the Liuer and the spleene The lower and hind-most wing ariseth from the Peritonaeum at the backe Table 1. figure 1. ccc presently vnder the midriffe and being led to the hollow side of the Liuer it cleaueth yet but seldome to a part of it as also to the midriffe to the right side of the stomacke almost to the whole gut called duodenum and to the hollowe part of the spleene and groweth fast to the stomacke and to the collicke gut Table 1. Connexion figure 1. GG all the way the same is annexed to the bottom of the stomacke so that to that gut it is as it were Table 1. figure 2. HH a mesenterie In Dogs it is neither tyed to the Colon nor to any other gut in Apes onely to the right part of the Colon. Many veines but onely from the port veine passe through both his wings Through His vessels veines the vpper from two veines which passe by the bottome of the stomacke which are called the right and the left Tab. 3. H and X Gastra epiplois infinitely propagated obliquely downward Table 1. figure 1. kk mm. Through the lower wing from those veines which passe into the spleene Table 1. fig. 1. ux figure 2. BCD which are diuersly spread sometimes with a foure-fold branch as in the history of the Port veine shall be sayd for the nourishment of the adiacent parts TABVLA II. The lower belly with the vpper Membrane of the Kall torn vp and turned aboue the outside of the Chest and the stomacke the stomack also remoued out of his seat to the Chest that the lower Membrane of the kall might the better bee perceiued as also the guts remayning in their naturall position and a part of the spleen are herein deciphered The Fat is very plentifull about the vessels Table 1. figure 1. d e f but in the distances betwixt them none at all In an ordinary fat man it may amount to a pound or a pound The fat of the Kell and a halfe and amongst it do runne innumerable glandules or kernels which sucke vp the faeculent moysture which is separated in the first concoction Wherefore seeing it is not ingendered of any portion of the bloud as that fat called pinguedo or as other fats therfore it easily putrifieth so that if vppon a wound it fall out of the body it becommeth presently rotten which hapneth not to the other fats vnder the skin or in other parts The vse of the Fat of the Kall is to cherish and to comfort the bottome of the stomack for the vpper part thereof is warmed by the Liuer which lyeth vppon it and therefore it is The vse of the fat of the Kell that the Kall attayneth not so high as also to increase the heate of the guts for both these parts are membranous and without bloud and therefore their naturall heate is but weake Now this comfort the Kall affoordeth not onely by his owne heate which yet is the more because of the manifolde Veines and Arteries which are wouen together thorough his substance but also because beeing thicke and bedded together it much hindereth the heate from dissipation and the incursion also of outward colde and so by consequence is a great helpe and furtherer of concoction And that it was ordayned to increase heate Galen in his fourth Booke de vsu partium and in the ninth Chapter maketh manifest by the example of those who hauing got a deepe wound in their bellies so that a part of the Kall falleth out do euer after worse concoct their nourishment and stand in need of Stomachers or other couerings vpon their bellies to keep them warme especially when much of it falleth out for it presently groweth liuid and constraineth the Chirurgion to take it off so saith Hippocrates in the beginning of his first Booke de Morbis If the Kall fall out Hippocrates it putrifieth necessarily And Galen in the place before named saith hee tooke almost all of Aâ—stâ—â—ry out of Galen it from a Fencer who was presently cured but euer after was easily offended with colde so as he was constrained to defend his belly with Wooll Heereto also Aristotle assenteth in the third Chapter of his fourth Booke de partibus Animalium Nature saith he abuseth the Kall to helpe the concoction of the Aliment that it might bee done with more ease and greater expedition For heate concocteth now that which is fat is hot and therefore the Kall beeing Aristotle fat must needs concoct Another vse of the Kall is to keepe the guts moyst because they are often distended againe corrugated as they are filled with Chylus or empried of it againe A third vse is that in time of necessity and affamishment saieth Galen in the xi Chapter of the fourth Galen Booke de vsu partium it might supply a kinde of subsidiarie nourishment to the naturall heate The vse of the Membranes of the Kall or Kell is to sustaine the branches of the Gate Veine and the Coeliacall Arterie which passe into the Stomacke the Spleene the Gut The vses of the Membranes of the Kell called Duodenum and the Collicke gut Againe to knit the stomacke the duodenum and the Collick guts vnto the backe To couple together the Liuer and the Spleene Archangelus addeth That the thicke and bloudie vapours arising from the parts contayned Archangelus in the Lower belly might cleaue into these Membranes and by their densitie and thightnesse or fastnesse be condensed or curdled into fat that so good a vapour as might afterward be turned into nourishment should not vapour out in vaine Finally Laurentius addeth another vse of the Membranes out of Hippocrates Booke de Glandulis That Leurentius out of Hippocrates when the humour which commeth from the Guts is so plentifull that it cannot be receyued and assumed into the Glandules the ouer-plus might bee reserued in the Membranes of the Kell CHAP. III. A briefe Description of the Gate-Veine and his Branches NOw because the Branches of the Gate-veine and the Caeliacall or Stomacke Artery must be demonstrated by order of Dissection before wee come to the Guts or else they will be offended I haue thought it not amisse Why we treat of theÌ„ in this place to giue you a briefe description of them in this place referring the larger and more exact discourse vnto the proper history of the Veins and Arteries First therefore the Gate-veine so called because through it as through a gate the Chylus is conueyed into the Liuer ariseth out of the hollow part The Original of the Gate-Veine Bauhine of the Liuer betwixt the two small eminencies of swellings thereof which Hippocrates calleth Portas the gates Some thinke it is propagated from the vmbilicall Veine which proceedeth out of that cauity We will diuide it into the Trunke and Branches The trunk before it is diuided Tab. 3. R sendeth foorth two small shootes from his fore-part called Cysticae
of themselues make the species of the Creature If it bee granted also according to Aristotle that they are imperfect essences or beings it is necessary that they should bee Aristotle mixed otherwise they cannot bee nourished or animated together as Hippocrates sayeth in Hippocrates his Booke de Natura pueri And in his first Booke de diaeta he blameth them that doubt whether of two fires a third may arise If any man sayth he deny that a Soule is mingled with a Soule that is one seede with another let him be held for an Idiot in Physicke And in the very beginning of his Booke de Natura pueri If the geniture proceeding from both the parents be retayned in the wombe of the woman they are presently mixed into one And thus much of the effusion of the seedes of both Sexes the pleasure thereuppon conceiued and the permixtion of the seeds themselues QVEST. XII Whether the wombe haue any operatiue or actiue power in the conformation of the Creature IT wil not be hard to vntie this knot According to the Philosophers rule there is a double agent one Principall another Helpfull or assistant onely A principall agent no man will say the wombe is because then a woman could conceiue A double agent alone without the helpe of the man and besides Females onely Males neuer should be formed The wombe therfore worketh as Causa sine qua non a cause not so much of the being as without which it could not be because it awaketh and stirreth vp the sleepy and hidden vertue of the seede The Physitians make three kindes of 3. kinds of Efficent causes among Physitians Efficient causes Principall Helping or that without which a thing cannot be done So in Purgations the principall cause is the propriety of the medicine the Helping cause is the hot Temper the cause sine qua non is our naturall heate without which the power of the medicine being drowsie would neuer be brought into act So in the conformation of the Infant the principal cause is the Seed I meane the spirits of the seed by which as by workemen the Soule which is the noble and chiefe Architect frameth a mansion fit for the performance of her different functions The Helping cause is a laudable Temper of the seedes and of the wombe The Causa sine qua non is the wombe For because the seeds are not actually Animated but only potentially they need another principle whereby their How many wayes the wombe worketh power may be brought into act the wombe therefore worketh diuerse wayes First of all it draweth the Seede of the man through the necke no otherwise then a Hart draweth a Snake by his nosethrilles out of the earth For the seede is not powred into the cauity of the wombe as some of the Auntients thought but into the necke thereof The bottome First by traction therefore of the wombe meeteth with the Seede halfe way and with his inward mouth as with a hand it snatcheth it vnto it selfe and layeth it vp safely in her bosome And euen as sayeth Galen in his first Booke de semine a hungery stomack runneth with his bottom euen vnto the throate to snatch the meate out of the mouth before it be halfe chewed so the wombe which is the very seat of Concupiscence being desirous and longing after the seed moueth it selfe wholly euen to the priuities and this is the first action of the womb to wit the traction of the Seede of the man The second action of the wombe is the permixtion of the seedes now they be mixed either 2. By mixtion by themselues or by another not of themselues because they are not alwayes auoided at the same time as we haue in the question before going proued out of Hippocrates Aristotle neither yet are they eiaculated into the same place for the mans seede is cast into the neck of the wombe the womans into the sides of the bottome which we call the horns of the wombe the wombe therefore maketh this permixtion of the seedes which the Barbarians call Aggregation The third action of the wombe is the Retention of the seedes in which the woman feeleth a manifest motion of the wombe for it gathereth crumpleth and corrugateth it selfe 3. By retention and so exquisitly shutteth his orifice that it will not admit the poynt of a Probe The last action of the wombe is the suscitation or raising vp of the seedes which wee 4. By conception commonly call Conception Now the faculty of the seed is raysed or rowsed not so much by the heate of the wombe as by his in-bred propriety for if the seede should be cast into any other part of the body though it were hotter then the vvombe it would not be conceyued but putrified After Conception the action of the vvombe ceaseth the vvhole processe of the vvorke of Nature in fourming nourishing and increasing is left vnto the Infant this one thing the vvombe performeth it conteyneth preserueth and cherisheth the Infant because the place is the preseruer of that which is placed therein QVEST. XIII Of vitious or faulty Conceptions and especially of the Mola THat Conception is made by the in-bred propriety of the Wombe this among the rest manifestly prooueth that into what part of the body soeuer sauing into this the seede is powred this power or efficacy is neuer stirred vp neither commeth into acte so that conception is as properly the action of the wombe as Chylification is the action of the stomacke But that conception may be perfect the seede which is yeelded and reteined must be pure and fruitfull What is required to perfect conception By pure I vnderstand with Hippocrates that which is not sickly or diseased neither yet mingled with blood For blood is not requisite to generation till after the description of the spermaticall parts is begun otherwise the seede being choaked by the aboundance of the blood neither at all attempteth his worke neither can it bring to perfection that it could haue well begun Againe if the seedes be vnfruitfull what hope can there be of a haruest To perfect conception there is further required an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or lawdable temper of the wombe for those whose wombes are either hot or colde or moyst or dry aboue measure do not conceiue as saith Hippocrates If therefore any of these things be wanting wee cannot hope for a lawfull conception but either there will bee none at all or a depraued and vitious such as is of the Moone-calfe or Mola For Nature rather endeauoureth an imperfect Nature endeuoureth a depraued conception rather then none why and depraued Conception then none at all because she is greedy of propagation and diligent to maintaine the perpetuity of he kindes of things wherefore rather then she will do nothing she will endeuour any thing how imperfect soeuer So when Nature maketh wormes in the stomacke and guts she doth
perceiue in himselfe Indeed some men of no smal estimation haue affirmed that we cannot smell if we retain our breath but the true reason is because the odour doth not attaine vnto the Organ nay it doth not enter into the nosthrils for therein they are deceiued They thinke they canne hold their breath immooueable whereas indeede the naturall instinct driuing their breath foorth doth also driue the odorable obiect from the Organ but let them proue that though a fume doe of it own accord ascend into the cauities of the nosthrils yet it is not perceiued by the Sense of smelling vnlesse they adde respiration thereto and then I will yeeld them the bucklers You will demand if Respiration be not necessary why doe we purposely draw our breath when we would smell Question Answer The answer is at hand to wit that the obiect may sooner and more plentifully attaine vnto the Organ VVe grant therefore that Inspiration helpeth the Smell mâ—ch but it Conclusion doth not thence follow that it is necessary Againe to the maintenance of life Inspiration is absolutely necessary but for better life not so but onely by accident or secondarily In like manner we confesse that the Sense of smelling is not ordinarily without Respiration but yet it may be and Respiration is not necessary to the being but to the better beeing of the Sense And if nature had prepared the way of Respiration through some other member and not through the Nose yet vndoubtedly the Nose would haue smelt as we may see in those creatures which do not respire And this is Placentinus his opinion QVEST. XLVI Why Man doth not Smell so well as many other Creatures PLato in Timaeo and Theophrastus in the sixth chapter of his sixth book de causis plantarum together with many other who haue written of this subiect all of them I say with one consent doe acknowledge that the Sense of Smelling is more dull in men then in many other Creatures The same doth Aristotle auouch in the fourth chapter of his booke de sensu sensili where hee also addeth that of all the senses this Sense of Smelling in man is most sluggish and dull which also he confirmeth in the 92. text of his 2. book de Anima The truth of this opinion is very euident by the example of other creatures as Dogges What creatures smell better then men Hogs Crowes Bees and other birds and beasts which are able a farre off to wind as wee say the sent of any thing But man is constrayned to moue the obiect euen vnto the Nose and yet he is not able to discerne or perceiue any smels but those that are so strong that they alter the Sense either into pleasure or paine Add hereto that many brute beastes doe know more by their smels then man can attaine to by all his senses as the Hound that Beasts smell many things that men cannot hunts vpon the cold foote of a Hare or a Deare yea they can in the night follow a man steps and worke out his way through a thousand difficulties and intanglements or permixtion of other Smels So we see also that in the darke a Dogge will know his owne master from a great many other men onely by his smell A Tyger being robbed of her whelps will finde them out againe by her smell Now none of these odours can the Sense of smelling in man apprehend The reason hereof Aristotle in the place before quoted referreth vnto the fault not of the faculty but of the Organ For this Organ is cold and very moyst but the obiect hot and The reason of it dry now it is necessary that the Organ should potentially bee such as the subiect is actually So that when sensation is made the obiect may worke vpon the instrument and conuert it into his Nature But in this Sense of Smelling such conuersion cannot be made without great difficulty for that which is moyst doth hardly become dry and by reason of this difficulty a man smelleth but remisly or dully that is not without either pleasure or paine The reason is because the Obiect must be very vehement before it can turne the moysture of the Organ into his owne Nature that is make it hot and dry Beside this proper natiue vnfitnesse of the Organ there is also another ineptitude added and that is the vicinity or neighbourhoode of the braine which is in man much Other reasons greater in respect of his magnitude then in other creatures Seeing therefore the braine aboundeth with moisture which moisture is also imparted vnto the Instrument of Smelling it commeth to passe that that Instrument by this coniunction of the braine becommeth more vnapt Whence it is that the same Aristotle in the 33. Probleme of the tenth Section hath obserued that the Instrument of Smelling is much incommodated by the moyst superfluities of the brame The power therefore of Smelling being as it were steeped in this moisture groweth dull and sleepy which in that which is hote and dry would bee awaked and shew it selfe and therefore in bruite beasts whose braines are not either so moist or at least yield not so much moisture because they are lesse this Faculty or Sense is more pregnant and apprehensiue Some arguments are neuerthelesse made to the contrary for thus they say Where Obiection the forme is more excellent there also the faculty is proportionably excellent Now wee know that the forme of a man which is his Reasonable soule is farre more excellent then the Sensatiue forme of a bruite beast wherefore the faculties also of his forme are more perfect and among the rest that of Smelling We answere that albeit the Soule of a man is much more excellent and diuine then the Soule of a beast yet so long as it is chained in the prison of this body of Earth it Solution cannot performe his functions but by the helpe of corporeall Organs and therefore as the Temperature and conformation of the Organs is more or lesse conuenient so are the functions more perfect or imperfect Seeing therefore that the Organ of Smelling by which as by a hand the Soule reacheth odours vnto it selfe is as we said in men somewhat to moyst and therefore vnfit for the sodaine and quicke reception of odours it followeth that by reason of this fault of the Instrument the faculty of the Sould is as it were abated or allayed that it cannot so perfectly and freely manifest it selfe It may be obiected againe that because the Organ of a mans Smell is colde moyst hee should Smell the better not more dully for that which is hote and dry as odours are Obiection doth worke more powerfully vpon that which is the coldest and the moystest True it is that the odour will worke better vpon the Organ but as I said before cannot so easily conuert it into his owne Nature for the qualities of the Organ are in a great Solution
Cow-calues they tye the right Testicle of the Bull that the seed may only yssue from the left which they learned or might haue done from Hippocrates in his book De superfoetatione where he sayeth When you would engender a Female tye the right Testicle of the Male when a Male tye the left If wee respect the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or conformation of both the Sexes the Male is sooner perfected The conformation and articulated in the wombe for he is accomplished the thirtieth the Female not before the 40. day as wee haue before noted out of Hippocrates in his first Booke de diaeta de natura pueri and Epidemiωn but conformation is the woorke of heate So likewise the Male is moued sooner that is the third moneth the Female later that is the fourth beside the motions of the Male are more frequent and more violent all which are manifest signes of an aboundant heate Adde hereto that the Male borne the seuenth moneth commonly surviueth the Female seldome or neuer That also which is auoyded after the Infant is borne into the world called Lochia doeth The Lochia testifie the heate of a Male childe for the woman which is diliuered of a Female is longer in her purgations of a Male shorter because the Male being hotter spendeth more of the bloud gathered together in the wombe This Hippocrates teacheth in playne tearmes in his Booke de morbis mulierum After the birth of a mayde sayeth hee the longest purgation lasteth 42. dayes but after the birth of a knaue childe so our Fathers called a Male the purgation lasteth at the longest but 30. dayes If we consider the habite and structure of the parts of both Sexes you shall finde in men The habit and structure more signes of heate then in women The habit of a woman is fatter looser and softer but fat is not generated but by a weake heate woemen are smooth without hayre The flesh of men is more solide their vesselles larger their voyce baser now it is heate which amplifieth and enlargeth as cold straightneth and contracteth A woman sayth Hippocrates in the 43. Aphorisme of the seauenth Section is not Ambi-dextra that is cannot vse both hands as well as one because she wanteth heat to strengthen both sides alike In diet also that is in the custome and vsage of their liues in meat and drink and such like The dict men appeare to be hotter then women Hippocrates in his first Booke de diaeta Men doe liue a more laborious life and eat more solide meates then women that they may gather heate and become dryer woemens foode is more moyste and beside they liue an idle and sedentarie life pricking for the most part vppon a clout Finally to all these we may ad the necessity of the Finall cause which is in Natural things the chiefe of all causes It behoued therefore that man should be hotter because his body The finall cause was made to endure labour and trauell as also that his minde should bee stout and inuincible to vndergoe dangers the onely hearing whereof will driue a woman as wee say out of her little wits The woman was ordayned to receiue and conceiue the seede of the man to beare and nourish the Infant to gouerne and moderate the house at home to delight and refresh her husband foreswunke with labour and well-nigh exhausted and spent with care and trauell and therefore her body is soft smooth and delicate made especially for pleasure so that whosoeuer vseth them for other doth almost abuse them Wherfore we conclude that if you respect the principles of Generation the place conformation Conclusion motion birth purgations after birth the habit of the whole body the structure of the parts the manner and order of life and the finall cause of Creation you shall finde that in all these respects a man is hotter then a woman If our aduersaries will not yeelde to all these demonstratiue arguments let them at least Authorities to proue men hotter Hippocrates giue credance to the whole Family of the Grecians both Philosophers end Physitians This Hippocrates before the birth or incarnation as we may say of Philosophy with a diuine spirit declareth not darkely and obscurely but in playne tearmes in his first Booke de diaeta after this manner Generally and vniuersally men are hotter and dryer then women for we insist vpon mankind and women moyster and colder then men That Genius and interpreter of Nature Aristotle in his Booke of the length and shortnes of life sayth that men liue Aristotle longer then women because they are hotter In his third Booke de partibus Animalium men are stronger and more couragious In the first and eight Chapters of the first Booke of his Politicks men in all actions are more excellent then women surely because of their heate from whence commeth the strength of the faculties And in the 29. Probleme of the 4. Section he enquireth why men in winter are more apt for Venus and women in summer hee answereth because men who are hotter and dryer are in Summer spent as it were and broken and women in winter because they are cold and moyst haue little store of heat haue their humors as it were frozen or curdled not fluxible and moouing Galen in a thousand places establisheth this truth but especially in the sixt chap. of his 14. Booke de vsu partium where hee saith that women are more imperfect then men because they are colder For indeed of all qualities heate is the most operatiue Conclusion Hence therefore we conceiue that it is manifest to all men that list to vnderstande the truth that men are vniuersally hotter then women and that those that maintaine the contrary are Apostataes for the ancient and authenticke Philosophy But because wee may seeme not fully to satisfie men by our reasons and authorities vnlesse we answere the arguments brought and vrged on the contrary part we wil a little paine ourselues and the Reader to answere them in order To begin therefore with the authority of Hippocrates because it is a kind of wickednesse Answer to the authorities not to subscribe vnto this Father of Physicke we will thus interpret the force of his words Whereas therefore he saith that a woman hath a rarer kinde of flesh then a man we answere Hippocrate pounded that he vseth the word Rare abusiuely or at large for that which is laxe and soft not for that which is porous For if we so vnderstand it the body of a man is more rare that is more porous and open and therefore they sweate more freely and more easily And that this is Hippocrates meaning we appeale vnto himselfe in his Booke of Glandules where hee saith It is therefore manifest that the Chest and Paps and the whole body of a woman is laxe soft And a litle aboue A mans body is ful like a cloath thicke and thight both to see to
he neuer so soultry hot To the 3. that their vessels because they are many and diuersly implicated are subiect to obstructiōs but their flesh which is their true substāce is subiect to inflamations hot affects To the fourth that the aboundance of flegme which we cough vp is not generated by Whence the phlegme commeth that we cough vp How it becommeth white the natiue temper of the Lungs but falleth continually from the head which is the recepticle of cold excrements into the Lungs so saith Hippocrates Many Catarrhes or Rheumes fall into the vpper venter that is the Chest The lower part also as the stomack and the hypochondria do send vp plentiful vapors which the Lungs with this continuall motion do mixe with the foresaid humor thence commeth the whitnes And as for Hippocrates authority it may bee answered that hee compareth the temper of the Lungs with the remper of the heart and then indeed they are cold as also the aer of a hot-house is cold in respect of the heart In the other place we say that Hippocrates speaketh of the aer inspirated or breathed in Hippocrates expounded retorted not of bloud and so that place proueth that the Lungs are hot rather then cold because they draw aer which is cold and contrary to their body which is hot But the truthis that the contrariety he speaketh of in that place is rather a contrariety of motion as if hee should say other parts draw a nourishment like vnto themselues frō an inward store house which is the Liuer into the very vtmost parts of the body but contrariwise the Lungs draw the nourishment of the spirits that is the aer by the outward parts that is the nose and the mouth into the inward that is the heart Although I am not ignorant that Galen interpreteth those words otherwise which shall not be necessary to make mention of in this place It seemeth therefore that the Lungs are not cold which yet will better appeare if wee That the lungs are hot 3. arguments can proue them to be hot Three arguments we will be contented with one from their substance another from their nourishment and a third from their vse Their substance is fleshy soft spongy made as it were of the froth that ariseth of the hot bloud in the boyling therefore not cold Againe they are nourished with thin bloud heated and attenuated in the right ventricle of the heart which seemeth to haue beene made especially for the Lungs sake Lastly their vse is to prepare aer for the generation of the vitall that is the hottest spirit they must therefore be hot Thus Physitions reason on either side I A notable doubt put will onely heere put a doubt reseruing the determination to another place The Rheume falleth out of the head part into the Lungs and part into the stomacke Nature in both places worketh vpon it The stomacke boyleth it againe attenuateth it if it be thick and of some part of it maketh good bloud the rest it auoydeth into the guttes where another vse is made of it and if the heate of the stomacke be languide and weake so that it cannot sufficiently mitigate it we then helpe Nature The Lungs quite contrary do thicken that part which falleth into them and that necessarily for else it could neuer he auoyded for it must be a solid body that the aer must lift Why the Rheume must be thickened before it bee coughed vp Whence dry coughes cōe vp before it in our coughing because there is no passage for it downward appointed by Nature and therefore it is that thinne and subtle Rheume maketh a dry cough because the aer is not able to intercept it but it trickleth downe the sides of the weazon still prouoking vs to cough but in vaine because it hath not a compacted body which the aer might intercept till by time it be ripened that is grow thicke and then it is brought vp or if of it selfe it do not thicken we thicken it by Art Wee may therefore iustly wonder at this contrary worke of Nature surely coldnesse in the Lungs can not thicken it it being so neere to the fountaine of heate nor the ayer which is the moistest of al Elements cannot dry it besides that the Lungs are of themselues very moist as we shall prooue by and by Againe if heate in the Lungs do thicken it why should it not thicken it also in the stomacke but we see that cold stomack doe onely make thicke and viscid flegme Truely heereunder lyeth a great mystery worthy of another place to be discussed in to which therefore we will referre it and proceede to the second qualities of the Lungs and A mystery of Nature enquire whether they be moist or dry It may seeme they are dry because their passages doe alwayes remaine open and neuer fall together which is an argument of their hardnes That the lungs are dry Arguments and drynesse Againe Galen saith in his 4. booke de vsu partium they are nourished with chollericke bloud but chollericke bloud is dry Lastly Hippocrates saith the Lungs are the seare of drought for he appointeth two places of drought the stomack the Lungs Concerning which is that notable edict of Hippocrates in Epidemijs The way to appease and satisfie thirst is to drinke cold water and to breathe in cold aer These arguments we will first answere before we determine the contrary To the first we answere that if the opennes of their passages argue their drinesse then Answered should the braine also be dry whose ventricles are alwayes open and do not fall together in the strongest concussions or motions of the head as in sneezing and fits of the Epilepsie or falling sicknesse As therefore the braine is harder in the ends of the ventricles thereof in which respect Anatomists cal that part the Callous body as we shall heare heereafter So the Lunge where it compasseth the vessell is somewhat harder or say rather that the stifnesse and hardnesse of the branches of the Sharpe and Rough Artery do hold it out keep the passages in a kinde of distention To the second we answere that Galen by bilious or Cholericke blood meaneth thin and Galen expounded attenuated blood laboured in the right ventricle of the heart which no man will say is drie but rather abundantly moist as being mingled with aer the moistest as we saide of all Elements To the last we answere that the Lungs indeede if they be torrified are the state of drought because they dry vp the moisture of the heart and the partes adioyning but if they be naturally disposed they are no cause of drought It remaineth therefore that the Lungs are not dry and then they must needs be moist which yet further to prooue wee want not arguments beyond all exception First because they are soft for as hardnesse is Arguments to proue the Lungs moyst a sure note
