and then the Vapors striking against the cover will not be condensed Another Opinion is that Fat is made by an hot Cause because the matter thereof is hot and because Fat easily flames also because all things are made in the body by Coction and Heat But the answer is clear from what hath been said before And we do not mean meer Coldness the Cause of Crudity but a weak Heat Some say that Fat attains its consistency from the compactness of the Membranes for that which is itself compact makes other things so I answer That cold things condense and Condensation proceeds from Cold nor can that which is condensed condense unless it were a first Quality or should take the assistance of Cold for otherwise the thinness of the Membrane would make the fat thin And why does not the density or compactness of the Vessels make the matter contained to be condensed and compact 2. In like manner they object By a thick cover though very hot the Vapor arising from boyling Water when it meets therewith is turned into Water or in a Distillation by an Alembick the Exhalations arising from the subject matter meeting with the thick glass are stopped and by reflection turned into a thickned Substance But the Answer is clear from what hath been said moreover the Vapors which are raised up by boyling if they are by the Vessel so shut in that there is no place to breath out new Vapors continually arising that there may not be a Penetration of Bodies it is necessary that they reassume their former consistency But if they find egress they turn to Water by reason of the cold Air surrounding the glassie Cover And therefore it is that to make the Liquor issue more aboundantly Distillers ever and anon cool the same with cold Water So when the Air abroad is cold hot Vapors within do turn to Water upon the glass Windows which does not happen when the Air is hot abroad 3. They say that there are many cold Parts as the Brain and its coats c. which have no Fat about them I answer those Parts also are dense Nor would Nature have Fat in those Parts for it would be both unprofitable and hurtful And a moderate Heat is there provided for by the thickness of the Skin the Hair and the Skull Fabius Pacius makes the cause to be also Dryness by reason of the Fibers of Fat. To which is repugnant 1 That Fat is not dry but moist 2 â—…le Fibers as the Blood hath Touch-â—…e Anatomical Contradictions of my Fa 〈◊〉 Other late Writers are pleased with a new conceit that Fat is made by a peculiar fat-making form as a bone is made by a bone-making form Who doubtless are mistakens because 1 Fat doth not live 2 It hath no certain Dimension And 3 The blood turns into the marrow of the bones without the help of such a form The Form of Fat as long as it is in the Vessels is not congealed but liquid and melted by reason of the Heat which as yet remains in the Vessels It hath been voided liquid by Urin as Helmoâ—t hath observed and in an healthy Woman by stool in the Observation of Hildanus Folius conceives it is liquid in the Vessels by reason of likeness of Nature but that it is congealed without because of the different Nature of the Fibres But no man can easily observe the dissimilitude of the fibres either within the body or without The Fat of the Belly hath three Veins the external Mammillary descending from above the Vena Epigastrica arising from beneath out of the crural Vein through the Groins and very many Veins coming out of the Loins accompanied with Arteries And through these and the Vessels of the Skin Cupping-glasses and Scarifications draw Humors out of the inner Parts as far as I can conceive It hath a very great aboundance of Kernels which receive Excrements out of the Body into themselves In sickly persons and such as abound with excrementitious Moisture they are more plentiful The Use of Fat is 1 To keep warm like a Garment to cherish Natural Heat by its Clammyness hindring the going forth thereof and by its thickness stopping the Passages least Cold should enter and in Summer they keep out the Heat 2. In a special manner to help the Concoction of the Stomach And therefore the cutting out of the Call breeds Winds and Belchings and to cause good Digestion it is necessary to provide some other covering for the Stomach 3. To daub and moisten hot and dry parts such as is the Heart 4. To facilitate Motion provided it be moderate for abundance of Fat hinders Motion and all other Actions and to keep the Parts from being over dried distended or broken Hence it defends the ends of Gristles the Joyntings of the greater Bones and it is placed on the outside of certain Ligaments also about the Vessels carried to the Skin For this very cause there is store of Fat in the Socket of the Eye least by reason of continual Motion it should become dry and withered as it were And the Vena Coronalis of the Heart is fenced with much Fat to accommodate the great Motion and Heat of the Heart 5. It serves as a Pillow and Bulwark against Blows Bruises and Compressions And therefore it is that Nature hath furnisht the Buttocks and the Hollow of the Hands and Feet with plenty of Fat. 6. In times of Famine it is turned into nourishment for we are nourished with that which is sweet and fat as being familiar to us and our Nature if we will beleive Galen and other Authors Whose Intention Rondeletius interprets to be that the Fat doth only releive famished persons and hold the parts â—â— the Body in play till they attain their proper Nouâ—shment 7. It fills up the empty spaces between the Muscles Vessels and Skin and consequently renders the Body smooth white soft fair and beautiful And therefore persons in a Consumption and decrepit old Women are deformed for want of Fat. CHAP. IV. Of Membranes in General of the fleshy Membrane and the Membrane which is proper to the Muscles UNder the fat in a Man the Membrana carnosa or fleshy Membrane lies which in Apes Dogs and Sheep lies next the Skin Before we treat thereof some things are to be known concerning the Nature of a Membrane in general The Ancients called the Membranes Hymenas and sometimes Chitona's Coats also Meningas and otherwhiles Operimenta and Tegumenta Coverings and with Galen and other Anatomists speaking in a large Sense a Coat and a Membrane are one and the same thing But when they speak in a strickt and proper Sense That is a Membrane which compasses some bulkie Part as the Peritonaeum the Pleura the Periostium the Pericardium and the peculiar Membranes of the Muscles But the term Tunica or Coat in a strickt sense is attributed properly to the Vessels as Veins
