the first sight they seem such yet if they are viewed more diligently they are perceived to be composed of more as flesh of muscles substance of Veins Nerves Arteries Dissimilar are such as are compounded of more Of a Dissimilar Whether a similar part be opposite to an organick which are also called for the most part organick For although if we may speak properly an Organick is not opposite to similar but a dissimilar or compound and similar may be organick also as you may see in bones which have their organick constitution Yet because singular parts for the most part do not perform a whole and entire action which Galen requires in an organick part strictly so taken hence it comes to passe the Physitians for the most part oppose an organick to a similar But the constitution of similar parts The constitution of similar parts milar parts even as of those which consist of Elements and other mixed bodies consists in the lawful mixture of the four primary qualities But besides that temperature of primary qualities Occult qualities other qualities also are in them which are more occult arising from their forms which parts all of them possesse as is manifest by their sympathy and antipathy with other natural bodies and by several actions and kinds and manners of actions which are beyond the force of Elements The natural constitution of organick parts The constitution of dissimilar parts consists in a composition fit to perform actions namely in number magnitude conformation composition or scituation There is a common unity in them both as well similar as dissimilar and organick for not onely the whole body but every part thereof whether similar or organick ought to be whole and entire And if our bodies obtain these three things it is sound if either be wanting it becomes sick Yet there is a certain latitude of health The latitude of health nor do all men acquire the same perfection of performing actions but in regard of age sex and other circumstances some do perform all or certain actions better then others yet all of them neverthelesse are sound but Physitians call all those that deviate from perfect health Whether there be a Neutral disposition and yet are not sick Neuters and place a neutral constitution as it were in the middle betwixt the sick and well For although if we rightly weigh the matter there is no such thing as middle disposition differing from health and a disease and every man is either sick or well yet Physitians consider Neuters not as the mean betwixt sick and wel but as differing from perfect health peculiarly and distinguish Neuters from those that are sound not as differing in kind but in respect of more or lesse CHAP. IV. Of Temperaments BUT that the nature of health may be the more manifest something shall be spoken particularly of this three-fold constitution of a body which is necessary to health What a Temperament is and first for what belongs to the constitution of similar parts as they are such that is a Temperament which is a quality arisen from the mutual action and passion of primary qualities and resulting out of them separated and joyned together But not the form it self of a mixt substance sithence it is subject to the senses acquired by change or motion subject to alteration and hath its rise from the primary qualities Nor is it onely a harmony although there be a certain proportion of qualities in a Temperament since it is the immediate instrument of actions which doth not belong to a bare proportion which is an accident But from the Temperament A Temperament of a mixt body two-fold things are said to be temperate or intemperate and indeed any thing is said to be temperate two wayes either simply and absolutely and in its own kind or in relation to some other for if there be that proportion of qualities that they wholly concur in equal strength such a Temperament is said to be simply and absolutely such and such a Temperament is commonly called a Temperament ad pondus To weight or according to weight as if it were weighed in a ballance and is of an Arithmetical proportion But if there be a certain inequality of qualities in relation to their strength To Justice it is called a Temperament to Justice and this is called a Geometrical proportion although if you strictly regard the proportion of the qualities amongst themselves it is then an Intemperament not a Temperament Now this Temperament as we call it wherein there is not an equality of primary qualities takes its denomination from that quality which doth exceed the rest whether it be one or two And the action which proceeds from the Temperament is ascribed to the quality that doth predominate although the rest are no wayes to be excluded from having a share in the action Of these Temperaments some are simple Temper te to Justice two-sold Simple others compound Simple is when one quality onely exceeds its contrary and therest are equal whereof there are four kinds according to the number of the primary qualities Hot wherein heat doth rule over cold the moisture and drowth being equal Cold where cold overcommeth the heat but the moisture and driness are equal Moist wherein moisture exceeds drinesse the heat and cold being equal Drinesse wherein drowth dryes up moisture the heat and cold as before being equal But when two qualities exceed their contraries there ariseth a compound Temperament Compound The latitude of Temperament whereof there are likewise four kinds according to the combinations as far as possibly they may combine of the four primary qualities to wit Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist Cold and Dry. In every one of these there is a great latitude and in the simple Temperament some have more some lesse of heat or cold by much then other In compound Temperaments some one sometimes both qualities exceed the rest in an extraordinary yet different manner Any thing is said to be Hot Cold Moist or Dry How many wayes any thing is said to be hot moist cold and dry not only simply regard being had to the universal nature of mixt bodies wherein if you consider a middle sort of body exceeding in neither and in respect of this you accompt all others that differ from it Intemperate and from the quality excelling is called Hot Cold Moist or Dry but besides this there is made a comparison to three First the comparison is made to the next Genus or kind in nature as if in the whole sort of living Creatures you appoint one living Creature to be temperate all others in respect of that are called intemperate Secondly a comparison is made with a middle sort of the same kind so a Boy is said to be hot an old man cold Thirdly respect is had to every individual that so this compared to that as being Hotter is Cold but compared to a
humors and vapors are elevated in the brain which often happens in Fevers and Delitiums The same causes also for the most part have a power of stirring up the common sense and besides those principally grief which in what part of the body soever it is when it violently affects the sense of touching it also stirs up the common sense which once moved irritates also the rest of the senses and so it is necessary that over much watchfulness must ensue Cause of too much sleep The causes of too much sleep and first the cauâ—es of non-natural are all those things that hinder the spirits from being sent forth to the external parts Non-natural in due manner and season such are those which dissipate and consuâ—ne the heat of the spirits beyond measure or they are called back too much into the internal parts or hinder the spirits that they cannot go out to the remote parts as too much exercise paines taking too much watching baths and such like which fill the braine with halituous vapours Moreover the causes of a preter-natural and diseased sleep so called are also against nature namely Preternatural those things which detaine the spirits against nature so that they cannot freely passe to the Organs of the senses The cause of a Coma Coma and Cataphora or a dead sleep is a plentiful vapor whether cold and moist or hot and moist either generated in the brain or sent thither out of the whole body or part of it but principally stupifactive rendring the animal spirits heavy and drowsie When there is too greedy desire of sleep Coma vigil the same stupifactive vapor is the cause but because hot and sharp vapours are mingled with it and many various and absurd imaginations are brought to the fancy the sleep is troubled and interrupted The causes of immoderate dreams are impure vapours Of immoderate dreams black and melancholy arising from food and humors causing exhalations of the same nature and stirring up the animal spirits or a distemper of the brain stirring the vapors ascending from the inferiour parts and spirits in the brain A natural extasie hath for the most part the same causes Of an extasic for those which are troubled therewith have in their deep sleep various shapes and images represented to their fantafie about which the imagination being too much busied and fixed the rest of the senses ceasing when they awake they account those dreams by reason of the too much intentiveness of the fantasie for truths and think and say to themselves that those things did really happen The cause of such as walk in their sleep Sleep walkers is a stronger imagination from an internal object represented by a dream the fantasie being violently affected stimulates the desire and thence the motive faculty to perform something the senses for the most part being bound and the rational faculty obscured but the imagination doth depend either on some vehement diurnal disease which hath gone before or on the disposition of the spirits which the vapours thicken which are not onely mingled with the spirits but also have force of binding all the spirits and set before you many cleare dreames The memory Abolishing and diminishing of the mentory fantasie as the imagination is either abolished or diminished principally through the fault of the instrument which is the brain through its too cool a distemper thereof whereunto belongs not onely innate heat but default of spirits the default of innate heat is either native and contracted from our birth or happening afterwards from our birth Heat is deficient to those who have too great heads or a brain weak and cold by nature and mixt with too much moisture or a head too little and therefore little brains or a figure too concise the figure also it self of the head may hinder these actions After a mans birth the native heat is deficient through old age and what other causes soever which may destroy and debilitate the innate heat and may cause foul spirits whether they be internal and diseases and vitious humors or external as cold meat moist thick corrupt and impure air over-much watching stroaks and wounds of the head Besides the defect and cold distemper of the native heat the memory also is weakned yea and taken away sometimes by too much moisture of the brain the same also is hurt sometimes by external error namely through the fault of objects whilest in certain diseases it is confounded and distracted by almost innumerable objects which may likewise happen to such as are well who whilest they are busied in telling any story by reason of some object happening by chance they are so called aside that they cannot make an end of their story But the reasonable faculty is not diminished nor abolished of its self nor by reason of its instrument but because the fantasie is hurt and sometimes the memory and sometimes both The depravation of the imagination and ratiocinatination happens in divers kinds of Deliriums and all have their rise from some default of the animal spirits which being ill disposed represent objects so disposed to the fantasie and whereas for the most part the imagination and ratiocination are both affected in a Delirium and the imagination useth a corporeal Organ with its Spirits but the ratiâ—â—ination useth none but onely beholdeth fantasms In every Delirium the next cause of the hurt of the imagination is the vitiousnesse of the animal spirits but the depravation of the rational faculty is caused by the fantasms The imagination and understanding hurt called Paraphrosune hath its beginning from hot vapours which in burning Fâ—ve s and inflammations of the interiour parts are elevated to the brain and disturb the animal spirits yet moderately which thing also may happen if any one should take in his meat or drink that which may trouble the spirits On this manner commeth sottishness and such as is caused by Wine the weed Darnel Hops and such like A Frensie is caused by a hot Tumor of the Brain and its Membranes from whence the hot vapours being advanced continually trouble and stir the spirits in the brain A Frenzy The cause of offending the imagination in Melancholy Of Melancholy is dark animal spirits but the causes of depraving of the rational faculty are dusky fantasms but the animal spirits are become dark and black two ways first when the spirits themselves are pure in their own nature but some strange foul and blackish matter is mingled with them Secondly when the spirits themselves are darkish in their own nature and geneâ—ate such the former is caused three wayes the first is when the matter dark and impure clouding the spirits is contained in the vessels in the head Secondly when the matter is communicated to the brain from the whole body and principally from the greater veins Thirdly when it is transmitted principally from the Hypocondries which is thence named Hypocondriacal Melancholy the
is hindred which is known by the leannesse of the body and flux of the belly fourthly a perception of gravity in the right Hypocondrie as also a tumour encompassing the liver When the stomach is ill disposed t is known by its Of the Stomach actions hindred such are the appetite hurt the concoction vitiated which is perceived because those that are sick either are sensible of paine after meate or the stomach is blown up with wind or are troubled with belching loathing vomiting also if the dejection be slower or swifter without any fault of the liver then is fit the stomach is to be suspected Of the brest The first signe that the brest is affected is difficulty of breathing the second a cough the third paine lastly those things which come out by coughing as blood quitture Lastly Of the windpipe the signes of the affects of the Windpipe are the same but principally they are taken from the change of the voice somtimes also a cough is joyned more may be read of these things in the practicall part CHAP V. How to know Symptomes ALthough Symptomes for the most part are obvious to the senses Signes of Symptomes Of the naturall faculty lying hid yet somtimes they lye hid and had need have signes which are taken from causes and effects nutrition if it be not rightly performed the body is extenuated and growes leane if augmentation be not rightly perfected the body is lesse nourished if the generative faculty be hurt either none or weake Children are generated attraction and retention being hurt are known from their effects especially digestion is known by the excrements of its concoction so that which is in the stomach by the dregs of the belly that which is in the liver and veines by the urine those excrements which are in the brest by the spittle lastly the expulsive faculty is known to be hurt if those things are retained which ought to be expelled The vitall faculty is known to be hurt by the changed pulse of the heart and Arteries Of the vitall Of the animall As for the animall faculty the Physitian knows the depravation of the principall faculties from the words and deeds which are different from comlinesse and congruity In the same manner also other animall actions may be known to be hurt from their effects THE THIRD BOOK PART THE THIRD Of the Prognostick SIGNS CHAP. I. Of the severall kinds of Prognostick Signes YEt there remains the Prognostick Signs by which we may know those things which are to come Of what things are to be foreknown in the sick which may happen to thesick For the Physitian ought especially to know before hand three things concerning the Patient First what the event or the end of the disease will be Secondly at or about what time the disease will have an end Thirdly how or by what means Of Prognostick signs Of each of these before we speak in particular we must speak in generall of the Prognostick Signs and we will premise some things of knowing the times of diseases Namely some signs are of crudity and concoction others of life and death others criticall or judicatory The signs of concoction and crudity are Urines Of concection of crudity of life and death Criticall Excrements of the Paunch spirtings and spaulings and catharrous matter The signs of life and death are those which are sent forth with Urine and Excrements of the Paunch also swears easie and difficult respiration easie or difficult induring of the disease the pulse the face and comly lying down like unto what they were wont and the contrary to these Moreover criticall signs are such as shew sudden mutation and perturbation and some of these are both signs and causes as Vomit Excrements of the Paunch much Urinc blood flowing from the Nose the Parotides or swelling of the Gumms or about the Chops setling of humours in one place and then in another which are called dissolving by Hippocrates because they put away the disease some are only signes of a Delirium watching stupidity paine of the head difficulty of perception out of quiet difficulty of breathing and darkness arising and appearing before the eyes a noise of the eares shinings before the eyes unvoluntary teares a troublesome night without any reason agitation of the lower lip great stifness the face and eyes looking red a retraction of the Hypocondries a loathing but there is not the same force and reason of all these signes the signes of concoction are never ill at what time soever they appeare nay the sooner they appear the betterr but judicatory Signes are not accounted good unless in the height or state of a Disease so neither are those good which are wont to indicate those in the beginning of a Disease Signes of concoction some are proper to one sort of diseases as spittle to the diseases of the breast others are common to many kind of diseases such as Hyppocrates 1. Aphor. 12. reckons the Urine excrements of the Paunch sweats The excrements of the belly are signes of that concoction which is perfected in the belly but the Urine of the concoction which is made in the Liver and arterious vein For when the Urines afford proper signes of the parts through which they pass as of the Reines Arteries Bladder Yard we must have a care least we are deceived in univerfall and acute diseases by those particular and proper signes of those parts and what is spoken of Urines may also be said of excrements of the Paunch CHAP. II. Of those kinds of Signes by which the times of Diseases may be known IT is exceeding profitable to know the times of diseases Signs of the times of diseases but especially the state but the signes of times are taken first from the form and Idea secondly from the time of the year and other such like things Thirdly from the comings or fits and circuits increasing and decreasing Fourthly from the Symptomes of diseases or from the Essence and Idea the causes and those things that precede the disease and by the Symptomes and those things that accompany a Disease As to the form of a Disease From the Idea of a disease by how much the motion of a Disease is swifter by so much it is nigher to its height and is a token that the Disease will be shorter but by how much the flower the Disease is moved by so much the more remote it is from the state Secondly Time of the year Region Temperant of bodies In respect of dyet that Disease which happens in the Summer is neerer to its height that which happens in the Winter is more remote In hot Regions Diseases are more acute and short but in cold longer those that are hotter by nature are subject to hotter Diseases and so shorter those that are colder to more cold and consequently more lasting hotter and dryer Victuals generate hot humours and thereby shorter Diseases colder and moister
parts of Physick the Hygeeinall and Therapeuticall or the preservative and restorative yet first of all we will place before hand certaine common Axioms and Maximes to be observed in the method of them both 1. Nature doth nothing rashly 2. Too much of any thing is an enemy to Nature Common Maximes 2. Apho 51. 3. Nature is the Physitian of Diseases but the Physitian the Servant of Nature and ought to imitate her she acting aright 4. Custome is a second Nature and those things which are accustomed along time although they are worse they are wont to be lesse troublesome then those things which are not accustomed or which men are not used unto Now concerning the Doctrineof the preservation of Health The Doctrine of the desence of health it may conveniently be comprehended in two parts the first is the knowledge of those things which are as it were the materialls of health or the knowledge which is required of wholsome causes and of things called Non-naturall Secondly a method necessary for preservation of health which teacheth how or in what manner those non-naturall things are to be used to preserve health First for the causes which are necessary for the maintaining of health they are comprehended under the notion of things called non-naturall and are conveniently reduced into foure ranks into those things which are taken those things which are carried those which befall the body without and those things which are emitted and retained First therefore we are to speak here of Aire Meat and Drink Passions of the Mind motion and exercise of body and rest sleep and watchings Venery Bathes Excretions and retentions CHAP. II. Of Aire THe Aire affects our bodies two waies Aire either as it incompasseth us extrinsically and insinuates it self through the pores of the skin or as it is attracted by inspiration both waies it alters our bodies and impresseth its force on them but that Aire is the best which is temperate The best Aire as to the primary qualities and is pure and infected with no pollutions but is serene moved or stird with the winds breathing sweatly with pleasant gales and which is sometimes moistned with wholsome showres Corrupt On the contrary that Aire is vitious which is infected with exhalations and vitious vapours breaking forth on every side or is incompassed with Marish grounds where are standing waters or after what manner soever it be impure and such as cannot be purified by the blowing of winds Situation of places change the constitution of aire that which is troubled or too hot too cold too dry or too moist But the constitution of the Aire may be polluted through divers causes first the constitution of the Aire depends on the scituation and nature of places for some Regions are hotter then others others colder for by how much the more any Regions receives the direct beames of the Sun and by how much the longer the Sun remains above their Horizon by so much the Country is the more hot for the contrary reasons t is so much the colder Yet this cause only doth not suffice The earth and nature of the place neither is the same constitution of aire in all the inhabitants under the same paralell secondly the mould and proper nature of the earth conduceth to the constitution of the temperature of the aire where in is to be observed what the nature of the ground is fat dirty filthy gravelly stony sandy whither the place be high or low what scituation there is of mountains and vallies what winds it often admits and from what climates whether the the sea or any lakes be neere it whether it brings forth mettalls from whence malignant aire may be exhaled The mountains also change the constitution of aire Scituation of Mountaines according as the blowings of certain windes drive away and admit it and if the mountains drive away the North-wind but admit the South it comes to passe that the places are hotter and moister but on the contrary if by scituation of the Mountains the blowing of the South be hindred and the North admitted the place is colder and dryer The winds bring forth great mutations Winds also the Orientall winds are more temperate as also the Occidentall but these are moister the Notherne are cold and dry and have power to bind and dry our bodyes the Southerne are hot and moist therefore as the Region or scituation is more or lesse disposed to this or that wind so it obtains this or that constitution of Aire Regions and Countryes exposed to the Orientall Sun are more wholesome then those which are exposed to the Septentrionall and hot winds as also then those which are exposed to the West The vicinity of the Sea also and lakes conduce much to the peculiar nature of Aire The vicinity of the Sea and of lakes unlesse interjected Mountains prohibit for from moist places of this nature many exhalations are drawn up which mingles themselves with Aire and moisten it and indeed the humidity will be increased if the Sea or a lake be scituated on the South but if towards North the frigidity increase if a lake of the Sea be Orientall and the rising Sun not far off it drawes aboundance of moist exhalations to those places but if the Sun be more remote the Vapours with the beams of the Sun wax hot and bring drynesse to that place but lesse moisture comes from lakes and waters scituated to the West Metallick pits for the most part sends forth filthy malignant Vapours Metallick Mines and communicates them to the neighbouring places Dens do the same and Caves exhaling venemous Aire Woods that are too thick take away the light of the Sun and Moone and hinder the motion and agitation of the Aire Thirdly the seasons of the yeare change the Aire which indeed Astronomers constitute equall according to the motion of the Sun Times of the year and Zodiack being divided into foure parts but Physitians principally regard these times according to the temper of the Aire and call that the Spring when the constitution of the Aire is more temperate when we neither grow stiffe with cold nor sweat with heat but the Summer when the same is hot and dry Winter when it is cold and moist neither do they appoint these seasons to be equall in all Regions Hence the Spring as being the most temperate The spring or as Hippocrates calls it hot and moist that is when calidity moderatly overcomes frigidity and humidity moderatly exceeds drynesse it is the most wholesome time of the yeare and although diseases are generated in the Spring time yet the Spring of its selfe doth not produce them but the vitious humours which are gathered together in the Winter time are driven out by the heat of the Spring The Summer Summer because t is hot and dry makes bodies hotter and dryer rarifies dissolves and renders them weaker it attenuates humours and kindles them