soft and softer saith Galen in his 8. Booke de vsupartium and the sixt Chapter then the Cerebellum because it is the originall of the soft Nerues pertaining to the Organes of Why soft sense but the Cerebellum is the originall of the hard Nerues commonly thought to bee the Nerues of motion In Children the Braine is so soft that it is fluid The reason of the softnesse is because it is to receiue all the species or representations of the outward senses as also of the imagination and vnderstanding For vnlesse the alteration or impression that is made in any of the senses do proceede first from the Braine and after returne againe vnto it the creature hath sence of nothing which is proued by the example of suâ—h as are taken with the Apopleixe Wherfore seeing sensation is a passion it was requisit that the braine should be of such a substance as is fit to receiue the impressions of other things Yet it behooued not it should be so soft as that the impressions made therein should presently sink Why not like to Fat away and be obliterated as it hapneth in water and other fluide bodies but that it should haue with the softnes a kind of consistence of solidity which solidity is so exquisitely mingled with the softnes that the fire cannot melt it as it doeth fat or wax and such like To conclude it is like the substance of a nerue of which also his marrow is the originall but a Why it melteth not little softer Hippocrates in his booke de Glandulis likneth it vnto a kernell because as a kernel it is white and friable and beside is of the same vse to the head that a glandule would bee drawing vp the exhalations of the lower partes which after vapour out by the Sutures of the skull The Temperament of the brayne is cold and moyst as wee may easily with Galen in The temperament of the Braine the 8. booke of the Vse of parts conclude from the softnes and moystnes of his substance Wherfore Hippocrates in his book de Carnibus calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Metropolis or chiefe seate of cold and glutinous moisture Glutinous to hold and conteine the subtile Animall spirits which otherwise would soone vanish and decay and colde that the part ordained for the exercise of reason and therefore fulfilled with hot spirits should not easily be set on fire or enflamed For when the braine by any accident or distemper growes hot as we see in phreniticall patients the motions thereof are furious and raging and the sleepe turbulent and vnquiet And indeede the Heade is verie subiect colde although The Reason thereof it be by nature to hot distempers partly because of the perpetuall motion thereof and of the spirits partly by reason of the aboundant Veines and Arteries and great quantity of blood therein conteyned and finally because whatsoeuer hot thing is in the body either naturall or vnnaturall if it be inordinately mooued flieth vp vnto the braine or at lest sendeth hot vapors vnto it CHAP. X. Of the Substance parts of the Braine AS the Braine is the Originall and seate of all the Animall Facuties so for the exercise of the same it hath diuerse and different parts cast into why the brain hath diuerse parts sundry moulds which we will now take view of according to Anatomicall Method alwayes remembring that by the Braine wee vnderstande whatsoeuer is conteyned within the Scull and compassed about by the hard and thin Membranes The Braine therefore wee deuide into three parts For first it is parted into a forepart 3 Parts and a hinde-part by the dura meninx quadruplicated or foure-foulded The forepart because it is the greater and most principall for in it the Animall spirites The forepart are especially laboured reteineth the name of the whole and is properly called Cerebrum or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The hinder part is much lesser and is called by a diminitiue word Cerebellum we call it the After-braine Herophilus as Galen witnesseth in his 8. book of the Vse of parts and the 11. Chapter calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Againe the forepart or the Braine by the dura meninx duplicated and resembling a Subdiuided Mowers Sythe is parted in the top throughout his whole length into two equall parts one right another left tab 8. fig. 2. from A to A tab 9. fig. 3. from N to K. This partition reacheth altogether to the Center of the Braine and stayeth at that body which we call Corpus callosum table 9. figure 3. at L L. And this is the reason why alwayes the same part of the head is not pained but sometimes one part sometimes another sometimes the whole head Some sayth Laurentius haue dreamed that the braine is deuided quite through but they are much deceiued for the callous body vniteth the parts together As for the after-braine though it bee not vnited to the braine yet is it in two places continued with the beginning of the spinall marrow and the same marrow by two originalles ioyned vnto the Braine The vse of the diuision of the Braine is first out of Vesalius and Archangelus that the The vse of this diuision Out of Vesalius braine might be better nourished for by this meanes the thinne membrane together with the vesseles there-through conuayed doe insinuate themselues deeper into the substance thereof for without this partition and those deepe conuolutions which wee see in it when it is cut it could not haue beene nourished The second vse wee will adde out of Laurentius to wit beside the nourishment for the better motion of the same for as water is not so easily moued where it is deep as where iâ— Out of Laurentius is shallow so if the braine had beene one entire massie substance it would not so willingly and gladly as we say haue risen and falne in the Systole and Dyastole The vse of this diuision out of Bauhine is more expresse for the safe conduct of the Sinus or pipes of the hard meninx mentioned in the seauenth Chapter from whence doe issue Out of Baubine small surcles of vessels to conuay nourishment into the conuolutions of the braine For because the quantity of the braine is very great through which the Capillarie vessels were to be dispersed for his nourishment if the vesselles themselues so small as they are veines and arteries should haue passed from the backepart to the forepart from the right side to the left or on the contrary they would in so long a iourney through so soft and claÌ„my a body haue beene in danger of breaking wherefore the braine was deuided into three parts betweene which diuisions there runne foure Sinus or pipes of the hard meninx into which the internall Iugular veines and the sleepy arteries called Carotides ascending from the Basis of the Nowle of the head doe powre their bloud and spirits which is conuayed on either
the palsy in the sound part not in the affected Another reason because Nature vseth to auoyd the excrementitious humour by the wound as sometimes by a flux of blood sometimes by quitture sometimes by Medicines which draw away and exhaust the humour either sensibly or insensibly so that the affected part is well purged by some or more of these meanes but the opposite part which is not expurged is easily affected either by simpathy or when the matter is transmitted or falleth vpon it Some thinke that almost all the spirits do flow to the part wherein the tumor or inflamation Another is whence it is that the opposite part being defrauded of them is resolued QVEST. VII VVhat is the Nature of the animall spirit what is the manner of his generation and the place thereof WEe haue sufficiently prooued by strong Arguments that to Motion Sense is requited not onely an influence of a Faculty but also of a corporeall spirit Now what name we shall giue this spirit what his nature is what is the maner and place of his generation we will breefely declare Galen calleth this spirit euery where Animalem the Animall spirit because What is the animall spirit Galen the Soule vseth it as her immediate Organ for the performance of all the animall functions of sense and motion and those which we commonly call Principall This spirit in the 17. chapter of his sixt Booke de Vsu partium he desineth to bee an exhalation of pure blood Some thinke it to be a part of the liuing Braine yea both a Similar and an Organicall part Similar as it hath a certaine and designed temper Organical as it is thin lucid subtile pure and moouable This Spirit some haue thought doth not differ in kinde and nature from the Vital but onely in accidents as in temperament place the originall à quo and the manner of diffusion For the Animall spirit is moyster and more temperate the Vitall hotter The Animall commeth from the braine the Vitall from the heart the Animall is dispersed through the nerues for Motion and Sence the Vital through the arteries to maintayne the life We are of opinion that these two spirits are of a diuerse forme and kinde as Chylification is diuers from Sanguification For the Organs are diuers the faculties diuers diuers The vital and animal spirits differ in form kinde is the manner of Generation and as the Aliment by a new concoction receiueth a newe forme and so a new denomination so is it with the spirits Galen in a thousand places distinguisheth this Animall from the Vitall spirit whatsoeuer some new Writers say to the contrary In the 5. Chapter of the 12. Booke of his Method The Animal spirit sayth he ariseth out of the Braine as out of his fountaine The demonstration of the Vitall spirit is not euident but yet it is agreeable to reason that it is contayned in the heart and the arteries And if there be any Naturall spirit that is included in the Liuer and the veines In the 7. Chap of his 3. Book de locis affect is Gal. saith Diuers places in Galen The Epilepsie hapneth in the braine when the humour hindreth the Animall spirit which is contayned in the ventricles thereof that it cannot haue yssue out In the 10. Chapter of his 16. Booke de vsupartium The complications of the arteries doe nourish the Animall spirit contayned in the braine which differeth much in Nature from other spirits In the third Chapter of his 7. Booke de placitis Hip. Plat. The spirit which is contayned in the arteries is indeed Vitall and so is also called that which is contayned in the braine is Animall not that it is the substance of the Soule but because it is the Soules first and most immediate instrument The same also he writeth in the 4. Chapter of his 9. Book de vsupartium In the 8. Chapter of the 9. Booke de placitis Hip. Plat. and in the 5. Chapter of the ninth Booke de vtilitate respirationis By all which places we may gather that Galen made a difference betweene the Vitall and the Animall spirits And truely that there should be an Animall spirit it was very necessary The necessity vse of the animall spirit first to conuay vnto the partes the facultie of Motion and Sense which is not fixed in them and againe that we might be more apprehensiue of outward accidents For seeing that the Organs of the Sences ought to be affected on the sudden by sensible things it was fit they should not be altogether solide but houed and fulfilled with spirits that they might the sooner be altered Moreouer these spirites doe transferre the species or formes of all outward things perceiued by the outward Sēces vnto the brain as vnto a Censor or Iudge The same spirits doe conceiue in the braine the images of those outward thinges so that the Animall spirit may bee called the place and promptuarie of the species or formes So in the Vertigo or Giddinesse neither the thing it selfe nor the Image of it nor any thing beside The nature of the Vertigo the spirit is rowled about and yet notwithstanding all things seeme to him that is so affected to runne round VVherefore this spirite is necessary both for motion and sence As for the principal faculties to the performance of all their functions the braine vseth the ministery and helpe of this spirit so that it worketh both within the braine and without the braine within the braine it helpeth the principall faculties without the braine it conferteth Motion and Sence Nowe it is not onely abiding in the ventricles but also in the pores and in the whole marrowy substance of the braine so that in the pores and substance it is communicated to the principall faculties In the ventricles it serueth more immediately for Sence and Motion Furthermore this spirit which is the immediate Organ of Sence and Motion and of the How the animall spirit is manifold principall faculties is indeede of one kinde notwithstanding it is esteemed manifould according to the variety of the obiects and instruments where about it is imployed which thing Arts̄totle elegantly hath taught vs in the last chapter of his 5. booke de generatione Animalium The spirit sayth he in Naturall things is like the hammer in the Art of the Smith that is to say but one instrument yet profitable for the performance of many offices Actuarius compareth it to the beames of the Sunne which though they bee all of one kinde yet they become vnlike when they light vpon different colours It remayneth now that we should manifest vnto you the Matter of the Animall spirit The matter of the animall spirit and the manner of his generation The matter of it is double Ayre and the Vitall spirit The Ayre is drawne in by the nosethrils the Vitall spirites are conuayed through the Arteries called Carotides and Ceruicales into the
and the Nerues is voluntary Furthermore we are not to thinke that the Nerues are so much the fitter for motion Second by how much they haue more marrow rather we beleeue the contrary that the harder Nerues are fitter for motion and the softer for sense because sensation is a passion but motion an action we know also by experience that the Opticke Nerue which is the softest of all the Nerues hath more Marrowy substance then the Nerue of the seconde Coniugation yet the Opticke is the Nerue of Sense the other the nerue of Motion Add heereto that Motion should bee rather ascribed to the Membranes then to the Marrow because the Marrow melteth away but the Membrane is stretched contracted so the Nerues of children are weake and soft and vnfit for motion To all these let vs add the authority of Galen in the third chapter of his seuenth Book de Placitis Hip. Platonis where he saith that the faculties of Motion and Sense are only conteined in The authority of Galen the Marrow of the Braine and that the Membranes were made to cloath and norish the Marrow for no other vse We conceiue therefore that this Paradox although it be witty yet will not holde at the Touchstone and therefore we determine that the Marrow of the Braine is without all sense and Animall motion and yet is the fountaine and originall of all Animall The Braine hath neyther sense nor motion and yet is the original of both Sense and motion Of Sense because it perceyueth the representations and receyueth the impressions of all sensible things Of Motion because it dispenseth and affoordeth al that power and command for the auoyding of that which is noxious and prosecution of that which is profitable from whence it commeth to passe that when the Braine is il affected the inferior parts haue neither Sense nor Motion QVEST. XI Of the Temperament of the Braine THE Physitians and the Peripatetikes in this do agree that the brain in the Actiue qualities is cold in the Passiue moyst But heere in they differ that Aristotle in the seuenth Chapter of his second booke De partib Animalium and in the fift Chapter of his booke De Somno Vigilia determines that the braine is actually cold and ordained to refrigerate or coole the heart Contrariwise the Physitians say that it is Actually hot For Galen in his eight booke De Placitis Hip. Platonis saith that the brain is hotter then the most soultry aer in summer Reconciliatiō of Aristotle and Galen Some there are that do thus reconcile Galen and Aristotle There is say they a double temperament of the braine the one In-bred the other Influent by the In-bred temper the proper composition and the marrowy substance the braine is very cold but by the influent temper it is hot for it is full of spirits and intertexed with very many small Arteries If you respect the in-bred temper then is the temperament of the braine and the spinall marrow one and the same because they haue the same marrowy substance If you respect the Influent temper then saith Galen in the ninthe chapter of his second booke De Temperam the braine is hotter then the spinall marrow as well because there passe vnto it more Arteries as also because many fumid exhalations do ascend vnto it Some say that the braine is simply and obsolutely hot but colde comparatiuely because it is the coldest of all the bowels And Galen in Arte medica writeth That a hot braine is colder then the coldest heart In which respect Hippocrates in his booke de Glandulis calleth the braine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Seate of Coldnesse But I cannot approue this opinion For if the brain be colder then the skinne which is in a meane betwixt the extremes then it is simply cold and not hot Now that it is colder then the skin Galen teacheth in his second booke de Temperamentis It will be obiected that if the braine be laide bare it will presently be refrigerated Obiection by the aer whereas the skin is not affected therewith I answer that the braine is altered Solution by the aer because it is not accustomed thereto as the skinne is so the Teeth beecause they are accustomed to the aire do not grow blacke as other bones do if they bee layde bare Or againe that the braine is hotter to feele to then the skin because it is couered with the scull and the membrane and hath many complications of the arteries therin We determine therefore that the Braine of his in-bred temper is colder then the skin but by his influent temper is hotter That the Braine should be colde it was very necessary least a Member set a part for continuall cogitation or discourse should bee enflamed and set Why the braine ought to be cold on fire Againe that the animall spirits which are very fine and subtill might be retained and not vanish away Finally that our Motions and Sensations should not be rash or phanaticall as they are in such as are phreneticall that is haue their braines in flamed It may be obiected if the Braine be cold how then doth it ingender animal and attenuate vitall spirits for these are Obiection Solution the workes of a vehement heare I answer that the spirits are attenuated in the textures of the small arteries in the strayghtes of those passages that the animall spirit is formed not so much by any manifest qualitie such as is heate as by an in bred and hidden proprietie But the reason why the spirits of the extreame hote Heart are thicker then those of the Why the spirits of the extreame hot heart are thicker then the Animall spirits very cold Braine must not be referred to the weaknes of the heate which is the worker but to the disposition of the matter which is the sufferer For the heart maketh vitall spirits of of thicke blood brought vnto it through the hollow veine the Braine maketh Animall spirits of subtill and thin vital blood and spirits so a weaker heate boyleth a thin and easily concocted aliment whereas a very strong heate will hardly ouercome a thicke aliment It remaineth therefore that in the actiue qualities the braine is cold That in the passiue qualities it is moist both by the in-bred and influent temper no man I thinke is vnresolued for it appeareth euen to the touch Now it was by nature Why the braine was made moist created moist as well for more perfect sensation for sensation is a passion and those things that are moyst do more easily receiue the images and representations of things offered vnto them as also for the originall and propagation of the nerues which would not haue beene so flexible if the braine had beene hard Adde heereto that if the braine had beene hard it had also beene heauy and the waight and hardnesse thereof would haue bin offensiue to the sinewes Finally it
was made moist least being a member destined to perpetuall motion sensation and cogitation it should haue beene inflamed if the moysture had not bin an impediment thereto But if you compare the two qualities together then we say that the braine is more moist then cold for amongst the moist parts it hath a third place among the cold parts almost the last QVEST. XII How many and what are the Excrements of the Braine and by what wayes they are purged THE Braine being of a medullous or marrowy substance and by his Why the â—â— brain aboundeth with excrements naturall temper colde and moist because it is nourished with flegmaticke blood heapeth together a great aboundance of excrements Moreouer being as it were the Chimney of the whole body or the head of a Still whose figure also it representeth it sucketh and draweth from the lower parts all kindes of expirations as Hippocrates teacheth in his booke de Glandulis wherevpon it beecommeth filled with vapors and as it were drunke with their continuall affluence and so sta bleth in it selfe a masse of superfluity so that it aboundeth with excrements as well of it selfe that is it of own nature because it is cold moist as also by euent for that it is seated in the vppermost place whether all vapors do resort These excrements of the braine if wee beleeue Hippocrates and Galen are of two sorts Thicke some are thinne and some are thicke the thinne like vapour or soote do expire or exhale vpward by insensible passages the thicke are purged downeward by open and conspicuous Thinne wayes VVith the thinne and vaporous exhalations the braine is cloyed onely by reason of his scituation for all fumes doe arise vpward and beside all vessels doe determine in the head But it aboundeth with these crasse and thicke excrements aboue other bowelles by reason of the cold and moyst temper thereof Of these thicke excrements some are phlegmaticke waterish and scrous some are bilious some melancholy The waterish is generated of the reliques of the phlegmatick and The kinds of thick excrements crue bloud the bilious or melancholly out of the earthy portion of the Aliment torrified by the violence of heate and therefore they grow bitter Argenterius is of opinion that that watrish and mucous humour which is auoyded partly Argenterius his error concerning the flegmatick excrements of the braine by the nose partly by the mouth and pallat is not the proper excrement of the brayne because many men and women doe seldome or neuer spit and as seldome auoyd any moisture by the nose but sayth it is a humour ingendred in the liuer mixed with the bloud and contained in the veines which is not generated in the braine vppon the concoction of the Aliment but is thither deriued from below and because through the weaknes of the concoction and cold distemper it cannot be assimilated by the braine it returneth back again as a redundance or superfluitie and is cast out by the mouth by the nose VVhich assertion Confuted of his if it were true what reason had nature to place in the saddle or seat of the wedge-bone that kernelly and spongie flesh was it not appoynted to receiue this very excrement If this phlegmaticke humor were onely generated in an intemperate braine what vse were there of the glandule which is found in all braines though most temperate Nature is too wise and prouident so rashly to frame any part where there shal not be continuall vse therof In this opinon therefore of Argenterius wee can finde no vse either for the Tunnell or the phlegmaticke Glandule if the braine be not distempered Moreouer it is not true that he sayeth that those whose braines are temperate doe not spit phlegme or auoyde mucous matter by their nose for Galen in the 13. Chap. Artis paruae teacheth that in a brain which is most temperate the excrements that are purged by the nose and by the pallate such as are watrish and mucous excrements are in moderate quantity neither are we to attribute it vnto perfect sanity when we finde those excrements by the passages not to bee auoyded VVherefore we conclude against Argenterius that these phlegmatick and mucous humors are the proper excrements of the braine because in the braine they haue peculiar conueyances and channels by which they are auoyded framed by Nature onely for their euacuation Hauing thus determined concerning the differences of the excrements of the braine let vs now see by what passages euery of these excrements are auoyded The thin and fuliginous excrements arising vpward because of their leuitie doe expire By what waies the thin excrements breath out or breath out through the Meninges the Skull and the Skin Through the Meninges and the Skinne not by any sensible or conspicuous way but by insensible exhalation for their bodies while a man is aliue are infinitely perforated or at least peruious with many small holes But these sooty vapours because they could not passe the thicknes and density of the bones therefore is the Skull distinguished with sutures or seames so that it consisteth not of one bone but of diuers ioyned together by those sutures through which as also through the holes which are thrilled betwixt the tables of the Skull these thin excrements and fuliginous vapors do exhale But the thicker excrements descending downeward by their Naturall and Elementary The waies of the thick excrements forme haue manifest and conspicuons passages concerning which Physitions doe not so perfectly agree among themselues Hippocrates in his Booke de locis in homine de glandulis acknowledgeth seauen wayes by which the humour passeth out of the braine that is Hippocrates through the nose the eares the eies the pallat into the throat gullet through the veins into the spinall marrow and into the bloud Galen in his 13. Chapter Artis paruae saith there are foure passages the pallat the nose Galen the eares and the eies The same also he saith in the third Chapter of his second Book de locis affectis and in his first Booke de sanitate tuenda but in his Commentary vpon the 21. Aphorisme of the first Section hee nameth onely the pallate and the nose as also in the first Chapter of his 9. Booke de vsu partium where hee sayth the passages of the braine which bend downward doe send out the thicke excrements as well by the pallate into the mouth as also by the body of the Nosethrils and these passages are large and conspicuous In his first booke de symp Causis and the 8 de vsu partium he saith that the pallate alone is the fit way of expurgation when the creature hath good concoction and that the nosethrils do onely serue for the inspiration of aer and odours In his Commentary vpon the 24. Aphorisme of the third Section he writeth That the expurgation which is made by the eares is not naturall vnlesse it be in
in Sapors or Tasts humidity it would follow that two contraries should bee predominant in one and the same subiect then which what can be more absurd VVe must say therefore that these qualities are in mixte bodies not actually but potentially and that they arise out of the mixture as out of their matter so that when wee Potentialli Odor what it is say that siccity hath the predominance in odours we speake of that odour which exhaleth into acte out of the mixed bodies and so there shall be no contrarietie in that we affirme neither let any man thinke it absurd that we say two contraries may be potentially in the same subiect for water that is tepide or warme that is in a middle temper betwixt colde and hot is potentially both colde and hot at one and the same time for it hath an equall disposition to them both and the reason is because Potentiall contrarietie breedeth no strife in a Real subiect QVEST. XLIX Of the Causes of Odours ALthough the Nature of an odour doth consist in siccity yet it cannot be at He are is the efficient cause of Odours any time without humidity yea it is generated out of humidity eleuated or raised vp into vapours by heate so that there can bee no odour vnlesse the force and efficacie of heate do boile raise vp and attenuate the humiditie And this all Herbalists acknowledge for a rule to wit that all thinges that Smell strongly are hot so that from the vehemencie or remisnesse of the odour they do in Hearbs distinguish the degrees of heate So saith Aristotle in the 12 probleme of the 12 A Rule for Herbalistes Galan Section strong and â—anke-smelling seedes are hotte because the odour proceedeth from Heate The like also Galen affirmeth in the 22. chapter of his fourth Booke de Simplicium MedicameÌ„torum facultatibus Experience also manifesteth the same for perfumes are more fragrant when they are Sweet things smell most when they are hottest Hot then when they are Colde and in hotter seasons yeelde a sweeter smel which is an Argument that the moisture is better boiled away and that there is greater plentie of Odour raised vp in the aboundance of exhalations which cannot bee loosened and freed from the bonds of the matter wherein they are vnlesse it be by heate for cold doth binde and shut them vp neither suffering them to yssue out of their substances nor giuing them way to attaine vnto the organ of sense And after this manner Plutarch in the 25 Chapter Why Hounds cannot hunt in frost of his Booke de Causis Naturalibus assoyleth the question why in a frostie morning Hounds cannot hunt so truly as in open weather But it will be obiected if the odour bee not a fumide exhalation what neede hath it of moisture and heate which are the causes thereof VVe must remember that whereof wee Obiection were admonished before That Odours in mixt bodies are onely potentially cannot Solution be produced into an acte vnlesse they yssue out of them wherefore being an accident it cannot yssue out of his subiect wherein it was potentially vnlesse some other subiect doe accompany it for saith the Philosopher the Being of an accident is to bee in For out of their subiect they are nothing This subiect therefore which produceth the odours into acte is an exhalation An exhalation cannot be raised but by heate out of moysture It followeth therefore that both heate and moisture are necessarie in the production of odors Necessary I say not perse as they are odours but per accidens because they cannot actually exist without an exhalation They vrge further if an odour be of and by it selfe nothing then there can be no knowledge Obiection thereof for there is no knowledge of that which is Non ens or without being Againe a substance perse or by it selfe cannot be knowne and therefore say they we take away euen out of the vniuersall Nature all Science for whatsoeuer is is either a substance Solution or an accident third thing there is none Indeede we grant that of an odour considered by it selfe and separatedly there is no knowledge for so considered it is nothing neither No knowledg of an accident without the substance doth it fall vnder Sense but as it is ioyned with the exhalation it mooueth the Sense and also falleth vnder Science or knowledge In like manner Accidents separated from their substances and substances separated from the Accidents doe not fall vnder Science but each by other is mutually knowne and demonstrated QVEST. L. Concluding that Fishes do not Smell SOme Peripatetian saith Placentinus may obiect on this manner If an Odour haue Actuall existence onely in exhalation so that without it it cannot mooue the sense then what shall wee say to Fishes which liue in the An obiection of the Peripatetiks water where there are no exhalations to be found For Aristotle in the beginning of the fift chapter of his Booke de Sensu sensili saith that there can be no fumid exhalation made in water The reason is because as soone as ayre is engendred in water it riseth vp out of it in a bubble VVe may answere that the Fishes do not liue in the pure and neate element of water but in a water compounded of foure Water consisteth of foure Elements Elements being therefore compounded there is some fire in it Fire alwayes woorketh that worke consumeth moysture and such consumption is absolued by exhalation or eleuation into vapors Seeing therefore that in water there may be found such euaporation it may be haply imagined that by it the Fishes do apprehend Odours But saith my Author it may be this thredde is too hard twisted or too finely spun because first wee must acknowledge that the Fishes smell is wonderfull dull because of the predominance of moysture and colde in the VVater Againe I doubt it is ridiculous to ioyne Fire and Water two contraries in the same subiect which is against the law of contrariety And surely this blame we should worthily deserue if we should make the Fire water equall in their degrees But wee giue the preheminence vnto the water and say that the Fire as also the other Elements do put their qualities vnder his girdle I doe not say that The fire is remitted not lost in the water the qualities of the Fire are extinguished or quenched out by the water but they are remitted or abated for fire worketh perpetually wheresoeuer it is and raiseth vapours although they be neuer so small for this action necessarily followeth the essentiall forme of Fire so that if you separate it from the Fire you take away his whole substance Some Philosophers are of opinion that the foure Elements are onely potentiallie in compound bodyes and therefore haue onely potentiall vertues so that Fire which is Obiection onely potentially in water cannot actually worke vpon it But wee Answere that if the
within thicke wals would easily breake prison and vanish away This simple coate hath fibres of all kindes right oblique and transuerse if not for his owne priuate nourishment to which the attracting retayning and expelling faculties are seruiceable yet for a cōmon vse to retayn and draw the blood which is the treasure of Nature from the neighbour veynes to transmit the same from one to another and so to make distribution finaly to separate the pure from that which is impure I thinke also sayth Laurentius that the fibres were ordayned ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to auoyde an inconuenience for because oftentimes the blood aboundeth in quantity and offereth a kinde of violence to the veynes Sometime by right sometime by oblique sometime by transuerse extentions he veynes stood in neede of all kindes of fibres that they might bee so extended according to all the violent occursions and impressions made by the blood for otherwise they would certaynly be broken These fibres are the first most simple and truly solyd particles of the veine but that substance which filleth vppe or stuffeth out the spaces betwixt the fibre is called fleshy by Analogy or proportion The fibres of the veyne sayth Galen in his second booke de temperamentis are colder then the skin but the flesh that commeth betwixt them is hotter Hence it appeareth that the coate of the veyne differs much from the nature of other membranes as of the peritoneum or rimme of the bell the pleura which compasseth the ribs and the periosteon which immedyatly inuesteth the bones for these are indeed simple hauing no separated fibres and may be borne or diuided euery way as paper may But the coate of the veynes is dissimilar because it hath both fibres and flesh This proper coate of the Veines is inuested oftentimes with another called a Common The common coate of the veines coate which it borroweth from the neighbour partes from the Pleura the Veines of the Chest doe borrow and from the Rimme those in the lower belly I said they haue often a Common coate for all veines haue it not for example those that are spinkled thorough some bowell those that wander through the bodies of Muscles and finally those which are inserted into the parts in them are propagated or encreased for such a membrane would hinder the bloud that it should not so readily sweat through Those Veines onely haue this common coate which either doe runne a long iourney or lye vpon some hard body or at some place are suspēded or hung to any particular part such is the struc a Veine The beginning of the Veines the Definition sayeth is the Liuer not a beginning of generation or original for that is the common worde though the first I thinke bee The common vse of the veines better for all the parts are formed together but of Radication and Dispensation Of Radication be cause the roots of the gate and hollow veines are sprinkled through the whole Parenchyma or flesh of the Liuer according to that of Hippocrates in his Booke de Alimento 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Radication of the Veines is the Liuer Of Dispensation that is of distribution and office because from it a common matter to wit the bloud which is the common Aliment of all the partes is deriued into the Veines wherefore by Hippocrates it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fountaine and originall of pleasant and benigne humour The last particle of the Definition designeth the common vse and action of the Veines for they are set a part to leade or transport to distribute or apportion to boyle the bloud But why this is so and how it commeth to passe I wil now addresse my selfe to declare CHAP. II. Of the Vse and Action of the Veines BEcause the threefold substance which is in euery particular part issuing from The necessity of the veines the originals or principles of our generation doth continually wast and suffer detriment Nature who is studious of her owne conseruation by a perpetuall affluence of Aliment laboureth to restore and make good that which is so necessarily spent and depopulated The common Aliment of the parts is the bloud which all the Veines do draw from the Liuer as out of a common magazine or store-house Now the bloud could not be transported from the Liuer to those parts which are most distant and remote from it vnlesse those parts had some continuity with the fountaine It was therefore necessary that there should be made and formed certaine canals as it were water-pipes bored to containe conserue and conduct the bloud throughout the whole body Such are the Veines which Aristotle cals the vesselles or conceptacles of bloud The bloud therefore is contayned in the veine as in his proper place and as the Their first vse Elemēts in their proper places receiue no alteration for the place is the conseruer of the thing placed so the bloud within the veines retaineth his benigne nature but out of the veines it presently either putrifieth or caketh There is therefore in the Veines an inbred power to contayne and preserue the bloud which also is their primary vse Another vse that the veines haue is to distribute the bloud which distribution is performed by an action that is by attraction or drawing from the The second neighbour veines and by transmission or transportation vnto others and for this action sake were the right and circular fibres of the veines ordayned Hippocrates in his Booke de Alimento maketh mention of a third vse of the Veines that is to leade along heat and spirits into the particular parts And thēce it is that though The third the Arteries bee tyed the partes doe not presently sphacelate or mortifie because by the veines there is an influence of a double heate and spirit that is to say Vitall and Naturall The Vitall they receiue from the Heart by the wonderfull Anastomoses or innoculations of the Arteries the Naturall they drawe directly from the Liuer By this influent spirite the Inbred Genius of euery part is roused vp and quickned and by it as by a good Manciple is the nourishment conuayed into the whole body The last vse of the Veines which must bee referred also to their common action is The fourth the alteration of the bloud for they are qualified to coyne and change the bloud some to prepare it as the Mesentery others to perfect it as the great branches of the hollow veine And this faculty or qualification they haue from the Liuer by Irradiation as the Seminary vessels haue from the Testicles that power which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are also other particular vses of priuate veines as of the Emulgents to conuay Peculiar vses of priuate veines the Serous or wheyie humor of the seede vessels to giue a rudiment vnto seed of the Mesaraicks to alter the Chylus and to transport it to the liuer of
