with their cries not giving heed to the judgement of the vaine common people who speake ill of Chirurgions because of their ignorance CHAP. III. Of things Naturall THat the Chirurgion may rightly and according to Art performe the fore-said workes he must set before his eyes certaine Indications of working Otherwise he is like to become an Empericke whom no Art no certaine reason but onely a blind temerity of fortune moves to boldnesse and action These Indications of actions are drawne from things as they call them naturall not naturall and besides nature and their adjuncts as it is singularly delivered of the Ancients being men of an excellent understanding Wherefore we will prosecute according to that order all the speculation of this Art of ours First therefore things naturall are so termed because they constitute and containe the nature of mans body which wholy depends of the mixture and temperament of the 4. first bodies as it is shewed by Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura humana wherefore the consideration thereof belongs to that part of Physicke which is named Physiologia as the examination of things not naturall to Diaetetice or Diet because by the use of such things it indeavours to retaine and keepe health but Therapeutice or the part which cures the diseases and all the affects besides nature challenges the contemplation of those things which are not agreeable to nature But the things which are called naturall may be reduced to seven heads besides which there comes into their fellowship those which wee terme annexed The seven principall heads of things naturall are Elements Temperaments Humors Parts or members Faculties Actions Spirits To these are annexed and somewhat neere Age. Sexe Colour Composure Time or season Region Vocation of life CHAP. IIII. Of Elements AN Element by the definition which is commonly received amongst Physitians is the least and most simple portion of that thing which it compeseth or that my speech may be the more plaine the foure first and simple bodies are called Elements Fire Aire Water and Earth which accommodate and subject themselves as matter to the promiscuous generation of all things which the Heavens engirt whether you understand thingsperfectly or unperfectly mixed Such Elements are onely to be conceived in your minde being it is not granted to any externall sense to handle them in their pure and absolute nature Which was the cause that Hippocrates expressed them not by the names of substances but of proper qualities saying Hot Cold Moist Drie because some one of these qualities is inherent in every Element as his proper and essentiall forme not onely according to the excesse of latitude but also of the active facultie to which is adjoyned another simple qualitie and by that reason principall but which notwithstanding attaines not to the highest degree of his kinde as you may understand by Galen in his first Booke of Elements So for example sake in the Aire wee observe two qualities Heat and Moisture both principall and not remitted by the commixture of any contrary quality for otherwise they were not simple Therefore thou maist say what hinders that the principall effects of heat shew not themselves as well in the Aire as in the Fire because as we said before although the Aire have as great a heat according to his nature extent and degree no otherwise than Fire hath yet it is not so great in its active qualitie The reason is because that the calfactorie force in the Aire is hindered and dulled by societie of his companion and adjoyned qualitie that is Humidity which abateth the force of heat as on the contrary drinesse quickneth it The Elements therefore are endewed with these qualities Names of the substances Fire is Hot and drie Names of the qualities Aire Moist and hot Water Cold and moist Earth Cold and drie These foure Elements in the composition of naturall bodies retaine the qualities they formerly had but that by their mixture and meeting together of contraries they are somewhat tempered and abated But the Elements are so mutually mixed one with another and all with all that no simple part may be found no more than in a masse of the Emplaister Diacalcitheos you can shew any Axungia oyle or litharge by it selfe all things are so confused and united by the power of heate mixing the smalleft particulars with the smallest and the whole with the whole in all parts You may know and perceive this concretion of the foure Elementary substances in one compound body by the power of mixture in their dissolution by burning a pile or heape of greene wood For the flame expresses the Fire the smoke the Aire the moisture that sweats out at the ends the Water and the ashes the Earth You may easily perceive by this example so familiar and obvious to the senses what dissolution is which is succeeded by the decay of the compound body on the contrary you may know that the coagmentation or uniting and ioyning into one of the first mixed bodies is such that there is no part sinceere or without mixture For if the heat which is predominant in the fire should remaine in the mixture in its perfect vigor it would consume the rest by its pernitious neighbourhood the like may be said of Coldnesse Moisture and Drinesse although of these qualities two have the title of Active that is Heat and Coldnesse because they are the more powerfull the other two Passive because they may seeme more dull and slow being compared to the former The temperaments of all sublunarie bodies arise from the commixture of these substances elementary qualities which hath bin the principall cause that moved me to treate of the Elements But I leave the force and effects of the Elementary qualities to some higher contemplation content to have noted this that of these first qualities so called because they are primarily and naturally in the foure first bodies others arise and