dry Cabbage yet in the juice thereof a certain bitternesse and acrimony is perceived which hath a force to stir the paunch t is hard of concoction affords little nourishment and that thick and Melencholy from whence fuliginous Vapours fly into the head and produce turbulent sleep and weaken the sight its malignity is corrected if it be boyled with sat meates the staulks are worse then the broad leaves and are to be eaten only by those which are used to much labour Spinnage cools and moistens Spinage affords little nourishment yet not so evill as Orach or Blitum which is a kind of Beet it generates cold and serous humours in the stomach unlesse it be corrected with pepper and oyle or butter it is not laudable and it begets wind Beets Beets Blitum Orach and Mallowes can scareely be used with profit or benefit for aliment only but are more beneficially taken when there is need to loosen refrigerate and moisten the belly and Be et indeed is hot and dry and takes away obstructions of the Liver and Spleen and hath a different substance the juice is detergent wherefore it loosneth the belly but the substance stops the same Blitum Blitum Orach Mallows Orach and Mallowes loosen the belly only by humectation they nourish little they yeeld a watry juice and have of themselves no pleasing savour unlesse they are dressed with Butter or Oyle and other Sawces Asparagus Asparagus Young Hops to which the young branches or tender sprigs of Hops are next like unto neither heat nor manifestly cool they are gratefull to the tast and cause appetite yet afford little nourishment and therefore do afford not so good nourishment they have a detergent faculty and provoke Urine they cleanse the Reines and open obstructions of the Liver and of the other Intralls Garden Cresses Mustard-seed or Water Cresses and Mustard-seed may be used instead of Sawces but not as nourishment they are hot and dry and of a biting tast they attenuate crude meats as also crude and thick humours Onions afford little nourishment Onions they are acrid and have a heating cutting and extenuating faculty and inflame the blood and together with the discussed thinner parts they leave behind them a thick juice they irritate Venus they are all hurtfull to the head eyes teeth and gumms they cause turbulent Dreams In raw Garlick there is almost no nourishment Garlick in boyled very little and that bad but there is manifest heat and drinesse in it and a power of extenuating thick and viscide humours and of cutting them and taking away cold and t is the best remedy to convert the pravity of waters as also against the Plague Leeks and venemous aire Leeks have almost the same power Raddish The Roots called Raddishes which we use being dipped in Salt affords little nourishment but are rather instead of medicinall knacks they heat beyond the second degree and have a tart tast they cut phlegme attenuate provoke Urine and expell sand from the Veines Wild Raddishes have the same force Wild Radish but are more powerfull which are fit for sawce but not of aliment Turnips Rape-roots round are slowly concocted Rape and fill the belly with wind especially when they are raw but boyled they are easier digested and afford aliment enough and therfore not so hurtfull but are hot and moist Long Turnips are almost of the same nature Tuâ—nips but of a better tast and yeeld lesse thick and flatulent juice and afford strong nourishment they stimulate Venus Parsley is hot and dry provokes Urine and courses Parsley opens obstructions purges the Reines and bowels yet it afford little nourishment Garden Parsnips yeild little hot and dry Parsnips and not very good nourishment they cause lust provoke Urine and bring down courses Red Beets which are pickled with Vinegar Red Beets the seed of Carawayes and the roots of wild Raddishes are used rather instead of Sawces then as food since they nourish very little The fruit of Plants are various Melons Melons are pleasant to the tast and send forth an Aromatick smell but they are of a watry moist substance not without coldnesse whereby they quench thirst and causes Urine they cleanse the Reines but they are easily corrupted and being corrupted become as it were of a venemous nature and stir up choler or generate Feavers whereby many great men are killed and therfore they ought to be eaten at the first course that they may the easier descend through the Paunch and after the eating of them some food of good juice is to be taken and good Wine is to be drank that the corruption of them may be hindred Cucumbers are also cold but not so moist Cucumbers and the juice not so hurtfull nor are they so easily corrupted in the stomach they are most conveniently taken before they are ripe being pickled in Vinegar or Brine and Pepper and they are least offensive to those which have hot stomachs Artechocks Artechocks heat and dry to the second degree they are hard of concoction and afford not very good nourishment they are windy and stimulate Venus unlesse this be rather to be attributed to the seasoning or dressing of them Strawberies Strawberies are cold and moist they are profitable to those that are troubled with choler in the stomach they coole the liver they restraine the heate of the blood and cholerick humours they allay thirst and therefore are beneficiall in hot constitutions of bodyes they have thin juice purge the reines cause urine but are easily corrupted in the stomach and therefore ought to be eate the first Now followes the fruits of Trees Peares and frutices first of peares there are divers kinds nor are they all of the same faculty the austere and sharpe are astringent and cooling and hurtfull to the stomach and Guts sweete are more temperate yet almost all are of a cold and moist nature only some are hot and moist and moreover more apt to corruption they are not unpleasing to the stomach in the first place being taken they stop a loosenesse but being taken after other meate they loosen the belly and shut the mouth of the stomach they are better boyled then raw There are divers sorts of Apples which discover themselves by their taste Apples the sower are colder then the sweete and of a thinner and lesse flatulent substance the austere and sharpe are yet colder and of a thick substance and descend more slowly through the paunch and stay it yet their violence is corrected by boyling and sower austere and sharpe Apples are to be used rather instead of medicines then aliment they all afford ill juice but those are most hurtfull which are watry and for the most part have no taste the best are sweete ones with an aromatick taste and smell and such as afford an indifferent quantity of aliment and that not evill they strengthen the heart
exhilerate the minde and are very beneficiall to those which are troubled with Melancholy Quinces are cold and dry Quinees and have an astringent faculty they are harder of concoction afford little nourishment and that thick they strengthen the stomach and stop vomiting and if they are taken after meate they hinder Vapours so that they cannot easily ascend to the head and they loosen the belly but being taken before meales they stop a loosenesse being taken raw they hurt the nerves and often cause fits of the cholick Peaches are cold and moist and are easily corrupted Peaches and afford little nourishment and therefore are to be eaten sparingly and warily and indeed before meales not after other meates neither is water nor any cold drink to be drunke after them but wine being dryed they are lesse hurtfull and especially being boyled in Wine their pravity if they had any it is taken away Apricoks which are well known to the Persians Apricocks in goodness are beyond Peaches and more pleasing to the stomach and are not so easily corrupted Medlers are cold and dry Medlers and are not eaten till they are rotten they afford little nourishment and are slowly concocted they stop the belly and all fluxes they stay vomitting and agrece well with a cholerick stomach Sowre Sherryes have a chooling faculty Cherryes are easily concocted and descend through the belly they coole the stomack and liver they quench thirst and raise an appetite and are not so easily corrupted nor are they of so hurtfull a juice but the sweet ones are far inferior to the sharpe ones in goodnesse by reason of the moisture abounding and are easly corrupted and generated urred humours and Wormes in putred feavers There are divers kinds of Plumbs all of them cold Plumbs and moist the sweet ones are not so cold by nature yet they mitigate the acrimony of choler and therefore agree most with colerick persons they are easily concocted and passe through the belly those that are fresh alter most powerfully they mollify the paunch being taken before meate but with their moisture they scatter abroad many excrements and that crude neither do they generate so good juice yet some are softerthen others those which abound most with a crude and moist iuce they are the worst the white and waxen colour or yellow are the worst and afford ill juice but the best are Damask Prunes and those which are neerest to these are green but the dry are more fit for nourishment and afford better aliment for those which are weaker in stomach Plumbs are not convenient for they loosen itstone Mulburies moisten coole quench thirst Mulburies mitigare the heate of choler they nourish little they easily passe through the belly but if they are retained they easily are corrupted and become putred and acquire an ill nature wherefore they are to be eaten when the stomach is empty only and not overspred with peccant humours that they may on a sudden descend and passe through the paunch Figs are hot and moist Figs. by nature they nourish more then other fruits they easily descend and go through the belly they have a penetrating and abstergent faculty yet too much use of them begets wind dry Figs are hotter and dryer yet acquire a power of cleanseing opening and attenuating yet they also loosen the belly drive humours to the externall parts being often taken and plentifully they cause sweates and generate blood not very good but such as is apt to putrify Sweete grapes are hotter Grapes and for that reason cause thirst sharpe and austere are colder those that are fit to make Wine are betwixt these extreames those that are fresh gathered afford little nourishment and are flatulent and if they are detained long in the stomach they are corrupted and dilate the belly and stir up cholick fits they cause the spleen to swell and fill the stomach and liver with crude humours and allwayes the fresh gathered serve rather for pleasure then for health the austere and sower Grapes are colder and strengthen and bind the belly the sweete ones are hotter and afford more nourishment those which have a mixed taste obtaine mixt faculties but the sweet which participate something of sharpnesse are commended before the rest they are pleasing to the stomach gratefull to the liver as also they are said by a certain propriety to be advantagious to the whole substance they are helpfull to the brests and strengthen all the naturall members those which are without stones are called Corinthian they loosen the belly more but those which have seed strengthen the stomach Amongst Nuts Almonds the best are sweet Almonds they are temperately hot and moist and yeelds store of nourishment and of good juice and moderate they attenuate and cleanse for which reason they are the best food for immaciated bodies and they replenish the intrails and the whole body with convenient nourishment and such as is not apt to corruption they purge the brest open the passages of urin and cause sleep but they are not so convenient for a cholerick stomach nor to be given in cholerick Feavers Walnuts are hot and dry especially dryed Walnuts for your green ones are moister and are not so hot and therefore are eaten safer but the dry generate choler and offend the Orifice of the stomach and hurt the Gullet and Wind-pipe and cause a cough and generate pain in the head commonly the use of them is commended after Fish because with their heat and drinesse they prevent the corruption of Fish Hasle-nuts afford more nourishment then Walnuts Haslenuts but they are colder yet they are hot and dry they are hardly digested and afford a thick juice more earthly then Walnuts Chestnuts are hot and dry Chestnuts and Galen conceives they have no ill juice as all the rest of the fruits of Trees if they are well concocted in the stomach yet they are harder of digestion and are distributed more slowly yet they afford more durable nourishment they bind the belly and if they are eaten in too great plenty they cause wind Toadstools and Muskeroms for the most part are cold Musheroms they yeild a watry and thick nourishment Toadstools are preferred before Musheroms yet all of these are not to be taken without danger because they do not only generate ill juice but oftentimes there is poyson in them Lastly Oyle Oyle drawn out of ripe Olives affords nourishment temperate and for the most part agreeable to our nature and can correct the pravity of other aliments and amend the crudity of Herbes it also mollifies and loosens the belly is takes away all sharpnesse it helps Ruptures and such as are bursten and mitigates pain Meates from living Creatures IN the second place many living Creatures supplies us with convenient nourishment agreeable to our nature Aliments of living Creatures as being neerer and more familiar to our nature and lesse exceed in the
qualities and afford better juice Either the parts of living Creatures are taken as food or those things which are taken from them yet are not the parts of living Creatures and amongst the latter the first is Milk which is of a cold and moist or rather of a temperate and moist nature and yeilds nourishment the best by much if it be rightly concocted in the stomach and be good in its self There are three parts of milk Parts of milk the butirous the serous and the caseous the butirous is of an oylely and hot substance the serous is watry yet having some mixture with saltnesse but the caseous is cold and try and indeed Cowes milk is the fattest and thickest and contains more butter then the milk of other Animals and therefore nourisheth more and is most agreeable to us and hath more of the caseous part then Ewes milk Gotes milk is in the middest betwixt these Sound Animals only generates good milk but sick generate vitious Dry Herbs also cause the milk to be thick but green and such as are full of juice makes better wherefore the milk at the latter end of the Spring is best for by how much the thinner it be and more serous by so much it is the easier concocted and sooner passeth through the belly Best milk Antter and obstructs lesse but it nourisheth least the best milk therefore is that which is of a good smell and sweet to the tast of a middle consistence neither too thick nor to thin nor serous nor caseous overmuch of a white colour which yeilds good aliment and that plentifully and constantly enough especially for lean bodies as being that which is elaboured by so many concoctions and is become familiar to our nature that t is easily truly concocted as in unwholsome bodies t is casily corrupted in a cold stomach it easily growes sowre in a hot it is turned into an adust smell and choler and causeth pain in the head wherefore it is hurtfull to those that are sick of putred Feavers and to such as have paines in the head as also to those which are troubled with diseases of the eyes or are obnoxious to breed gravell those that are obstructed in the Liver and inflamed in the Hypocondries 5. Apho. 64. but the worst corruption thereof is when it is coagulated which may be prevented if any Salt Sugar ot Honey be added to it It is most conveniently taken on an empty stomach nor are other meats to be eaten presently after especially the use of Wine after milk is unwholsome As for the parts of milk Butter is used in our Countries instead of food and sawce t is hot and moist and almost of the same nature with Oyle yet it nourisheth more and is a sawce for many things t is used more advantageously then Oyle t is pleasant to the tast t is easily concocted and nourisheth much yet it agreeth not with those that have a moist and slippery stomach yet t is far better to be taken before other meats then after nor is it so agreeable to hot natures t is most conveniently eaten with bread Sowre milk is colder and agreeth not with colder stomachs Sowre Milk but with hotter especially in the Summer and in very hot weather Cheese is hardly concocted and yeilds thick nourishment Cheese and therefore stops the belly opens the Pores and affords matter fit for the generation of stones but that which is old affords ill nourishment the new yeilds better the new and salt is as yet cold and moist and of a flatulent nature the worst is the oldest that which is of a middle age which is neither hard nor soft and is moderatly sweat and fat is the best but whatsoever it be t is alwaies to be eaten after other meats and sparingly but since there is great differences of Cheeses according to the nature of living Creatures and of place and pasture That of the Ewe is the best t is easier concocted then others and affords better nourishment Cowes milk is next to this in goodnesse the Goates is worst of all yet that Cheese is better when the buterous and caseous parts are not separated but are made altogether into Cheese but those Cheeses are worse which are made of the caseous part only of the milk The serous part of the milk nourisheth least Whey and is instead of Medicine rather then aliment yet t is most fitly used for the evacuation of serous and adust humours it consisteth of two parts the one salt and participating of acrimony and is altogether hot which is the lesser part the other is watry and is the greater part for which it is called cold and moist whey Eggs but especially of Hens are food with us Eggs. an Egg consists of two parts the Yolk and the White those are moderatly hot and moist and of the best nourishment these cold and dry which afford also much nourishment and that lasting enough but hard of concoction The newest Eggs are the best and nourish most and soonest and yeild good aliment but the stalest are the worst and the corruption of Eggs the worst And they do not so well agree with those whose Liver or stomachs are filled with vitious humours and in Cholerick and hot stomachs they are easily corrupted and turned into choler As for the dressing of them they are best when they are soft and to be supt beeing boyled in seething water but those which are roasted in ashes are not so good those that are boyled till they are hard although they afford more solid nourishment yet they are worse but the worst of all are those which are fryed in a Frying-pan especially in Oyle Honey is of a hot and dry nature Honey in the second degree yet that which is whitest is not so hot and is more commodious for those that are sound but all honey is medicinall aliment convenient for old men and those of cold natures but because it easily turnes into choler t is not fit for hot natures nor for the Liver but t is good for the Lungs otherwise it hath a cleansing faculty Sugar and resists putrifaction Sugar although it be not taken from living Creatures but is made out of Reeds hath a great agreement with honey yet t is lesse hot and dry then honey and therefore t is profitably mingled both with hot and cold things yet in those that are very hot it easily turnes into choler otherwise it hath an abstersive faculty without sharpnesse Aliments which are taken from the parts of Animals are many Food from the parts of Animals Feet which both according to the kinds of living Creatures and according to their parts do vary The feet of Animals of what kind soever are cold and dry they have little flesh and scarce any blood they yeild a cold juice dull and glutinous by reason whereof the broath of boyled feet is congealed The Heart is of a hard and dry nature
the Kidnies Cooling the Reines Mallowes Lettice Purslan Pellitory Barley the foure great cold Seeds Poppy Lettice Fleawort Quinces Pepons Stone-berries Violets Flowers of Water-lillies Camphire Santalls Sorrell Iuice of Lymons Melons Currants Things Heating the Womb Heating the Womb. Mug-wort Mother-wort Bettony Dittany and Origanum Penny-royall alamints Marjerom Sage Time Bawme Summer or Winter Savory Rue Rosemary Bay-leaves Flowers of Camomil Cumminseed Anni-seed Fennel-seed Carrot seed Parsley Smallage Roots of Birthwort Red Madder of Eringo Fennel Parsley Sparagus Burnet Angelica Valerian Master-wort the meate and liquor of the Indian Nut Bay-beerries Iuniper-Berries Cloves Nutmegs Mace Sweet garden flag Cinamon Worm-seed Saffron Galingale Mirrh Castor Things cooling the Wombe Water-lillies Violets Roses Cooling the Womb. Quinces and the Sirrup thereof Purslane Lettice Garden-Endine Hot simples belonging to the joynts the Gout and diseases of the sinews Marjerom one Berry Herbe Lovage Bettony Groundpine Rosemary Sage Bay-leaves Lavender Staechados Mugwort and most of the chephalicks Castor earth Wormes CHAP. V. Of extenuating and preparing of humours OVt of this forme of humours are sought digerent Of cleansing and preparing digestive or preparing things so called all which since they hinder nature in acting take away and change the qualities which resist the action of native heat namely they coole too much those things that are hot and heate too much those things that are two cold they moisten dry things and dry up moist things they attenuate what is thick and incrassate what is thin Namely yellow choler is to bee corrected with cooling Cholers moistning and thickning things Phleagme is to be prepared with heating drying and attenuating things melancholy humors are to bee corrected with things moderately heating moistning and attenuating black Choler is to be prepared with things that are very moistning attenuating And those things are to be used which are fitted to every part according as the humour resides in this or that part cold cephalicks prepare and digest choler in the head cold Thoracicks in the Breast cold Cardiaacks in the heart things cooling the Ventricle in the stomack cold Hepaticks in the Liver Hot Cephalicks prepare Flegme in the head Phlegme hot Thoracicks in the Breast hot things appropriated to the Ventricle prepare flegme in the stomack hot Hepaticks in the Liver things heating the Reines in the Reines hot things appropriated to the Womb in the Womb. These things prepare Melancholy Melancholly and black choller and black Choler Fumitory Buglosse Burrage Spleen-wort Bawme a kind of bind weed growing about flax Venus haire common Germander ground-pine Hops Barkes of Citrons Fennell Rosemary juice of Apples Ceterach Capers Epithymum Violets Butchers Broome the flowres and seed of Tamariske of Basil Ashen Keyes CHAP. VI. Of Emollients Relaxing Rarfying c. EMollients are those things which power our that which is concreate Emollients such are those things which neither are very hot nor exceeding dry many hot in the second degree and something moist and moreover having a clammy or emplastick force such as are the Leaves and Roots of Mallowes and Marsh Mallowes the Roots of white Lillies Orach English Mercury the Seed of Mallowes Sesami a white graine growing in India Flax Fenugreeke Marsh mallowes Fat Figs Simple Oiles the Fat of Hens Sowes Fat Calves Kidds Sheeps Fat and such like almost all Marrowes fresh Butter Wax Pitch Rosin Bdellium Amoniack Storax melted Ladanum Galbanum To these are opposed hardning and binding things Things hardning Loosening which are cold and moist Sengreen or life everlasting purslan Fleawort Ducks-meat Night-shade Things loosening are compared to those things which bind which joyning together humors contrary to nature become hard and are especially those which when certaine matter or a vapour or Wind fills the space of the parts and extends them rarifies them and attenuates and discusses an unsavory spirit and matter such are those things that are moderately hot moisten more largely and are of a thinner substance that they easily penetrate and are not hindred by thicknesse as Lillies Oile of Camomil Flaxseed Fenugreek Fat 's Butter Greazy wool and such like Condensing things Condenseing are of a more watry nature and contract more weakly and moreover they close the thin and externall Pores they contract and condense but they cannot contract the whole part on every side and powerfully such are cold water Purslan Sengreen Fleawort Mouse-eare Ducks meate Thistles green Houseleek the greater and the lesser Stiptick things are cold and astringent Binding and Stopping condensing and of a thick substance for being applyed externally by their thicknesse they stop the pores and by their frigidity and siccity they contract the part and close them into one another of that kind are those which are otherwise called binding or astringent the Barks of Pomegranates Frankinsence Mirobolanes the Roots of Tormentill Rhubarbe Torrified Plantine Horse-taile little double Dazies Blood-wort or Wall-wort the Floures of Pomegranates Flowers of Roses Sorrell seeds as of Plantine Roses Purslan Ciprus-nuts Mirtles Quinces Pares Medlars Mulberries not ripe Ceruises or swallow Pares the fruit of a Cornell or Dogg Tree Oake Apples Kernels of Grapes Cups of Acorns the red juice of Wax or Hony in the Hony-Combs also such juice of Wild Hony Acacia Mastick Vermillion Spode which is soot arising in the rising of Brasse Pearles Coral Bolearmenack Irish flat Allum Lapis Haematites or Bloodstone Iron To condensing things are opposed rarifying things Rarifying and to astringent things opening things rarifying things are those which open the Pores of the Skin and render the passages wider that Vapours may be blowne or breathed out the better such medicines are hot but moderately of thin parts and not drying as Marsh-mallowes English Mercury Dill Flowers of Camomill of Melilot of Elders seed of Fenugreek Flax dry Figs old Oile Butter Opening things are those as dilate the Orifices of the Vessels whence they may be called in generall aperient Opening the mouths of Vessels yet those are principally called aperient which penetrate deeper and attenuate the thick humors and are hot in the second degree endued with somewhat a thicker substance and are not easily dissipated untill they have performed their operation A hemating and to this purpose bitter things are very usefull next to these are attenuating and cutting which divide dissolve and make lesse those attenuate the thick these the viscide and glutinous humours and are moreover of a thinner substance and hot for the most part in the third degree also sharpe and such as appeare biting and hot to the smell or taste or to them both and have a nitrous and salt savour or they are sharpe and bitter such are the five opening Rootes Opening so called that is of smallage Fennell Sparagus Parsley and Butchers broome Grasse Cichory Eringo Rootes Gentian Ferne wild or Garden madder Century the greater Asarabecca Capers of Tamarisk of Ashes Fumetary Wormewood Agrimony Venus
vomitting are not purging and vehement but gentle such like are as â—bovesaid part the first Sect the first Chap the second Lenitives others are called Encoproticks only such as loosen and mollify the belly which evacuate only by softning and washing away and drawing away others by a singular propriety purge peculiar humours whose force notwithstanding since it cannot be extended beyond the liver by some are called Lenitives by others gentle purges both of them and first the former since they evacuate without much troubling the body the strength easily endures them and therefore they may be secrely given in what age soever sex or time of the yeare so that the use thereof be lawfull namely that they are given in their due quantity and before meate a little and in feavers not neere the fit But excrementicious humours Purges properly so called which consist beyond the liver are to be evacuated by Cathartick medicines so called peculiarly or purgers stronger and strongest and Catharsis or purgation in particular so called is an evacuation of excrementitious humours abiding beyond the liver by Cathartick medicines through the paunch and by vomit and is indicated from excrementicious humours and such as are unprofitable for the nourishment of the body and some of those are naturall others contrary to nature the naturall are those which are generated by the purpose of nature as sweet phlegme Melancholy choler for these if they abound and are generated in the body in greater plenty then they ought constitute a Cacochimy but preternaturall are those which are generated contrary to nature and unto which naturall humours degenerate both of them if they so offend that they can neither be taken away by dyet nor any other milder kind of evacuation as by sweates or insensible transpiration Indicate purgation But as Cacochimy subsisting beyond the first passages and that being greater Indicates purgation so such require such kinds as purge a definite humour namely phlegme requires Phlegmagogues Choler Chologogues Melancholy Melanagogues watry humours Hydragogues mixt humours require mixt Yet it is to be weighed what the strength permits Permission of purgation and prohibits in purgation appointed by a Noble medicine and whether the strength can endure purging and the sick be apt or unapt to purge and whether more profit or hurt will ensue by purging All the rest of the signes which are said to forerun purgation belong to the strength whether they are strong or weak of which kind are Temperament habit of body age sex of which Hippo. 4. Apho. 1. speaking of purging women with child saies Those that are pregnant are to be purged if the humour be unâ—bridled after foure months and untill the seventh month although these lesse for those that have lesser or greater young are more warily and religiously to be medled with the kind of life custome property of nature constitution of Aire and such like As for the Temperament hotter and dryer bodyes endure with more difficulty cold and moist indifferently hot and moist easilâ— strength of body admits of purgation imbecility very little a leane habit of body warily a full body easily a fat body hardly of age it is principally to be noted that sucking children are most conveniently purged by medicines given to the Nurse as to custome those that are wont to be purged more boldly those which are not accustomed are more ringly to be purged of Aire you must know that neither the hotter nor the colder but purging is principally in the spring time to be appointed concerning the nature of a disease it is first to be noted that in hot dileases if the disease will beare it cooling things are to be administred before purging moreover because in them the store of ill humours is rather to be taken away by loosning things then by true purgation Thirdly because those which are apt to a Diarrhaea Crampe c. are not casy to be purged But principally you must observe whether the sick be prepared and fitted for purging namely whether the wayes through which the matter ought to be conveyed are open and the humours themselves fit to be evacuated of which it shall be spoken CHAP. VI. Of the time fit for purging of a disease BUt although peccant Time of purging corrupt and putred humours allwayes Indicate their own taking away and evacuation out of the body yet because they are not allwayes apt for purgation you may not evacuate them at any time but are to enquire of the time and occasion of giving purges The convenient time of purging is when the humour Indicating purgation is present and other Indicants permit it and nothing hinders it But in the beginning you are to be admonished here that those things which are to be purged either may stir up a feaver or other diseases without a feaver if the feaver be absent the wayes open and the humours themselfes prepared for motion you may purge them at any time so in the Scab Cachexie paine of the head Palsie Trembling paine of the Teeth you may purge during any time of the disease when nothing prohibits it and that a concoction is not expected when those humouts are not properly crud the are ill drawn hither by some Aâ—ho Hippo. 22. Sect. 1. things concocted are to be purged not crude but the whole disputation of the fit time for purging of a disease is of Feavers and that acute especially wherein the humours are properly crude although the time of a disease shew not yet there is a signe which shews either the prohibiting or permitting vertue for since that in the augmentation of a disease nature begins a combate therewith in the state there is a great conflict between them let him endeavour this one thing with all his industry that he may overcome the morbifique cauâ—e and having overcome it may drive it out of the body and all the Symptomes if they are greater nature is neither to be opposed any more with purging medicines then nor to be called away from its good purpose nor being debilitated enough by the Morbifique matter and most greivous Symptomes is it to be hindred there remaines therefore two times namely the beginning of a disease and that after the state neither notwithstanding is it equally profitable to purge in which you please of these in all diseases but allwayes to consider whether more profit or more inconveniency will ensue by purging but what it is to be done here Hippo teacheth in the 22. Apho. Sect 1. which Galen in 4 of preferving health Chap 5. calls an Oracle he sayes concocted and ripened humours are to be purged and moved not crude Out of which it is manifest that the most convenient time of purgation is after the state Purging is the best in the declination of a disease and when the humours are concocted for if we purge concocted humours that is such as are overcome and tamed by nature and separted from the profitable blood we have nature
