that which is dry in the middle of the day and about noon when the season groweth hot they lead them to shadowy trees and rocks until the cool air of the evening begin to return at which time they drive them to their pasture again and cause them to feed towards the Sun-rising for this is a general rule among the shepheards Quod mane ad solis occasum vesper◠〈◊〉 sous â—â—tum pascantur oves That is that in the morning they feed their Sheep towards the Sun-setting and in the evening towards the Sun-rising and the reason of it is Quia infirmissimum pecori caput averso sole pasci cogendum Because the head of Sheep is most weak therefore it ought to be fed turned from the Sun In the hot Countries a little before the Sun-setting they water their Sheep and then lead them to their pasture again for at that time the sweetness seemeth to be renewed in the grass and this they do after the Autumnal aequinoctium It is good to feed them in corn fields after harvest and that for two causes First because they are exceedingly filled with such hearbs as they finde after the plough and also they tread down the stubble and dung the land whereby it becometh more fruitful against the next year There is nothing that maketh a Sheep grow more fat then drink and therefore we read in holy Scripture how Jacob watred the Sheep and the Daughters of Jethro their Sheep at what time Moses came unto them therefore it is best oftentimes to mingle their water with Salt according to these verses At cui lactis amer cytisum lotosque frequentes Ipse manu salsaâ— ferat praesepibus herbas Hinc amant fluvios magis magis ubera tendant Et salis occultum referunt in lacte saporem There be many that trouble themselves about this question namely for what cause the Sheep of England do never thirst except they see the water and then also seldom drink and yet have no more Sheep in England then are in any other Countrey of the world insomuch that we think it a prodigious thing that Sheep should drink but the true cause why our English Sheep drink not is for there is so much dew on the grass that they need no other water and therefore Aristotle was deceived who thinketh that the Northern Sheep had more need of water then the Southern In Spain those Sheep bear the best fleeces of wooll that drink least In the Island of Cephalene as we have shewed in the story of the Goat all their Cattle for want of water do draw in the cold air but in the hotter Countries every day once at the least about nine or ten a clock in the morning they water their Sheep and so great is the operation of drink in Sheep that divers Authors do report wonders thereof as Valerius Maximus and Theophâ—asius who affirm that in Macedonia when they will have their Sheep bring forth white Lambs they lead them to the River Alia 〈…〉 on and when they will have them to bring forth black Lambs to the River Axius as we have shewed already It is also reported that the River Scamander doth make all the Sheep to be yellow that drink thereof Likewise there are two Rivers in Aâ—tandria which turn Sheep from black to white and white to black and the like I might add of the River Thrases of the two Rivers of Beotia all which things do not come to pass by miracle but also by the power of nature as may appear by the History of Jacob when he served his father in law Laban For after that he had covenanted with Laban to receive for his stipend all the spotted Sheep the Scripture saith in this manner Then Jacob took rods of green Poplar and of Hasel and of the Ches-nut tree and pilled white strakes in them and made the white appear in the rods Then he put the rods which he had pilled into the gutters and watering troughs when the Sheep came to drink before the Sheep and the Sheep were in heat before the rods and afterwards brought forth young of party colour and with small and great spots And Jacob parted these Lambs and turned the faces â—f the flick towards these party-coloured Lambs and all manner of black among the Sheâ—p of Laban so he put his own flocks by themselves and put them not with Labans flock And in every Ramming time of the stronger Sheep Jacob layed the rods before the eyes of the Sheep in the gutters that they might conceive before the rods but when the Sheep were feeble he put them not in and so the feebler were Labans and the stronger were Jacobs Upon this action of the Patriarch Jacob it is clear by testimony of holy Scripture that divers colours â—aid before Sheep at the time of their carnal copulation do cause them to bring forth such colours as they see with their eyes for such is the force of a natural impression as we read in stories that fair women by the sight of Blackamores have conceived and brought forth black children and on the contrary black and deformed women have conceived fair and beautiful children whereof there could be no other reason given in nature but their only cogitation of and upon fair beautiful men or black and deformed Moores at the time of their carnal copulation So that I would not have it seem incredible to the wise and discreet Reader to hear that the power of water should change the colour of Sheep for it being once granted that nature can bring forth divers coloured Lambs being holpen by artificial means I see no cause but diversity of waters may wholly alter the colour of the elder as well as whited sticks ingender a colour in the younger And thus much
other Creatures EVer since the Devil entered into the Serpent it became hateful to all or the most part of the beasts of the field so that it may as truly be verified of the Serpent as it was of Esau that the hands of all Men and Beasts are against them except very few for they are strangers to all and finde very few or no friends Yet it is reported that the Serpent and the Fox will live peaceably together in one cave or lodging There is a story not unpleasant of a Man that found a Serpent enclosed betwixt two stones and at the intreaty of the Serpent he loosed him out of danger and did him no harm The Serpent being released and free from death in stead of other recompence for so good a turn told the Man that he had been therein a long time inclosed and was very hungry and therefore was forced against his will to make the best of his fortune and therefore must needs eat the Man and bad him prepare himself for death The Man astonished at this motion replyed to the Serpent that he hoped he would not deal so with him having delivered him from death now to put his deliverer to death and said moreover that he would not be the Judge of his own case but refer the same to the next they found and the Serpent also yeelded to that judgement being assured that no creature would quit the Man lest he should cast his own life into peril Forth then they went and met with an Ass to whom the Man told the difference betwixt him and the Serpent how kindely he saved the Serpents life and how unkindely he again would take away his life And then the Serpent bade the Ass consider what judgement he gave and for whom he spake The Ass adjudged it lawful for the Serpent to kill the Man Lo now said the Serpent make you ready for the matter is judged against you and withall began to make force at him with mouth and sting But the Man said that he would not take this Asses deree for reasonable and therefore prayed the Serpent to tarry yet a little longer and try once more the next Beast they met withall and the Serpent thinking himself sure of the booty yeelded thereunto Then forth they passed again and shortly after met with a Fox to whom the Man related his case and the benefit he had done to the Serpent The Serpent again confessed he released him but withall denyed his case to be as the Man had said so desperate but only he entrapped himself the better to compass a booty The Fox having heard them both desirous to end the matter for the Mans benefit would needs go with them both to the place where the Serpent was inclosed and so all parties consented And when the Fox came thither he bade the Serpent go into the same place again that so he might the better judge of the whole matter The Serpent went in again betwixt the stones and was so inclosed as he was before for he could not stir neither backward nor forward Then the Fox asked the Man if this were the Serpents case from which he had delivered him The Man answered yea in all points Then he bade the Serpent come out again as he said he could without the help of the Man But the Serpent called the Man to help him again Nay said the Fox I found you two at variance because of your discharge from this place and seeing now you are as you were before and the Man as he was before your enlargement my sentence is that when you come forth of that place you are in then shall you eat the Man and if he will let you forth again I will never pity him By this fable is shewed that Foxes love not Serpents so well as they love Men and yet they never love Men but they are afraid suspitious and willing to forsake their familiarity Some say there is a kinde of love betwixt Serpents and Cats whereof I finde this story in Ponzettus There were certain Monks who all of them fell sick upon a sudden and the Physitians could not tell how or whence this sickness came except from some secret poyson At last one of the servants of the Abbey saw the Cat which was daily fed at the Monks table to play with a Serpent and thereby it was conjectured that the Serpent having in his sport lost or left some poyson upon the Cats skin the Monks by stroking of the Cat were infected therewith And the cause why the Cat was not harmed thereby was for that she received the poyson from the sport and not from the anger of the Serpent And this thing surely is not so marvellous seeing that little Mice and Rats do also play with Serpents and herein Politicians play the Serpents who hold correspondence and peace both with the Cat and the Mouse that is with two sworn and natural enemies together The like peace and league they are also said to keep with Eeles as may more plainly appear by this following History of a certain Monk called Rodolphus a Will Monachus Capellensis There was as this Monk affirmeth one of his fellow Monks which did often tell him that being a little boy and using to sport himself by the water side he hapned to catch an Eele which he attempted for his own pleasure to carry to another water and by the way as he went he passed through a Wood at which time when he was within the Wood the Eele began to hiss and cry mainly at the hearing whereof there gathered together very many Serpents round about him insomuch that he was afraid and set down his basket fast pinned and ran away afterward he came again and sought for his basket but he found not the Eele therein wherefore it was supposed that the Serpents delivered the same Eele out of the basket by some sleight of nature the only doubt is whether Eeles do hiss or not seeing they are fishes and Omnes pisces muti all fishes are mute or dumb But for answer to this objection it is most certain that Eeles have a voyce as all they know which use fishing in the night for I my self have not only heard such a voyce in the night time in Rivers and other waters where Eeles abounded but have had it confirmed by divers other of greater practise and experience in fishing The reason whereof may be their manner of generation for they engender not by spawn as other fishes but of the slime of the earth or water and differ not from Serpents in their external form except in their colour and therefore may be said to partake with Fishes and Serpents in both their natures that is having a voyce like a Serpent ' and a substance like a Fish Such is their confederacy with living Creatures and with no more that I ever read or heard of But moreover it is said that they love some Plants or Herbs above measure as the
the Jews are compared to Asps and their labours to Spiders webs And Esa 11. The sucking childe shall play upon the hole of the Asp Whereupon a learned man thus writeth Quiâ—unque ex hâ—minibus occulto veneno ad nocendum referti sunt sub regno Christi mutato ingenio fore velpueris innoxios that is whosoever by secret poyson of nature are apt to do harm to other in the Kingdom of Christ their nature shall be so changed that they shall not harm sucklings not able to discover them Great is the subtilty and fore-knowledge of Asps as may appear by that in Psal 58. against the Charmers voyce As also it is strange that all the Asps of Nilus do thirty days before the flood remove themselves and their young ones into the Mountains and this is done yearly once at the least if not more often They sort themselves by couples and do live as it were in marriage Male and Female so that their sense affection and compassion is one and the same for if it happen that one of them be killed they follow the person eagerly and will finde him out even in the midst of many of his fellows that is if the killer be a beast they will know him among beasts of the same kinde and if he be a man they will also finde him out among men and if he be let alone he will not among thousands harm any but he breaking through all difficulties except water and is hindred by nothing else except by swift flying away We have shewed already how the Psyllians in Asia cast their children newly born to Serpents because if they be of the right seed and kindred to their Father no Serpent will hurt them but if they be Bastards of another race the Serpents devour them these Serpents are to be understood to be Asps Asps also we have shewed were destroyed by the Argolâ— which Alexander brought from Argos to Alexandria and therefore those are to be reckoned their enemies Shadows do also scare away terrifie Asps as Seneca writeth But there is not more mortal hatred or deadly war betwixt any then betwixt the Ichneumon and the Asp When the Ichneumon hath espyed an Asp she first goeth and calleth her fellows to help her then they all before they enter fight do wallow their bodies in slime or wet themselves and then wallow in the sand so harâ—essing and as it were arming their skins against the teeth of their enemy and so when they finde themselves strong enough they set upon her bristling up their tails first of all and turning to the Serpent till the Asp bite at them and then sodainly ere the Asp can recover with singular celerity they flie to her chaps and tear her in pieces but the victory of this combate resteth in anticipation for if the Asp first bite the Ichneumon then is he overcome but if the Ichneumon first lay hold on the Asp then is the Asp overcome This hatred and contention is thus described by Nicander Solus eam potis est Ichneumon vincere pestem Cum grave cautus ei bellum parat editaque ova Quae fovet in multorum hominum insuperabile lethum Omnia fiacta terit mordaceque dente lacessit That is to say Ichneumon only is of strength that pest to overquell Gainst whom in wary wise his war he doth prepare Her egges a deadly death to many men in sand he doth out smell To break them all within his teeth this nimble beast doth dare Pliny Cardan and Constantine affirm that the herb Arum and the root of Winterberry do so astonish Asps that their presence layeth them in a deadly sleep and thus much of their concord with other creatures Galen writeth that the Marsians do eat Asps without all harm although as Mercurial saith their whole flesh and body is so venomous and so repleat with poyson that it never entereth into medicine or is applyed to sick or sound upon any Physical qualification the reason of this is given by himself and Fracastorius to be either because Asps under their Climate or Region are not venomous at all as in other Countries neither Vipers nor Serpents are venomous or else because those people have a kinde of sympathy in nature with them by reason whereof they can receive no poyson from them The poyson of Asps saith Moses Deut. 32. is crudele venenum a cruel poyson and Job 20. cap. expressing the wicked mans delight in evil saith That he shall suck the poyson of Asps For which cause as we have shewed already the harm of this is not easily cured We read that Canopus the Master of Menelaus ship to be bittten to death by an Asp at Canopus in Egypt So also was Demetrius Ph 〈…〉 a Scholar of Theophrastus and the Keeper of the famous Library of Ptolemaeus Seter Cleopatra likewise to avoid the triumph that Augustus would have made of her suffered her self willingly to be bitten to death by an Asp Wheeupon Propertius writeth thus Brachia spectavi sacris â—dmorsa colubris Et trahere occultum membra soporis iter In English thus Thus I have seen those wounded arms With sacred Snakes bitten deep And members draw their poysoned harms Treading the way of deaths sound sleep We read also of certain Mountebanks and cunning Juglers in Italy called Circulatores to perish by their own devises through the eating of Serpents and Asps which they carryed about in Boxes as tame using them for ostentation to get Money or to sell away their Antidotes When Po 〈…〉 peius Rufus was the great Master of the Temple-works at Rome there was a certain Circulator or Quacksalver to shew his great cunning in the presence of many other of his own trade which set to his arm an Asp presently he sucked out the poyson out of the wound with his mouth but when he came to look for his preservative water or antidote he could not finde it by means whereof the poyson fell down into his body his mouth and gums rotted presently by little and little and so within two days he was found dead The like story unto this is related by Amb. Paraeus of another which at Florence would fain sell much of his medicine against poyson and for that purpose suffered an Asp to bite his flesh or finger but within four hours after he perished notwithstanding all his antidotical preservatives Now therefore it remaineth that we add in the conclusion of this History a particular discourse of the bitings and venom of this Serpent and also of such remedies as are appointed for the same Therefore we are to consider that they bite and do not sting the females bite with four teeth the males but with two and when they have opened the flesh by biting then they infuse their poyson into the wound Only the Asp Ptyâ—s killeth by spitting venom through her teeth and as Avicen saith the savour or smell thereof will kill but at the least the
coals and they make great plenty specially near to the River Vasses and of Plate The Bees called Chalcoides which are of the colour of brass and somewhat long which are said to live in the Island of Creta are implacable great fighters and quarrellers excelling all others in their stings and more cruel then any others so that with their stings they have chased the Inhabitants out of their Cities the remainder of which Bees do remain and make their Honey-combes as Aelianus saith in the Mountain Ida. Thus much of the differences of Bees now it remaineth to discourse of the Politick Ethical and Oeconomick vertues and properties of them Bees are governed and do live under a Monarchy and not under a tyrannical State admitting and receiving their King not by succession or casting of lots but by respective advice considerate judgement and prudent election and although they willingly submit their necks under a Kingly government yet notwithstanding they still keep their ancient liberties and priviledges because of a certain Prerogative they maintain in giving their voices and opinions and their King being deeply bound to them by an oath they exceedingly honour and love The King as he is of a more eminent stature and goodly corporature as before we have touched then the rest so likewise which is singular in a King he excelleth in mildness and temperateness of behaviour For he hath a sting but maketh it not an instrument of revenge which is the cause that many have thought their King never to have had any For these are the laws of nature not written with Letters but even imprinted and engraven in their conditions and manners and they are very slow to punish offenders because they have the greatest and Soveraign power in their hands And although they seem to be slack in revenging and punishing private injuries yet for all that they never suffer rebellious persons refractorious obstinate and such as will not be ruled to escape without punishment but with their pricking stings they grievously wound and torment so dispatching them quickly They are so studious of peace that neither willingly nor unwillingly they will give any cause of offence or displeasure Who therefore would not greatly be displeased with and hate extreamly those Dionysian Tyrants in Sicilia Clearchus in Heraclea and Apollodorus the Theef Pieler and spoiler of the Cassandrines And who would not detest the ungratiousness of those lewd claw-backs and Trencher-parasites and flatterers of Kings which dare impudently maintain that a Monarchy is nothing else but a certain way and rule for the accomplishing of the will in using their authority as they list and a science or skilful trade to have wherewith to live pleasantly in all sensual and worldly pleasure which ought to be far from a good Prince who whilest be would seem to be a Man he shew himself to be far worser then these little poor winged creatures And as their order and course of life is far different from the vulgar sort so also is their birth for they of the Kingly race are not born after the manner of a little Worm as all the Comminalty are but is forthwith winged and amongst all his younglings if he finde any of his sons to be either a fool unhandsome that none can take pleasure in rugged rough soon angry furnish or too teasty ill shaped not beautiful or Gentleman-like him by a common consent and by a Parliamentary authority they destroy for fear lest the whole Swarm should be divided and distracted into many mindes and so at length the Subjects undone by factions and banding into parts The King prescribeth laws and orders to all the rest and appointeth them their rules and measrues for some he straightly chargeth and commandeth as they tender his favour and will avoid his displeasure to fetch and provide water for the whole Camp He enjoyneth others to make the Honey-combes to build to garnish and trim up the house well and cleanly to finish perfectly the work to finde and allow to promote and shew others what to do Some he sendeth forth to seek their living but being worn with years they are maintained at the common stock at home The younger and stronger being appointed to labour and take their turns as they fall And although being a King he be discharged and exempt from any mechanical business yet for all tliat in case of necessity he will buckle himself to his task never at any time taking the field or air abroad but either for his healths sake or when he cannot otherwise chuse by means of some urgent business If in respect of his years he be lusty and strong then like a Noble Captain he marcheth before his whole winged-army exposing himself first to all perils neither with his good will will he be carryed of his Souldiers unless he be wearied and weakened by means of crooked age or mastered and clean put out of heart by any violent sickness so that he can neither stand on his legs nor flie When night approacheth the sign and token being given by his Honey-pipe or Cornet if you will so call it a general Proclamation is made through the whole Hive that every one shall betake himself to rest so the watch being appointed and all things set in order they all make themselves ready and go to bed So long as the King liveth so long the whole swarm enjoy the benefit of peace leading their lives without any disquieting disturbance vexation or fear of future wars For the Drones do willingly contain themselves in their own cells the elder living contented with their own homes and the younger not daring for their ears to break into their fathers Lands or to make any inrodes or invasion into the houses of their predecessors The King keepeth his Court by himself in the highest and largest part of the whole Palace his lodging being workmanlike and very cunningly made of a fine round or enclosure of Wax being thus as it were fenced and paled about as with a defensible wall A little from him dwell all the Kings children being very obedient to their parents beck Their King being dead all his subjects in an uprore Drones bring forth their young in the cells of the true Bees all are in a hurly burly all being out of season and order Aristotle saith that Bees have many Kings which I would rather tearm Viceroys or Deputies sithence it is certain as Antigonus affirmeth that as well the swarms do die and come to nought by having of many Kings as none at all And thus to have spoken of good Kings let this suffice Evill Kings are more rough rugged browner blacker and of more sundry colours whose natures and dispositions you will condemn in respect of their habit and manner of body and minde the one and other are thus Physiognomically described by the Poet Namque duae regum facies duo corpora gentis Alter erit maculis auro squallentibus ardens Et rutilis clarus squamis