Now that the seed is hotter then the bloud may thus bee demonstrated Hippocrates calleth seede fiery ayrie bloud cold and waterish Beside bloud is contayned in a trough or channell but the seed passeth through vessels which haue no sensible cauities which are certaine signes of the tenuity and heat thereof But this reason seemeth to be more washy and loose then may answere the strength and vigor of so great a Clarks wit For there are two things to be considered The answere to the former argument Two things to be considered in seede the body and the spirits in seed as sayth Galen in many places the crassament corpulencie as I may say or body of it and the spirites wherewith it is aboundantly stored in reference to the former the seed is sayd to be watery and earthy in reference to the spirits fierie The spirits are the instruments of the soule by which that noble architect formeth her mansion or habitation out of the seede working and forming it into parts conuenient These are called forming spirits and in respect of these the seed is sayd to be artifex a workman and carrieth the nature of an Efficient cause The watrish and cold body of the seede is the matter of the spermaticall parts I conclude therefore that the whole seede considered with all his parts is hotter then the bloud because it is fuller of spirits but if the seede be robbed of his spirits then is it colder then the bloud and therefore being auoyded the heate of it presently vanisheth and by the coldnesse of the ayre it becommeth libuid and black and such did Galen acknowledge the matter of the spermaticall parts to be This first argument Iobertus strengthneth with another thus The conformation or Iobertus his 2. argument structure and scite or position of the spermaticall parts doe manifestly proue their heate for the bones occupy the in-most place and are couered on euery side with flesh as are also the nerues least their ingenit or in-bredde heate should vanish or bee offended by the coldnes of the ambient ayre but the flesh is placed about the vtmost parts By which argument Answere I cannot see what he wold conclude for all these things do rather argue the coldnesse then the heat of the spermaticall parts for because cold was their greatest enemy that their weake and languishing heate might not bee extinguished Nature did on euery side cherish them with flesh and inuest them with membranes for their defence Moreouer the bones are not feated so farre within for the preseruation of their heat but because they should serue as a stay and prop to vphold all the rest of the frame But if he will conclude that the externall parts are colder then the internal it will follow that the skin which all men acknowledge to be temperate is colder then either nerues or bones His third argument is yet more absurd The spermaticall parts sayth he are easily offended Iobertus 3. argument with the cold therefore they are hot for alteration is made by contraries conseruation by things that are alike But this is vtterly opposite to Galens Philosophy who in his booke de arte parita giueth this as a generall rule whereby we may distinguish the tempers Answered Galen of the parts that those which are easily offended with cold are cold and the hot with heate So sayth Hippocrates cold is the greatest enemy to the bones nerues teeth marrow Hippocrates of the backe because these parts are cold Galen hath these expresse words in the 59. chapter of his booke de arte parua In all parts this is a common marke of the temperature if the member doe easily grow cold it is a signe of frigidity or rarity if hardly of heat or of density if drying things offend it then is it dry and rashy if moyst things then it is moyst Finally Iobert addeth this last argument For that many actions of the spermatical parts Iobertus 4. argument doe testifie that there is in them a vehement and high degree of heate so the stomacke which is membranous attenuateth and boyleth the meat though it be very hard yea the Estrich softneth yron in her maw The bladder which is likewise membranous baketh the stone harder then the kidneyes which are fleshy parts These obiections may at first sight seeme of some moment to those that are not sufficiently groundâ— in our Art but we will labour to shew their weakenes and insufficiency First therefore that obiection concerning Answered the stomacke is full of errour for those creatures in whome the innermost coate or membrane of the stomacke is more fleshy doe boyle their meat more strongly and those creatures which haue no teeth as birds haue a solid flesh and very full of warmth annexed to their crops and as for men the inward coat of their stomacks is lined ouer with a fleshy A good obseruation of Fallopius crust which Fallopius first of all men obserued But go too let vs yeild this vnto him that the membranous stomacke doth more perfectly boile the membranous bladder bakes the stone harder yet it will not thereupon follow that the spermaticall parts are the hotter but that the heat when it is retained in a more solid and fast matter burneth more powerfully Who will say that a glowing yron is hotter then a flame of fire No it burneth more fiercely Comparison but yet the degree of his heate is more remisse So fire in his owne spheare and in aquauitae doe not burne because of the tenuity and thinnesse of the matter For the stone it is Aquauitae not generated so much by a sharpe and biting heate as by long continuance in the part of the viscidity and sliminesse of the matter as we see in old men Hence therefore it appeareth that the spermaticall parts are not hotter then the fleshy Neither must wee admit the distinction of ingenit and influent heat because if there bee a collation or comparison made it must be between equals and thus much of the third question QVEST. X. Whether the solid parts being once dryed can be made moyst againe THere is also beside the former three another by-question concerning the moystning of solid parts after they bee dryed for the opening whereof wee must vnderstand that the name of a solid part is very ambiguous and equinocall The common people call that a solid part which is firme hard dense Manifold acceptions of a solid part Galen Hippocrates or thight and well compacted or knit together So Galen calleth the flesh of the heart solid flesh Hippocrates in the 7. section of his 6. booke Epidemiâ—n calleth all the contayning parts solid and thus fleshy parts also shall be esteemed solid Some there are who by solid vnderstand all animated parts which haue a proper circumscription and are bounded within their owne limits Philosophers call that solid which is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tale that is
V. THE first contayning or inuesting part is the Cuticle which the Greekes call Epidermis because it runnes vppon the surface of the true skinne whereof it is as it were a flowring or creamy production For whilest Nature in the generation of the skin mingleth bloud with the seede a moyst vapour of the How it is generated bloud foaming or frothing vp and driuen forth by the strength of the heate is condensed or thickned by the coldnesse of the ayre and turned into the Cuticle or skarf-skin for so I thinke wee may properly call it And this is the reason why in Infants new-borne Why Infants looke red the whole skin looketh red the Cuticle not being yet formed for want of cold ayre or at least not sufficiently condensed as it is after a short time the aire thickning the cream or froth of the bloud as wee see in gruell or boyling of paste or starch a skin filme or phlegme gathered together of the vapbrous froth that ariseth from the thicke moysture which is by the cold ayre condensed This Skarfe-skinne is easily lost by attrition or scalding and riseth apparantly from the skinne it is likewise as easily recouered where the skin remayneth sound for where there It wil not grow vpon a scarre is no skin but onely a scarre or cicatrice there it will not growe againe and therefore it is no spermaticall part because if they perish they cannot or very hardly againe be restored It is wondrous thin vnlesse it growe Cailus or hard by continuall labour as wee see it Why thin doth in Felt-makers that it should not dull the sence of the skin vnder it yet in the palmes of the hands and the soales of the feete where it is continually worne and renued againe it is more crasse and thick This is that which Serpents cast euery yeare we call it the slough The sough of a snake men neuer but vpon long sicknesse or poysons or the vse of slabbering complexions It is thighter or more compact then the skin it selfe whence it is that those watery humours The thightnes of it manifested which are thrust out from the Center to the Circumference of the body doe easily passe through the skin but hang often in the Cuticle and generate Ecthymata Phlyctides and those many waterish Pustles which are called hydrea It is altogether without bloud because The reason of pustles in the body it receiueth neither veine nor arterie so that it encreaseth rather by a kind of addition of matter then by Nutrition Insensible it is that it might defend the skinne vnder it from externall iniuries as also The vses of the skarfe-skin Medium tactus Lib. ◠de Anim. Text. 114. attemper the exquisite sense of the same and so becommeth medium tactus the meane of touching For sayth Aristotle all sensation is made by some Meane none by the immediat touch of the obiect and the instrument Hence it is that a man cannot see to reade vpon a booke that is layd vpon his eye because there wanteth the meane betweene the obiect and the instrument of sense that is ayre enlightned In like manner when the Cuticle is off we cannot distinguish between one Temper and another because the very gentlest touch of the bared skin breedeth paine and the sensation is confused which is distinct when the skarfe-skin is whole There is also another vse of it to couer the open ends of the Capillarie or hairy veines which doe determine in the skin for if the Cuticle be taken off the skin vnder doth bleed Moreouer it is also a couering to the skinne that the moisture might not indecently or vnprofitably well or issue out at all times for in a gall or rub which is called Intertrigo in which the Cuticle is separated the skinne is euer moyst Lastly it smootheth and polisheth the roughnesse and inequality of the skin making it soft supple and slicke and so becommeth one of the greatest beauties that nature hath giuen to the body of man That I cannot but wonder at Columbus who vtterly forgot the manifold vses of this Cuticle Of the Skinne CHAP. VI. VNder this Curtain or Skarfe lieth the true genuine skin which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it may bee excoriated or flayed off so Hippocrates in his The names of the skin booke de Arte but in his book de insomnijs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and de victus ratione in acutis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and de ossiū Natura 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a band because it compasseth and knitteth together the whole body in Latine it is called Cutis It hath a substance proper to it selfe although it bee very like to a sinew and membrane because it is white will stretch and is of exquisite sence but it is thicker then any membrane It is ingendred His substance of seede perfectly mixed with bloud whence it commeth to passe that by it wee may iudge as well of the spermaticall as of the bloudy parts It seemeth therefore to be of a middle nature betwixt flesh and a sinew and so Vesalius conceiued it not so abounding Whereof it is made Vesalius Galen with bloud as flesh but as it were a bloudy sinew so sayth Galen in his first booke de Temperam Notwithstanding in the composition the spermatical part exceedeth the sanguine which appeareth as by the colour so by this that being wounded it is only reunited or conioyned by a cicatrice or scarre Columbus thought it was bred of the extremities or ends of Columbus Varolius the vessels dilated Varolius onely of the softer sinewes which attayning to the surface of the body doe there growe together into a couering receiuing addition from the affluence of bloud as the broade leaues of water Lillies arising from a slender stemme when they appeare aboue the water are extended into a great bredth out of a small stalke Galen in the third of his Method sayeth it is bred of the dryed and constringed or writhen flesh vnder it and that is the reason why no hayres will grow vppon scarres because they haue no foundation for them as the true skinne hath but it should seeme that heerein Galen and not he only but Plato and Aristotle were somewhat mistaken for the skinne may be flayed Plato Aristotle from the flesh vnder it yea and betweene the skin and the flesh there are two partes if at least they may be so called the fat and the fleshy Membrane The skin is naturally white but according to the humours that abound or the bodyes vnder it saith Hippocrates in his Booke de succis it varieth the colour For example where The colour followeth the humor blood aboundeth and the skin is thin as in the face there a rosie rednesse mingleth it selfe with the white or ouercommeth it especially if eyther by heate or motion of the minde it flowe to the place more
medicines by both which they are exceedingly relaxed That this Skinne may be nourished that it may liue and haue sence it receiueth all these three common Organs or instruments of nourishment life and sence veines arteries and sinewes whose diuarications and diuers branchings wee shall shew in fitter place in our discourse of the vessels The vses of the skin and first that it should bee the immediate instrument of outward touching that we might be forewarned of outward iniuries before they come to hurt the inward partes like as the Membranes are the Organs of inward touching or sensation Moreouer it is ordained to be the common and natiue Vestment or Mantle of the whole body a muniment beside and a comely ornament compassing and couering it on all sides that the vessels might more securely runne vnder it the muscles and entrals be contayned in their proper places and defended from heate and colde and the naturall heate deteined from ouer free effluxion CHAP. VII Of the Fat. THE Fat called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Pinguedo in man is bedded betwixt The Fat wher of ingendred the skinne and the fleshy membrane but in beastes it is vnder the membrane also It is ingendered of the more oylie thinne and ayrie portion of pure and absolutely laboured and concocted bloud distilling like a dew out of the smal and capillarie veines of the habite of the body which bloude is curdled by a moderate heate for a burning heate would consume it and a weake heat would not concoct it and the density or fastnes of the membrane which is the reason that beastes grow fattest in winter when their skins are more condensed with the cold This membrane is neruous thin and very fast or thight and vnder the skin incloseth all the body that all that oylie matter rarified into vapors which slippeth by the inward mēbranes may light vpon and cleaue vnto this and so be turned into fat that nothing profitable might be lost The manner of this worke of Nature wee haue in distillations where though the Stil-head be very hot yet because of his sadnesse or density the vapours which were raysed vp by the heate of the fire are thickned into water The Fat of a man is lesse white then of any other creature yet the white membranes by which the bloud which is his matter passeth do alter it somewhat so that it becommeth often yellower then white There be some parts there be also some ages which want this Fat for those parts whose What parts what ages haue least Fat bending and extension it might annoy are better without it as the membranes of the Braine the Eye-browes the Yarde the Cod and the Stones or Testicles whereuppon some haue excluded it out of the number of the Contayning or Inuesting parts In those parts where it is it differeth in hardnesse and softnesse for in parts that are to be mooued Where it is hard where soft more violently it is harder and wouen with Fibres and small veines as wee see in the tallow of beastes as in the palme of the hand the inside of the fingers endes where there is more neede of it to moysten the manifold tendons and vessels that there are gathered to fill vp the empty spaces and make the skin more euen and equall for better apprehension the soale of the foot especially in the heele that we might more steadily rest vpon it Somtimes it is alone sometimes together with a crassie and slimy humor which stands in stead of tallow to fit the parts better for motion and to hinder their exsiccation or drying In other parts it is softer and yellowish so it is very sparingly affixed to the outsides of the hands and feete in the buttockes because there is more vse of it it is more copious or plentifull In cold and moyst bodies as in Men and Hogges it is aboundant whence Galen Lib 14. vsu partium sayth that a woman is fatter then a man as also in them that leade an idle and sedentarie life In hot and dry as Apes and Hounds it is either none at all or of no quantity In new borne creatures none at all in those that are consumed with famine with disease or with age very little This Fat which in horned beastes is called Seame in Swine Lard differeth from the The differences of fats 3. Histo Anim. 17. lib. 3. de facult aliment 11 Grease which in Greeke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Adeps as Aristotle and Galen teach because this Fat is softer and moyster and is easily melted and being melted doeth not easily clod together againe but the adeps or grease is harder and dryer not so easily melted and suddenly congealed againe and therefore is more plentifull in those creatures whose natures are altogether earthy and dry and those that are more moyst haue aboundance of the fat we call pinguedo Men haue much of this fat vnder their skin because the matter of it is retayned by the solidity and thicknesse of the same for so wee see that those creatures that haue the fastest skins are the fattest as Swine and Dolphins Now the adeps or grease in Where adeps is in men a Man is in his Kall Kidneyes Heart Eyes the ioyntes of the Bones betwixt the broade Tendon and the Skin of the middle of the palm of the handes in the inside of the Fingers and the Toes The Vses of this Fatte are First it is a defence to the parts to which it is allowed so in The vses of the fat the Buttocks it serueth vs instead of a quishion in other partes it auaileth much towardes their naturall position and free motion and therefore in those that be fat indeede it lyneth the in-side of the muscles as we see in fat Beefes For the vessels which runne vnto the skin it is a soft pillow so safe-guarding and moystning them that they bee not dryed and so distende or lying bare be broken in peeces and therefore it is gathered plentifully in those parts where the larger vessels deuide themselues Another Vse of it is to fill vp the empty distances betwixt the muscles vessels and the skin that so the body might be plump equall soft white and beautifull Moreouer it serueth for a light couering to warme the body and to cherish the naturall heate prohibiting the effluxion of it by his visciditie or sliminesse and by his thicknes closing the pores that neither in winter the cold should too freely enter nor in summer the heat too frankly evaporate Finally sayth Galen in his fourth Booke de vsu partium and the 11. Chapter in great famines and want of sustenance it is conuerted into Aliment and becommeth the Fother whereon the naturall heate relieueth it selfe For being dissolued it acquireth the forme of a bloud-like vapor which returneth into the veines and so becommeth for want of better a subsidiarie nourishment of the partes The vse of the grease
but The third that apprhension is not from his flesh but from his membrane nowe membranes are also instruments of sence And whereas it is sayd that the sensible subiect or obiect being placed immediately vpon the instrument of sence is not sensible that I say is vtterly false for The fourth by that reason there should be no organ of touching saue only a bone a gristle or a vinculū or tye That Axiome of Aristotle stands neede to be interpreted Of the sences some are absolutely An interpretation of an axiome and simply necessary to our life as touching and tasting some are ad bene esle that is for the better being of the creature but not simply necessary to his being as sight hearing and smelling The Medium or Meane of these last is externall and separated from the instrument the medium of the first is internall and so ioyned with the instrument that it cannot be separated In the first this axiome is true for if any colour be laid vppon our eye wee see indeed but very deprauedly being not able without an outward meane to distinguish so likewise it is in hearing and smelling but in tasting and touching because the medium is internall the obiect may be yea is best distinguished when it toucheth the instrument The conclusion We therefore conclude that the skin is the organ or instrument of touching and the Cuticle or skarfe-skin is his medium or meane Whereas Auicen sayth that the skinne doeth not feele equall or temperate things he meaneth that it is not violated or all affected by them when it feeleth them not that it feeleth Answere to Auicen them not at all for that common experience would condemne Lastly you will say that the skinne feeleth by the helpe of nerues the nerues therefore are the instruments of feeling not the skin I answere the flesh of the muscles are moued by the nerues yet is not the nerue the immediate organ of voluntary motion but the muscle In like manner Another argument answered Answere to Galens authority I eculiar touches in mens bodies the nerue giueth sense vnto the skin because it bringeth downe vnto it the Animall faculty and spirit yet nathe-more is it the immediate instrument of sense But Galen sayeth that the stomacke is the organ of touching because his sence is most exquisit surely the mouth of the stomacke is wondrous sensible because of the notable nerues it receiueth from the sixt coniugation and by reason of the hunger and thirst of which it onely is apprehensiue we acknowledge it the instrument or Organ of a peculiar and particular touch as also the partes of generation haue their peculiar touch whereof they are instruements but onely the skin is the Organ of externall touching and sole iudge of all tactile qualities Of the Temper of the Skin QVEST. II. GAlen is of opinion that the Skinne is absolutely temperate because it is of a middle nature between bloudy and vnbloudy whence it is called a neruous That the skin is temperate flesh and a fleshy Nerue so in anotherplace if the flesh bee adstringed and dryed it becommeth like the skinne for the skin is dryer and thighter then the flesh Hippocrates also expresseth so much where he sayth The outward Skin which is continual with it selfe and with the bloudy Nerue because it is exposed to the aire Hippocrater That it is not sometimes colder sometimes warmer is often affected by both and needes now and then the help of the one to temper the other On the contrary it may be proued by the authorities of Galen and Auicen that it is not Temperate Galen sayth that the Skin is nourished with phlegmaticke bloud it is therefore of the Temper of Phlegme for the nourishment of any part Galen is the same with that whereof it is compounded Auicen sayeth that the flesh commeth neerer to exact equality of Temper then any other part The flesh therefore and not the skinne is temperate Moreouer that cannot be temperate which is the weakest of all parts now the skin receiueth the superfluities of all the inward partes and is therefore called the Answere to the argumēts which proue it not to be temperate vniuersall Emunctory But all these knots may easily be cleft with a soft wedge The skin is nourished with phlegmatick bloud that is not ful boyled and labored when wee know it is hot not cold Auicen sayth not that flesh is most temperate but that it commeth nearest to that which is temperate so the whole body of Man is sayd to bee temperate although it be hot and moyst The weaknesse of the Skinne proceedeth not from the Temper for it is not weake of it selfe or of it owne nature but by euent by reason of the scituation and the vessels For the greater vessels because they are neerer to the fountaine are the stronger and the expelling Why the skin is weake and becomes an Emunctory vertue of the inner-parts more powerfull whence it is that the inward partes expell their superfluities into the outward and the greater vessels into the smaller vessels of the habit so that the skinne becommeth weaker because the expelling faculty is withinwarde and stronger and layeth all the burthen vpon the skinne and somuch for satisfaction of the aduersaries Whether by the skin the temper of the whole body may be known Aristotle There is another scruple arising out of this Doctrine of the Temper of the Skinne and that is whether a Physitian by the Skinne may iudge what is the Temper of the whole body Aristotle gathereth from this instrument of touching the vigour of the minde it selfe because where the touch is fine there the sence is lesse polluted the Phantasmes arising there from more subtile and so the operation of the soule higher and more abstruse Galen resolueth the doubt where he sayth They are in an errour who doe determine alwaies of the Temper of the whole body by the skinne for though the skinne be hard yet is not the Galens resolution of the question Creature necessarily dry neither if it be soft without haire is the whole creature moist yet if the whole body be in equall Temper then it is reasonable that all the parts should be proportionably correspondent to the Temper of the Skinne but if the body be vnequally tēpered as oftentimes it is from the nature by accident or by disease then is it not reasonable to iudge of the body by the skin For we see that in Oysters the flesh is very moist yet is their skin which is their shell beyond measure dry Of the Originall and Generation of the Skin QVETS III. THere are many opinions about the generation of the Skinne The common opinion is that it ariseth from the dilated endes of the Veines Arteries and The common opinion Sinewes because it euery where feeleth liueth and is nourished now life is communicated by the Arteries nourishment by the Veines
therefore of the Couer or head is in stead of colde to the boyling water In like manner in Melancholy men their hot and boyling entrals raise vapours which when they come to the skin which is lesse hot then the entrals are gathered and thickned Why Melancholy men sweate much into sweate So the breathing vapours of all the lower parts being raised into a hot braine which yet is lesse hot then the lower parts are turned into water fal down in Rheumes Gowts and such like As for this manner therefore wee say that Fatte curdles by colde that is by a lesser heate then will melt it so wee say the Brayne is cold that is lesse hot although it be hotter as we haue sayd then the ayre can bee in the heate of summer That summer ayre or hot gleames wee call hot and so they are yet are they colde in respect of It is a fieryheat that we liue by fire yea cold in respect of the heate of a liuing creature the heart by them being refrigerated for our life is proportionable to fire and it is a true rule in Metaphysicks that is in Logicke Meanes are contrary to their extreames Answere to the former arguments that meanes are contrary to their extreames else should not liberality which is a vertue be contrary to couetousnes and prodigality which are the extreames and vices These things being thus first determined we will now answere the argument vrged against vs. First we deny that all concretion or coagulation is done by actuall colde for as it is sayd Lead yet firie hot will congeale and whereas Fat groweth to the heart which is the hottest of all the parts we answere that herein is a great document of the wonderfull The wonderfull prouidēce of nature and prouident wisedom of Nature who hath thus prouided least in perpetuall motion the hart should gather so great a heat as should waste consume it for which cause also saith Hippo. it lyeth in water much like vrine that it might euer be fresh as it were flourishing Chrysippus that notable Stoicke in his booke of Prouidence sayeth that the finall cause ouercommeth both the efficient and matter in naturall thinges and Aristotle against Democritus The finall cause is the first and chiefest in works of nature sayth that in the workes of nature the end is the first and chiefe cause for it moueth the other causes it selfe being immoueable I know that our aduersaries will obiect that nature indeuoureth nothing against her owne lawes shee should therefore haue made the heart temperate But let me retort their owne weapon against them Nature should haue made the heart originally temperate that there might haue beene no neede of breathing cold ayre how absurd this opposition against the wisedome of nature is no man but seeth For the heart was necessarily to bee created very hotte because in it is the hearth and fire whereby the naturall heate of all the parts is preserued and refreshed If they thinke not the Fat of the heart necessary let them remember that it groweth not in the ventricles nor in the flesh of the heart but onely vpon the Membranes of the vessels which are parts lesse hot then any of the other Some there are which add further that this Fat is a part of the heart because it keepeth alwayes the same figure and circumscription and is not melted by fire but rather torrifieth For the Membranes of the Braine we say they haue no Fat because there was no vse of it yea it would haue hindered the breathing out of the smoaky vapors by his clamminesse Why there is no fat in or about the braine For the Braine like a cupping glasse draweth continually and sucketh vp the expirations of the inferior parts to which if the Comb-like sutures of the Skul did not gape and giue way the Braine would be made as it were drunke with their aboundant moystures Beside Fat would haue hindred the motion of the Brain for it moueth perpetually as the Pulse doth as we shall shew in due place wherefore in the Braine there wanteth the finall cause of Fat. The materiall cause is also wanting because there is required a great aboundance of bloud for the nourishment of the brain and for the generation of Animall spirits it behoued not therefore that it should be conuerted into Fat Old men and those that are melancholy are seldome fat because the material cause of it is wanting for they are too dry The Fat of the Why melancholy men are leane Kidneyes compasseth not the flesh but their membranes only Aristotle saith that both kidneyes are fat but the right lesse then the left because it is the hotter And whether the Fat be a liuing part we shall dispute in our next exercise Finally whereas Galen sayth that in cold and dry bodies the Fatte is Larded through the flesh not through the coates or membranes we answere that by flesh in that place he vnderstandeth the muscles which are couered Galen expounded with their proper coates to which coates the fat groweth because they abound with bloud and veines but in those coates that are most distant whereof he there speaketh because of their drynes there wanteth matter of Fat for you may remember wee taught you before that Fat is not ingendred but only where there is an ouerplus of bloud which sweateth through the spongy flesh after it is satisfied Now in cold and dry bodies such as Galen there speaketh off ther is no such aboundance of bloud that there should be any ouerplus The effects of Fat which they mention conclude nothing it is true that Fat is a concocting medicine and that the Fat of the Kall relieueth the heat of the stomacke but not primarily and of it selfe but by euent because the thicknes and visciditie or clammines of it hindreth the euaporation of the heate which by that meanes is doubled besides it stoppeth vp the pores that the piercing cold cannot reach vnto it Wherefore it heateth the stomacke as How fat heateth the stomacke cloathes heat the body not by adding heat but by keeping the naturall heat in and externall cold out That it easily flameth proceedeth from his oyly and aery matter so Camphire Why Fat flames burneth in the fire which yet all men take to be cold Moreouer the effects doe not proue the efficient cause of Fat to be hot for oyle which becomes thick and congealed in winter presently taketh flame and yet no man will deny but that it is congealed by the externall cold of the ayre We therefore conclude that Fat is curdled by cold that is by a lower or more remisse degree of heate that it groweth The conclusion or adheareth onely to membranes because their heate is weaker as hauing no continuity with the heart and therefore depriued of that plentifull influence of heat therefrom which the other parts of the body doe inioy which haue a more notable continuity