which the humour flowes such like are Defensitives commonly so called which being endued with a cold faculty dry earthly and astringent stop the comming of the humours in their passages and hinder them that they cannot come to the part affected and since some are more powerfull others more mild the strongest are to be used in a grosser habit of body when the vessells are wider and the condition of the Aire hotter which loosens and dilates the passages and that there is greater violence of the humour flowing if the matter be otherwise the milder are to be applyed But they are most fitly applyed to places void of flesh wherein the vessells are more evident and open Place T is contrary to the error of humours in motion Motion of humours taken away when those things which ought to be moved are not moved at all as when the months Hemerhodes or other accustomed Evacuations are supprest for then the humours which lye still are to be attenuated and heated and the passages to be relaxed and the straightnesse to be taken away of which in their place which if they helpe not we must come to those things which can stir up humours by violence which we have accounted before namely which drawe humours into some part by reason of heate paine and vacuity CHAP. XXII Of discussing THe last fault of the humours Humours offending in any part is according to the place where namely when some humours abide in some part where they ought not the humours therefore which cleave to that part are to be taken away which is done either insensibly by the secret pores or by Evaporating whilst the humour being dissolved into vapours is discussed or the humour is plainly evacuated and under the forme of a humour is drawn our Those which take away the humour by insensible transpiration Discutients in what diseases convenient are called Discutients Resolvents and Digerents but they are most profitably administred when the humour is thin sticking under a soft skin to which the force of the discussing medicines may penetrate for you may not use Diaphoreticks if there be plenitude in the body but rather must evacuate the body first The most convenient time for exhibiting Discutients is the state Time and the declination at hand yet in the augmentation they may be used but not alone but mixt with such as repell But since some Diaphoretick medicines are stronger and hotter some not such we use the gentlest when the matter is in the superficies of the body the part affected soft and loose the stronger are given when the matter is scituated in a deeper place under a thick and grosse skin and it selfe is colder and thicker CHAP. XXIII Of Softning and Ripening of matter EMollients are necessary as often as the matter is thick Emollients and hard for as often as the matter is thick and hardned in vaine we exhibit Diaphoreticks since that such matter cannot be discussed by them but they are forced to be softned of Emollient medicines t is spoken before Yet if the matter cannot be dissolved and discussed Suppuratives t is to be turned into quitture whereof if the Physitian see that the humour cannot be discussed by Evaporation through pores in this part he ought to helpe nature and to exhibit ripening medicines but if there be hope that the humours may be discussed he must abstaine from suppuration t is to be noted also that all humours cannot equally and aright be turned into purulent matter blood indeed is easily turned into quitture but in diseases arising from choler and Melancholy suppuratives or ripening medicines are scarce to be exhibited without danger since by the use of these those humours often times do so degenerate and are corrupted that they may excite a cancer and other malignant ulcers Neither are they safely administred to every place In the internall parts suppuration is not rashly to be procured amongst the externall parts suppuratives are not safely used about the joynts THE FIFTH BOOK PART II. SECT II. Of shewing how to cure CHAP. I. Of diseases of Intemperature AFter we have finished the Indication Preservatory now we come to the Curatory and are to shew the way of curing diseases and first diseases of the simular parts and indeed what belongs to diseases of Intemperature Distemper what it shewes Of Intemperature there ought to be an alteration by contraries namely a hot distemper indicates medicines cooling a cold heating a moist drying a dry moistning hot and moist requires a medicine cold and dry hot and dry a medicine cold and moist cold and moist require hot and dry cold and dry Indicate hot and moist But not only in alteration is contrariety to be observed in generall How a degree of contrariety is to be observed but also certaine degrees of contrariety as much as may be and therefore a disease which receds very much from the naturall state wants more vehement remedies and on the contrary a disease which differs not much from the naturall state requires gentler remedies hence a hot disease in a body by nature colder then those that are well is to be resisted with cold things And a cold disease in a body hot by nature requires hotter remedies A moist disease in a dry body and hard by nature requires exceeding drying Medicines A dry disease in a moist body and soft requires things that moisten exceedingly On the contrary a hot disease in a body hot by nature requires milder cooling remedies A cold disease in a colder body requires weaker heating remedies A moist disease in a body moist by nature and soft wants dryers not so powerfull A dry disease in a body dry and hard by nature hath need of remedies moistning less Moreover in alterations Contraries appropriated not onely a Medicine exactly answering to the present distemper as neer as may be should be opposed but it ought to be appropriated and have a peculiar agreement to the nature of the part affected Also we must beware least the Medicine have some other quality joyned with the quality which is necessary to correct the distemper which may hurt the part Also sith hence in the cure of simple distempers Simple contrary Medicines do best agree if they are not alwaies in a readiness that quality which doth not agree or which is hurtfull may be taken away by the mixture of others As on the contrary compound distempers if we cannot have a Medicine which is convenient for the compound contrary qualities that which is wanting must be supplied by the mixture of others From all these it is manifest Distemper of the brain that in curing diseases of the head t is not easily to be altered beyond mediocrity least the native heat should be weakned and dissipated yet t is more safe to heat then cool In diseases of the Breast and Lungs The Breast you must alwaies beware that you dry not too much least the matter should
thus known Signs in that it is continued and the third day it is exasperated Yet there are present other signes and Symptomes of continued and burning Fevers But what is to be hoped concerning their event Prognosticks is manifest from things which are spoken of the Prognosticks of burning Fevers Concerning the indications for cure Cure this Fever if it be pure since it is exceeding hot and burning and the cause thereof hot and dry it requires extraordinary cooling and moistening and indeed more then any other Fever The humour it self indicates evacuation but crudity for the most part forbids it but if the Fever be spurious regard is together to be had to the humour which is mixed with choller if the Symptomes need it they are to be resisted likewise Therefore a vein is to be opened so that the strength will permit it by which means both some part of the peccant humour may be evacuated Opening a vein and the blood cooled and revell'd from the more noble parts And nature her self sometimes useth to make evacuation by the nose in the beginning of these Fevers whereby the Fever is wont to be abated but the vein should be opened in the cubit forthwith in the beginning or certainly in the augmentation and blood is to be taken in such plenty as the strength of the patient requires But you are not to appoint purgation unless the matter be turged Lenitives Yet 't is very necessary that the belly and first passages be evacuated before a vein be opened but the medicines which perform that ought to be cold and moist not hot or if they are hot they should be tempered with the mingling of cold Afterwards altering namely Alteratives cooling and moistening medicines are to be exhibited both which prepare the humour appointed by nature for concoction such as are Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple compound Oxysauharum simple Syrrup of Sorrel Wood-sorrel the juice of Lemmon Pomegranate the accidity of Endive Cichory Violets Gooseberries the four greater cold seeds Purcelane Lettice thâ— flowers of Water-lillies Santalum Water of barley Sorrele Endive Cichory Strawberries Water-lillies Purcelane spec Diamargariti frigidi and such like to which for the resisting of putrefaction and hindring inflamation may be added Spirit of Vitriol and Salt Nitre prepared is also commended If Phlegm be mixed opening and attenuating things are to be added such as the roots of Fennel Sparagus graminis and medicines prepared of them In leek colour'd aeruginous choller John Langius l. 3. epist 1. c. 4. commends Chrystal Topical medicines are also profitable to mitigate the heat as Epithems Oyles and Unguents made of cooling things Topicks which should be applied to the heart liver or back Yet you must be careful that you close not the pores of the skin thereby and hinder transpiration and therefore before the height they are seldom used unless it be when the heat is equally distributed through the whole body and it is more commodious if they are applied hot then cold The matter being concocted that nature might be strengthned and stimulated to expulsion and that the matter might be expelled either by stool or sweat the Ancients used great quantities of cold drinks as Galen teacheth 9. meth cap. 5. and 4. de rat vict in acut 12. But if so be that after concoction nature do not institute evacuation Purgation it is to be done by the Physician with Syrrup of Roses and Violets solutive the pulp of Tamarindes Manna Rubarb Trypheta Persica such as have Scamony in them are not to be admitted yet sometimes some of Electuarii rosati Mesua de psyllio and of juice of Roses may be given For causing Urine in these Fevers an emulsion is profitable prepared of the four great cold seeds Diureticks with the whey of Goats milk or barly and strawberry water or with a decoction of the roots of Parsley Sweats also ought to be provoked with medicines proper for that purpose Sydorificks which hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers Diet ought to be thin but according as the height of the disease is neerer or farther off Dyet it ought to be thicker or thinner The meat and drink ought to be cooling and moistening whence a Ptisan is profitable in these Fevers the rest should be seasoned with juice of Lemmon and Pomgranates The drink should bâ— barley water or water boiled with the juice of Lemmon or Pomegranates and suggar or small beer The air should be cold and if it be not so by nature it should be prepared by art If Phlegm be mingled with choller and the Fever be a continued Tertian or burning Notha blood is to be taken away more sparingly In the preparation of humours those things are to be added which attenuate Phlegm Agarick is to be mixed with the Purgers CHAP. XIV Of a continued Quotidian A Continued Quotidian vulgarly called Latica because it hath a certain hidden and obscure heat A continued Quotidian is indeed a Fever continually lasting yet having every day exasperations arising from indigested phlegmatick humours in the vena cava The cause of this Fever is Phlegm mixed with blood in the vena cava and there putrifying Cause and therefore those fall into these Fevers which are of such an age and nature as that their bodies are moister as children and infants as also old men and such as have grosser bodies and are given to their bellies and to idleness and dwell in moist places but not young men and such as are cholerick The signs of continued periodick Fevers are also manifest in this Fever only the violence is most about the evening Signs The heat first is gentle a little afterwards more sharp and sometimes seems to abate and sometimes to increase by reason of the thickness of the phlegm which purrisieth The pulses are not so thick and frequent the urine is not so fiery and red as in other Fevers but thicker nor are the other Symptomes so vehement as in other Fevers Concerning the event 1. Prognosticks This Fever by reason of the thickness of the humour is long and hard to be cured and therefore dangerous And by how much the thicker the phlegm is by so much the more violent and durable so that it is not ended before the swetieth or sixtieth day and the beginning is scarce past before the twentieth 2. It continueth lesser time where many evacuations happen That which is pure is also longer then that which is mixed with choller and by how much the worser Symptomes are present and the strength weaker by so much the greater danger there is which if they are not health is to be hoped for 3. By reason of the duration of the Fever and weakness of the Liver the sick for the most part fall into Cachexy and Dropsie As to the cure this Fever is more dangerous in respect of the cause then of its heat Cure and therefore since it
and rest Exercise for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements dulls the native heat and renders the body slow and feeble on the other side too much exercise dissipates the Spirits consumes the body and by consequence cooles the whole body hinders concoction the veins and vessels often break stirs up untimely humours heats them and causeth fevers and especially if the body be full of vitious humours they being stirred are carried through the whole body and stir up fevers and other distempers and symptomes Fifthly Passions of the mind the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot and are hurried to the external parts from the internal whence they inflame the whole body and often kindle Fevers and raise other Symptomes Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits that it is observed one may die therewith in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts and fly to the heart and suffocate the heart sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits cooleth the Body dryes spoils concoction causes watchings and begets melancholly diseases Lastly Excretions and retentions those things that are reteined in and sent out of our bodies are the causes of Diseases for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out it debilitates the body and consumes it but if the excrements are retained diseases are bred that are like unto them CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases and first of fulnesse of Blood INternal things which are the causes of diseases Internal things the causes of diseases either are generated in the body according to nature or are found in the bedy contrary to nature those which are generated according to nature are those three of Hypocrates conteining conteined and doing violence or as others would have it solid humid and spirituous those are called preternatural humours which are found in the body contrary to nature as stones gravel wormes and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body and there stick and remain as darts bullets of lead and such like But these things are made to be the causes of diseases How many wayes either as they are in their whole kind contrary to nature or as they offend in qùantity quality motion or place The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick The fault of humors twofold Plethorie for humours are either apt to nourish the bedy or not fit plenty of the one â—s called Plethorick of the other Cacochimick for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound Plethorie towfold To the vessels To the strength and are beyond mediocrity This plenitude is twofold either as to the vessels when blood so abounds as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness the other as to the strength when there is more blood then the strength can bear to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both to wit when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins and so great pains that the strength cannot bear it Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood Chachochimy namely when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty or preternatural excrementious humours abound and whilest either these or those putrifie and bring in a strange nature The seat of Plethory and Chacochimy Both pure and spurious Pure Plethory Pure Chacochimy Spurious The causes of Plethory The seat of Plethory is only in the veins but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins but also out of them and in the whole body or some parts especially the bowels But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate pure Plethory is when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours without any vitious ones Pure Chacochimy is when there is too great plenty of ill humours and no good blood with them but when good juyce aboundeth and ill humours are mixed therewith it is called a spurious Plethory or Chacochimy according as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound There are many causes of Plethory as plenty of Dyet supplies matter to cause it nourishment of good juyce and great plenty of such nourishment the Efficient causes are Constitution of the Body and principally of the Heart and Liver hot and moist and youthful age which may be occasioned in the Spring time and a temperate constitution of the Air idlenesse moderate sleep a life without care and paines suppression of accustomary evacuations of blood Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious humours is manifold The kinds of Chacochimy for sometimes phlegm sometimes choller sometimes melancholly and adust melancholly and sometimes serous humours abound of which humorsthere are again various differences CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly divided into natural and preternatural The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm Natural is a cold and moist juyce or blood not perfectly concocted but if we rightly observe the matter this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours because the blood is crude and may be turned into the aliment of the parts Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds unsavory The kinds of preternatural Plegm Unsavory sharp vitreous salt Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour which for want of concoction hath not acquired that perfection which it ought in the stomach and therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good substance Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it relishes of to them that void it Acride and proceeds from the defect of heat These two kinds proceed from the same causes which according to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity so sometimes this sometimes that kind is generated such are cold meates hard to be digested too great plenty of meat and drink and taken at unseasonable times a cold constitution of the stomach and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned Salt Phlegm Salt so called from the savour and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity and a salt with Phlegm whence it is not simply cold but mixed with heat and drinesse and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed so is it more or lesse hot Lastly Vitreous Phlegm is vitreous so called by Praxagorus because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse this is exceeding cold clammy and thick CHAP. V. Of Choller CHoller is threefold The kinds of Choller Alimentary Natural and Contrary to Nature but the first is not an Excrement but the hotter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood of a different nature from that which is in
it go from him That happens by a certain imbecility of the Sphincter of the Bladder Yet there concurs a more deep sleep and a certain negligence of the superiour faculty as also custome It is not easie to explain from what cause a Diabetes doth proceed To this obscure matter I say Diabetes It seems probable that the immediate cause is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Reines by too great plenty of Urine which when the Reines cannot endure they suffer it to flow into the bladder This plenty of Urine seems to be occasioned by the heat of the bowels liver and spleen and the veins drawing drink very powerfully and melting of the humours in the veins to which for the most part there happens imbecility and relaxation of those parts which carry the watry humour from the Stomack to the Liver and Spleen by reason whereof the drink is suddenly carried to the Reins The causes of those Symptomes which are deservedly joyned to these The cause of defect of milk and belong to the generation of milk seed and courses of women milk either is wanting or corrupt it is wanting either when it is generated in too small quantity or through some distemper of the Paps or some disease or straitnesse of passages by reason whereof they cannot draw and elaborate suffitient quantity of blood Vitious and corrupt milk is generated either through the pravity of the matter Vitious and fault of the blood or by some distemper of the bâ—ests Lastly Coagulated Milk grows thick and coagulates whilest either it is burnt by too much heat or if it abound in quantity and is retained 100 long in the brests or if any vitious humour be mingled the ewith which hath a power to coagulate A Gonorliaea Gonorhaea or emission of Sperm against ones will happens without erection of the Yaâ—d and desire of Venery 't is occasioned either by the hurting of the retentive faculty or some exrernal error the faculty is weakned through distemper principally moist rendring the spermatick vessels more loose whether it proceed from too great a flux of flegmatick humours or too much coition or other causes But from external hurt or fault of the seed whether it be too cold watry thin or crude sometimes also a Gonorhaea happens by convulsion as in such as have the falling sicknesse The cause of Nocturnal pollution is too great plenty of seed Of nocturnal polution heat and sharpnesse stimulating the expulsiye faculty and therefore this infirmity principally happens to those whose Reins and parts adjacent are very hot and to those who have sharp humour flowing to the spermatick vessels and then especialiy when nature in venereal dreams is irritated to ejaculate seed or their loyns are become hot by lying on their backs But the cause of a Venereal Gonorhaea is poysonous seed A Vencreal Gouorhaeâ— corrupt sharp and foul stirring up and stimalating the expulsive faculty The cause of suppression of Courses The cause of suppressions of Courses is the narrownesse of the veines belonging to the Womb and the foulnesse of the Blood as for the straitnefle of the veins they are most frequently the cause of suppression of Menstrues by reason of thick blood and dull humours sometimes they grow together with the vessels after abortion or compression of the same by some Tumours of the parts neer the cunto or from condensation contraction and driness of the â—â—â—tance of the Womb but by default of the blond the Courses are supprest whilest that is thick viscid and unapt to move The same cause Causes of diminishing of Courses The dropling of Courses but more gently occasâ—oneth small evacuation of Couâ—ses viz. They eithâ— flow in lesse quantity or else more slowly The comming down of Courses when they come out drep by drop and with pain is occasioned through default of the blood when there is too much and is thick viscid biting and sharp and flowing down to the Womb with too great violence some way obstructs the passages and extends them and stirs up pain or else through default of the passages or veins about the Womb and in the Womb when they are become narrower then they ought Too much slowing of the monthly Terms Of too much flowing aâ—iseth when the vessels are opened either by an Anastomasis when the mouths of the veins are opened or a Diairâ—sis when they are divided or when the blood being hotter thinner more moveable sharp and troublesome to narure stimulates the expulsive faculty to expel Now for the Causes of encreasing vitiated Terms Causes of encreasing vittated 't is manifest what things shew the causes of diminution thereof from what is spoken of want of nourishment But the cause of too much encrease is too great plenty of blood from too plentiful use of meat and drink full of nourishment an idle life much sleep too frequent use of baths of fair water and manly strength which converts the blood into the substance of the parts And these are the causes of the Symptomes of the natural faculty so far The causes of generation hurt as they belong to the preservation of individuals Now follows the causes of Generation hurt and that either tâ—ken away or depraved there is no generation made and bartennesle happens either in respect of the Man or of the Woman In regard of the Man In respect of the man it is hurt either through default of the seed or by vitious ejaculation of the same unfruitful seed or not sufficient is generated or the faculty is hurt through some distemper of the Stones especially cold and moist whence unripened thin and lesse spirituous is generated or else some hot whence too sharp seed proceeds or through default of matter whilest the blood and spirits necessary for the generation of seed or by old age or some disease drying the body or its principal parts or by fasting are defective or when the vessels which are necessary for generating and carrying of the seed be wanting or when the nutriment turns into fat or when the blood is vitious The emission of the seed into the Womans Womb is vitiated by the Yard either shorter whether by nature or by a disease or crowded through the shortnesse of the ligament The action is hurt by default of the Woman In respect of the Woman either when no seed or unfruitful seed is generated and emitted for the reasons lately mentioned Secondly if she do not draw and receive the mans seed by reason of her cold and moist distemper of the Womb or by reason of a Tumor Ulcer or Straitnesse of the neck of the Womb. Thirdly if she cannot retain the seed received because of the moist distemper of the Womb an Ulcer opening of the mouth of the Womb a flux of Courses and other humours Fourthly if the Seed be not well tempered by the womb or being some other way affected is not rightly cherished Fifthly if the