turning black into green and green into blew like a Player which putteth off one person to put on another according to these verses of Ovid Id quoque quod ventis animal nutritur aura Protinus assimilat tetigit quoscunque colores In English thus The Beast that liveth by winde and weather Of each thing touched taketh colour The reasons of this change or colour are the same which are given of the Busse and P 〈…〉 Fish namely extremity of fear the thinnesse smoothnesse and baldnesse of the skin Whereupon Tertullian writeth thus Hoc soli Chamaeleonti datum quod vulgo dictum est de suo corio ludere That is to say This is the only gift of nature to a Chamaeleon that according to the common Proverb it deceiveth with his skin meaning that a Chamaeleon at his own pleasure can change the colour of his skin Whereupon Erasmus applyeth the proverb de alieno corio ludere to such as secure themselves with other mens peril From hence also cometh another proverb Chamaileontos rumei ab 〈…〉 s more mutable then a Chamaeleon for a crafty cunning inconstant fellow changing himself into every mans disposition such a one was Alciblades who was said to be in Athens and of such a man resembling this beast did Alciatus make this emblem against flatterers Semper hiat sâ—mper tenuem qua vescitur aurum Reciprocat Chamaleon Et mutat faciem varios sumâ—tque colores Praeter rubrum vel candidum Sic adulator populari vescitur aura Hiansque cuncta devorat Et solum mores imitutur principâ—s atros Albi pudici nescius That is to say It alway gapes turning in and out that breath Whereon it feeds and often changeth hew Now black and green and pale and other colors hath But red and white Chamaeleons do eschew So Clawbacks seed on vulgar breath as 〈◊〉 With open mouth devouring same and right Princes black-vices praise but vertues â—read Designed in nature by colours red and white A Chamaeleon of all Egge-breeding Beasts is the thinnest because it lacketh bloud and the reason here of is by Aristotle referred to the disposition of the soul For he saith through overmuch fear it taketh upon it many colours and fear through the want of bloud and heat is a refrigeration of this Beast Plutarch also calleth this Beast a meticulous and fearful beast and in this cause concludeth the change of his colour not as some say to avoid and deceive the beholders and to work out his own happinesse but for meer dread and terrour Johannes Vrsinus assigneth the cause of the change of Chamaeleons colour not to fear but to the meat and to the air as appeareth by these verses Non timor imâ— cibus nimirum limpidus 〈◊〉 Ambo simul vario membra colore novanâ— Which may be thus Englished Not fear but meat which is the air thin New colours on his body doth begin But I for my part do assign the true cause to be in the thinnesse of their skin and therefore may easily take impression of any colour like to a thin fleak of a horn which being laid over black seemeth black and so over other colours and besides there being no hinderance of bloud in this Beast nor Intrails except the lights the other humors may have the more predominant mutation and so I will conclude the discourse of the parts and colour of a Chamaeleon with the opinion of Kiranides not that I approve it but to let the Reader know all that is written of this Subject his words are these Chamaelem singulis horis diei mutat colorem A Chamaeleon changeth his colour every hour of a day This Beast hath the face like a Lyon the feet and tail of a Crocodile having a variable color as you have heard and one strange continued nerve from the head to the tail being altogether without flesh except in the head cheeks and uppermost part of the tail which is joyned to the body neither hath it any bloud but in the heart eys and in a place above the heart and in certain veins derived from that place and in them also but a very little bloud There be many membranes all over their bodies and those stronger then in any other Beasts From the middle of the head backward there ariseth a three square bone and the fore part is hollow and round like a pipe certain bony brims sharp and indented standing upon either side Their brain is so little above their eyes that it almost toucheth them and the upper skin being pulled off from their eyes there appeareth a certain round thing like a bright ring of Brasse which Niphus calleth Paila which signifieth that part of a Ring wherein is set a pretious stone The eyes in the hollow within are very great and much greater then the proportion of the body round and covered over with such a skin as the whole body is except the apple which is bare and that part is never covered This apple stands immoveable not turned but when the whole eye is turned at the pleasure of the Beast The snout is like to the snout of a Hog-ape always gaping and never shutting his mouth and serving him for no other use but to bear his tongue and his teeth his gums are adorned with teeth as we have said before the upper lip being shorter and more turned in then the other Their throat and artery are placed as in a Lizard their lights are exceeding great and they have nothing else within their body Whereupon Theophrastus as Plutarch witnesseth conceiveth that they fill the whole body within and for this cause it is more apt to live on the air and also to change the colour It hath no Spleen or Milt the tail is very long at the end and turning up like a Vipers tail winded together in many circles The feet are double cloven and for proportion resemble the thumb and hand of a man yet so as if one of the fingers were set neer the side of the thumb having three without and two within behinde and three within and two without before the palm betwixt the fingers is somewhat great from within the hinder-legs there seem to grow certain spurs Their legs are straight and longer then a Lizards yet is their bending alike and their nails are crooked and very sharp One of these being dissected and cut asunder yet breatheth a long time after they goe into the caves and holes of the earth like Lizards wherein they lie all the Winter time and come forth again in the Spring their pace is very slow and themselves very gentle never exasperated but when they are about wilde Fig-trees They have for their enemies the Serpent the Crow and the Hawk When the hungry Serpent doth assault them they defend themselves in this manner as Alexander Mindius writeth they take in their mouths a broad and strong stalk under protection whereof as under a buckler they defend themselves against
the depravation of Christian Religion beginning among the Italians and there continued in the conjoyned birth of Men and Serpents for surely none but Devils incarnate or men conceived of Serpents brood would so stiffely stand in Romish error as the Italians do and therefore they seem to be more addicted to the errors of their Fathers which they say is the Religion wherein they were born then unto the truth of Jesus Christ which doth unanswerably detect the pride and vanity of the Romish faith But to leave speaking of the conception of Toads in Women we will proceed further unto their generation in the stomachs and bellies of men whereof there may more easily a reason be given then of the former Now although that in the earth Toads are generated of the putrefied earth and waters yet such a generation cannot be in the body of man for although there be much putrefaction in us yet not so much to ingender bones and other organes such as are in Toads as for Worms they are all flesh and may more easily be conceived of the putrefaction in our stomachs But then you will say how comes it to passe that in mens stomachs there are found Frogs and Toads I answer that this evill hapneth unto such men as drink water for by drinking of water a Toads egge may easily slip into the stomach and there being of a viscous nature cleaveth fast to the rough parts of the ventricle and it being of a contrary nature to man can never be digested or avoided and for that cause the venom that is in it never goeth out of the Egge either in operation or in substance to poyson the other parts of the body but there remaineth until the Egge be formed into a Toad without doing further harm and from hence it cometh that Toads are bred in the bodies of men where they may as well live without air as they do in the midst of trees and rocks and yet afterwards these Toads do kill the bodies they are bred in For the venom is so tempered that at last it worketh when it is come to ripenesse even as we see it is almost an usual thing to take a poyson whose operation shall not be perceived till many days weeks or moneths after For the casting out of such a Toad bred in the body this medicine is prescribed They take a Serpent and bowel him then they cut off the head and the tail the residue of the body they likewise part into small pieces which they see the in water and take off the fat which swimmeth at the top which the sick person drinketh until by vomiting he avoid all the Toads in his stomach afterwards be must use restorative and aromatical medicines And thus much may suffice for the ordinary and extraordinary generation of Toads These Toads do not leap as Frogs do but because of their swelling bodies and short legs their pace is a soft creeping pace yet sometimes in anger they lift up themselves endevouring to do harm for great is their wrath obstinacy and desire to be revenged upon their adversaries especially the red Toad for look how much her colour inclineth to rednesse so much is her wrath and venom more pestilent If she take hold of any thing in her mouth she will never let it go till she die and many times she sendeth forth poyson out of her buttocks or backer parts wherewithal she infecteth the air for revenge of them that do anoy her and it is well observed that she knoweth the weaknesse of her teeth and therefore for her defence she first of all gathereth abundance of air into her body wherewithal she greatly swelleth and then by sighing uttereth that infected air as neer the person that offendeth her as she can and thus she worketh her revenge killing by the poyson of her breath The colour of this poyson is like milk of which I will speak afterward particularly by it self A Toad is of a most cold temperament and bad constitution of nature and it useth one certain herb wherewithal it preserveth the sight and also resisteth the poyson of Spyders whereof I have heard this credible History related from the mouth of a true honourable man and one of the most charitable Peers of England namely the good Earl of Bedford and I was requested to set it down for truth for it may be justified by many now alive that saw the same It fortuned as the said Earl travailed in Bedfordshire neer unto a Market-town called Owbourn some of his company espyed a Toad fighting with a Spyder under a hedge in a bottom by the high-way-side whereat they stood still until the Earl their Lord and Master came also to behold the same and there he saw how the Spyder still kept her standing and the Toad divers times went back from the Spyder and did eat a piece of an herb which to his judgement was like a Plantain At the last the Earl having seen the Toad do it often and still return to the combate against the Spyder he commanded one of his men to go and with his dagger to cut off that herb which he performed and brought it away Presently after the Toad returned to seek it and not finding it according to her expectation swelled and broke in pieces for having received poyson from the Spyder in the combate nature taught her the vertue of that herb to expell and drive it out but wanting the herb the poyson did instantly work and destroy her And this as I am informed was oftentimes related by the Earl of Bedford himself upon sundry occasions and therefore I am the bolder to insert it into 〈◊〉 story I do the more easily believe it because of another like story related by Erasmus in his Book of Friendship hapning likewise in England in manner as followeth There was a Monk who had in his chamber divers bundles of green rushes wherewithal he used to strow his chamber at his pleasure it hapned on a day after dinner that he fell asleep upon one of those bundles of rushes with his face upward and while he there slept a great Toad came and sate upon his lips bestriding him in such manner as his whole mouth was covered Now when his fellows saw it they were at their wits end for to pull away the Toad was an unavoidable death but to suffer her to stand still upon his mouth was a thing more cruel then death and therefore one of them espying a Spiders web in the window wherein was a great Spyder he did advise that the Monk should be carryed to that window and laid with his face upward right underneath the Spyders web which was presently accomplished And assoon as the Spyder saw her adversary the Toad she presently wove her thred and descended down upon the Toad at the first meeting whereof the Spyder wounded the Toad so that it swelled and at the second meeting it swelled more but at the third time the Spyder kild the
Toad and so became grateful to her Host which did nourish her in his Chamber for at the third time the Toad leaped off from the mans mouth and swelled to death but the man was preserved whole and alive And thus much may suffice for the antipathy of nature betwixt the Toad and the Spyder The Mole is also an enemy to the Toad for as Albertus writeth he himself saw a Toad crying above the earth very bitterly for a Mole did hold her fast by the leg within the earth labouring to pull her in again while the other strove to get out of her teeth and so on the other side the Toads do eat the Moles when they be dead They are also at variance with the Lizard and all kindes of Serpents and whensoever it receiveth any wound by them it cureth it self by eating of Plantain The Cat doth also kill Serpents and Toads but eateth them not and unlesse she presently drink she dyeth for it The Buzard and the Hawk are destroyers of Toads but the Stork never destroyeth a Toad to eat it except in extremity of famine whereby is gathered the venomous nature of the Toad Now to conclude the premisses considered which have been said of the Toad the uses that are to follow are not many except those which are already related in the Frog When the Spaniards were in Bragua an Island of the New-found-world they were brought to such extremity of famine that a sick man amongst them was forced to eat two Toads which he bought for two pieces of gold-lace worth in Spanish money six Duckats I do marvel why in ancient time the Kings of France gave in their Arms the three Toads in a yellow field the which were afterwards changed by Glodoveus into three Flower-de-luces in a field Azure as Arms sent unto him from Heaven When the Trojans dwelt neer Moeotis after the destruction of Troy they were very much annoyed by the Gothes wherefore Marcomirus their King determined to leave that Countrey and to seek some where else a more quiet habitation Being thus minded he was admonished by an Oracle that he should go and dwell in that Countrey where the River Rhene falleth into the Sea and he was also stirred up to take upon him that journey by a certain Magitian-woman called Alrunna for this cunning Woman caused in the night time a deformed apparition to come unto him having three heads one of an Eagle another of a Toad and the third of a Lyon and the Eagles head did speak unto him in this manner Genus tuum ô Marcomire opprimet me conculeabit Leonem interficiet bufonem that is to say Thy stock or posterity O Marcomirus shall oppresse me it shall tread the Lyon under foot and kill the Toad By which words he gathered that his posterity should rule over the Romans signified by the Eagle and over the Germans signified by the Lyon and over the French signified by the Toad because the Toad as we have said was the ancient Arms of France It is an opinion held by some Writers that the Weasels of the water do ingender in copulation with the Toads of the water for in their mouths and feet of their belly they do resemble them Whereupon these verses were made Bufones gigno putrida tellure sepulta Humores pluvi◠forte quod ambo sumu◠Humet is friget mea sic vis humet alget Cum perit in terra qui prius ignis erat Which may be Englished thus Buryed in rotten earth forth Toads I bring Perhaps because we both are made of rain That 's moist and cold moist I and ever freezing When in the earth that force from fire came And thus we will descend to discourse of the Toads poyson and of the special remedies appointed for the same First therefore all manner of Toads both of the earth and of the water are venomous although it be held that the Toads of the earth are more poysonful then the Toads of the water except those Toads of the water which do receive infection or poyson from the water for some waters are venomous But the Toads of the land which do descend into the marishes and so live in both elements are most venomous and the hotter the Countrey is the more full are they of poyson The Women-witches of ancient time which killed by poysoning did much use Toads in their confections which caused the Poet in his verses to write as followeth Occurrit Matrona potens quae molle Calenum Porrectura viro miscet sitiente rubetam Which may be Englished thus There came a rich Matron who mixed Calen Wine With poyson of Toads to kill her Spouse O deadly crime And again in another place Funus promittere patris Nec volo nec possum ranarum in viscera nunquam Inspexi In English thus I can nor will of Fathers death a promise make For of Toads poyson I never yet a view did take When an Asp hath eaten a Toad their biting is incurable and the Bears of Pamphilia and Cylicia being killed by men after that they have eaten Salamanders or Toads do poyson their eaters We have said already that a Toad hath two livers and although both of them are corrupted yet the one of them is said to be full of poyson and the other to resist poyson The biting of a Toad although it be seldom yet it is venomous and causeth the body to swell and to break either by Impostumation or otherwise against which is to be applyed common Antidotes as womens Milk Triacle roots of Sea-holm and such other things The spittle also of Toads is venomous for if it fall upon a man it causeth all his hair to fall off from his head against this evil Paracelsus prescribeth a plaister of earth mixed with the spittle of a man The common people do call that humor which cometh out of the buttocks of a Toad when she swelleth the urine of a Toad and a man moistned with the same be-pissed with a Toad but the best remedy for this evil is the milk of a woman for as it resembleth the poyson in colour so doth it resist it in nature The bodies of Toads dryed and so drunk in Wine after they be beaten to powder are a most strong poyson against which and all other such poyson of Toads it is good to take Plantain and black Hellebore Sea-crabs dryed to powder and drunk the stalks of Dogs-tongue the powder of the right horn of a Hart the milt spleen and heart of a Toad Also certain fishes called Shel-crabs the bloud of the Sea-tortoise mixed with Wine Cummin and the rennet of a Hare Also the bloud of a Tortoise of the land mixed with Barley-meal and the quintessence of Triacle and Oyl of Scorpions all these things are very precious against the poyson of Serpents and Toads We have promised in the story of the Frog to expresse in this place such remedies as the learned Physitians have observed for the cure
laxo nudum est sine corpore vulnus Membra natant sanie surae fluxere sine ullo Tegmine poples erat femorum quoque musculus omnis Liquitur nigra distillant inguina tabe Dissiluit stringens uterum membrana fluuntque Viscera nec quantum toto de corpore dâ—bet Effluit in terras saevum sed membra venenum Decoquit in minimum mors contrahit omnia virus Vincula nervorum laterum textura cavumque Pectus abstrusum fibris vitalibus omne Quicquid humâ— est aperit pestis natura profana Morte patet manant humeri fortesque lacerti Colla caputque fluunt callido non ocyus Austro Nix resoluta cadit nec solem cera sequetur Parva loquor corpus sanie stillasse perustum Hoc flamma potest sed quis rogus abstulit ossa Haec quoque discedunt putresque secuta medullas Nulla manere sinunt rapidi vestigia fati Cyniphias inter pestes tibi palma nocendi est Eriplunt omnes animam tu sola cadaver Mole brevis seps peste ingens nec viscera solum Sed simul ossa vorans tabificus Seps Which is to be Englished thus On wretched Sabels leg a little Seps hung fast Which with his hand from hold of teeth he pluck away From wounded place and on a pile the Serpent all agast He staked in sands to him O woful wretched day To kill this Serpent is but small yet none more power hath For after wound falls off the skin and bones appear full bare As in an open bosome the heart whole body gnaweth Then all his members swam in filth corruption did prepare To make his snaks fall off uncovered were knee-bones And every muscle of his thigh resolved no more did hold His secrets black to look upon distilled all Consumptions The rim of belly brake out fierce which bowels did infold Out fell his guts on earth and all that corps contain The raging venom still heating members all So death contracted all by little poysons main Vnloosing nerves and making sides on ground to fall This plague the hollow breast and every vital part Abstrused where the fibres keep the life in ure Did open unto death The life the lungs the heart O death profane and enemy unto nature Out flow the shoulders great and arm-blades strong Both neck and head gush out in matter all doth run No snow doth melt so soon the Southern blast among Nor wax so fast dissolve by heat of shining Sun These things which now I speak I do account but small That corps should run with filthy core may caused be by flame 〈…〉 Yet bones are spared in fire here all away they fall Of them and marrow sweet fate lets no sign remain Among the Cyniph plagues this still shall bear the bell The soul they take this soul and carkasse both The Seps though short it be in force it is a hell Devouring bones the body all undoth Thus you hear that more largely expressed by Lucan of the Seps which was more briefly touched by Nicander of the Sepedon and all cometh to one end that both kill by putrefaction The length of this Serpent is about two cubits being thick toward the head but thin and slender toward the tail The head thereof is broad and the mouth sharp it is of many colours so as some have thought that it could change colour like a Chamaeleon The four under teeth are hollow and in them lyeth the poyson which are covered over with a little skin Pausanias affirmeth that he himself saw one of them and that Egyptus the son of Elatus a King of Arcadia was slain by one of these They live in Rocks in hollow places of the Valleys and under stones and they fear no Winter acording to this verse of Pictorius Hic hyemis calidus frigora nulla timet Which may be Englished thus Of Winters cold it hath no fear For warm it is throughout the year First of all after the wound appeareth some bloud but that symptom lasteth not long for by and by followeth matter smelling very strong swelling tumor and languishing pain and all the parts of the body affected herewith become white and when the hair falleth off the patient seldom liveth above three or four days after The cure hereof is by the same means that the poyson of the Viper the Ammodyte and Horned-serpent is cured withal And particularly Aetius prescribeth a spunge wet in warm Vinegar to be applyed to the wound or else to lay the ashes of chaffe with the earth upon which they are burned to the place and to anoint it with Butter and Honey or else lay unto it Millet and Honey likewise Bay-sprigs Oxymel Purslain and in their dyet salt fish Aristotle writeth of a little Serpent which by some are called a sacred and holy Serpent and he saith that all other Serpents do avoid it and flie from it because what soever is bitten by it presently rotteth It is in length as he saith a cubit and it is rough all over and therefore I take this Serpent to be a kinde of Sepedon Also Aristoxenus saith that he knew a man by touching this Serpent to die and afterward that the garment which he wore at the time of the touching of the Serpent did likewise rot away And thus much for the Seps and Sepedon of the SLOW-WORM THis Serpent was called in ancient time among the Grecians Tythlops and Typhlynes and Cophia because of the dimnesse of the sight thereof and the deafnesse of the ears and hearing and vulgarly at this day it is called in Greece Tephloti Tefliti and Tephlini and from hence the Latines have taken their word Caecilia que caecus Serpens a blinde Serpent and it is also called Cerula Caecula and Coriella as witnesseth Albertus because the eyes thereof are none at all or very small The Italians call it Bisaorbala and the Florentines Lucignola the Germans Blyndensclycher the Helvetians Envieux al' annoilx and the people of Narbon Nadels It being most evident that it receiveth name from the blindenesse and deafnesse thereof for I have often proved that it neither heareth nor seeth here in England or at the most it seeth no better then a Mole The teeth are fastned in the mouth like the teeth of a Chamaeleon the skin is very thick and therefore when the skin is broken by a hard blow the whole body doth also break and park asunder The colour is a pale blew or skye-sky-colour with some blackish spots intermixed at the sides There is some question whether it hath one or two rims on the belly for seeing they conceive their young ones in their womb they have such a belly by nature as may be distended and stretched out accordingly as the young ones grow in their womb It hath a smooth skin without all scales The neather eye-lid covereth all the eye it hath which is very small about the head they are more light coloured then about the other parts of the
my path again A man may finde a great sort both of these and the like remedies both in Pliny Dioscorides and other concerning the hurts of Spiders but I think I have been a little too redious and you may imagine that I do nothing but Ta arachina hyphainein Aranearum telas texere That is in a frivolous matter and of small moment spend infinite and curious labour so that I had more need to crave pardon for my long discourse about this subject wherein though many things may want to the satisfaction of an afflicted and searching head yet I am sure here is enough to warrant the discharge of my good will and to repell the censure of the scrupulous Nunc imus ad illam Artificem mens nostra cui est conformis Arachnem Quae medio tenerae residens in stamine telae Qua serit eâ—rus atrox trepidot volitantibus auris Tangitur utque sono vagus illi byssus ab aestro In English thus Vnto Arachne skilfull Mistresse let us come To whom conformed seems the minde of man She sits in middest of web her tender feet upon Whiles she is â—ost with East-winde now and than She trembleth at the noyse of ratling winds As when the humming Flie hard wagging finds Of the Tame or House SPIDER ARistotle that diligent searcher and seeker out of Nature and naturall causes termeth this kinde of Spider a very gallant and excellent wise creature King Salomon himself at whose high wisdome all succeeding ages have and will admire amongst those four small Creatures which in wisdom do out-strip the greatest Philosophers reckoneth the Spider for one dwelling as he saith in Kings Courts and there devising and weaving his inimitable web The Poets faign that the Spider called Arachne was in times past a Mayden of Lydia who being instructed of Minerva in the cunning skill of Embroydery and spinning grew therein so excellent and took such a pride in the same for you must remember she was a woman that she stifly denyed facing it out in braving wise that Minerva was never her Instructer and so arrogant presumptuous she was as that she feared not to challenge her Mistresse Goddesse to work with her if she durst for her ears enter the list in all manner of Embroydery Tapestry-works and the like At which Mistresse Minerva being netled and taking the matter in dudgeon thus to be provoked and withall reprehending the mayd very sharply for her sawcinesse in a pelting chase she brake to pieces the wenches imagery work that was so curiously woven and so full of variety with her shittle The Mayd hereat being fore grleved half in despair not knowing what to doe yeelding to passion would needs hang her self But Minerva taking compassion upon her would not have her die forth with but transformed her into a Spider hanging by a fine small thred or line Atque ita vive quidem pende tamen improba dixit Lexque eadem poenae no â—is secura â—ututi Dicta tuo generi serisque 〈…〉 epolibus esto In English thus So live indeed yet hang thou womanvile She said and let the self same law of punishment Be unto thee and all thy ofspring while All kindred lasts shall not futures thee content If any be desirous to know more of this fable let him read the famous Poet Ovid who hath excellently written thereof in the sixth book of his Metamorphosis although somewhat differing from this of Pliny The Grecians besides do write as Caelius Rodoginus in his 7. book Lectionum Antiq. Chap. 16. affirmeth how that there was in the Countrey of Attica a certain man called Phalanx who had also a Sister named Arachne and when Phalanx had perfectly learned of Minerva the Military Science and all other warlike exercises and offices that belong to a Souldier and that she had likewise instructed his Sister Arachne in weaving spinning and needle-work they concluded a match between themselves but the Goddesse being much displeased with such a shamefull and incestuous marriage marring their fashion she disfigured them both into the number of creeping Creatures laying this as a just punishment upon them to be destroyed of their own young ones But it is at every mans choice to interpret these to be either fables and Canterbury tales or true historicall narrations yet most are of this minde that Arachne first invented spinning of linnen weaving and working with the needle which this mayd of Lydia first learned from the Spiders taking her first Samplers and patterns from them for imitation which no man ought to think to be strange sith the craft of playstering or working things in earth and the Art of curing the eyes was first taken from the Swallowes The Eagles have taught us Architecture and men first received the light of Phlebotomie or letting of bloud from the Hippopotamus which is a beast living in the River of Nilus having feet like an Oxe and his back and mane like a Horse with a winding tayl and tusked like a Boar. The bird of Egypt called Ibis first gave knowledge to Physitians how to use the Glyster yea Dogs Goats Harts Storks Swallowes and Weasels have taught men many medicines for many diseases To begin therefore to make an enumeration of their prayses I will declare unto you the rich vertues and externall goods of the body fortune and minde And first to begin with the good gifts of their bodies If you will weigh and consider the matter and substance of a Spiders body you shall finde it to be light partaking much of fire and ayr being two of the most noble and effectuall elements in operation and having but little earthy dragginesse and drossy refuse If you behold their figure they have either a Sphaericall and heavenly or at least wise an Ovall form which is next to the Sphaericall as being the perfectest of all other Besides their substance is thin fine glistering and subtile yea although they seem now and then to be fatted up with plenty of meat that they grow as big in bulk as a Walnut and if the learned Cardan may be credited they grow otherwhiles as great as a Sparrow yet for all that if you cast your eye on them against the light hanging in their web she glittereth and shineth on all parts like unto the Chrysolite which is a kinde of precious stone shining with a golden colour quite thorow causing a pleasant reflexion to the eyes and piercing them with singular delight The colour of a Spider is somewhat pale such as Ovid a scribeth to Lovers and when she hangeth aloft in her web with her legs wide and large spread abroad she perfectly and lively expresseth the shape and proportion of a painted Starre as if nature had intended to give and bestow on her not onely the resemblance and counterfeit similitude of heaven but also the very lustre of the Starres themselves The skin of a Spider is so soft smooth exquisite pure clean and neat that it farre surpasseth by many degrees