repeateth againe in the 13. of his Method and to him wee rather listen in this case then to Rhasis for I haue obserued that the guts are seuen times as long as the body of the man whose guts they are and Hippocrates measureth them to be thirteene cubites and The great length of the guts yet that is not all for the manifold girations or convolutions whereinto they are circled do breake the force of any iniected liquor I thinke therefore that such liquors do not reach aboue the blinde gut For proofe heereof saith Laurentius I will tell you that which haply few hitherto haue obserued Let the guts bee dryed and blowne vp a little and poure some water into the gut called duodenum Laurentius his instance that Clisters cannot passe vp to the stomack The values of the guts and it will presently issue out at the right gut but on the contrary if it be powred into the right gut it wil stay in the appendix of the blind gut because it can can get no farther which proueth that in the end of the blind gut there is a value which Nature in great wisedome hath set to hinder the refluence or returne of the excrements and vnprofitable humors such an one as appeareth in the passage of the Choler into the Guts in the vessels of the heart But it will be obiected that Galen in his third booke of the Causes of Symptomes sayeth Obiection That some haue had Clisters so giuen them as they haue beene cast vp by the mouth euen as the foeces or excrements in that miserable disease called Ileos or voluâ—lus Wee answere that Answere and Galen expounded Galen here doth not contradict himselfe for it is one thing to speake of the stomacke when it is well affected and another when it is ill affected For if the stomacke bee well affected the liquor can neuer arise vnto it but if it be ill affected or affamished as in the disease called Boulimos it draweth from below not onely such humours as are iniected by the fundament but also the excrements themselues For as the pined or greedy Liuer draweth from the veines crude and vnconcocted iuyces so is it with the stomacke yea with the mouth The force of hunger for we see what riffe raffe and what odious viands hunger maketh toothsome to such as are pinched therewith Againe if the naturall motion of the guttes bee depraued the circular fibres gathering Another cause that draweth liquor to the stomacke How nourishing Clisters come to the Liuer themselues from belowe vpwarde may make a Clister or other liquor ascend vnto the stomacke If it be obiected that nourishing Clisters are carried vnto the Liuer I answere that they arise not thither either of their owne accorde or by the violence of the liquor iniected but they are drawne by the veines of the mesenterie and thence transported into the Liuer QVEST. VI. Of the Euill Sauour of the Excrements MAny men that are but sleightly seene into the course of Nature doe wonder Of the sauor of excremeÌ„ts much why in a sound body and in a Temperate man the excrements of the Belly become so vnsauourie and abhominably sented because all stench is the consequence of corruption and corruption or putrifaction hath for her efficient cause outward and acquired not inbred heate For whose better satisfaction we say that Physitians acknowledge a double cause of this A double cause of it The efficient cause is heat foetor or stench an Efficient and a Materiall Concerning the efficient they say that our heate though it be one in regard of the subiect yet in different considerations it is diuerse and may be two wayes considered either simply as it is heate or else as it is inbred heate and the instrument of all the functions of the soule As it is heate it continually feedeth vpon and consumeth the moisture as it is inbred it boyleth or concocteth assimulateth and ingendreth so from the same heate doe flow diuerse yea contrary motions Whilest the Chylus is made in the stomacke the naturall or inbred heate insinuateth it selfe equally and a like into all the parts of the matter gathereth together those thinges that are correspondent to our nature and separateth the rest the first are drawn away into the Liuer by the veines of the mesentery but the other which cannot bee assimulated are thrust downe into the great guttes and there as vnprofitable are forsaken by the naturall heate wherefore the heat worketh vpon it no more as it is inbred or direct from the soule but simply as it is heate taking the nature of an outward heate and thence comes the stench Adde hereto the fitnesse of the matter for these superfluities are crude and verie moyst whence comes putrifaction but if the humour bee drawne away the putrifaction is lesse and the sauour not so noysome And this is the only reason why the excrements of a man most temperate haue a worse Why the excrements of men are more stinking then those of other creatures Arist Probleme sect 13. A probleme sauour then those of other creatures because a man vseth very moyste nourishment and very diuerse that is of seuerall kinds and leadeth a life more sluggish and sedentarie other Creatures feede vppon dryer Fother and so their excrements become dryer And this cause Aristotle assigned in his Problemes where asking the question why the excrements of the Belly the longer they are reteined are lesse vnsauourie and on the contrary the vrine the longer it is kept smelleth the stronger he resolueth it thus Because sayeth hee in the long stay the excrements are dryed and so the nourishment of putrifaction is subtracted or drawne away which is not so in the vrine Now the reason of the forme and figuration of the Excrements is because of the Chambers and cels of the Collicke gut wherein it swelleth into round broken peeces QVEST. VII Of the substance and the scite of the guts BEfore we passe from the guts it will not bee amisse to reconcile Galen some different places of Galen concerning their substance In his Bookes of Method he saith that if the guts be wounded or vlcerated What the substance of the guts is they do very hardly ioyne togither againe especially the smaller because their substance is neruous and membranous but in the 14. Booke of the Vse of parts he writeth that the Guts and the stomacke because they are Instruments of concoction haue a fleshy Composition And the same Hippocrates insinuateth in his Aphorismes wher Hippocrates Aphor. 26 sect 4 he saith That if vpon a Dysenterie or bloody Flixe little Caruncles or ragges of flesh doe passe away by seidge it is a mortal signe The trueth is that the substance of the guts is neruous or Certaine places of Galen Hippocrates reconciled sinnowy but yet throughout also replenished with fleshy Fibres so as it may bee saide to be both Membranous and also
another the thinner more noble and better furnished with spirits it hideth within the thicker colder and clammier which most part are supplied by the mothers seede it compasseth about the former At these cold and viscidparts of the Seede it beginneth the conformation for of them it maketh membranes and streatcheth First the membranes them out in breadth according to Natures vse and intent shewing therein her admirable prouidence For with these as it were with defences the more noble part of the seede is walled about and secured the inward spirites concluded or imprisoned which otherwise because of their tenuity would easily vanish Adde farther that if the membranes had not first beene made the tender Embryo and the principall partes thereof would haue suffered offence from the hardnes of the wombe For euen as God in the great world hath separated the fire from the earth by the interposition of water and ayre so in the Microcosme or Little world the Nature of manimitating the grand Architect hath separated the Infant from the wombe by the interposition of these membranes But the Nature of these membranes is not all one in Beastes and in men For in Beastes especially such as haue hornes we haue obserued three membranes In Beastes 3. called Chorion Amnion Allantoidem That we call Chorion cleaueth wholly to the womb by the interposition of the vmbilicall veines and arteries and in this membrane are to bee seene those Cotyledones wouen of a fleshy and spongy substance The second membrane called Amnios is thinner then the former this compasseth round about the Creature and is thought to bee the receptacle of the sweate The third is called Allantoides because it is much like that we call a Haggas pudding for it doeth not encompasse all the Creature but only from the Breast-blade to the Hips and may be compared to a girdle or broad swathe and is sayed to contayne the vrine of the creature whilest it is in the womb In a man there are onely two membranes to be found the first and the second called Chorion and Amnios In men two Chorion The Chorion is neruous and strong encompasseth the Infant rouÌ„d whence haply it hath his name either because it compasseth it as a circle or crowne or because it is foetus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the conceptacle of the Infant or because it supplyeth nourishment vnto it for somuch 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 foundeth This membrane like a soft boulster or pillow susteyneth and supporteth all the veines and the vmbilicall arteries for it was not safe that the vesselles of the Infant issuing out of his Nauill should go so long a iourney naked without defence In them are not as in brâ—â—â— Why in women the Cotyledones are not found beastes those Cotyledones or knubbes like the Teates of the Breast but onely a fleshy masse made of infinite branches of veines and arteries wonderfully implicated or wouen togither and filled vp with blood which supplyeth the place of these Cotyledones The later writers call it the cake or Liuer of the wombe and some orbicularem affusionem the round affusion Whose vse is as another Liuer to prepare and boyle the bloud for the nourishment of the Infant We do rather call this round and red body like the orbe of the Moone when it is at the full which cleaueth onely to one part of the wombe and doth not wholly encompasse the Infant 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Sweete-bread of the wombe and doe assigne vnto it that vse that the Sweete-bread hath in the lower belly to wit safely to support and as a pillow The vse of the cake to beare vp the vmbilicall vesselles diuersly sprinkled through the Chorion But it may be demanded why an Infant hath not those acetabula or Cotyledones to tye the Chorion firmly to the wombe as it is in beastes happely because a woman doth not bring forth so many young as beastes doe or because the wombe of a beast swelleth more outward and therefore could not beare their burthen vnlesse it had beene fastned with stronger tyes The other coate which immediatly encompasseth the Infant from the softnes and thinnes thereof is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Lambs-skinne others call it the shirt and the Arabians â—bigas Amneios It is loose on euery side vnlesse it be at the place of the cake where it groweth so fast to the Chorion that it can hardly be separated and this coate receiueth the sweate and theyrine from whence the Infant hath no small help for it swimmeth as it were in these waters or is couched in them as it were in a bath beside it maketh the birth more facile and easie His vse because it moystneth the orifice of the wombe and maketh it more slippery These coats growing one to another seem to make but one couering which the greels call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines secunda or secundina either because it issueth last out of the The after-birth womb in the birth or because it is a second habitation for the Infant the womb being the first we call it commonly the after-birth The inner or more noble part of the seede being secured by these membranes or coat more bloudly vndertaketh the forming of the parts At that time therefore the spirite waketh through the whole body of the seede and because there are two faculties assistant to the procreating faculty that is to say the Changing and the Forming therefore first of all the seede is altered or changed and disposed then almost in the same instant the first threds of the spermaticall partes are together and at once skored or shaddowed out with rude lines Then are to be seene three bubbles or cleare drops such as the raine rayseth when it falleth into a riuer which are the rudiments of the three principall parts beside a thousand The foundations of the parts are layd at once 3. bladders Hippocrates strings which are the warp as it were of the vessels and the spermaticall parts So that it is very likely that those oracles of Hippocrates in his first Booke de diaeta and in his Book de locis in homine are most true where he sayeth that all the parts are inchoated or begun together but doe not appeare neither are perfected at once but by degrees But at what time whether the fift or the seauenth day all these begin to be figured hee only the Creator who The 7. day the parts are deliniated maketh the Infant knoweth and none else Yet if we will relye vpon Hippocrates authority or vpon our owne experience which is very tickle we may say That the seauenth day the seede hath what soeuer the body ought to haue that is as I interpret it the seuenth day doe appeare the rudements of all the spermaticall partes which also your eye may discerne if you cast the masse into fayre water and then diligently view it
to feele to but a woman is rare and laxe and moyst both to see to and to feele to Nowe laxity argueth a defect of heate which is not able to boyle and dissolue the superfluous moisture on the contrary solidity and fastnesse of the flesh ariseth from the perfect assimulation of well boiled and resolued Aliments Wherefore seeing the flesh of men is faster then that of the woman it followeth necessarily that they are also hotter And whereas Hippocrates saith that women draw more aliment then men Hee also abuseth the word Traction for that which is to receiue and conteyne For the bodye of a woman being looser and as it were spongye receyueth and conteyneth a greater quantity of blood And that this is Hippocrates meaning I gather from the Context of the place cited For he illustrateth his opinion by an elegant similitude If saith be you lay out all An excellent Similitude night vpon the ground the like waight of wooll and of a well wouen cloath you shal find in the morning the wooll to waigh heauier then the cloth because it hath sucked vp more moysture so it is reasonable that the lax and loose flesh of women doth receiue retaine a greater quantity of blood then the fast flesh of a man And whereas in the same place he saith that the bloode of a Woman is hotter then the blood of a man and therefore a woman is of a hotter temper then a man that we thinke is A place of Hippocrates corrupted Duretus Vega. crept into Hippocrates text being added by some nouice scribe And thus that great Learned man Ludouicus Duretus vnderstandeth Hippocrates and conceyueth of this corrupted place as also Christopherus a Veiga in his Commentaries vpon Hippocrates Prognostiques Wherefore we cannot admit of Cordaeus his interpretation who thinketh that the bloode Cordaeus interpretation of the corrupted place reiected suppressed because transpiration is hindred attaineth an outward and Aguish heat and so becommeth hotter then the blood of men For then wee must needes accuse Hippocrates of folly which were a kinde of blasphemy because he compareth a sick woman with a sound and haile man But if you compare the blood of both sexes diseased the heat of a man wil certainly be more intense then that of a woman because it is ioyned with siccity Now siccity saith Auerrhoes is the File of heate And thus we suppose that wee haue satisfied the Auerrhoes authorities out of Hippocrates Now let vs waigh the arguments with as much diligence as we may VVomens pulses are more frequent and swift therefore they are hotter for the swiftnesse Answer to the former Arguments or frequency of the pulse commeth from heate We answere that their pulses are more quicke and frequent not because of the aboundance of heate but because of the straightnesse of their organes For the Arteries beeing small and narrowe and oppressed with aboundance of crude and colde humours could not bee so extended and dilated as in men wherefore the necessity of life maketh recompence in the quicknes and frequency Why Women haue quicke Pulses of he pulse Nature prouiding for herselfe one way when she cannot another But the pulses of men are strong great by reason of the strength of the faculty because a great Artery may be extended into all dimensions That which is obiected concerning the two faculties of the heart the Irascible and the courage we thus dissolue In Hippocrates and Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Iracundia and Ira Anger and Wrath are two distinct things Anger is a disease of a weake mind which cannot moderate it selfe but is easily inflamed such are women childeren and weake and cowardly men and this we tearme fretfulnesse or pettishnes but Wrath which is Ira permanens belongs to stout heartes and therefore Homer calleth Achilles Anger 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Homer Iliad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. O Goddesse sing the fixed rage of Peleus wrathfull Sonne And Galen in his second Commentarie vppon the first Booke Epidemiωn opposeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Galen Iracundos angry men 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to wrathfull men because these latter are of a manly courage and contemners of base things the former are faint harted or white Liuered as we vse to tearme them And the Temper of these two sorts is very different for those that are angry pettish fretfull or wantle chuse you which you will call them are cold but those that are wrathfull are hot If therefore women are Nockthrown or easily mooued of the hindges that they haue from their cold Temper and from the impotencie and weaknes of their mind because they are not able to lay a law vpon themselues And whereas Galen in his Booke de arte parua maketh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be a signe of a hot hart Galen interpreted by Hip he abuseth the word For Hippocrates in the fourth Section of the sixt Booke Epidem maketh it a signe of a cold habit in expresse words where he sayeth Those that haue hot bellies haue but cold flesh such are thinne and veynie and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is angry or fretfull Women therefore are peuish creatures most-what but nothing stout or strong hearted though their stomacks be good Hippocrates in his Booke de morbis virginum hath this saying 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Nature of a woman is to be of an abiect minde And whereas they contend that among rauenous Creatures the Females are most Why females are fierce fierce we say that the loue they beare to their yong addeth spirits and courage vnto them and therefore that is rather to be accounted woodnes then fortitude There are some creatures which because of their giddy madnesse make a shew of generosity as the Female Elephant some also there are in whome the feare of a worse condition begetteth boldnes such are Panthers In a Dogge partly his trustinesse to his maister-partly his enuy maketh him fierce Wee say therefore that Females are more churlish and fierce but not stouter or stronger hearted That which is obiected concerning the strength of their naturall faculties is of all the rest the most friuoulous and veine They say that women grow faster and doe sooner generate and therefore they are hotter but we say that these are demonstratiue signes of a cold temperament For therefore Why women grow faster be ripe sooner then men they grow faster and ingender sooner because their end is nearer for that the principles of their life are weaker For as a short disease which we call acute doth suddenly run through his foure times the beginning the encrease the height and the declination so that one time ouertaketh another so women being of a shorter life then men because they are colder they sooner grow women and so also sooner grow old then men And hereto subscribeth Aristotle in the sixt Chapter of his 4. Booke de generatione
whilst it remaineth in vs there is nothing made of it neither hath the body any vse especially of the matter of it Add heereto that if it were a part so often as it is lost the creatures should become maimed It is not an Aliment for then it should not be auoyded much lesse is it a Colliquation No Aliment No Colliquation For a Colliquation is a thing beside Nature seede is truly naturall yea the quintessence of the Nature of man Those things that are fat are most subiect to Colliquation or melting but we know that fat men haue least quantity of seede Moreouer Colliquation may bee made of any moisture in any part of the body but the seede hath his owne determinate limited seate wherein it is contained Colliquation is alwayes hurtfull but the auoyding of seed is sometimes very profitable But an excrement It remaineth therefore that seede must needs be an excrement But what manner of excrement is it In all creatures that bring foorth their young aliue there is a double excrement The one naturall and profitable the other vnprofitable The first is profitable either to norish some part or to procreate conceiue and breed vp the young as Galen teacheth in his Commentary vpon the 39. Aphorisme of the fift Section the other cannot bee assimulated Excrements double because it is of a dissimilar substance The first is called an excrement onely by reason of the abounding quantitie thereof The second is noxious and hurtfull euen in qualitie also The Chylus which is made in the stomacke is acceptable euen to the stomacke which is pained about the concocting thereof but at length it is thrust downe into the gut as an What is a profitable excrement ouer-plus or superfluity so that which was an excrement to the stomacke becommeth to the Liuer an Aliment The Liuer being satisfied and glutted with blood driues that which remaineth as a surplusage into the great veines so the excrement that is the superfluity of the Liuer becommeth a conuenable aliment for the particular parts The parts both fleshy and solid when they are satisfied with blood do leaue that which remaineth in the veines these resiques are by little and little drawne by the Testicles and How euerie part ministereth to another out of his owne aboundance at length are conuerted into the nature of seede And for this cause the seede is called an excrement of the last concoction because it is generated out of the remainders of the last Aliment That remainder is blood not changed or whitened by the solid partes for the seede hath his whitenesse onely from the spermaticall vessels and the Testicles but redde and pure blood deriued from the trunke of the Hollow veine into the spermaticall veines How seed be comes white An argument heereof is because children and decrepit old men do not yeeld seed for that in these there is no ouerplus left and such wantons as doe too immoderately satisfye theyr inordinate concupiscence do often yeeld bloudy seed because it is not altered hy the spermaticke vessels and the testicles There is another matter of the seede far more noble which maketh it prolificall or fruitfull The second matter of the seede and that is spirits brought vnto it by the spermaticall arteries which being fierie aery substances wandering and coursing about the whole bodye doe containe in themselues the Idea or forme of the particular parts Neither do these spirits only cōteine the forme of the sexes but also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fatall necessity of life and death so that from whence we haue the acte of life from thence also we haue the necessity of dissolution In regard of these spirits the seede is called an efficient and a formall principle For the spirit is the immediate and proportionable instrument of Nature wherby the noble Architect that is the soule extendeth the Membranes produceth and lengtheneth the passages and by a kinde of puffing sufflation perforateth them This therefore is the double matter of seede blood and spirits Hence it is that among the Philosophers the seede is esteemed to haue a double Nature one aery spumous or frothy The double Nature of seed another waterish and diffluent For in that the seed is aery it is neuer congealed or frozen and in that it is waterish it is no sooner out of his owne vessels but it melteth the spirits being vanished which did vnite his parts Now whereas there are some which affirme that seed is onely waterish because the colour is like water as also the consistence when it hath bin but a little time out of the vessels How seede water differ Aristotle we will against them oppose Aristotle who disputeth this very point in the second chapter of his second Booke de generatione Animalium where he saith that the natures of water and seede are very different for water by heate becommeth not thicke as seede doth All waterisn things by colde are congealed seede is made more fluid And in the 51 Problem of the first Section he saith that seede is like to Flegme and water not in Nature but onely in colour But we proceede This double matter is mingled in these Labyrinths in which the vein openeth into the How the double matter is mingled artery and the artery into the veine by a wonderfull inoculation so that of two there becommeth one vessel an Embleme of the holy mixtion of seedes in Matrimony For as of two vessels a veine and an artery there is made one vessell so of a double matter blood and An Embleme of Matrimony spirits there is made one seede and of two seeds the Males and the Females one infant and of two parents the husband and the wife one body But we returne The blood and the spirits being thus mingled do attaine in the preparing vessels a rudiment of seede not so much by the inbred power or faculty of the vessels themselues as by an irradiation or beaming influence they haue from the Testicles Finally in the Epididymis How this mixture becommeth seede and the Testicles the seed is boyled by their proper and ingenit vertue whose substance is rare spongy and friable and from these it is deriued into the eiaculatory vessels as an ouer plus and peculiar excrement of the Testicles From whence it is manifest that fruitfull prolificall seede yssueth onely out of the Testicles not from the whole body as we shal further prooue in our next exercise QVEST. IIII. Whether seede fall from all the parts of the body ME thinkes now I see a faire and large fielde before me wherein I may expatiate and disport my selfe a little not restraining my discourse within those narrow cancels wherein I haue formerly confined it It was a common receyued The olde and receiued opinion opinion in old time that the seede did flow from all parts of the body This Hippocrates auoucheth in his Booke de
Saint Anthonies fires and scirrhous that is What diseases come therefrom hard and indolent tumors If it returne vnto the vpper partes it breedeth many diseases which follow the Nature of the part affected and the offending humour In the Liuer it breedeth the Caecexta the Iaundise the Dropsie In the Spleene obstructions and Sctrrhous tumors in the Stomacke depraued Appetite and strange longings in the Heart palpitations and Syncopes or sounding in the Lungs Vlcers and Consumptions in the Brayn the falling sicknes and mad melancholly and many other such like Amongst the new writers Fernelius the best learned Physician of them all in the 7. book Fernelius opinion of his Phisiologie proueth that this bloud is not Alimentarie nor of the same Nature with that by which the Infant is nourished in the mothers wombe but thinketh it noxious and hurtfull both in the quantity and quality On the contrary we thinke and perswade our selues wee shall also conuince others that this bloud which is monthly euacuated by the wombe is all one with that bloud whereof The contrary opinion that it is naturall the Parenchymata or flesh of our bowels are made and wherewith the Infant in the wombe is nourished and that it is in his owne nature laudable and pure bloud and no way offensiue to the woman but onely in the quantity thereof And this we hope wee shall euict both by authority of the Antients and by inuicible and demonstratiue arguments First of all Hippocrates fauoureth this opinion as also doth Galen Hippocrates in his first Hippocrates Booke de morbis mulierū hath this saying The bloud falleth from a woman like the bloud of a stickt Sacrifice which soone cloddeth or caketh together because it is sound and healthfull And this also he repeateth in his Booke de Natura pueri now the conditions of laudable bloud are to be red and quickly to cake Galen in his third Booke de causis symptomatum writeth Galen Reasons to proue it naturall that this bloud is not vnnaturall but offendeth onely in quantity And this may also be demonstrated by good and true reasons this bloud in a sound woman for if shee bee sickly the whole masse of bloud is corrupted the bloud I say that is auoyded euery month by the wombe is made of the same causes by and of which the other bloud is made with which the flesh is satisfied and nourished For the matter is the same the same heat of the Liuer the same vesselles conteyning it why then should there bee any difference in their qualities Moreouer if as the Philosopher often vrgeth the Finall cause be the most noble and preuayleth in the workes of Nature ouer all the rest why should this superfluous bloud redound First in the colde Nature of women vnlesse that it might become an Aliment vnto the conceiued and formed Infant why doeth shee purge it rather by the wombe then by the The second nose as it is often auoided in men vnlesse it be to accustome her selfe to this way that after the conception it may exhibit it selfe for the nourishment of the Infant This is the small cause of the menstruous bloud acknowledged by Hippocrates Aristotle Galen and all the whole schoole of Physitians Aristotle sayeth that such is the Nature of a woman that their bloud perpetually falleth to the wombe and the principall parts therfore if they be haile and sound of body and haue their courses in good order they are neuer troubled with varices or swollen veines neuer with the Haemerrhoids nor with bleeding at the nose as men are Now if these courses doe affect the way into the wombe for no other cause but onely for the nourishment of the Infant then no man will deny but that it is benigne and laudable bloud For Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri and in the first booke de morbis mulierum sayeth that the Infant is nourished with pure and sweete bloud in the first place he sayth that the Infant draweth out of the bloud that which is the sweetest in the second that the woman with childe is pale all ouer because her pure bloud is consumed in the nourishment and increase of the Infant Moreouer that the bloud which Nature purgeth by the wombe of a sound woman is Third pure and Elementary this is a manifest argument because of it returning to the paps milke is generated and therefore Nurses haue not their courses as long as they giue sucke nowe that milke is made of the purest blood Hippocrates witnesseth in his Booke de Natura pueri Aristotle in the first Chapter of his fourth Book de Generatione Animalium sayth that the Why Nurses haue not their courses neither yet conceiue nature of the Milke and of the menstruous bloud is one and the same and thence it is that those that giue sucke haue not their courses neither yet do conceiue with childe and if they do happen to conceiue then their milk faileth Add hereto that if the impurity of the courses were so great as some would haue it then it would follow that when women are with childe and their courses faile vppon that cause they should be worse disposed then if they should faile vppon other causes because the Infant drawing away the purer part of the bloud that other which is venomous or of a malignant quality would rage so much the more hauing lost the bridle whereby it is restrayned moreouer those symptomes would be more violent in the last moneths then in the first after conception all which is contradicted by common experience Wherefore the menstruall bloud is onely aboundant in women and hath no other fault Conclusion at all if they be sound and hayle and is of the same Colour Nature and Temperament with the rest of the bloud conteyned in the trunke of the hollow veine and wherewith the flesh is nourished Yet is it called an excrement but that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 abusiuely because the flesh being therewith filled and satisfied doth returne that which remayneth back into the veines and voyde it out so the Stomacke beeing satisfied with the Chylus thrusteth it into the Guttes But Auicen maketh a question whether this menstruall bloud be an excrement of the second Auicens question or of the third concoction we say it is of both but in a diuerse respect It is an excrement of the second concoction because the whole masse of bloud hath his first Generation in the Liuer the seate of the second concoction and from the Liuer is powred as an ouerplus Answered or redundancie into the trunk of the hollowveine It is an excrement of the third concoction because it is as we sayd vomited away by the flesh when it is satisfied after the third concoction Those arguments which before were alleadged against this truth are but veine and light Answere to the former arguments For as we grant that all those mischiefes and
euen The authority expounded as the bread is compassed with a Crust so is the infant compassed with Membranes but that the maner of the generation of these two is alike that he doth no where affirm wher as they say that the seed containeth only the Idea or forme of those parts from which it issueth The reason answered and that there are no such Membranes actually either in the Father or in the Mother I answer that such so diuine are the powers of the forming Faculty that they can diffuse or transfuse themselues out of one seede into another If therefore the markes which were in the body of the Grandfather do often appeare in the Grandchilde yea in his posterity after many degrees of affinity or consanguinity why shall not the forming Facultie of the fathers seede make an impression in the infant of that power which the Father himself had when he was seede Add heereto the necessity of the Finall cause It was behoouefull that the Infant should be inuested with Membranes and therefore the noble and absolute Architect hath made them The third question which we haue heere to discusse is whether these Membranes bee The thirde question generated of the mans seede or of the womans It is the olde receiued opinion that they are generated onely of the Mothers seede because that is the colder and lesse fruitefull Whether the Membranes are generated of the Mans seed or of the womans wherefore Nature hideth more inward the noble and especiall parts of the seed the more ignoble and base she disposeth on the outside as a defence to the rest now the seede of the woman is more ignoble Moreouer the quantity of the mans seede is but little and not sufficient for the forming of the outward and inward partes both and therefore it prayeth aide of the seede of the woman We thinke that for the most part the Membranes are made of the seede of the woman but that they are made only thereof that we deny For if the seede of the man be sufficient The resolution for the Generation of all the parts of the Infant why should it not also be sufficient to generate the Chorion Againe if the seede of the woman doe onely generate these Membranes how commeth that to passe which Hippocrates auoucheth in his first Booke de Diaeta that when the womans seede getteth the victory ouer the mans there are procreated three kinds of Females Dooth not the womans seede sometimes ouercome in the permixtion of the seeds of the sexes Therefore when the womans seede is stronger then the mans why should we attribute the generation of the Membranes vnto the stronger seede and of the whole body of the Infant to the weaker We conclude therefore that the Membranes may bee generated of either seede of the Arantius his idle opinion male or Female but of the Female more ordinarily and againe that of the Mothers Seede not onely these Membranes but also the Spermaticall partes of the infant may beformed Arantius in the Booke he set out of the Infant saith that the two Membranes the Amnion and the Chorion are not generated before all the rest of the parts but that they are propagations of the inner coats the Amnion of the fleshy Membrane and the Chorion of the Peritonaeum but this is against all experience and reason as we haue sufficiently shewed in the beginning of this exercise QVEST. XVII Of the Number of the vmbilicall vesselles IN the History of the Vmbilicall vesselles there are two thinges obscure to wit the Number of the vesselles and their Originall Concerning their Number the Anatomists are at variance some Of the number of these vessels diuers opinions say there are onely three others foure some fiue They which acknowledge three make onely one veine and two Arteries They which woulde hane foure adde to these three the Vrachos those who would haue fiue number two Veines as many Arteries and the Vrachos We resolue that as well in men as in beasts there are foure alwayes only foure to be found The first is the veine which is the Nurse of the Embryo which alone and by it selfe Our resolutiō arriueth at the Nauell from the Fissure of the Liuer This veine when it hath passed the A description of the vmbililicall veine Nauell is clouen into two and maketh two distinct channels and these againe are diuided and subdiuided whose branches being supported by the membrane called Chorion do conioyne themselues with the veynes of the wombe in Sheepe and Swine by certaine rounde and Nauel-like Excresences which they call Cotyledones or Acetabula in Women by that bulke of flesh which the late Anatomists call the cake or Liuer of the wombe but I know not for what reason for I doe not beleeue sayth Laurentius that the blood is prepared and boyled in that flesh but I acknowledge the same vse of it which the Auntients assigned to the glandulous body called Pancreas to wit safely to sustain and like a pillow to vnder prop the innumerable propagations of vessels which are distributed through the Chorion The veine therefore from the nauell to the Liuer is but simple and single which after it is passed the nauell is clouen in twaine and appeareth double And thus are the different places in Galen to bee reconciled where hee writeth sometimes that this veine is single sometimes Galen reconciled to him selfe that it is double The Vmbilicall arteries are two one on either side proceeding not from the heart but from the Iliack branches of the great Arterie descending The fourth vessell remayneth and vpon this hindge is the whole controuersie turned the Antients called it vrachus because by it the Infant powreth his vrine into the membrane Almost all the late Anatomists The vmbilical arteries The vrachus deny this to be in a man and say it is onely found in beastes Yet I sayeth Laurentius haue alwayes obserued it euen in men also for that a neruous production is ledde in men from the bottome of the bladder to the nauell as well as in beastes I thinke no Anatomist Proued in men will deny I aske therefore what vse is there in man of this production not onely that it may serue for a ligament for the bladder is tyed and doeth adhere to the neighbour partes very strongly by the interposition of many fibres arising from the Peritonaeum but to leade away the vrine as it doth in bruite beastes And in this my opinion sayeth the same Laurentius A history out of Cabrolius I am confirmed by the History of a wench whose vrine being a long time suppressed did at last issue out at her nauell This Bartholemew Cabrolius a most expert Chyrurgion and the ordinary dissecter to the Colledge of Physitians at Monpelier in Fraunce hath often made mention off Fernelius also in the 13. Chapter of the sixt Booke of his Pathologia telleth the like story One there