here you are to be admonished Whether mens manners are according to their temperature that those things which are spoken of signes of the moral actions by Physitians are not of acquired manners and such as are compleated by education discipline and custome but are to be understood of the native and congenite manners which Galen calls Hormas and when Physitians tell us that manners follow the constitution of the body that is to be taken of the native and ingenite manners not such as are acquired CHAP. V. Of the signs of the constitution of the Liver IF the Liver be temperate Signs of a temperate Liver the habit of the whole body is in the middle betwixt being too fat and too lean the colour of the body is rosie and for the most part the rest of the signs appear which are found in a temperate body the Urine is excellent If the Liver be too hot Of a hot yellow Choller abounds and in middle age black or chollerick and adust blood the Veins are broad and ample the whole body more hot the Belly and Hypocondries rough and hairy and those which have such a constitution of Liver are carried away by pleasures especially by meat and drink they are offended with hot meats and drinks and hot air but cold air and cold meat and drink help them their Panch is dry they are thirsty unless the coldness and moisture of the stomach hinder it and they are very obnoxious to het diseases In a cold Liver all things are contrary the veins are strait Of a cold the blood colder and hence the whole body colder except the heat of the Heart hinder it the belly smooth The signs of a dry Liver Of a dry are little blood and thick hard veins and the habit of the whole body thin or lean The signs of a moist Liver Of a moist are abundance of blood and that thin and watrish and the whole body more moist The signs of a hot and dry are amplitude and hardness of veins Of a hot and dry and hotter blood thicker and dryer the Hypocondris are exceeding rough and the whole body hotter and dryer But if the Liver be hot and moist Hot and moist more store of blood is generated and that of an indifferent consistence the veins are great and broad and soft and the habit of the whole body moister and softer the Hypocondries hairy enough and if either quality do much exceed those who have such a constitution fall into many diseases which proceed from putrefaction If the Liver be more cold and moist Cold and moist crude and pituitous blood is generated the veins are narrow and the whole body if the heart hinder it not is colder and moister and the Hypocondries are void of hair Moreover the signs of a cold and dry Liver are little blood and so the nutrition not so happy Cold and dry less store of hair and the whole body is colder and dryer unless perchance the heart do correct the frigidity of the Liver CHAP. VI. Of the signs of the temperature of the Testicles THose whose Testicles are in good temper are fruitful those whose Stones are too hot are lecherous Signs of temperate Testicles Hot. and apt for Venus betimes and fruitful also and beget boyes and they also have hair in their privy parts betimes and have beards also very young Those who have cold Stones are not apt for Venus Cold. nor fruitful and if they do generate they rather procreate Females then Males and their genital parts are more bald and have lesse hair and they slowly or never put forth a beard Those who have moist abound with much seed Moist but watry and have broad beards Those who have dry ones generate little seed Dry. and that indifferent thick and are apt to have little beards Those who have hot and dry Testicles generate thick seed and are fruitful and are timely stirr'd up to Venus Hot and dry and yet are easily hurt by Venue they beget Males unless the sluggish nature of the woman hinder it hair comes betimes in the genitalls and plentifully and in all the parts neer upwards in the parts nigh the Navel downwards to the middle of the Thighs Those who have heat and moisture Hot and moist do more abound with seed they affect Venus moderately and can easily brook it if the constitution of the rest of the body agree nay sometimes they are offended by retaining of the seed they generate as well Males as Females and are no so rough about the Genitals Those whose Testicles are cold and moist begin to use Venus late Cold and moist neither are they prone to Venus and they are also unfruitful or if they generate fruitful seed 't is more fit to procreate Females then Males and the seed is thin and watry Lastly Cold and dry those that have cold and dry Stones Generate thick seed and but little and are more hurt after Coition then cold and moist ones CHAP. VII Of the signs of the constitution of the stomach A Temperate Stomach shews it selfe moderate in all things Signs of a temperate Stomach it desires so much as it can concoct and concoct it well and neither corrupts soft meats which are easie to be digested noâ— leaves hard meats unconcocted and crude nor is it easily hurt by meat that overwhelms it But a hot Stomach concocts better then it desires Of a hot it digesteth meat hard and difficult to be concocted happily bur on the other side it corrupts soft meats and such as are easie to be digested and brings forth a nitrous crudity 't is delighted with hot meats and drink and that so powerfully that it is not hurt by the moderate use of cold things but is preserved from the farthest decay which will be preserved by heat Thirst is greater then the desire of meat A colder Stomach more greedily desires then it can concoct Cold. and principally cold meats and such as are hard to be digested are not easily well concocted by it but easily grow sower in it and a little after eating pleantifully a sense of heaviness is perceived about the Stomach and floating and loathing and sometimes vomit A moist Stomach doth not easily thirst Scoist it is not easily hurt by much drinking ' tis-delighted with moist food and easily brooks hunger A dryer Stomach is more thirsty Dry yet unless the thirst arise from some part neer thereunto it is hurt by too much drink it desires dry meat From these signs of the simple constitutions of the Stomach may easily be collected the signs of the mixt construtions CHAP. VIII Of the signs of the constitution of the Lungs THose who have hot Lungs do much dilate their brests in breathing they are thirsty Signs of hot Lungs and the thirst is not allayed unless it be in long time and with cold things Cold Lungs are much
that a greater this a lesser but depraved actions signifie for the most part a hot distemper and since an alteration cannot be made suddenly nor doth the distemper suddenly cease when the alteration is introduced if the action be suddenly taken away and suddenly restored it doth not indicate a disease of intemperature Excretion and retentions but an organnick but if the actions are presently taken away and remain absent long either obstructions occasioned by thick matter or a cold intemperature is signified the excrements too much coloured signifies a hot disease as also doth dry ordure but clammy thick and white dreggs shew a cold distemper Qualities changed qualities also changed indicate diseases softness signifies a moist distemper a pale colour of the body signifies a cold distemper but a red colour a hot As for the magnitude of a disease Signes of a great disease if a great cause and that which hath great force of acting hath gone before in what kind of disease soever without doubt 't wil generate a great disease the proper nature of a disease wil easily betray it self for by how much the more the pathognomick signes or the signes that discover a disease shal be greater or lesser by so much it shews a greater or lesser disease hither to belongs also the worthiness of the part affected for by how much the part affected is more noble or can draw more noble parts into consent by so much the disease is counted the greater moreover the symptomes by how much the more and greater they shal be to which this happens that if the disease do not give way to exquisite and great remedies by so much the greater the disease shal be it is deservedly accounted great A malignant disease is likewise known by malignant venemous causes preceding Of a Malignant Moreover 't is the nature of certain diseases that in the same manner is they are known they indicate malignity such are the Morbus Gallicus Leaprosie and such like Thirdly malignity discovers it self by the effects for when no dangerous or vehement symptome is present which might trouble the sick nevertheless is unquiet and weak and the disease after smal remisness is swiftly and vehemently exasperated by sweats and other excrements and the sick perceives no manner of ease especially if frigidity of the extream parts or watchings should happen if in the beginning of sleep sleep seemetroublesome if the sick without a cause be afraid waxeth exceeding hot drops blood and the other ill signes be present which are spoken of amongst malignant feavers it argues amalignant disease Acute diseases are known from hence Of Acute diseases that they are suddenly moved and immediatly after the beginning afford grievous symptomes CHAP. IIII. How to know the parts affected The fountains of the signes whereby the parts affected are known Signes of places affected Galen in his first Book of the places affected Chap the 5th accounts five the actions hurt excrerions scituation proper accidents and propriety of paine which notwithstnding are comprehended under those foundations before proposed Amongst the causes the first are those things which are taken in whereof some have power of hurting this Causes others of offending that part moreover to those things which are carried about us belong arts and course of life from whence it happens that sometimes this sometimes that part is more hurt as sleeping and watchings which principally offend the braine anger which principally hurts the heart as also other passions of the mind Thirdly those things which are retained they more offend that part wherein they are detained 4ly Those things which happen and befal us externally they also shew the part affected if any one use mercuriall vunctions it is probable that the nervous parts are hurt that evil which commonly overspreads signifies that part to be hurt which is manifest doth labour in other sick persons By things essentially inhearing here are understood both the proprieties of the parts and the diseases themselves inhearing for although diseases are not of the essence of a part as it is a part yet as it is an effect centrary to nature diseases themselves seem to be in a part essentially inherent diseases therefore indicate parts affected a tumour appearing any where signfies either that part is affected or the part which is placed above it and the scituation and figure of the Tumour and the motions hurt will shew it in its kinde a falling of the guts into the codds signifies a rupture of the peritoneum or rim of the belly gibbosity signifies hurt of the spine or marrow the propriety of parts shews places affected as they are proper to those parts so if we see stones come forth with Urine without doubt we conjecture the veines or bladder to be affected As for the effect Effects actions hurt first an action hurt shews that member by which it is offended unless it be hurt by some external error so ratiocination being hurt imagination memory they signifie the brain to be affected as likewise by sleep watchfulness exercise of the whole body The visive faculty is hurt by an affect of the eye the hearing of the ear the smelling of the nose the taste spoiled is a token of a disease of the tongue if the urine be suppressed the cause is to be sought in the reines uriters bladder or urinary passages if yellow choller be not purged from the blood blood it is a token that the bladder of the gall is distempered Paine Hitherto belongs paines which shews that some sensible part is affected yet a differing paine may be a signe of divers parts a pricking paine is proper to inflamations of membranes a striking paine is caused by parts sensible which are inflamed containing arteries a burthensome paine agrees to the whole substance of the bowels lungs liver spleen reines inward deep and profound paines as it were breaking the part signifies the membrances of the bones to be affected a broad paine spreading it self every way about is a token that the membrances are affected streightness shews somewhat belonging to the extending of the nerves The vital actions being hurt shews that the heart labours Lastly natural actions hurt in what part soever shew a signe of that part which is affected but more manifestly in publick parts more obscurely in private parts Excretions Secondly in excrements which also afford signes more things are to be considered namely the kinds qualities manner of casting them out quantity order the kinds of excrements are two-fold for either something is cast out of the substance of some part signifies that part to be affected as if a little skin orflake or little peece of flesh should be cast out of the mouth it shews the lungs the wind-pipe the Epiglotis the gullet or ventricle to be corroded and if it be cast out by a cough it is a signe that it comes from the brest but if it be cast out by vomit it
nourishment and full of excrements and affords matter fit for the generation of feavers Fishes are colder and moister food Fish then the flesh of terrestiall Animalls and scarce afford so good juice as Corne and fruits and other vegetables they easily putrify also and if they are corrupted they acquire a quality most averse to our natures But there is a great variety of fishes Salmon a Salmon in the first place hath tender flesh gratefull to the palate t is easily concocted affords good juice and is the best amongst fishes when they are pickled with salt and hardned with smoake they are much worse Troutes amongst fishes which are bred in fresh waters are the best and are next in goodnesse to a Salmon Trout easy of concoction full of much good and thin juice but the greater of them have flesh not a little excrementitious fat and full of viscidity those are commended before others which have red flesh and many red spots and that have hard flesh and participate not of viscidity and fat those are easier concocted descend sooner Soles and have lesse excrementitious juice Amongst Sea fishes the sole is highly commended which hath delicate flesh and is easy of concoction Gudgeons Gudgeons properly so called are the best of taste amongst the fishes and very wholesome aliment easie to be concocted and such as remaine not long in the stomach and are profitable both for pleasure and health and may safely be given to those that are sick to which other little fish are alike as dace and minners and such like A pick A Pike especially of the smaller growth hath hard flesh it is concocted easily and easily distributed and hath not many excrements and may also be given to those that are sick A Perch also hath tender flesh A Perch and such as will easily part asunder and no fat and glutinosity t is easy to be digested the juice is not evill yet it affords weaker aliment and such as is easily discussed A Breame hath soft and moist flesh A Breame and yeelds a juice very excrementicious and is to be eaten as for the most part all other fish are not t is not to be mixed with divers kinds of meates A Barbell A Barbell whose egs perchance gave an occasion to some to suppose that he hears very bad it causeth not onely paines of the belly but also vomiting and disturbes the paunch and stirs up choler from the use whereof we ought to abstaine but the flesh thereof is very white easy of concoction and distribution and affords aliment of good juice The flesh of Eeles is sweete but glutinous with fat and abounding with much moisture Ecles it generates ill juice and the use thereof is not safely granted to those that are sick nor to those that are well especially if they be taken plentifully A Lampry is meate of a gratefull and delicate taste A Lampry if it be rightly prepared and sauced yet it puts not away quite its slimynesse and glutinosity by this meanes and for that reason they are not numbred by Physitians amongst fishes of the best sort A Tench is neither of a pleaseing taste A Tench nor easy to be concocted nor good aliment but yeelds a filthy slimy juice and such as is easily corrupted neither is it easily distributed and it brings forth obstructions A Herring hath white flesh A Herring apt to cleave into small peices and hath a good taste not hard of concoction it affords good juice not thick and glutinous t is pickled with salt and hardned with the smoake but then t is harder of digestion and yeelds not so good juice Amia a fish which hath no English name but is like a Thunny Amia hath soft flesh yeelds good juice but not much aliment A Sturgeon hath hard fat and glutinous flesh A Sturgon which yeelds thick juice yet not hurtfull and t is not easily concocted yet the younger are more plesant to the taste and easier concocted and yeeld much nourishment A Sole Plaice and Turbet are white fish A Sole Plaice Turbet yeeld good juice and plentifull nourishment and such as is not easily corrupted but being dryed they become harder and are harder of concoction Cod-fish Stock-fish or rather stock fish although whilst it is fresh t is said to have friable flesh and tender of good juice and easy of concoction yet being dryed it becomes so hard that it is to be knocked with Hammers and Clubs and to be pulled into peeces in water before it be boyled whence it affords thick nourishment and hard of concoction and is to be eaten without dammage only by those who have very healthy stomachs and are given to dayly labour Oysters have a soft juice Oysters and therefore irritare the belly to dejection and stimulate Venus they nourish lesse and are hard of concoction and easily generate obstructions Terrestiall Cockels or Snailes Snailes are accounted for dainties by many yet the flesh of them is hard of concoction and requires a healthy stomach and the addition of many sawces yet they remaine hard and generate thick and black blood but that part which is said to be given in broath for Hecticks is only in the hinder part of the snaile which Aristotle in the fourth of the History of Animals Cap. the fourth calls Micona that is poppey as he pleased to call it which hath in it a certaine glutinous and caseous substance easily dissolved yeelding to the teeth tender the which is not hard of concoction and nourisheth much Crab fish which have no tailes and Lobsters Lobsters and crawfish which have tailes and are frequent in our Countries seeme to have no great difference in their nature all of them are hard of concoction and are not well concocted unlesse by a strong stomach yet if they are well concocted they nourish much and beget good juice CHAP. IV. Of drinke DRinke whereby the moist substance is restored which is dayly consumed and the naturall thirst allayed The benefi of drink the fat and thick moisture carried through the narrow passages and the meat in the stomach is mingled concocted and powred forth and an inflamation of that fat which is destinated by nature to nourish our bodies is prohibited there are divers kinds The kinds Water Wine strong Beere and water mingled with Hony and certaine liquors made with Apples Peares and such like There is great variety of Waters Waters all which are cold and moist but the best is that which is found to be pure and fincere by the sight taste and smell and offers the savour of nothing to the taste Differences of Waters neither odour to the smell which soone growes hot and suddenly grows cold which is light and wherein flesh and fruit are soon boyled some is Fountaine water other is River some is Raine water other lake or Pond water some Marish other Snow
water The Fountaine is the best which hath these notes of good water Fountain that which spreds towards the East and runs towards the rising of the Sun and thrickles through sand and gravell that carries no mud with it that is hotter in Winter and colder in Summer River water for the most part is Fountaine water River and ariseth from many Fountains flowing together and therefore is of a mixt nature and receives also a mixt nature from the earth through which it flowes and somtimes also they are mingled with Snow melted in the Mountaines and great Showres of water collected together yet its crudity is corrected by the beames of the Sun whilst it runs through many parts of the Earth before the use of it it should stand and setle in water-tubs that whatsoever it carries with it that is impure may settle in the bottome Rain water which falls in the Summer time with thunder is the thinnest Raine and lightest but since many Vapours are lift up by the heate and mingled with the Showres these waters are not very pure whence they are obnoxious to putrifaction Well waters Well waters since they are not raised above the Earth and are lifted up on high only by the benefit of Art they are thick and heavy whence they continue long in the bowels and offend them Lakes and marish waters are the worst Lake waters they easily become purred they are thick and crude and often times malignant and Pestilent from whence the stomack is offended by them the bowels obstructed and humours corrupted and often times putred and malignant feavers and Pestilentiall do thence arise Waters of Snow and Ice are condemned Of Snow and Ice for they are thick and hurt the stomach and stirr up greivous diseases of the joynts nerves and bowels But the malignancy of waters are corrected by boyling Boyling of waters whereby not only the crudity and frigidity is amended but also the terrene and vitious parts are separated which afterwards when the heate vanisheth settles in the bottome Wine hath a heating Wine and drying power which even the Spirit which is drawn out of it teacheth yet because it easily nourisheth and increaseth moisture and blood fit to nourish the body t is said to be moist namely Wine is a medicinall aliment hot and dry some in the first some in the second and some in the third degree for this reason the use of it is forbidden boyes and by reason of this drying faculty many use to mixe water therewith yet there is not a little difference in heating and drying not only according to age but also according to the nature of the Wine it selfe for some is very little suffering because in mixture it will indure but little water but other Wine is called winy Wine because it may indure more water to be mixt with it But Wines differ according to taste smell colour Differences of Wines Savour and manner of subsistance as for what belongs to the taste sweet Wines properly so called nourish best and are not only most gratefull to the palate but to the bowells but because they are thicker they easily produce obstructions in the Liver and Spleen inflame the Hipocondries and are easily turned into choler they are profitable for the Lungs Chops and Throate nor do they so hurt the head nor offend the nerves Austere or harsh wines have the weaker heat tarry longer in the belly nor doe they easily passe through the veines and penetrate through the passages of the urine whence they are good for a loosenesse of the belly but hurtfull in diseases of the brest and Lungs for they detaine spittle the best wines are the middle sort which are neither very sweet nor sowre A fragrant smell is a token of the best Wine Smell because it can increase Spirits restore decayed strength and recreate and suddenly refresh those that are languishing even by its smell and can exhilerate the mind and strengthen the whole body and all its faculties and principally t is good for old men only that it fills the head and hurts the nerves but Wines that have no smell are base and neither received so greedily by the stomach nor are they so easily concocted nor do they afford matter nor so fit aliment to engender Spirits nor do they add so much strength to the heart nor do they so much refresh the body but those which have a strange smell whencesoever contracted are all nought White or pale Wines heate lesse Colour then full and yellow Wines and are weaker especially if besides their whitenesse they are of a thin substance all black wines are of thicker substance and for the most part sweete and nourish very much yet they beget thick blood and not so laudable they cause obstructions and continue long in the bowels and fill the head with many Vapours between the white and red there are middle colours yellow reddish yellow a pale red and perfect red a pale red are necrest to the white and if the substance be thin are the best such as are Rhenish Wines the most apt to strengthen the heart and to renew strength Greek Wines also strengthen the heart and are beneficiall to to those that are troubled with cholick paines and with the flatus of the stomach red Wines for the most part have not so great a force of heating they generate good blood and do not load the head but if they are of a thicker substance they are not so good for the Liver and Spleen by reason of the obstructions which they occasion between the white and red is a Wine of a mixt colour which also doth not heat so much nor offend the head As for the manner of subsistence The manner of subsistance tenuity is in the first place in that which is watry hence that which is of a pale red and yellow crassitude is in that which is black red sweet and sowre and thin wines easily penetrate and soon refresh the strength they open passages move sweates and urine yet they nourish more sparingly but the thick nourish more and are longer detained in the parts and heat and dry them more and often times bring forth obstructions Wines also differ according to age Differences of Wines according to age new Wine is thick and flatuous begets the cholick impeads excretion of urine yet it loosens the belly and unlesse it doth so t is the more hurtfull new Wine and that which it as sweet as Wine new prest is not easily distributed into the body but old Wine does work too much upon the nerves and offend the head That which is middle aged is more commodious for all uses in which thing neverthelesse there is a great difference according to the nature of the Wine for some will indure age others sooner loose their strength and consume away and loose all their Spirits In places towards the Septrentrionall Strong drinke wherein there is
haire Liver-wort Ceterash Ground-pine common Germander Bind-weed Hore-hound Calamints Penny-royall Scurvygrasse Brooklime Water-Cresses Anniseed Fennell seed seed of Ammi of Agnus Castus red Parsnibs Lupines bitter Almonds Capers Kernells of Peaches and Apricocks Cinnamon Cubebs Sorrell Ammoniack the juice of Lymons To these are opposed Iucrassating Incrassating things which make the thinner and more liquid juices thicker such are cold or temperate without sharpnesse of a thick and terrene substance whereby whilst they mingle themselves with thinner humours they make them become of a thicker consistence as Bolearmenack Poppy Sorrell Rice Lentills Quinces wild Pares Amylums t is a food made of Corne without grinding Chalybeate milke the juice of Pomgranets Emplasticks Playster-like things and those which have a clammy and Plaister-like force are such as adhere close to the passages of the body and Plaister up the pores as it were fills them and stops them and they are certaine dry and earthy things yet without mordication and acrimony and if they are bedaubed over the passages of the body they are hardly taken away but some are also mixt with an aqueous and acrious humour yet are tenacious as sweet oyle such are Amylum Pompholix which is the soile that runs off Brasse Cerusse Chalke Bole armenack Irish slat Parget Litharge burnt lead the Rootes of Marsh Mallowes Lillies seed of Fenegreek all mucilages and bran of wheate Kernells of Pine nuts bruised in water Gume Arabeck Sarcocolla Tragacanth fresh Grease and Marrowes fresh butter new cheese whites of an egg wax To these are opposed detergent things Detergent things and such as open obstructions and such as open obstructions whereof these cleanse filth in the superficies of the body or skin but those are of a more subtil substance penetrate into the pores also and open obstructions and moreover have a drying faculty with tenuity of substance whether they be hot or cold for there are both hot and cold abstergent things such as are all salt things bitter things nitrous things as Hore-hound Century the lesse smallage Wormewood Southernwood Hyssop Cresses the bread of Lupines and of a kind of Pulse called Orabus Agrimony Beets Germander Tansey Bitter Almonds Roots of Birthwort Orice Gentian Solomons Seale Barley Bran Iuice of Lymons Nettle-seed Rootes of Tamariske Bark of Capers Spleen-wort Squils Nitre Hony Sugar all Lixuviums or Lee Whey the Galls of living Creatures Verdy-grease CHAP II. Of Medicines easing paine and causing rest Lastly in this forme are Anodunes Narcotticks Anodunes and Hypnoticks those are properly Anodunes which doe not take away the cause of a disease or dull sence of paine but such as mitigate the paine the cause stil remaining and they are temperate and gentle and endued with mild heat and are soft to the touch and bring forth a pleasant and sweet pleasantnesse and those performe that which are endued with a luke-warme and gentle heate and are most like to our bodies in temperature and for the most part are soft and fat and loosen and mollifie the part that it may be the lesse apt to be sensible of paine such are Camomil Melilot Dil Elder Mallowes Marsh-mallowes Seeds of Fenegreek Flax wheat Barley sweet Oyle of middle age Oyle of sweet Almonds and other things prepared with those above fresh Butter Hens grease Goose-grease Whites of Eggs the pulpe of White-bread warme Milke and Hoggs grease Narcoticks or stupefactives and Hypnoticks Stupefactives which also cause sleep but neither take away the cause of paine but stupifie the part and benumes it least it should perceive that which is painefull but this power depends on a hidden quality such like are Lettice Water-lillies Poppey Nightshade Henbane Mandrake and Opium CHAP. VIII Of drawing and Repelling Medicines IN the second forme Things drawing are drawing Medicines which attract the humours and Spirits out of the body into the superficies but that attraction is made by heate concurring with tenuity of substance and some are hot and dry in the second degree which draw moderatly others in the third degree which draw more others in the fourth which draw most of all and with their heate raise a tumour in the skin with rednesse and lastly raise blisters from whence medicines to take away haire Synapismes Rubifying medicines are prepared such are the Rootes of both kinds of birthwort selandine sow-Breed little Dragon Gentian wild Pellitory or sneezing-wort Crowfoot mustard-seed Cresses Garlick Onions Leaven an Indian fruit like a Birds heart and the juice like blood Gum Amoniack Galbanum sagapenum Opoponax dry Pitch Propolisâ— or that in a Hony-combe like wax Goose dung Pidgeons dung Hen dunge and Cantharides Repelling Medicines Repelling are opposed to attracting and prohibit the Flux of humours or represseth and casteth back that humour which hath newly flown in and moves therein and is not as yet settled they performe this either because they are cold or astringent or because they have both a cold and astringent faculty astringents are two-fold some are cold others not and indeed they doe most powerfully bind which are both cold and astringent those things which repell only by frigidity and are aqueous or humid are cold water life for ever Purslan Ducks-meate Endive Lettice Night-shade Coltrops of water Venus Nauell Fleawort the white of an egg cold things astringent are Plantine narrow leaved Solomons seale Mouseare Daizes Horsetaile the leaves of service or sherve Tree Oake Mirtle Medler Tree the Flowers of Rosemary Pomgranates Mirtle-berries Oake Apples swallow Peares Barberries Mirtles the Barks of Pomgranates the Rootes of wild Damsons the Rootes of Barberries the Rootes of Cinqfoile Snake-weed or small Bistort Tormentill the juice of Pomgranates Acacia Hypocistis or sap of the Rootes of Cystus of Mulberries not ripe sorrell Irish slat Bolearmenack sanguis Draconis Tutty hot astringents are spike Aloes Frankencense Mirrh Cypresse Wormewood Cyprus Nuts the Barks of Frankencense sweet Garden Flag Allom CHAP. IX Of Ripening things and such as generate quitture also of such as generate flesh and Brawny flesh of such as dry and cleanse green wounds and cause Cicatrizing and of such as generate seed and milke IN the third forme are ripening and concocting things Ripening and concocting of quitture and moving purulent matter so called because without them the generation of matter cannot be easily performed by nature to wit such which by the similitude they have with our bodyes defend and increase the substance of the native heat for they are temperately hot and together moist and emplastick which shutting the pores or passages keep in and retaine the spirits and heat such are sweet Oyles Oyle mixed with water Butter Hogs grease Calves grease the seed and Bran of Wheate Wheaten Bread the seed of Fenugreek Flax Leaves and Rootes of Marsh Mallowes Mallowes Beares breech the Rootes of white Lillies boyled Onions dry Figs Fat 's liquid Pitch or Tarr liquid storax Turpentine whereof some if they seem either too dry or too moist