Exemplo monstrante viam In English thus Experience teacheth art by use of things When as example plainest way forth brings Being also beaten to powder and outwardly applyed they do close and solder up wounds and conglutinate sinews that are cut and consolidating them again in the space of seven days and to perform this cure the better Democritius adviseth to keep them in Honey The ashes of Earth-worms duly prepared cleanseth Sordious stinking and rotten Ulcers consuming and wasting away their hard lips or callous edges if it be tempered with Tar and Simblian Honey as Pliny affirmeth Dioscorides saith that the Honey of Sicilia was taken for that nf Simblia in his time Their ashes likewise draweth our Darts or Arrows shot into the body or any other matter that sticketh in the flesh if they be tempered with Oil of Roses and so applyed to the place affected The powder also cureth Kibes in the heels and Chilblanes on the hands as Marcellus testifieth for hurts that happen to the sinews when they are cut in pieces Quintus Serenus hath these verses Profuerit terrae Lumbricos indere tritos Queis vetus rancens sociari axungia debet It is good saith he to apply to sinews that are dissected The powder of Earth-worms mixed and wrought up with old rammish and unsavory Barrows grease to be put into the grief Marcellus Empiricus Besides the powder of Earth-worms and Axunger addeth further Grounswell and the tender tops of the Box-tree with Olibanum all these being made up and tempered together to make an Emplaster he counselleth to be applyed to sinews that are laid open cut asunder or that have received any puncture or suffer any pain or aking whatsoever Pliny saith that there cannot be a better medicine found out for broken bones then Earth-worms and field Mice dryed and pulverised and so mixed together with Oyl of Roses to be laid in the form of an emplaster upon the part fractured Yea to asswage and appease pain both in the joynts and in the sinews of Horses there hath not been found out a more notable Medicine as we may well perceive by the writings both of Russius Absyrtus and Didymus whereupon Cardan hath observed that all pains whatsoever may be mitigated by their apt using Carolus Clusius saith that the Indians do make an excellent unguent of Earth-worms against the disease called Erysipelas being a swelling full of heat and rednesse with pain round about commonly called S. Anthonies fire And thus it is prepared They first take Earth-worms alive feeding them either with the leaves of Moeza or else with fine Meal until by this means they grow fat afterwards boiling them in an earthen vessel remembring ever to scum the same they do strain them boyling them yet again to the consistence almost of an emplaister which if it be rightly prepared is of a yellow colour And this Medicine may well be used for any burning or scalding My purpose is not to vouch all those authorities I might concerning the admirable Nature and vertue of Earth-worms for so I think I might alledge six hundred more which is not meet to be inserted in this place I will therefore now passe to their qualities and medicinal uses for irrational creatures Pelagonius much commendeth Earth-worms as an excellent medicine for the Bots or Worms that are in Horses and in the bodies of Oxen and Kine affirming that the best way is to put them alive into their Nosthrils although without question it were far better to conveigh them into their maws by the means of some horn Tardinus adviseth to give the powder of Earth-worms with some hot flesh to Hawks when they cannot exonerate nature or how Faulkeners tearm it I know not For that saith he will loosen their bellies Moles do also feed full savorly upon them and if they fall a digging it is strange to see with what sudden hast and speed then poor Worms will issue out of the ground In like sort Hogs and Swine as Varro writeth by their turning up the mud and rooting in the earth with their snowts do by this means dig up the Worms that they may eat them Albertus Magnus saith that Toads do feed upon Worms Bellonius saith that Lizards and Tarentinus that the Sea-fish called Gryff or Grample doth greedily devour them and finally experience it self witnesseth that Frogs Eels Gudgeons Carps Breams Roches and Trowts do satisfie their hungry guts by feeding upon them Aristotle in his eight Book De Nat. Animal Cap. 3. describeth a certain Bird that liveth in the waters which Gaza interpreteth Capella though the Philosopher calleth it Aix and some have called it Vdhellus that liveth for the most part upon Worms yea Thrushes Robin-red-breasts Mun-murderers and Bramblings Hens Chaffinches Gnat-snappers Bull-finches and all sorts of Crows will feed upon them and therefore it is that there be more Crows in England then in any other Countrey in the world respecting the greatnesse because here the soil being moist and fat there is abundance of Earth-worms serving for their food as Polydorus Vurgilius in his first Book of the History of England which he dedicated to King Henry the eight hath excellently delivered The people of India if we will credit Monardus do make of these Worms divers juncats as we do Tarts Marchpanes Wafers and Cheese-cakes to eat instead of other dainties And the Inhabitants of West-India do devour them raw as Francis Lopez testifieth The people of Europe in no place that ever I heard or read of can endure them to be set on their Tables but for medicinal uses only they desire them Plautus useth in stead of a proverb this that followeth Nunc ab transenna hic turdus Lumbricum petit It is an allegory taken and borrowed from a gin or snare wherewith Birds are taken by which Chrysalus the bond-man bringing certain Letters to Nicobolus an old man signifieth and giveth warning that the weak old man was by the reading of the letter no otherwise ensnared intangled and deceived then some Birds are taken by subtile and crafty sleights For Transenna is nothing but a deceitful cord stretched out to take Birds especially Thrushes or Mavisses withall and Worms is their proper food which while they endevour to entrap they themselves are deceived and taken Surely I should not think that those Fishers and Anglers be very wise who to take Worms use to pour lye or water into the earth wherein Hemp Southern-wood Centory Worm-wood or Vervin have been long soaked or any other strange moisture causing them by this mean to issue forth out of the earth for the Earth-worms by this kinde of dealing being made more bitter unsavoury and unpleasant no fishes will once touch or tast them but rather seek to avoid them But contrarywise if they will let them lie a whole day in Wheat-meal putting a little Honey to it and then bait their hooks with them they will be so sweet pleasant and delectable as that the unwary Fish will sooner
suffer me to have the next place to our President I farther add that thou didst never oppose thy self to the many petitions or commendations that were offered by me to our most excellent Colleagues but thou didst alwaies afford me thy ear to hear me and thy hands to help me Lastly thou didst alwaies praise me being absent and as far as it was in thy power of thy own accord from the imbred motion of thy noble minde thou didst defend my good name privately wounded by the calumnies of envious men and torn by malice which is the condition of good and of the greatest Princes by that authority which thou hast amongst thy own Countreymen of what condition soever and thou wouldst not suffer this scab of backbiting to proceed any farther O most excellent Man what shall I repay unto thee who as a true Philosopher hast no desire of vain glory and such things as make a great shew and are vulgarly praised sought for and desired by other men are now esteemed base with thee My grateful minde and most full of love towards thee commands me to offer this small token to thee in testimony thereof which accept freely and willingly and suffer that by this sincere gift that wicked saying may be disanulled that men of one profession cannot endure one the other God the best and the greatest hath granted unto thee long life by a prosperous aspect of the Stars for the good of thy Citizens whose health thou hast preserved and restored by thy care for very many years effectually hitherto that posterity must justly acknowledge that thou hast lived long worthy not only of a Garland of oak but a Statue of gold also if our times would afford such honour Now thou well deserving Captain discharged by age thou Champion freed by reason of years with a token of honour thou conqueror of monsters that daily spring up with too fruitful an increase for the destruction of mankinde dwellest with thy self thy soul yet sustaining thy dry body yeelding to wasting time by degrees very easily which being defiled with no conditions of her prison sees the Hav 〈…〉 and is almost come into it thy minde being abstracted from the sad vexations of humane life and what time thou hast to spare from divine Meditations penetrating into all Nature and the secrets of things thou dost expatiate into the pleasant green Gardens of various natural Philosophy Behold here is a most exquisite Garland for thee gathered out of the most secret Orchard of our great Parent which will not only feed the eyes but will lead the singular acuteness of thy wit which thou aboundest with into her most hidden places Thou being an excellent Anatomist I beseech thee try if thou canst dissect Insects the great Stagyrite being thy guide who did not disdain to search into the parts of Animals Thou shalt finde in the little body of Bees a bottle which is the receptacle of Honey sucked from flowers and their legs loaded with Bitumen which sticks fast to make wax Also in the tail there is a horny sting full of revenging poyson that is ready to draw forth as soon as the Bee please but the King of the swarm is said to want one for there naturally belongs to the supreme power who can overthrow all when he will at his pleasure and there ought to be an imbred gentleness whence it is that Kings by their proper attribute are called Fathers and Pastors of the people In Gnats you shall observe their sounding trumpet that will suck bloud out of Animals and will draw out moisture through the joynts of the most solid wood and wine-vessels How wilt thou be pleased to see the small proboscis of Butter-flies wreathed alwaies into a spiral line after they have drawn forth nutriment from flowers their extended large wings painted by natures artificial pencil with paints cannot be imitated to which the very Rain-bow is scarse comparable Which right against the Sun a thousand colours shewes What a pleasant spectacle will this be when the artificial hands carefully and curiously guide the most sharp pen-knife and very fine instrument by direction of the sight To behold the pipe of the Grashoppers that live upon dew and the organs of the shril sound they make that in the heat of the Dog-daâ—es importunately beats upon the ears of travellers which are so framed that their concave belly is made vaulted under the Diaphragm over which is extended a cover of a thin and dry membrane like to a Drum which lets in the air by an oblique turning which being beaten by the regular and successive motion of their wings and stomach coming in at a straâ—t passage and presently dilated beating against the rough-cast wals of the hollow place and refracted makes a sound To see the horns of the great Beetles that are like to Stags horns and with sharpest points are able to make wounds and the muscles that move them and tye them on exceeding fast The Rhinoceros is of the kinde of great Beetles The swelling purse which is the matter of the silk and is wound back again into many turnings by Silk-worms which are chief of all Caterpillers of divers forms and colours in which after the time destinated for the concoction of their food which is gathered chiefly from Mulberry-leaves a tenacious glew or jelly is reserved untill such time as their ventricle swelling and nature affecting to attain her end the Worm by degrees belcheth forth her spittle the thred whereof growing firm by the air which is provided to make garments for great men this little creature dispenseth through her very narrow claws and spinning with the motion of her head and of half her body with the kembing of it by the help of her forefeet she first disposeth it for the strengthning of her clew of yarn and after that upon her own sepulchre where she must receive her transmutation How the Spider thrusts out her excrements by her lower parts of her body which is drawn forth into a web of which she poor creature frames-nets with great labour which are necessary to sustain her life and with her long legs that end in sharp clawes she knits them into knots being continually obnoxious to repair her work In the uppermost cases of the green Locusts which feed upon hedges there are two scales that are hard as horn the mutual rubbing together whereof by the ministration of the air beaten with their softer wings make a very sharp sound The head of all of this kinde is armed their hinder legs are hard dry long by the vehement thrusting whereof against some firm object with the help of their most strong tendons they will cast their body a great way being equally ballanced and is heavy enough for the proportion of it like an arrow coming forth of a bow as it happens to Fleas that leap with a huge force But which is yet more besides their pincers which are as sharp as keen rasors where is a direct
passage from their mouth to their tail the pylorus is compassed 〈…〉 out with toothed bars that answer one the other with a thorny gomphosis wherewith they destroy whole fields with devouring fore-teeth like chizels and grinde them as it were in a mill and very suddenly they void it forth again their hunger never ceases until the vile creatures have consumed whole Countreys which God is angry with divine revenge commanding them and brings to nought that people who ridiculously threaten heaven with destruction You shall see the sharp spears that arm the mouth of the Spiders Phalangia and by the small wounds they make a strange venome enters and penctrates into the center of the body and sticks fast to the deepest marrow lasting so long in the subject that receives it as the cruel beast lives and is exasperated periodically at certain hours troubling the phantasie of the persons wounded which is abated with colours objected like to this Spider yet it ceaseth not to rage until musick causeth them to dance and provokes them to sweat abundantly whereby the paroxysm is dissolved which the day following returns at the same hour You shall behold the internal fire of Glow-worms fastned to their tails and the torches of the Indian Cocuia that shines in the night and overcomes Cimmerian darkness And moreover if you take lenticular optick Glasses of crystal for though you have Lynx his eyes these are necessary in searching after Atoms you will admire to see the dark red colour of the Fleas that are curasheers and their back stiffe with bristles their legs rough with hair and between two foreyards there stands a hollow trunk to torture men which is a bitter plague to maids and is the greatest enemy to humane rest especially when that men would sleep You shall see the eyes of the Lice sticking forth and their horns their body crannied all over their whole substance diaphanous and through that the motion of their heart and bloud as if it floted in Euripus There will appear to thee the flat bodies of the petulant Crab-lice with their grapples wherewith they perpetually lance mans skin between the hair with their mouth and stick on faster than Cockles do to the rocks Also little Hand-worms which are indivisible they are so small being with a needle pickt forth of their trenches neer the pools of water which they have made in the skin and being laid upon ones nail will discover by the Sun-light their red heads and feet they creep withall And if from the inspection of parts you will recal your minde to consider the generation and beginning of Insects and will weigh the various transmutations which they undergoe as of Worms into Flies of Catterpillers the several species whereof have their original from the corruption of several vegetables into Chrysallides that shine as if leaves of gold were laid upon them and Butterflies whose egges again produce an off-spring like Worms Nature acting successively in a circle and constantly by a perpetual motion running back into her self you will doubtless enter upon a large field of Philosophy concerning three Kingdoms of the universal spirit the Vegetable Animal and Mineral equally penetrating replenishing and governing and upon the power and activity of it introducing divers forms into beings that pertain to each of them according to the disposition of the matter also the commerce of all sublunary bodies amongst themselves will exercise your contemplation which though oft times they seem to fight one against the other face to face yet they agree in one and from one the other all and each of them borrow something And if Animals and Plants be transmuted why should that be denied to Metals which thing many genuine Ministers and legitimate helpers of Nature boast and not without reason that they can do it by Art and that only by removing of impediments and by a convenient application together of actives and passives which being done the Philosopher leaves the whole work to Nature only which by a gentle outward heat being helped without too much haste doth raise up an internal fire which is the Workmaster of the Elixir that must procure health and riches that I may hisse out Asses who triumphing in the Lions skin erect a tumultuous and confused furniture in their Laboratories and dig forth all things under ground from the very bottoms of Mines and melt them in the fire being desirous to make trial of their own dreams Their Patrimonies they together pack Plying their hidden work with Coles full black When they have spent and labour'd all in vain Nothing they finde nothing they seek again But passing over these blowers of the Ashes if you be pleased to reason deeper concerning Insects you shall finde what will exercise you in the Monarchical government of Bees the Democratical of Ants and the oeconomical providence of them both of that in gathering and laying up Wax and Hony of this in replenishing her granaries and biting asunder the grains of corn◠at that end where they spring forth lest the provision which is gathered with hard labour and laid up for winter by the force of an imbred heat in their work-house under ground which is hot whilest the Winter lasts should corrupt being spoyled by a sudden production and a plague arising together with a famine overspreading should destroy the whole nest Nor can you lightly pass over the Architecture in framing the cells in the combs of wax mathematically to an exact Hexagon in the hollow places of a Wasps nest in the various chambers of the Ant-hill and winding Meanders in the joyning together whereof he saw granaries chambers hospitals places of burial besides the innumerable endowments of these indefatigable creatures their functions and labours and he could not admire or praise them sufficiently who had spent a long time in the contemplation of them thinking it a work worth his pains his whole life past being employed in this negligent and very idle business Silk-worms all Caterpillars and Spiders shew their art in spinning making snares for Flies and pitching their nets to provide themselves victuals The Wood-worms practise graving with the rasp of their mouthes piercing into the timber Ants and Bees amongst other Insects will teach men piety toward old men tired sick men and their own children Oyl Beetles sacred to Apollo will teach them to love their off-spring who never cease for 28 daies to rowl up and down a dung-pil which is the receptacle of their seed from East to West following the Suns motion until it be fit to hide in the ground for the production of their young after the space of a Lunar moneth which nature hath assigned for the forming and excluding of this Worm which shall at length become a Fly Here take notice that the male hath a prolifick seed without help of the female and can generate by it self putrefaction of fit matter interceding in a convenient matrix though it be not animal But that which crowns all the
to be gravelled here and I seldom went to those that were Artists of words Also for a time I was detained by examining the causes of Insects which being unknown the History can neither be well pen'd nor rightly conceived Moreover friends checkt me and that sharply that I did but rough-cast another mans building as though I were one who sought for the Garland in every business and thirsted after glory more than it was fit for me They said moreover that since some worthy honest and profitable end must be propounded to every business that is rightly undertaken yet none of these was to be found in these imperfect creatures but I should lose my time charge and labour exceedingly By these hinderances I was as it were made fast to an anchor and left off for a short time to sail any farther and some-times taking up my pen sometimes casting it away again I was in divers mindes until that certain reasons allayed these florings of my thoughts and did again kindle as it were a desire in me to hoise up sail again I opposed against the difficulty of the work the desire of attempting things that were very difficult remembring that for nine years Troy seemed to be impregnable but was taken in the tenth year it was beleaguered As for the dignity of the style I was perswaded that men of a sound judgement would not consider how neatly but how well I discovered the nature of Insects for however some mens vain wits desire much affected eloquence yet those that esteem of things soberly altogether reject it I put off the ignorance of the causes with the answer of Theophrastus who though he sunk under his too earnest enquiring after them in plants yet he did not conceal so profitable a History It shall suffice us to have measured the causes by humane capacity and mete-yard for as it is the part of an ambitious man to promise a certain knowledge of them which is only in God so to have no knowledge of them at all is the part of a beast The example of Galen took away from me the fourth scruple I had who though he added to Hippocrates but a few things except the grace of Oratory and did only open that way of Physick which he had set down yet is he so placed in the second rank amongst Physicians that many think him worthy to have the first Which thing I have not only done in this book I am willing to speak the truth concerning my own work but I have inserted intire Histories and above a hundred and fifty pictures which Gesner and Pennius knew not I have mended the method and language and I have put out above a thousand tautologies trivial matters and things unseasonably spoken for I have had regard to the squemish stomachs of men of this nauseattng age that not only loathe Coleworts twice sod but even Ambrosia twice set upon the table Notwithstanding how small soever this my pains may appear for it cannot be thought no pains he that shall make trial in something of this nature he will rightly perceive my labour and will of his own accord take heed how he go to repair old and decayed houses with new matter it had been better to have written a new History than to have mended this which was fo tattered and confused As for vain glory I desire it may be as far from me as I wish the light of this History may be near to you I confess that not to love honour is contrary to mine and all humane nature yet so that I hold boasting to be amongst the greatest vices and I equally reject foolish estentation in small matters Socrates Plato Hippocrates have taught us better who in their times both writ many things and were exceeding far from the ambition of glory I know not whether they are to be numbred amongst men most desirous of honour who publishing nothing of their own make unlearned men to conceive of them that they abound with hidden learning as if they were like bottles forsooth that were so full that they drop very slowly or not at all I shall add this concerning the dignity of this History of Insects lest we should think God made them in vain or we describe them that in the universal world there is nothing more divine than these except Man For however in shew they are most abject and sordid yet if we look more nicely into them they will appear far otherwise than they promise in the bare outside It oft times comes into my minde saith Gallisardus to think of our Italians who commonly admire vehemently things notable for magnitude or new and unusual but things obvious in all places and that are very small they despise yet if they look exactly to the matter it will be easie to observe that the divine force and power shew themselves more effectually in mean things and they are far more miraculous than those things the world with open mouth respects so much and admires If any man bring from far the wonderful Bittour Elephant Crocodile there is no men but runs quickly to see that because it is a new thing and unusual and when they have leave to see them as much as they will they only wonder at their greatness colour and such things as fall under the apprehension of their senses But no man regards Hand-worms Worms in Wine Earwigs Fleas because they are obvious to all men and very small as if they were but the pastimes of lascivious and drunken Nature and that she had been sober only in making those huge and terrible beasts Nor is this vice peculiar to the Italians only but it is common to the English and to all mankinde who that they may see those large beasts that carry towers the African Lion the huge Whale the Rhinoceros the Bear and Bull take sometimes a long journey to London and pay money for their places on the scaffold to behold them brought upon the stage yet where is Nature more to be seen than in the smallest matters where she is entirely all for in great bodies the workmanship is easie the matter being ductile but in these that are so small and despicable and almost nothing what care how great is the effect of it how unspeakable is the perfection as Pliny saith Do you require Prudence regard the Ant Do you desire Justice regard the Bee Do you commend Temperance take advice of them both Do you praise valour see the whole generation of Grashoppers Also look upon the Gnat a little Insect not worth speaking of that with her slender hollow nose will penetrate so far into the thick skin of the Lion that thou canst hardly or not at all thrust a sword or javelin in so far A man hath need of steel to bore into oaks which the Wood-warm eats hollow with her teeth as the sound can testifie and as if she had Polycletus his graving instrument she carves out seales But if I would relate the skill
