Selected quad for the lemma: nature_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
nature_n	cold_a	hot_a	moist_a	5,424	5	10.2024	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A66951	The surgeons mate or Military & domestique surgery Discouering faithfully & plainly ye method and order of ye surgeons chest, ye uses of the instruments, the vertues and operations of ye medicines, with ye exact cures of wounds made by gunshott, and otherwise as namely: wounds, apos fumes, ulcers, fistula's, fractures, dislocations, with ye most easie & safest wayes of amputation or dismembring. The cures of the scuruey, of ye fluxes of ye belly, of ye collicke and iliaca passio, of tenasmus and exitus ani, and of the calenture, with A treatise of ye cure of ye plague. Published for the service of his Ma. tie and of the com:wealth. By John Woodall Mr. in chyrurgerie.; Surgions mate, or A treatise discouering faithfully and plainely the due contents of the surgions chest	Woodall, John, 1556?-1643.; Woodall, John, 1556?-1643. Treatise faithfully and plainly declaring the way of preventing, preserving from, and curing of that most fearful and contagious disease called the plague.; Woodall, John, 1556?-1643. Treatise of gangrena, and sphacelos.	1617 (1617)	Wing W3421; ESTC R221201	349,679	432

the Chrystalline salt purified from grosse Salt-peeter knowne to be pure by that it doth contain no common salt therein being also wholly combustible of temperament it is either hot or cold as is The Nature plainly seen by his office and vertue do I say vertue yea and vice both I may say for in truth for wounding and killing salt goeth beyond Mercury this is the dangerous part of gun-powder which giveth it the force of piercing to the heart which God deliver all Christians from feeling it and accursed be that hellish Germane Monk Germane Monk Europs Doct rs Sal Nitriof two sorts which taught it first in Europe This Sal nitri is either animal or vegetable or both and may also not unfitly be tearmed mineral growing in mines and it is every where for every creature living may be said to have a part thereof man and beast I am sure hath a great part The spacious kingdome of Sal Nitri of it It is a most medicinable subiect as any is in the world and no man can live without it for our bloud and urine hath it in it yea and our very excrements are mixed therewith it is also in caves in mountains and plains and where not The inward vertue of Sal Nitri The dose for Hemoragie But to leave such discourse whereto I have not appointed this little time I say Sal nitri in the Chirurgions chest is a worthy medicine and the purer it is the better it is for all uses Touching the inward uses thereof it is good against Hemoragia or bleeding of a vein whether it be by the nose or any inward vein of the body taken Ê’ j. dissolved in plantane or fair water Helpeth the Calenture In the Calenture it is approved good to coole the boyling of the blood taken as aforefaid the dose for a need if the heat be great may be given every foure houres or the party may have a barley water rather made wherein two drachmes or more may be dissolved to drink at will it will not offend him onely if he take too great a The dose dose at once it may cause him to vomit but it will not hurt him It is the best thing I do know for the furring of the mouth and the throat in fevers the place gently washed therewith dissolved in water it presently bringeth away all the whitenesse and furring without offence Cleanseth the mouth furred used in water The mouth cleansed a Lotion needful It is not ungrateful of taste but so soon as you have taken such furring away I advise you that you have ready some gentle sanative lotion to inject to take away the acrimony thereof for it is abstergent and yet without violence or danger you may use therefore the ordinary lotion one part faire water two parts and so inject to cleanse the mouth after the use thereof I have expressed other uses of Sal Nitri proper in the cure of the Scurvy to which I referr the Reader Certain plain Verses for the use of Young Chirurgions by the Author gathered in praise of SALT SAlt with the world did begin whose end exceedeth time In it lie hidden secrets rare which no tongue can define Our Saviour his disciples deere to Salt did oft allude Who by their blessed voyces fill'd the earth with spiritual food Salt many jewels far exceeds salt guideth health and life Salt Author is of all increase ' gainst salt there is no strife Salt and his force his place his time his power in life and death His choice his change his actions strange admire we may on earth What living creature can want salt what plant or tree may grow What metal perfect doth endure if salt it do forgo His several kinds are infinite his vertues without number His quantity so large in all as to man seemes a wonder The aire the earth the Ocean deep with salt are seasoned so As wanting it fowl beast nor fish nor man could breath I know And for one instance do but note in blood what taste you finde Note urine eke how salt it is if it digresse not kinde Yea sweat and spittle though they be but excrements indeed Have store of salt which thing we finde by nature so decreed The earth produceth salt in all her creatures more and lesse Yet different each in some degree exeperience doth confesse Both hot and cold yea moist and dry is salt in temperament Yea volatile and fix also observing each intent Some sowre some sweet some sharp is sound some bitter eke in taste Yea liquid solid corrasive and purging salt thou hast All colours strange in salt are seen true healing therein stands And poyson strong abounds in salt salt loseth metals bands The spirit of salt makes liquid Sol and Luna at thy will That potable they may be wrought a work of worth and skill By salt are cured many griefs thongh hidden and profound Yet the exceeding use thereof is certainly unfound Salt doth preserve the food of men that travel far by sea And seasoneth well our meats at home which else would soon decay Of gain that doth thereby arise all people have a part It maketh barren land bear fruit which cheers the Plough-mans heart The Marchant is enricht thereby and all that fish in lakes Great store of food is gain'd by salt all things it savory makes In Physick and Chirurgery it hath the greatest part It doth contain an essence true which glads the fainting heart It causeth appetite at need it quencheth thirst at will It ceaseth pain of raging gowts it fevers hot doth still Thereby are bleeding wounds made well and that without delay Yea sordid Ulcers it makes sound and tumours takes away For meat and medicines there 's not ought with salt compar'd may be Wherefore I 'le cease to praise a thing above capacity God grant we all may seasoned be with salt devoid of strife That while we live we may do good and gain eternal life Sal metallorum est lapis Philosophorum OF SVLPHVR Sulphur is taken in general three manner of waies SUlphur is generaly taken for every fatty oylie or any way combustible part of any creature whether it be Animal Vegetable or Mineral namely in animal it comprehends Adeps Axungia Pinguedo and what else is combustible In Vegetables it includes Rosine Terebinthine Gum Oyl Wax Vinum Ardens or Aqua vitae Touching Minerals or Metals it includes all sorts of Bitumens with also the oyles of Metals as of Gold Silver Iron or any other together with all sorts of Brimstone Also it comprehends all sorts of Minral salts I mean their oyles as the oyl of Vitriol of A special observation Example A general rule Allom or of common salt c. And further it is to be considered that every Animal vegetable or Mineral substance whatsoever is said to contain his own pec liar and different Sulphur as for example in wine or beer or any other liquid