three Inscriptions in Persons of a middle stature and somtimes four in tall people whose Belly is long But according to Carpus and Casserius we say that suitable to the multitude of Inscriptions there are more muscles because 1. To every Joynting there comes a Nerve 2. If it were but one being contracted into itself it could not equally compress all parts 3. There should be no such muscle in the whole body wherein nevertheless there are many long ones without such a number of Inscriptions In the internal Surface of the right muscles there are two Veins conjoyned with as many Arteries The upper called Mammaria arise from the Vena cava lying beneath the Claves the more remarkeable branch whereof reaches unto the Duggs and runs out under the right Muscle as far as to the Region of the Navil where it is terminated This is met by the other termed Epigastrica which in Women springs from the Womb in men the Vena cava goes upwards towards the upper Vein which before it touches it is for the most part obliterated Yet these two Veins are somtimes joyned together by manifest Anastomosis touching one another at their ends Hence the Consent is supposed to arise between the Duggs and the Womb the Belly and the Nostrils For when the Nose bleeds we fix Cupping-glasses to the belly and the Duggs of Women being handled it in cites them to Venery The Musculi recti receive Arteries from the Epigastrica Artery and Nerves which proceed from the last Vertebra's of the Chest The proper use of these Muscles according to Riolanus is to move the Share-bone forward in Generation which hath been already confuted Spigelius will have them to draw the Breast to the Ossa pubis or share-bones and the Share-bones to the Breast in a straight motion and so to bend the Chest whence it is that in Dogs and Apes they reach as far as to the Jugulum because their Chest did require very much bowing But these contrary motions unless they be holpen with those incisions of the right muscles do involve a difficulty Helmont suspects that they are stretched in going up hill and that from thence shortness of breath proceeds Flud saith that by a general use they make the Belly round and compress it centrally or towards the middle point thereof The fourth pare called the Pyramidal Muscles do rest upon the lower Tendons of the Musculi recti Nor are they parts of the right Muscles as Vesalius and Columbus think but distinct muscles as Fallopius proves with reasons which are partly convincing partly vain But that they are peculiar muscles is hence apparent 1 Because they are cloathed with a peculiar membrane 2. Their Fibres are different from those of the Musculi recti They rise with a fleshy beginning not very broad from the external Share-bone where also the Nerves do enter and the farther they go upwards the narrower they grow till they terminate with a sharp point into the Tendon of the transverse Muscle And from this place I have observed more then once a small and round Tendon produced as far as to the Navil Riolanus hath observed the left Pyramidal Muscle to be lesser then the right and when there is but one it is oftner left then right The Use of the Pyramidal Muscles is to assist the right muscles in compressing the Parts beneath Hereupon according as the Tendons of the right muscles are more or less strong so sometimes the Pyramidal muscles are wanting though rarely somtimes they are strong otherwhiles weak and somtimes there is but one Bauhine saith If they are absent then either the flesh joyned to the Heads of the right ones which I have often observed or the Fat performs their Office And others will have them to be as it were certain Coverings of the right muscles Fallopius will have the Pyramidal 〈…〉 to compress and squeez the Bladder when â—…e Water that the Urin may be forced out Conâ—…wise Aquapendent will have it that they raise and lift themselves up and together with them the Abdomen and Peritonaeum that the parts beneath them may not be too much burthened Now Columbus charges Fallopius that he would have these muscles serve to erect the Yard whereas that is Massa his Opinion whose Opinion is followed by Flud because of the situation of these Muscles but they cannot serve for that intent because they reach not the foresaid part and because they are found likewise in Women The fifth pare called the Transverse Muscles being lowest in situation do arise from a certain Ligament which springs out of the Os sacrum and covers the Musculus sacrolumbus also from the lowest Rib and the Os Ilij They end by a membranous Tendon into the white Line and do stick extream fast to the Peritonaeum every where save about the Share The proper Use of these Muscles is to compress the Gut Colon. The Action of all the Muscles of the Belly is as it were twofold 〈◊〉 An equable Retension and Compression of the Parts in the Belly For â—…y all act together the Midriff assistiâ—…em and this is the reason why the Fibres of all thâ—…s do meet