stormy weather they carry a stone to poise and ballance their light bodies lest the impetuous violence of the wind should drive them from their houses and therefore we need not give credit to Lucian that they ought to be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 footlesse creatures They do not breath by Pliny's favour but pant and are refreshed by transpiration Their stomach is framed of the most thin membrane wherein they not only conserve and keep their collected honey but concoct and purifie it which is the reason that Bees honey may be kept longer then any Manna or aerial body or rather is altogether incorruptible as we will shew hereafter Aristotle 9. Hist cap. 10. saith that there are nine kindes of Bees six whereof are sociable and do live together as Bees the Kings of Bees Drones Wasps Hornets Moths Also three solitary and insociable the greater Siren the lesser Siren and the Bumble-Bee of which kinde Simius Albertus does reckon up nine but gives them such harsh and barbarous names that it seems he rather faigned them than knew them Lib. 8. tract 4. cap. 2. But Bees do differ and are distinguished in regard of their matter form wit disposition and office and these are all their genuine and natural differences which I have collected out of infinite Authors Concerning their matter if we may credit the curious searchers into the works of nature some of them are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Lions brood others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Bulls brood and some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Oxe brood and some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Calves brood But the best and noblest bees are generated and bred out of the Lion and the Kings and Princes of them do derive their pedegree and descent from the brain of the Lion being the most excellent part of his body it is no wonder therefore if they proceeding and coming from so generous a stock do assail the greatest beasts and being endued with a Lion-like courage do fear nothing The noblest Bees next unto these are those that are generated out of the Bull being also a strong and valiant beast the excellency both of their disposition and bodies being equal to their stock and pedegree The next are the Cow-Bees or Oxe-Bees which are indeed very industrious laborious and profitable but of a milder disposition and lesse inclinable to anger The Calves carkasse doth generate more soft and tender Bees excellent makers of honey but not able to endure labour in regard of their tendernesse and in regard of the weaknesse of their matter short lived Some also do write that Bees may be bred out of their own ashes sprinkled with honey and laid forth in the sun or some warm place which sort may be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Self-begetters Bees of the best shape are small variously coloured round and bending the worser shaped are long The difference of their formes and shapes ariseth from four causes Nature place sexe and age For some are domestick or house Bees others are wilde or wood Bees these delight in the familiarity and company of men but not the other which do exercise themselves in making honey in trees clefts and crannies of the earth and in the rubbidge of old houses and walls Again some of the tame and gentler sort of Bees do live in pleasant gardens decked and beautified with all sorts of flowers these are great soft fat and large bellied others are kept in villages going far for their food and feed on flowers they light upon by chance The lesser more hairy yet for their work industry and skill they exceed the other Of both kindes some are bred with stings as all true Bees are and others without stings as the bastard Bees which have a greater and softer belly throat and body but not famous either for manners or ingenuity They call this kinde of Bee the Drone because they seem to be laborious and are not or because under the colour of labour for they sometimes carry wax and diligently fashion their combs they devour the honey And these are of a black shining colour and larger bodied Moreover some bees are descended from their Kings and Dukes whereof Aristotle maketh two kindes The yellow which is the best and the black streaked Others do reckon three Kings differing in colours black red and spotted or streaked Menecrates doth report that the divers coloured are an inferior sort of Bees but those streaked and diversified with black are the better All of them are twice as big as other Bees He that is elected Monarch or King of the whole Swarm is alwaies of an excellent shape and twice as big as any of the rest his wings are shorter his thighs straight and strong his gate loftier his aspect more stately and majestical and on his forhead a white spot like a shining Diadem or Crown differing much from vulgar Bees in regard of his shining colour But the place doth alter sometimes their form and sometimes their nature sex also and age do change them in both respects For in the Molucco Islands Bees are like to winged Ants but some-what lesser than the greater sort as Maximilianus Transylvanus in his Epistle to the Bishop of Salispurg eloquently relateth In America near the Rivers of Vasses and Plate the Bees are not like ours being no bigger than those small flies which trouble us in summer they build their nests in hollow trees and they make far greater combs and fuller of holes the end or tip of their wings as Oviedus and Thevetus relate seem to be bitten or cut off in the middle whereof they have a white spot and they have no offensive stings The wax which they make is of a duskish pitchy colour and they are for the most part evil conditioned Aristotle lib. 5. hist cap. 22. mentioneth a certain kinde of Bee that is of a soft industrious nature which maketh honey twice in a moneth being of a gentle pleasing disposition and busied only in making of honey Such there are also in the Countrey of Peru which do make a soft and melting kinde of honey which do stop their doors so close with wax that they leave but a very small hole for their ingresse or egresse But almost all our Bees in Europe are of a blackish colour not so much in regard of the easie concoction of thin substance than that they seem to be of a grosser diet and of a thicker composure and therefore the thicker matter doth remain within the skin which the Bees of Peru and Pontus by reason of their thin skins and the finenesse of their dewy nourishment do easily thrust forth unlesse that be the cause we must ascribe the variety of colour to wanton nature as we do for white bears and white black-birds which seeing she her self is various and of many shapes it is no wonder since she delights in variety of colours that she hath not made all Bees of
one colour The kindes of common Bees as Columella observes out of Aristotle are thus distinguished some are great round black hairy others are lesse round of a dark colour rough hair there are yet others lesse than they and not so round but more fat of a straw colour on their sides there are some least of all very slender sharp whose bellies are various coloured from yellow and very small But the blackish are most to be approved of that are very little round lively shining gentle having if we credit Virgil Their bodies shine with equall spots of gold The greater Bees are and fatter or longer the worse they are and if they be fierce and waspish they are worst of all But their anger is pacified by the daily company of their keeper and they are made more tame with the only tinckling of brasse The Bees called Chalcoides in Crete are of a brazen colour and something long and are said to be very implacable and given to fighting exceeding all others in their stings and pricking more fiercely so that they have driven the Citizens out of the Towns by their stings And Aelian out of Antenor relates that in the Mount Ida the remainder of that race dwell and make their combs Such are also the Bees at Carthagena like to Muskitos Pausanias writes in Atticis that Bees are so gentle in Halizomus that they go forth to feed amongst men and wander where they please for they are shut up in no hives wherefore they make their works every where and that so fast that you cannot part the honey from the wax They are smooth shining of variable colours and not unlike to our good Bees Lastly since all Bees are by nature void of poyson yet the place causeth the long Bees and the distaffe fashioned about Carthagena in America to make venomous honey where they collect honey that is infected with the contagion of trees winds air and earth it self and be it what it will be they lay it up in their cellars Also Bees subterrestrial have another form and nature For those that work in hives and trees are greater longer softer better wing'd more yellow on their backs and bellies But they that are under the earth build in little holes and are short compacted with black heads and foresails hairy almost on their whole body a yellow down colour on their sides and rump and that doth much adorn them Of Bees some finde themselves houses in woods some are received into houses made of straw or horn some civil and well nurtured Bees who will not refuse the care of the Bee-master who hath skill but will much love and delight in it The prince of Philosophers confounds the sex of Bees but most writers distinguish it some say the females are the greater and without stings others say they are lesse and have stings The sounder Philosophers whose opinion I follow acknowledge no males but their chief leaders which are more strong greater more able and alwaies stay at home for propagation and seldome go forth but with the whole swarm whom nature hath commanded to be frequent in Venus occasions and ordained them to stay alwaies at home with their females Experience witnesseth that these do foster their young as birds do very diligently and sit upon them and thrust forth their young Bees when the membrane is broken The differences of their Ages are known by the habit of their body for those that are new come forth have most thin and trembling wings those that are a year old as also of two or three years old are very bright neat and are of the likenesse and colour of oyl but at seven years old they lay aside all fatnesse and smoothnesse nor can any one tell certainly by their figure and quality of their skin and body as it useth to be with horses how old they are The elder of them are hairy hard full of wrinkles lean rough to your â—ight and feeling long starveling and noted by a venerable kinde of hoarinesse And this was shewed to the Dutchesse of Somerset when I was a youth under whose chamber window there was the very same hive of Bees that had been there 30 years and this justifies Aelians relation of the same kinde But as they appear more ugly in form so are they before the rest in industry and experience for years have taught them skill and by length of time and practise they know better how to gather and make honey CHAP. II. Of the Politick Ethick and Oeconomick virtues of Bees BEES are swayed by soverainty not tyranny neither do they admit of a King properly so called by succession or by lot but by due advice and circumspect choice and though they willingly submit to regall authority yet so as they retain their liberty because they still keep their Prerogative of Election and when their King is once made sure to them by oath they do in a principal manner love him He as he doth excell all the rest in portliness and feature of body as is above said so likewise which is the chief thing in a Prince in gentlenesse of behaviour For although he hath a sting as others yet he never useth it to punish withall insomuch that some have thought that the King is without a sting For their law is the law of nature not written but imprinted in their manners and they are yet more gentle in punishing because they have the greater power and although they seem somewhat slow in revenging private wrongs yet suffer they not the refractory and rebels to go unpunished but wound and stab them with their stings So desirous they are of peace that neither with their wills nor against do they offer any annoyance Who would not then utterly abhorre the Diobysian Tyrants in Sicily Clearchus in Heraclea Apollodorus the Cassandrian Robber Who would not detest the villany of those close Parasites to Kings who affirm that Monarchy is no other but the means how to accomplish or satisfie the will and a device how to maintain lust that which ought to be far from a vertuous Prince lest while he would seem to be a man he betray himself to be worse then these little winged beasts And as their manner of life is not pedantick or according to the vulgar sort so neither is their birth For the royal Race is not begotten a little worm at the first as the Bees are but presently able to fly And if he chance to finde amongst his young ones any one that is a fool unhandsome hairy of an angry disposition ill shapen or naturally ill conditioned by the unanimous consent of the rest he gives order to put him to death lest his souldiery should be disordered and his subjects being drawn into faction should be destroyed He sets down a way to the rest gives order what they shall do some commands to fetch water others to make honey-combs within to build them up and garnish them othersome to go and get in
or artificial Simple and natural Wax is the thicker part of the combs that contains the honey and it is either virgins wax or of a second sort virgins wax is that the younger swarms of Bees make from the young branches of flowers That is the first Swarm put into a new Hive For so as Aristotle and Hollerius testifie the Bee-masters call it which they diligently separate from the first and new combs as being by nature the most perfect of all the second sort though they reject not yet is it short of the other for esteem and worth The way they make wax is this They creep upon the flowers first with their fore-feet and they touch them but lightly then they wipe and rub themselves in the middle of them then they nimbly and artificially lay down the tincture of the flowers which they have wrought with their water or moisture and compacted between the legs of their hinder feet and having gathered as much in quantity and in form like a lentil when they have this burden they carry it home to their houses That matter is of divers colours for the nature of the flowers as yellow red pale saffron coloured white black which is the cause that the wax is of so many colours they make wax saith Pliny of all flowers and plants except sorrel and arrach Artificial wax is that to which our labour and art must be used Divers Authors use divers waies to make wax Palladius in the month of July takes out the natural wax which he first prepares softly in a brass vessel full of boyling water cutting the combs small and after that in other vessels he makes it up into forms being melted Pliny takes another way The wax is made when the honey is pressed forth but first they are cleansed with water that no reliques of honey remain and he dries them three daies in the dark or in the shade The fourth day he melts them at the fire in a new earthen pot the water covering them and then he strains them through a basket again the wax is boyled in the same pot and in the same water and other cold water is put to it so often as you see the vessels smeered about with honey Columella goes this way After that the remainders of the combs are diligently washed with clear water the honey having been first well strained out they are cast into a brasse pan then he put water to them and melted them at the fire then he powred the wax through straw or rushes to strain it and then he boyled it again as he did before and then putting water to it he made it of what form he pleased and when it grew hard it was easie to take it forth because the wax hath water under it that will not let the wax stick to the forms Now wax differs two waies for goodness and for use The best wax is collected by the principal Bees and is so wrought by the best artists that it may appear white tender handsome all like it self pure somewhat fat well sented without nerves or skins hairs or any superfluous matter Such as Nonius Marcellus describes out of Varro for Tarentine wax made by the Bees or Miletus Wax is so much the more depraved the farther it is from these good signs The use of wax is twofold for physick or for other matters what concerns physick wax is a mean between hot and moist cold and dry and emollient It hath some gross parts and that stopt it not only dries but seems by accident to moisten by hindring transpiration Hence it is the matter of other medicaments But by it self it digests lightly being laid outwardly for it hath a little discussing hot faculty of which it partakes as much as honey doth In drink it cures the dysentery ten grains of wax swallowed so big as millet seeds will not suffer milk to clodder in Nurses breasts Dioscorid Aetius bids to give it in the bigness of three Tares A certain Anonymus prescribes this remedy against pains of the head and malignant humours arising from a Feaver or any other cause Take virgins wax what you please soften it at the fire that you may work it at your pleasure lay it as a cap on the shorn head of the patient and upon that put on a linnen cap that it fall not off After three daies lay it off or use it so long till you finde the pain gone Put wax into the hollow tooth that akes and with a hot probe touch it Archigenes Wax applyed to the nerves and tendons being bare will cover them with flesh and cure them Aetius For the cold pain of the joynts Take a clout dipt in melted wax lay it handsomely and as closely on as the sick can endure it for one night and it will cure it Galenus Moreover it is good to anoint the ears with Bears grease and Buls tallow and melted wax Marcellus You may discuss corns in the eyelids with a fomentation of white wax Gal. ex Archigen No man that is not an enemy of truth will deny but that oyl of wax is of principal use to cure pains of the Gout to soften hard swellings and to heal wounds and ulcers Also it is mingled as Galen witnesseth to the medicament of Asclepias against an Ozena and it is a certain cure for the Jaundies A certain Lady of most blessed memory wonderfully recommended these pills to Gesner Take the yolk of an egge boyled hard and as much wax with some grains of saffron and syrup of worm-wood Make pills to take morning and evening They cause thirst exceedingly but being continued by degrees without drink they root out the disease Also a ball is made of wax to keep up the womb subject to fall down and medicaments made up with it will last the longer Clodius the follower of Asclepias The Greeks were wont to give the Cyrenian juice wrapt up in wax to swallow it the better Celius Aurel. It is also the ground of all Cerats and Plaisters Myrepsus was the first that made a plaister without wax It not only preserves the living but it keeps the dead also from putrefaction for which cause as now it is used by us to wrap up persons of great fortunes in wax as Strabo reports the Persians were wont to do By a waxen probe hollow ulcers are best to be searched The Carthaginian wax is the best for medicaments the next is the Pontick which is very yellow and smells like honey being very pure Pliny Which thing I wonder at amongst honey that is venomous the third in esteem is from Crete which is from abundance of Bee-glew the last is the Corsick wax because it is collected from box it is thought to have a physical quality Now followes the use of Wax otherwise They that are rich or sick or great men desire their candles to be made of it by reason of the sweet smell Also the use of wax is not small in stopping the chinks in
Wasp hath but stinging so deadly and with such force that it leaves the weapon in the wound As a remedy to this Nicander commends the Pine tree Gum and the unctuous honey of the Tenthredo Parmeni in his Iambicks makes mention of this creature which in the time of vintage useth to eat the ripe Grapes Another of this sort is found in Assyria but of greater bulk Some of them build their nests spire wise out of clay like to glasse or salt fastening them to a stone or such like thing but so hard and thick that you can scarse pierce them with a dart For these they lay and bring forth little white worms covered over with a black membrane in another membrane they make wax in clay much paler in colour and in greater plenty than the Bees So Aristotle and Pliny Who indeed were very sparing in their relations concerning the Tenthredo Bombyx and Humble Bee either because their nature was not so well known to the generality of the Grecians or rather because they themselves were not so well vers'd in their History They are of little or no use Insomuch that the Greeks use to call an idle unprofitable man 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. a man no better than a Humble Bee for such is this kinde of Bee even of no use at all Neverthelesse one Antisocraticus to shew his wit hath taken a great deal of pains to set forth the commendations of it A cup with a wide mouth making a great noise as they drank was in great request with the Ancients that so not only the brain might be intoxicated with the liquor but the ears also with the greatnesse of the noise They breed under stones hard to the ground they build their nests sometimes with two doors sometimes with three in which there is found a beginning of a certain course Honey and that as Albertus relates and Pennius saw not of any great quantity who once found so much as he could scarse hold in three handfuls The English Humble Bees have not all stings only some few of them but those that have do sting grievously the honey they make is not very sweet and withall some what waterish They fasten their wax as the Bees do to their hinder legs they couple tail to tail in the mean while holding fast by some plant or tree they continue long in the act of venery and all the time clapping with their wings they make a harsh noise as if they were singing a Bridal song CHAP. X. Of Flyes IN Hebrew Zebub in Arabick Dubene Aldubel in Illyrian Muscha in Spanish and Italian Mosca in French Mousche in High Dutch Flieg m' uck in Low Dutch Vliegh mugge in English a Fly from flying or scaping away for it signines both in Scottish Flee in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to suck deeply or to mutter the Fly doth both Latine Musca Not as proceeding from Muscus Moss as some do fondly dream but from Musculus a muscle for taking off his wings you shall see that his head is full of shewes his body soft his tail tendinous Hence the diminutive muscula in Boethius who thus elegantly cries out Quid homine imbecillius quem morsus muscularum necat VVhat so frail as man whom the smallest Fly is able to bite to death Now the frame both of its body and minde we describe thus out of Lucian and others The great Fly is the least of winged Insects insomuch that it may be compared to the least Fly or Flee only he is so much bigger than they as the Bee is bigger than he It hath wings not such as other things that flie have but made of little skins as the Locusts Grashoppers and Bees are but a very great deal softer as an Indian Garment is softer than those of Greece If any man observe the Fly when he opens his wings in the Sun he may perceive them painted with variety of colours as the Peacocks are He doth not slie straight forward as the Bats do nor skipping as the Locusts nor making a noyse as the VVasp but winding in and out to what part of the air soever he pleaseth to move himself Neither doth he flie quietly and in silence but with singing and melody not so hard hearted and cruel as the gnat or little Flyes not as Bees and Wasps with a grave harshnesse making a horrible and terrible murmuring yea so far doth the Fly exceed all these in sweetness of sound as he flieth as the small Pipe doth the Trumpet and Cymbal or as still musick is sweeter then the loud He hath a very little head bound to his neck turning every way not compacted and fastened to his shoulders as the Locusts is His eyes stand out very much shining as if set in horn His breast is very firm and well compacted He hath six feet growing out of his body not as the Wasps fast bound or tyed to it he goeth only with four of them the other two so emost serve in stead of hands as you see him commonly go upon four feet in the other two holding up something or other that he hath gotten to feed on to his mouth as men do and as we do His belly is slender answerable to his breast having broad girdles and scales He doth not sting with a sting as the Bee and the Wasp do but with his mouth and snout like the Elephant and he eats and takes up things with it and sticking in a concave vessel he holds it in the top of his snout out of this comes forth a tooth with which he pricks o◠bites he drinks nothing but milk and bloud the which he draws forth of those he stings with very little or no pain at all but only with a kinde of titillation or tickling The light like Truth he doth exceedingly rejoyce in and doth behave himself honestly therein and civilly Yea the Fly doth so covet the light that many times with the Spider or Spinner he loseth his life for his pains at night he goes to rest as honest folk use to do and makes no noise He does nothing in the dark counting it unbeseeming for him to do any thing privately or to be guilty of that fact which if done in the light would be a disgrace and disparagement to him I can assure you it is no little understanding that he hath also whereby he doth escape the wiles of his treacherous enemy the Spider for he marks him as he lies in wait for him and looks upon him and so declines his force lest he should be taken in his net and be destroyed I must not speak of his prowesse and valour for in that he may seem to surpasse man himself Homer the Prince of Poets when he did endevour to set forth and commend the gallantry of the bravest noble man doth not compare his strength to that of the Lion Leopard wilde Boar or the like but to the undaunted courage and confidence of