cold yea even by Galen himself Tesie cap. 6. lib. prim simpl med cap. 20. ejusdem lib. Spiritus vini SPirit of wine of all vegetables is the most precious thing it is the truest of all Cordials the particular vertues whereof to be duly handled would fill a great Volume It is called as is said Spiritus vini quasi Spiritus vitae and the sacred Scriptures testifie that wine makes glad the heart of man wherefore there needs no further argument to expresse it to be a true Cordial It is odoriferous and of a pleasant tast It extracteth out Tinctures from every medicinal subject It preserveth the body from putrefaction and in every cold oppression of Nature it is a true helper for the cough and all distillations of rheumes and fluxes it is a perfect help It comforteth the stomack and provoketh appetite It helpeth those which are thick of hearing one drop daily put into the ear It preserveth a man in health if every morning and evening he take certain drops thereof and defendeth the body that taketh it from the oppression of infectious aires and being sick almost in any disease it may safely be given as a true restorative medicine All sorts of the Cordial strong waters recited for so much as they contain of spirit of wine in them as is said become thereby if not otherwise Cordial indeed for take from them the spirit of wine they contain and the remainder is not worth the room in a glasse Much might here to good purpose be taught of the true use of the Spirit of wine for the cure of wounds ulcers fistula's and many other infirmities if time would serve which for brevities sake I purposely pretermit at this time Spirit of Vitriol FOr this medicine I refer the Reader to the general Treatise of Salt and to that part which mentioneth Oyl of Vitriol where he shall be satisfied Spirit of Terebinthine THis spirit of Terebinthine is a subtile volatile pure and a Chrystalline spirit exttacted from Terebinthina which how much the more noble the subject is so much the more excellent will the spirit be It hath many precious vertues medicinable contained in it for it is wholly combustible penetrative of a warming and comforting faculty it is a good menstrum to draw Tinctures by either from vegetable or minerall medicines and chiefly it is to extract the Tincture from Sulphur which Tincture is a singular good medicine many wayes as in his proper place I mean to touch This said spirit is a true balsame in the cure of all new wounds especially of the sinewes It comforteth all the sinewie parts of the body afflicted with any cold impression as convulsions the Scurvy or the like It provoketh urine very well if 10. or 12. drops be taken in wine fasting and drives out gravel and the stone It is also good to consolidate any inward wound penetrating into the body a few drops thereof daily drunk It is a fit addition for any Unguent serving for a cold disease to amend the warming force thereof and to cause it to penetrate the better It hath many other singular good uses which for brevitie I must passe over The white Caustick THis kind of Caustick taketh his vertue from the vegetable salt it contains and may well be carried in the Chest for that it will last well an East-India Voyage with some times the addition of a little capital lees as need shall require namely when it groweth too hard It is altogether as safe and sure as the Caustick stone but not so swift in working neither so well to be ruled for it will often spread three times as wide as it is intended if it be not warily prevented which thing is dangerous to the Patient and disgraceful to the Artist Wherefore if I had capital lees I would rather boyle up the Caustick stone but then again except the Surgeons Mate know the true height of boyling it and can cut it into pieces one half inch long as is said and with one of the said pieces held in his one hand can perforate the apostume otherwise it is all one with the former white Causticks for being laid on it will become liquid as the other It is not sufficiently safe to cut a hole as the use is in a spread emplaster of the bignesse he would have his orifice and so lay it on and cover it with a like emplaster for that this course cannot hinder the spreading thereof but if he will work surely after that fashion I mean with any potential caustick medicine let him cut from a roll of some soft emplaster that will cleave well a piece of one ounce in weight or thereabout and make of it two long rolles laying one on each side the place of the apostume appointed to be pierced bringing them at each end together for the ends of a caustick incision ought to be narrow and the middest broad if it be artificial at least twice as long as broad is a good form and rather more Regard also that your incision be made as near as may be according to the length of the fibres and muscles and alwayes that it be so made that one end be more dependent then the other But in Bubo's of the emunctories it will seldom fall out so for that you are constrained to follow the form of the tumour which commonly lieth thwart chiefly in venereal Bubo's in inguine or the groine Likewise if the tumour be full and the Patient in great pain you shall do him great ease by piercing the Esker in the middest so soon as it is made to discharge some of the matter But note this as a general rule never presse out the matter too forcibly nor take too much at once out For howsoever you may justly alledge and conceive it is putrid and offensive matter yet know it containeth natural colour and some spirits and any sudden evacuation thereof will weaken and perhaps overthrow your Patient Wherefore except some extraordinary cause urge you thereto force not much matter from a suppurated Apostume but leave that work to nature onely and hinder not the due course thereof by the foolish use of stopping the orifice with a tent for so thou shalt become an enemy to thy Patient and not onely hinder his natural help far above thy artificial help but also uncharitably thou wilt choke him up in his own excrements which beware of And for the furthering the fall of an Esker in an Apostume where nature hath a breathing it is meer folly as I have said in other place The longer it lyeth on the better I like the work and if you would use all the art you can you cannot keep on an Esker at your will wherefore forget that work till it be done to thy hand I have much in my good will to write of this subject namely of the manner of preparation keeping and sundry sorts of applycation of the same caustick and divers other necessary instructions