together in one and the same Câ—…ing as they are thus described by Robert Eâ—… 2. The Second Action 〈…〉 vs upon the former viz. the â—…dance of Excrements And because the number of parts to be compressed is great as the Guts Womb Bladder one Muscle could not suffice but there was need of divers acting in divers places according to divers Angels Right transverse oblique Every part indeed hath an expulsive Power but those parts which are hollow and often and much burthened do need the help of these muscles as in the Expulsion of Excrements of Worms of Urin of a Child of a Mole c. These are their true Actions which are apparent from their Fabrick But Nature somtimes abuses the muscles to move the Chest when there is need of a great and violent Expiration as in Outcries Coughs and the like For then they do not a little compress the Chest Their Use They are of an hot and moist Temperament because flesh is prevalent in them And therefore they cherish Heat and Concoction They are moderately thick and therefore they defend the Parts and are a Safeguard to them even when they rest Also they conduce to the Comlyness of the Body And therefore extream Fat dropsied Persons such as are very lean c. are deformed CHAP. VII Touching the Peritonaeum ALl the Muscles of the Abdomen being removed the Peritonaeum comes in sight being spread over the Guts and having its Name a circumtendendo from stretchinâ—…ading about because it is drawn over all 〈…〉 which are between the Midriff and the Thighs Now the Peritonaeum is a membrane which doth cloath the Bowels of the lower Belly It is a membrane and that sufficiently thin and soft that it may not be burthensom but
Jaw-bone like a Pipe so that a bristle put in at one hole will come out of the other The one is more inward hindermore and greater receiving in a part of those Nerves which we reckon to be the fift pare to the Roots of the teeth with a little Vein and Artery The other is more outward less round by which a Branch of the foresaid Nerve received in is sent out to the lower Lip It hath sundry Asperities and Cavities for the Risings and Insertions of Muscles Also on each side two Processes called Horns carried upwards One goes out forwards broad and thin whose point or sharp end is called Corone into which the Tendon of the Temporal Muscle is implanted And therefore Hippocrates counts the Luxation of the lower Jaw-bone deadly The other hindermore is carried backwards representing a little bunch and is called condulodes having a little Head coverd with a gristly crust under which there is a longish Neck By this Process the Articulation is made with the Temple bones where yet another Gristle is placed between the Cavity and the gristly head to facilitate the motion Also a common membranous Ligament doth cover this Articulation Chap. XII Of the Teeth in General THe Teeth are called DENTES as if you would say Edentes Eaters and by the Greeks odontes as it were edôuntes Eaters and they are Bones properly so called hard and solid smooth and white like other Bones They have some things peculiar which other bones have not which nevertheless doth not exclude them from the number of Bones 1. They are harder than other Bones that they may bite and chew hard things and they are little less harder tha Stones nor can they easily be burnt in the Fire and whereas in the Sarcophagus or Flesh-eating Stone the whole body is consumed in forty daies the Teeth remain unimpaired and therefore Tertullian writes that in them is the Seed of our future Resurrection 2. The Teeth are naked without any Periosteum least they should pain us when we chew 3. Yet they have a Sense but more of the first than of the second Qualities and especially rather of what is cold than what is hot contrary to the Nature of flesh according to Hippocrates and hence they are so an◠to be set on edg But the whole Tooth doth not feel of it self but the inner softer and more marrowy part which is covered over with an hard external part which is not pained neither by Fire nor Iron as in a Sword under the most hard rind of the Steel an Irony marrow less hard lies within and the Skin through the sensless Skars-skin doth feel so the inner part of the Tooth feels through the outmost into which inner part being hollow little soft Nerves enter and little cloathing Membranes Hereupon a certain Nun at Padua causing a very long Tooth shee had above all the rest to be cut off to avoid the Deformity thereof shee presently fell down into a Convulsion and Epileptick fit Now in the part of her Tooth which was cut off there appeared the tokens of a Nerve 4. Hence they receive Nerves into their Cavity which other bones do not 5. They grow longer than any other of the Bones almost all a mans life because they are dayly worn by biting and grinding as Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo The hardest Stone a dropping House-Eve hollows Cause drop upon drop drop after drop still follows But not by force And look how much they wear away so much are they still augmented which hence appears in that if any Tooth fall out and grow not again the opposite Tooth grows so much the longer as the empty space of the former Tooth comes to Fallopius considering the praemises and how new Teeth are thought to breed he collects that the formative faculty remains alive in the Teeth to extream old age Helmont counts the matter of the Bone not to be meerly boney but as it were of a middle nature betwixt Bone and Stone because the Teeth turn to Stone whatever kind of food sticks long to them be it Bread Flesh Herbs Fish Apples Beans or Pease c. But there is no petrification or turning to Stone unless the things eaten be of a tartareous Nature but only a drying the moisture being consumed by the Spittle nor are