worms as the Hen doth eggs which afterwards by a strange Metamorphosis are again changed into Flyes Although Pliny contrary to experience doth without ground affirm that nothing else doth arise out them Very rightly Scaliger saith that the Flyes at first do generate Insects unlike themselves but yet in a capacity of becoming the same that is to say white little worms which afterwards being made like to Flies have eyes hanging down by their sides in reference to whose likeness there is a kinde of disease in the eye called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. headed like a Fly Now a great number of Flyes if not the more part of them arise from dung whence I have seen them to come perfect where before they were begun But in this kinde of generation we must note that Flyes are not immediately procreated of dung but of the little worms proceeding of digested dung as the Philosopher writes in these words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. Which Gaza translateth thus Muscae ex vermiculis fimi digesti in partes gignuntur c. In English thus Flyes are begotten of dung digested into parts therefore they that desire to meddle in this businesse strive to distinguish the dung that is not digested from that is mingled with that which is digested Now these worms at the first are exceeding small afterwards begin to be red then as yet without motion as it were cleaving by fibres they begin to move then they become unmovable worms afterwards they move again then become they again to be without motion and in conclusion by the assistance of air and sun there is begotten a living Fly Arist here as it seems spake rather from others observation than his own skill For neither those worms that are generated by copulation nor those which are bred of putrefaction are subject to so many metamorphoses or transmutations before they are transformed into Flyes For they only grow to such a bignesse afterwards are turned into a Nymph or young Fly and so lie still then at a certain time appointed by Nature the Nymph groweth to be a Fly Neither are Flies begotten of dung only but of any other filthy matter putrefied by heat in the summer time and after the same way spoken of before as Grapaldus and Lonicerus have very well noted But yet the question would be whether Flyes are not immediately generated of putrefaction and not of those worms For experience witnesseth that there are a certain kinde of Flies which are begotten in the back of the Elm Turpentine-tree Wormwood and so perchance in other herbs and plants without any preceding vermiculation or being turned into little worms first So that Scaliger that angelical man and the most learned of this Age writeth thus of their original Peradventure saith he they may seem not to arise from putrefaction but from some certain principles changed as from some kind of liquid gum or from some other matter concocted by Nature for this end Now whether concoction can be without putrefaction there is the scruple Each part of mans body hath its conveyance for the expurgation of its excrements called in Latine Emunctoria But whether a living creature may be the excrement of a creature that never had life let others determine here my sight fails me or rather I am altogether blind A third way how Flyes are begotten Sir Tho. Knivett an English man and of singular learning did first of all inform Pennius of and it was thus The corrupted body of a Caterpillar or a little bruised is converted into an imperfect Aurelia then from that not a Butterfly but three black eggs are cast out that are somewhat long fashioned from whence proceed ordinary Flyes or others like to them and some times the Aurelia being putrefied neither Butterfly nor eggs come forth of it but white worms sometimes one sometimes many come forth whence are generated very small Flyes The which famous observations of natural History truth it self doth enjoyn us to acknowledge received from the foresaid Knight for no man before him did ever observe the like Peter Martyr in his 3 Decad. and 6 Book reports that he saw drops of sweat falling from the fingers of labourers turned into Flyes and so they write that in the marshy Countrey of Paria by reason of the contagiousnesse and venemous quality of the air the drops that fall from the hands of the labourers do bring forth Toads But whether it be done immediately or mediately by some worm out of which the Fly should break forth he doth not shew In the year 766. before the Nativity of Christ Rivallus then being K. of Britains there were showres of bloud three daies together very great very many from whence came abundance of Flyes and so poysonous that with their stings they killed a great number of people so saith the English History Now the Fly for the most part is not at the first a Fly but a worm proceeding either from the dead corpses of men or the carkasses of other creatures then it gets feet and wings and so becomes of a creeping creature a flying and begets a little worm which afterwards becomes a Fly Take off the head of a Fly yet the rest of his body will have life in it yea it will run leap and seem as it were to breath Yea when it is dead and drowned with the warmth of the sun and a few ashes cast upon it it will live again being as it were anew made and a fresh life put into it insomuch that Lucians disciples were perswaded and did verily beleeve that the soul of them was indeed immortal Forasmuch as it goes and comes it owns its own body and raiseth it up so that it drinketh eateth wipes its head and eyes makes clean its snout rubs its shanks and legs claps its wings and flies verifying the opinion of Plato concerning the immortality of the soul and the fable concerning Hermotimus Clazomenius whose soul would often go out of hi◠body wander up and down a great way by it self and afterwards would return into the body replenish and raise it up again Some will put drowned Flyes into warm Ashes or warm Bran and in a quarter of an hour fostering them in their hands and breathing on them they will bring them to life again CHAP. XI Of the divers kindes of Flies THere is a great deal of difference amongst Flies whether you respect the matter or form of them Some of them come from themselves by way of copulation as hath been said others from some ascititious or external matter such are they that are bred in Dung Apples Oaks Beans c. In regard of their form or shape some have two wings others four with horns or without some short some long some have round tails others sharp or piked hairy and without hairs in a word they vary in colour shape bigness according to the nature of the Countrey they live in or the putrefied matter whereof they are made I
shels of the Canker-worm covered with earth The day Flies from their Aureliae either hanging upon or sticking unto the boughs of trees They are for the most part rough and as it were dusty flying in the dark very tender these on the other side flying in the day light are more plain smooth even and have no dust upon them They fly seldome in the day but toward the close of the evening lest the dust that is upon them being dryed by the heat of the Sun and drowth should shake off being never used to be wet with rain But these are not able to fly by night lest the night dew should wet them quite through and hinder both their flight and their health wherefore in rainy weather and all night they shrowd themselves under the leaves and never fly abroad but in clear and fair weather The Phalenae are no lesse affected with the candle than these with the day-light wherefore these rejoyce at the day-star that is to say the Sun but those at the night-star to wit the Moon and Stars and candle-light resembling somewhat the nature splendor and glimmering light of the Stars The second Phalenae of the first magnitude as it is somewhat lesse in bulk of body than the former so it far excels it in the gloss and splendor of colours as if Nature in adorning of this had spent her whole painters shop and had intended the former for the King of Butterflies that is to say strong valiant blackish freckled and this for the Queen delicate tender fine all beset with pearls and precious stones and priding it self in embroidery and needle-work her body downy like Geese something smooth and hairy like Martens or Sable skins the head little great eyes standing out two cornicles like feathers of a yellow or boxie colour she hath four great wings every one of them having eyes of divers colours the apple whereof is black the circle or roundle next to it of various colours with yellow flame-like white and black coloured circles and semicircles The outer wings from their original to their extremities are whitish beautified with certain little veins and specks the edges whereof are adorned with a welt or guard and a hem of dunnish or dark yellow colour the inner wings brown or tawny having one eye apiece as the former with a three-fold border the first whereof is plain the middlemost part gosing in and out like a scollop both of a fiery colour the outmost of all of a pale white and as it were sown on by some Skinner or Furâ—â—er she goes upon strong rough brawny thighs of the same colour with the rest of her body This did Carolus Clusius send from Vienna of so elegant and notable figure that it is easier to wonder at and admire than with fit expressions to describe The third sort hath a great body rough and blackish each wing hath one eye the sight or apple whereof is black the roundle brown the half circle white There are divers pieces in the wings of a watry Amethyst colour the edges of the wings at the first sight appear ash-colour afterwards Eagle-colour The head very short and little putteth forth on either side a black eye the apple whereof is of a notable whiteness between those break forth two very small short horns of a dunnish colour It is begotten of a rough Canker-worm not a smooth The fourth hath a great dark coloured head out of which arise two streight cornicles somewhat black the neck is adorned with vermilion specks the brest rough square duskish the shoulders coil black the belly of Amethyst or purple colour divided with five or six circles or rounds the feet black as pitch the wings of a light brown full of long black little veins The fifth hath a white head black eyes the horns a little yellow the outmost wings long of a sad colour between white and brown the innermost being lightly and as it were by the by coloured reddish the shoulders very black the rest of the body somewhat of a rose colour bound about with seven black circles a white line running all along the middle of the belly The seventh hath the outer wings white with certain brown spots here and there as if it were watered Chamblet the neck ring'd about as it were with a red skin reaching all down the shoulders like a Fryers cowle the head is red the eyes pearl colour the horns flame colour the innermost wings of a shining red speckled black the feet red the belly all of the same colour with seven incisures or clifts of a deep red lead colour The eighth is almost all over brown but the edges of the wings and the middle part of the horns are of yellow or box colour The ninth is almost like unto it but that the edges of the wings are like black sand it hath horns broad and bended of a whity-brown colour the middle of the outermost wings stopped with a round white spot The tenth is of a like bignesse all over of a white brown but that the middle of the outermost wings is marked with a white spot and the eye with a very black apple The head of the eleventh is tuberous the horns slender the body like clay trodden otherwise the wings are all of a dark silver colour The twelfth somewhat of an ash-colour the wings spotted black the eyes black the apple white The thirteenth hath very little or no horns at all the body all over yellow except the eyes which are little and black and the wings which are whitish The fourteenth appears of colour various it hath black tuberous horns as also the eyes and feet the shoulders are drest with five white plumes as it were of which the two middlemost have three black specks the wings snow white bespeckled here and there with black yellow and blew specks the body russet articulate or jointed the sides whitish she puts her tail in or out as she pleaseth it is sharp yellowish jointed all the body as it were sprinkled with dust otherwise in regard of the tuberous cornicles it had come in the number of the day Butterflies It layeth abundance of yellowish eggs in the laying whereof she puts forth a little tail which she puls in again at pleasure The fifteenth hath two black slender cornicles the head and shoulders hairy of a dun colour the neck adorned with a collar of Vermilion the shanks reddish the outmost wings chamoletted with white and dun the innermost are exactly red spotted with black spots the body of a light vermilion rounded about with six black guards or welts The sixteenth seems to be very rare if you look upon it as it lies on its back it seems to be all over of a murry colour if as it lies green and yellow it hath five very red lines or streaks drawn along the shoulders as also seven spots set quite through the middle of the back do adorn the rest of the body the wings also traverst
snout being long slender and rolled up together are somewhat yellow 2. The second appears blue and green it hath a little body the feet and cornicles blackish 3. The third hath the shoulders and wings greenish of the colour of leek blades the body dunnish the outmost wings are guarded with a guard set with white and dun spots it hath a very little head the feet and the cornicles ash-colour Moreover there are found in houses a certain sort of little silver coloured Phalens marked with black spots which fly to the candles called Mothes in English which eat linnen and woollen clothes and lay eggs of which come Moths and of the Moths again these Phalens they are said to come first of all from rose leaves and other herbs putrefying Three others I have observed in pastures and medowes The first whereof hath the outer wings black each of them marked with 5 red spots like bloud the innermost wings are all over red the body dun the head short cornicles and the feet blackish The second is all alike only that it hath but four red spots in the outmost wings and hath a more slender body The third is almost of the like shape too but the cornicles are a great deal longer and the red spots seattered after another manner for there appear about the edges of the wings only two red bloud-like spots but from the rising of the wings two spots drawn at length And thus much may suffice to be spoken of the night Butterflies or Phalens passe we on now to the day Butterflies The Day Butterflies are to be described after such a sort that all men may see the fruitfulnesse and elegancy of Nature in this behalf and admire For she hath not lesse played her part or wrought hard rather in the variety of these their colours attire rich apparel roundles knots studs borders squares fringes decking painting making them then she had done in the Phalens 1. The first Day-Butterfly being the greatest of all for the most part all yellowish those places and parts excepted which are here blacked with inke Moreover the roundles of the inner wings are sky-colour insomuch that you would think they were set with Saphire stones the eyes are like the Chrysolite the bignesse and form is so exactly set forth in the figure that there needs no more to be said of it 2. The second differs very little from the first but in bignesse it hath neverthelesse very black eyes longer cornicles where you see the color white there suppose it yellow except it be those great eyes at the end of the innermost wings the apple whereof must be made flame-colour but the semicircle bloud-red 3. The third not much unlike in colour but that the extuberances and the outmost border of the innermost wings is sky or woad-colour as also those three taches which you see painted under the hollow part of them 4. The fourth may be said to be the Queen or chief of all for in the uttermost part of the wings as it were four Adamants glistering in a beazil of Hyacinth do shew wonderful rich yea almost dazle the Hyacinth and Adamant themselves for they shine curiously like stars and do cast about them sparks of the colour of the Rain-bow by these marks it is so known that it would be needless to describe the rest of the body though painted with variety of colours 5. The head feet cornicles are of bloud-red but the eyes purple the back black and blue the belly yellowish the wings at the basis of a bright yellow and afterwards more sad the utmost parts of them being rusty colour and waxing blackish with an unpleasing duskiness are beautified with three little yellow spots to the innermost being sprinkled with rusty colour first two yellow afterwards three pale yellow spots do stick If you consider them with the face upwards the upper wings are of a greenish yellow marked with six or eight spots the innermost of a light grasse-green stained with two white spots the belly and face yellowish it comes out of a whitish Aurelia spotted with little dark coloured spots 6. The upper wings without are blackish with a certain gard of a decayed red running through the midst the extremities of them glister with white spots and specks like drops being sharpned with dark coloured notches round about but in the inside that guard doth shew of a more clear and full colour and toward the bottome they seem blue the undermost wings appear of one colour without of another within without they are all over sad coloured except a reddish border with a prickly purle very small and blackish marked with four little points and two diverse coloured opals placed together within they shew nothing like to this but from a black and purle embroidery they end in a sad fading red the body is black the eyes horns feet all dusky and of the same colour 7. The whole body is black yet in every incision of the back it hath two white spots wings between yellow and red adorned with black and very white specks but the bountifull Mother of all things Dame Nature hath chiefly beautified the borders of the wings which have little teeth set like to saws at an equal distance one from the other in the border whereof 20 blue studs pierced through with black lines make a glorious shew 8. Nature bred this with a chamblet mingled coloured coat but it wants lively colours for the wings are of a black reddish fading yellow and russet colours and it is more beautiful for its soft skin than for its gallant apparel 9. This is for the most part of an ash-colour but if you look on the inside of the inmost wings there is nothing that can better represent the wings of a Turky-cock for the feathers that he flies withall are covered by other feathers with scales the eyes are black as the horns are also which are swoln like water-cats-tails 10. The body is black the shoulders are covered with yellow down as is also the whole head the horns are yellow also toward the head which appears the sadder by 〈◊〉 spot of a dark red many round pearls set at just distances do make the outward'st rounded skirt of all the wings to be more graceful but withinside they are â—oâ—led with very black 〈…〉 like lintels But as the part is less comely outwardly so 〈◊〉 〈…〉 part of the inmost wings shining with a whitish 〈…〉 spots upon it shines gallantly and those spots that 〈…〉 twardly round pearls seem inwardly pure 〈◊〉 〈…〉 11. It 〈…〉 list of oriental Pearls 〈…〉 g in blue the upper wi 〈…〉 â—eing of a flaming yellow 〈◊〉 like fire paintted with six moâ—â—â—â—ack guards the root of the 〈…〉 is black then they shine from yellow to fiery colour the body is downy with darkish hairs and the horns and feet are of the same colour 12. It is wonderful beautiful the wings are light bloud-colour dipt with black spots they shine with
big teeth excellently made to devour the fruits withall The second seems to be like this but that the hood is fastned to the neck the nose also and mouth are more red and it hath greater spots in the wings 〈…〉 third is of a green co 〈…〉 〈◊〉 shanks whitish the tail blackish 〈◊〉 wings beset with greater store of spots and about the edges of a pale red Now these are females from whom the three males differ in this that either in the end or above the tail they have two or three prickles or stings and the middle of their hood appeareth more red The first sort of the lesser Locusts called of the Tigurines Holtsspecht is in body black the utmost wings spotted the innermost spattered with virmilion the thighs brown or swarthy with black lines curiously drawn up and down Of the second the cornicles eyes and shanks are of a pleasant red the thighs or shanks are also diversified with black lines the wings speckled the belly of a dark red upon yellow all which do exhibit a very fine pretty creature The third seems to be of a dark ash-colour the cornicles very short and the wings of an unusual length longer then the body The fourth is all over of a darkish green but that the hood is set with two black lines and the ends of the shanks are of a lively shining red The fifth is a little lesser than the rest but in ordering and variety of colour more pleasant to the sight the body head and feet are of a faint red with green wings and a golden lace drawn through the middle of the head very bright and shining All those of the lesser sort have wings as long or longer than their bodies they have bendes no â—â—ng or prickle in their tail nor bear any sâ—em they are seldome seen in the corn but altogether in meddowes and pastures as I have seen them in France and our Countrey of Britannie I have seen only three kindes very rare i. e. Italian Greek and Affrican they are called Mantes foretellers either because by their coming for they first of all appear they do shew the Spring to be at hand so Anacreon the Poet sang or else they foretell dearth and famine as Caelius the Scholiast of Theocritus have observed Or lastly because it alwaies holds up its sorefeet like hands praying as it were after the manner of their Diviners who in that gesture did pour out their supplications to their Gods Of this Italian Mantis whose figure we do here represent Rondeletius makes mention in his book de Piscibus in these words It hath a long breast slender covered with a hood the head plain the eyes bloudy of a sufficient bignesse the cornicle short it hath six feet like the Locust but the foremost thicker and longer than the other the which because for the most part she holds up together praying-wise it is commonly called with us Preque Dieu the whole body is lean So divine a creature is this esteemed that if a childe aske the way to such a place she will stretch out one of her feet and shew him the right way and seldome or never miss Her tail is two forked armed with two bristly prickles and as she resembleth those Diviners in the elevation of her hands so also in likeness of motion for they do not sport themselves as others do nor leap nor play but walking softly she retains her modesty and shewes forth a kinde of mature gravity Though Pennius affirms that he often saw this kinde at Montpellier yet in his papers he saith that he received the figure of it from the worthy Antonius Saracenus a Physician of Geneva Another species of this Mantis Carolus Clusius sent from Vienna exactly described being brought thither out of Greece which is like unto the former in shape and magnitude but of another colour bestowed on it either by nature or the place where it lives for it hath cornicles of a full yellow the eye of hyacinth colour the wings of a faint yellow the rest of the body of Amethyst only that the feet shanks as also the joynts of them were more hairy and white and the clawes of the fingers bended backward were black Concerning the copulation of Locusts I rather subscribe to Valeriola who hath searched diligently into their nature than to Aristotle himself They couple saith he as I have seen by the male getting upon the female at what time he puts those two prickles that come out of the end of his back into the matrix of the female and so they continue in conjunction very close and for a long time in so much they can scarce with your hands be pulled asunder when once coupled neither by leaping and motion or any other way The female being tickled underneath moveth her womb very busily and applying her self with the bottome thereof to the male doth hold him for a long while sometime with the opening of the matrix sometimes with the shutting or closing of it again augmenting the pleasure of her venery for while the matrix is open the male gets into the bottome or farther end thereof and when it is contracted or closed she is delighted with the affriction and tickling of the womb and the passages thereof Nowâ—here are to be seen two passages in the secret part of the female separated by a kinde of partition and are covered over with a little thick cover which in the outside is black hard and gristly but within somewhat roughish hairy and wrinkled at the bottome of this the matrix appears whitish like that of Women Now the female bringeth forth as Aristot saith the little stem that growes to her tail being stuck in the ground and then layeth all her burden together in the same place not scattering up and down but as it were like a honey comb Hence proceeds a kinde of little worm in the likeness of an egge included in a little earthly thin membrane the which being forced open out come the Locusts and fly abroad But by the favour of so great a Philosopher they lay eggs indeed in the beginning of Autumn though not of the fashion of eggs as I have seen with my eyes and have had them in my hands The which feture is so tender that with the least touch it is bruised to pieces Neither is it laid upon the superficies of the earth but somewhat deeper and in the winter under ground where in the winter they being perfected by concoction in the subsequent year almost at the latter end of Spring they come forth out of the shell or membrane aforesaid wherein they were being little blackish Locusts creeping up and down without either shanks or wings which afterwards in a short time become bigger They bring forth at the latter end of Summer and when they have so done they forthwith die certain little vermine breeding about their necks as it happeneth to the Beetle in the time of their bearing which do