proceed which are therefore called the second qualities as of manythese Heauinesse Lightnesse variously distributed by the foure Elements as the Heat or Coldnesse Moistnesse or Drinesse have more power over them For of the Elements two are called light because they naturally affect to move upwards the other two heavy by reason they are carried downeward by their owne weight So we thinke the fire the lightest because it holds the highest place of this lower world the Aire which is next to it in site wee account light for the water which lies next to the Aire we judge heavy and the earth the center of the rest we judge to be the heaviest of them all Hereupon it is that light bodies and the light parts in bodies have most of the lighter Elements as on the contrary heavy bodies have more of the heavier This is a briefe description of the Elements of this fraile world which are onely to be discerned by the understanding to which I thinke good to
adjoyne another description of other Elements as it were arising or flowing from the commixture of the first for besides these there are said to be Elements of generation and Elements of mans body Which as they are more corporall so also are they more manifest to the sense By which reason Hippocrates being moved in his Booke de Natura humana after he had described the nature of Hot Cold Moist and Drie he comes to take notice of these by the order of composition Wherefore the Elements of our generation as also of all creatures which have bloud are seed and menstruous bloud But the Elements of our bodies are the solid and similar parts arising from those Elements of generation Of this kind are bones membranes ligaments veines arteries and many others manifest to the eyes which wee will describe at large in our Treatise of Anatomie CHAP. V. Of Temperaments A Temperament is defined a proportionable mixture of hot cold moist and drie or it is a concord of the first disagreeing faculties That harmony springs from the mixture of the foure first bodies of the world This whether Temperamēt or concord is given to Plants and brute beasts for the beginning of their life and so consequently for their life and forme But as Plants are inferior in order and dignitie to beasts so their life is more base and infirme for they have onely a growing facultie by which they may draw an Alimentarie juyce from the Earth as from their mothers breasts to preserve them and their life by which they may grow to a certaine bignesse and lastly by which they may bring forth their like for the perpetuall continuance of their kind But the life of beasts have to the three former the gift of sence annexed by benefit whereof as by a certaine inward knowledge they shun those things that are hurtfull and follow those which profit them and by the power of their will they move themselves whither they please But the soule of man farre more perfect and noble than the rest ariseth not from that earthly mixture and temper of the Elements but acknowledgeth and hath a farre more divine ofspring as we shall teach hereafter They devide a Temperament at the first division into two kindes as one a temperate another an untemperate The untemperate is of two sorts the one wholy vicious which hath altogether exceeded the bounds of mediocritie the other which hath somewhat straied from the mediocritie of temper but notwithstanding is yet contained within the limits of health as that which brings no such evident harme to the actions but that it somewhat hinders them so that they cannot so well and perfectly performe their duties But the vicious Temperament doth three manner of wayes corrupt the functions either by weaking depraving or abolishing them For so stupor or astonishment diminisheth and sloweth the quicknesse of motion convulsion depraves it the Palsie abolisheth it and taketh it away The temperate Temperament is also devided into two kinds which is either to equallity of weight or Iustice It is called a temperature to weight which ariseth from the equall force of exactly concurring qualities and as placed in a perfect ballance drawes downe neither to this nor that part They thinke the example of this Temperament to appeare in the inner skinne of the fingers ends of a man tempered to Iustice For seeing the most exquisite touch resides there they ought to be farre from all excesse of contrariety for otherwise being corrupted by too much heat or cold moisture or drinesse they could give no certaine judgement of the tangible qualities For which thing nature hath excellently provided in the fabricke and coagmentation of the parts of which the skinne consists For it is composed of hot and moist flesh and therefore soft and of a tendon and nerve cold and drie and therefore hard which are not onely equally fitted and conjoyned but wholy confused and mixed together by which it comes that removed from all extremes of opposition it is placed in the midst as a rule to judge of all the excesses that happen to the touch So it was fit the eye which was to be the instrument of sight should be tinctured with no certaine colour that it might be the lesse deceived in the judgement of colours So it was convenient the hearing should not be troubled with any distinct sound whereby it might more certainly judge of equall and unequall sounds not distinguished by a ratable proportion neither was it fit the tongue should have any certaine taste lest the accesse of that taste should deceive it in knowing and judging of so many different tastes The Temperature tempered to justice is that which although it is a little absent from the exact and severe parility of mixed qualities yet hath that equalitie which doth fully and aboundantly suffice for to performe all the functions fitly and perfectly which nature doth require wherefore we can judge no otherwise of it than by the integritie of the Actions For hence it tooke its name for as