This disease preceedeth of divers causes and accidents both outwardly and inwardly Outwardly by cold coming accidentally to the hinder parts arsegut as the long sitting upon a cold stone upon iron a boord upon the cold ground or any hard thing whereby the Sphincture or round muscle compassing the straight gut is pressed or bruised It cometh also by intemperate heat and drought and corruptnesse of the ayre and weather sometimes by long bathing in cold water and sometimes by much using narcotial oyntments and such like Also inwardly this disease proceedeth of salt biting humours abounding throughout the whole body of man also by means of some hot or cold impostume or after a Dysentery or Flux whereas some cholerick matter remaineth behinde in the right-gut yet unevacuated And sometimes too happeneth here in our Countrey as some English Writers affirm by little drinking of Beer or Ale and sometimes it cometh by drinking Too much drinking of wine Nature of Tenasmus too much wine and by eating of costive meates and superabundance of choler adust This disease is of the nature or disposition of a Dysentery or Flux but that the Dysentery paineth the Patient with greivous tortions through all the guts but Tenasmus paineth the Patient usually in the right gut onely as appeareth by Galen in his third book De causis Symptomat And Trajanus in his sixth Chapter and Gal. de causis sympt lib. 3. Trajan cap. 8. lib. 6. The signs of Tenasmus eighth book who affirmeth the same saying Tenasmus recti inte●tini est effectus c. The signs and tokens of this disease are chiefly to be known by the Patients relation of the temperature of the body slender diet and egestions whether it be hard or costive or else thin or liquid The pain described In Tenasmus the pain doth not ascend so high as the navel but is chiefly felt with heat pricking and burning with a desire of emptying in the end of the sphincture the excrements being of a yellowish colour Another sign in young men like their starching now adayes but in old persons the excrements are of a more pituos slimie and bloodie substance If the disease proceed of an Impostume the Patient will feel a continual pain and the more augmented and grievous when he goeth to the stool Prognistica Tenasmus after a Dysentery is most hard to be cured Necessary observations Tenasmus in a woman with child causeth oftentimes abortion sobbing vexing or the hickoke and is very pernitious and betokeneth much drynesse Tenasmus long continuing bringeth the Collica and Iliaca Passio or Swoonding and diseases of the head Tenasmus is not numbred amongst long nor sharp diseases for that it is soon cured and if the Patient do eat and drink well there is no danger The cure How to cure Tenasmus proceeding from cold Tenasmus is cured by taking away the causes thereof from whence it doth proceed as if it come by outward cold then let there be applyed to the Ose pecken and hippes warm resolving fomentations and applications as bags of millium with salt being rosted or fried or sacks with bran sodden in wine or water and so applyed as hot as may be suffered and the fundament and parts anointed with oyles of Rew Lillies Bayes Vnguentum martiatum and such like Alexander in his sixth Chap. and eight book saith Tenasmus is cured with foments of Fenigreek and the roots of Altheae being boyled and injected into the belly and also the Patients hinder parts well suffumigated with the same decoction the Patient being compassed about close with clothes and so set over it and then the fundament afterward annointed with oyl of Roses fresh butter or goose grease with wax dissolved Bears and Capons grease and such like Item A fume of Frankencence and pitch being cast upon burning coales and the Patient set close over the fume helpeth presently Item To give present ease to that pain let two bags be filled with wheaten-bran and steeped in boyling vineger and the Patient to sit thereon so hot as may be suffered and to change them continually as the one cooleth to take another Note that in this disease of Tenasmus no cold things are to be applyed A special instruction in administring a glyster for Tenasmus at all Item such glysters as are used in this disease should not exceed half a pound and the glyster-pipe to be put into the gut not above two fingers bredth at the most in length within the gut Concerning exitus vel progressus vel procidentia A●i in English the falling of the fundament THis disease for the most part is accidental to our Nation in hot countries and that chiefly after or in the time of a great flux of blood or humours although it is manifest it also happeneth in all Children more subject to this disease then old people countries and places both to young and old but chiefly to children upon divers several occasions which I list not here to amplifie having no intent to set out my work in painted phrases for I would onely arm the Chirurgions Mate how to proceed in the cure thereof at Sea and yet I know the same will take good effect also at land where that disease happeneth The Causes Causes of the falling of the fundament THe causes of this grief are too many to be named the sign thereof is manifest that it is a resolution or a relaxation of the muscles of those parts whereby the gut slippeth or slideth down lower then the natural place thereof namely out of the body The cure of this grief is for the most part short and likewise if the Patient at Sea be careful and go not out to the shrowds or Beak-head of the ship to stool neither in going force the expulsive vertue of his body over much it will not easily fall down again The Cure It is cured as followeth namely at the first going out use no other remedy then a warm soft clout and thy hands and gently return it into his due place and let the party after it is reduced sit on a hot board or have a very hot napkin doubled and applied to his fundament and another to his belly but whereas this disease for the The cure if it proceed of the fluxes of the belly most part proceedeth from the fluxes of the belly in such cases you must proceed to the cure of such fluxes of the belly and that effected you shall hear no more of this accident but if it usually fall out it is The cure if it useth often to fall down the more dangerous then you may proceed as followeth set the party over a close stoole and fume the place as warm as he can suffer it with a fume of Thus Mastick amber rosin or pitch or any one of these and being fumed well and very warm bestrew the gut fallen down with Album Gracum well powdered and fine for this is precious though