matter distilled from the head into the kernels of the ears whether they be bound upon the place or the place anointed therewith they serve also together with their earth to anoint the Kings-Evill Their ashes mixt with oyl bring old ulcers to Cicatrice The Kricket diluted in water is good against the Stone or difficulty of urine Bellunensis used to drop the oyl of them into the ears of them that are diseased in that part by that means taking away all the dolour and pulsation of them Marcellus much commends the stroking of them upon the tumours of the jawes and binding them upon the same and in the opinion of Haly being hung about the neck they cure the Quartan Ague Serenus saith they cure the swelling of the Tonsils in this Distich A Kricket with right hand on Tonsils prest To kill the Kricket gives the patient rest Children as the Italians do Grashoppers do keep them in a box bored full of holes or bags to hear them sing in the night giving them leaves of herbs whereon to feed and so keep them all the Summer They are kept in Africk in iron cages and are sold at a great rate as I have heard by some Merchants to cause sleep For those of the inhabitants of Fesse are exceedingly delighted with their shrill noise as much as the Irish and Welch with the sound of the Harp With which also learned Scaliger seems to be not a little affected when for their musick sake he kept them inclosed in a box the which if he had kept in such a thing where they might have had air he had not found dead after three daies but able to live a long while lib. de plant For being secluded from the air they cannot live which besides air and sound have nothing in them nor seem to be any thing else The last Summer I had a male and a female of them but within eight daies I found the sides of the female eaten out by the male which also it self two daies after expired The Bird Lanio as the learned Brewer hath observed is fed with them The which she fastens upon thorns near to her nest of young for fear they should want food When they become offensive by reason of their number thus they may be driven away or taken off Take a good deep dish filled of water and place it before their holes mouth with a good deal of oatmeal round about it so the Krickets leaping up into the boul are drowned or if you mix water with Vitriol and inject it into their hole they will be gone Hitherto I thought good also to refer the water Grashopper of Rondoletius whose head is like a pentangle having as it were five corners the eyes round and standing out of the head not great but black the cornicles very short coming forth out of the outermost part of the mouth on each side it hath three feet the hindermost longer than the rest on the back it hath little wings or some coming the tail forked the belly oftentimes as it were cleft the colour of the body some-what dun or rather black and white I found them in muddy and standing waters but the nature of it I yet know not This differs from the land Grashopper both for that the head stands out more and it seems to have some kinde of neck and also it hath wings not fit for flight but only to lift it self up This is said to make a kinde of a pleasant noise like the land Grashopper upon the leaves of the water Lilly pond-weed and other water herbs The which I have not as yet heard CHAP. XVIII Of Moths called Blattae MOst men talk much of the Blattae but few or none able to describe what the Blattae properly so called are neither do they give the least mark whereby they may be known but gathering divers notions here and there do put them all together and confound them And but that Pliny had brought some light to this History the Blattae had altogether been omitted or lost First of all therefore we shall shew to what Insects the name of Blatta was given according to Authors then we shall set down what the true Blatta and properly so called is Now under the name of Blatta are comprehended both the worms growing in the ears as also those Phalens which trouble the Hives of Bees But since these desire the light the other altogether shun it why they should be accounted Phalens I do not see The Blatta also is a little worm eating cloathes or books So Horace in his Sermons Blattarum tinearum epulae c. But Martial altogether distinguisheth between the Blatta and the Tinea and sheweth them to be creatures of several kindes It is taken also of the Moderns for the little worm called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 out of whose web silken garments are made Some call the little worm that groweth in the grain in the low oake Blatta from whence cometh the Blattean colour or grain colour So Turneb advers l. 18. c. 17. l. 28. c. 23. The Blattean colour is died with worms which come out of the grain of Cockle out of whoâ—e bloud is produced a most curious colour not black as some think but a bright purple or scarlet To which the Book de natura rerum Gualter de Conchis do assent The worms of the belly some call Blattae Cardanus in one place calleth the worms that breed in meal or bran Blattae Gaza interprets the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Blattae But the proper and right name thereof is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 according to Pollux 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as also according to Lucian deâ—iding a man that was no Scholar yet bought many books The Italians call it Blatta and Tarma the Hetrurians Piattela the Germans Wibell Brottworme Brottkarfaer Malkaefaer Springwibell they of Norimberg call one species of them by way of sport Schavahen because it cannot endure cold as Cordus writeth the Illyrians Swinie the Polonians Molulowy the Hungarians Moly the Spaniards Ropa cova potilla Now the Blatta is an Insect flying in the night like to a Beetle but wanteth the sheath wings The Mill or Bake-house Moth I have seen the Greeks call the female if I am not deceived because it had no wings 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is longer thicker and of a more shining black colour than the ordinary soft Moth with a little forked mouth placed as it were under its belly the cornicles like to the first little hollow eyes or rather eye-holes the breast foursquare with the four foremost feet fastned to it the hindermost to the belly above the shoulders appear as it were little wings though they are not so indeed the rest of the body somewhat thick cut all over round about circle or oâ—bicular wise in the sides resembling the form of a saw the tip of the tail and a fork growing
to vomit but ineffectual At length if it be not helped they burn the body and make the stomach crusty almost like to Arsenick Diosc Aetius Plin. Cels Gal. also 11. simpl c. 5. and Avic sos cap. 25. Hence it is that Aetius and Aegineta held it dangerous to set the table for meat under the Pine-tree or for to stay there lest perhaps by the reak of the meat or vapour of the broth or by noise of men these Pine Catterpillers should be moved and fall down upon the meat or should let fall their seeds that are as deadly as themselves They that are hurt by these must use the remedies against Cantharides for the same means will cure them but properly oyl made of Quinces called melinum and oyl Olive is to be drank twice or thrice to cause vomit as Dioscorides from Aetius hath prescribed They are bred or rather regenerated as Vine-fretters are from Autumnal seed left in the web in certain bladders or from the Vine-fretters themselves corrupted as Scaliger thought Now we proceed to walkers about We call those walkers who have no certain houses or food wherefore they do something superstitiously wander like pilgrims and like to Mice they alwaies feed on others meat wherefore the English call them Palmer-worms namely for their wandring life for they dwell no where though by reason of their hair they are called Bear-worms They will not be tied to any kinde of flowers or leaves but they pass on boldly and taste of all plants and trees and feed where they please First those white spots which we see in their sides must be such really the whole body is black all the inward hairs must be somewhat yellow but all the uppermost on the back must be hoary except those three ranks that are bred in the neck near the head for they have the same colour with the hairs of the belly Out of the Aurelia of this comes forth the Butterfly which you see here whose colour figure and nature we described in the Book before The second if you make the neck and belly and the hair there growing yellow you need do no more The cover of it seems dusky the eggs are pale We explained the Butterfly that growes from thence in the former Book The third is the whole body and hair dusky yellow but that the spots on each side being obliquely made in each incision lie hid and the head being of a light red is adorned with a certain white fork The fourth hath his belly and lower hairs dusky the back and upper hairs are yellow from dusky a double forked line in the face resembles the colour of whey or milk mingled with water The fifth hath a bright bay colour in the face the sides of the belly hoary a body various with small yellowish spots and above these with black yellow hairs come forth like small rags they are sharp and growing more sharp pointed from the middle it hurts much the neighbouring herbs and the corn The sixth is a brown colour'd if the incisions were not died with black and white spots here and there the hairs are bred above and beneath and set after a saw fashion they are very rough and hard but they are of the colour of the body The seventh hath a black skin yet it hath hairs something of a dirty colour I use to call it the Pensill because on both sides of the forehead and also in the rump a soft pensil breaks forth of a crow-black colour but those wedge fashioned eminences that you see in the back are white as milk at the root otherwise somewhat black The eighth holds forth a Mouse colour on whose back those seven joynts resemble it The ninth is a strange and rare colour for all the incisions are painted with various colours one from another yet mingled one with another which a silver stud doth adorn severally one by one The tenth is amongst the sports of wanton nature not less elegant that it is rare being streaked with black green blew yellow ridges and smooth strings which some golden spots do wonderfully illustrate it hath very soft hair of an admirable and most pleasing freshness it hath a purple cover fortified with a small membrane Suppose the white incisions of the eleventh to be green as Leeks and paint the skin and hairs half green The Nut-tree Catterpillar is of a pale green except three black spots between the joynts and that horn at the end of the back and growing as it were on the remp which receives a fresh rose colour It especially 〈…〉 s on the leaves of the Hazel-nut whence we call it Corylaria I saw two kinde of them one was a full the other a paler green The manifold delicacy of Nature shines forth in these to which though it giveth them the face of a Moor or Aegyptian yet it affords them a garment that is of changeable colours shining in divers works and real art in the forehead the hairs are knit as into knotty locks and resemble the sail-yard the like are found in the extremity of their backs The skin is like the rain-bow and shines in circles deeply died with purple which nature hath fastned to the sides like broad studs the hairs bred in the skin shine like the Sun and dazle our eyes in a clear day We received two Neustriae out of Normandy the first had a face of a blew colour and the body ridged with white red and gray streaks the hairs are comely with a golden shining colour The lesser rolled together is like an Urchin the head is cole-black the body is variously spotted with little blew spots the hairs resemble a Saffron lustre This corrupts the buds of the peat tree having a black s 〈…〉 dged face the body is adorned with some black red white ridges in the middle as it were of the shoulders and to the end almost of the back little swellings or bunches arise of black and blew colour sprinkled with white spots The Eggs from whence they breed are a bright bay colour which is also the colour of the Aurelia and of the hair We saw another of the same kinde but only it had a bunch on the back We call that half white which is by nature yellow from the head to half the back and the rest white as a Lilly The belly is yellow and ash-coloured adorned with studs and checquered in the middle If you touch the feet of the Nettle Catterpiller lightly with a fading yellow the figure will differ little from the natural it hath hard upright hairs growing like thorns they wound with a small touch and at first they cause a pleasant itching but venomous but after that a pain hard to be endured Some maintain that it is more venomous than the Pine-tree Catterpiller On a Cabbage a Catterpiller breeds with a bright blew head his body is marked with two yellow branches on both sides between which a grayish plat as it were seems to be spotted with
some black seeds the hairs obtain the colour of the Aurelia which is ashes colour Here we shew you two hedge Catterpillers the greater hath a face Saffron coloured but that triangle you see in place of its nose was Lilly coloured the body is varied with spots white yellow red and black which we have expressed placed in no order it is rough with yellowish hairs it devours the leaves of hedges and makes them naked where at length leaving a bottom of yam of courser silk she drawes her self into a case of a bay colour as into a sepulchre The lesser hath a countenance blewish as also the whole body except that it hath spots black and white it hath hairs of the same colour with the former These have fewer hairs namely Cranesbill-eater Catterpiller St. James wâ—rt Catterpiller Sayl-yard Vrchin Bramble Catterpillers and that little horn beast which the Germans call Horn-worm We have here set down exactly the form and magnitude of the Cranesbill-eater you must make the white spots that adorn its black girdles of an iron colour and paint the belly and feet and the white 〈◊〉 between the girdles with a Leek-green colour C 〈…〉 arius sent this to Pennius with this subscription A great Catterpiller feeding only on wilde herbs and is especially an enemy to Crowfoot Cranesbill in the Marishes The body of the Sayl-yard is various from the head to the third incision you would say he were smeered with chalk in the five following with ashy dark colour and on the three last with white lead the sayls are made of hairs as it were platted together the like stand up at the end of his back like a crest Those four tusts on the back are made of hairs also growing in order like to teeth St. James wort Catterpiller or that which eats the greater Groundsel with the head and feet of a decayed purple colour the belly of a pale green hath the body of an impleasant fading green and adorned with black yellow and fiery coloured spots the colour of the hair agree with the belly I have observed two kindes of Urchins one of a blewish green the other a mingled white The first of the Urchin Catterpillers hath a chequered body varied with black and yellow the thorny bristles seem yellow when Autumn comes it is transformed into an ashy coloured Aurelia The second is perfectly like an Urchin half the back namely the first half is black from yellow the latter is white from yellow it hath pricks very sharp and thick of a grayish colour Nature hath painted the bramble Catterpiller ashy black on both sides with three ridges of a pale yellow colour the hairs are very thin and altogether black There is also the horn Catterpiller who hath many green spots from yellow the hairs bred on the middle of the back are hoary but the horn is notched and red Many diversities there are of these Catterpillers upon the Mullen Hop Pile-wort Bitter-sweet Nightshade Elder Elm Basill Tythimals and almost every herb hath its particular devouring Catterpiller which that I may not prove tedious I overpass as well enough known I never had the hap to see the stinking Catterpiller of Gesner described by him in these words as I have it in writing It is saith he most like the horned Catterpiller but it differs something in the horns and colour I took one creeping on a wall at the end of August in 1550. It sends forth a filthy smell that you would verily believe it were venomous it was angry and with its two forefeet it held the head alwaies upright I think it is blinde it was a finger long and thick it was rough on the back and sides with a few hairs scattering on them the back was black the colour of the belly and sides was reddish from yellow the whole body is distinguished by fourteen distinct knots all these joynts again have a prop or wrinkle over the back it hath a black some-what hard head the mouth is forked and dented or saw-fashioned whatsoever it catcheth with these nippers it bites it it goes on sixteen feet as most of the Catterpillers do without doubt it is venomous Vergerus thought it to be the Pine-Catterpiller others thought it was Scolopendra But its number of feet will not let it be Scolopendra I could scarse endure the smell while I took the description alive it did so infect two stoves with an extreme and intolerable stink that I could not stay to endure it so sayeth Gesner CHAP. IV. Of the original breeding nourishment and change of Catterpillars DEar book the faithfull witnesse of my pain Let not the purple red thy fair cheeks stain Whilest I in tables paint the rude worms race And such as change their skins into a case For these by Gods wise hand created are Which in small things is wonderful and rare And more to be admired in Worms than Whales Or Elephants Leviathan with scales Arm'd as with harnesseâ— strong as iron bars And roars like thunder terrible in wars Who drinks the sea and sâ—ews it up again Compar'd with worms will be admir'd in vain So I shall begin with our Poet who observed a divine power in Catterpillers from their Original which whilest divers Authors have diversly expressed I know not into how great darkness they have cast us Aristot 5. Hist 19. writes that they begin from green leaves of herbs as from Cabbage or Radish namely by a seed like Millet left there in Autumn whence little Worms proceed From these Worms in three daies space Catterpillers breed at the end of the Spring which being augmented and nourished sufficiently they leave off moving and at the beginning of Autumn they change their form and life for an Aurelia Pliny saith that dew thickned by heat of the Sun is left upon the leaves whence he derives all kindes of Catterpillers to whom Arnoldus agrees others say they all come from Butterflies which so soon as they come forth of their Aâ—reliae they thrust forth above or beneath the leaves hard by some eggs the barbarous call them Turds and these are greater or less according to their bodies some of these have blew shels some yellow some white or black green or red in fourteen daies they are hatched by heat of the Sun and the shell breaking they thrust forth small Catterpillers like very small Worms but coloured at first beginning they are very hungry and do nothing but devour leaves and flowers especially of those herbs and plants where they were left in eggs But I should maintain that they are not bred only one way but all these waies for though Aristotles doctrine seems to some not acute enough that the Cabbage little Worm grows to be a Catterpiller yet it is not against reason for as nature from an egg so from a worm she produceth a more perfect living creature as perfecting not as corrupting For though the worm be not that it was before as is clear to sense yet as much as
march in the last rank They far surpass in the number of their feet Catterpillers Staphylini and Whurlworms and all kindes of Insects whence they are called Many-feet by a peculiar name belonging to them Aristotle cals this Scolopendra Theophrastus Scolopia Dioscorides from the destruction of Serpents cals it Ophioctone Varinus and Hesychius call it Amphydes phaganon others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and some call it Thousand-feet and Many-feet the vulgar Greeks call it Scolopetra the Latines also call this Scolopendra and Sepa and dirty-hog and hundred-feet thousand-feet many-feet which three last names also they give to Juli. In Hebrew they call it Ghazam in Arabick Alcamptia and Alamula as Silvaticus testifies Albertus cals it Almuga Altapua in the Polish Tongue Stonogroback Gaflauka in the Hungarian Tongue Zones Hiragopap Matzkaia in High Dutch Ein nassel in Italian Centopede Vermi in French Chenille Millepied in English Scolopender and Manyfoot In my judgement it differs as far from Julus as a sea Lobster from a Crevis They are indeed like to one another but these are alwaies less nor are they so mischievous when they bite nor so venomous The great earth Scolopender is as long and thick as you have it pictured the colour of the body is black from brown and shining To every incision a yellow little foot is joyned that is in the several sides sixty It goeth forward and backward with equal ease For it goes with the head forward and with the tail forward and therefore Nicander and Rhodoginus call it two heads It hath the part between the head and belly not single but manifold whence it comes to pass that this kinde can live though it be cut in sunder This Scolopender being provoked bites so sharply that Ludovicus Armarus who gave me one brought out of Africa could scarce endure him to bite his hand though he had a good glove on and a double linnen cloth for he strook his forked mouth deep into the cloth and hung a long time and would hardly be shaken off Another was brought from new Hispaniola which had on the midst of the back a flame coloured line to adorn it and a red side and colour of the hair set it forth It had feet like to hairs and lifting it self upon them all it ran very swiftly this is worthy of the greatest admiration that Nature having given to this creature a small head yet it hath given memory to it and the rule of reason not in pints and pitchers but in the largest measure For seeing it hath feet innumerable as Rowers and many of them are from the Rudder the head at a great distance yet every one knows his own office and as the head directs so they all frame their motion Another was brought to us from St. Augustines Promontory out of India something greater in body and feet which had 70 black and blew incisions and twice as many light red feet I doubt not but more sorts of Scolopenders may be found of almost all colours except green yet Ardoynus makes mention of one that was green Each of them hath an inbred property to go to the roots of sword grass as Theophrastus thinks But Robertus Constantinus deserves to be whipt and so doth Stephanus that followes him and Ardoynus himself who invent that a Scolopender is first a Serpent then hath eight feat then a horn in its tail and lastly it is a slow goer Albertus Rhodoginus Avicenna are to be blamed also who affirm rashly that no Insect hath above twenty feet and they put the Scolopender in that number Yet Nicander cals him two headed in these verses The Scolopender hath each end a head And stings with both untill that men be dead With feet like ores he wafts himself along c. Yet by the favour of so great an Author I might say that he hath but one head though he can as easily move forward or backward with his tail conducting him as with his head And this I believe deceived Nicander and others But he saith farther that he bites at both ends which is as false as the former for he bites only with his forked mouth and hurts not with his tail otherwaies than by a venomous touch and by putting forth poysonous bloud Oppianus holds it to be more fierce than the sea Scolopender and so it is indeed and I greatly wonder that Grevinus Parisiensis upon no authority in his Book of Venomes should oppose this All Histories testifie that this creature is dangerous and venomous and so much the more as it is more hairy We read in Aelian that the Rhytienses were driven out of their City by the multitudes of these creatures and Theophrastus affirms the like concerning the Obterietes in Pliny therefore though we have ranked the Scolopenders in the last place yet in executing divine vengeance they may sometimes challenge the first place Countrey people do judge of fair weather by the frequent coming forth of the Scolopenders and when they hide themselves they foreshew rain as Marcellus Virgilius hath noted on Dioscorides They have these uses in Physick If they be boyled in Oyl they take off hair with a little pricking Gal. 11. Simpl. and Aetius lib 7. They are enemies to Wiglice that are most stinking creatures and kill them with their breath or eat them alive Again Wiglice being either taken inwardly or anointed outwardly are a remedy for their bitings by a reciprocal and as it were emulating antipathy as is manifest from Pliny and Ardoynus lib. 6. concerning poysons When the land Scolopender hath bitten the place is all black and blew putrefies and swels and looks like to the dregs of red Wine and is ulcerated with the first bite Aegineta Aetius adds that the pain is intolerable Dioscorides saith the whole body pricks All hold that this bite is incurable and will admit almost no remedy It hath saith Anazarbeus symptomes prevention and cure the same as for the stinging of a Viper lib. 6. c. 23. Against this disease some things are taken inwardly some things are applied outwardly Amongst inward Remedies Aegineta commends Trifoly that smels like Bitumen drank with Wine Dioscor approves much of wild Rue the root of Dragons bruised the root seeds and flowers of Asphodill the branches and leaves of Serpol Calaminth the roots of Fennel and Birthwort given with pure Wine or Wine and Oyl Actuarius gives Nix with Wine Pliny commends Salt with Vinegar or rather the froth of Salt as being the better Also he highly esteems of Horse-mints or wilde Penniroyal taken in Wine Aetius bids give Wormwood and Mints with Wine As for outward Remedies first scarifie the place hurt make deep incision and draw out the venome by Cupping-glasses then put in the juice of the lesser Centory boyle with a third part of sweet Wine to the consistence of Honey and binde a leather over it for eight or fourteen daies Then foment the place with a spunge dipt in hot Wine and this is a certain