of a Synocha with putrifaction OF the Nature of a Fâ—ver Chap. 1. p. 1. Of the causes of Fevers in general ch 2. p. 3. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general ch 3. p. 4. Of the differences of Fevers in general ch 4. p. 5. Of the Cure of Fevers in general ch 5. p. 6. Of the Fever Ephemera ch 6 p. 6. Of an Ephera of more days and of a Synocha without putrifaction ch 7. p. 10. BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers OF putred Fevers in general ch p. 12. Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 2. p. 15 Of the signâ— of putred Fevers in general ch 3. p. 16 Of the Cure of putred Fevers in general ch 4 p. 17. Of breathing of a Vein ch 5. p 18 Of Purging ch 6. p. 19 Of co-coction and separation of Humors ch 7. p 22 Of Sudoâ—ificks and Diureticks ch 8. p. 23 Of Diet in putred Fevers ch 9. p. 24 Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 10. p. 27 Of a continued putred primary Fever and first of a Synocha in particular ch 11. p. 28 Of a Causus or Burning Fever ch 12. p. 31 Of continued periodick Fevers in general and of a continued Tertian ch 13. p. 33 Of a continued Quotidian ch 14. p. 36 Of the Fever Epiala p. 38 Of the â—yncopal Fever p. 39 Of a continued Quartan ch 15. p 40 Of Symptomatical Fevers ch 16. p. 41 Of Intermitting Fevers in general ch 17. p. 46 Of Intermitting Fevers in particular and first of an Intermitting Tertian ch 18. p. 55 Of a Quotidian Intermittent ch 19 p. 61 Of an intermitting Quartan ch 20. p. 62. Of compound Fevers and Semi-tertians ch 21. p. 67 BOOK III. Of a Hectick Fever OF the nature of a Hectick Fever ch 1. p. 71 Of the signs of a Hectick Fever ch 2. p. 72 Of the Cure of a Hectick Fever ch 3. p. 73 BOOK IV. Of the Plague and of Pestilential and malignant Fevers OF the Nature of the Pestilence ch 1. p. 75 Of the causes of the Pestilence ch 2. p. 77 Of Contagion ch 3. p. 79 Of the signs of the Plague ch 4. p. 81 Of preservation from the Pestilence ch 5. p. 82 Of the Cure of the Pestilence ch 6. p. 85 Of the nature of a pestilent and malignant Fever and the difference of them from the Plague ch 7. p 89 To what kind of Fevers pestilent and malignant ones pâ—rtain ch 8. p 90. Causes of a pestilent malignant Fever ch 9. p 91 Signs of malignant and pestilent Fevers ch 10 p. 92 Of the cure of malignant and pestilential Fevers in general ch 11. p 93 Of a malignant Fever with the Measles and Small Pox ch 12. p. 97. Of the Spotted Fever ch 13. p. 105 Of the English Sweat ch 14. p. 108 Of the Vngarick Disease ch 15. p. 110 Of a malignant Fever with the Cramp ch 16. p. 114 Of a malignant Fever with a Catarrh and a Cough and the Squincy ch 17. p. 116 Of the Cure of Symptomatical Fevers ch 18. p 118 Book I. Of Fevers in General and of an Ephemera and of a Synocha with Putrefaction CHAP. I. Of the Nature of a Fever THat which is called by the Latines a Fever The name of a Fever by the Greeks from fire is called the fiery distemper Hippocrates plainly calls it fire if it be very vehement as being by the consent of all men a hot distemper For although some Germans call it Daskalte yet that appellation belongs not to every Fever neither doth it express the nature of a Fever but only signifieth Cold An intermitting Fever may be so called A Fever is a hot distemper of the whole body atising from heat kindled contrary to nature in the heart It s definition and nature and by the mediation of the Blood and Spirits conveyed through the veins and arteries to all the parts and hindring natural actions unless it be prevented For a Fever is generated when as Galen 1. Aphor. 14. hath it The native heat is become fiery Generation of it For seeing that all the parts of the body have a certain temperature and all of them are actually hot every one according to its own degree and thereby are rendered fit to perform natural actions If in the heart from whence the vital heat is diffused over all the parts of the body each part receiving its due temper from thence a certain preter-natural heat be kindled and spread over the whole body so that to the natural temperature of the parts some degrees of preter-natural heat are added and that actual heat shall be increased a certain excess of heat and a hot distemper is kindled in the whole body which is called a Fever Which distemper indeed formaliter as some say is contrary to nature and is called a Fever but materialiter 't is not altogether contrary to nature for unless there had been before some degrees of natural heat extant the supervenient heat could not constitute this degree of heat And indeed a hot distemper only constitutes a Fever Driness is no part of the Essence of a Fever for although all fevourish heat tend to driness yet that driness is not sickness in all Fevers neither is the body by fevourish heat rendred unfit to perform its natural actions it is so by driness in every Fever that the natural actions are hindred but although the fevourish heat always tend to driness yet oftentimes the disposition of the body wherein that heat acteth and moisture therewithal hinders the production of a disease by driness The adequate Subject of a Fever is the whole body The Subject or certainly most of its parts but the principal is the heart as being that wherein that heat is first kindled and from thence communicated to all the other parts of the body unless it be hindred nor can a Fever be generated unless the heart first become hot Indeed the whole body is the Subject of a Fever in regard of the similiar parts and as it is indued with actual heat which is as it were kindled by the innate and influent heat For this heat when it is changed and converted into a fiery heat from a temperate and moderate a Fever is stirred up The immediate cause of a Fever is heat kindled in the heart contrary to nature The proximate cause and diffused over all the body For as the heart whilest it is well and according to nature is the fountain of natural heat and disperseth the same over all the body so if it grow hot contrary to nature it distributes that unnatural heat over all the parts For although a Fever may be kindled by the inflamation of other parts likewise yet that happens not unless that heat be first sent to the heart and afterwards from thence to all the parts of the body whence it comes to pass that in every Fever the Pulse is changed Nevertheless every kind of heat in the heart is not sufficient to
a Ptisan the meat should be savoured with juyce of Lemmon Pomegranates Goose-berries Their drink should be barley-water or small beer Fernelius 5. cap. of Fevers Synoch Bilios Fernal makes mention of another sort of Synocha which is made by the kindling of the Spirits and cholerick humours without putrefaction and which ariseth from the same causes as an Ephemera if it happen in a cholerick body which opinion indeed may take place if it be meant of the thinner and subtiler part of the hotter blood which somtimes useth to be called choler but not if it be spoken of excrementitious cholar The end of the first Book BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers CHAP. I. Of Putred Fevers in General WHereas there is a two-fold sort of Fevers whose heat is inherent in the parts according to habitude whereof the one hath it's rise and is continued by the kindling of the Spirits and thinnest parts of the blood without putred humours the other hath it's original from vapours and putred humours of the former kind 't is already spoken The next business is that we handle the putred Fevers That there are putred Fevers many things shew Putred Fevers For neither is it dissonant from the nature of humours but that they may putrifie since that may happen to every mixt body and we see humours putrifie otherwise in mans body as it happens in inflamations wherein quitture is generated as Galen in the 1 of the differences of Fevers cap. 6. he compares the putridness whereby the humours putrifie in the brain with that by which Sanies is generated in the humours And that they do actually putrify sufficient reasons are given which hereafter we shall propound and the matter it self shews that humours do putrifie in the veins For both blood which cometh forth from breathed veins and those things which are evacuated by stooâ— Urine sweat sufficiently by their smell and otherwise argue putridity of humours And the way of cure proves the same for 't is not performed by things that alter but evacuate humours which is partly instituted by nature partly by the Physician For if humoral Fevers could be made without putrefaction they might also be cured by altering things only And indeed such Fevers are not only malignant as some think but the same signs appear and the same way of cure is exhibited to intermittent and continued What Putrefaction is which are void of all malignity and pestilency Aristotlc 4. Met. c. 1. defineth putrefaction to be the corruption of the proper and natural heat in every moist body by reason of external ambient heat but by Galen 11 Meth. med c. 8. without doubt not so much regarding the common and adequate subject of putrefaction as to mans body subject to medicinal consideration It is says he a change of the whole substance of the body putrifying to corruption by reason of extraneous heat the ultimate end of putrefaction is the dissolution of the parts whereof the mixt body consists and the corruption of the whole mixture That we may here pass by the tedious disputations which are extant amongst Philosophers and Physicians concerning putrefaction this is to be taken notice of How manifold it is that putrefaction in respect of the mixt body putrifying the one is according to the whole and perfect according to the whoâ— whereby mixt bodies are plainly dissolved into Elements out of which they are bred The other is in some part and imperfect whereby these which are full of moisture in some part putrify For seeing the moisture wherewith it aboundeth cannot wholly be drawn out only some parts thereof especially the thinner are And such putrefaction namely according to parts agrees to humors also namely when some particles of theirs are really corrupted and they loose their form Yet the whole humour must not necessarily loose it's form thence it continues it's name and those corrupted parts being evacuated it returns to its former nature unless the corruption have so far gone that mutation is made into another kind Which putrefaction is putrefaction indeed and not alteration only For although the whole be not corrupted yet some parts thereof are really corrupted Putrefaction in a body is caused by extraneous heat The cause of putrefaction and when the humours are no longer governed by the natural heat but are destitute thereof they are corrupted Therefore all things whatsoever which may be an occasion to hinder the innate heat so that it cannot in its due manner govern the humours may be said to be the cause of putrefaction of the humours Putrefaction of humours though oftentimes it be caused by obstruction and bowels and prohibiting of free transpiration since that as Galen 11. Meth. med c. â— writeth things hot and moist in a hot and moist place not being fanned and cooled by wine easily putrifie Yet putrefaction may be occasioned without this by the meeting with putred things and other causes which debilitate the native heat and bring in an extraneous heat First certain humours by reason of some internal defect Default of humours of heir own accord tend to putrefaction or at least are casily overcome come by small causes of putrefaction and having gotten the least occasion fall into putrefaction Such vice humours contract first from bad meats of the which they are generated whether they are such by nature or any other wayes corrupted Moreover by meats which are easily corrupted such are fruits rareripe Thirdly from the ill dressing of meats or ill concoction or when they are taken in excess or at unseasonable hours or after a preposterous manner Fourthly by the default of the parts appointed for concoction by reason whereof even the best aliment may be corrupted Lastly by reason of other causes which either impede concoction or retain execrements as also the preposterous use of the six Non-naturals Therefore by how much the more of such humours are cumulated in the body by so much the more easily they putrify For nature doth not defend excrementitious humours so carefully as those which are fit to nourish the body whence they are easily corrupted and putrify Blood also out of the veins being out of it's natural place and of a hot and moist nature easily is corrupted But although such humours turn to putrefaction of their own accord and being in a hot and moist place yet it happens sooner if any other cause be added Nay good humours also in a sound body if they are the cause in pâ—sse of putrefaction may become putted Amongst all these causes the first and chiefest is the hinderance of transpiration and ventilation Transpiration hindred whether it happen by straitnes of the pores of the skin or by obstruction of vessels passages in the more inward parts of the body For hot and moist things in a hot place unless they are ventilated easily putrify Narrowness of pores is occasioned either by constriction from cold or astringent things or driness as staying
colder is hot Man for whose sake these things of Temperaments are spoken In man there is a twofold Temperament since his body is not simply mixed but organick and living there is required in him a double Temperament one of the body as it is absolutely and simply mixt The other as it is living This is lost by death and is often changed by old age but that remaineth sometimes in the dead carcass after death yet at length by putrefaction and corruption of that which is mixed t is dissolved In that also according to Heat Cold Drowth and Moisture there is a great diversity of parts But the matter which is proper to living Creatures in all is Heat and Moisture Again the Temperament of a living man is twofold Temperament Innate Influent the one Innate the other Influent Innate is that which is imbibed in the living parts of man by reason of the Innate heat is inherent in him from his first being Influent is that which floweth from the principal parts and is communicated to the whole body And that it is not the same with Innate is manifest from those that fall into a Swoun when the body becomes extreme cold and yet the Innate Temperament is not changed These three Temperaments though they may be considered severally Yet they concur to constitute one Temperament of a sound man And therefore although without all doubt amongst all other living Creatures man is of the most temperate so that other living Creatures as also medicines compared to him are said to be Hotter Colder Moister or Dryer Yet simply and absolutely he is not temperate The Temperament of a man of what sort it is for common-sense tels us that Heat in man is predominate over the other qualities for the Temperature of a man to perform his actions best is Hot and Moist and our lives consist of Heat and Moisture on the contrary coldness and driness lead us to death and by how much sooner a man is cooled and dryed by so much sooner he grows old and dyes Yet The differences of the Temperaments of man that heat and that moisture have their degrees For if the heat exceed the cold and the moisture the drowth moderately that Temper is best and is accompted Temperate All others differing from this are called either Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist or Cold and Dry although all in general are Hot and Moist These differences of Temperaments are commonly explained by the names of Sanguine Sanguine Cholerick Phlegmatick Melancholy Cholerick Phlegmatick and Melancholy Temperaments These differences and appellations may be admitted of if they are not taken from the diversity of excrementitious humours in various bodies but from the variety of blood which is the nutriment of the body For those whose Blood is temperate Occult qualities or moderately hot and moist are called Sanguines Those who have hotter and dryer blood and their bodies from thence become hotter and dryer are called Cholerick Persons Those who have colder and moister and their bodies from thence grows colder and moister are called Phlegmaticks Those who have cold and dry blood and their bodies from thence become cold and dry are Melancholians But we must not rest at the Primary qualities for there are others more noble and more abstruse the causes of many actions and of Sympathy and Antipathy with other alterations that must be granted although in this humane imbecillity for the most part they are unknown to us The Astrologers The opinions of the Astrologers that they may some way expresse the various Constitutions of Bodies according to the occult diversities of Stars call some Solar bodies born under the influence of the Sun so Jovial under Jupiter others Martial Venereal Mercurial Saturninal as being born under one of those and also admit of mixt constitutions born under several Planets nor indeed absurdly altogether since there is a great agreement and consent betwixt Superior and Inferior bodies But since there are divers parts of a body and each part hath its peculiar Temperature not onely proceeding from the mixture of Elements but some are hotter some have lesse heat in them neverthelesse they agree together to make the Temperament of the whole which is hot and moist and so heat with cold moisture with dry things are equal'd So that from thence there proceedeth a certain Harmony and the Temperament of the whole is moderately hot and moist But to constitute that Temperament of the whole The Temperament of the whole wherein it depends the noble parts of the body perform more then the rest and most especially the Heart the Fountain and Treasury of the native heat and vital spirits From whence all the parts of the body receive the influent spirits and heat Next to it the Liver which furnisheth the whole body with aliment namely bloud afterwards the Stones then the Brain the shop of Animal spirits last the Stomack the place for the first Concoction Concerning the Temperament of several parts The Temperament of the parts of the body The Hot Parts the most Temperate is the skin especially that in the Palm of the hand to which as to the mean the other parts being compared tend to heat cold drowth or moisture The Hot parts are the Heart of all the parts the hottest the Fountain of native heat and Closet of vital spirits Also the Liver flesh of the Muscles Spleen Reins Lungs Veins and Arteries Fat also and fatness The Cold are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Nerves Cold. Membranes Spinal Marrow the Brain The Moist parts are Fat the marrow of the bones the Brain Moist the marrow of the back the Duggs the Stones the Lungs the Spleen Reins flesh of Muscles the Tongue Heart and softer Nerves The Dry are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Membranes Dry. Arteries Veins hard Nerves There is a certain difference of Temperaments in mans body by reason of Sex and Age As for what belongeth to Sex The Temperament of Sex Females are colder then Males as having contracted a colder nature from their principles of generation lest that the blood necessary for future generation by a stronger heat should be consumed The Temperament is also changed according to age to wit The Temperament of ages the age which is principally ordained for certain internal changes by heat and moisture Authors for the most part divide mans life into three ages Child-hood Manly-age and Old-age or Youthful Age of perfection Declination or if you please into the first middle and last age to which differences other ages spoken of by Authors may be referred The first age therefore is our Infancy which remaineth till the seventh year the second our Child-hood which for the most part continueth to the fourteenth year of our age then our youthfull age from the fourteenth to the five and twentieth when our growth for the most part in stature ceaseth And sometime Hippocrates in his first Book
of Aphorisms and fourteenth chap. accompts these ages before mentioned ages of growth From thence to the five and thirtieth is our manly of flourishing age from thence to the forty eighth year is our prime or most principal age then begins old age which hath its degrees also for each age hath its Temperament Infants and Boys are hot and moist youthful age is most Temperate and obtains the most convenient temper for humane actions the flourishing manly age or prime Viril age is hot and dry lastly old age by reason of the wasting of the Radical moisture and defect of the promigenial Innate heat is cold and dry and by how much the older by so much the colder and dryer CHAP. V. Of Innate Heat THat those things may the better be understood which we spake concerning Temperaments Innate heat we will say something of primigenial heat for these things are the chief Instruments of the Vegetative soul By the innate heat we do not understand that heat which belongeth to the mixt body as mixed but that heat which is proper to living Creatures the which with the radical moisture is the next and immediate subject and domicil of the Soul diffused through all the parts of the body Nor by heat and moisture do we understand the bare quality but the quality with the Subject to wit a body hot and moist the matter namely or Subject wherein heat is and the quality from whose predominancy the Subject hath its name to wit the most pure subtile and hottest portion of the similar parts and especially of the Spermatick parts This heat is otherwise called both by Physicians and Philosophers by the name of the within seated spirit or the native spirit and it is more conveniently called the within seated spirit then the innate heat For although in all the substance be hot The Innate heat yet heat is not sensibly perceived in all bodies but onely in living Creatures and the more perfect of them which by touching are perceived to be hot This Innate heat consists of three things Whereof the Innate heat consists which make up its â—ssence Radical moisture the within seated spirit and heat hence â—ernelius defines it to be the Primigenial humidity spread â—rough all the body by the innate heat and spirit And these â—ree Heat Spirit and Moisture are linked together by the nearest conjunction in the world for since that heat ought to be as it were Governour and Ruler of our lives it is onely of an aëricus or spiâ—â—ual nature and so by it self moveable and separable or apt to be disperst it could not subsist alone but that life might be prolonged 〈◊〉 ought to subsist in a more stable moist and durable body more â—ermanent namely not a thin and watry body but a fat and oylie body which is inserted within the fibers of the similar parts and is called the radical moisture Concerning the nature and original of the innate spirit and heat Of the original and nature of the Innate heat there is a great controversy amongst Physitians and Philosophers and 't is disputable whether it be Elementary or of another nature And although in such an obscure thing since very learned men disagree it be very hard to determine any thing yet I think theirs to be the more probable opinion who consent with Aristotle in his second Book of Generation of living Creatures and third Chapter That Innate heat is not Elementary nor hath its original from fire or other Elements nor yet is it of a Heavenly nature but proportionable to the stability of Stars For every specifical form requires its peculiar domicil and proper subject and the more noble form requires the more noble habitation and a more Divine power then Elementary requires a more noble manfion then a body that is composed of Elements Moreover more noble actions The subsect of the Innate heat and Sympathy and Antipathy are in it which purely from Elements cannot proceed again this Innate heat and inborn Spirit in many Plants is preserved in winter time and in the midst of frosts safe and secure Moreover this Innate heat and radical moisture is founded in the parts which are fashioned in the first generation of an embryon but the greatest plenty of it is in the heart which from thence is called by Galen the fire-fewel of the Innate heat This inborn heat is the chiefest instrument of the soul The use of the Innate heat by which it perfects undergoes all the actions of life and whatsoever healthy thing in us and profitable in generation in nutriment or in expulsion of a disease is performed by that From this benefit and excellency of Innate heat The Innate soul is not a soul some have taken it and the Soul for the same thing and have called it the Essence of the vital faculty the faculty governing us the substance of the soul and the Author of all our actions but since the Innate heat is neither the soul nor the chief cause of our actions it is onely the chief instrument in performing the actions of the soul in operation which is not corporal This Innate heat doth not remain alwaies the same The changing of the innate heat but is changed in the course of our age For at our first coming into thâ— world it is most and age increasing the radical moisture wasted by degrees and drieth up So that in the end the radical moisture being clearly gone the heat also wanting wherewithall to support it self goes out and a natural death followeth CHAP. VI. Of Spirits BUT although every part of the body have this heat innate in it yet that alone sufficeth not to undergo all actions Influent Spirits but requires heat and spirits flowing from elsewhere by which it may be stirred up and cherished for by it self it hath no power to perform all actions but soon languisheth and so is scattered and vanisheth except it be daily stirred up nourished and strengthned by the spirits of the principal parts especially the heart Although the name of Spirit may admit of various significations yet in this place it is taken for the purest What the influent spirit is finest thinnest hottest most moveable body proceeding from the most purest and subtilest part of the bloud and although the name of Spirit be attributed to the Innate heat yet it especially belongs to those that are most fluent and moveable The Use of Spirits These Spirits are the bond by which the body and soul are united and the chief instrument of performing our actions and being wrought in the principal parts of the body are conveyed through their channels into the whole body and are joined with the Innate heat that they may help the powers and faculties to perform their actions Spirits are not the Vehicle of the faculties But that is false which some teach That the Spirit is the Vehicle of the faculties and that the faculties and