With coales and fime to be besmeer'd it is the Chymist kind The trowel brick with hammer oft and shovel he must use The cliffes the tongs and bellowes eke he no way may refuse His grates of iron he must fit his rings to cut his glasse With pots of iron brasse or clay his furnace he must passe The Retort and the Alembick safe with lute he must defend And vaprous ventils have in care those must he often mend And why in vain he makes a fire which cannot rule the same For therein resteth all the Art the pleasure gain and fame Yet that 's not all he ought to know that would a Chymist be A thousand things are yet behind as he shall find and see But he that takes delight in ought regardeth not the pain So he may have the thing he seeks although it be but vain A Chymist that would duly work must readily define The characters which he shall read and spels of ancient time Each Mineral he ought to know his malice force and might Or he may soon beshrew himself if he mistake the right The twelve signs of the Zodiack he ought to know by heart Conjunction Opposition too of Planets though in part The Sextile Trine and Quadrile eke the Dragons head and tail The Planets orders how they raign and where their force may fail In termes of Art which divers are instructed he must be Amalmagate alcolizate and cohobate must be To calcine and for to cement to circulate also To colliquate coagulate and congelate I trow To colorate to corrodate conglutinate likewise Coagmentate coadunate whereby to win the prize Sometime digestion needful is and deliquation too Divaporation is a work the Chymist wise must do Where distillations do prevail Distraction takes the head Then by Elaboration wise men may be mislead Election needful is in all evaporation too Expression and extraction are two things that he must doe In exhaltations he must strive and Ebullitions make His fermentation oftentimes will cause him to awake His filterations many are his fumigations eke And most in his fixations the good man is to seek Gradations then are thought upon and granalation more Incorporation hath his time Ignision pincheth sore And Levigation hath his place and Liquefaction use Then to Lutation have a care therein be no abuse For all mortification can do or else can say I hope multiplication the cost and pains will pay He suffers Masaration and Maturation both Embracing putrifaction foul which many a man would loth Precipitation was forgot purgation goeth before And by projection he shall find if he be rich or poor But if his hopes yet chance to fail Reduction thought upon Restrinction Reverberation and Resolution strong Then Repurgations often had with Segregations fine Some Sublimations duly us'd may well become the time Stratifigations in due place Solutions eke in time Subduction never wanting is a Chymist to define Of Torrefactions he hath store Vivifications hope But finds vitrification or vani●●● all in smoke What shall I say this is not all the Chymist must abide This Labyrinth out his glasse then breaks his patience there is tride Yet grant to this although t' were more there 's no man ever knew A work so slight and cheap as this such rare effects to shew In gaining health to sick and sore preserving men from woe Yea sundry waies expelling griefs which in mans body grow By true Elixirs of much price by Quintessenses high And many famous medicines more which I for haste passe by Though once a Gallenist ill led devis'd a slanderous rime Which he in Latin verse put forth I know not well the time And this it was that followeth next which if it prove a lie I le no way seem him to excuse you have 't as cheap as I. Alchymia est ars sine arte cujus subjectum est pars cum parte Proprium ejus probè mentiri ultimò mendicatum iri But lest I should be deemed one ' mongst birds that file their nest I le leave this doubtful verse as 't is and haste to end the rest Common it is with Chymists true their house-doves them withstand Fearing all will be spent in smoke time goods yea house and land A noyse domestick shrill I hear and I dare stay no longer Good friends adieu till further time I must obey the stronger You Chymists wise that wived are be warned here by me Search not into this mysterie except your female ' gree For I have found to my great smart when she list to contend Then down goes pot yea glasse and all and I vow to amend And need sayes yeeld there 's fault in him that stubbornly stands out Till breech and jacket all be torn by searching secrets out Vale THE Tearms of Art Recited formerly in Verse are here again repeated Alphabetically and more plainly interpr●ted ALbation is the abstraction of dust moths gret adhering to a thing with an Hares foot feather spather knife or the like Ablution is exaltation cleansing unclean things by often infusion reducing them to purity Alcolis●us is an operation by calcination ribellation and other means which reduceth a matter into Alcool the finest powder that is Amalgamation is the putting together solution or calcination of familiar metals by Argentum vivum c. Ar●matization is an artificial manner of preparation whereby medicaments are made more suaveolent and odoriferous for the oblectation and strength of the palate and vital faculty Attrition is a certain manner of preparation like grinding on a convenient stone with some humidity whereby Lapis Judaicus Collyria and the like are prepared Buccellatio is dividing into gobbets or by peece-meals Calcination is solution of bodies into Calx or Alcool by desiccation of the native humidity by reverberate ignition by Amalgamation by Aqua fort is the spirit of salt vitriol Sulphur or the like Calfaction is a certain manner of preparing simple and compound medicaments not by boyling or burning but by the moderate heat of the Sun fire ●imus equinus vel ejus vicarius Cementation is gradation by cementing Cementum is a mineral matter like lute and penetrating wherewith metals spred over are reverberated to cement Ceratio is the mollification of an hard thing untill it be like waxe at the fire Cinefaction is ignition converting Vegetables and Animals by a very vehement heat into Cineres Circulation is the exaltation of pure liquor as spirit of Wine by circular solution and coagulation in a Pelican a moderate heat forcing it Clarification is the expurgation of sordid grosse matter from liquid medicaments Coad●nation sometimes termed by the name of a more excellent species Coagulation is a perfect and skilful working whereby disagreeing things are united Coagmentation like to glutination is by liquate things to which dissolving powders are cast and afterwards are made concrete by laying them in a cold place or by evaporating their humidity Coagulation is the coaction of things agreeing in nature from a thin and a