come into the world he presently perisheth as hauing his Vitall heate nipped by the cold of that churlish Planet Add heereto that the weake infant is not able to beare or endure so sudden an alteration from the Moone to Saturne as if it were from the lowest staffe to the top of the Ladder because all sudden mutations are enemies to Nature But if he ouercome the eight month then to Saturne succeedeth Iupiter that benefical Planet by whose prosperous and healthfull aspect all the ill disposition that came by Saturne is frustrated and auoyded wherefore the ninth moneth the infant is borne vitall and liuely as also the tenth and the eleauenth because of the familiarity of Mars and Sol with the Principles of our life And this is the opinion of the Astrologers concerning the Causes of our birth which is indeed elegant and maketh a faire shewe but is in the meane time full of Error as picus Mirandula hath prooued in a Booke which he hath written against Astrologers The opinion of the Astrologians confuted For how may it be that Saturne should alwayes beare sway the first and the 8. months when as a women may conceiue in anie months of the yeare any day in the month or any houre in the day Why do Hindes calue the eight month and their yong suruine as Aristotle writeth in his sixt Booke De Natura Animalium Pliny is of opinion in the fifte Pliny his idle opinion chapter of his seuenth Book De Naturali Historia That only those children are Vital if they be borne the seauenth month who were conceyued the day before or after the Full of the Moone or in the New Moone But all these are idle and addle immaginations of vvanton braines The Geometricians referre the Causes of the birth vnto the proportion of the Conformation and motion of the Infant For say they there is a double proportion of the conformation to the motion and a trebble proportion of the motion to the birth which proportion The Geometritians proportions if the Infant holde then shall hee arriue aliue and liuely into the worlde So the seauenth month birth is vitall because it is formed the fiue and thirtith mooued the seuentith and borne the two hundred and tenth day And this opinion may be confirmed by the authority of Hippocrates for in the third Section of his second Book Epidemiωn he saith whatsoeuer is mooued in the seuentith day is perfected Hip. authority Auicen in the triplicities But Auicen confuteth this opinion For if onely the proportion betwixt the conformation and the motion of the infant were the cause that he suruiued thē should he aswell suruiue the eight as the seuenth moneth because they keepe the same proportion For instance Say that an infant be formed the fortith day then shall hee mooue the eightith and be borne the two hundred and fortith And in this birth the proportion is exquisitly held because twice forty make eighty and thrice eighty two hundred and fortie dayes Now Hippocrates in his Booke De Alimento saith that an infant borne at 240. daies which all men vnderstand to be the eight-month birth is and is not But the authority of Hippocrates may well stand with this opinion for it is not his meaning that this proportion Hip. explained is the cause of the life of the infant but simply and absolutely hee sayth that there is a certaine proportion betwixt the conformation Motion and Birth of the infant which no man will deny It remaineth now that wee acquaint you with the Philosophers and Physitians reasons The 5. opiniō of the Phylosophers and Physitians why the seuenth-month birth is Vitall and not the eight Nature although she be illiterate and vntaught yet hath she constant Lawes which her selfe hath imposed vppon her selfe definite also and limited motions which she alwayes keepeth without inconstancy or mutability vnlesse she be hindred by some internall or externall principle As therefore shee The Lawes of of Nature are certaine neuer endeauoureth any perfect Criticall euacuation vnlesse the humor bee before boyled and prepared So she neuer vndertaketh a Legitimate birth till the infant bee perfected and absolued in all his numbers And as in crudity no good Crisis is to be hoped for according to Hippocrates so before the infant be perfected the birth cannot bee ligitimate or Vitall For the birth saith Galen is a kinde of Crisis Now before the seuenth moneth the infant is No vital birth before perfection not perfected and therefore before the seauenth month he cannot be borne aliue But the seauen-month if he be strong he breaketh the Membranes maketh way for himselfe and suruiueth because he is perfect especially if it be a male child The eight month birth why not vital 1. Reason The eight month although he be perfect hee cannot survive because hee is not able to beare two afflictions one immediately succeeding in the necke of another For in the seuenth moneth he laboreth sore and repeateth his contention the eight before his strength is refreshed And this is Hippocrates opinion in the very beginning of his Booke de octimestri partu Concerning the eight-moneth birth I am of this iudgement that it is impossible that the Infant Hippocrates authority should beare two succeeding afflictions and therefore those Infants doe not suruiue For they are twice afflicted because to the euils they suffered in the wombe are added also the payne in the birth Again the eight-month birth is not vital because it commeth after the birth day which The 2. reason should haue beene the seauenth moneth and before the birth day which is to bee the ninth moneth Whence we may gather that some ill accident hath betided the Infant or the mother which hindred the birth the 7. month and preuented the ninth And hitherto belongeth that golden sentence of our admired maister Hippocrates in the eight Section of his sixt Booke Epidemiωn If nothing happen within the prescript time of the birth whatsoeuer is borne shall suruiue But now why a woman doth not beare her burthen beyond the tenth and the eleauenth Why a womā goeth not aboue 11. moneths months Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri referreth the cause to the want of Aliment Now the Aliment fayleth as well because a great part of the bloud flowes back vnto the Pappes for the generation of Milke as also because the Infant is nourished only with pure and sweete bloud which the mother can no longer in sufficient quantity supply vnto him Neither is that to bee passed ouer with silence which Hippocrates obserued in the Booke before named to wit that in some women the Aliment fayleth sooner in some later Those which are not accustomed to bring foorth haue lesse Aliment then others for What women destaud their Infants soonest their Infants because the bloud is not accustomed to turne his course toward the wombe Againe those women who haue lesse store of
their courses and of Milke their Aliment faileth the soonest It is also worth our obseruation that large and great creatures do carry their burthens Why great creatures carry their yong long the longest because they doe not so soone attaine the perfection of their increment or growth So an Elephant bringeth not forth before the second yeare after her conception but house-doues breed euery month Man being of all Creatures the most perfect the most wise the most temperate and as it were the measure of all others hath also moderate times of gestation that is the 7. and the 9. months if Nature be not interrupted or preuented QVEST. XXXII Whether in a desperate byrth the Caesarian Section be to be attempted ARistotle in his seauenth Booke de Natura Animalium sayeth that among all Why the birth of man is most difficult creatures a womans trauell is most laborious and difficult as wel because she leadeth a soft and sedentary life as for that a mans Brain is the largest and so his head great especially as long as he is in his mothers womb now the head A miracle of Nature in the birth vseth to come forward in the birth This birth as sayeth Galen in the eight Chapter of his fifteenth Booke de vsu partium exceedeth all admiration for the mouth or orifice of the wombe which all the time of the gestation is so closed that a needles poynt cannot passe into it in the birth is so enlarged that the Infant yssueth out thererat But there are many obstacles which intercept the passage of the Infant by the orifice and What things hinder the outgate of the infant necke of the wombe as the thicknesse and magnitude of the Infant or naturall straytnesse of the inward orifice and of the neck a distortion inslamation some tumor against nature a fleshy Caruncle a scarre or the faulty confirmation of the share-bones For oftentimes in the inner part of the share-bone there is a sharp processe which intercludeth the passage of the Infant vnto the birth blace and then there is no hope that the woman can be deliuered Wherefore either the Infant must perish or the mother or both together In this so The wombe must be presently opned if the mother be dead hard and desperate an extremity the question is what may be attempted wee answere If the mother be dead and the childe yet liuing then presently without any delay the wombe of the mother must be ript open And those children that are thus taken foorth are called Caesares or Caesones from the cutting of the mothers wombe from whence the Caesars had their names After this manner as Pliny reporteth in the ninth Chapter of the seauenth Booke of his Naturall History was Scipio Affricanus the elder Iulius Caesar and Manilius borne But if the mother be yet aliue and the Infant by no other meanes can safely bee brought foorth the same section or opening of the wombe may bee administred for common experience and the authority of antient Physitians doe assure vs that the wounds of the muscles Though the mother liue yet this section may be attempted Hippocrates Paulus of the lower belly and of the Peritonaeum or rim are not mortall Hippocrates in the third Section of his sixt booke Epidemiωn commaundeth vs to cutte our Dropsie patients instantly now this Section for the Dropsie is a wounding of the Epigastrium or lower belly and the Peritonaeum as for the wombe it selfe Paulus Aegineta teacheth vs that the wounds thereof are not mortall It appeareth vnto vs saith he that though the whole Matrix bee taken away the woman will ordinarily suruiue Concerning this Caesarian section Franciscus Rossetus the French Kings Physitian hath Franciscus Rosset set foorth an elegant Booke so beautified with Histories and abounding with good arguments that wee should abuse our time and your patience to transcribe them in this place wherefore wee remitte those who desire further satisfaction heerein to that learned Authour QVEST. XXXIII Whether in the Birth the Share and Haunch-bones doe part asunder THE workes of Nature in the conformation life and nourishment of the Infant are indeede full of admiration but her last endeuour in the birth thereof is indeede the crowne of all the rest as that which exceedeth all admiration For the orifice of the wombe which after the first apprehension and conception The wonderfull indeuour of nature in the birth of the seede was so exquisitely closed that it will not admit the point of a Probe now that the Infant with turning kicking and breaking of the membranes prepareth toward his enlargement it is so relaxed as if it were a gate wide open But because Nature is so wise and prouident that shee vndertaketh nothing without due preparation therefore in the last moneths of gestation she lyneth the inner surface of the orifice with a slimy and mucous humor which thereupon becomming moyst and soft doth more easily distend or inlarge it selfe without feare of laceration or tearing Now whereas the wombe is contayned within the capacity of the hanch-bones and is walled about on the fore-side with the share-bones on the backe-side with the holy and rump-bones and on either side with the hanches whereof some are ioyned together with a fast and immouable articulation other by the mediation of a cartilage or gristle whether in the birth there bee a divulsion or separation of these bones that now is the question we haue in hand Some learned men are of opinion that the share-bones and the haunch-bones are seuered That the bones are parted in the birth Authorities Hippocrates which also may bee confirmed by the authorities of many right learned men and by reasons which carry with them a faire shew of trueth Hippocrates in the end of his Booke de Natura pueri wrote on this manner In the very birth the whole body is as it were vppon the racke but especially the loynes and the hanches for their Coxendices are distracted and parted asunder And Auicen in his third Booke Fen. 21. Tract at 1. Cap. 2. sayeth When the Infant Auicen is borne the wombe is opened with such an apertion as cannot be made in any other place and it is necessary that some iunctures must be separated which are so sustayned by the helpe of God so disposing and preparing and afterward doe returne to their naturall continuation and this action of all the workes of Nature is the strongest and most forcible Rabbi Zoar vppon the first of Exodus Rab. Zoar. Thou shalt not easily finde any thing in the whole administration of Nature more to be admyred then that distraction of the share-bones in womens trauell which indeed is done by the prouidence of God to whom Nature is but a seruiceable hand-mayd for otherwyse no strength almost is able to seperate them The like also we haue seene in the shooting of Stagges hornes which euery yeare fall and grow againe Seuerinus Pinaeus in
Of the Temperament nourishment Substance and Flesh of the Heart COncerning the Temperament of the heart the Physicians are at great strife among Of the temperament of the heart themselues Auerrhoes was of opinion that the heart of his owne nature was cold because his greatest part consisteth of such things as are naturally cold as immoouable fibres foure great vesselles which are spermaticall parts and without bloud and cold and that it is hot by accident onely by reason of the hot bloud and spirits contained in it and his perpetuall motion This opinion of Auerrohes his followers strengthen with these reasons First because Auerrhoes that the heart is cold the flesh of the heart is thight and solide and nourished with solide thicke and cold bloud Secondly because at the Basis of the heart which is his noblest part there groweth a great The 1. reason The second The third quantity of fat whose efficient cause saith Galen is cold Lastly because it is the store-house of bloud now bloud saith Hippocrates in his Booke de Corde is naturally cold for as soone as it is out of the veines it caketh But to the first argument we answere that the fibres Answere to the first and the vessels are not the chiefe parts of the heart but the flesh and therefore Aristotle and Galen call it a fleshy viscus or bowell To the second that the fat groweth not in the ventricles nor about the flesh of the heart but onely about his Membrane which in To the second respect of his flesh is but a cold part beside Natures finallcause that was to keepe the heart from torrifying ouercame all the rest which thing in nature is not vnusuall To the To the third third we answere that there are two sorts of blood one venall and another arteriall the veniall indeed is lesse hot but the arteriall bloud is exceeding hot Now the hart is the shop or worke-house of arteriall not of venall bloud We conclude therefore that the heart is not onely hot but of all the bowels the hottest That the hart is hot Authorities which we are able to prooue by authorities reasons and experience Hippocrates de principijs saith There is much heate in the heart as being of all members the hottest Galen in the last chapter of his first booke de temperamentis The bloud receiueth his heate from the heart for that of al the bowels is by nature the hottest The reason is The hart is the fountaine Reasons of heat of the Nectar of life it ingendereth the arteriall blood the venall it attenuateth for the Lungs heere the vitall spirits the hottest of all others are made Finally heere is the hearth the fire wherby the natural heate of al the parts is refreshed Experience also For if you put your finger into the hart of a beast suddenly opened the heat of it wil euen burn Experience as Galen saith in his first booke de semine and experience proueth Againe the flesh of the heart is the most solid of all flesh because it is ingendered of most hot bloud made dense and thicke by the parching power of an exceeding great heate But some will say that the How the spirits are hotter then the heart by which they are made Comparison spirits are hotter then the heart I answere it is true that in the spirits there is a greater heat but in the heart there is more heate more sharped and which heateth more because of the density of his substance so fire in straw or stubble though it be a flame burneth but lightly for you may draw your hand through it without any great offence but hot glowing yron although it haue not the same degree of heate that the flame hath yet it burneth more strongly and cannot be touched without danger But it may be demanded if the spirits be Whence the spirits haue their heate that is hotter then the hart is hotter then the heart and are bred in the heart whence haue they that greater heat I answere The heart consisteth of three parts as it were or substances a spiritual a moyst and a solid The spirits are ingendered of the spirituall and hottest part of the heart and are hotter indeed then the whole heart but not hotter then that part that ingendereth the spirits Three substāces of the heart That this may be Galen giueth an instance in milke milke in his whole substance is either cold or temperate but his fatty and buttery part is hotter then the whole body of the milke so the heart is hot in his whole substance but the spirituall part of the heart is hotter then the whole heart and from that part haue the spirits their intense heat thus much of the actiue qualities of the heart Now for the passiue there is as great dissention Auicen de Temperamentis and Galen in his second Booke de Temper Cap. 3. and 12. and in his 3. Booke de Aliment facultatibus say it is dry and his flesh hard and solid now it is a sure rule Whether the hart be moyst or dry An axiome That whatsoeuer is hard to feele too in a liuing body that also is dry On the other side Auerrhoes will haue it moyst because life consisteth in heate and moysture but the heart is the beginning of life and the shop of moysture Galen in the last Chapter of his first Booke de Temperamentis calleth it a Bloudy Bowel therefore moyst and in the same Chapter It is a little lesse dry then the skinne therefore moyster then the skinne I answere it is true that the heart is moyster to feele too then the skinne But Galen when hee sayeth it is drie Resolution compareth it not to the skinne but to the other parts for so his words are The flesh of the heart is so much dryer then the flesh of the spleen or kidneyes as it is harder And so much of the Temperament of the heart Concerning his nourishment Galen in his first Booke de vsu partium and the 7. de Administ How the hart is nourished Anatomicis sayeth it is nourished with venall and thicke bloud many of the later writers say it is nourished with the thin bloud contayned in his ventricles On Galens side that is on the trueths are these reasons It is a Catholicke principle Euery thing is preserued An axiome and refreshed with his like The flesh of the heart is hard thicke and solid such therfore must be his nourishment beside there is a notable veine called Coronaria or the Crowne-veine which compasseth a round the Basis of the heart and sendeth foorth branches into all his substance but Nature vseth not to doe any thing rashly or in vaine it serueth therefore An argument from ocular inspection for his nourishment beside occular inspection prooueth it which no reason can conuince The braunches of the coronarie veine are more and more conspicuous on the left side
Authorities that the heart will not beare a disease Hippocrates Aristotle Aphrodisaeus Paulus Aegineta Pliny so soâ—d and dense that it is not offended with any humour and therefore it cannot be tainted with any disease Aristotle The heart can beare no heauy or grceuous discase because it is the originall of life Aphrodisaeus In the heart can no discase consist for the patient will dye before the disease appeare Paulus Any disease of the heart bringeth death head-long vpon a man Pliny Onely this of all the bowels is not wearied with discases neyther indureth it the greeuous punishments of this life and if it chance to bee offended present death insueth Yet how repugnant this is to experience many Histories doe beare witnesse Galen in his 2. Booke de placitis reporteth that a sacrificed Beast Manifold Histories proouing the contrary did walke after his heart was out and in his 7. Booke de Administra Anatom he maketh mention of one Marullus the sonne of a maker of Enterludes who liued after his heart was laide bare euen from the pursse or pericardium and in his 4. booke de locis affectus if a man be wounded in the heart and the wound pierce not into the ventricles but stay in the flesh he may liue a day and a night Beneuenius writeth that he hath seene many Apostemations in the heart We told you a story euen now out of Hollerius of a woman who had two stones and many Apostemations found in her heart Mathias Cornax Physitian to the Emperor Maximilian saith that he dissected a Bookseller and found his heart more then halfe rotted away Thomas a Vetga writeth that there was a red Deere found in whose heart was sticking an olde peece of an Arrow wherewith he had beene long before wounded in hunting But you shall reconcile these together How these are to be reconciled if you say the heart will beare all afflictions but not long or that it is subiect to all kinds of diseases but will beare none greeuous For example the heart will suffer all kindes of distemper but if any distemper be immoderate or notable the party presently dies so sayeth Galen in his fift Booke de locis affectis Death followes the immoderate distemper of the Heart When Galen saith in the fifte Chapter of his first Booke De Locis Affectis That Galen interpreted the heart will beare no Apostemations hee vnderstandeth such an Apostemation as comes by the permutation of an inflamation For the Creature will die before the inflamation Answeres to the examples will suppurate or grow to quitture Say that the Apostemations found by Beniuenius Hollerius and Mathew Cornace were Flegmaticke or say that rare things do not belong to Art or with Auerrhoes as in Nature so in diseases wee oftentimes finde Monsters That a creature can walke and cry when his heart is out I beleeue well so long as the spirits last in his body which it receiued from the heart when they faile hee presently dieth A strange story of a Florentine Ambassador in the Court of France Andreas Laurentius maketh mention of a strange accident which happened in the Court of France Guichardine a Noble Knight and Ambassador for the Duke of Florence beeing in good health and walking with other Noble-men and talking not seriously but at randon presently fell stone dead neuer breathing and his pulse neuer moouing Manie tolde the King some saide he was dead some that hee was but falne into an Apoplexie or a Falling sicknesse and that there was hope of his recouery The King saith Laurentius commanded me to take care of him when I came I found the man starke dead and auouched that the fault was not in his braine but in his heart The next day his bodye was opened and we found his heart so swelled that it tooke vp almost all his Chest when wee opened the Ventricles there yssued out three or foure pound of blood and the orifice of the great Veine was broken and all the forked Membranes torne but the Orifice of the great Artery was so dilated that a man might haue thrust in his arme So that I imagine that all the Flood-gates being loosened so great a quantity of bloode yssued into the ventricles that there was no roome for the dilatation or contraction whereupon hee fell suddenlie dead yet is it a great wonder how without any outward cause of a stroke or fall or vociferation or anger so great a vessell should be broken It may be he was poisoned for the Italians they say are wondrous cunning in that Art in the Contention of Nature that dilaceration hapned QVEST. X. Of the nature of Respiration and what are the Causes of it AND thus much of the proper motion of the Heart what causes it hath what manner motion it is what power or faculty mooueth the Arteries when and as the heart is mooued or after and otherwise Howe A briefe enumeration of the difficulties about the motion of the heart and where the vitall spirites are generated and their immediate matter prepared what is the temperament of the heart how it is nourished what his structure is how many the parts are of his substaÌ„ce with their vse and functions Finally howe able to beare and endure affectes and diseases Theresolution of which questions though they do not properly pertaine vnto Anatomy all of them yet do they so depend one vpon another as it seemeth necessary that he that would know one should also know all notwithstanding in our treating of them we haue verie often restrained our Discourse and conteyned it within such limites as are not farre distant from Dissection it selfe It remaineth now that we should a little stand vpon another motion in our bodies and Of Spiration the Instrument thereof which Nature hath ordained to be seruiceable to this motion of the heart and that is Spiration or breathing For the Heart being exceeding hot and therfore a part of great expence needed a continuall supply of nourishment for the spirites and of ventilation for himselfe For Hippocrates saith in his Booke De Naturapueri CaliduÌ„ omne Why necessary frigido moderato Nutritur fouet us That which is hot is nourished and cherished by that which is moderately colde which sentence Galen in his Book de vsu Respiration is thus elegantly expoundeth Euen as saith he a flame shut vp in a straite roome and not ventilated with the aer burnes dimmer and dimmer till it be extinguished so our naturall heate if it want cold to temper it growes saint and wasteth away to vtter confusion For it is like a flame mooued both waies vpward downward inward and outward vpper and outward because it is light as being of a fiery and aery nature downward and inward in respect of his nourishment either of these motions if they he hindred the heate either decayeth or is extinguished it decayeth for want of nourishment because it cannot be mooued
and Nature hath here very wisely ordayned that although this action were absolutely necessary and so naturall for the Why it was necessary that respiration should be partly voluntary preseruation of life yet there should also be in it some commaund of the will because it is often very profitable to stay the breath and often to thrust it out with extraordinarie violence If wee be to giue very diligent eare to any thing if to passe through any vnsauoury or noysome places if we fall or be throwne into the water it is very necessary that we should bee able to conteyne our breath on the contrary to blow vp any thing to winde a home or sound a truÌ„pet to blow the fire or such like it is very profitable that we should be able to breath with extraordinary violence Now in a word we will satisfie the arguments on both sides and to the first in the first place They say that men Respire when they sleep but in sleepe there is no vse of election or will I answere there is a double will as Scaliger sayeth One from election proper to men and men awake the other from instinct and this is in men a sleepe and in bruite beasts The motion Wil is double of respiration when we sleepe is by instinct neither are all the Animall faculties idle in sleepe or extinguished in those diseases before named but in sleep they are remitted as Galen sayth not intermitted for euen the muscles haue a motion which we call Tonieum metum Arigid motion especially the two sphincter muscles and in the diseases they are depraued Motus Tonic â—â— The reason why we are not wearied with continuall respiration is because there is continual vse and necessity of it although it cannot be denied that euen respiration being constrayned wearieth the creature much On the contrary they that affirme this respiration to bee meerely voluntary alleadge that we are able to stay it when we will and to moue it when wee will to which I answere That is properly and absolutely a voluntary action which may bee stayed at our pleasure when it is doing and againe done when it is stayed but respiration is no such action for if the Respiration be altogether stayed as in those whose histories are aboue mentioned then is the creatures life extinguished and the respiration cannot againe bee mooued And for the two other arguments that respiration is by Animall instruments that in a phrensie which is a disease of the brayne the respiration is vitiated I answere that they proue indeed that in respiration there is somewhat voluntary but they doe not proue that there is nothing naturall We therefore do determine that Respiration is a mixt action and to it do concurre both principles ioyned together the Brayn and the Heart the Animall and The determination the Naturall faculties To conclude this Chapter and discourse of Respiration The pulse and respiration we see are two distinct motions yet so neare of kinne as men doe not ordinarily obserue the differences betweene them wee will therefore in a word tell you wherein they differ and wherein they agree They agree in that that they both serue one faculty that is the Vitall for they were both ordained onely for the heart which is the seate of the vitall faculty Moreouer they haue both one finall cause a threefould necessity of nutrition temperation and expurgation nourishment of the spirits tempering of the heate and purging of smoky vapours Thirdly they agree in the condition of their motions for both of them consist of a Systole and a Dyastole and a double rest betweene them but in these things they differ That the pulse is a Naturall motion continuall not interrupted and without all power of the will Respiration is free and ceaseth some whiles at our pleasure the efficient cause of the pulse is only Nature of Respiration Nature and the Soule together the instruments of the pulse are the heart and the arteries of Respiration the muscles the pulse is from the heart Respiration not from the heart but for the heart Finally the heart beateth fiue times for one motion of Respiration Lastly whether is the pulse or Respiration more necessary or more noble More noble Whether is more noble and necessary the pulse or respiration surely is the pulse because his instrument the heart is more noble his effect the vitall spirit is more noble then the ayre and the end is better then that which serueth for the end but Respiration was made for the preseruation of the pulse but nowe for their necessity there needeth a distinction There is one pulse of the heart and another of the arteries the pulse of the heart is more necessary for life then Respirution but the particular pulsation of the arteries is lesse necessary then Respiration for though the arteries bee bound or intercepted the creature dyeth not presently but if the Respiration be stopped hee is presently extinguished QVEST. XI Of the Temperament and motion of the Lungs COncerning the Temperament of the Lungs there is question among the Masters of our Art Some hold them in the actiue qualities to bee cold others Of what temper the lungs are That they are cold Reasons to be hot Those that would haue them cold giue these reasons for their assertion First because their whole frame and structure consisteth of spermaticall that is cold parts these are the gristly artery the arteriall veine and the venall artery Secondly because they are made to refrigerate the heart wherefore they are called the Fanne of the heart Thirdly because they are subiect to colde diseases as obstructions shortnes of winde difficulty of breathing and knottines called Tubercula Fourthly because they abound with flegmaticke and cold humors which is discerned by that we cough vp Lastly they alleadge an authoritie and a reason out of Hippocrates the authority for Authority that he sayth The Lungs are of their owne nature cold and are farther cooled by inspiration Hippocrates ground out of which they draw this argument is where hee sayeth in his Booke de Alimentis The Lungs do draw a nourishment contrary to their body whereas al other parts draw A reason drawne from Hippocrates that which is like to them From whence they reason thus The Lungs draw vnto themselues blood attenuated in the right ventricle of the heart and are therewith nourished That bloud being very hot their substance if Hippocrates sayd true who is sayde neuer to haue deceiued any man nor neuer to haue beene deceiued himselfe must needes bee cold But these arguments may thus bee answered Answere to the arguments To the first the vessels are not the substance of the Lungs but the flesh which is made of a hot and frothy bloud To the second that they refrigerate and coole the heart not by their owne Temperament but because they drawe and containe outward ayre which is alwaies colder then the heart though it