the Teeth made bigger by that addition which somtimes is scraped off somtimes turne to clammy filth The Teeth are bred in the Womb after the Generation of the Jaw-bones twelve in each Jaw or a few more as I shall speak hereafter touching their number four Cutters two Dog-teeth six Grinders which lie somwhat imperfect and concealed within the Jaws for it is rare for an Infant to be born toothed least the child as it sucks should hurt the Nipple And therefore in an Abortion or a young Infant small teeth may be pulled out They break out of the Gums sooner in Brutes though Varro be otherwise minded as touching Horses because they are sooner capable of solid meat in mankind at the seventh month or later after the Child is a year old and the upper sooner than the lower yet in some the lowest first and among the rest The fore-teeth in the first place because 1. They are most sharp 2. They are less then the rest 3. Because the Jaw-bone is there thinnest 4. Because there is most need of them both to speak with and to cut and bite the meat And at that time when the Teeth of Infants shoot forth Hippocrates tels us that Feavers Convulsions Fluxes of the Belly arise especially when the Dog-teeeth come forth because when the Teeth make their way through the Gums they torment more than pricks in the Flesh These Teeth have a Substance boney hard and hollow where they break out but in their hinder part they have a soft substance covered with a thin and transparent Membrane And about the seventh and fourteenth yeer other Teeth are wont to break out the former falling away in both the Jaws ten four Cutters two Dog-teeth and four Grinders And the former fall out in the fourth fift and sixt year because the holes grow wider and therefore the Teeth being at that time soft do grow loose and fall out Nicephorus in his Interpretation of Dreams saies that for a man to dream he looses a Tooth another comes in the Rome betokens gain and unexpected Joy If their Teeth do not shed the latter Teeth come out at new holes the upper commonly on the outside the lower on the inside as there were new ranks of Teeth More frequently they spring out on the sides and augment the number But these Teeth are not bred anew without the Womb for then likewise Membranes Nerves Vessels and Ligaments might be bred anew but the seeds of them lie within the Jaws For Eustachius and Riolanus have observed some smaller Teeth at the back of the rest which fall out a very thin partition being
c. Now fat to speak properly is not a part but rather an humor unless haply it be considered together with the Membrane as many times it is by Galen The 〈…〉 of our order is this because fat in a man is between the skin and the fleshy Membrane in â—…s under the Membrane which moves the Those parts are void of fat which could receive no profit thereby but hindrance by resisting convenient Complication and Distension as the Brain Eyelids Yard Cod and Membranes of the Testicles Now it is chiefly in those parts which are more strongly moved then the rest hard like Suet and interwoven between the Fibres and little Veins as in the Palm of the Hand the inner sides of the Fingers for there are many tendons Nerves and Vessels which ought to be moistened in the sole of the Foot especially the Heel It is softer in sundry parts of which in their place Caecilius Folius hath larely written that the matter whereof fat is made is the milky juyce or fatter portion of the Chylus and that therewith the Bones are nourished To which opinion I oppose 1. That such as eat fat meats do not presently grow fat 2. That the Chylus is too crude to nourish the parts 3. That Children should presently become fat as we see it happen in Children new born who have been nourished only with their Mothers Blood 4. That the Chylus is necessarily changed before it come unto the Parts 5. There is no passage from the Mesentery to the extream parts of the body for it is neither suckt through the Membranes as some learned men suppose nor is it carried through the Glandules Not the former 1. Because they are thicker then to suck and draw as threads 2. They would appear swoln and would in Anatomy discover some Oyly moisture in them Nor the latter 1. Because the Kernels are not continued with the fat parts 2. Nor do they receive any profitable humor but Excrements yea they abound with a white flegmatick but not a fat humor 3. We observe that many creatures grow fat which have no Kernels Now the fatter part of the Chyle is the material cause of fatness but it is only the remote cause and therefore in deed and truth The Matter thereof is Unanimously concluded to be Blood whence Aristotle sayes that such Creatures as have no Blood have neither Fat nor Suet but it must be blood Purified and Absolutely concocted nor yet all such blood but that which is thin Aiery and Oyly It resembles the buttery substance of Milk and the Oyly substance of Seed and therefore Aristotle did well deny Fat to be moist with a watery moisture his meaning was not with an Aiery Against whom Fernelius and Columbus have written And when fat is made of Oyly Blood much of the heat is lost Whence Aristotle sayes Such things as are condensed by cold out of them much heat is forced and squeezed And in another place Natural matters are such as the place is wherein they are Therefore the nature of Fat is colder then that of blood yet is it moderately hot For 1. Outwardly applyed it Digests Resolves Discusses 2. It is the thinner and more Oyly part of the blood 3. It easily takes fire 4. It encreases the heat within as the Caul assists the Stomachs Concoction c. Some will have it to be cold because Aristotle sayes whatever things grow together by cold and are melted by Heat are cold But Fat is congealed by cold I