fluid consistence into a solid masse by the privation ●f moisture Coction is the alteration or commutation of a thing to be boyled Cohobation is frequent abstraction of liquor oftentimes a●●used upon a dead head or dry feces by distillation Colation is the transmission of that which is humid thorow a strainer that the liquor may be had separated from the dryer substance Colliquation or Colliquefaction is the conjunction of many fusils or liquables to make one compound by eliquation on the fire Coloration is whereby the perfect colour of gold silver Philosophers Lead c. obscured by any sulphurious vapour is renovated and illustrated by maceration frequent ablution in sharp liquor as Salt Argal spirit of wine wine vineger or by an acute paste laid on the said metals Combustion is ignition converting bodies by burning them into Calx Comminution is the reducing of any matter into such fine powder by dilution filteration exiccation contusion calcination cribration or any other means that no roughnesse or corpulency be felt as Alcool Complexion is the nature of a part hot cold moy●t or dry Composition is the codunation of divers things Concretion is divaporation of humidity in fluid things by gentle decoction on fire Confriction is a certain light Attrition by which pulverable things with the rubbing of the fingers or a more solid body are quickly levigated as Cerussa Amylum c. Confusion is properly a mixture of such liquid things as are fluid and of one and the same nature as of divers waters by themselves and so of oyles liquid things as wax rosin pitch c. may likewise be confused but by Eliquation Congelation is often performed by a precedent decoction of things to a certain height or just consistence which after set into a Cellar or cold place do congeal into a transparent substance not unlike ice as is seen in the making of Copperas Salt peter or the like Conglutination is the ●errumination or compaction of metals jewels glasses c. by gummes glue whites of egges and the like the nature of the conglutinated remaining Contusion is the beating of grosse bodies into smaller or very subtile parts Corrosion is calcination reducing things coagulated by the corroding spirits of salt sulphur wine-vineger distilled Aqua fortis c. into Calx Cribration is the preparation of medicaments by a sive or scarce Deliquation is the preparation of things by melting on the fire Deliquium is the liquation of a concrete as salt powder calcined c. set in an humid an frigid place external humidity resolving the siccity that it flow having a watery form as is apparant in the preparation of salt of Tartar Descension is when the essential juyce dissolved from the matter to be distilled is subducted and doth descend Despumation is when spume or froth floating on the top is taken away with a spoon feather or by colation Distillation is whereby an essence is extracted in the form of liquor and being coagulated is carried by the stillicidium translated out of the vessel of the matter into the excipulium sublocated Difflation is wheu through heat spirits arising are with a kind of folles blown into the adverse camera and there are found congulated Digestion is simple maturation whereby things uncocted in artificial digestory heat as food by a natural heat in the stomack is digested Dissolution is a preparation of medicaments simple and compounded by some convenient humidity to a certain consistence Distraction is a certain divulsion or disunition of divers things before united and agreeing together no respect of one existing or comprehended in an other had every one remaining in its own nature Divaporation is exhalation by fire of vapour remaining in liquid substances till all aquofity be consumed or in more dry but fumed by torrefaction Dulcification is the correction of mineral medicaments by ablutions and the like Duration is either when things mollified at the fire are set in a cold place to harden or by boyling to an high consistence or admixtion of dry powder with them do waxe hard Elaboration is a manual operation whereby we extract from a substance the most excellent matter the ignoble parts removed Election is of simples according to time and season wherein they are gathered and according to the region wherein they grow that so the best may be had and their vigour appear in use according to expectation Elevation is subtiliation when spiritual parts from the corporal subtile from the grosse the not fixt from the fixed like smoke by the force of fire are elevated and adhering to the cold concaves of the Alembeck do thicken and convert into water Elixation i● coction in humid● by a moderate heat Elution is the preparation of common Bole Tal●um Crocus Martis Terra Lemnia c. by pulverization calcination lotion c. Evaporation See Divaporation Exaltation is an operation whereby a medicament changed in his affections by gentle dissolution is produced to an higher ● dignity of substaance and vertue and a greater degree of purity Exhalation is when the spirit of any matter solid or in powder being put into a platter or any other convenient vessel set on coales is elevated through heat and vanisheth into the air Expression is extraction by a presse wherein herbes amygdales c. compressed pour forth their substances as juyces and oyl into a liquid form Extinction is the suffocation of a matter fiery and hot into some humidity Extraction is a segregation of an essence from a corporeous concretion by digestion in Balneo his feces left in fundo as Rhabarbarum in spirit of Wine infused manifesteth Fermentation is the exaltation of a massie substance by the admission of Fermentum which doth penetrate it wholly his vertue distributed by a spirit and inverteth it into his own nature Ferrumination is the joyning together of a fracture in one and the same Metal or of divers Metals by a Mineral flux Filteration called percolation by Filtrum a Chymical colum is subduction of thin aquosity in humid things the thick and oyly substances resisting Fission see Section Fictation is the assuefaction of volatil and spiritual bodies to fire by calcination gentle and continual decoction frequent sublimation solution and coagulation often iterated or by addition of a matter fixed that so they may endure fire and not flie away Fraction is the breaking of some matter with ones hand or with an instrument Frixion is the preparation of some medicaments with oyl butter wine vineger c. in a convenient vessel for the correcting of bad qualities in them Fulmination derived of fulmen a Latin word signifying fire breaking out of the clouds causing a sudden light great and bright is a metallicall gradation with excoction to an absolute perfection in Cinerition whose purity is declared by an effulgent splendor Fumigation is calcination of metals by the sharp corroding vapour of Mercury Philosophers Lead c. boyling in a crucible the metals cut into plates and either laid over