for in Oxen it is of an ouall figure bunching or bearing out in the middle of the eye not onely that it might bee freer from being offended but especially that the eie might discerne things greater then it selfe that is that it might receiue the Ideas or formes of great obiects and those whole vnbroken as also that the light which entreth in might be better vnited and contracted and so attaine through the Pupilla or Apple vnto the Chrystaline humour That this benefit commeth by the roundnesse and prominence of this membrane may be demonstrated by a Looking glasse for if we desire to see our faces in a long fragment of a Looking glasse we cannot see them whole because the figure is playne and in a plain figure the perpendicular beames of the light are not vnited whereas in a round figure they concutre and meete together into a poynt for Galen sayth in the twelfth Chapter of his 10. Booke de vsu partium that Vision or Sight is made by a Pyramis and therefore let the glasse bee neuer so small yet if it bee round wee may see our whole face therein hence it appeareth that if this part had any figure sauing a circular the images or formes of great obiects could not bee admitted into the eie at all It is hard and in some Fishes sayth Aquapendens exactly carrieth the hardnesse and rigidity Why hard of a horne it selfe This hardnes secureth not only the membrane but also the Christaline humour from outward iniuries beside that it resisteth any light occurrent violence Fast and thight it is not onely for resistance but also for the better conseruation of the Why fast watery and glassie humours that they sweat not out and that the thinne spirites might not penetrate through it and so exhale VVherefore in a liuing creature because of the aboundance of spirites it is notably streatched and shineth very cleare especially in the forepart But when the creature is dead and the spirits extinguished it falleth presently and growes loose and corrugated Hence it followeth that sight cannot be by an emission or eiaculation of spirites out of the eies because the tention or streatching of a liuing eie proceedeth from no other cause but from the aboundance of spirits concluded and contayned within this membrane And although it be the first and next part of the eie which is exposed to all iniuries of cold heat and whatsoeuer else might fall vppon or bruise the eye yet by the wisedome of Nature it is defended by the lids by the haires by the bones and by the skinne Moreouer it is not a simple or single membrane but made as it were of many shels or scales vpon which sayth Ruffus in the first Chapter of his first book there is a cuticle or curtaine spread which is far thinner then the rest of the scales that if haply one of them should be gnawne asunder the rest might suffice to contayne and defend the Chrystaline humour Auicen maketh it foursould It is very thinne for sayth Galen in the third Chapter of his tenth book de vsu partium if it had been thicke it might indeede haue beene a defence vnto the eie but it would haue Why thin cast a perpetuall darke shadow vpon it and would haue hindered the passage of the light whereas now being thinne it transmitteth any light or brightnes freely and without delay so that the chrystaline humour may discern the true purtraitures and representations of all visible obiects wherefore also it is transparant cleare and bright because it should be more fit for the transmission of illumination for so we see that the thinner a horne is the better doth the light extend it selfe through it It is also streatched for if it had beene corrugated or wrinkled and so vnequall it must Why stretched needes haue lost his roundnes smoothnes and transparancie and so the sight would haue beene much hindered An experience whereof wee haue in old men in whome this membrane is sometimes so rugous and loose that either they can see nothing at al or very confusedly for sayth Aquapendens when one plight or fold falleth vpon another and the coat thereupon is duplicated the membrane becomes thicker the Apple contracteth it selfe because it is not distended by a sufficent afluence of spirits It is transparant that it might giue way to all visible formes and representations and also admit the light which beateth vpon it But we must consider that this transparancie or Why transparant lucidity of the membrane differeth much from the lucidity of the aire that so there might insue a refraction or breaking of the light But howe the light passeth vnto the eye and how it is refracted because it belongeth rather to the opticke Art then to Anatomy him that listeth to be further satisfied therein we wil send vnto the writers of the Opticks such as are Vitellius and Alharen Aquapendens also the Anatomist hath elegantly written of these things of the eie but we proceed This membrane is pollished and smooth that in it the formes of thinges might better Why polished and smooth shine and more fitly be receiued and images represented to the chrystaline humour most like to the outward obiectes For if it had beene rough and full of eminencies and cauities the light would not haue equally attained vnto it for where cauities are there doe the representations passe through more easily and brighter where there is any eminencie ther doe they passe through with more difficulty and beside are very obscure Moreouer such an asperity or roughnesse would haue beene troublesome to the eie-lid as wee see it hapneth when any small substance falleth betwixt the eye and the lid But being fast hard thinne it could not receiue any veines into it neither yet arteries nor nerues neither if it could had it beene behoofefull for they would haue hindred the sight although it might haue defended the chrystaline humour from outward offences yet it would haue been ofsensiue to the sight with his hardnesse and finally it would haue abated the visible faculty communicated vnto the eies from aboue and haue dimmed or dulled their brightnes For That much light is an enimy to the sight that the eyes are offended with a bright and vehement light euery man hath sufficient experience in himselfe Beside we read in histories that Zenophons souldiours were almost blinded by trauelling through the snow And Dionisius that Tyrant of Cicilia aboue his prison built a very lightsome and bright chamber which he whitened ouer with lime when Dyonisius his cruelty he had a long time detained his prisoners in a darke dungeon hee suddenly brought them into this light and bright place where they instantly became blinde because their eies were not able to beare so sudden a change In like manner those that doe labour of the ophthalmia or inflamation of the eye are The greater light extinguisheth the lesse offended with the
The primarie vse For Tasting of the Speech Of the Taste which vse of the Tongue is common to Man and beast to distinguish betweene all the varieties of Sapors wherefore Aristotle in the 11. chapter of his first booke de Historia Animalium saith there is in the mouth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Tongue which is the Sensator of Tastes The taste which the Tongue hath it receyueth especiallie from the Coate which inuesteth the mouth and particularly from that part of it which couereth the tongue For whilst wee chew our meate the Tongue rowleth it selfe on euerie side of the mouth and applyeth it selfe to the Viands to take a say or Taste of them Moreouer because we can thrust or lill out our Tongues we are able to discerne of the Sapors of those things also which are without the mouth if the Tongue do but touch them especially with the very tip for there saith Aristotle the taste is most quicke in the 27 The tip of the Tongue chapter of his second booke De partibus Animalium and therefore saith he in Fishes onely the very tippe of the tongue is loose the rest is fastened downe vnto the Soale of the mouth Concerning the vse of the Tongue in the voice Hippocrates hath made mention in For Speech his Booke De Carnibus As also Aristotle in the eight chapter of his second booke De Anima for it is the very organ of Articulation so we saide before that those Birdes which haue broad tongues may easiest be taught to prattle as we see in Parrats Euripides therefore calleth the Tongue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Messenger of the Speech And therefore a mans Tongue which is the best proportioned and most at libertie attaineth to the greatest perfection in the deliuery and variety of the voice For although a Parrat a Stare and such like Birds can moderate their Tongues to a kinde of faigned distinction of Sounds yet in man the sound is more expresse and better articulated Beside sayeth Hippocrates in his A mans toung the Messenger of the Braine Booke of the Epilepsie the Tongue of a man is the messenger of the Braine that is as Bauhine well enterpreteth it of the Vnderstanding and the Wil but in other Creatures it deliuereth onely the affections of the Sensatiue soule which Galen calles Rationem delite scentem A silent shadow of reason which he attributeth to all creatures deuoyde of reason So we see euen in the tongue of a man sometimes it expresseth onelie those things that fall vnder the Sense as when wee crie for paine or for Foode and succour sometimes those things that fall vnder our vnderstanding as in Discourse The Secondarie Vse of the Tongue is for mastication or chewing or breaking of the meate and for diglutition or Swallowing The Secondarie vse Chewing By this motion of the Tongue those Creatures that want Teeth doe swallow their meate whole as Birdes and those that haue Teeth doe with theyr Tongues mooue their Viandes vnto their Teeth whereby they are mittigated and broken and so receyue in the mouth a good preparation for the Stomacke which otherwise woulde not nor coulde not so easilie concoct them for shredde meate is more easiler boyled then a vvhole Ioynt Againe the Tongue helpeth the Diglutition by turning the meate ouer it towards the Gullet By the Tongue also wee can licke and whistle or varrie the sounde of anie Swallowing Fife or Pipe or such like All these good offices the Tongue dooth in a man in other Creatures but one or at least not all For in the perfection of Creatures sayeth Galen in the Fifte Chapter of his seconde Booke De Semine Nature proceedeth by degrees Degrees of perfection in Creatures from a Plant. The first Degree is of those Creatures which haue onelie the Sense of Touching more perfect are those that Taste yet more that Smell then those that Heare and finally she addeth the Sense of Seeing which is the vtmost perfection of the sensatiue Soule The Muscles of the Tongue are assistant vnto it in the performance of all his Functions The Muscles of the tongue of Speaking Tasting and Rowling of the Meate and therefore there are three kinde of Muscles belonging vnto it which wee may call Locutorij Gustatorij and Cibi reuolutores the Speaking the Tasting and the Rowling Muscles Table 14. Figure 1. and 2. sheweth the tongue cut from the bodie and the Muscles thereof In the first the right side of it in the second his Muscles somewhat vncouered Figure 3. steweth the bodie of the Tongue diuided according to the length of it and his Ligament TABVLA XIIII FIG I. FIG II. FIG III. Tab. 14. figure 1. sheweth the Larynx hauing the Shielde Gristle cut into two parts but one part of it together with the Epiglottis is inuerted as by the Letters may be perceiued Figure 2. exhibiteth the Larynx shewing the Glottis FIG I. FIG II. The Second Figure The chiefe vse of it in man is speech the chiefe vse in Beasts is tasting because they want hands to gather and apply their meate vnto their mouthes as men haue but both men and beasts when their meate is in their mouths doe rowle it with their tongue or turne it ouer into their Gullets The tongue must therefore be mooueable haue Muscles which Muscles are of two sorts some Common others Proper Those are accounted common Muscles which belong vnto the bone Hyois and those proper which haue their originall from other where and do determine into the substance of the Tongue they are accounted siue paire called Styloglossi Tab. 14. fig. 1 2. F Myloglossi Tab. 14. fig. 1 2. G Fiue paire Geneoglossi Tab. 14. fig. 1 2. H Basiglossi or Ypsiglossi Ta. 14. fig. 1 2. Do Ceratoglossi Tab. 14. fig. 1. 2. L But of these we shall entreat particularly in the Book of Muscles heere it is enough to haue pointed them out These Muscles being remooued at the roote of the tongue there appeareth a kinde of The roote of the Tongue flesh made of many glandules and fat mixed together which saith Archangelus doth not deserue the name of a Muscle so saith also Columbus yet hee reckons it for the 11. Muscle because the Anatomists before him accoūted it for a muscle But a muscle is not made of glandules but of fleshy fibres This heape of Glandules Table 14. figur 1. 2. H groweth to the roote of the Tongue that it might continually be moistned for without moisture there can be no Gustation So The vse of the kernels in the stomacke there can be no concoction without Elixation or boyling wherefore Nature ioyned to the Stomacke the Pancreas or Sweete-bread a glandulous body that from thence might continually steame moyst vapours that so the concoction of the stomacke might be made by Elixation or boyling Beside the moysture which the Tongue receiueth from these glandules makes it more glib and easily to
be moued for if it be dryed it wil not mooue so readily as wee may see in those that are very drie in hot burning Agues when the humour or moysture of the Tongue is exhausted Beside the Glandules the Almonds also of the throat as we remembred before do continually moysten the Tongue and help his motion And thus much of the Tongue CHAP. XXXIII Of the Sense of Tasting WEE sayd before that there were three things required in euery Sense the Instrument the Medium and the Obiect Which three wee will shew in this fourth Sense of Tasting as far as we can gather out of Anatomy The Physitians following Galen in his book de instrumento odoratus and in The instrument of tasting the fift chapter of his 7. booke de Placitis doe determine that the instrument of the Taste is the Tongue and that it is affected to Sapors as the Eie is to colours But as in the Eie there is one particle which is said to be the most principal instrument of Seeing the other but assistant so in the Tongue there is one similar part which is the most principall instrument of Tasting and that is the rare and laxe substance thereof which is therefore rare spongy that it might be better steeped with the moysture wherein the Sapors are conuayed The other parts of the Tongue are but helpers and handmaids all contributing vnto the principall part This substance call it flesh or pulpe or what you will The principal particle because it was made to receiue all Sapors was to be deuoyde of all Sapor that is insiped or hauing no Taste at all as we vsually speake and that it is so any man may perceiue if hee eat of the Tongue of any beast boyled fresh and without any sauce The matter wherein the formes of Sapors do consist which wee call Natura subiecta The matter in which tasts doe consist is moyst for without moysture sayth the Philosopher in the 10. chapter of his 2. booke de Anima nothing can make an impression of a Sapot and euery thing that maketh this kind of Sensation or moueth this Sense hath humidity in it either Actu or potentia that is eyther Actually and Really or in Possibilitie and by how much a thing is the moyster by so much is it the more sauoury because all things when they are moyst doe make a better impression of their Sauour then when they are hard Hence it is that those things that are hard as Pepper and such like do not make shew of the gustile qualities vnlesse their vpper superficial parts do giue or melt or be moistned The sweetnesse of Sugar we Taste better when it is melted and a corne of Salt will strike the Sense much more after it is dissolued then before An infusion of Rheubarbe is much bitterer then a peece Rheubarbe held in a mans mouth Seeing then that Sapors are not perceiued but as they communicate their qualities to moyste substances it followeth that the instrument of this Sense must neither be actually moyst neither yet of such a substance as cannot be moystned but it must be Potentially Moyste and Actually moystned yet so that when it is moystned the Nature of it must be preserued Hence it is that when the Tongue is either too dry or too moyst it doth not Taste well For example if a man Taste of any sharpe or vehement thing as Pepper and then presently Why sick foll◠thinke al things bitter Tast of an other thing he is not able to iudge well of the latter the reason is because the Tongue is already possessed and forestaled or taken vp with the former sharpe humour So likewise we see that those that are sicke think all things bitter the reason is because their Tongues are moystned with a bitter iuice The Tongue therefore was made of an earthy and dry substance for albeit because of the softnesse it may seeme to bee moyste yet this moysture is not Innate but an acquired moysture distilling perpetually out of the braine which insinuateth it selfe into the Toung as water doeth into a sponge That this is so it is euident for if the distilation out of the head be stayed the Tongue is presently exiccated yea so parched by hot vapours eleuated from the Liuer the Stomacke and the Lungs that it becommeth rough yea in Agues it cleaueth or choppeth and the marks or scarres of those fissures remaine many yeares to be seene which thing sayeth Bauhine I haue experience of in my selfe for 17. yeares since I had an Ague and my Tongue claue or chopped in the middest and yet the marke of it is Bauhine of himselfe Galen manifestly to be seene Galen therefore in his Booke de Odoratus Organo and in the sixt chapter of his seuenth Booke de Placitis hath truely taught vs that the instrument of Tasting was made of a moyst substance where hee intendeth to diliuer the qualities of the instruments which are most appropriate to the perticular Senses For if the Tongue be too much exiccated the Perceiuance or knowledge of Sapours must needes perish and therefore Nature set the Almonds neare the Tongue least the ayre that is continually drawne and let out by Inspiration and Expiration should drie it too much And so much of the Instrument The Medium of the taste The Medium of this Sense wee take to bee the coate of the Tongue as the Cuticle or Scarfe-skinne is the medium of the Touch. For sayth the Philosopher in the 114. Text of the second Booke de Anima all things that apprehend by any Sensation we apprehend by a Medium there being no Sensation made by the immediat contaction of the Instrument and the Obiect although afterward in the 10. chapter of the same booke not so well aduised he denyeth that either the Taste or the Touch haue any Medium to which place we refer him that is desirous to know his reasons The Obiect of the Taste are all thinges that haue any Sapour or Gustable qualities in The obiect them But the qualities of Gustable things are of two sortes some properly belonging to the Sense of Tasting as Sapours For as the obiect of the Sight is Colour so the obiect of the Tast is Sapor yet nothing that is without moysture exhibiteth any Sapor to the Sense others are Common to all the Senses as the Magnitude of that which is Gustable the Nūber the Situation c. VVherefore we say that the Tong doth Taste the Sapor of wine not the wine yet from this Sapour the Soule gathereth that it is wine which wee Taste For wine as it is wine and sugar as it is sugar are not the Obiects of the Faculty of Gustation but as they are indowed with Sapors or Gustable qualities The Soule indeed by discourse of Reason distinguisheth betweene a sharp Taste and a bitter but it is by the mediation of the Sense of Tasting when the Sensible qualities of
hard body that might alwayes stand open for egresse and ingresse of the Ayre For saith Galen if it had beene made of flesh or a membrane the hole of it would haue falne and the passage should not haue bene so free for the breath and so the body haue beene depriued not of voyce onely but of life also because the respiration would haue bene intercepted If it had bene bony the hardnesse thereof would haue pressed vpon the gullet and so haue hindred diglutition or swallowing beside the very weight would haue drawne downe Why not bony the tongue and the bone Hyois and hindered their actions it would haue needed great muscles to haue moued so heauy a body which must haue taken vp a greater place then in so narrow a roome could be allotted to them And if the bones had beene so fine and thinne that all these inconueniences had beene preuented then it would haue easily bene broken being placed outward for bones will not yeeld as gristles doe I know well that Columbus is of opinion that it is bony in growne men which hee auoucheth vpon his owne dissection of innumerable bodyes those are his words although Columbus opinion that it is bony he confesseth that in young children it is grystly as not hauing attained his hardnesse and soliditie One argument also he addeth which is that the substance is medullous or marrowy as he hath often found in which one thing bones differ from grystles He also reprehendeth Galen for cutting vp Apes and not obseruing that their throtles were bony and Vesalius for shewing the Throtles of beastes in his publike dissections But Fallopius whom we esteem the more oculate Anatomist saith that sometimes he hath found the first and second grystles bony in very old men yea sometimes before extreme old age but the third and the fourth grystles saith he I neuer saw bony neither can I approue of their opinions that thinke the Larynx is bony and not grystly vnlesse it be imperfect because Nature intended it to be bony For saith Fallopius if this were so then we must confes Disproued by Fallopius that no man hath the instrument of his voyce perfect till he come to bee old or striken in yeares which must not be granted Of the same mind also is Laurentius Bauhine proceedeth further to prooue it grystly on this manner It is the instrument of the voyce and therefore there must be a proportion betweene the ayre that is beaten Otherreasons why it must be gristly the body which beateth it that so it may resound for the forming of the voyce for the voyce is nothing else but a percussion of the Ayre And although sounds doe arise from hard bodyes not from soft as a sponge a locke of wooll or such like for that the Ayre is not broken vnlesse it light against a solid hard and smooth body yet it must not bee perfectly hard for such a one doth not readily cut the ayre but ouerturns it Nor too soft for then it yeeldeth and maketh no resistance and therefore cannot make any sound Such a body therefore which yeeldeth moderately and beateth the ayre gently is the cause of the voyce now such a body is a gristle Finally it was made gristly saith Galen in the fourth chapter of his booke of the dissection of the instrument of the voyce that it might be a fit foundation for the other parts whereof the Larynx is compounded and that the Muscles might better arise therefrom and be implanted thereinto But it was not fit it should be made of one entire gristle without any articulation Not of one gristle so immoueable for then it could not haue bene either shut or opened dilated or contracted It was therefore made of many annexed one to another and hauing motion not Naturall such as is in the Arteries but voluntary depending vpon the will For the chiefe vse of it being in inspirations and exspirations it was meete we should be able to moderate it at ourpleasures add hereto that being the instrument of the voyce to admit or expel our breath it was more then necessary we should haue a voluntary command ouer it To this purpose Nature also furnished it with muscles and them with nerues for motion veines for nourishment arteries for life and membranes for their strength She added also glandules to keep them all moyst It is made of 3. gristles saith Galen we say 4 so doth Fallopius diuers others For the motions of the Larynx they are double that is wherby it is dilated and constringed shut The number of the gristles opened and therefore there was neede but of two articulations each of which serue each motion So that the dilatation and constriction is made by that articulation which is betwixt the first gristle and the second The opening and shutting by that which is betwene the second and the third The Muscles of the Larinx are either common or proper the common Muscles are sixe that is three paire The first paire are called Bronchij Tab. 15. fig. 7. xx because they The muscles cleaue to the rough Arterie The second paire are called Hyoetdet or rather Hyothyrocidei Tab. 15. fig. 3. h. The third paire are called Oesophagei Tab. 15. fig. 7. ll The proper Muscles are ten or fiue paire of which sixe do dilate and foure do constringe Some of these are placed forward some backeward some without some within Table 15. figure 3. sheweth some Muscles of the Larynx with a part of the Nerue Figure 4. sheweth all the proper Muscles the Clefte the Fpiglottis or After-Tengue and the Gristles Figure 5. sheweth the backe part of the Larynxe with the Muscles separated the Gristles and the Epiglottis Figure 6. The foreside of the Larynx with some muscles Figure 7. The transuerse Muscle of the Gullet also two Common Muscles together with the Recurrent Nerues TABVLA XV. FIG III. FIG IV. FIG V. FIG VI. FIG VII The first paire we cal the forward Crycothyroidei Tab. 15. fig. 4 s but in the sixt figure the one is separated the other remaineth in his proper seate The second paire we cal the backward Crycoarthenoidei Tab. 15. fig. 5 I The third paire are called the laterall Crycoarthenoidei Tab. 15. figure 4 r The fourth paire are called the Internal Thyroidei or Thyroarythenoidei Table 15. fig. 4. c The fift paire are called Arytenoidei Tab. 15. fig. 4 and 5. g The larger description and vse of these muscles looke for in the booke of muscles We wil come to the gristles of the Larynx which we wil handle particularly in this place because they make this notable instrument of the voice and touch them but by the way in the discourse of gristles The Larynx therefore consisteth of three gristles say the Ancients of four say manie of the latter Anatomists and we may so esteem them one called Thyroides the other called Crycoeides and the third Arytenoides which is double These gristles
esteemeth this the fountaine of all Artes and Sciences And surely if any man setting aside the assurance and the authority of senses shall seek for the grounds and euidences of Arts and other Obiects else-where then from the senses hee shall not onely entertaine into his minde a dissolute and vaine confusion tossed hither and All Arts haue their beginning from Sense thither without any stedfastnesse but also calling in question the most sure foundations of Nature shall cast himselfe headlong into a dungeonof perpetuall and intricate obscurity Quid referemus enim quod nobis certius ipsis Sensibus esse potest quo vera et falsa notamus For what more certaine euidence of things can be obtayned Then that which true or false we iudge by outward sense vnstayned VVhence shall hee haue the grounds of Demonstration which endeauoureth to derogate from the credit which is due vnto the senses which are the foundations of al Sciences For Demonstration is from vniuersall things and such vniuersals doe arise and spring out DemoÌ„stration from Sense of singulars but the externall senses doe perceiue all singular things Now there is none so ignorant which doth not see what will follow hence The same thing Lucretius confirmes in these verses Inuenies primis a sensibus esse creatam Notitiam veri nec sensus posse refelli Quinisi sunt veri ratio quoque falsa sit omnis The knowledge of all truth who seekes must hold From outward senses first to haue proceeded Those Demonstrations cannot be controld Or could they Reasons selfe should be deceiued Hence it is saith Aristotle that such men are vnfit for some Arts and Sciences to whom Nature hath from their birth denied any of these senses VVhosoeuer therefore doth not content himselfe with the infallible credit of the senses is worthy with Anaxagoras who called into question the whitenesse of the snow as Aristotle remembreth of him to be giuen ouer vnto the doubtfull and suspended vncertainty of the Pirrhonij or Scepticks to waite till the things themselues shall tell him what their seuerall natures are But we in the mean time admiring this maiestie certainty of the senses will make entrance into so faire pleasant a field of discourse and handle euery one of them in particular beginning with the sense of Touching which as it is more common The dignity of the sense of Touching then the rest so without doubt deserues the first place For this is the ground of all the rest and doth consist in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or moderation and temperament of the foure Primarie qualities And hence it was that Aristotle and with him all other Philosophers haue iudged this sense worthy that honour to bee called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or by a certaine eminencie or excellencie without adding thereto any Epithite The Sense as if they should haue said the onely Sense of all Senses And that not vnworthily seeing as the same Aristotle affirmeth euery sense is a kinde of Touching as whereof the whole company and set of the other Senses doe stand in neede for the better perception of their obiects As for example The Tast neuer should discerne of sapours except the gustible No sense without Touching matter were touched by the spongie body or pulpe of the Tongue neither could the Organ of smelling receiue any odours vnlesse the perfume of odoriferous things should touch the same The same are we to thinke of the other Senses to which in like manner is required though not a Mathematicall yet a Physicall Touching what neede we adde more It is the Sense of Touching which perfecteth the operations of all the other Senses and yet it selfe needeth not the helpe of any Yet this I adde moreouer that this sense is capable of the Nature of many more contraries then the other Senses for it iudgeth of Heate and Colde Moyst and Dry Soft and Hard Light and Heauy Slender and Grosse Rare and Dense Smooth and Rough and an infinite number of that kinde On the contrary the Sight doth perceiue nothing but white and blacke for Red Yellow Skycoloured and other such like are not contrary but intermediate colours and so of the rest that I may also lightly passe by this that al other Senses are restrained within some small organ about the brayne but the Touching is diffused through the whole body These arguments doe sufficiently commend the preheminence of this sense of Touching Yet if â—ou please to attend and more accurately consider these which follow you shall see the maiestie thereof to shine more plainely vnto you For first it is by the benefit of Touching that we are conceiued and formed in the fertile Garden of our Mothers wombe For 〈◊〉 wise and prouident Nature ayming at Eternity hath endued the partes of generation with a most exquisite sense of Touching for the conseruation of the Species or kindes of creatures so that the creatures beeing rauished with an incredible kinde of pleasure doe more readily apply themselues to venereall embracements otherwise a thing filthy and abhominable and endeauour the procreation of their owne kindes VVhen the Infant in the wombe yet liueth onely a vegetatiue life hee is first of all endued with the sense The touch 〈◊〉 first exist of all Senses of Touching whereby hee is cherished nourished and encreased and is at length perfected for so long as he is in the prison of the wombe hee neither seeth nor heareth nor smelleth nor tasteth any thing but yet hath absolute necessity of the sense of Touching that he may be able to auoyde imminent dangers Moreouer this Sense is not only borne together with vs but also which is more woorthy of admiration when all the other Senses perishing euen for the least perturbation of the minde and leauing vs vngarded and prostituted vnto death yet this like vnseparable and faithful Athates doth attend vs vnto the last breath whence Aristotle in the third Book De Anima cha 13. Text. 67 writeth That if any Creature be depriued of this Sense of touching Touch is of necessitie the rest for commodity death will of necessity ensue For neyther is it possible fayth he that any creature should want this Sense neyther if hee bâ—e a creature is it of absolute necessitie that hee haue any Sense besides this as if he should say that this Sense is of the verie essence of the creature and therefore other sensible obiects by their immoderate extreames doe onely corrupt their proper organ but the excessiue qualities of tactile things do take away the life it selfe Againe things euen without life cannot subsist without Touching as Aristotle sayeth who Plants caÌ„not bee without Touch. thought that neyther action nor passion nor any mixtion can bee without Touch and therefore neyther can the mixt bodie be without it For though these things without life do draw their nourishment out of the earth yet they do it not indifferentlie and without choice of that which