distributive Iustice equally gives to every one rewards or punishment according to their deserts so nature having regard to all the parts of the bodie gives them all that temper which may suffice to performe those duties for which they are ordained Let us for an example consider a Bone no man doubts but that like as the other similar parts of the body proceeds from the mixture of the foure Elements but neverthelesse nature waighing the use of it and ordaining it to support the rest of the body would have more of the terrene and drie Element infused into it that it might be the stronger and firmer to sustaine weight But a Ligament seeing it was made for other uses hath lesse of that earthly drienesse than the bone but more than the flesh altogether fitted to its nature So it hath seemed good to nature to endue all the parts of the body not onely with an equall portion but also proportion of Elements and qualities wee call that a temperament to Iustice and wee say that it is in Plants Brute beasts and all naturall bodies which enjoy that temper and mediocritie which may be agreeable to their nature Hereupon by comparison arise eight kindes of intemperate tempers as Foure simple Hot temperate in Drinesse and Moisture Cold temperate in Drinesse and Moisture Moist temperate in Heat and Cold. Drie temperate in Heat and Cold. Foure compounds Hot and moist Hot and drie Cold and moist Cold and drie But these temperaments are either of the whole body or of some part thereof and that either principall as the Braine the Heart the Liver the Stones or of the rest of the parts composed of other which have no principality in the body Againe such temperaments are either healthfull which suffice perfectly to performe their actions or unhealthfull which manifestly hurt them the signes whereof may be read described by Galen
And you must observe that when we say the body or any part of it is hot wee understand more hot than is fit for one of that kinde which is tempered to justice as when we say a man hath a hot liver wee meane his liver is hotter than a man justly tempered should have for all other tempers whether of the whole body or any of the parts thereof are to be referred to this and in the cure of diseases we must looke upon it as the marke and labour to preserve it by the use of convenient things as much as lies in our power Wherefore because it is very necessary to know the distinction of temperaments I have thought good in this place briefly to handle the temperaments of the parts of the body ages seasons of the yeare humors and medicines Therefore the temperaments of the parts of our body are of this nature not onely by the judgement of the touch of a mans hand which is justly tempered who is often deceived by flowing heate which spread from the heart into all the body imparts a certaine kinde of heate to all the parts but also by the rule of their reason composure and sustance as A Bone is the most drie and cold A Gristle lesse than it A Ligament lesse than a Gristle A Tendon is so much drier and colder than the membrane by how much it in the same temper exceedes a Veine and Arterie Then follow the harder veines for the softer are in a middle temper of drinesse and moisture like as the skinne although all both soft and hard are of a cold temper Wherefore all these parts of their owne nature are cold and without bloud although the veines and arteries waxe hot by reason of the heate of the bloud they containe which notwithstanding also borroweth that heat from the heart as a part most hot and softer than the skinne the liver next followeth the heart in the order of the hotter parts which is far softer than the skinne it selfe for if according to Galens opinion the heart is somewhat lesse hard than the skinne and that is farre harder than the liver as appeares by touching them it must necessarily follow that the liver much exceedes the skinne in softnesse I understand the skinne simple and separated from the flesh lying under it to which it firmely cleaves The flesh is more moist and hot than the skinne by reason of the bloud dispersed in it The spinall marrow is colder and moister than the skinne but the braine so much exceeds it in moisture as it is exceeded by the fat The lungs are not so moist as the fat and the spleene and kidnies are of the like nature and neverthelesse they are all moister than the skinne According to the diversities of ages the temperaments both of the whole body and all its parts undergoe great mutations for the bones are farre harder in old men than in children because our life is as it were a certaine progresse to drinesse which when it comes to the height consequently causeth death Wherefore in this place we must speake of the Temperaments of ages when first we shall have defined what an age is Therefore an age is defined a space of life in which the constitution of the bodie of its selfe and owne accord undergoeth manifest changes the whole course of life hath foure such ages The first is childhood which extends from the birth to the eighteenth yeare of age and hath a hot and moist temper because it is next to the hot and moist beginnings of life seed and bloud Youth followeth this which is prolonged from the eighteenth to the twentie fift yeare and is temperate and in the midst of all excesses Mans estate succeedeth youth which they deny to extend beyond the thirtie fift yeare of age in its proper temper it is hot and drie whereby it commeth to passe that then the heate is felt more acride and biting which in childhood seemed milde because the progresse of the life to drinesse hath much wasted the native humiditie Then succedes old age ever devided into two parts the first whereof extends from the thirtie fift to the fortie ninth yeare those of this age are called old men but we commonly call them middle aged men The latter is as it were devided by Galen into three degrees