the principall members of the body as the Heart Brain or Liver causing Convulsions Palsies Dropsies Scorbutes or the like which oft-times termine in Gangrena and after a further time they conclude in Sphacelus Also Gangrenes proceed by great inc●sed wounds and namely amongst other wounds contused wounds chiefly I mean those of Gunshot also sometimes by fractures and dislocations also by Fistulaes and inveterate Ulcers by unreasonable stripes as with a Buls Pisle or a thong cut from an Elephants skin much used for correction in Poland Hungary and the Turkish Dominions finally from all interceptions intersections or interruptions of the spirits what or wheresoever may produce a Gangrena De Gangrena A third Definition gathered from learned Authours The third Definition of Gangrena A Gangrene is a partial mortification of a member commonly by reason of a phlegmon it may be said to be partial in that the part affected so long as the member is not throughly dead but hath in it self still a sense and feeling of pain and therefore not altogether desperate although yet it be tending to mortification and so unlesse there be some sudden help in the staying thereof it will soon turn to a total and perfect mortification after which it may no more be tearmed a Gangrene but is called of the Grecians Sphacelus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because of the extinction of Sphacelus the natural heat therein and of the Latines it is called Sideratio Sideratio a totall and perfect putrefaction and moreover of the later Writers Esthiomenon in that it is so sudden piercing and penetrating unto Esthiomenon the bone and doth as it were overcome the whole man so as again it may be concluded that the difference between a Gangrene and Sphacelus as is said is a Gangrene is truly tearmed an unperfect Dif in Gang. Sphacel mortification in the fleshy parts onely but Sphacelus is a perfect and total privation of sense being a mortification not only of the fleshy parts but also of the nervous parts even unto the very bone yea and of the bone it self also The causes of a Gangrene Causx Gangr by some learned Writers are reduced to three the first is when as a member cannot receive the vital spirits proper or natural due to it from the heart by the Arteries by reason of a dissolution in the mixture or harmony of the member caused externally by extreame frigidity as sometimes it chanceth to be in a very cold and sharp Winter also by the inconsiderate and too too immoderate and rash refrigeration of a Phlegmon as also extreame calidity as by scalding Liquor or through some poysonous disposition in nature invested in the parts affected all or any of which do or may sufficiently extinguish the natural heat thereof if wholesome remedies in time be not applyed a Gangrene may justly be expected to follow Another cause is when as the vitall spirits in any member are obstructed suffocated and finally extinguished by reason of some obdurate schirrous hardnesse and constipation of the Veines arteries or pores of the skin as in venemous or pestilential Apostumes or Carbuncles is often seen so that little or none of the venemous matter conteined in the Apostume or venemous tumour can be digested or receive discussion nor be brought to suppuration by apt Medicines whereby Nature being above her strength oppressed and Art not sufficiently succouring a Gangrene is produced Another cause may be by extreame strong ligature through the indiscretion of unworthily termed Artists or of unexpert Artists as too often is manifest and sometimes by compressions or other interceptions of blood or spirits by which the vital spirits should be transported to the member grieved The signes of a Gangrene are these an extinction of the lively Sign of Gangr colour which was in the precedent Phlegmon grievous pain and continual pulsation in the diseased part apparent by the Arteries being at the first very sensible but afterwards declining their due force the part agrieved seeming for the most part in colour to be blackish blewish or of a duskie or livid colour yea sometime putrid and being opened a filthy Ichor and of an unsavoury smell proceeding from it Thus much of the signs Of the Cure of Gangrena Cure TO the performance of the cure of this disease there must be first a due consideration had of the cause Secondly of the part affected Thirdly of the fitting apt remedies for the Cure and how to proceed in the curing that disease and of the Symptomes thereof and lastly of the removing the cause which if that may be effected health doubtlesse will follow according to that Axiome of the Philosopher Abla●a causa tollitur effectus but that must be expected in his due time in which there must be first considered What to be considered in the cure of a Gangrene Diet to be used for a Gangrene whether the disease proceed of repletion and if so then a general evacuation with a cooling and spare dyet must be prescribed the Patient Viz. Water with the milk of Almonds and thin brothes with cooling herbs as Lactuca Spinachia Portulaca Sorr●l or the like as also advising with the learned Physician where time and place serveth Barley waters also are good and the sick must be forbidden all wine and strong drink and must be contented with posset-drink Barley water and small Beer it were also fitting that there were prescribed to the patient some preparative medicaments as these Syrup Acetos Preparatives necessa●y Simp. Syrup Endiviae Syrup Citri Violar any of these mixed with waters as may be convenient in such a disease and after these preparatives may be used such purgatives as may purge and cleanse the blood viz. Confect Hamech Caria costrirum Diacatholicon Cassia fistula or some one of them being according to Art performed Phlebotomy usefull And if you perceive further occasion you may reiterate the use of any of them and further you may not omit the use of Phlebotomy scarrification and application of Ventoses Leeches or Vesicatories upon or nigh the part affected and according to the Patient his strength let him blood moderately and observe that in scarrification regard is to be had concerning the gangrenated part whether it penetrate or be superficial and so accordingly is scarrification to be used as for the application of Leeches it may be done upon any part thereto adjoyning or upon the part affected it self and further note that if a Gangrene follow a contusion for the most part it proceeds either by the vehemency of the contusion whereby eruption of the capillar veins yea and the larger veins also blood is forced into the Muscles confusedly as by the Echymosis may appear of the evil disposition of the Patient or it may also proceed for want of a Surgeon to apply fit and artificial applications in due time not seldome under favour by over-hard ligature But if the Gangrene appear to have