answer Fat is cold in respect of the Heat which before it had while it was blood But we must learn 〈…〉 the same Aristotle that such things as having been 〈…〉 cold are melted with an easie Heat have In this TABLE are expressed the common Coverings of the Belly separated and on one side the Fat besprinkled with its Vessels and on the other side certain Muscles Detected The II. TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE AA The Scarf-skin BBBB The Skin CC. The Fat out of its place separated from the Pannicle or Coat DD. The fleshy Pannicle EEEEE The Fat left in its proper place half the Belly over FFFF The distribution of certain Vessels through the Fat. G. Store of Kernels in the Groyn HH The White Line I. The Navil K. Part of the Pectoral Muscle Detected LLL The Productions of the greater Foreside-saw-Muscle MM. The oblique descendent Muscle of the Breast in its Situation NNN The right Muscle of the Belly appearing through the Tendon of the oblique descendent OOO The Nervous Inscriptions of the right Muscle P. The Right-side Pyramidal Muscle in its proper place page 5. The Efficient or Generating Cause of Fatness is moist and temperate Heat the Author of all Digestion The cause Efficient of its growing together is the coldness of the Membranes from whence it gains its white color not simple but respective yet sufficient to coagulate the oylie part of the blood sweating forth even as melted Lead grows congealed when it is poured out into a place hot enough yet colder then the fire And Fat grows together by cold in a certain degree as it were for every thing is not made of every thing and therefore Fat is not bred in any part Now that Fatness proceeds from Coldness Galen and other Learned men have determined so that the Fat light and thin Part of the Blood while in hotter Bodies it turns to Nutriment in colder it is reserved and therefore hot and dry Animals are hardly eyer fat and when the Veins send it out of themselves it lights upon the Membranes and grows together For 1. Even the Blood when it is out of the Vessels does after this manner grow together by meeting with the cold Air though its internal Coldness do also help forward the mutation 2. Aristotle saies among such things as melt those that are melted by heat are congealed by cold as Oyl 3. The colder Creatures are the fatter as Gueldings Foemales also such as lie long hid in the Earth without Exercise So in the Winter all Creatures are fatter 4. Fat is only bred in cold places as in the Membranes So we see the Call is fat by reason of its membranous Substance also in respect of its place being far from the hot Bowels for it 〈…〉 upon the Guts under the Peritonaeum and becaâ—… stored with abundance of Veins and Arteries iâ—…uch Fat so about the Heart Fat is collected for there is the Pericardium a cold and thick Membrane also the wheyish Humor contained therein below it there is the Midriff as a Fan on either fide the Lungs like Bellows the Mediastinum c. So about the the Kidneys Fat is gathered because they abound with a wheyish Excrement lie near the Back-bone and are covered by the Guts 5. A Cover hanging over boyling Water coagulates the Vapors which arise unto it and turns them into water by its Coldness For make the Air round about exceeding hot
part the matter is beleived to be brought from the Emulgent and therefore Hippocrates cals this Stone the Girl-getter Whence that common Saying Wenches are begot by the left Stone in the left side of the Womb Boys by the right Stone in the right side And Hippocrates saies there is in a man as wel as in a woman both male and foemale Seed that is to say hotter and colder But I am not of Opinion that wenches are alwaies begotten by the left Stone and that it receives a colder sort of Seed for 1. There are ever and anon Virago's or manly Women which exceed Men in strength and courage 2. Blood is communicated from the great Artery as well to the left Stone as to the right 3. The Arteria Spermatica is oftner wanting on the right side then on the left But the Generation of the fraâ—ler Sex depends not so much upon the coldness of the left Testicle as upon the cold Constitution of both the Stones or rather of the whole body which administers Matter for the Seed Howbeit the left parts of the body are generally said to be colder then the right Moreover the right Stone is fuller of Seed doth swel more and hath a greater Vein and Artery so that Nature seems to design the Generation of Foemales more then of Males It was therefore ill said of Aristotle that Nature of her self did alwaies intend the Generation of Males as being most perfect and that a Foemale is ingendred when Nature being hindered could not ingender a Male so that a Woman is in his account a kind of Monster in Nature Howbeit Nature seems more sollicitous for the Generation of Women then of Men for the Causes aforesaid nor does Nature alwaies regard that which is best or most perfect but that which is most necessary as a woman is For many of them are but enough for one man For women when they are big with Child are useless to a man also they are short lived nor can they bear so long as a man can beget But of this I have discoursed more fully in my 12. Anatomical Controversie de patribus The Testicles have Coats and Coverings some proper others common They have two Coats common to them and other parts to defend them from external injuries The first is formed of a thinner skin and scarf-skin then is to be found in other parts of the Body and is called Scrotum or Scortum hanging out like a purse or bag and subject to the touch T is soft and wrinkled void of Fat that it might be more easily extended and wrinkled together because the oylie matter which should make Fat goes into the Stones to make