Take seed of wilde Rue Rocket-seed Staves-acre of Cenchrus Agnus Castus of Apples Nuts of leaves of Cypress each alike bruise all with Vinegar and with Honey make a Plaister Aetius Lay the decoction of Lupines upon the place affected the Eschar being first taken away then anoynt it with Goose grease wilde Rue and Oyl in the hot Sun or by the fire or make a Cataplasme of Barley-pap and broth of Lupines Oribasius An Indian Hazel-nut smeared on cures the bitings of the Phalangia Oyl of Worm-wood and the milk of Figs anoynted on doth profit very much Avicenna Of hot ashes Figs and Salt with Wine make a Plaister Also it is convenient to hide a great boll in sand or hot ashes and by that means to sweat with Antidotes Rhasis Goats dung must be dissolved with the Pultesses and laid to the part affected Kiranides Lay on often cold Iron Petrus de Albano Foment the place with juice of Plantain daily Hildegard Oyl of artificiall Balsam is exceeding soveraign Euonymus A Fomentation of the branches and stalks of Masterwort must be continued or let him drink Vervain with Wine and lay it on outwardly first bruised Turneifer Bruise Rue with Garlick and Oyl and lay it on Celsus You shall lastly finde divers such remedies in Pliny and Dioscorides so digested into order that they rather require our silence than our curious and unusefull repetition Of this therefore thus far Now let us see That Spider with which our mindes well agree Who sits within the midst of 's Net to watch Where the East winde blowes it shakes he doth catch Flies that but touch his Web none can him match CHAP. XIII Of the tame or house Spider AMongst Insects though many may be found as Pliny Caelius Curio the second out of whom we have fetched many of these things say rightly that may exercise great wits yet the nature of Spiders is worthy to be admired in chief and is apparent by their curious working as any reasonable man will judge Aristotle the greatest diver into Nature saith that this is the most magnificent and wisest of all Insects And Solomon himself at whose wisdome all the world admired amongst those four Animals that exceed Philosophers for their knowledge reckons up the Spider dwelling as he saith in Kings Palaces and weaving Webs that man cannot do the like The Poets faign that the Spider was once a Lydian Mayd that Minerva had taught to work with the needle and weaving all curious artificiall work But she was grown so proud of this skill that she denyed that ever she learned this of Pallas and she proceeded so farre in arrogancy that she boldly challenged Minerva to work with her in all these Arts Wherefore Pallas disdaining her pride came and sharply rebuking the Mayd for her insolence brake all her fine wrought works with a Wand At this the Mayd was sore abashed and thought to have hanged her self but the Goddesse pitying the poor Maids condition would not suffer her to do so but as she hung by a very fine Cord she changed her shape into a Spider Pallas was angry and in wroth she said Yet live and hang thou proud and haughty Mayd And that thou mayst still suffer 't is my minde The same Law lasts for thee and for thy kinde But they that interpreted this a Fable or a History say that Arachne found out the art of spinning sowing and weaving hemp taking pattern by the Spiders And this needs not seem strange to any man since the Swallowes found out the Art of plaistering and for Oculists Eagles for building Hippotamus for letting bloud Ibis for giving Glysters Goats for Antidotes so Tortoises Weasels Storks have instructed us To praise the Spider as I ought I shall first set before you the riches of its body then of its fortune lastly of its minde If you consider the matter of it it is light partaking much of Air and Fire that are the most active and noblest Elements but it hath little of earthly dregs and gravity Consider the figure it is wholly round and orbicular or at least Ovall that is next unto it The substance of it is thin transparent subtile and though sometimes by the abundance of plunder and prey it becomes so cram'd that it growes as great as a Walnut and if Cardan erre not as great as a Sparrow sometimes yet if you see it hanging in its Web against the light it shines all through like a Chrysolite and makes reflexion of beams most gratefull to the eye It hath the same colour that Ovid writes that Lovers have that is pale and when she sticks aloft with her feet cast every way she exactly represents a painted Starre As if Nature had appointed not only to make it round like the Heavens but with rays like the Stars as if they were alive The skin of it is so soft smooth polished and neat that she precedes the softest skin'd Mayds and the daintiest and most beautifull Strumpers and is so clear that you may almost see your face in her as in a Glasse she hath fingers that the most gallant Virgins desire to have theirs like to them long slender round of exact feeling that there is no man nor any Creature that can compare with her she hath feet not numberlesse as the Scolopendrae nor is she without feet as some Insects are nor hath only six feet as those that want wings have but eight feet which number is next to the most perfect number as all men know These legs also are made in a sesquitertiall proportion which is most admirable and venerable so that though the latter feet be alwayes shorter then the former yet they hold still their proportion Many Philosophers who hold that Spiders are blinde are blinde themselves for were they blinde how should they make choice of those places that are most convenient for to pitch their nets and who should lead them to fasten one thred to another and should know how to mend their Webs when they are broken by accident when as also the tame and familiar Spiders will come from a distance to catch a Flie that toucheth but the sides of their threds they are the more bold to pursue them and will take them as it were from hand to hand as we have often seen Truly they are blinde at noon-day and understand nothing who say that Spiders are blinde In this Spider there is no poyson nor hurt for if it bite it is without harm and it is rather tickling then painfull Also their very Carkases and their bodies their eyes their excrements are good and usefull for many diseases as we shall make it plain enough when we speak of their use I know not what it was that made Pennius so frighted when he thought of eating them for he knew a Noble English Lady and Phaerus a Physician that did often eat them without any hurt at all For the truth is Spiders are free from poyson and are very good for ones
knowing as also it seemed most admirable to our most learned Turnerus and Bruerus namely that those Spiders when they are purposed to fasten a thred from a high beam in a right line to the earth they hold a little stone with their feet and then by degrees they let themselves down by a three doubled thred that the angle at the earth may answer the angle above by the beam exactly But that above all the rest is worthy of admiration how they fasten the first thred on the hither side of the River and the second on the farther side whereas Nature hath not taught them to â—ly or to swim I much doubt whether they leap over or not The second praises in weaving they deserve that build on the rafts of houses and other Field-spiders who upon the grasse weave a Net that is broad thick and plain and it is a Net indeed spread forth like a sayl or sheet In the work of these Spiders if you consider the wouf the skaâ—ns of yarn the trendle the shittle the comb the woof the distaffe the web either you will see nothing or you must see God insensible yet really performing all these things and truly in spinning they go far before the Egyptians Lydians Penelope Tanaquil Amestris Romes Claudiana Sabina Julia and the Queens of Macedonia that were wonderfully skilled in spinning because beyond all ordrdinary reason and art no threds being drawn overthwart they make a solid and tenacious Web of a straight continued long thred Their work being ended they smeer it over with a birdlimy glutinous spittle by the touch of which alone the prey is entangled and payes for its blindenesse and want of foresight The colour of her Web is aereall and transparent or rather no colour which is the thing deceives the Flies that are not aware of it and they that see best hardly escape it For had it but any perfect colour they would think what need they had to avoid it and fly farther from it The most ignoble Spiders namely those that are sluggish fat and that ly in holes make but a very course Web and grosser thred by farre which they hang only to holes in Walls These have a more heavy body shorter feet and are more unfit to spin or card they light upon their prey rather by chance than seek for it because the hole is great without and seems a fit place for Flies to hide themselves in but at the very entrance they are ensnared by the Spider and catcht and are carryed into the Shambles for Flies to be slain For they ly deep in Walls that they may escape the Birds that ly in wait for them as Sparrows Red-breasts Nightingales Hedge-sparrows and that they may the sooner ensnare the Flies that suspect no harm And for Spiders that are harmlesse and for their Webs let this suffice Now we shall adde something concerning those kindes I have observed CHAP. XIV Of certain kindes of Spiders observed by Authors YOu may remember that I so divided Spiders that some were venemous and called Phalangia and others were harmlesse Few of the Phalangia and perhaps none use to spin but all the rest spend their time in making threds or Nets Some of these Net-workworkers are House Spiders others are field Spiders so also are those that make threds distinguished Amongst the Net-workers I saw one the greatest of all I have set down the picture of it here In Autumn amongst small Rose-boughs it extendeth an artificiall Net and it catcheth either another Spider running over it or Gnats or Flies that come to it when she pulls her cord with wonderfull dexterity and when she hath hanged them thus up she leaves them till she growes hungry again She hath a frothy body Ovall figured almost iâ— hath a little head with pinsers under the belly and the back is adorned with white spots This is one of the Autumnal Holci and in a very short time it will grow from the bignesse of a Pease to be as big as you see her here described Amongst the Web-makers we have seen some spin a very fine Web others spin one that was but moderately fine some spin base stuffe grosse rude and ill favoured The most subtile work-masters are the House-bred-Spiders whereof we have here set down one of a brown colour of the bignesse of the figure and being placed between you and the Sun it is of some transparency This is it whose commendation was written by Coelius Secundus Curio and the nature of it by Pliny which taught Heba Penelope the Egyptians Lydians Macedonians and others that were given to spinning This field Spider weaves a moderate and strong Web in hedges stretching forth his sheet with a Coverlaid and where he dwells he waits for his prey His Web is thicker that it may not rain through and better to endure the force of windes she hath a brown body but feet that are changeable colours varyed with black and white spots in order she hath a forked mouth fenced with clawes the two white spots that are seen above in the head I know not whether they serve for eyes the whole body is gently hairy she doth stretch out her Web wide and long that she may catch much prey to which she is very much addicted This field Spider spins a base and unpolished thred and gathers it as it were into a bundle Pennius first observed this kinde in Colchester fields between wilde Origanum watching for Flies and he never saw it otherwise It hath feet like to those described just before a round body like a Globe the back is marked with white spots also it hath a fundament four â—quare and black Hitherto also we referre three kindes of the Spiders called Lupi who live in chinks of Walls heaps of stones and old rubbish they weave a base and small Web in their holes and in the day time they wander farther abroad in hopes of prey which they set upon with great force and draw into their dens The greatest of them is of a brown colour it hath a head almost of Ovall figure the body as a Globe both sides are adorned with two small and short white lines about the middle of the back it is of a more whitish colour it hath feet comely with divers black and brown spots The middlemost is the least and grey-coloured the ridge of the back is set forth by three Pearles as it were whereof that which is next to the neck is greater and longer The third seems to be blacker wearing a Crosse overthwart the back very white and with â—ight angles and therefore some call it the holy Spider I conjecture that these are of the Wolf kinde because they run with a kinde of leaping and discover a great ravening appetite for they lay up nought for the morrow but consume all their provision in one day Gesner saw one of this kinde that was Ash-coloured There are also Spiders with long shanks that make disorderly and most rude
nor increaseth for Dormice sleep all the Winter and eat nothing The life of it doth resemble that sleep which is partly waking wherein men are not properly awake nor yet asleep but are alive and move a little But I conjecture that the Philosopher wrote this that he might confirm that Axiome of his to credulous posterity that all Insects either lay egges or little Worms His words are these Insects first breed Worms but that which is called Chrysallis is an Egge and afterwards from this is bred a living Creature that at the third changing hath the end of its generation Yet it is manifest enough by what I said before that an Aurelia is no Egge and it ought not to be called a generation but a transmutation of a Caterpillar into this and of this into a Butterflie I say this for that purpose that such as adore Aristotle for a God may remember that he was but a man and that he was subject to humane errors There are two kindes of Aurelias that I have seen some are downy and others smooth both are of divers colours and sometimes they are Gold coloured which are the true Chrysallides and others that are but bastard ones are without any colour of Gold They have their Original from the death of the Catterpillars which as they do waste by degrees in certain dayes so by degrees their covering grows continually more hard and changeth into an Aurelia These again the next Spring or Autumn by degrees losing their life a Butterflie comes forth of them that is bred by the like metamorphosis What use they serve for for the good of man kinde I am wholly ignorant of I know well enough how much they perplexed Aristotles wit by their wonderfull transmutation and they set forth to us the boundlesse power of Almighty God George Agricola only propounds to us the Teredo without feet which from the brasen colour of it he call Kupter-worm It creeps like a Serpent saith he because it wants wings and feet It is as thick as a small Goose quill and it is as long as a Scolopendra It is round and breeds under rotten wood and sometimes found hard by the Scolopendra or long Ear-wig You may easily finde the figure of it placed amongst the Scolopendrae CHAP. XXXVII Of Water Insects without feet and first of the Shrimp or Squilla WEE said before that all water Insects were with feet or without feet Some of those that have feet swim with six feet as the Lobster the Shrimp the lake Scorpion the Evet and the Sea-lowse others with four feet some with more We shal treat of them severally The Squilla an Insect differs but little from the fish Squilla but that it hath the sail-yards much shorter and a more red colour or rather a more earthly colour Some of these are covered with a thin shell and some again are smooth and naked Those with shells live chiefly in small Brooks and stick to the roots of Reeds or water-flags They are of a yellowish colour and sometimes of a white or Ash-colour They go only with six feet the rest that are joyned to them serve in stead of fins The naked ones are either soft or hard The soft ones are represented well e 〈…〉 ough by this figure only suppose their heads to be of a bright Bay colour and their body died with a dark Ash-colour All those that are covered with a hard crust are made with joynts but some have round joynts others other fashions The form of the round joynted is exactly represented here if you suppose him to be easily dyed with a lighter red And such is the colour of the first and second that are not round joynted The third kinde is black upon the back and with a brown belly but they are all with a forked mouth and that will hold fast what is applyed to it The fourth kinde moves it self with the three former feet and useth the rest that hang by in stead of Oares The neck of it and the sailyards and the nippers are of a watry red colour the body is brownish or more Ash coloured The fifth hath a very black head and the body like to a Pomegranate shell The sixth seems to be cruel and in the same form you see it of an Ash-colour All of them have 〈…〉 ard eyes and black covered over with a membrane shining like unto glasse which move continually almost like to the ears of four-footed beasts They leap quickly one upon the other as the Fishes Squillae doe in coupling and when they grow bold and have liberty they fill the Females with young The time when they are ready for this is signified by a gentle biting The Female takes hold with her mouth and what she layes hold on she kills and gives part of it to her companion for they couple at the mouth as Crabs and Lobsters doe But what use they serve for in physick I cannot finde either in writers or from Empiricks who either knew not these Squillae or thought them not worthy to say any thing of them Yet this is certain that in April and May there is no better bait to catch Fish with CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Locust Scorpion Notonectum the Grashopper the Wasp the forked Claw the Newt the little Heart and the Lowse all Water-Insects THE Insect-Locust is like the Lobster for that cannot be called either flesh or fish you see the figure of it it is of a pale green colour I have seen three kindes of Lake Scorpions and I have them by me the first is somewhat black the other two are like to white sand we call some Insects of the water Notonâ—cta which do not swim upon their bellies as the rest do but upon their backs from whence it is probable that men learned the art of swimming upon their backs also Some of these have eyes shoulders and bodies all black some are green some are fiery coloured and some pitch coloured For you shall seldom see two of them of the same colour nature hath so variously sported her self in adorning them Water-Grashoppers hold the forâ—h described but their eyes are extreme black and their bodies are ash coloured The Wasp hath a brownish body all over except the black eyes The Forked Claw hath almost the same colour but it is more full it seems to want eyes but it hath them hid within whereby it both sees and perceives the object The Lizard is of divers colours and delights in catching Fish it is common about the British shores where it lyeth in wait to catch Fish The Corculus hath the just fashion of a heart the feet and head being taken away it hath very little black eyes and six legs of the same colour each with two clawes The Sea-Lowse is an Insect that is an enemy to all kinde of Whales which by biting and tickling it puts into such a rage that they are forced to run upon the sand and hasten to dry land I
exulcerate were a present remedy lib. 20. c. 13. and lib. 28. c. 10. Their use in physick is manifold For some I use Galens words lib. de different sanguinis detrahendi modis Tract 10. take Horsleeches and put them up and they use them diversly For when they are made tame they are easily put upon the skin but those that are taken must be kept one day and must be fed with a little bloud and so it will be that whatsoever venome they have in them they will soon cast forth But when we have need to use them that part to which you will apply your Leeches must be first rubbed with Nitre and must be anoynted and scratched with your fingers that by this means they may fasten the more greedily but you must cast them into warm water that is contained in a large and a clean vessel then you must lay hold of them with a Sponge you must cleanse them with your hand from all filth and dirt and so they will be fit to be applyed And when you have set them on lest that part they stick to should grow cold you must powr on warm Oyl But if they be to be applyed to your hands or feet you must thrust them into the warm water that the Leeches are cast into And if they will not hold â—ast you must cut off their tails with a pair of Cizzers for when the bloud so runs forth they will not leave off sucking until you sprinkle salt or ashes upon their mouth When they are fallen off that venemous quality they use to leave behinde must be drawn sorth with a Cupping glasse and if that may not be done you must use a Sponge to foment the place And if yet any bloudy drops run forth apply meal and Cummin and then binde on some Wooll wet with a little Oyl But if yet the bloud will not stop lay on a linnen clo 〈…〉 et in Vinegar or burnt glasse or a Sponge first put into liquid pitch and afterwards burnt And this also you must observe that Leeches draw that bloud that is next the flesh and not that which is contained in the Centre of the body Men use them commonly in stead of Cupping glasses Mark also that you must take them off when they have drawn half the bloud And you must beware that the bloud run not forth so long untill it be sufficient For the part it self will grow cold both by reason of the Leeches that are naturally cold and because of the air that compasseth us about So far Galen But Cardan bids us not to anoynt the place with Nitre but with milk that they may fasten the sooner and withall to pinch the Leech close that striving for revenge he may open the vein lib. 7. de rer var. c. 28. What help they were to Dionysius the Tyrant of Heracleot 〈…〉 we may read in Histories who representing rather a beast than a man sor he died with a mightâ— great paunch had been eaten by the Worms long before unlesse Horsleeches had been applyed to both his sides and drawn forth daily some quantity of the humours he was charged with It were too tedious to reckon up all the melancholique and mad people that have been cured by applying Leeches to the Hemorrods in their fundaments Yet I may not over-passe the Noble Richard Cavendish the most learned Unkle by the fathers side of that famous Navigator through the world Thomas Cavendish who was perfectly cured of his Gowt that had held him many years only by applying Horsleeches to the Emrods in Ano every moneth so that now to the great wonder of all the Court he walks alone without any help and being sound and void of all pain he lives an old man Also Horsleeches set upon the fundament will so wonderfully pluck back the humours that run from the whole body to the joynts that they will presently ease the pains like a Charm This I proved at Lions upon an excellent Musitian one Rosolus who for the great pains he endured and by continual waking fell into a burning Feaver with raving in the Dog-dayes at which time Hippocrates saith it is dangerous to purge It is in this case such a remedy that it is to be preferr'd before all others for they draw from the whole body without any trouble or losse of a mans forces Jac. Aubert Exercit. 50. progymnasm Fernel Abdit Godfridus a Cenami a Venetian a famous man and my very great friend for just and lawfull causes who told me that he saw one who had the joynt Gowt who lived many years free of all his pains only by applying Leeches to the part that was in pain Math. de Grad and Savanrola Jacob Dournet Apolog. lib. c. 3. perswade the same remedy Also Gilbertus Anglicus reports that the Lowsie disease generally is to be cured with the ashes of Horsleeches boyled with Storax For they are not only usefull for men whilest they are alive but when they are dead and burnt to ashes Pliny reports lib. 32. c. 7. that Horsleeches will black ones hair if they be corrupted in black wine for sixty dayes Others bid us take one fextarius of Leeches and let them lie to corrupt in two sextarii of Vinegar in a leaden vessel for so many dayes and then to anoynt with them in the Sun Sornatius relates that this medicament is of so great force that ulesse they hold Oyl in their mouths that die the hair it will also black their teeth Meges writes that live Frogs putrefied in Vinegar will take off the hair but the ashes of Leeches anoynted with Vinegar will doe the same CHAP. XLII Of Water-worms IN waters both salt and fresh great and small Worms will breed of putrefaction especially in Summer very like Earth-worms but they want that knot or chain about their necks Also they are by far more sharp and lean oft-times they lie in the sand and they cast up earth out of their holes as Earth-worms do In sweet waters that are standing and not deep there is found a kinde of Worms of a full red that resemble in shape the Teredo without feet but that they have greater heads Their tail is forked whereby they stay themselves till lifting up their heads they may finde a place to fasten the rest of their body and so they creep upon the mud and stones and so they move in a brandishing manner crookedly In Summer when it is clear weather and hot they come forth together in great numbers but if the mud move never so little they presently withdraw themselves The English call them Summer-worms either because they are seen only in Summer or they die in Winter In the Mediterranean Sea there is a round Worm found as great as a great Snake and of the same colour but it hath neither head nor tayl as Weckerus observes Sometimes it is twenty foot long What may be the use or nature of these I have not yet observed But I hope that others will