wondred they should so clean have lost or omitted and passed by so worthy a work of practice as the aforesaid was it being of such good consequence in a Common-wealth and to let dye in oblivion yea and not only so but also to brand it with pittiful inhibitions and conjectured slanders and unfeasablenesse for I cannot see how any man can justly averre a rule to be so punctual or so generally absolute that it may admit no exception for even this so ancient and great a rule I hope the Reader will acknowledge is confuted or anon will fully be by apparent practice and common experience as namely one way if the Reader do but call to mind the workes of Gale a late worthy Writer he may find that he affirmes and by sound arguments well maintaines that wounds made by Gun-shot were not venemous as divers ancient Writers formerly had affirmed and if so how stands it then that the amputation of sphacelated members proceeding by Wounds made with Gun-shot not venemous that the amputation of such performed in the wounded or mortified parts should of themselves be so poysonous or venemous that the whole body should suffer thereby but I suppose one should affirm it were so yet the contrary by true and yet visible practice is apparent and to be proved yea and further by good practice amputation in the mortified part is experienced to be good practice in more venemous cases then in For example Gun-shot for my self dismembred a young man of a leg in the putrid part the mortification proceeding by a violent pestilential Feavour which many justly deemed to be venemous far beyond a wound made by Gun-shot yea even venemous in the highest degree and yet that legge being so taken off the venemous disposition thereof did cease and did not offend at all but the Patient was quickly healed and if the case be cleared by experience that the venome from a mortified member in the Plague returneth not to hurt the Body though such a member be abscissed in the mortified part in case of the Plague how then can it well stand that the aforesaid general rule holds true Ense recidendum est ne pars sincera trahatur And yet further I desire to instance to the Reader a case that will as I conceive satisfie him fully but if not all men yet at the least every understanding Artist that mortified flesh left on upon amputation or otherwise let remain without amputating untill nature being strong of her self have cast it off doth no way indanger the life of Mortified flesh not presently h●z●ding the life of the Patient the Patient no not in the least and this is very familiarly known and daily almost observed or may be observed to be and that it doth not at all prejudice that which is sound the which may be often seen in poor people men women and children but most commonly in poor children who by Gangrenes upon their toes whole feet fingers and hands yea and on their legges and arms proceeding of cold or by weaknesse of nature where sustenance dyet and natural warmth is wanting doth no way overthrow the body for that the said parties of indigent and poor being brought into an Hospital in London or elsewhere where that there is no need of competent food and warmth nature of her self being holpen by the onely administration of food and warmth with small or sometimes no help of Art at all Nature doth of her self exfoliate and cast off the part putrid from the whole part by a separation in Nature without offending or indangering the parts thereunto adjacent at all And I my self may truly say have from more then a hundred persons cut off from some a legge yea both the legges a hand a foot a toe or toes an arm a finger c. of such rotten members being all dismembred in the rotten part of which not one hath dyed in the cure neither hath the mortification spread it self any further at all many of which if occasion were I could produce at this time of penning this relation I dare affirm twenty for living witnesses and also I have had sometimes old folkes and young children which onely by weaknesse and for want of food competent deficiency in nature as aforesaid their limbs have gangrenated and some of these if no help had bin at hand would have fallen off yea and of some my self have pinched off fingers and sawed asunder the greater bones when all the flesh was by nature separated rotted and fallen away of it self and yet that rotten stincking or cadaverous part did no way infect the sound otherwise then by the stinck and the truth hereof each Artist in practice may not deny and can fairly witnesse then if granted away with the conjectural supposition that the sphacelated part hath any property active or faculty in it self to corrupt otherwise then each other cadaverous thing hath namely by his Fetour in want of being removed it may noysomly be offensive but not to the height as to kill the Patient And yet I will believe per contra that neither the one nor the other way of amputation no not with all the art of man can save from the grave by any amputation in some cases which although by all men must be granted yet the practice of amputating in the putrid part must be held good as for example which I trouble your patience with about 14. yeares past there was a Minister named M. Poston a Reader in the Chappel of For example Suttons Hospital in London who had a corn upon one of his little toes that troubled him he being otherwise at that time in perfect health and himself at evening going to bed pared the said corn with his penknife that it bled a little as he himself said but within a few houres after his toe pained him very much and grew to be inflamed in the morning his foot was wholly discoloured and gangrenated and the Patient with the violent fiercencsse of a sudden Feaver by the pain then upon him was wholly distracted and in a delirium which continued till the next day at night and then he dyed and this man was immediately before that accident a man in perfect health and of an extraordinary great strength of body yea and wanted not the learned advice of the Physician onely he had a full corpulent body and was a very large feeder so that to such a patient so fiercely visited I cannot conceive how any amputation of what sort soever could have succoured to have saved his life for that in my opinion the whole masse of the blood and spirits were tainted and subjugated by an exceeding fear before help could take place many other reasons I have elsewhere instanced of impossibilities or unfitnesse in my judgement to injoyn any Artist to observe any one particular way course or order of amputation for that the occasions of the Gangrenes so much do differ onely as elsewhere is recited for