other body And of this kinde is the sound of those creatures which we call Insecta and of most Fishes The Sound that proceedeth from such organs as are not thereto by Nature deputed is also double First as when two creatures or two hands do strike one against another the second when one body hath life the other hath none as when a man strikes his hand vpon a Table Furthermore the naturall Sound of bodies without life is that which is made by the action of the first qualities as that of the Fire of the Aire of the Water of the Earth or of these mixed for example the thundering of Aire when it is concluded or shut vp in water and violently breaketh foorth through a narrow outlet And thus much of Naturall Sounds I call that Violent which is made by bodies beaten one against another by an Violent sounds extrinsecall or outward principle all which might be nicely parted into seuerall Sections if we did not thinke that any man might out of the order we haue before insisted vppon frame vnto himselfe a multitude of distinctions or differences of Sounds QVEST. XLI Of the manner of Hearing COncerning the manner of Hearing the Phylosophers doe diuersly dissent in their opinions Alcmaeon thought that we doe therefore Heare because our Eares are empty Diuers opinions of hearing Alcmaeon and hollow within for all empty things doe make a resonance Diogenes thought that there was a kind of Ayre within the Braine and that this Ayre was strucken with the voyce this conceit was controuerted in Hippocrates times therfore Diogenes in his booke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 he inueigheth against it There are saith he some which writing of the Nature of things haue affirmed that the braine doth make a sound which cannot be for the Braine is humide and moyst but no moyst body can cause a sound Plato writeth that Hearing is Hippocrates made by the pulsation and beating of an internall Ayre But we passing by these slippery wayes of opinions will insist vpon the true manner of Plato Hearing and in a short and familiar discourse display the whole Nature thereof For because the Organ of Hearing was vnknowne to the antient Phylosophers and Physitions particularly to Aristotle and Galen in whose dayes Anatomy was but in the infancie and therefore the many small and curious parts of that Organ not found out we cannot therefore collect the perfect nature of Hearing out of their writings and therefore in this disquisition we must trust more vnto our owne experience Aristotle in his second booke de anima and in his booke de sensu sensili saith that three things are required vnto sense How hearing is made The obiect of it The obiect medium and instrument or Organ the obiect of the Hearing is Sound as colour is the obiect of the light but of the Nature of a sound wee haue intreated already as much as is necessary for this place Onely I will call to your remembrance by the way that a Sound is a quality arising from the fraction and breaking of the Ayre which is What sound is made by the percussion of two hard and solide bodyes for soft things doe easily yeeld neither doe they resist the force of that which beates against them The medium or meane of Hearing is the externall Ayre for Aristotle doubted whether The medium of it The Organ of it a voyce could be heard in the water or no and yet he knows very well that Fishes do heare who was euer present at the fishing for Mullets in the night The instrumtnt of the Hearing is not the external Eare but the internall which consisteth of foure cauities and many other particles vnknowne to the Antients The manner therefore of Hearing is thus The externall Ayre beeing strucken by two hard and solid bodyes and affected with the qualitie of a sound doth alter that Ayre The manner of hearing which adioyneth next vnto it and this Ayre mooueth the next to that vntill by this continuation and successiue motion it ariue at the Eare. For euen as if you cast a stone into a pond there will circles bubble vp one ouertaking and moouing another so it is in the percussion of the Ayre there are as it were certaine circles generated vntil by succession they attaine vnto the Organ of Hearing Auicen very wittily calleth this continuation of the strucken Ayre vndam vocalem a vocall waue But this kind of motion is not made in a moment but in succession of Time wherevpon it is that the sound is not presently after the stroke heard from afarre The Ayre endowed with the quality of a sound is through the auditory passage which outwardly is alwayes open first striken against the most drie and sounding membrane which is therefore called Tympanum or the Drumme The membrane being strucken doth mooue the three little bones and in a moment maketh impression of the character of the sound This sound is presently receiued of the inbred Ayre which it carryeth through the windowes of the stony stone before described into the winding burroughs and so into the Labyrinth after into the Snaile-shell and lastly into the Auditory Nerue which conueyeth it thence vnto the common Sense as vnto his Censor and Iudge And this is the true manner of hearing QVEST. XLII Whether the proper and inbred Ayre contayned within the Eare be the primary and principall Instrument of Hearing THE proper and ingenit ayre which the Barbarians call Implanted and Aristotle inaedificated and immoneable is contayned in the second cauity of the Eares which the same Aristotle calleth the Snayle-shell Some doe The names of it call it Immoueable because it is not mooued by any other but alwayes remaines the same in the Eares Others call it immoueable because it hath no naturall sound but can receiue all the differences of Sounds The auntients thought that this ayre was the chiefe and principall organ of Hearing and in respect of this ayre Aristotle in his second booke de Anima and in his booke de Sensu et Sensil saith the nature of the Hearing is ayrie Indeede I esteeme this Ayre to be very necessary vnto Hearing yea so necessary that Hearing can scarsly bee performed without it but I can neuer perswade my selfe that it is the principall organ of Hearing It is an vniuersall Theoreme and generally true that in euery perfect organ there is some certaine particle to which as to the chiefe cause the Action is to be attributed so in the Liuer the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 maketh Sanguification In the Eye The inbred ayre is not the principall organ of Hearing the Cristalline humor causeth Sight in the Muscles flesh effecteth motion and the Mamillary processes doe make the Smell But it will be obiected that this inbred ayre is not a Similar part therefore no such Action is due to it Now that it is no part may be thus demonstrated Euery Similar part is
of Nature By no meanes for if you deceiue a childe with a suckling bottle or any such thing like the nipple of the mothers breast as soone as euer hee tastes that which is therein to differ from the Aliment which he naturally desireth he will presently cry and not be appeased till he haue his mothers breast againe And thus much shall be sufficient to haue spoken of the causes of odours and some difficulties coincident with them Now wee proceed to the differences QVEST. LI. Of the differences of Odours TO distinguish the particular kinds and differences of Odours to giue their proper names is altogether impossible partly because the Sense is but dull and partly because of our owne ignorance which the best Philosophers haue Differences of odours very nice not beene ashamed to confesse Wherefore those that haue written of this part of Philosophy considering how imperfect our Sense is to make fitte distinctions of this obiect seeing wee can smell nothing but that which doeth vehemently goade and affect the Sense they haue thought good to distinguish the kindes of odours improperly and by way of translation by the differences of Sapours and Tastes neither haue they done this without good ground for between Sapours and Sauors as in the name so in the nature there is a great affinity analogy and proportion insomuch that the odour or sauour dependeth vpon the sapour or Taste So sayth Aristotle in the fift chapter of his Booke de sensu sensili there Therefore referred to tast is no bode odoriferous which hath not also a strong taste defining that to be odoriferous or able to moue the sense of smelling which hath in it power to diffuse a sapide siccity a while after he sayth If therefore any man shall esteeme both to wit ayre and water moyst it woulde followe that odour will bee nothing else but the Nature of sapide siccity reciding in moysture The kinds therefore of Odours which fall vnder our Sense are these Biting Sweete Sowre Tart and Fat. As for rotten smelles these sayth Aristotle in the place before quoted The kinds of odours are proportionable with bitter Tasts because as bitter things are hardly swallowed so rotten or stinking smels are not receiued into the Sense without a kind of regret and loathing There are two other differences of odours the first is common to bruite beasts and by accident doeth mooue pleasure or paine as those odours which together with the steame do arise from meat which are pleasant to those that are hungry and vnplesant and offensiue to such as are satisfied The other kinde is of it selfe pleasant or vnpleasant as the smell that breatheth from flowers and this is proper to men alone for they doe not prouoke the appetite more or lesse but rather by another kinde of satisfaction doe dull and appease it Yet wee must not beleeue that all the differences of Tastes may be applyed to odours for who euer said that he felt a salt smell Finally Odours are either Naturall or Artificiall Naturall odours are those which are naturally in the bodies Artificiall are such as Apothecaries vse to make for pleasure or for Physicke of the commixtion of many spices and these we call compound odours the other simple QVEST. LII Of the Medium or Meane of Smelling IT hath not yet been called into question whether the smell standeth in need of a Medium or no. All men taking it for granted that a Medium is required partly The Philosopher opinions subscribing to that Axiome so often before itterated by vs. That the obiect immediatly touching the Instrument maketh no Sensation partly because in the 97j Text of his second booke de anima Aristotle speaking particularly of the Smell hath assigned thereto a determinate Medium or Meane for in that place hee doth not onely take away the doubt whether this Sense be made by a Medium but withall he declareth by what Medium it is absolued and perfected With him therefore as there is great reason we also consent For Odour hauing his residence in a fumide exhalation with which exhalation the Odour exhaleth out of the bodies that vapour cannot accompany the Odour vnto the Confirmed What is the Medium of Smelling Organ especially where the distance is any thing great betwixt the body out of which the odour issueth and the organ of Sense but it must be dissipated vnlesse it were preserued by some Medium yet euen that Medâ—um doth not so preserue it but by degrees it is dissipated and vanisheth away Wee conclude therefore that the Sense of Smelling standeth in neede of a Medium But what this MediuÌ„ should be that saith Plancentinus I am not resolued of although I am not ignorant that all Philosophers with one consent doe agree herein with Aristotle who saith this Medium is double to wit Ayre and Water Concerning the ayre it is without controuersie the Medium of Smelling because when we draw our breath we do at the same time also Smell beside the Odour that exhaleth The ayre approued out of the mixt body is not diffused into all dimentions but only that way which the ayre is diffused A certaine signe that the ayre is both the Medium and the vehickle of Smels Concerning the water Placentinus maketh some doubte although Arist. in his 2 Booke de Anima especially in the 8 chap. of his 4. Booke de Historia animalium doth striue earnestly to proue that to fishes the water is the true Medium of Smelling His foundation is that those creatures which liue in the water do Smell which if it be so it is necessary that there must be also a Medium wherein the Obiect should be transported That Medium The water questioned Aristotle for it cannot be Ayre for ayre as soone as it is generated in water doth exhale or bubble vp as the same Arist. teacheth in the 5 chap. of his Booke de Sens et Sensil from whence he concludeth that for Fishes the water must needs be the Medium And truly the consequence were certainely and vndoubtedly good if the foundation and ground where-vpon he raiseth it be true But we haue called that into question before Now I will adde only one argument and that taken from the Nature of a Medium on this manner All Odom hath his Placentinus against it existence in siccity therefore requireth also a Medium that is dry least the Obiect should loose his odour for it is the office of the Medium to conserue the Obiect but water being moyst is no way fit to conserue the dry Odour in respect of the contrariety betwixt them vnlesse a man will be so debased as to say that one contrary can be the Medium vnto the other which is as much as if he should affirme that contraries doe not mutually impugne but cherish and foster one another Seeing therefore water which is moyst must needes extinguish or dissolue the Odour which
Sense but hath all his being and essence in the mixt body That therfore which he calleth Gustabile is a mixt body which in respect of that quality which is called a Sapour is Gustile or may be Tasted Not but that a Sapour doeth by it selfe mooue the Sense but because it cannot subsist without the mixt body for considered euen without the mixt body it may be sayd to be the obiect of Tast because it is it alone in the mixt body which moueth that Sense QVEST. LVIII Of the matter of Sapours A Sapour is a quality arising out of the first qualities which alone by it selfe is able to mooue the Taste Now the first qualities are of two sortes some What a sapor is 2. kindes of first qualities Actiue as heate and cold others Passiue as moysture and drought Out of the Actiue qualities the Sapour hath his Efficient cause to wit heate out of the Passiue his Materiall cause to wit Moysture But least any man should wonder why wee make moysture which is nothing else but an incorporeall quality to bee the matter of Sapours We answere that wee vnderstand humidity not in the abstract but in the concrete So that haply it were more proper to say humidum then humiditas for to say trueth a Sapour is not made onely of humidity but of humidity ioyned with siccity yet so that the humidity is predominant Wherefore Aristotle sayth that a Sapour dwelleth in that which is moist as an odour Sapours are not made of simple humidity doth in that which is dry yet he doth not name humidity alōe nor simple siccity but both conioyned and therefore hee rather expresseth himselfe by humidum and Siccum then by hamiditas and siccitas so that in the one the moysture preuaileth ouer siccity in the other the siccity ouer moysture For thus much doth Aristotle intimate in his Booke de sensu sensili where he sayth that the vniuersall nature of Sapour is that it is a passion of the Sense of Tasting made by that which is earthy dry in that which is moyst Wherefore humidity being predominant in an earthy siccity is properly the matter of Sapors It may bee obiected if in Sapours the humidity must preuaile ouer the siccity then 1. Obiection those bodies wherein the siccity preuailes ouer the humidity should be insipide and without Tast Now there are many in which the siccity is predominant as ashes Pepper Ginger and such like which yet notwithstanding haue a very sharpe and quicke Taste Adde moreouer that if that were true then Sapors should not properly belong vnto Aliments 2. Obiection for Aristotle sayeth in the 28. Text of his third Booke de anima that hunger is an appetite of that which is hot and dry An Aliment therefore is not moyst but hotte and dry because it appeaseth hunger Seeing therefore all men confesse that Sapours doe properly belong to Aliments it should seeme also that Sapors haue their residence not in moystur but in siccity VVe answere that an Actuall Sapour that is such a Sapour which is instantly fitte to mooue the Taste must necessarily bee in moysture That which they obiect of Pepper Ashes and such like we answere on this manner VVee grant that of themselues they are insipide and haue no Sapour but that which is potentiall for they doe not Taste till they be chewed and that is by accident when as that humour which perpetually remayneth in the mouth and the tongue prouoketh or produceth their potentiall vertue into Act but because siccity is in them predominant therefore they yeeld a sharpe and quicke Tast That which they add concerning Aliment is easily answered For there are two kinds of Aliments one which satisfieth hunger another which satisfieth thirst That which satisfieth Solution 2. 2. kinds of Aliments thirst is exceeding moyst and in respect of it that which satisfieth hunger may bee called dry although it doe not follow that it should simply be dry yea it is necessary that it should haue so much moysture as the Sense of Tasting doth require otherwise it could not satisfie hunger Finally wahtsoeuer mooueth the Tast must of necessitie haue an inward moysture wherein it is steeped although it hath no outward the reason is that it may melt and diffuse it selfe through the organ of the Sense for those things that are hard and cannot bee dissolued cannot mooue the Sense of Tasting as wee may conceiue by a rough and torrified tongue such as we see is chopped and blacke in violent Agues which cannot make any certaine estimation of the difference of Sapors QVEST. LIX Of the efficient cause of Sapours OF the passiue qualities therefore moysture preuailing ouer Siccity is the matter Heate is the efficient cause of Sapor of Sapors Of the actiue qualityes they haue heate for their efficient cause For as the simple and pure Elements are of themselues without sapor or odor so also in the mixt body no such thing would result out of them if euery Element should reserue his owne quality to himselfe and therefore there is neede of heate to draw out the Sapors out of the concoction of the humidity and Siccity by which concoction these two are fitly mixed one with the other neither is it reason that How that is Cold cannot be any man should substitute cold to this office for dayly experience teacheth vs that fruites when they are frozen as Apples doe vtterly loose their tast yea although they be thawed Why frozen fruits loose their Tast and resume their former heate yet their tasts doe not returne So that cold is so farre from being the efficient cause of Tast that rather it doth vtterly destroy them Adde hereto that no fruite attaineth his natiue Tast till it grow ripe now this ripening is made by heat It remaineth therfore that heate in as much as it concocteth humidity and accomplisheth perfect mixtion is the true and onely efficient cause of Sapors QVEST. LX. Of the number and order of Sapors ARistotle in the 4. chapter of his book de sensu sensili going about to recite the diuers kinds of Tasts compareth them with colours not because there is any great affinty betwixt them but because there is iust as many of the one kinde as of the other and he concludeth them both vnder the number of seuen Some say there are eight kindes of Sapours and Plinie in the 21. chapter How many kinds of Sapors of his 15. booke reckons vp thirteene VVe with Aristotle will rather reduce them vnto the number of seauen because as there may be and indeede there are infinite varieties of mixtion so we should draw out of them infinite differences of Sapors if it were possible As many as of mixtures accurately to number them for nothing is so sure as that the differences of Sapors doe arise from the multiplicity of mixtion for example out of that wherein heate and moysture are
for being inserted into the mēbarne the extremity therof reacheth vnto the substance of the tongue to defer and confer the faculty thereunto Obiection Answer But it will be obiected that if this coate or membrane be ill affected the Tast is therewithall depraued VVee yeeld it to be true yet not because the Taste is perfected in that part but because this membrane concurreth to the action of Sensation without which in deed we cannot Taste so in the eye if the Horny membrane bee violated the sight is then depraued and yet it doeth not follow that the Horny membrane is the chiefe Organ of Sight And thus we must vnderstand Galen in the second Chapter of his 4. Booke de locis Galen expounded affectis where he sayth that the Taste is vitiated if the membrane of the Tongue be distempered Or we may say that this membrane is as it were the Taster to the Taste which office it hath partly from his own proper temperament partly from the soft nerues which are inserted therinto vnlesse you will say that these nerues were allowed to the membrane by Nature to giue it an exquisite sense of Touching whereof the Tongue stood in neede for the defence of his substance which assertion will not be against reason VVe conclude therefore that the membrane of the Tongue hath an exact Sense of Touching nor altogether deuoyde of Tasting not that it tasteth at all of it selfe but being The conclusion contiguous yea continuall and growing to the substance of the Tongue it concurreth withall to the perfection of the action so as without it the Sense of Tasting cannot be perfected nor accomplished Notwithstanding we finde another principall part to which as this membrane so all the other adiacent parts are substituted by Nature as helpers and handmaides and that is the proper and spongy flesh or pulpe of the Tongue For beside that it hath a substance such as you can no where finde the like in the whole body the Temperament also therof That the body of the toung is the true organ is apt and to entertaine and receiue Sapours for it is moyst and hot neare of kinne vnto the Nature of a Sapour that it might more easily bee altered thereby And indeede for the making of this Sensation it is necessary that the Organ should put on the nature of Arguments the obiect which Aristotle meaneth when he sayth that the Organ must potentially be the same thing which the obiect is actually that so it might be altered actually receiue the nature of the obiect for how shall it iudge of the obiect vnlesse it doe put on the qualities thereof Adde hereto that it hath an ingenite humidity that those obiects which are potentially moyste as Salt is being by this organ actually made moyst might become sapide that freely and frankly exhibite his Sapours Againe what greater argument can there bee that this flesh should bee the organ of Tasting then because it is spongy for Taste is neuer made vnlesse the moysture that carrieth the Sapour bee imbibed by the organ of Tasting to which purpose nothing is so fit as the spongy pulpe of the Tongue Moreouer all the other Senses are double and therefore Nature though she had great reason to make the Tongue single for the commodity of the voyce and such other circumstances as wee haue particularized in our History yet that it might be after a sort double she hath drawne a line through the middest whereby it is diuided into a right side and a left On that manner there is no part in the mouth diuided but in the mouth is the Sense of Taste and therefore it must belong onely to the Toung QVEST. LXIII Whether the Tongue alone do Taste WEe hauce prooued that the Flesh or Pulp of the Tongue is the true instrument of Tasting Notwithstanding it is doubted whether this Action belong onely to this part or may also be communicated vnto others That it may be communicated to other parts some arguments are vrged First That it may be communicated the Taste is a kinde of Touching but Touching is diffused thorough all the body It may seeme therefore that the Taste is also diffused thorough more parts then one especially so farre as the meate doeth attayne that is into the Mouth the Gullet and Stomacke Againe there yssueth out of the Braine a soft nerue which is simple and single in his originall but when it hath paced a little forward from the skull it is diuided into two branches whereof one is inserted into the Tongue the other into the lower parts Thirdly we see that the Stomacke doeth reiect and cast vp some meates by vomit other it embraceth and contayneth In like manner the Gullet swallowes some meates well and freely others not without loathing and much difficulty yea some meates because of the enmity betwixt the stomack and their Taste euen after they are downe are cast vp againe It may therefore be demaunded how this choyce can bee made this loathing or liking stirred vp vnlesse we say that the Stomacke and the Gullet do Tast and distinguish the differences of Sapors Add hereto the authority of Aristotle who in the 11 chapter of his fourth Booke Departibus animalium saith that Fishes in their swallowing do take pleasure and haue a sense of the meate that passeth into their Mawes Without doubt these arguments are not to be contemned and yet we will make answere vnto them To the first we say that though the Taste be a kinde of Touch yet it is not necessary Answer to the first that it should in all conditions answere or be proportionable to the Touch. To the second that although the Nerue which is inserted into the tongue do transmit To the second another branch to the Gullet and the Stomacke yet it doth not follow that the gullet and the stomacke must taste for the soft nerues do transport the faculty of sensation yet that the Eye sees colours the Eare heares sounds the Nose perceiues odours or sauours is not by reason of the Nerue but because of the disposition and temperament of The differences of the senses depend on the diuersitie of the organs the organs For the faculty of sensation is euery where one and the same neither is there any difference in the faculty whereby wee heare nor in the faculty whereby wee smell from the faculty whereby wee taste but all the difference ariseth from the disposition of the organ The Foote would see and the Elbow would heare and the sides would smel and the crowne would Tast if in these parts there wer a disposition to receiue the obiects of these Senses In like manner although the Gullet and the Stomack do receiue a soft Nerue yet the Gullet and the Stomacke do not Taste because they are not disposed thereto But the Reason why Nature hath giuen them this soft Nerue wee may finde in Galens 2 chapter of his 16. Booke
Sometimes they communicate some fibres to the bone Hyois which they so draw vnto the chin They haue also certaine lines in them which Anatomists call inscriptions as if they were many Muscles The fourth paire are called Basiglossi or Ypsiglossi or bone-tongue Muscles tab 8. fig. 1. and 2. D O. These doe arise straight fleshy from the vpper and middle part of the bone Hyois The 4 paire and in some places are obscurely diuided asunder as if they were many muscles and so run a long the length of the tongue and are inserted in the middest of it Their vse is when they are contracted to draw the tongue directly inward or backward toward his roots The fifth paire are called Ceratoglossi or horne-tongue Muscles tab 8. fig. 1. and 2. E. and arise from the vpper hornes if they be there of the bone Hyois from whence passing The 5. paire somewhat obliquely or sloping they are inserted into the sides of the tongue neare vnto his root sometimes they arise from the neather hornes when the vpper are wanting or are not very bony but rather like ligaments which as wee haue sayd is most commonly in women which haply makes their tongues more plyable If one of these onely be contracted the tongue especially the roote of it is drawne side-long downeward and so it may bee sayd to mooue to the right side or to the left but if both of them be contracted then is it mooued right downeward toward the throate this paire in Oxen is double in men it is but single These fiue paire of Muscles therefore do moue the tongue vpward downeward foreward backeward on the right hand and on the left hand or to the sides but if they The substance of the Toung worke successiuely that is one vpon another then they turne the tongue round all these motions the muscles of the boue Hyois do not a little further which some do rather ascribe to the fibrous substance of the Tongue which hath indeed all three kindes of fibres At the roote of the Tongue when these Muscles are remooued there appeareth a The glardulous flesh at the roote certaine flesh compounded of many Glandules mingled with fat which flesh doeth not merrit the name of a muscle because a Muscle doeth not consist of glandules or kernelles but of fleshy fibres tab 8 fig 1 and 2 H. This knot of glandules groweth at the roote of the Tongue that with their liquor it might alwaies bee kept moyste because without moysture there can be no perfect taste no more then there can be any concoction in the Stomack without Elixation or boyling for the concoction of the Stomacke is not a roasting but a boyling or elixation therefore Nature hath ordained the Glandulous Pancreas or Sweet-bread to touch the Stomacke that thence there might continually ascend moyst vapours that the concoction of the stomacke might be accomplished by a moyste boyling not by a dry roasting Moreouer this moysture of the kernelly flesh maketh the motion of the Toung more glib and glad as wee say or nimble for when the Tongue is dry as vvee may perceiue in those that are exceedingly a thirst his motions are more slovv the same also vvee haue experience of in those that labour of burning Agues in vvhome all the moysture of the Tongue is exhausted and dryed vp Moreouer the Almonds of the Throate which we call Tonsilla as is before obserued by yeilding a perpetuall moysture doe moisten the Tongue and so further his motion CHAP. XIX of the Muscles of the Larynx or Throttle BEcause the actions of the Throttle or Larynx are perfourmed with voluntary The action of a muscle is Contraction motion Nature hath giuen it muscles which by their action which is Contraction might bend extend and moue sidelong the ioynts of the gristles that so the glottis or Toung-let might become mouable and his cleft might be made broader or narrower as need should require for so it behoued to be because it was conuenient that our voice as well as our speach should be at our commaund The Throttle therefore hath two kindes of Muscles Common and Proper The Common are sixe or three paire of which foure doe constringe and two do dilate it The Common are 3. paire of common so called because they arise from other partes and are but implanted into the Throttle and of these wee will treate first because they first fall vnder our view and so come first to be shewen The first paire of the common Muscles tab 9. fig. 7. xx which Vesalius and diuers others The first paire do make the second is situated in the forepart of the Throttle one on each side and we call them Bronchios or the weazon Muscles because they cleaue to the rough artery all along which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Hippocrates For they arise with a fleshy and broade beginning from the vpper and inner part of the Breast-bone at the very Iugulum aboue the clauicles and with right sibres doe runne vp along the weazon fleshy and a little broader then where they arose are inserted into the sides of the shield gristle called Thyroeis below neare the Glandules with a broade and fleshy Tendon which in man is but one but in beasts it is deuided in the middest in most of them one part is fastned into the throttle the other into the bone Hyois Yet Galen is of opinion that this is their originall and that they are inserted into the brest-bone They are very long because not the snield-gristle or the Thyroides only but the whole Larynx is moued especially in a base voice where the throttle mooueth downeward and the whole weazon is contracted in his membranous distances and therefore it was that this paire cleaueth to the whole length of it They are moreouer very slender because the throttle easily descending with his own waight did not require any great strength yet notwithstanding they haue certaine inscriptions or neruous distinctions such as are in the right muscles of the paunch by which their length and tenuity is secured from danger Their vse is to draw down the shield-gristle called Thyroides and below to constringe or contract it and so to dilate the cleft or fissure of the glottis or toung-let in a base voice they also doe somewhat contract the weazon that it be not doubled when wee speake or the throttle too much dilated aboue The second paire of Common muscles ta 9. fig. 3. h which Vesalius cals the first paire The 2. paire as also doth Falopius and some others is situated likewise in the forepart of the Larynx or throttle and are called Hyoeides or rather Hyothyroeides or the shield-bone muscles these are opposed to the former and are farre shorter They arise broad and fleshy almost from all the lower part of the bone Hyois to whose inward sides they seeme to be continuated and with right fibres they creepe downeward together
fall againe Of the Lungs without violence and so readily obey or follow the motions of the Chest It is rare and spongy that like a paire of bellowes it might presently be filled with the ayre we breath in as also to make the way fit for the breathing out of sooty and smoaky vapours This Flesh prepareth for the Heart one of the materials of the vitall spirit that is ayre for the outward ayre which hath much impurity mixed therewith could not at the first hand be made a fit nourishment for the inward spirit therefore it was necessary that it should be altered by little and little and by some stay made in the Lungs acquire or attaine a quality familiar to the inbred spirit Concerning the flesh of the heart it may be doubted whether it ought to be referred Of the heart to the flesh of the bowels or to the flesh of the Muscles Galen holdeth on neither side for a Parenchyma hath no fibres the Heart is wouen with them after a strange and admirable manner Againe the motions of the Muscles are Voluntary so is not the motion of the Heart The Flesh therefore of the Heart is peculiar to it selfe alone such as you cannot finde in the whole body againe There is no lesse scruple also concerning the Flesh of the Tongue for it is as nimble as an Ecle turning it selfe into a thousand motions yet are there no fibres running therethrough and therefore the Flesh thereof cannot be sayde to bee musculous rather if all things be considered it inclineth to the nature of a Parenchyma And so much shall be sufficient to haue said concerning the Flesh of the Bowels or Entrals CHAP. XLII What a Glandule is and how many kinds there be of them BEcause many of the Ancients haue defined a Glandule to bee a Flesh rowled vp into it selfe I haue thought sit sayth Laurentius for order sake to refer the What a glandule is whole kinde or kin of Glandules vnto Flesh A Glandule therefore which the Graecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a simple part Rare and fâ—yable soft like a sponge appoynted by Nature to firme and establish the vesselles to sucke or drinke vp superfluous humours and to water or dew some partes that stoode need of moysture The Authour of the Booke de Glandulis whether it were Hippocrates or Polybius hath elegantly expressed the nature of a Glandule where hee sayeth Their Nature is spongy for they are rare and fat That they are of such a nature you shall easily find if you presse them hard betwixt your Fingers for they will yeilde an oylie humour and bloud white like phlegme Now it is consonant to reason that they haue such a substance not for nought but for some particular and especiall vse That vse is three-fold The first vse of Glandules is to firme or establish the diuarications or diuisions of the vessels For it was to be feared least the vessels running through large and ample cauities The first vse of glandules if they had no other muniment or defence sauing their owne membranes would in violent motions be broken off as in great windes boughes are torne from a tree vnlesse these glandulous bodies did lye soft vnder them and establish and sustaine them And therefore where the vessells are forcked or deuided there Nature hath euer placed Glandules vnder them So in the diuision of the Gate-veine there is a notable Glandule called Pancreas or the Sweete-bread In the diuarications of the veines of the Mesentery there are Glandules almost infinite In the distribution of the ascending trunke of the hollow veine is the glandule called Thymus which is the sweetebread in calues In the vessels of the braine the glandule called Conarium or the pine-glandule In the the necke in the arme pits and in the groynes where the Iugular axillary and crurall veins are diuided there are glandules placed to support their diuisions VVherefore they were made soft and rare that neyther their hardnesse might offend the vessels and by yeelding they might giue way to the distentions when they strut with blood The second vse of the glandules is like sponges to sucke and drinke vp fleame whey Their second vse and other superuacuous humours that they should not rush vpon the more noble parts In which respect their forme is round somewhat long and their substance rare and open so fitted to receiue the greater quantity of any kind of influxion This vse the authour of the booke de glandulis openeth vnto vs in these words They beare away the redundancie or surplussage of the rest of the body and that indeede is their familiar Alement It may also by reason be demonstrated that they were ordayned by nature to purge away moyst superfluities for those parts that are hollow and especially if they bee moyst and full of blood haue more and larger glandules then those that are solide and lesse succulent as are the ioynts So behind the eares about the necke where the iugular veines run about the arme pit where the axillary branch is and about the groynes where the crurall veine appeareth there are notable glandules which receiue the superfluities of the principall parts the Brayne the Heart and the Liuer which glandules are commonly called Emunctories and if they swell or bee otherwise affected they betoken the distemper of their owne bowell or some ill disposition therein Hippocrates in the second section of his 6. booke Epidemion saith Abscesses or Apostemes as for example the tumors of the glandules are produced as fruitelesse water shootes of those places out of which they grow They also bewray the condition of other places and parts and especially of the bowels Galen also in the thirteenth booke of his Methode saith that when an Apostemation ariseth neare any notable artery or vein sudainly do spring vp Bubones that is inflammations of the glandules Thirdly we added in the definition that the vse of the glandules was to irrigate or The thire vse water some parts lest they should too easily bee exiccated and dryed or made vnfit for motion Such are some of the glandules of the Mesentery which with their moysture do dew the guts Such are also the glandules of the Throttle or the Tongue which ingender or gather spittle The glandules in the corners of the Eyes doe make much toward the celerity and ease their motions and finally those prostate glandules in the neck of the bladder doe water and moysten the Vreter with an oyly humidity lest it should bee offended by the Acrimony of the vrine And this is the nature of glandules properly so called There is also another kinde of glandules which may more truly be called Glandulous bodyes Their substance indeed is like vnto a glandule that is rare and lax but it is ordayned Glandulous bodyes by Nature for the generation of humours or iuyces which are profitable for the creature Proper or simple glandules haue neither peculiar veines nor