Seed In the lower part it hath a line running out according to the length thereof which divides it into a right and left part and is called a suture or seam The second Coat consists of a fleshy Pannicle which is also thinner then is found in other places full of Veins and Arteries and called dartos Which Covering is by others comprehended under the term Scrotum The proper Coat or Coverings which on either side do cloath each Stone are three The first proper Coat is called Vaginalis the scabberd Coat and by some Helicoâ—ides by reason of its shape which is thin but yet strong full of Veins arising from the processes of the Peritonaeum It cleavs to the Dartos by many membranous Fibres which others have reckoned for a peculiar Coat Whence it is externally rough internally smooth The second is termed Eruthroeides the red Coat being furnished with some fleshy Fibres bred out of the Cremaster and inwardly spred over the former Rufus names this in the first place and Riolanus and Veslingus following him account it the first Coat because it compasses the former and is propagated from the Cremaster The XXIII TABLE The Coats of the Stones their Substance and Vessels are propounded in this TABLE The Explication of the FIGURES FIG I. AA The Skin of the Cod separated BBB The fleshy Membrane which â—â— here called Dartos CC. The first Coat of the Stones called Elythroeides DD. The Muscle Cremaster E. The second Coat of the Stones which the Author calls Erythroides FF The Coat of the Stones called Albuginea G. The kernelly Substance of the Stone H. The Pyramidal or Pampiniform Vessel II. Epididymis DD. The Parastates variciformis FIG II. A. A Portion of the preparatory Vessels BB. The Pyramidal Vessel CC. Epididymis DD. Parastates variciformis E. The Stone covered with its proper Membrane F. A Portion of the Vas deferens FIG III AA The Veins and Arteries in the Pyramidal Vessel laid open B. The Epididymis CC. The Parastates variciformis D. The Vas deferens Page 56 The Substance of the Stones is glandulous white soft loose and spongy by reason of very many Vessels there dispersed and loose though without Cavity as the Liver also and the Spleen have no Cavities They have Vessels of all kinds Veins and Arteries from the Seminary Vessels An indifferent large Nerve from the sixt pare somtimes also they have two Nerves from the one and twentieth pare of the Spinal Marrow conjoyned to the Seminal Vessels carried with them through the production of the Peritonaeum and disseminated into the Tunicles They have on each side one Muscle arising from a strong Ligament which is in the Share-bone where the transverse Muscles of the Belly end of which they seem to the Parts They go along through the production of the Peritonaeum which they compass about well-near and grow to the beginnings of the Stones They are â—â—â—â—ed Cremasteres or Suspensores hangers or sustainers for they hold up the Stones that they may not too much draw down the Seminal Vessels Also in the Carnal conjunction they draw back the Stones that the Seed-channel being shortned the Sperm may be sooner and easier conveigh'd into the Womb. In some persons these Muscles are capable of voluntary motion who can draw up and let down their Stones as they list where these Muscles are doubtless stronger then ordinary that they may not only hold the Stones suspended but move them from place to place The Use of the Stones is by their Heat and inbred Faculty to make seed For the Efficient cause of Seed is the proper flesh or substance of the Stones both in regard of their hot and moist temper of their specifick Property since no flesh in the Body is found like that of the Stones Now they turn the blood being prepared into Seed which is requisite to preserve the Species of Mankind And that which remains over and above either goes back by the Spermatick Veins into the Heart or turns to nourishment for the Stones Nor can Seed be ordinarily bred without the Stones nor perfect Animals without them for from them the Seed receives both its form and colour That some have ingendred without Stones though not according to the
is their immediate nutritive Matter and in Ligaments Membranes and Nerves that same clammy humor shed in amongst them Of the solid Bones not hollowed the immediate Nutritive matter is thick Blood sent in through the pores because 1. Being broken they are joyned with a Callus bred of the Remainders of the alimentary Blood 2. They are liable to Imposthumation in their Substance the superfluities of the nourishment putrifying in the pores Hofman allows that they are nourished with Blood contained in the Marrow and that the Marrow serves the Blood by carrying the solid part The Efficient is the Vis oâ—â—ifica or Bone-making faculty or the innate faculty acting by the Assistance of Heat The Form of a Bone is the Soul as of the whole and in the next place the ratioÌ„ formalis whereby a Bone is a Bone and no other thing 2. de Gen. Anim. cap. 1. And therefore the Bones of dead persons are not properly but equivocally Bones The Accidents or Adjuncts of Bones are their sundry Figures Solidity Strength c. of which hereafter The End or Use of the Bones is 1. To be the Foundations and Supporters of the whole Body like Pillars or Foundations in Houses 2. To be as a Safeguard for some parts as the Skull saveguards the Brain 3. To serve for going as is apparent in the Thighes and Legs and therefore Serpents Worms and other Creepers which have no Legs cannot go but are forced to crawl 4. There are some private uses of divers Bones of which in the special History of Bones 5. Certain Medicinal Uses there are of Bones Their Pouder cures a Cancer Fevers any Fluxes Their Oyl is good for the Gout the Magistery of a Mans Skull is good against the