the bladder of the Gall. Excrementious Choller is twofold Natural and Contrary to Nature Natural is yellow Yellow Choller and is generated by Nature and that onely is properly called Choller it is an Excrement of the second concoction and generated in the Liver and collected into the Bladder of the Gall it is generated out of the hotter and dryer parts of nutriment Preternatural is that which is not generated in our bodies according to the law of Nature Preternatural whereof for the most part we account four kinds Vitelline Leekeblade colour Verdegrease colour and Woad colour or a blewish green The Vitelline is so called from the yolk of an Egge Vitelline it is yellow hotter and thicker it is generated of yellow and burnt Choller whence it is sometimes called rosted Choller And there is another kind of Vitelline Choller but not so properly so called which is neither so hot nor so yellow which is compounded of Phlegm and yellow Choller Leekgreen Choller so called Leekgreen because it represents their greennesse which is often voided with the Excrements of children by the panch and is often generated in the stomach by corrupt nutriment and sometimes also in the Veins and about the Liver out of the Vitelline from the great heat of the Liver and 't is of a venemous nature and it is hot and very biting the likest to Verdegrease The Aeruginous which comes neer to the colour of rusty greenish Brasse is generated out of corrupt aliment Aeruginous when the heat is more vehement in the Stomach in the Liver and Veins from the inflamation of the Liver and the too great heat of the Veins Lastly Woad colour Blewish green or a blewish green Choller is more deep in sense then the Leek colour and is caused by more adust Aeruginous Choller Aliment hot and dry Causes of Choller affords matter fit for all the kinds of Choller and especially sweet and fat things A constitution hot and dry hath regard to the Efficient cause and those things that adde to it are youth full age Ait that is hot and dry watching anger too much exercise of the body CHAP. VI. Of Melancholly THe third is the Melancholly humour Melancholly which commonly is distinguished into Alimentary and Excrementitious but Alimentary is nothing else then the colder and dryer part of the Masse of Blood The Excrementious is twofold Natural and Preternatural Twofold Natural Natural is that thick and feculent Excrement which in sanguification which is made in the Spleen as is abovesaid is collected and separated for the generation whereof much meat conduceth 'T is of a terrestrious and thick juyce of every sort especially being hardned with salt and fuliginous vapours old Cheese Cabbage all sorts of pulse as Pease c. a cold and dry constitution of air cares fear sorrow The black Melancholly which is generated contrary to nature Preternatural although it be sometimes also called by the name of melancholly yet Physitians for the most part call that Excrement which is naturally generated black Juyce not black Melancholly but that which proceeds from adustion is called black Melancholly and that Excrement is naturally cold and dry but this Preternatural hot and dry the worst of all humours But adust Melancholly is commonly accounted threefold Its kinds One is that which is occasioned by adust blood and is counted the least the second is that which is generated of Melancholly humours if they are burnt The third is that which proceeds from adust colour which is of all the worst Hence it is manifest that although all which can generate Melancholly humours or yellow Choller conduce to the generation of black Choller yet the generation of black Choller principally depends upon the too great heat burning the humours CHAP. VII Of the Serous Humour and of Wind. AMongst the humours that are the causes of diseases Serous what we are not to slight Serous Humours and Wind by Serous Humours we sometimes understand all thin humours and watery sometimes peculiarly we mean not those onely which are watery but have a saltnesse joyned therewith which Galen calls A salt serous moisture the greatest part of this serous humour turns to Urine and is ejected by it yet some part thereof is mingled with the Blood to clarifie it and make it more easie to be distributed and lastly through the Pores of the skin or insensible transpiration or sweat is emitted Of this serous humour there is found but small quantity in the Veins in sound bodies yet sometimes for some causes Preternatural there is found greater quantity The matter that breeds it are Meats that contein much Whey in and watery juyce in them It s cause much Drink Obstructions and Distempers of the Bowels by reason whereof this serous matteris not rightly separated it is deteined and gathered together because the reins do not draw enough and by reason of the weaknesse of the expulsive faculty and the suppression of its passages by Sweat and Urine Of humours oftentimes are generated Vapours and Wind Wind. which are the causes of many evils windy meats afford matter for wind so doth much drink especially when yellow and black Choller is spread over the stomach Also wind is generated from debility of heat which rusheth out of the abundance of matter that it cannot overcome it all and that is such either simply and in its own nature or in respect of the matter from the plenty whereof although it be otherwise strong enough it breaks out CHAP. VIII Of humours according to the opinion of latter Physitians and of Chymists ALthough some Chymists plainly reject these things that have hitherto been said The opinion of Chymists about humours according to the opinion of the Galenists and having rejected them they have in their stead and place put the names of Salt Sulpher and Mercury yet they have no reason for it for as Galen in his first Book of Places affected and second Chapter writeth That that which put we are diseased and which taken away we are freed 'T is taken for granted by all to be the cause of a disease but we see the humours being present we are diseased and being taken away we are freed therefore humours are the causes of diseases Yet this we grant that humours are not confined to the first qualities but that they have in them secondary qualities such are bitter acide salt sharp which may offend and hurt the body no lesse then the primary as Hypocrates of ancient Physick teacheth which he calleth the Powers and Efficacies also the force and strength of humours Whence Galen also and other Physitians call them Salt Nitrous Aluminent Humors which plainly manifest themselves in many diseases as the Gout Scurvy Cankers and others Venemous humours And so such humours are not to be rejected but to be explained by the principles of Chymists and such things as have affinity with themselves
inflammations of the Midriff the Eungs the Liver the Gutflion Loathing and Vomiting have their rise from the same causes differing according to Major and Minor Causes of loathing and vomiting either in the stomach it selfe ill affected and weak or from something contrary to nature tearing the stomach The stomach is ill affected by a cold and moist distemper or by conformation thereof or by a certain native straitnesse thereof by reason of drynesse and leannesse swelling an Ulcer whereunto belongs frequent vomiting which indeed it selfe disposeth the stomach to more frequent vomiting as also the shutting of the inferiour Orifice of the Ventricle by some tumour as an obstruction also of the Guts and mesentary and inverted motion of the fibres of the Guts The diseases called the Chollick and Stone by the communion of the Membranes and lastly wounds and hurts of the Braine and its Membranes But the matter which Irrirates the stomach to expel either loading it with its plenty or twitching it with its sharpnesse or moilifying the superior Orifice or by stimulating it with a malignant quality it doth it whether it be meat and drink or medicines poysons worms blood quitture choller effused into the stomach which happens to those which have a vitious implantation of the Pores or the Vessel that carries the Choller into the bottom of the stomach The evident external causes are too much exercise of the body and the sight of loathsome things The cause of Choller is offensive Moist Choller and sharp matter irritating the expulsive faculty of the stomach by its plenty and its quality to expulsion and stimulating it to evacuate upwards and downwards Such is Choller collected about the Liver Pancreas and parts adjacent also sharp adust humours salt nitrous and other peccant humours bred of corrupt food as Mushrooms Garden-fruits and such like strong purging Medicines and Poysons do the same and stir up this matter As for the difference betwixt the other Choller and this Dry Choller which we have newly explained that is dry this is moist the cause is a flatuous and sharp spirit stirred up by yellow black and adust Choller spread over the stomach Belching is occasioned by thick and fuming vapours breaking out upward and stimulating the stomach to expulsion Belching Concerning a loosenesse Alientary and Celiack affects the causes of a Lyentary and Coeliack affects are for the most part the same differing onely in magnitude And in this also that a Coeliack is rather a Disease of the Guts then of the Stomach although its name seems to signifie otherwise For in a Lyentary as hath been said the meat is cast forth crude In a Coeliack the Chyle is ejected contrary to nature and therefore the cause of a Lyentary is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Ventricle and Intestines by reason whereof the meat before it be perfectly concocted descends into the Guts and is cast out And indeed in a Lyentary the retentive faculty of the stomach is principally hurt Nor can it be that meat unconcocted can be cast forth out of the Panch unless it be sent too soon into the Guts by reason of some fault of the retentive faculty of the stomach but the Coeliack is occasioned rather by some hurt of the retentive faculty of the Intestines because Chyle generated in the stomach ought to remain some time in the Guts that it might there be in some manner elaborated and be conveniently drawn by the meseraik veines and the ordure should be throughly elaborated If the retentive faculty of the Intestines be hurt all these things cannot be performed but the Chyle untimely and in some as measure crude is cast out of the Panch but the retentive faculty of the Stomach and Guts is hurt either of its selfe or by accident of it selfe through a cold and moist distemper and that either alone or joyned with a phlegmatick humour as also by cicatrising after a disentary and the immoderate use of fat things and such as cause Lubricity By accident it is hurt when the expultrix being stirr'd up exceedingly drives the meat presently downward by reason of the ulcerous disposition of the Stomach and Guts caused by biting and sharp humours sometimes also by a hidden quality or from hurtful and poisonous meats or ill disposition of air A Diarhaea proceeds from the expultrix of the Guts stirr'd up by plenty of humours A Diarhaea crudity or pravity whether they proceed from corruption in the stomach and guts or flow from the wholebody or any part to the guts from what cause soever they are generated and collected The more remote causâ—s of Diarhae a are imbecility of concoction and distribution through the distemper of the stomach and parts adjacent ill diet untemperate air omitting exercises of the body or taking a strong purge The cause of a Dysentery improperly so called or of voiding of blood without exulceration of the Guts are the opening of the mouths of the Mesentary Veines A Dysentary either by too great plenty of this blood or by crudity by reason of the concoction of the Liver or being retained too long in the Liver Veines and by a burning with a preternatural heat But as for Dysentery properly called the causes are sharp and biting humours whether they flow from the whole or from some part to the Guts or are generated in them and are peculiarly troublesome to them of which kind also are sharp gnawing drugs â—speciplly violent purges sharp quitture and poysons A Tenesmus or desire to go to stoole and cannot void any thing but blood A Tenesm comes for the most part from the same cause yet principally salt phlegm and a sharp humour clammy thick closely sticking to the skin of the Gut called Rectum The Belly on the contrary is suppressed either because the expulsive faculty of the Intestines is hurt Suppression of the helly or because the Muscles of the belly do not help to expel or because the ordure doth not stimulate or because the Guts are not alwayes sensible of pricking and stirring up the expulsive faculty doth not expel either because it is hurt or frustrated by some external error or fault in the object 'T is hurt either because it is weakened by a cold and dry distemper or it is hindered by the strength and driness of the retentive faculty or by the narrownesse of the Guts which proceed first from astringent and drying things Secondly from their inflammation or a Tumor bred in them Thirdly from growing together especially of the Fundament Fourthly from the going out and turning of them which happens in a Rupture Fifthly from obstruction by reason of the hardnesse of the siedge Worms Stones viscous Phlegm Sixthly from the Muscles refrigerated and straitned shutting the Gut Rectum The belly is supprest through default of the object when the Ordure is too thick viscid and hard the Muscles of the Panch do not help to expel either because they are
Convulsion of the Fibres and nervous parts in the Muscles by reason of something troublesome which draws the part joined to it into consent and stirs it up to this motion whereby the Fibres being contracted the Muscle is drawn back to its original Emprosthotonos Emprosthotonâ—s Opisthotonos is made in the Muscles which bends the body of such as are affected forwards Opisthotonos by the Muscles affected bends the body backward Tetanos is from an equal contraction of the Muscles Tâ—tanos Spasmus Cynious The Spasmus Cynichus or troublesome Cramp ariseth from a convulsion of the Muscles of the Mouth Trismos from contraction of the Muscles of the Jaws Also the cause of convulsive motions is a humor Of grinding Teeth Of convulsive motions or a vapor an enemy to the whole generation of Nerves irritating the expulsive faculty in them and stimulating them to expulsion yet is not fixed but hath various motions through all nervous parts and so the member is agitated in various motions and for the most part it happens that the braine is affected and matter is seâ—â— from thence into all the Nerves When the Cramp and Palsie are complicate Of the complication of the Crump and Palsie Privation of speech the â—â—mour is of a mixt nature which hath force partly oâ— loosening Nerves partly of vellicating and twitchiâ—â— them Privation of speech happens through default either 〈◊〉 the Spirits and Nerves which carry them or of the parâ— which are necessary for the bringing forth of a word The spirits are deficient in an Apoplexy Epilepsie anâ—â— Dumnesse properly so called Men are become duâ—â— through the fault of the Nerves when either the Nerveâ—â— of third pair are affected from whence the tongue also receives its Nerve which defect if it be native for the most part the hearing is abolished by reason of the communion of the Nerves of the tongue and the ear that felowship is hurt or when the Nerves of the sixth and seventh conjugations and those going back and vocâ— Nerves are either cut or stretched or cooled or intercepted or hurt by what means soever The voice is hurt through organick diseases thereof if either the Membranes of the Larinx or top of the Wind-pipe are filled with some humour and grow soft or some chink thereof be shut by what means soever or if the tongue be cut about or maimed or the Muscles which move the Larinx Tongue or Throat are hurt or relaxed or knockâ— or wounded or any other way affected contrary to nature or lastly through desault of the wind-pipe if that be cut exulcerated or closed The same causes are if they are lesse Of the voice and speech diminished diminution of voice and speech is occasioned yet more frequently the cause remains in the tongue namely if the ligament be too long from one birth so that it extends to the extremity of the tongue or if after a childs birth it be wounded exulcerated swoolen or be affected with a Palsie on the other side The cause of depravation of voice and speech Of stammering and first of stuttering and stammering is principally a moist distemper of the instruments of voice and speaking and sometimes a dry also an ill framing of the Tongue and its Muscles a Tumor borne under it as also the fault of a swelling at the entrance into the Throat and want of the fore teeth Hoarsenesse ariseth from over much humidity of the outsides or the instruments for speech Of hoarsenesse whether that matter flow from the head or be cast out of the brest from loosenesse and inflammation of the Columella or a fleshy substance in the entrance into the throat as also from external and evident causes first from air violently straining the voice daily which causeth inequality of the Wind-pipe All the causes of the Cough are those which hinder the instruments of breathing whether they be internal Of a cough or external causes either by Idiopathy or by Symptothy stir up the Cough by Idiopathy an unequal distemper principally cold causeth the Cough which is the greatest enemy to the brest sometimes also distempers hot and dry moreover the roughnesse of the Wind-pipe which happens either through distemper or through biting humors flowing from the head or by Medicines or sharp drinks or obstruction by a humour thick or thin a pimple gravel worms a little hard swelling clod of blood By Sympathy the Cough is raised if the other parts which can draw the Organs of respiration into consent be affected namely the Midriff Liver Spleen Stomach which by reason of the common Tunicle they have vellicate the instruments of breathing or send vapors to them or presse the Midriffe by reason of some Tumor ot obstruction But the external causes are cold air dry cold water too much desire of drink cold medicines applied to the brest dust smoak sharp vapors soure aliment sharp things and whatsoever contrary to the order of nature slide into the wind-pipe straying or wandring in the gullet if it intercept the way or stop it or exasperate the Artery or any way molest the Wind-pipe Those things cause sneezing whatsoever doth stimulate the Nostâ—ils Of sneezing and the fore part of the Brain to excretion whether generated in the body as humours flowing from the Brain or those things which affect the Nostrils by communion with the interior skins by Sympathy which comes to passe when worms stick in the Guts or whether they happen from without as whatsoever sharp things are dâ—awn by the nose smells also and sharp vapours the splendor of the Sun and over much light Gaping Of yawning or Yawning is when â—alitious vapours stick in the Muscles appointed for chewing and moving the lower chop which nature endeavours by this motion to cast off but some times imagination is the cause thereof Stretching ariseth from such vapors as may be emitted through the Pores Of stretching which neverthelesse are not sharp but being store of them they cause trouble in the spaces of the Muscles of the whole body stirring up the expultive faculty to expel which the nature may discusse it useth such a motion of the Muscles by constriction of them Lastly Shaking fits and trembling Horror and Trembling which are Symptomes neer alike as also are vehemency and greatnesse of motion and so is the difference of the cause they are stirred up by something that offend in the circumference of the body suddenly vellicates the sensitive parts and stimulates them to expulsion which it strives to perform by a natural concussion But the causes which bring forth that twitching are either external and evident as whatsoever befalls the body or vellicates the sensitive parts or cause the sharp humours contained in the circumference of the body to be stirred and moved as a spark of sire cast on scalding water thrown upon a biting medicine applyed to an Ulcer piercing cold and such like for internal as humors or sharp vapors either
Naturall rest in the beginning make the pulses lesser Sleep weaker slower and thinner afterwards greater and more vehement and the slownesse and thinnesse by little and little is increased moreover if the sleep be too long they returne againe to pravity and debility and retaine their sloath and thinnesse when a man is stirred up or awakned the Pulses begin to be greater more vehement swifter more frequent equally indeed if a man be awakned by degrees but unequally and troubled if he be suddenly awakned yet a little afterwards the pulse againe becomes moderate long watchings cause little and weake pulses yet swift and frequent at length the faculty being weakned they become dull and thin Exercise and motion moderate cause great pulses Exercise vchement swift frequent but overmuch exercise cause little faint swift frequent when the use may be increased and the faculty debilitated at length they are little slow and thin Moderate use of baths make great pulses swift frequent Baths and vehement but if they exceed measure little faint swifter and more frequent Passions of the mind As for the passions of the mind anger causeth great pulses swift frequent vehement joy makes great pulses thin and slow moderately vehement but if it be overmuch it renders them unequall and inordinate In sadnesse they are little languishing slow thin feare soone makes the swift pulse vehement Inordinate unequall but they are of as long continuance as those are in sadnesse Immoderate evacuations Evacuations because they debilltate the faculty bring forth pulses like to those caused by a weake faculty But as for those things which happen contrary to nature Preternaturall things how they alter the pulse although they are various yet they change the pulse because either they change the use or affect the instruments or faculty in the first place when the faculty is affected many changes are made of the pulses for whether the faculty be diffolved and weakned by those things which dissolve the Spirits and sollid parts such as are soule diseases great distempers vehement and diurnall greifs fastings too great Evacuations or whether they are burthened or oppressed by plenty of humours or by diseases of instruments inflamations or other tumours the pulses are made lesse in the first place and swift frequent feeble afterwards the least most slow most frequent most faint and at length the faculty being almost prostrated intermittent deficient declining vermiculant formicant all which running through the various kind of affects contrary to nature and principally out of the doctrine of feavers are made more manifest CHAP. XIII What the simple differences of Pulses signifie and presage ALthough from the causes of pulses Great pulses what they signify it easily appeares what every pulse signifies and portends yet that we may add something of each in particular a great pulse although principally its familiar use be in increasing a strong faculty and a soft instrument in those which are sick it signifies a hot disease and a great pulse unlesse it be hindered followes all feavers and it cannot be much dilated with the Artery unlesse the power be strong or at least not weake a great pulse in all feavers is good signe A small pulse argues either debility of the faculty or remisnesse of the use or hardnesse of the instruments and indeed if a small pulse shall be also faint t is a token that its weakness proceeds from a weake faculty if small and hard from the Artery if neither debility nor hardnesse be perceived in the pulse it is an argument that it comes from the diminution of the use whence little pulses with a weake faculty foretell death the rest of pulses that are small for the most part presage long and difficult diseases A swift pulse signifies that the use is increased and the vigour stronge A swift or certainly not very weake whence in those that are sound a swife pulse signifies heate stirred up by motion exercises baths and such like causes which if it be also great the strength is not yet debilitated but in those which are sick a swift pulse signifies a hot disease and is proper to those which are feaverish and if magnitude be joyned therewith itshewes that the use is increased with strength of nature but if frequency be adjoyned without magnitude it shews that the powers are weakned if hardnesse of the instrument the use being increased hinders dilatation that hardnesse is to be perceived by the touch A slow pulse shews Slow the contrary to wit little heate and the use diminished and then it is onely thin and the vigour not firme enough and withall it is feeble A frequent pulse signifies the use to be increased Frequent or the faculty weakned or the instrument hard if it proceed only from the use increased it is not faint nor hard and magnitude frequently goes before and then extraordinary great heat is discovered in those that are sick if it proceed from debility or hardness of the artery that is discerned by the pulse Thin pulses are made either through a strong faculty Thin and a soft instrument or from the use diminished in sound bodies it signifies a cold constitution but in sidk a cold disease and coldness of the heart and that which is contained therein and therefore 't is accounted an ill signe A strong and vehement pulse shews a strong faculty Vehement and if its vehemency exceed the bounds of nature it signifies also great irritation A faint pulse on the contrary Faint signifies powers to be dejected and that either by dissipation of spirits and resolution and then it is also smal and if use hinder not slow or by oppression occasioned by plenty of humours and then the pulse also is inordinate and unequal A soft pulse shews softness of the arterie Soft and moreover in a sound body signifies immoderate drinking or dyet over moistning or a bath or idleness but in a sick a moist habit of the body On the contrary hard pulses Hard. shew the hardness of the arterie and indeed either by extending in convulsions Tumours or by repletion of vessels with humours and wind or by drying as in burning Feavers Hecticks consuming Feavers Quartans and other drying causes CHAP. IV. What the other differences of Pulses signifie presage NOw for the other differences of pulses and first Equality and inequality of that of equality and inequality equality although it shew a fixed disposition of matter yet it signifies firmness of nature and therefore affords the better hope but all inequalities are worse and either signifie obstructions of vessels or compressions or aboundance of humours hindring the force and indeed a single inequality is more dangerous then systematick or mixed whence intermitting pulses in one pulse are more dangerous then intermitting in many if both of them proceed from debility of the faculty Uneven pulses Vnalike stirred up Myouri Dicroti therefore being stirred