Apes His love Aristotle Pliny Description Arrianus Prester John ad Rom pont The in 〈…〉 of Bab 〈…〉 〈◊〉 Orus A secret in their nature Circumcision natural in Babouns Orus Another secret A wonder Orus Heredotus The Countrey of their abode and breed S 〈…〉 bo Arrianus Their anatomy and parts Albertus Thir voice Aelianus Their love and food Their activity in swimming Their nature in particular Their love of garments An History lib de natura rerum Theod. Beza Superstitious error of Satyres Their name Gyraldus Grapaldus Pliny Paul Venet. Diversity of kinds Pliny Pliny Hermolaus Pliny Mela. Resemblance of Satyres Their provifion of food Their taking Taming of Satyres Pausenias Macrobius Men like Satyres Albertus Two beasts like Satyres taken Another monster like a Satyre Colour and nature Hect. Boet. Monsters like Men. Hatred to mankind The great strength of these beasts Divers shaps of Apes The description of Pan. Nicephorus Calisthius Of the name and notation thereof * * * Hermolaus * * * Varrianus Hesiod Ausenius The description of the Poets Sphinx The Riddle of the Sphinx The solution of the Riddle by Oâ—dipus Palaephatus The true History of Sphinx Suidas Meaning this Poetical Sphinx The nature of the Sphinx Suetonius The use of Sphinges Herodotus Pausanias Herodotus The quality Colour Parts Procseation of Sagoins Their meat The price of a Sagoin Theucius Of the name His parts A secret in Nature Pisonius Gillius The description Aelianus A miraculous thing of a fish Of the name and the reasons thereof Varinus Epithets of an Asse Pliny Asses in celestial signs Hyginus Numb 22. Morals of the discourses of Asses Proclus Berâ—aldus Countreys breeding Assea Paul Venes Pondera Aelianus Their breed Palladius Ahsirtus Aristotle Pliny Pliny Leonicenus Pliny Aristotle Aristotle Varro Pliny Pliny Aelianus Aelianus Absirtus Pliny Plutarch Pliny Ioan. Monach. Suidas Their meat Philemon died with laughing when he saw an asse eat sigs Val. Max. Mathaeclus Erastothenes Ovid. Lactantius A good horse-leach is a good Asse-leach Vegetius Pliny Galenus Collumella Pliny Mulis equis asinis feriae nullae nisi si in familiâ sunt Ad haet vehicula non nimio pondere trabit Strabo Aelianus Suidas Anatolius Hinc caput Arcadici nudam cute fertur aselli Tirrhenus fixisse Tages in limite â—uris Suidas Leo Afric Aelianus Aelianus Aelianus Aristot 〈…〉 Marcellius Pliny Pliny Haly. Pliny Marcellus Avicen Sextus Rasis Marcellus Pliny Eseulapius Pliny Dioscoâ—ides Rasis Pliny Trallianus Pliny Galenus Myrepsus Aetius Galen Marcellus Pliny Archigenus Pliny Pliny Galenus Pliny Dioscorides Galen Pliny Marcellus Dioscorides Aetius Caelius Rhod. Columella Pliny Hermolaus Varro Nonius Perot Porphyrius Avergnt Lodcue Navert A bertus Promptuar Martial Countrey of breed Pliny Their copulation Aelianus Albertus Oppianus Varro Aelianus Phyles Pliny Aelianus Medicines Milke Pliny Aelianus Lib. 4. Countrey of breed Caelius Curio Diversity of kinds A secret in their manner of digging Ipdaus Albertus Their meat Cardanus Her defence against Hunters and their dogs Badgers eaten Platina Medicine made of Badgers Gratius Brasavolus Albertus Bovillus Brasavolus Of the name Epithets of the Bear Of the kinds of Bears Agricola Albertus Olaus A Formicarian Bear Cardanus Countrey of breed Marcellinus Volaterran A secret in the natures of Bears Lust of Bears Gillius A History Time of their copulation Pliny A secret Honor to the female Avoiding of cold Time of bearing the young Bears The bigness of a Beat-whelp Bears not so unperfect as some have reported Number of young ones Remedy in Nature A fabulous tale yet vulgarly believed The meat of Bears Horat. Vespertinus circumgemit ursus evile Of the quantity and parts of Bears The parts or members A superstitious use of Bearslard or fat A secret Meat of Bears flesh Another secret The skins Taking of Bears A History Herus Pollux Aelianus Albertus A History Caelius Varrinus Sebab Frank. Higinus Fight of Bears Aeneas Sil. Secrets observed of Bears Columella Arnoldus Virtues medicinal Of the name Silvaticus The notation of Fiber from the Latine The notation of the Greek word Castor What manner of Beast a Beaver is Their several parts Silvius Bellonius Bellonius Their building of Dens Albertus Olaus Mag. Albertus A secret The cods or stones of the beast Rondoletius The Beaver doth not bite off her own stones Herus An emblem Their food Thetr cause of taking A secret Agricola The medicina vertues Albertus Aâ—tius Pliny Pliny Hermolaus 〈…〉 up 〈◊〉 of Castoreum The dangers in the use of Castoreum Servius Castoreoque gravi mulier scpita recumbit Vegetius A secret A miraculous History of a Monster Several kindes The great Bison The several parts The strength of this Beast The quantity of Bisons The strength of their tongue The flesh of this Beast Bonarus Baro. A secret in the inward heat of this beast Their hunting Sigism Bars In Phocicis How B 〈…〉 on s are taken alive The medicines not known Places where these Bisons abide The nature of this Bison His parts Aristotle His flesh and d 〈…〉 n to anges His light in flying The secret operation of his dung The reason of the heat and operation of their excrement Their place and succour for Calving The relation of John Cay a Doctor of Physick in Englanâ— Of the name and kind of Buffes Pliny The several parts Silvius Hesychius A miracle in his colour Countries of Buffes Stephanus The quantity or stature of a Buffe The hide is most profitable to man The several names The Original of the term Bubalus Of the vulgar Bugil and her parts Bellonius Use of their horns Erasmus Albertus The manner of his flight Nature of their breeding places Pet. Crescent Oâ— their young ones and milk Albertus Their strength in labour Pet. Crescent Use of their hides Bellonius The physick made out of Bugils The nature of this beast Of a strange horn in Argentine The true etymologie of the name Taurus A Riddle upon the word Taurus Reasons why rivers are called Taurocrani The strength and several parts of Bulls The prodigicus strength of Titornus Thei 〈…〉 several parts Countries of their best breed Their time of copulation Then 〈◊〉 procreation Quintilius The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Georg. 3. Their enmity to other beasts Hor. Apollo 〈…〉 A secret in the taming of a Bu 〈…〉 Their hides Of the gall Of the flesh Leo Afric The sacrificing of Balls Caelius Cyraldus Pliny Pausanias Proverbs of a Ball. Like the English proverb If the sky fall we shall have Larks The medicines of Bulls Diosecrides The description of this strange beast The name The several parts Pausanias Pliny Vâ—lla Of the namâ— Bos. Of the name of a Cow The diversity of Oxen in all Countreys Varro Oxen of Italy Aristotle Oppianus Aonia Aelianus Leo Afric African oxen Armenian oxen Aelianus Vatinus Boeâ—tian Oxen. Carician oxen Epirus Pliny Aristotle Theodoret. Euboea Aelianus Hispaniola Oxen. Peter Martyr Rasis Indian Oxen. Ctesias Solinus Pliny Aelianus Aelianus Leuctrian Oxen. Garamantae Solinus
Herodotus Bangala Aristotle Aelianus Nomadian Oxen. Aelianus Oppianus Phrygian and Erythrean Oxen. Aelianus Oxen of Syria Belgian Oxen. Guicciardine Milk of Kine in Italy Arabian Cowes Pyrrhean Cowes Phenician Cowes Aelianus Hiring of Cowes in Germany and Helvetia The use of Cow milk Pet. Crescent Aristotle Marc. Virg. Food for Cowes giving Milk Palladius Aellanus Signes of a Cowes desire to the Bull. Secrets to provoke lust in Cattell Cellumella Signes at the copulation to know whether the Calf will be Male or Female Aristotle Meaus to cause the Calf at the time of copulation to be either male or female The length of their age A srcret in copulation Of the choise of Kie The description of Oxen in common Time best to provide Oxen. Outward marks of good Oxen. Their several parts The reasons why some oxen are polled Aelianus Aristotle Pliny The parts of a Cow different from Oxen. Galen The manner how Oxen seed fat Herodotus Paul Venet. The time of Oxens age The medicines to preserve an ox in strength Paxamus Vows and superstitious medicines for the cure of Cattel The discovery of the sickness of Cattel and the particular cure thereof The diseases which infest Oxen Kie Cursuâ— boum aut cict alvum aut sebrim inducit How to tame or yoak wiâ—de Oxen. Rosis The understanding of Oxen. Guidus Aelianus The love of Oxen to their yoak-fellow Of the licking of Oxen natural observations Their aptness to go astray The anger of Oxen Kie Gillius Oxen provoked by colours Rasis The natural uses of the several parts of Oxen. How to fatten Cattel A strange report of a fat Cow if true The medicines of the several parts of Oxen and Kie Rasis Furnerius Pliny A History The moral and external use of Oxen both for labour and other industry Vatro Heraclides Augustinus A History Clemens Giraldus Pliny Marc 〈…〉 Idolatry committed with Ox 〈…〉 and 〈…〉 ye Of the choice of Apâ—â— A History Herodotus A History Of the pictures of Oxen. Of the monster Minotaurus The definition and name The cyymology of Vatulus The Epithites of a Calf Varro Men named after Calves A secret by the hoof The diseases of a Calf The cure of worms To choose Calves for store The libbing of Calves Aristotle Sotion Varro Palladius Sotion Collumella Varro Food for Calves Sacrifices of Calves Pliny Coelius Josephus A wonder Monsters of Calves Nic. Villagag The flesh of Calves Pliny Of the medicines Marcellus Pliny Nicander Rasis Marcellus Pliny Marcellus Leonellus Pliny Of the name Artemidorus The Etymologie of the word Horus The kindes of Camels The generation of Bactrian Camels The parts and colour of these Camels The several parts of a Camel Pliny Silvaticus Aristotle Pliny Their procreation Coelius Avicen The pace and agility of Camels Herodotus Of the labour and employment of Camels Pliny Diodorus Pliny Of the use of their natural parts Aelianus Baytius The flesh of a Camel not to be eaten Diodorus Leo Afric Lampridius A history of their natural disposition Caelius Caelius Solinus Sacrifices of Idolatry Gyraldus Aelianus Of the fear and hatred of Camels Herodotus Solinus Porphyrius The length of their life Pliny The medicines in the bodies of Camels Pouzettus Cardinalis Avicenna Marcellus The description of a Dromedary and the Etymology of his name Didymus Isidorus A History Aelianus Diodorus A relation of Joh. Leo Afer out of his ninth Book of the description of Africk Of the name Juli. Capital Pliny A history Isidorus The generation and description Leo Afric Oppianus Hel 〈…〉 rus Their manner of going The Countries breeding these beasts Their natural disposition and mildness The skin Of the name The nature and etymology of a Cat. Their use among the Egyptians A History Coelius Of the taming of Cats and their countries The best Cats Gillius Pliny The game and food on Cats Pliny A secret Of their love and hatred Aelianus The love of home Albertus A way to make Cats keep home A conjectural secret Their copulation Aristotle Aelianus Choise of yong Cats Gillius Coelius Alu. Mundel Their diseases The hurt that cometh by the familiarity of a Cat. Alex. Benidi Abynzoar Of a Cats flesh Ponzettus Alexander Mathaeolus Perottus Galenus The medicinal virtues of a Cat. Galen Sextus Aetius Rasis Albertus Pliny Olaus Mag. The name Of the colour A miraculous thing in her drink Strabo lib. 7. Of the Countries of their breed Of their hunting and taking Of their procreation Mat. Michou Strabo Of the name Platina Hermolaus Polybius Grapaldus The etymology of the name Their Countrey Munsterus Athenaeus Pliny Varro Their parts and members Agricola Aelianus The use of their skins Crescennensis The use of their flesh Pliny The places of their abode Their copulation and procreation Tho. Gypson Tho. Gypson The cruelty of the males and of some females Their meat and sood The danger in their meat and drink Albertus The medicins in a Cony The name Gaza Of their horns colour and other parts What Hippelaphus is Aristotle A secret in the bloud Of the medicines The reason of the Latine name Avicen The Countries breeding Roes Marcellus Albertus Pliny Strabo Their nature and several parts Stumpsius Albertus Pliny Pausanias Bellonius Edlebach Of their eye-sight Origen super Cant. Textor Pliny Cardanus The place of then abode Their concord with other beasts Columella Of their takeing Bellisarius Cresconius The use of their flesh Simion Sethi Avicenna Trallianus Apicius Of the disposition and passion Their enemies in nature Sacrifices of Roes Pausanias Aelianus The medicines arising from a Roe Sextus Actius Galen Plinius Of the generation of this beast Athenaeus The Countrirs of this beail and the name hereof Xenophon Plutarch Coelius Of the parts Of the Countries of this beast Agricola Of their strength and colour A secret in their passion A secret in the hoof Their quantity in length and breadth Of the description of this beast The names of a Hart. The names of a Hinde The names of a Hinde-calf Aristotle Pliny Of Spittards and Subulons Of Brocards The quantity of Brocards Of their horns Aristotle Of the Achaian Harts Gaza A miracle in the horn of this beast Athenaeus Of the regions breeding Harts Solinus Aelianus Aristotle A secret in the ears of Harts Ammianus A History Pollux Varinus Of the colour Aristotle Buellius Philostratus A History Plutarch Gellius Of their horns and the beauty of them The time of losing their horns Pliny Aelianus A history of a Hart with four horns Whether the right or left horn be most precious Of the horns of Turkey Harts Bonarus Orus The reasons why Harts and Deer lose their horns yearly A natural secret of gelded Deer Aristotle Pliny Solinus The several parts Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle Pliny Of their disposition Pliny A secret to cure poyson Of their food Tragus A secret in the Hinde How Harts draw Serpents out of their holes and wherefore they eat and devour them A 〈…〉 ianus Oppianus 〈…〉 us The fight
Gillius Albertus The strength and burthen of an Elephant â—liny The keepers mainâ—ainers of Elephants Solinus Pollux The instruction of Elephants fot war Aelianus The fight against Elephants Games of Elephants Fenestella The taking of Elephants Pliny Strabo Pliny Albertus Aelianus Pliny Strabo Other wayes of taking Elephants Gillius The subtilty of Elephants against their hunters Aelianus Tzetzes Plutarch The art of taming Elephants Aelianus Plutarch Philosirartus The taking up of their riders Vartomannus Gillius Nearchus Strabo Elephants for the plow The price of Elephants Their obedience and tractable â—eâ—tleness Pliny Their learning in letters Plutarch Aelianus Aristotle The reverence of Elephants to Kings Three kinds of Elephants The religion of Elephants Pliny Selinus Aelianus Elephants sacrificed and what followed thereupon Aellanus Plutarch Tzetzes P 〈…〉 ius Aelianus Tzetzes Plinyus Their understanding of justice and equity Aelianus The revenge of ad 〈…〉 ries by Elephants Their love to their keepers and all men that harm them not Their love to their Keepers and all men that harm them not Their love of beautiful women Plutarch Their revenge of harms and observation of the measure of their meat Strabo Gillius Gillius Philostratus Their mourning in secret Aristotle The length of their life Arrianus Aelianus Of the eating Elephants Strabo Pliny Solinus Vartomannus The diseases of Elephants Aristotle Aelianus Solinus The medicines in Elephants Marcellus Isidorus Rasis Albertus The place of their abode 〈…〉 arus baro Balizce Countries breeding Elks. The name of this Beast An Elk the same that Machlis Caesars description of an Elk. Of the quantity and stature Bonarus The taming of Elks and their labour Albertus Of his parts and manner of feeding Pliny Munster Kentmannus Pontanus Sigismundus Baro. Of the colour The manner of their fight The place of his abode The name of this beast in the German tongue and the true signification thereof The sickness of Elks. Their sight with Wolves Their manner to hunt them without danger Their admirable fear and pusillanimity The ancient manner of taking Elks. Vopiseus Their resistance in the waters Munster The medicine in an Elk. The use of their skins A 〈…〉 t Schnebergerus The Latine names Their courage and nature in the earth Scaliger Whether Ferrets be Ictys Gazâ— Their several parts Countrey of breed Isidorus Peroâ—â—us Their drinking of bloud Agricola Their provocation to hunt Their colour and eyes The number of their young ones Their food The medicines of Ferrets Isidorus The name and the notation thereof The quantity and nature of this Beast Stumpsius Agricola The skins and use of them Isidorus Their meat and subtilty not to be descryed The several names of Foxes in sundry languages The Epithets of Foxes The Countries breeding Foxes Aelianus Munster Aristotle Albertus The colour of Foxes Olaus mag Adamantius The parts and nature of Foxes Aristotle The flesh of Foxes evill to be eaten The use of their skins Alev. ab alex donatus The voice of Foxes Their dens and caves in the earth Gillius Oppianus Zoroastres Gillius Pliny The food of Serpents The harme of Foxes Dioscorides Serapio Their carnal cop 〈…〉 n. The diseases of Foxes Albertus Liber Aetius The length of their life Varinus The hunting and taking of Foxes Aelianus Oppianus Bellesarius Textor Oppianus A noble instance of a Foxes courage The subtlery of a Fox taken in a snare The beasts that are enemies of Foxes Abertus G 〈…〉 us The medicines arising out of Foxes Sexâ—us Mathaeolus Albertus Silvius Aâ—syrtus Aetius Hierocles Absyrius Theomnestus Aegineta Dioscorides Pliny Sextus Albertus Bellonius Isidorus Vincentius Belnac Oppianus The several names Artumnus Their several parts The Epithers of Goats The venereous disposition of Goats Aelianus Columella Coelius A memorable story of the punishment of buggery Coelius Strabo The lust of the females and their copulation Means to stir up the Goats to copulation Aelianus Florentinus The time of their going with young The multiplication of yong Kids Aelianus Aristotle The time of their young bearing The strong smell or savour of a Goat In Mercat Plutarch A secret in female Goats Aelianus The description of Goatâ— and their best properties Lorentius The several kinds of Goats Albertus Aelianus Pliny Orthagorus Aristotle Nâ—xus Aelianus Of the Cilician Cloth made of Goats hair Bellnu Of the Membrin or Syrian Goats Albertus How Goats take breath Varro Their quick sense of hearing Horace Alex. Mind The use of their several parts Suidas Varinus Baysius Pliny The milk of Goats To increase Goats milk Albertus A secret in the milk of Goats Myrepsus Hermolaus Agiochus Of the flesh of Goats Aegineta Albertus Textor Pliny Hermolaus Pausanias Pallagdius Archachines Varinus Aristotle Constantinus Aelianus Diosoorides Pliny Horus Aelianus Aristotle Myndius Aelianus Columella Florentius Quintilius Coelius Aelianus Pliny Probus Gyraldus Varro Albertus Pliny Of the name Varin 〈…〉 Aelianus Anatollus Varro Palladius Albertus Arnoldus Pliny The medicines arising out of male Goats Sâ—xtus Pliny Sextus Dioscorides Aetius Marcellus Albertus Pliny Dioscorides Marcellus Columella Rasis Galen Myrepsis Marcellus Galen Herodotus Pliny Pliny Marcellus Pliny Marcellus Pliny Coelius Aurelianus Aesculapius Sextus Galen Marcellus Sextus Pliny Marcellus Pliny Hippocrates Sextus Coelius Marcellus Dioscorides Pliny Marcellinus Galen Aetius Pliny Galen Columella Pliny Aesculapius Dioscorides Marcellus Dioscorides Pliny Marcellus Pliny Pliny Sextus Pliny Galen Pliny Sextus Galen Dioscorides Trallianus Pliny Marcellus Marcellus Marcellus Sextus Pliny Columella Pliny Pliny Marcellus Hippocrates Pliny Marcellus Marcellus Pliny Marcellus Dioscorides Aetius Pliny Pliny Marcellus Aesculapius Sextus Anatolius Pelagonius Pliny Marcellus Sextus Innominatus Columella Serenus Pliny Aesculapius Pliny Pliny Dioscorides Archigenes Pliny Vegetius Anatolius Gallus Matthias The kindes of Gulons The skins of Gulons The countrey and description Aelianus Hyginus Of the several names Oâ— the several kindes Of the Elyan Hares Hermolaus A secret in the Muschian Hares Niphus Of the Country Hares and their several parts Bonarus The Hares of Ithaca Their several parts Of their several senses A secret Orus Whether male bear young like females Aelianus Their nature and disposition Their time of sleep and food Aelianus Of their copulation and engendering Hares seldom tamed An example of a tame Hare Aelianus The subtilty of Hares The defence of the Hare against her enemies Albertus Aelianus The hunting of Hares Of Parkes and Warrens of Hates The civil use of their several parts The bloud and flesh eaten The Epithets of Hares Stories of monstrous Hares Pausanias The medicines of Hares Pliny Serenus Rasis Aristotle Galen Dioscorides Marcellus Dioscorides Aetius Sextus Pliny Galen Avicen Of the kinds of Hedge-hogs Their place of abode The quantity The parts Hermolaus Their copulation Their inward parts and disposition Oppianus The enemies to Hedge hogs Coelius The eating of their flesh The medicinal parts of Hedge-hogs Actius Rasis Marcellus Aelianus Dioscorides Marcelius Avicen Albertus Pliny The several names of Horses Claudian The Epithets of Horses The natural outward and inward parts of
Eye-browes to make black 1080. Emerods 1073. 1104. 1049. Enterocele 1105. Epiplocele ibid Epilepsies 1088. 1098 Elephantiasis 1088. F. FAce ulcers 912. Feavers cured 911. 912. 913 914. 1079. Fulling sicknesse 1107. Fears remedy 1088. Felons 945. 1000. 1073. 1088. Fish-baits 1130. Fish to catch 975. Fistula in ano 1099. 1104. Flies remedies 947. Fleas remedy 1104. Fortunate to make 1012. Fundament swoln 1073. 1088. G. GLewing things 1104. Glow-worms dead shine not 976. Gnats use 955. 956. Gnats remedy 956. Gowt 915. 1004 1005. 1073. ibid. 1104. 1129. Glurd-worms 1109. Gravel 906. Groin sore 1017. H. HAir to take off 979. 980. 1080. 1098. 1100. Hairs hoary to hinder 1105. Hair to make white 9006. Hair to make black 1129. Hair falling 1004. Head-ache 915. 1012. 1017. 1049. 1105. Head diseases 1088. Hearing 906. Heart panting 1088. Hemeroids 1012. Hony poysoned remedies 906. Hip-gowt 1080. 1104. Hips pain 1049. Honey drinks 912. Hemicrania 1107. Honey good for all diseases 906. Honey to know the best 908. Honeys physical use 911. Honeys quintessence ibid. Horsleeches prepared 1â—â— Horsleeches use ibid. Honey better then Sugar 912. Horsleeches removed 1098. 1128. Hydromel 912. 91â— Horses cured 1017. 1044. 1045. Humours salt 1049. I. JAws pain 911. 996. Jaundies 915. 1093. 1100. 1104. 1053. Impostumes 906. 1098. 1104. Impostume in the breasts 1105. Infants gums 911. Inflamation hindred 1073. Joynts pain 915. 1104. 1105. 1129. Joints wounds 1073. Iron to make hard 1106. Itch 1080. K. KIbe heels 1104. Kings Evil 996. 1000. 1048. 1049. Kings-evil tried 1105. Krickets use 996. L. LAnfracks powder for the stone 1053. Leprosie 945. 987. 1000. 1003. 1025. 1049. Lethargy 1012. 1098. Letters to open secretly 916. Lice cured 1073. 1092. 1093. 1095. Light artificial in the night 980. Lice in a disease sign of health 1093. Life long to make 911. Lice in the eyes cured 1095. Limbs wasted 1105. Lips sore 906. Liver opened 1104. Locusts use 987. Loins pain 1049. Locusts remedies 988. Lowsie disease 1129. Lungs remedies 912. Lungs Worms 1108. M. MAgitians folly 1012. 1053. Melicrate 913. Manginesse 1025. Melancholy 91â— Matrix stopped 1000. Metheglin good for weak stomachs 912. Milk a remedy for Cantharides 1004. Milk curdled 912. 915. Milk to keep from curdling 1073. Morals 974. 975. Moths remedies 1000. 1101. Mouth sore 911. Melancholy people cured 1129. Monstrual bloud 1079. Mad people cured 11â—9 Melancholy 1088. Mâ—tre 〈…〉 1115. Matrix to heat 1088. Maggots bred in ulcers cured 1123. Moles of the matrix 1098. N. NAils rough cured 987. 1003. Nits remedies 1123. Neck swoln 1000. Nâ—â— sings cure â—râ—in Worms 1107. Nerves cut asunder 1104 1109. Nerves contracted 1104. Noli me tangere 1080. Nose bleeding 1098. Numbnesse 101â— O. OBstructions opened 911. 912. Old people 912. Oyl of Earth-worms to make 1106. Ozena 915. Opening remedies 1048. P. PAins cured 1100. Parotides 996. Phalangiums bites cured 1062. 1063. 1064. 1065. Pimples red in the face 906. Palsey 1105. Pin and Web 945. Plague cured 1053. Poysons remedy 945. 1072. 1053. Privities scabs 1098. Propolis 916. 917. Polypus in the nose 1108. Purge 914. Purple colour 1088. Pursivenesse 1049. Pismires drove the Cynamolgi an idle people out of their Countrey 1080. Q. QVinsey 912. 1049. Quartan ague 1053. Quotidian ibid. R. RHeums hindred 980 Reins 912. Reins Worms 1108. Ring-worms 917. Reins Impostume 1108. Rose 917. Round Worms bred only in the small guts 1111. Ruptures cured 1105. S. SCorpions stings 988. 1057. 1058. 1053 1054. 1055. 1056. Scolopenders bites cured 1046. Sight helpt 906. 911. Scrofulous tumours 988. 1006. 1105. Skin cleansed 911. 912. Sleep caused 996. 1088. Sores running 906. 912. 1006. Sores pestilent 1017. Stophilyâ—us swallowed by a horse cured 1044. 1045. Stone 906. 912. 980. 987. 996. 1012. 1098. 1104. 1048. 1053. 1105. 1106. Spiders eaten 1073. Stomach raw 906. 917. Stomach Worms 1108. Spleen 912. 1072. Stormâ— foreshewed 945. Squint eyes cure ibid. Strangury 987. 1026. 1098. Suffocation of the mother 1072. 1098. Suffusion of the eyes 911. Stones voided at the fundament 1107. Stones bred in most parts of the body ibid. Sweating helped 912. Sweating caused 1017. Swellings 912. 915. 945. Salamanders antidote 1004. Scabs 10â—0 1080. Scurf 1025. Secondine 1104. 1105. Shingles 1100. 1105. Softning things 1104. Short winde 1048. 1049. Scorpions stings prevented 1054. 1105. Scorpions cure their own stings 1053. St. Bernards Oyl powerfully provokes urine ibid. T. TArantula 945. Tendons remedy 915. Teeth to make fall out 1105. Teeth breeding 911. Teeth to preserve 1105. Testicles cold helpt 912. Thirst quenched 911. 912. Tooth-ache 915. 1072. 1073. 1088. ibid. 1104. 1049. 1105. Tonsils swoln 912. 996. Thorns to draw out 917. Tumours 1080. 1049. Tonsils diseases 1049. Tetters 1003. 1004. 1073. 1080. Terms provoked 1004. 1012. 1088. Terms to stop 1100. Tympany 1073. Tinkling in the ears 1049. Tertian ague 1053. V. VEnery provoked 988. 1004. 1080. Venery abated 980. 1080. 1100. Vlcers cured 911. 912. 915. 1000 1073. 1088. 1080. 1099. 1104. Vrine provoked 911. 912. 914 975. 1004. 1012. 1017. 1088. 1008. 1047. Vvula 912. Vipers bites cured 1053. W. WAll lice killed 1097. Wasps stings 925. 926. 927. Wax to make 915. Wax the best 915. 916. Wax paint the best 916. Womens diseases 1105. Wax vertues 915. 916. Weevils remedy 1089. Winde helped 912. Witch-craft 1012. Warts 1000. 1073. 1080. Water dissolved 1088. Wens 1000. 1049. Winde dissipated 1080. Wombs pain 1012. Whitloof cured 1049. Worms in hands 1017. 1095. 1096. Worms in trees and plants remedy 1089. Worms in ulcers cured 1049. Wounds cured 1017. 1073. 1104. Wounds hard cured 1049. Worms of three sorts in men 1107. Worms use 1106. Worms cause many diseases ibid. Worms breed in most parts of the body 1107. Worms sign of health 1111. Worms in Feavers best voided when 1113. Worms signs and cure 1111. 1112. 1113. 1114. 1115. 1116. 1117. 1118. 1119. 1120. 1121. 1122. Y. YArds tumours 911. Z. ZOmerysis what 1115. THE END Bish Juel Countrey of breed Cicera C 〈…〉 an Martial Horace Of the name The small use of Apes * * * Athenaeus Apes made for â—aughter Qualities of Apes * * * Varinus Docibility of Apes Hurts received by Apes â—n History Countreys breeding Apes Book of Voyages Labour of Apes Diversity of Apes Chymaera lib. 7. 1. de animal Pygmeys Onesicritus The anatomy of Apes The disposition of Apes An History Places of their abode Food of Apes The manner of taking Apes Procreation of Apes Secrets in their nature Their imitation Their love Their fear An antiquity The medicine of Apes Joh. Leo. African The Countrey of their abode and breed Hurt of Munkeys Their food Diversities of Munkeys Solinus Their anatomy and parts Vessalius Mammonets Festus Another kind The names Diodorus Siculus Pliny The first knowledge of Martines Their Countrey of breed Strabo Their anatomy Strabo Scaliger Their colour Aelianus Cay Their disposition The name Pliny Countrey of b 〈…〉 Their parts and colour Albertus Erasmus Their resembance Aelianus Place of their abode Their food The hatred of these