also to adde something vnto the perfection of his concoction there is no doubt but these values were ordayned to stay the course and violence of the bloud that the veines might haue time to bestow their trauell vpon it Thirdly they adde strength vnto the veines for were it not for these it is likely that where a varix hapneth there either the veine would breake or at least the dilatation be much more offensiue For because the veine is of a membranous simple and thinne substance it may easily be streatched or broken Fourthly when we exercise our ioynts vehemently and often the heat of the parts is stirred vp and the bloud partly disturbed partly called into the ioints where the values do breake the force of it and so keepe it from mischiefe Finally if it were not for them in those violent motions of the ioynts the whole masse almost of bloud would be called into the armes and the Legs and so the principall parts or bowelles of the body bee defrauded of their allowance and thus much of the Values Onely because they are not so well knowne nor so ordinarily demonstrated as the other particles of the body we haue exhibited in this Chap. 4. tables Two of the Hand and 2. of the Foote wherein the values of the veines are very liuely described and so we proceed vnto the second part of this Booke which is concerning the Arteries The second part of the Eleauenth Booke concerning Arteries CHAP. XII Of the Arteries in generall AS the Liuer is the beginning of Radication and Dispensation to the Veines so is the Heart to the Arteries This Artery the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is as an Arke or Conceptacle of arterial bloud Aristotle in his third Booke de histori 〈…〉 thinketh The names of an artery it was called aorta because his neruous part 〈…〉 euen in a dead body others thinke it was calle◠〈…〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to draw ayre Others 〈…〉 which signifieth to lift vp for in their dilatation th◠〈…〉 themselues Hippocrates cals Arteries 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but micantes that is beating 〈…〉 manner did the Arabians stile them and Auicen calleth them venas audac◠〈…〉 Pliny calles them spiritus semita the path or walke of the spirites Wher 〈…〉 of the Ancients which wrote before Galen you meet with the word 〈…〉 must you vnderstand it of the Rough Artery for so Hippocrates Plato 〈…〉 call that pipe which descendeth out of the mouth into the Longues and 〈…〉 â—nspirated ayre into them and by which wee returne our breath out But Galen and thâ—se after him called it aspera arteria and if they speake of an Artery simply we must vnderstand it of the smooth Arteries There are three forts of Arteries the first is called the Rough Arterie of which wee 3. sorts of arteries spake in the sixt Booke The other is called the Venall arterie of which also wee spake in the history of the heart The third is called the great artery which is the subiect of our discourse at this time Wee consider it therefore as it is Similar and as it is Organicall As it is similar in An arterie as it is similar may bee defined A Colde and dry part engendred of the slimy part of the Seede Colde it is of his owne Nature for by euent it is most hot in respect of the bloode and spirits therein contayned It is drie lesse drie then a Tendon and more dry then a Nerue But against this it may bee Obiected that Galen in his second Booke ad Glauconem sayth That Neruous parts require more drying then Arteriall and therfore are dryer then they Obiection Solution I answer that by neruous parts in that place he doth not vnderstand nerues properlie so called but neruous bodies as Ligaments and Tendons If wee consider an Artery as it is an organicall part it may be sayde to be a common instrument of the bodie long rounde and fistulated compounded of two peculiar Coates intertexed or wouen with Fibres receyuing and contayning Bloode and Vitall As Organical Spirits laboured of a permixtion of Blood and Aire in the left ventricle of the hart which also it conueyeth vnto all the parts of the bodie together with heat to sustayne their life The substance thereof is membranous or neruous that it might better be distended or The substauee compressed which conformation was more necessary for Arteries then for veins because of their motion The coats are one outward which is thin rare and soft like the coate of a veyne wouen with many right fibres and some oblique but none transuerse Another inward fiuefolde Coats thicker then the former fast and hard partly that the arterial and spirituous blood which is thin pure and vaporous and the vitall spirit might not exhale or vanish away partlie that by reason of his continuall Diastole add Systole which it receiueth from the Heart as from a beginning of dispensation it might not be broken It is also full of transuerse fibres the better to distribute the blood and vitall spirit to the whole body in his action motion for the inner coate onely of the arteries hath these transuerse fibres To these two coats Galen addeth a third in the fift chapter of his seauenth booke De administrationibus Anatom which some say is produced from the coate of the heart It is in the inner surface of the vessell much like a Cobweb and most conspicuous about the productions of the greatest arteries Moreouer they receyue a common and fine membrane in the lower belly from the Rim in the Chest from the Pleura which couereth them firmeth them or tyeth them to the neighbour-parts yet those arteries which run through the bowels haue not this coat The great artery is sometime called simply great sometime the greatest sometimes the thicke artery sometime Aorta and is indeed the mother of all the rest of the Arteries The great artery except the Rough artery and the venall and vmbilicall arteries being like a trunk or body of a tree out of which all the branches do yssue It was engendred saith Bauhine out of Galen de formatione foetus before the Heart was formed and hath one principle of Originall that is the seede out of which it is immediately made as beeing engendred at the His originals same time with other spermaticall parts Another of Dispensation and Radication which is the heart or the left ventricle thereof out of which it yssueth with a patent or open Orifice whereby it receyueth from the heart in his contraction Blood and vitall spirites together Values with heate to be transported to the body But because in the dilatation of the hart this blood and these spirits should not returne againe into the ventricle there are placed in his orifice three values yssuing from within outwarde as also there are in the arteriall veine But these of the artery are stronger
Moreouer in the cauity or hollownesse of the Shoulder-blade Nature placed a Gristle to increase the sinus or bosome of the bone least in violent motions the ioynt should bee easily luxed or put out In the lower part of the Cubit which hath an acute or sharpe processe there appeareth a gristle which filleth vp the empty distance It hindereth the Hand when it is led to Of the cubit the side frō offending against that acute processe Betwixt the Share-bones there is a thick hard gristle so vniting them together that it is not credible they shold be seuered in the time of trauell as we haue shewed before in the 33. Question of our fift booke In the cauity Of the hanches of the hanch-bone there is another gristle which increaseth the compasse of the bosome or cauity therein Finally in the lower heads of the thighes we finde two semicircular gristles which inlarge the lippes of the cauities In a word almost euery articulation is cursted ouer with a gristle to make the motion more easie more secure and more permanent and so much concerning Gristles Now we proceede vnto the Ligaments The second part of Ligaments CHAP. VI. Of the Nature Vse and differences of Ligaments AS the lubricity of Gristles makes the motion of the Bones more nimble and quicke so the Ligaments doe secure both motion articulation but there is a double acception of a Ligament the A double acception of a ligament one large the other presse and more restrained In the first Sense we call any thing a Ligament which tyeth one part to another So Hippocrates calleth the skin and the flesh colligations the ancients also called all manner of vesselles Veines Arteries and Sinnewes Common Ligaments In the presse and strict signification wee call that a Ligament which is a hard and firme body yet laxe and flexible and without sense which incompasseth tyeth downe and contayneth the ioynts This kinde of Ligament properly so called the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins copula vinculum Ligamentum wee may call it a Tie but because the worde Ligament is growne into common vse we will if you please retayne it for the most part Laurentius giueth The definition of a ligament this definition of a Ligament It is a similar cold and dry part of a middle nature betwixt a Nerue and a Gristle betwixt a Membrane and a Gristle sayth Bauhine ingendred by the power of heat out of the slimy part of the Seede and being of great vse in colligation contayning inuesting and forming of Muscles Concerning the Temper of a Ligament which is the forme of the similar part all men do agree that it is cold and dry albeit some peculiar ligaments of ioyntes are lined ouer with a mucous and slimy humour but concerning those things which accompany follow and happen to the temper many haue made scruple hardnesse and softnesse followe the temper sense and motion happen vnto it We resolue that Ligaments are of a middle Nature betwixt Gristles and Membranes harder then Membranes least in vehement motions they should bee broken and softer then Gristles that they might more easily follow and obey the Muscles which moue the bones For the most part they are all insensible as well because they receiue no Nerues into them as also least being perpetually moued they should breed perpetuall payne It may be obiected that Galen in his 3. booke de facultat natural sayth that Ligaments consist of sensible fibres but we must know that by sensible in that place Galen vnderstandeth not that which hath Sense but that which is liable to Sense not that which is sensatiue but that which is sensible For Ligaments borrow nothing from the brayne and therefore haue no sense neither can they mooue themselues notwithstanding as among the bones the Teeth haue sense among the gristles those that make the Eye-liddes so amongst the Ligaments there are some which haue the sense of touching as the two ligaments that make the yarde and the reyne or bridle of the Tongue The matter of Ligaments is the slimy part of the seed extended or lengthned by heat The matter of ligaments whence it is that they can bee contracted and againe relaxed Their Aliment I doe not take to be sayth Laurentius as some would marrow but bloud conuayed vnto them by Capillary veines which are so little that they cannot be perceiued The vses of Ligaments are diuers the first and most common is to firme and assure Their vses the articulations especially those that are more laxe of the bones and the gristles and to hinder luxation for it was to be feared that when the bones are separated in violent motions they should be also distracted vnlesse the wisedome of Nature had prouided to tye their extremities together with strong and straite bonds These Ligaments which performe this vse are either common which compasse the ioynt round about or priuate The common are thin and membranous the proper are thicker and most what round Their second vse is to bind and fasten the bones where they are not articulated for there are thinne and fine Ligaments which tye the cubite to the Radius and the Legge to the Brace where they gape asunder as also the spines of the spondels The third vse is that which Galen remembreth who sayeth they serue for an outward garment to defend the tendons So the tendons which bend and extend the Fingers the Toes are throughout their whole length couered with Ligaments with mēbranes Adde hereto the fourth to contayne the Tendons in their owne places to establish them and safely to transmit them from one place to another Such are the Transuerse Ligaments of the wrest round like a ring and therefore called Annularia Fiftly they are interposed like a pillow betwixt the bones and the Tendons that the hardnes of the bones should not offend the tender and sensible tendons Sixtly to discriminate or separate the right muscles from the left the fore muscles from the hinder and other parts one from another as we may see in the Ell and the Wand in the Leg and the Brace Seauently to encrease and augment as do the gristles the Cups of the bones Eightly to suspend the bowels that they should not fall with their great waight Such are the Ligaments of the Liuer the Bladder and of the Wombe Finally they concurre vnto the structure of a muscle for of the fibres of a nerue and a ligament mixed together is a tendon made The differences of Ligaments are to be taken from their substance magnitude figure The differences of ligaments site originall insertion vse and from their principall parts From the substance some are soft some hard some membranous that is like vnto membranes because they be broade Some are neruous that is round like nerues some are gristly From the magnitude some are little some are great some are broade and some are narrowe From the figure some are
that the Nowle-bone the vertebrae or rack-bones Vesalius and the bones that are ioyned vnto the sides of the Holy-bone bee made of many bones for in children euen these are built vp of many bones Falopius makes answere if Vesalius say wee may not make denomination from imperfect partes then certainly all Anatomistes haue erred who speake so much of Appendances for they are found onely in imperfect bones not after the body is growne but to proceede The Line which we see in the iaw of a childe is insteade of a suture that out of it the Ligaments might be produced which goe into the muscles of that place In Dogs Oxen Asses and many other creatures these two bones may easily bee parted without coction or any great violence The bone of the lower iaw is very hard and for the most part solide to make it the stronger not because it alone was moueable but because it was to endure diuers those Why it is hard very violent motions in biting and chewing within it is excauated that the weight therof should not be offensiue or hinder the muscles that moue it It hath also cauities to contayne the marrow which is his nourishment which are not exsculped or grauen in the backepart of the iaw as in bruite beasts but more forward Cauities toward the Region of the Chinne and the sides of the iaw vnder the sockets of the teeth and therefore about these places it is thicker as it is thinner toward the backpart For that the lower iaw is made thicker by reason of the teeth that were to be fastned therein hence it appeareth because in old bodies and those who haue lost their Teeth or where the sockets of the teeth are grown vp in such bodies I say the iaw groweth much thinner and narrower from below vpward These sockets or beds or mortize holes or what you list to call them wherein the Teeth are infixed are engrauen in the embowed compasse of the iaw Perforations also it hath on either side tvvo vvhich runne through the iavv like a Canale Perforations or pipe for put a bristle into the hole of a iavv vvhen it is drye on the inside and you shall easily thrust it through the hole on the outside and if you breake the iavv in sunder you shall finde that the vvay betvvixt the outvvard and invvard hole is continuall and formed round like a canale The one of these perforations is inner and backer at the internall bosome not farre from the processes It is on each side one and greater then the other vnequal also or rough beginning like a scale tab 11. fig. 2 F and through it a portion of the third coniugation of nerues is dispersed vnto the roots of the Teeth together vvith a small veine and artery vvhich sendeth small surcles to the teeth and to the iaw The other perforation is small and round grauen or thrilled without at the sides of the chinne ta 11. fig. 1. at G on either side and by it the foresaid nerues being now within doe againe returne out of the iaw outward into the lower lip and this second perforation is far lesser then the first CHAP. XII Of the Sockets of the Teeth IN the circumference or margent of both the Iawes which place Galen called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 we meete with certaine cauities or hollow places which the The sockets of the teeth Latines call Alueoli or Locelli They are digged deepe that the Teeth like so many nayles might be firmlier fastned in them by Gomphosis or by way of Mortize and therefore the rootes of the teeth are made iust fitte and answerable to the holes of the Iaw for if they had bin broader the composition would haue beene too dissolute and if they had beene too narrow the rootes of the teeth would not haue attayned to their bottomes but being fitte as they are they are very firmely conteined The number of these sockets can hardly be assigned because they are sometimes single sometimes double sometimes treble according to the variety of the roots of the Teeth Moreouer although they be bony yet they appeare to be almost like wax and may well be compared to the holes of a hony combe which are often obliterated and often againe renued for when a Tooth is drawne vnlesse a new one grow vp the hole is so constringed that there remayneth no print thereof yea if a Tooth fall out and a newe one doe rise vp in his roome the former socket is obliterated and a newe one grauen for the new Tooth Hence Falopius concludeth that the liuely and quickning Formatiue faculty remaineth The Formatiue faculty remaines in the teeth in the Teeth vnto the period of a mans life for by it they encrease and receiue their forme So in the Cheekes and the Iaw when those Teeth which wee cal Genuini dentes or dentes sapientiae doe shoote out haply about seauenty yeares of age yet euen then new sockets are made for them Againe at fourescore when the teeth fall the sockets grow vp and the iaw in that part is so compressed that the bone on euery side cleaueth together at length is vnited For the sockets are not onely filled with a bony substance and rammed vp but each partition growing to other do make a sharpe edge which in olde men serueth in stead of teeth if not to cut yet somewhat to breake and chew their meat And so much of the Sockets now we come to the Teeth themselues CHAP. XIII Of the name definition figure magnitude number site and articulation of the Teeth THE Teeth are called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth Their names to eate In like manner the Latines call them Dentes quasi edentes of eating They are the hardest of all the bones hollow within hauing small veynes arteries and nerues articulated to the sockets or dens of their owne iaw Per Gomphosin or by way of mortize fastened with membranes flesh or ligaments prim arily created for the comminution or mitigation or chewing of the meate That they are bones some men do deny first because bones are insensible the teeh sensible Secondly because the bones haue certaine limits of auction or increase neyther Arguments that teeth are no bones do they euer grow againe if they perish but in teeth it is quite contrary Thirdly because they are harder then other bones Fourthly because bones exposed to the ayre do grow blacke whereas the teeth keepe their whitenesse Fiftly they say that Hippocrates in the 18 Aphorisme of the fift section distinguisheth them from bones where he saith that cold things are enemies to the teeth to the bones and to the nerues Finally say they there is a stone that will consume flesh called therefore Sarcophagus which within forty dayes will deuoure the whole body except the teeth If therefore the teeth were of the nature of
bones they also would be consumed We answere to the first that sense is not of the nature of a bone To the seconde Answered that they grow because in attrition they are worne To the third that more or lesse do not change the species or kind otherwise the spongy bones shold be no bones To the fourth that they are accustomed to the outward aer and haue no periostion on them and the Philosopher saith that that which is accustomable maketh no impression or alteration To the fift that is to Hippocrates authority we say that the bones and the teeth are affected by cold diuersly the bones onely by suffering the teeth not onely by suffering but also by sensation To the sixt first we may safely doubt of the experience secondly we may say that the Teeth are not consumed because they are harder then other bones It remaineth therefore according to Hippocrates Aristotle and Galen that the Teeth are bones for saith Galen they cannot be referred to any other similar part and therfore he placeth the teeth vnder the common Genus of the bones and the rather because the qualities of their matter do agree as hardnesse solidity smoothnes whitenesse c. yet there are some differences betwixt them and other bones For among all the bones none but these haue any exquisite sence because the teeth alone do admit nerues into their cauitie The teeth alone do increase as the life increaseth that without any detriment they might performe their offices for being worne in the chewing of meates they are increased againe but onely so much as they are worne away otherwise they would soone fayle The other bones haue no sence or but obscure neither do they increase alwayes but when they come vnto their state or perfection they make a stay because they are not changed in the performance of their functions They differ also from bones because they are naked hauing no periostion without thē for then they would be payned in the wearing hence it was that Aristotle doth oftentimes How they differ from bones not number the teeth among the bones but sometimes faith they are bony somtimes that they resemble the nature of bones And truly in their hardnesse fastnesse or solidity they doe exceed other bones yea they are little softer then stones themselues if they bee not allout so hard especially about their extremities Some are stony like a milstone others are sharpe like the steeld edge of a knife They were made very hard that they might not weare so soone or be broken in the chawing or breaking of hard things for they are Why they are hard how not lined eyther with fatte or gristles as other ioynts are to hinder attrition The teeth therefore do breake bones resist the edge of steele neyther can they easily as other parts of the body be burnt with fire Hippocrates in his booke de Carnibus ascribeth the cause of their hardnesse to the quality of the matter out of which they are ingendered for hee writeth that out of the bones of the head and the iawes there is an increase of a glutinous matter In that glutinous matter the fatty part falleth downe into the sockets of the gums where it is dryed and burnt with the heate and so the teeth are made harder then other bones because there is no cold remaining in them Their outward surface is by nature white smooth and polished but in age for want of care or by disease they become liuid or duskish There groweth also vnto them a hard Their surface scaly matter by which as also by corruption they become rugged and vnequall yet sayeth the Philosopher a horses teeth become whiter as he becomes older Their forme is before somwhat round behind more plaine where they are ioyned one Forme to another they are euen and in their extremities somtimes thinne somtimes sharpe somtimes plaine but alwayes vnequall They differ among themselues in figure magnitude and number Their figure in man differeth according to the difference of their vse in chewing In fishes they are only Difference acute or sharpe In those creatures that chew the cudde they are of a double forme some Grinders and some Shearers In men according to the three speciall diuisions of meates there are three kinds of teeth Shreaders or Shearers called Incisores Dog-teeth called Canini and Grinders called Molares Againe mens teeth do not stand out of their formes as a Boares tuske but are concluded or shut within the mouth neyther are they set like the teeth of a Saw as it is in dogs for their teeth are giuen them in stead of weapons The teeth of a man are much lesse then the teeth of many other creatures lesse then he for his mouth is much lesse for according to the magnitude of the mouth is the Magnitude strength of the teeth which consisteth in their figure hardnesse and quantity yea mens teeth compared among themselues are not equall but some greater some lesser for the grinding teeth are greater then the rest The number of the teeth is not in all men one and the same for some haue more some haue fewer yet the more the better for such saith Hippocrates in the sixt section of Number the second Epidemion are long liued whereas those that haue few teeth are but short liued as Aristotle saith in the 3 chapter of his 2 booke de historia Animalium The reason is because the paucity and rarity of the teeth is an argument eyther of the want of spermatical matter or of the weaknesse of the formatiue faculty Againe those that haue but few teeth do not chew their meate so throughly not prepare it so well for the stomacke So that the Chylus is not so well concocted and by consequence the bloud not so pure for the second concoction which is in the veynes of the Liuer doth not amend the error of the first concoction which is made in the stomack Stories make mention of some men who haue had but one tooth in their vpper iaw and therevpon haue some bin cald 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Euripheus the Cyrenian Euriptolimus of Cyprus Diuers rowes of teeth in some men and Pirhus the King of the Epirots Some in stead of teeth haue one continuall bone such was the sonne of Prusias King of the Bythinians Some haue had a double row of Teeth as Dripetinus the sonne of King Mithridates Trimarchus of Cyprus Some haue had 3 rowes as Hercules for so Coelius Rhodiginus reporteth in the third chap. of his fourth booke But for the most part there is but one row which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Septum the hedge because it hedgeth in the tongue In both iawes there are in growne bodies 32 Teeth 16 in each iaw in some men 30 sixteene in the vpper iaw and 14 in the neather in some 28 which is the least number and then the foure last are wanting for they doe not breake out in
Animalium where he saith That all things that are lesse and weake as well in the works of Art as of Nature doe sooner attayne vnto their end That Females are more wanton and petulant then Males wee thinke hapneth because Why females are lasciuious of the impotencie of their minds for the imaginations of lustfull women are like the imaginations of bruite beastes which haue no repugnancie or contradiction of reason to restraine them So bruitish and beastly men are more lasciuious not because they are hotter then other men but because they are brutish Beastes do couple not to ingender but to satisfie the sting of lust wise men couple that they might not couple That womens Testicles are hidden within their bodies is also an argument of the couldnes of their Temper because they want heate to thrust them forth Yet for all this we doe not say that women do generate more then men for they want the matter and the spirite Indeede they haue more bloud as wee sayed euen now and that is by reason of their colde Temperament which cannot discusse the reliques of the Aliment adde heereto that the blood of women is colder and rawer then the bloud of men We conclude therefore that vniuersally men are hotter then women Males then Females as well in regard of the Naturall Temper as that which is acquired by diet and the course of life But now I had need heere to Apologise for my selfe for speaking so much of woemens weaknes but they must attribute something to the heat of disputation most to the current and streame of our Authours least of all to mee who will bee as ready in another place to flourish forth their commendations as I am here to huddle ouer their ntaurall imperfections QVEST. III. What Seede is HAuing thus discoursed of the difference of the Sexes the first thing necessary to Generation it followeth that we intreat of the Seede which is the immediate matter of the same To this common place we may wel giue the same Epithite which Homer was wont to giue to those places which were scituated vnder mountaines which hee calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is hauing many springs of liuing water For I doubt not but the Reader shall find it ful of pleasure and contentment ful of variety and of pleasant philosophicall flowers especially if I can acquit my selfe wel in gathering them and if they loose not their verdure and sauour now transplanted into a strange soyle That I may therefore take euery thing in order it will not be amisse first to informe you what the worde it selfe in the originall signifies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 semen and genitura Seede and Geniture among Physitians are taken for The names of seed one and the same Hippocrates intituled his Book of Seed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And Galen his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And Hippocrates in many places of the same Booke calleth it also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as where hee sayeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There is as in a man so in a woman Hippocrates Galen Male and Female Seed And Gal. in his Comentary vpon the 62. Aphorisme of the first Section 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 We call Seede Geniture Hippocrates also for the same vseth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in his second Booke de Morbis But Galen in his Commentarie in 1. Prognost What 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is distinguisheth betweene 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 where he saith that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifieth rather the excretion of Seed Aristotle in the 18. Chapter of his first Book de Generatione Animalium putteth Aristotle a difference betweene Geniture and Seede as if Geniture were ens imperfectum an imperfect thing and onely one principle of Generation but Seede perfect compounded of both principles For our part we will take them promiscuously although the name of seed be more frequent and in more ordinary vse The Nature of Seede no man that I know hath yet essentially defined Hippocrates in his Hippocrates Plato Alcmaeon Zeno Criticus Epicurus Booke de Genitura calleth it The best and strongest part of that humour which is contayned in the whole body Pythagoras The froth of the best and most laudable blood Plato The defluxion of the spinall marrow Alcmaeon A small portion of the Brayne Zeno Criticus The spirit of a man which he looseth with moysture and the slough of the Soule Epicurus A fragment of the Soule and the Body Some of the Antients haue defined it to be A A definition of the antients Aristotle Fernelius hot spirit in a moysture able to moue it selfe and to generate the same out of which it issueth Aristotle sayeth it is an Excrement of the last Aliment of the solide parts sometimes he calleth it a profitable Excrement Fernelius describeth it on this manner It is that out of which originaly are made all thinges which are according to Nature not as out of a matter but as out of an Efficient Principle But it seemeth to vs that none of all these do sufficiently expresse the nature of Seede The fiue first are most imperfect and therefore we will not contend with them Aristotles description defineth onely the matter which is the remaynder of the last Aliment but the forme and the efficient cause it toucheth not neither indeede doeth it expresse All disalowed the whole matter of Seede because as we shall shew anone there is a double matter of Seede bloud and spirits So that to say that Seede is an excrement of the last Aliment is all one as if he should haue sayed Seede is Blood Fernelius definition contayneth neyther the forme nor the matter of Seede but attributeth to it onely an operatiue or efficient dower whereas it is also a materiall principle wherefore we haue here exhibited another definition perfect we hope and absolute in all his members and parts which is this Seede is a moyst spumous or frothy and white body made of the permistion of the surplusage A perfect definition of seede of the last Aliment and of the influent or errant spirits boyled and laboured onely by the vertue of the Testicles and that for the perfect Generation of a Creature We already in this Book a little before examined the singular particles of this definition which we shall not therefore need to run ouer againe here we will onely prosecute a little more curiously the matter of Seede We therefore say that there is a double matter of Seede the Excrement of the last Aliment The matter of seede double and Spirits That this first matter is an excrement Aristotle prooueth by an elegant â—nduction on this manner VVhatsoeuer is contayned in the body eyther is a part of the body or an Aliment or a colliquation or an excrement Seede is not a part of the body nor an Aliment nor a Colliquation and therefore an Excrement It is not a part because It is no part