Heart and fibrous neither is it easily concocted but if it be well concocted it yeilds neither ill juice nor a little and that stable and firme The Liver it self is hard to be concocted Liver and yeilds thick nourishment which is slowly distributed it is of good juice and firm but there is great variety in this part not only according to the kinds and ages of living Creatures but also by reason of their food and full nourishment for Animals which are not grown to their full state and which use better and fuller feeding have also a greater Liver more delicate and fuller of juice The Spleen affords little nourishment Spleen and that melancholy t is hardly concocted and slowly distributed The substance of the Lungs is light and thin Lungs and nourisheth lesse yet it is easier concocted nor doth it afford ill nutriment The Reines afford not very good but thick aliment Reines and the Reines of younger Quadrupeds or Calves are of better juice and are easier concocted The Tongue excels the other parts in pleasantnesse of tast and goodnesse of aliment Tongue it is also easily concocted The brain yeilds pitutious and thick juice Brain and is not easily concocted nor distributed and causeth loathing The Stomach and Guts of Animals are of a harder substance and of a colder and dryer nature Stomach they are harder of concoction and not to be concocted except it be by a strong stomach and that they be well boyled they yeild little blood and that cold and not very good Flesh that is full of Muscles Musculous flesh which is frequently taken instead of food differs principally according to the kinds of living Creatures Swines flesh nourisheth very plentifully Swines flesh and yeilds firme nutriment and therefore is most profitable for those that are in their flourishing age sound strong and which are exercised with much labour yet because too much humidity abounds in it it yeilds a thick and slow juice and many excrements it agrees not with all men especially with those that are sick wherefore many other sorts of meat are preferred before it Brawn or the flesh of tame Bores Brawn so that it be of younger Bores is the best because it hath not so much excrementitious moisture A Lamb before t is a year old hath moist flesh Lamb. slimy and viscid but when t is a yeare old t is very good nourishment consisting of good and plentifull juice and indifferent lasting and easie of concoction but in those which are exercised with hard working t is easie discussed and aliment that is not solid is made thereof But because Lambs that are of a longer growth Weather Mutton become Sheep and the flesh is then become ungratefull and not of so good juice their stones are cut out and they are made Weathers the younger whereof are the best meat and t is easily concocted and generates good blood and therefore agrees both with those that are well and those that are sick But Mutton of Ewes is evill Ewe Mutton both by default of the temperaâ—and by frequenting of copulation and of bringing forth young t is hardly concocted evill and dull and viscid juice is bred thereof Veale is temperate render and affords good juice Veale of a pleasant tast yet it yeilds somewhat a thicker juice then Lamb or Mutton Beef is thick flesh hard of concoction Bâ—ese and doth not easily passe through the Veines it doth not participate of viscidity and sliminesse the frequent use thereof causeth dry and melancholly humours in the body especially Cow-beef or that of an Oxe which with age and much working hath contracted drinesse and hardnesse of flesh or is hardned with salt and smoak Goates flesh affords good nourishment Gotes-flesh and may easily be preferred before the rest of Sylvestrous Animalls in goodnesse of aliment facility of concoction pleasantnesse of tast and paucity of excrements yet they are something drier Venison is hard of concoction Venison and generates melancholy juice especially if the Venison be grown to ripenesse of years and doth obstruct the bowels Hares flesh is accounted a great dainty Hares-flesh yet by Physitians t is numbred amongst those aliments which yeild a melancholy juice and therefore are not so good for those who have dry bodies yet if they are well concocted they are thought to occasion a good colour in the face if they are well boyled the juice is not evill There are many kinds of Birds amongst the which neverthelesse nay amongst flesh the Hens are accounted the chief Hens for they are temperate easie of concoction of good juice and contain few excrements and thence they procreate good blood and yeild most profitable food for those which are not much exercised with labour yet there is a certain difference amongst this kind of Fowl the best is the flesh of a Capon the next is that of Chickins yet their flesh is moister Hens are dryer the flesh of Cocks is harder and dryer the Hens flesh affords nourishment not firme enough for those who are day-labourers A Turky-cock also yeilds much and laudable nourishment Turkie-cocks nor is it inferiour to Capons neither in tast or goodnesse of juice it is profitable food for those which are in health The flesh of Patridge is temperate Patridges something inclining to drinesse t is easie of concoction it affords excellent juice and much nourishment and few excrements and is very good food for those that are in health and those that are troubled with the French Pox. A Phesant and a Quail Phesants Quails Pigeons which are the best nourishment and most excellent food for such as are in health There is no small variety of Doves the better sort are those that are of the Mountains and Woods yet the flesh of all of them affords a thick Melancholy and excrementious juice and is not easily concocted and t is hurtfull in putred Feavers The flesh of tame Geese doth abound more with excrements then that of wild Geese yet the flesh of them both is hard of concoction and yeild no good juice but vitious and excrementitious and such as is easily putrifyed but if one have a strong stomach and it be well concocted it affords plenty of nourishment but the liver of Geese that are well fatted are temperate meate most pleasant easey of concoction of good juice and much nourishment A Thrush is easily concocted A Thrush yeelds good juice not excrementitious and affords nourishment firme enough A Lark also generates excellent juice A Lark and is easily concocted and by a peculiar faculty it is reported not only to preserve one from the cholick but also to cure it The flesh of Black-birds both for pleasantnesse and facility of concoction Blackbirds and goodnesse of juice is somewhat inferior to that of the Thrush A Quaile is hot and moist hard of concoction A Quaile of ill
out of the body by cupping glasses but a cupping glass is a vessell with a belly which is fastned to the body to draw all whose strength of acting comes by reason of vacuity but what the differences of them are the manner of applying of them and their use shall be shewn in the Institutions and thus much of the third Chyrurgicall operation CHAP. X. Of drawing of things out of the body which were sent into the body from without THe fourth Chyrurgicall operation is How many wayes things may be drawn out of the body Drawing out of things thrust into the body A Dart how many wayes it may be drawne out Exairesis or extraction of hurtfull and unprofitable things out of the body but things which are to be taken away are either sent from without into the body or begotten in the body First for what belongs to the extraction of things sent from without into the body they are twofold first all those things which are sent to wound the body as darts of all sorts and Bullets shot out of Guns Moreover certaine externall things which come into the Chops and Throate Eares Nostrills and Eyes and stick in them But Darts are taken out two wayes either by extraction or impulsion that is either that way which they came in or that way which it aimed to goe out at t is drawne out by the part which it came in at either without any launcing or with launcing for if the dart pierced not deep if it hath not passed through great vessells or nervous parts and and meetes with a bone veines arteries or nerves out of the region whither it tended and if there be no feare of any great tearing it may be drawn back that way which it entered into the body and that without cutting but if there be danger and that it be to be feared least that the body should be lacerated if the dart should be drawn out the same way that it went in at the wound is to be dilated either by cutting or without launcing namely with that Instrument which Ceâ—sus in his 7. Booke and 15. Chap. calls Hypsiloeides or Swans or â—torkes beake or other dilating Instruments whereby the Dart may the casier be drawn back T is drawn out by the hand if it may be when it is apparent and is fastned only in flesh or with a Volcella when it sticks so deep that it cannot be taken hold of by the hands or other Instruments which the Greekes Boloulca that is certaine Instruments to pull out Darts of which kind are long Tongs Tongs with teeth straight a little bent inward but the outmost part broad and round to which the latter Chyrurgeons have given severall names from their figure and call them Crowes Storkes Ducks Geese bill the figures whereof are extant in Amb. Parey in the 10 th Booke 18 th Chap. but if the point of the Dart hath pierced into the member more then halfe through and the place by which the dart is to be drawn through be more then it hath hitherto passed and neither bone Nerve Veines nor Arteries hinder it t is more convenient to drive the Dart thither whither it tended dissection being made in that part and to draw it out by making of a new wound but yet if the Dart be too broad t is not expedient to draw it out through another part least that we add to that great wound another greate one The reason of drawing out Musket bullets in many things is agreeable to the extraction of Darts The way of taking out of Musket bullets for three things are required to extraction the first that the way may be dilated with an Instrument secondly that the bullet be taken hold of the Instrument takes the bullet either as a paire of Tongs or the point of the Instrument enters into the bullet incompasseth it with its cavity or it takes hold with the end that is toothed like a faw thirdly a bullet being taken hold of with an Instrument is drawne out by the hand of a Chyrurgeon with the Instrument of which more in the Institutions Moreover sometimes thing shappen externally to the Chops Things that stick in the Chops Throate Eares and happen into the Nostrills and Eyes and use to stick in them each of which require severall wayes of drawing forth if a little fish bone or the back bone of a fish stick in the Throate and that it be in sight when the mouth is opened t is to be taken out with a Volcella and that either straight or a little bowed towards the end and convenient to take out the bones from the Threate but if it should descend deeper into the Throate or having used a Speculum of the mouth to open it wide if it doth not appeare a vomit is to be stirred up with oyle of sweet Almonds or of Olives or with a quill or putting downe ones finger A Worme sticking in the Eares A worme in the eares how to be taken out first of all it is to be drawn out a live and that it may be the better performed and the worme may the easier be taken it is to be enticed outward by injecting sweete things into the Eares and applying of them outwardly but if it cannot be enticed or drawn out alive it is to be killed with those things that are bitter and by a peculiar propriety and force are destructive to wormes but being killed t is drawn out by powring in water or wine and Oyle luke warme and putting in of tents made of Cotton wet with Hony Turpentine or some glutinous gum wherewith twisting it up and down in the Eare the worme is drawn forth the sick leaning on that side the Eare is affected Other things which may be put or slid into the eare are either hard or liquid if the things are hard warme Oyle is to be powred in that they may be dissolved if it be possible or certainly the passages of the Eare may become slippery but if the thing which falls in be of that nature that it will swell with moistning as Pease Beanes c. all moist things are to be avoided afterwards sneezing is to be provoaked the Nostrills and the mouth being shut that the spirits may be forced to goe out through the Eares and so that together to be thrust out which was slid into the Eares but if the thing cannot be extruded in this manner t is to be drawn out with a convenient Instrument yet very warily least either that which is to be taken forth should be thrust deeper or the membrane called the drumme of the Eare should be broken If that which is to be taken out be liquid the affected should hop upon his foote on the contrary side bending his head downeward on the afflicted side that the moisture may come forth which if it doth not come to passe sneezing is to be occasioned or a little dry sponge is to be put into the Eare so that the
sometimes peccant matter in the first passages collected in the first concoction which useth to go to some of the humours which at certain Periods are moved and hath not as yet received its limits for motion it useth then to corrupt the humours and communicate putrefaction to the vena cava which Fevers for the most part are malignant A putred Synocha hath its original for the most part from transpiration hindred and want of ventilation of the blood The cause and hot fuliginous retentions by reason of obstruction of veins as well in the skin as also in the internal parts And the blood appointed to nourish the body putrifies in these Synochaes and putrefying continually sends hot vapours to the heart For when preter-natural heat is so kindled in the veins that nature can no longer rule it it becomes putred and is corrupted Nor is there any need that the putred blood should be turned into another humour presently For blood of its own nature is apt to putrefaction and in inflamations we see it changed to quitture not into choller though nothing hinder it in the veins but that it might And especially the Ichor or thin waterish part of the blood is apt to turn to putrefaction and by reason of the Ichor the blood in the first place is corrupted which happens when the vapours which ought to transpire are retained in the veins Yet the whole blood doth not putrifie but some parts thereof which so long as they are not seperated from the good blood crudity is said to be present which afterwards by concoction are seperated from the good blood which being done Nature appoints evacuation by which the blood returns to its former purity again A Synocha is three-fold Acmastick i. e. when it remains alwayes in the same state namely Differences when so much of the humour daily putrifies as is discussed this is called also Homotonos Epacmastick or Anabaticos is when the heat continually increaseth and more of the matter is kindled then can be discussed Paraemastick is when there is more discussed then corrupted and thence the heat alwayes decresseth Furthermore it blood which putrifies be temperate absolute 't is called a sanguinious Synoch a in particular But if it be hotter which useth to be called cholerick the disease is then called Synocha bilosa The Fever is known first by this Diagnostick signs that it continues from the beginning to the end without any exasperation and mutation Moreover because the Pulse is great vehement swift frequent unequal and inordinate And in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood the signs of Plethory are present The blood to him that toucheth seems much and full of vapours and is not so troublesome and sharp as in other Fevers and other signes are present which are observed in a Synocha that is not putred A putred Synocha is distinguished from a non-putred by certain signs The heat in a putred is sharper then in a non-putred In a putred the urine is red thick and troubled without any sediment and crude or a little concocted in the beginning the Pulse affords signes of putrefaction and all the Symptomes are greater then in a Fever that is not putred A Synochabilosa happens to those that are troubled with cholerick blood and the heat is sharper then in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood thirst is more troublesome the urine thinner and sharper and other signes which are usual in cholerick Fevers are discerned This Fever is the most simple amongst the putred Prognosticks and easiest to be cured And being pure seldom passeth seven dayes but the spurious is extended to the fourteenth day and is terminated sooner or later as the signes of concoction appear sooner or later A white urine in a Synocha is evil The least dangerous of all is that which is called Synochos Paracmasticos next to that Acmasticos But that is most dangerous which continually increaseth and is called Epacmasticos which easily degenerates into a disease called Causus And by how much the fewer the evil Symptomes are by so much the better hopes the more they are the more danger is shewn The whole cure consists in taking away the cause Indicatious and altering the fevourish heat Blood therefore as abounding in plenty is to be lessened the pores of the skin to be opened the causes of obstructions being taken away The fevourish heat is to be tempered and allayed if there be strength as for the most part there is thin diet is to be used Therefore a vein is forthwith to be opened in the right arm a Clyster or lenitive medicine being given first if occasion require and to take away as much blood as the strength will permit Breathing of a vein and you may more boldly take away blood in this then in any other sort of Fever Blood being evacuated Medicines that the concoction may be made more facile we are to use those things which allay the heat free from obstructions and resist putrefaction namely the juice of Sorrel Lemmons Citrons and Syrrups and Conserves prepared of them Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple Oxysauharum simple Spirit of Vitriol and the four cold seeds with cooling waters are to be administred Principally we ought to endeavour that the pores of the skin may be freed from obstruction which for the most part is the cause of this disease which thing Oxymel and wine mingled with honey and the honey dissolved will conveniently perform since they are easily carried to the outmost parts of the body and attenuate dull thick humours and simple Oxymel resists putrefaction Concoction being perfected the Ancients used to drink cold water and gave so much of it to drink as might not only extinguish the fevourish hear but that the matter concocted might be evacuated by stool vomit or sweats But in our countries sick people are not so accustomed to drink cold water and many inconveniences are to be feared by the use thereof So likewise swimming in cold water which was usual with the Ancients doth not agree with our bodies The concoction being perfected nature useth for the most part critically to evacuate the corrupted matter which if it be not done it ought to be performed by the Physician with purging medicines Dyet in this Fever ought to be thin Diet. because both that blood aboundeth and the disease is short It should be cooling and moistening and also to have power of attenuating thick humours and deterging viscid ones CHAP. XII Of a Causus or Burning Fever WHereas amongst continued Fevers there is often mention made of a Causus we are also here to say something of it But a Causus is not any difference of a Fever but rather a measure expressing the quality of fevourish heat The word Causus is sometimes taken generally and not so properly sometimes specialiter and more properly Generally for any sort of Fever whose heat is vehement in particular for a Fever which hath two Pathognomonicks great heat
depends on phlegm that is to be heat attenuated cut and afterwards being concocted and prepared evacuated and regard is to be had of the strength principally of the stomack and Liver Therefore in the beginning the stomack and first ways are to be opened and evacuated by Clisters and lenitive medicines Lenitives or else the matter inherent in the stomack is to be ejected by vomit Opening a vein But although the cause of this Fever be cold yet because it is mixed with blood and putrifieth some blood may be taken away by opening of a vein in case that the urine be thick and red and that the strength will bear it and the age that nature may be eased of some part of her burthen Afterwards preparation concoction of the matter is to be endeavored with attenuating things which do not heat much Preparing and altering therefore in the beginning use Syrrup of Sorrel simple with honey of roses Oxymel simple Syrrup of Hysop Bittony with the water or decoction of Maiden-hair Sparagus Grass Fennel Hysop and medicines prepared of those plants also Spirit of Vitriol and Salt When any signs of concoction have appeared you may exhibite some gentle Purger of phlegm Purging of Agarick the leaves of Senna and such like Hence you must come to stronger preparing and purging things and so the matter which cannot be evacuated at once is to be prepared concocted and evacuated at several times And because a pure continued Quotidian seldom happens but that either choller or melancholy is intermixed we are to look to these humours also and to adde Cichory Burrage Provoke urine and Sweat Fumitory Rubarb and the leaves of Senna After the greatest part of the matter is evacuated the remainder is to be emitted by urine and sweat using such medicines as occasion the same But since that by reason of the duration of the disease the stomack and liver are especially offended Strengthening Medicines things that corroborate these parts are to be administred troches of Woâ—mwood of Rubarb of Roses with the powders of aromatici rosati and diaxyaloes The Diet ought to be attenuating Dyet cutting and clensing the meats therefore ought to be of good juice easie of concoction and affording little excrement Fish are not proper in this Fever the flesh should be seasoned with Parsley Fennel Time Hysop Savory Rosemary Cinamon In the beginning nourish somewhat more plentifully that the sick may endure to the height of the disease but when 't is neer the state abate aliment by degrees Yet if crudities be in the stomack and first passages by sparing dyet the three first days they may be abated and consumed afterwards such a dyet as we have mentioned may be observed In the beginning the sick should abstain from wine and in its stead use water and honey yet if by custom it be required give it small and mixed with water Small beer is also convenient when concoction appears wine is more safely administred whereby the concoction is assisted the stomack strengthened and the humours driven out by urine Of the Fever Epiala THe Fever called the Epiala is referred to continued putred Fevers The Fever Epiala which it self is indeed continued and quotidian yet differs from the other Quotidians in this that the sick at the same time endure heat and cold and the heat and cold together are dispersed through the smallest particles of the whole body as Galen teacheth de inaeq intemperie cap. 8. and 2. de diff Febr. c. 6. Galen in the place newly quoted draws this Fever from acid and vitrious phlegm puttrefying Cause yet in his book of an unequal distemper cap. 8. he addeth bitter choller whence he infers that since heat and cold are perceived together in one place it argues mixture of phlegm and choller in another place he determines it to arise from vitreous phlegm part whereof putrifying exciteth heat the other not putrifying causeth trembling and cold Yet Platerus refers them to intermitting Fevers and says that Epialaes are generated when intermitting Fevers happen together in one and the same day and the cold of the one beginneth before the heat of the other be ended or moreover when intermitting Fevers concur with continued and the heat of the continued always remains but the intermittent Fever coming a trembling and cold fit is occasioned The cure of this Fever differs not much from the cure of other Fevers arising from phlegm The Cure only that it requires stronger attenuating and cutting medicines because there is greater frigidity and crudity in this then in the rest also though the humour it self seem to require stronger Purgers yet the weak cannot bear them and therefore evacuation by degrees is to be appointed Of the Syncopal Fever MOreover to these Fevers belongs a Syncopal Fever commonly called a humorous Fever Syncopal Fever in which there is more of pituitous and crude humours then in other Fevers that are phlegmatick and moreover a debility of the orifice of the stomack is adjoyned whence the sick easily fall into a Syncope especially when the Fever begins This Fever is hard to be cured since the sick by reason of their extreme weakness and danger of continual soundings cannot endure necessary evacuations The Prognostick and especially if the pulse be weak small and unequal the Fever is exceeding dangerous But evacuations are most properly occasioned by frictions as Galen teacheth in his twelfth of the method of curing cap. 3. Cure Clysters and Lenitives also with medicines opening the first passages only and causing no commotion of the other humours The first passages being opened and cleansed we come to preparing and evacuating humours as in other Fevers petuitous and medicines to prevent the sounding fits are also to be administred The meats should be not much thin as to substance easie of concoction Diet. and generating as little phlegm as may be and they are to be taken often The drink should be wine which hath power to nourish heat and attenuate and doth not increase phlegm Hydromel is also good wherein Hysop hath been boiled CHAP. XV. Of a continued Quartane LAstly a continued Quartane is a Fever A continued quartan whose heat is indeed continued yet the fourth day 't is exasperated it proceeds from melancholy mixed with blood putrifying in the vena cava The cause is a melancholy humour putrefying in the vena cava The cause hence all things that can generate melancholy and crowd it into the vena cava and putresie are the causes of this Fever It is known by its continued heat the Diagnosticks raging the fourth day without trembling fear or shaking fits going before or sweats following afterwards the pulse in the beginning is small and slow afterwards great full and swifter then in an intermitting Fever wherein 't is most intended in the height This is the rarest of all Fevers â—â—ognosticks but dangerous and far more desperate then
a continued Quartane and debilitates nature exceedingly it lasteth till the fourtieth day oftentimes and beyond it Most part of the cure is the same with that of a continued Quartane Cure and because the humour the cause of the Fever is contained in the vena cava and there mixed with the blood in the beginning those things that open the first passages being first exhibited a vein is to be opened afterwards phlegm is to be concocted and evacuated Yet you should heat and attenuate more sparingly then in intermittent Fevers but to moisten more and adde those things which may allay the heat of the putrifying humours such as are in other cases convenient against choller The humour being prepared purging is to be used and a purge should be given the next day after the fit which at first should be given the next day after the fit which at first should be gentle but if nature order no Crisis stronger may afterwards be given Diureticks and Sudorifiques may also be given after concoction but such as are not so hot and those given in intermittent Fevers and when the strength is much debilitated confortatives are to be exhibited prepared of Burrage Bugloss Balm flowers of Rosemary Gilliflowers Confection of Alkerms and such like Such Diet is to be appointed as in intermittent Quartanes Diet. yet the diet should be thinner and cool more then in intermittent Fevers since that the heat is greater and the height neerer the use of the smaller sort of wine although it may be allowed yet it must be taken more sparingly then in intermittents and if the heat be greater wholly abstain from wine CHAP. XVI Of Symptomatical Fevers BEsides these continued primary Fevers which have hitherto been explained Symptomatical Fevers there are yet other continued Fevers called Symptomatical and accidental which happen upon some other disease which hath gone before and which follows as a Symptome the disease and is taken away at the cure of the disease and so these Fevers follow other diseases which being taken away they cease Whence the Ancients also as Galen teacheth 4. Aphor. 73. said those only were fevourish which were sick without an inflammation or other distemper but those that did febricitate by reason of an inflammation of the side lungs or any other part they did not call them fevourish but Pleuretick Peripneumoniack Hepatick or other such like names But there is not only one sort of these Fevers Differences yet the principal and most usual is that which follows an inflamation of some internal part neer the heart or which hath consent with the heart when from blood powred into the inflamed part and putrifying vapours are communicated to the heart and heat it which in a Pleurisie Peripneumony and Angina happens as we are commonly taught But although it cannot be denied but that from the inflamation of these and other such like parts Symptomatical Fevers may arise and that the Fevers ensuing the inflammations in accidental wounds do prove it yet if we diligently consider it all those Fevers which are commonly called Symptomatical are not such but primary For first putrefaction is kindled in the vena cava whence a continued primary Fever is stirred up Fevers accompanied but because nature is burthened with the weight of those peccant humours she useth to force them as much as it could out of those greater vessels and from a publique and Kingly seat as it were into lesser veins and smaller parts of the body the blood with those vitious humours being diffused into those lesser parts causeth inflammation And it is manifest by this because a Fever for the most part precedes inflammation it doth not follow it and oftentimes the matter passeth from one part to another whence changes of diseases are made Hence these Fevers are properly called by Platerus Comitatae rather then Symptomatical and such Febres Gomitatae are not only those which have an inflammation of any part accompanied with them but also those to which other evils are annexed namely a Diarrhea a Dysentery Spots Measles the small Pox wandring pains the Gout of the joynts or running Gout Catarrhs For all these evils do arise when nature being oppressed with the weight of its burthen of peccant humours it protrudes some part of them out of the vessels A Fever of this kind is also accompanied which is an Erysipelas Erysipelas or Rose called by the Germans Rose for this Fever doth not proceed from an inflammation of an external part but this evil accompanies the Fever for when the thinner and hotter blood burneth in the vessels by what means soever putrifies and is corrupted and acquires a vitious quality which principally is caused by anger and fear nature being stimulated protrudes the same to some external part of the body whence this evil invadeth with a trembling and quaking and whilest the matter striving to go outwards ceaseth on the Glandules under the Arm-pits and about the groin some of the humour that is stirred up sticks there and pain and swellings are there perceived till at length it manifests it self in the leg or some other external part which may be known by the heat pain and rosie colour But we do not assent unto Platerus in that he says that all those Fevers are simple and pure continued and are without any putrefaction The Urines that we may pass by other things do manifestly shew putrefaction which hath the same tokens of crudity and concoction as in other putred Fevers and nature sometimes critically sometimes Symptomatically expells the matter offensive to it for it doth not only expel by insensible transpiration and by a moist steam which useth to be in Ephemeraes and Synochaes which are without putrefaction Some of these Fevers whether they arise from an inflammation of the parts or whether they have that as a companion Differences of Fevers are called Phlegmonides which principally proceed from blood but those which arise from Erysipelas or inflamation are called Erusipolatodes and inflame fires Phlegmonides Typhodes Lipyriae To these belong the Fever that leaves fire as it were behind it which burneth so exceedingly that all the interals are as it were burnt but the external parts grow cold and that during the whole course of the disease and this Fever ariseth from an Erisipelas or inflamation of any internal part but principally of the stomack and from blood and Spirits meeting in the part inflamed The second kind of Symptomatical Fevers which is called Lenta proceeds not from any inflamation of the bowels Febrelentae but from some obstruction and hidden putrefaction that is from matter without the vessels spread over the substance of any of the interals or at least impacted and putrifying in the capillar veins dispersed neer the substance of the interals and hath its rise from the substance of the interal decaying whence there is so great quantity as that when the matter is gotten into larger and wider vessels