Falling-sickness as also the triangular Bones of the Occiput c. The Situation of the Bones is deep because they are the Foundations and Upholders of the Body They vary in Magnitude according to the variety of their Utilities Great are the Bones of the Leg Thigh Arm Shoulder c. Small those of the Ear serving for Hearing the Sesamoidean Bones the Teeth the Wrist-bones c. They are many in number and not one only because of the variety of motions and lest that one being hurt all should be hurt Now a monstrous thing it is for a Child to be born without Bones such an one as Hippocrates speaks of being a Boy four fingers big but not long-liv'd the like to which Forestus also saw The Number of all the Bones of the Body is not the same in all Persons For in Children they are more which by degrees grow together and become fewer Others may number the Epiphysis by themselves as distinct Bones and so make a mighty number Others may omit the Sesamoidean and other small Bones or such as are seldom found as in the Carotick Arteries and so doth Archangelus who reckons but two hundred forty nine others make commonly three hundred and four Others as many as there are daies in the year They vary in Figure some are round others flat some sharp others blunt c. as shal be shewed when we come to speak severally of the particulars The Colour in such as are naturally constituted is white mixt with a very little red They are all of them externally inclosed not internally with the Periostium excepting the Teeth sesamoidean Bones and the sides of the other Bones where they are mutually joyned one to another And the Periostium is exquisitely sensible but the Bones themselves want the sense of Feeling excepting the Teeth to whom we may attribute some Sense seeing they feel exceeding cold Air or Water yea with their Ends especially when the Teeth are on Edge before it reach to the little Membranes and Nerves by help wherof they are thought to Feel The Connexion of the Bones is various But the mutual and artificial hanging together of all the Bones is by the Greeks cal'd Skeleton as if you would say a dried Carcass from Skellein to drie Being compacted partly with the natural Ligaments dried with the Bones partly with artificial ones somtimes bolt upright otherwhiles in the posture of sitting which doth not properly belong to Anatomy but the other Natural Osteology framed by Nature and adorned with its own moist Ligaments And this natural Cohaerence or Connexion according to Galen is made either Cat ' árthron by way of Joynting or catà sumphusin by way of growing together He makes Arthron a Joynt to be double viz. Diarthrosis or by way of Diarticulation or joynting such as are Enárthrosis Arthrodia and Gigglumos or Sunarthrosis such as he reckons Suture Harmonie and Gomphosis Moreover Symphysis or growing together is said to be with or without a Medium But I shall thus divide the Connexions of the Bones The Bones are fastned together either by Articulation or Joynting or by Symphysis or growing together Articulation or Joynting is with motion and that either obscure which others cal neuter or doubtful Articulation as that of the Ribs with the Vertebrae also of the Bones of the Wrist and Pedium or evident loose and manifest and it is called Diarthrosis of which there are three sorts I. Enarthrosis Inarticulation which is when there is a great quantity both of the Cavity of the Bone receiving and of the Head of the Bone which is received as in the Articulation of the Thigh with the Huckle-bone II. Arthrodia is where the Cavity receiving is superficial and the Head received flat as is that of the lower Jaw with the Bone of the Temples III. Gigglumos when the same Bone both receives so that contiguous bones do mutually enter one into another And it is done three manner of waies 1. When the same bone is received by one bone which receives the same again mutually as we see in the Articulation of the Shoulder-bone with the Cubit 2. When one bone receives and is received of another as in the Vertebrae For the Vertebra being placed in the middle receives the upper and is received by the lower 3. In manner of a wheel as that of the second Vertebra of the Neck with the first where upon the Axel-tree as it were of one Vertebra another is turned and wheeled about By Sumphusis or growing together Bones are fastned when the Connexion is without motion and two Bones do only touch one another or approach mutually one to another as in the former And this growing together is either without a medium or with it Without a Medium 1. Rhaphé a Suture as in the Skul 2. Harmonia which is a joyning of Bones by a single Line streight oblique or circular as in bones of the upper Jaw and the Nose And so all Epiphyses in a manner are joyned 3. Gomphosis that is to say Nailing when one Bone is fastned into another as a Nail in a Post as the Teeth in the Jaw-bones These three sorts Galen and others following him have comprehended under Synarthrosis as the Genus