the facility thereof and for the saving of blood and spirits I have thought fit to commend to your consideration this new method as to the discretion of the Artist shall be esteemed fit Also I have observed that in surfeited delicate bodies of great personages such as are over-pomper'd with pleasure ease and fulnesse if by any way or accidents such happen to have a Gangrene seldome one of them escapeth death especially if they be ancient and have the dropsie or Scorbute and on the contrary amongst those which are weak poor indigent and miserable people which have bin by long continued ulcers fistulaes or other grievous maladies spent to extream weaknesse although seeming half dead before the work begin scarce two of ten dye amongst them upon amputation if the work be judiciously and in a fit way and time performed for I by practice have often observed that where an infirmity hath pulled down a Patient low and almost past hope of recovery especially if the disease proceeded by any outward violence that such bodies have bin by my experience found to be generally most hopeful of recovery either by amputation in the one or the other kind as the occasion will most fittest bear and on the contrary persons that are to be dismembred in full strength if it be to be acted in the sound part bear a far greater venture of their lives then the miserable dejected wretches do as aforesaid except it can be effected in the putrid part And one observation more to be by all men had in regard namely that our God in Naturehath created in mans body such a strong antipathie betwixt the living and the dead parts thereof that when by any violence in Nature either by distemperature from within testified by Feavours Pestilential or others or by the outward violence of Engines of Warre or other incident mischances as by Fractures Contusions c. whereby one part or limb of mans body becommeth sphacelated and dead before the other it is manifest that the living parts do as it were either in fear or disdain of the dead parts or for some other secret cause in Nature though not without great pain and grief notably withdraw themselves each from the other as in disdain leaving neither warmth not at all any comfort motion nor sense either by blood or spirits or ought else moving in the dead Veines Nerves nor Arteries neither any sense in the Periostcon that sensible Panicle that covereth the bones but as by a comparison of a Snail may in part be explained they wholly withdraw themselves for the Snail having by the vertue of natural warmth stretched her self out of her shell either for her necessity nourishment or delight in a moment apprehending cold or danger retyres into her shell and with all her force by her own slime shuts her self close up again and so rests her self in a supposed safety with her no doubt content even so all the living instruments faculties or vessels of Nature as in a nauseous disdain contempt or fear of the dead parts forsake the sphacelated parts and leave them utterly desperate and impotent and by vertue of the Radical Balsam of Nature contracts and shrowds her relict living parts as Artists may judge by the mortified toes of children but much the better where Art is at hand to aid Nature so that thereby the dead parts become as a noysome and heavy burthen to the living parts so as if you wound the sphacelated part it is not onely senselesse but also it is without blood or spirits at all neither doth blood or humours run any more nor so much as move in the sphacelated or putrid Veines at all and whilest lively Nature is as aforesaid shutting her dead enemy out of her living doores by stopping up all the breaches that she may hold the relict of her own if animal Art have not the charity to take her dead enemy from her yet vital agility assisted by natural motion and will in his due time doth efficiate what fairly can be expected for the assisting of Nature and supplying all defects proceeding ex intemperie all which excellent offices in Nature no question proceed de praesciencia Dei Here followeth a brief relation of amputation or of dismembring in general but more particularly being for the taking off of members in the rotten or mortified places which ha●h in many cases been approved by the Authour thereof by his own long experience FOr brevity sake in this place I will not spend time to write of the general diseases causes or reasons that might urge the amputation of any member having elsewhere written somewhat thereof onely my intent for the present is to aquaint the younger sort with my long experienced practice for the manner of dismembring in a mortified part where just cause is offered having undertakeen it meerly for the publique good by informing the younger sort of Surgeons as well for their incouragements in the safe and warrantable putting in practice my pactical Method therein as also to shew and fore warn them from being over-much mis-led in the insisting upon old errours and traditions of their Masters Patrons and Predecessours too punctually As for example A Chirurgical ●ase put betwixt two Surgeons Suppose the younger Surgeon in consultation with his Friend or Brother Surgeon by way of asking advice should put the case and say I have a Patient that hath the toes of his feet putrefied fistulated and many wayes perforated with foul bones therein so that it is unsound even almost to the joynts of the ankle or the like and I have endeavoured by Art and with advice the best I can to heal him and cannot prevail in the Cure Wherefore since the toes of the foot cannot be cured the rest of the foot as unprofitable were as I suppose best to be taken away and no lesse of the legge also for it will be but a hinderance to the Patient considering that he cannot stand thereon and is full of grievous pain I will therefore conclude according to custome to take all off a little below the Gartering place leaving a fit room for the stilt to rest the body upon The which his said friend admitteth of as good practice and so he proceedeth to the work as being a rational and fair course and warrantable If the rest of his suggestion or indications be answerable The Chirurgical case answered and admitted unto the aforesaid allegation the work is doubtlesse good and so I my self would heretofore have done untill my practice taught me better things but now by my own practice which I much rather would ground on then upon ipse dixit I take a shorter course For if the bones of the toes of the feet onely were foul fistulated c. as is suggested yea and therefore incurable for so stands the suggestion as being so by reason of some great contusion wound or ulcer or otherwise as aforesaid with divers fragments of foul bones in them or the