Navel or to the Arm-pits that it may draw the venome to it The sweat being ended the body should be rubbed and dried with clean warm linnen clothes being careful that no cold ayr be admitted and the sheets and coverings of the beds should be changed After the sweat the sick should be nourished with meats that afford good juice and easie of concoction yet taken but in a small quantity When the sick hath sweat once if there be need of opening a vein let it be done in that manner as is already heretofore expressed And when the Alexipharmicks have been taken of two days by the sick and the body is Cacochymick or the Plague depend upon some internal default of humours and that great danger of a Fever be to be feared it will be convenient to administer a purge that some part of the matter putrifying and increasing the Fever may be abated so that Nature may overcome the rest more easily they should be gentle as Syrup of Roses solutive Tamarinds Rhubarb Agarick Pestilential Pills Tryphera Persica Syr. Diasercos Afterwards if it be not needful to cause sweat which nevertheless ought not to be hindred if it come on a critical day such medicines are to be continued as hinder putrifaction resist a malignant Fever and extinguish the flames in the bowels and humours And then we must be wary how we use Treacle or any of the other hot medicines without any respect of the disease nature age and other circumstances wherefore when the Fever hath set upon the body such things are not to be exhibited unless they are mixed with cold things or else cold things alone may be given such as Syrup acetos Citri of Sorrel Pomgranates red Gooseberries rubi Idaei as also Pearl Coral precious stones Bezoar But since that Nature for the most part useth to send the most venomous part of the matter to the out-parts of the body Cure of Buboes and occasions Buboes and Carbuncles If the venome perfectly or most part of it be driven out into a Bubo which may be known by the remission of the Fever and Symptomes we must expect ripening although not perfectly as in other tumors yet it must be helped by all means for if either a Bubo come not enough out or be encreased over-much and still the Fever and symptomes abate not and the sick no ways mends we must endeavour that a way may be opened for the letting out the venome Therefore either vesiccatories must be applyed or the skin must be scarrified that the poyson may freely expire and the pestilent humours fly out a young chicken also or pigeon the feathers about the rump being pull'd off should to the great advantage of the sick be applyed to it although no incision be made and that should be often repeated or a dryed Toad being moistned with wine should be applyed afterwards we must endeavour that the rest of the matter may be brought to maturity by proper medicines described every where up and down into the place opened by Incision convenient digestives should be put and if the incision be not made deep enough and the quitture be still therein detained the tumour must be opened with an Incision knife and the Ulcer mundifyed with proper medicines and it must not be healed up until all the venome be come out But Carbuncles are forthwith to be scarrified Cure of Carbuncles and that deep enough that the pestilent and corrupt humour may come forth afterwards some convenient plaister must be applyed such as may be of the soot of a chimney and others described up and down in Authors Some apply the plaister de Magnete Arsenicali 't is proper to apply a dryed Toad also being first powd'red in wine to the places adjacent lest the venome should return to the internal parts some defensitive of cooling drying and binding things must be applyed some make a circle with a Saphire stone about the Carbuncle lest the poyson should creep farther and thereby extinguish the same and if the Carbuncle be too much encreased and cause great pain a vein should be opened under the same that so the corrupt blood may be evacuated and to abate the heat a plaister of Houndstongue is to be applyed When an Escar shall be generated it must be taken away with a convenient Unguent and the Ulcer must be mundified and cured in due manner but during the whole time of the cure twice every seven days a potion of the temperate medicines that resist venome should be drunk lest any of the malignity should remain in the Body CHAP. VII Of the Nature of a Pestilent and Malignant Fever and of the difference of them from the Plague FOrasmuch as the highest degree of corruption of humours is in the Pestilence we must as it were ascend to it by the malignant and pestilent Fevers of them therefore we will now speak in what respect these three the Pestilence a pestilent and malignant Fever differ That the pestilence consists in a certain occult quality meerly adverse to mankind and that it is infectious The plague pestilent and malignant Fevers how they differ and that a Fever is not of the same essence therewith but yet commonly accompanies it is already shewed And therefore the Plague it self also when it hath a Fever joyned with it may not without cause in some measure be called a pestilential Fever yet other Fevers also are called pestilent without the plague wherein the corruption of humors hath not yet attained that high degree which may constitute the nature of venomous pestilence yet they contain in them somwhat like to that venomous and malignant pestilence and moreover either are not pernitious or contagious as the plague if they are both of them yet they are less destructive then the plague for the difference of a pestilential Fever so called in particular and of the venomous pestilence since the nature of them both is unknown betrays it self in this by the vehemency and contagiousness of it which is perceived to be less not only in sporadick Fevers but in epidemical pestilentials then in the plague it self But concerning malignant Fevers although they by a general name signifie truly pestilentials yet in particular those are called malignant wherein there is a less degree of corruption then in those that are truly pestilential and wherein the humours which kindle the Fever contain in them some occult quality tending to venenosity whence there is less destruction and infection somtimes there is none And that the matter may be handled in few words if it appear by the symptomes in any Fever that besides putrefaction there is a lso some occult and maligne quality and yet but few die thereof whether they are epidemical Fevers or sporadick or contagious or not contagious this is the first degree of corruption and such a Fever in particular is called malignant but in case many die and yet others are not infected or although there be some contagion and some
dyet generates pituitous humours and so more lasting Diseases great strength of nature in a Disease that is not mortall Strength of nature shewes that the Disease is short but weaknesse shewes it will continue longer but strength in a disease that is mortall shewes that it will continue longer but weakness signifies that it will be shorter Thirdly From the course of fits in the fits the houre is to be considered in which the Paroxysme returnes the time of duration and the vehemency of Symptomes for if the fits returne sooner and the latter be longer then the former and more vehement it is a token the disease is increased on the contrary if the latter fits return slower and endure a shorter time and are not so violent it is a signe the disease abates but sometimes Paroxysmes enveigh equally and all of them return at the same houre which most commonly is a sign of a long disease but sometimes they come not equally but at severall houres which shewes that the disease will be shorter and is neerer to the state Moreover if the fits come sooner and that equally the signs of concoction not appearing it is the beginning but if they anticipate more hours then before it is in the increase when they observe equality again a good while it is the state when lastly the omitting or abating of the fits happens to be various it is the declination If the order of the fits so that sometimes they come too soon sometimes too late and sometimes equally and at certain times When the fits do equally invade without the signes of concoction t is the beginning but when they anticipate not t is the augmentation when they observe equality it is the estate And lastly when the coming late happens again t is the declination but if the order of fits be various so that sometimes the Paroxysmes invade equally sometimes anticipate and sometimes come later when the fits equally invade without signes of concoction the beginning is when they come too soon no more the state is but when they come too late the declination is As for the longitude and magnitude of fits In longitude if the time of intermission or declination be short and they are neither plainly intollerable nor altogether free from Symptomes it is a signe of the increase On the other side if the abating or the intermission be long easie to be indured and free from all Symptomes absent declination is shewn But the most certain signes of the times of diseases are digestion and crudity for whensoever a sign of concoction appears suddenly it shews the disease will be short and terminate in health but a signe of crudity shews the disease will continue long or even prove deadly and if grievous Symptomes grow upon the sick so that they come with signes of concoction they need to trouble no man but if they happen without signes of concoction and with crudity they portend danger CHAP. III Of the signes of times of Diseases in particular ANd that we may speak something peculiarly of knowing of the times of Diseases the beginning of a disease is as long as the disease is crude Signes of the beginning of a disease of augmentation of the height An evident and manifest concoction is a most certain signe that the beginning is finished And in the beginning the Symptomes are hitherto more mild but in the augmentation all of them increase and in the state when the greatest contention is betwixt the matter and the disease all of them are most vehement but this comes to passe sometimes soon sometimes late for in very acute diseases immediatly they have extream pains 1. Apho. 7 but in Chronick the times are extended longer CHAP IV. Of the signes by which we may foretell the event of a disease ANd these things are spoken of Prognosticks in generall now we are to speak of those three The event of a disease fourefold which use to be presaged namely the event of a disease the time of the end and the manner but the event of a disease is fourfold for some diseases kill the diseased others plainly leave them off so that the sick returne to their perfect health others neither kill the sick nor leave them off but accompany them even to deaths doore others are changed into other diseases and somtimes into worse somtimes into milder The event of a disease is known by comparing the strength of nature with the disease and by the longitude of a disease When it may be known or the state with the time to come for if the sick passe over the state there is no need that he should any more feare the danger of death by that disease because after the state no man dyeth in the declination by the power of that disease The signes of strength and weaknesse of nature are sought principally from causes and effects Signes of strength and debility of nature the proximate cause of the strength of nature is a natural constitution of the parts And this by how much the neerer it is to the naturall temperature constitution and naturalll unity by so much it signifies the firmerstrength by how much the more remote by so much the weaker For strength of nature principally depends upon a naturall temperament whereunto belongs age also and sex for in men and youths the strength is firmer in women old men and boyes weaker Remote causes are all those things which by whose intervening the strength of a naturall constitution is increased or preserved or diminished such are those things that are taken in which are carried about which happen externally and that are evacuated and retained for if all these things have been moderate heretofore and are moderate it shewes strength of nature if immoderate imbecility Amongst the effects are first actions which by how much the more they are observed according to nature by so much the more they signifie health on the contrary by how much the more or more noble they are or by how much the more they are hurt by so much the more they shew the strength to be weakned Secondly Excrements signifie nature to be powerfull when in their substance quantity and quality they are most like to naturall but they signifie the contrary if they are contrary Lastly qualities changed by how much the neerer they shall be to the qualities of sound men by so much they shew the greater strength in the diseased by how much they differ from them by so much the more imbecillity The strength of a Disease is known from things essentiall Signs of a strong discase inhering causes and effects or consequent Symptomes As for what belongs to a constitution contrary to nature the difference which follows the form of a Disease or the causes or the subject afford signes of the event if the Difease be great it indicates danger and death if little health and by how much the fewer and more gentle those Symptomes
fourteen and somtimes to twenty But these Fevers are least dangerous amongst all the putred ones 4. Prognosticks Aphor. 43. and such as are pure do not long continue but at seven fits they are accounted at the height 4. Aphor. 59. Somtimes they are terminated at the third or fourth fit but spurious tertians as they are more frequent so they continue longer for although if the matter be little and necessary medicines are timely exhibited they somtimes cease at the fifth or seventh paroxism yet for the most part they scarce end at fourteen fits and are often lengthned out to the fortieth day somtimes they continue six moneths and end with some disease of the Liver or Spleen or else are also châ—rished by them Although Tertians for the most part are not dangerous yet somtimes they become pernitious First If any errour be committed by the sick or the Physitian Secondly If the humour which Nature endeavours to expel should fall upon any principal part Thirdly If the humour be exceeding thin putred or filthy Fourthly If a thin humour have a thick one mixed with it and stir the same and enflame it Fifthly If a thick humour poured out by heat either fall down into some principal part or cause a dangerous Catarrh or Asthma or the Gout or draw the womb into consent Sixthly If the humour acquire a malignant quality But in the cure of this Fever as also in others Indications and Cure regard must be had of the Fever the cause and nature of it the Fever indicates cooling and moistning things the same Choler also as being the cause requireth which also ought to be evacuated yet if another humour be mixed with it altering preparing and evacuating medicines which that humour requires are to be mixed and because the abundance of the matter is in the meseraick veins the vitious humour is to be purged out of them and if need be prepared before it infect the good blood afterwards also it is to be altered and the disposition of the part generating peccant humours to be corrected Lastly We must endeavour that the pollution and putrifaction may be discussed by Sudorifiques First therefore the first passages are to be cleansed Purgers either by Clysters or lenitive Medicines exhibited of the Syrup of Roses solutive Manna Cassia to which also we may add Rhubarb Agarick the leaves of Senna according as the quality of the peccant humour requires Vomits also convenient may be given especially if the sick be troubled with pain in the heart loathing and a desire to vomit And since the matter consists in the meseraick veins and that nature her self at the beginning of the paroxism strives to expel it either by vomit or stool the Physician ought to be observant to it and to eject the matter if Nature endeavour to expel it by stool or vomit and because the matter for the most part in the first passages is either more abundant or hath thick humours mixed therewith there is need not only of lenitives but those medicines also which we lately mentioned nay somtimes of some of the Electuary of Fleawort or Fleabane of the juice of Roses Rosati Mesuae Yet care must be taken that we do not draw the humours out of the veins into the first passages Concerning the opening of a vein Opening a vein although Choler residing in the meseraick veins do not require it yet if there be store of blood and the peccant humour out of the first region of the body have penetrated the vena cava which may be discerned by the thickness and redness of the Urine and if the party be strong a vein may be breathed and moreover note that not at the first invading but afterwards Phlebotomy is to be used Yet regard of the Fever is to be had for if it be a pure Tertian which useth to be shorter a vein is to be opened more timely if it be required because if it be referred till after the third fit the disease comes to its height but if it be a bastard tertian you may defer it till after the third paroxism namely because more of the morbifique matter is then mixed with the blood in the vena cava but blood is to be taken away in less quantity in a pure Tertian because as in continued Fevers that is not the primary indicant and the strength cannot bear the taking away of a greater quantity blood may be taken away more safely and in greater abundance in a spurious tertian But the opening of a vein is most conveniently appointed during the intermission Afterwards those medicines are to be exhibited which both correct the qualities of the cholerick humour exceeding Preparatives whereby it is troublesome to nature and also the vitious disposition in the part generating excrementitious humours and such as are contrary to that pollution which remains after putrefaction such are cooling and moistning things which together have a power of purging the first ways and of resisting putrifaction such are Cichory Sowthistle Endive Sorrel Barley the four great and four small cold seeds the juice of Citron or Limon and medicines prepared out of these Syrup of Sorrel Acetosa simplex Oxysauharum Syrup of Cichory Endive de acitocitate citri with waters and decoctions of the same to which in spurious tertians we may adde those things which are proper for Flegme and Melancholy the roots of Fennel grass asparogus asarabecca polypodie carduus benedictus centurie the lesser wormwood scolopendrium betony the spirit of vitriol and salt is profitable cream of Tartar Tartar vitriolated But amongst those medicines there are some which by a certain peculiar force are said to oppugne Tertians Specificks amongst which notwithstanding for the most part manifest causes may be rendred for it such are Sowthistle Camomil Century the lesser Plantane Divels bit Altering medicines being given Purgers if the Fever be more pertinacious somtimes purging and vomiting are convenient which for the most part are to be administred on the intermitting day but if it be advertised that the matter during the paroxism doth encline towards the stomack or tend downwards it is lawful even when the fit is present to administer vomits or a gentle purge yet so that before the beginning of the paroxism the operation may be past in case a purge be given Amongst the vomits Asarabecca and Broom are principally commended amongst the purges Rhubarb to those that are stronger the Electuary or Fleawort or Fleabane Elect. Rosatem Mesne and of the juice of Roses may be given in spurious Tertians Agarick or Senna may be added in whom it is also necessary to repeat preparatives and purgations The body being sufficiently purged Medicines causing of urine the remainder is to be taken away by Diureticks In a pure Tertian an Emulsion of the four great cold seeds is profitable made with the whey of Goats milk or the water of Barley Strawberries Cichory In a spurious a decoction of
the roots of Grass Sparagus Fennel Maidenhair red Parsnips Bindweed flowers of Camomil and Wormwood are convenient But principally the Physitian ought to imitate nature Sweats which at the end of the paroxisme useth to move sweats and should discuss the Reliques of the vitious humours by fudoriferous medicines given either before or after the paroxism and indeed in pure Tertians wherein nature usually causes sweat in the end of the fit it often sufficeth that the sick drink only Barley water or the water of Sorrel or Carduus benedictus may be given with the Syrup of the juice of Citron or Limmon In spurious hotter medicines are to be used such as hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers which being given some hours before the paroxism often prevents or cures the same If the Fever be not cured with these remedies Coroloratives and that there be any signe of viscous matter and that the Liver and Spleen are likewise affected regard thereunto must also be had and since the Liver for the most part in bastard Tertians is obstructed by thick choler or choler mixed with thick humours which pollutes the blood those things which cleanse the body from choler are to be used to which purpose Wormwood is very good to be used which hath a force of deterging choler and bringing away the same by stool and urine as also hath century the lesser Troches also of Wormwood of Rhubarb Gentian and such like are also profitable care also must be taken of the Spleen and Stomack if they are debilitated There are certain other medicines given somtimes Febrifuga which are called Febrifuga of which 't is spoken in the fore-going chapter And besides these Topical Medicines there are yet others which are externally applyed to the body to cure Fevers namely a plaister of cobwebs with unguento populio the leaves of Shepherds pouch nettles crowfoot and other vesiccatories Concerning Diet Diet. in a pure intermitting Tertian the same diet useth to be kept for the most part as in a continued Tertian they are to abstain from honey sweet things and all those things which ingender choler wine is not to be drunk before concoction but when the notes of concoction have appeared you may use it so it be thin and watry meat is to be given when the paroxism is past unless Syncope imminent perswade the contrary Galen 10. Meth. Med. c. 5. In bastard Tertians two things are principally to be observed concerning diet first that the disease by too plentiful a diet may not be increased Secondly that the strength by too slender a diet may not be debilitated which should hold out most in a long disease and therefore the magnitude of the disease and the greatness of the strength are to be compared one with another and in case the strength be greater and the matter harder to be concocted the thinner diet is to be used but the larger diet if the strength be weak and the matter easier to be concocted The drink should not only cool and moisten but also cut and therefore it may be mixed with Hysop and wilde Marjerom and if water sweetned with honey be exhibited Vinegar being thereunto added that Choler may be thereby corrected CHAP. XIX Of a Quotidian Intermittent THe second sort of intermitting Fevers is that which proceeds from Flegm A Quotidian Fever which because it takes them every day is called a quotidian Fernelius writes that this is the rarest of all Fevers and that which scarce happens once amongst six hundred Nay there are some who plainly deny it and although many are affected every day yet they are sick of a double Tertian or treble Quartan The cause of this Fever sithence it is Flegm putrifying in the meseraick veins all those things may be causes of this Fever The cause which conduce to the generation of Flegm namely weakness of the bowels especially of the stomack heat cold and moist aliment and too great plenty of them This Fever is known by the causes generating Flegm which went before Diagnostick signs and also by the signs of Flegm abounding in the body explained in lib. 3. of Institutions part 2. cap. 2 This Fever chiefly comes to invade in the night only with coldness of the extreme parts and trembling The heat after refrigeration slowly invades so that somtimes heat somtimes cold is perceived and the heat at the first doth not seem sharp but habituous yet if the hand put thereunto continue some time it appears a little sharp and when it is diffused over the whole body it doth not burn much so that the sick do not breath extraordinarily neither are they very thirsty The face is not very red but for the most part yellowish or a little puffed up the eyes in the beginning are white thin and crude afterwards when the matter is concocted they become thick troubled and oftentimes also red In the first paroxisms also they sweat not but in the progress of the disease they sweat a little the Pulse also is exceeding little thin and more then in Quartans but equally slow the paroxism is extended to eighteen hours and the interval which is six hours is seldome pure and free nay 't is often extended to four and twenty hours But how long this Fever shall continue Prognosticks may be conjectured by the signs of concoction appearing sooner or later in the Urine and by the longitude and brevity of the paroxism for if nature timely aim at some evacuation it affords hopes of shortness of the disease But this Fever as being that which ariseth from a pertinacious humour is long and continueth unto forty days three moneths or more and is not without danger and when the Stomack and Liver are much affected with it the sick are often cast into a Dropsie and Cachexy The cure for the most part is the same with a Quotidian continued The Cure for the pituitous humour is to be prepared and evacuated to wit the first passages are to be opened with Clisters accommodated to the pituitous humour breathing a vein is scarce used but a Vomit is more useful then in any other sort of Fever because the stomack is principally affected but 't is to be occasioned by seed of Radish Orach of Dill flowers of Broom in those that are strong with Spurge and others that are every where known The Flegmatick humour is to be prepared with convenient medicines Preparers the opening roots Hysop wilde Marjoram Betony Mayden hair Agrimony Groundpine Camomil and other things convenient for Flegm Syrup of Sorrel simple and compound Syrup of the two and of the five Roots Honey of Roses Syrup Byzant simple and compound of Hysop Oxymel simple and compound with Squills spirit of Salt and Vitriol The matter in the first place being prepared Purgers it should be evacuated with Agarick Mechoachan Turbith Troches of Alhandal Elect. Indo Diaphaenico Diacarthamo pills of Hieca with Agarick