Membranes Vessels Use The Error of Asclepiades and Paracelsus The Situation of the Piss-bladder It s Magnitude Its Connexion It s Substance Membranes The Crust of the Bladder The expulsive Muscle of the Bladder It s Holes It s Neck The Sphincter Muscle Its Vessels It s Use The Spermatick Vessels and their Original Their Magnitude Their Passage Their Use The Stones Their Number Why placed without in Men Their Greatness Their Figure Whether the left Stone be colder then the right The Error of Aristotle Whether Nature alwaies intends to beget Boys Their Coats Common The Cod. Why void of Fat Porper The Substance of the Stones Vessels Muscles The Efficiens cause of the Seed Without the Stones there is no Generation The Sympathy of the Stones with the whole Body The Parastatae Names Their Substance Their Rise Their Use See Fig. III. Tab. XXI Whether a Bull may ingender after he is guel Whether seed is contained in the Bladderkies Whether in the Prostatae See Tab. XXII Let. QQ Whether the Prostatae do make seed The seat of the Gonorrhaea The Prostatae do not help to make seed Its Names Situation Figure Magnitude Why the Yard is void of Fat the first Opinion Laurentius his Error It s Substance The four Parts of the Yard Urethra The Nut of the Yard â— The nervous Bodies Whence the hardness and Erection of the Yard proceeds The Muscles of the Yard Copulation Conception The Genitals in Women quite different from those in men The similitude of the Yard and of the Womb ridiculous The praeparatory Vessels in women How they differ from those in Men. How the Stones of Women differ from those of Men. Why Womens stones are placed within their Bodies Why the womb is placed in the Hypogastrium It s Magnitude The true Figure of the Womb. The Ligaments of the Womb. The upper Ligaments of the Womb. The falling down of the Womb. The Lower It s Substance Its Membranes Its Vessels Why the left Veins of the Womb are joyned to the right Anastomoses in the womb The Largeness of the Uterine Vessels A Child conceived in a womans Stomach The wombs motion Why sweet smelling things do hurt some women See Tab. XXVII The short Neck of the womb Some Cause of Barrenness The Bottom No Cavities or Cells in the womb of a woman Why Horns are said to be in the wombs of women The inner Orifice of the womb Some Causes of Barrenness The Use of the Orifice of the womb When the Mouth of the womb is opened See Tab. XXVII Wrinkles in the Neck of the womb The Orifice of the Bladder See Fig. IV. and V. of Taâ— XXVIII That there is some true sign of Virginity Why Virgins are pained in their first carnal Copulation An Exception What is the token of Virginity The I. Opinion of the Arabians The II. Opinion The III. Opinion The IV. Opinion The V. Opinion strengthned by many Authors The Confutation of such as deny it to be alwaies found in Virgins The VI. Opinion The hole in the middle of the Hymen is of several fashions A Question touching the shedding of blood in the first Copulation Whether Conception may be made without hurting the Hymen Parts of the Privitie See Fig. II. and III. of the XXVIII Tab. See Fig. IV. of Tab. XXVIII See Tab. XXVIII It s Substance Its Muscles Tentigo Its Vessels It s Use See FIG III. and IV. of the Tab. XXVIII The Lips and Venus Hillocks Wherâ—â—n the Child in the Womb differs from a grown person Whether the heat of the Womb only â—e the Efficient cause of the Membranes Sundry opinions concerning the matter of the said Membranes Their Number What the Secondine is and why so called Whence the Liquor proceeds that is in the Amnios What the Cotyledons are What the Navil is and of what parts it consists The Vena umbilicalis It s Insertion It s Use The Knots Arteries Anastomoses of the umbilical Vessels Their Twisting The length of the Rope It s thickness The binding of the Navil The Dignity of the Navil is not much Urachus The Urachus is not hollow in Mankind The Error of Laurentius The middle Venter what it is Hypocrates and Aristotle It s Figure Magnitude Substance It s Use Its Parts Common The Use of the hair under the arm-pits Why there is little Fat in the Chest The proper Parts See Tab. XXV Lib. I. Why the Dugs in Mankind are seated in the Breast Number of the Dugs Magnitude The difference of the Dugs in men and women Their Shape Their Parts How the Nipples come to have so exquisite Sense The Dug The Venae Mammariae Why Milk is bred after the child is born Their Arteries The matter of Milk is not Blood as Martianus holds But arises from the Stomach the Chyle The said Opinion refuced And the Argument of Martianus and others are answered Their Nerves Their Pipes The use of the Dugs The Efficient cause of Milk Milk may breed in Virgins Men Women not with Child c. See the Figure of the following Chapter Their Number The Error of others Their use It s Situation It s Figure It s Number Magnitude An Head and Tail in the Midriff It s substance It s Membrane It s Holes Vessels Sardonian Laughter Use How the motion of the Diaphragma is performed What the Pleura is and its Original It s Thickness The place of the matter which causes a Pleurisie It s Holes It s substance Vessels The use of the Mediastinum The Pericardium See Tab. 3. of Book 2. It s Original It s Holes Situation It s Connexion It s Surface It s Substance Its Vessels It s Use Whether all Live-Wights have this wherish Liquor in their Heart-bags Why more plentiful in dead Bodies Whence the liquor in the Heart-bag proceeds The first Opinion It s Use Why the Heart â—â— in the middest of the Body A vulgar Error that the Heart is in the left side Why the point of the Heart enclines to the left side Who have the greatest Hearts Connexion Why the Substance of the Heart is so thick It s Coat Whether Fat is found about the Heart The Coronary Vein of the Heart An Error of Fallopius Whether the Heart be a Muscle The Error of Averroes An Hairy Breast what it signifies An Hairy Heart what it signifieâ— Whether the Heart doe perfect the Blood What things are requisite to perfect the Blood In which Ventricle the Blood is perfected What the Pulse is Its Parts The Heart takes in Blood in the Diastole The Quantity of blood in the Heart The form of the Heart in the Systole The shape of the Heart in the Diastole The next Efficient Cause of the motion of the Heart Whether there be a pulsifick Faculty Remote Causes of the motion of the Heart The Earlets of the Heart why so called What pulses first in an Eg. Their Situation Number Substance Their Surface See Tab. IV. of Book II. Their Motion Their use The Ventricles of