the first whereof are those who having their strength sound and firme undergoe civill affaires and businesses which things those which are in the second degree of old age cannot doe because of the debilitie of their now decaying strength but those which are in the last degree are afflicted with most extreme weakenesse and miserie and are as much deprived of their sences and understanding as of the strength of their bodies whereof arose this Proverbe Old men twice children Those old men of the first ranke are pleasant and courteous and those we say are beginning to grow old or in their greene old-age those of the second sort delight in nothing but the boord and bed but old decreepit men of the last order thinke of nothing else than their graves and monuments Their firme and solid parts are of a cold and drie temperature by reason of the decay of the radicall moisture which the inbred heate causeth in the continuance of so many years Which thing may happen in a short space by the vehement flame of the same natural heate turned by feavours into a fiery heate But if any to prove old men moist will object that they cough up and spit much I will answer him as an old Doctor once said That a pitcher filled with water may powre forth much moisture yet no man will deny but that such a vessell of its owne terrene nature and matter is most drie so old men may plainely be affirmed to be moist by reason of their defect of heate and aboundance of excrements But this description of ages is not to be taken so strictly as alwayes to be measured by the spaces and distances of yeares for there are many which by their owne misdemeanour seeme elder at fortie than others doe at fiftie Lastly the famous Philosopher Pythagoras devided man life into foure ages and by a certaine proportion compared the whole course thereof to the foure seasons of the yeare as childhood to the Spring in which all things grow and sprout out by reason of plenty and aboundance of moisture And youth to the Summer because of the vigour and strength which men enjoy at that age And mans estate or constant age to Autumne for that then after all the dangers of the forepassed life the gifts of discretion and wit acquire a seasonablenesse or ripenesse like as the fruits of the earth enjoy at that season And lastly he compares old age to the sterile and fruitlesse Winter which can ease and consolate its tediousnesse by no other meanes than the use of fruits gathered and stored up before which then are of a
cold and troublesome condition But for extreme old age which extends to eightie or a hundred yeares it is so cold and drie that those which arrive at that decrepit age are troublesome harsh touchy froward crabby and often complaining untill at the length deprived of all their senses tongue feet and understanding they doting returne againe to childishnesse as from the staffe to the start And thus much of the Temperaments of ages But now in like manner we will explaine the temperatures of the seasons of the yeare which are foure the Spring Summer Autumne Winter The Spring continues almost from the twelth or thirteenth day of March to the midst of May Hippocrates seemeth to make it hot and moist which opinion seemeth not to have sprung from the thing it selfe but from an inveterate error of the ancient Philosophers who would fit the temperaments of the foure seasons of the yeare as answering in proportion to the temperatures of the foure ages For if the matter come to a just triall all men will say the Spring is temperate as that which is in the midst of the excesse of heate cold moisture and drinesse not onely by comparison because it is hotter than Summer and colder than Winter but because it hath that qualitie of its owne proper nature Wherefore it is said of Hippocrates The Spring is most holesome and least deadly if so be that it keepe its native temper from which if it decline or succeed a former untemperate season as Autumne or Winter it will give occasion to many diseases described by Hippocrates not that it breeds them but because it brings them to sight which before lay hid in the body Summer is comprehended in the space of almost foure moneths it is of a hot and drie temper a breeder of such diseases as proceed from choler because that humor at this time is heaped up in many bodies by adustion of bloud bred in the Spring but all such diseases doe speedily runne their course The beginning of Autumne is from the time the Sunne enters into Libra and endures the like space of time as the Spring But when it is dry it hath great inequalitie of heate and cold for the mornings and evening being very cold the noondayes on the contrary are exceeding hot Wherefore many diseases are in Autumne and then long and deadly especially if they incline to wards winter because all dayly and sodaine changes to heat and cold are dangerous The winter possesses the remnant of the yeare and is cold and moist it encreases naturall heat stirs up the appetite and augments Phlegme It encreases heat by Antiperistasis or contrariety of the encompassing aire which being then cold prohibites the breathing out of heate whereby it happens that the heat being driven in and hindered from dissipation is strengthened by couniting its forces But it augments Phlegme for that men are more greedy the Appetite being encreased by the strengthened heat from whence proceeds much crudity and a large store of diseases especially Chronicke or Long which spread and encrease rather in this winter season than in any other part of the yeare To this discourse of the temper of the seasons of the yeares is to be revoked the variety of tempers which happens very day which certainly is not to be neglected that there may be place of election especially if nothing urge For hither belongs that saying of Hippocrates When in the same day it is one while hot another cold Autumnall diseases are to be expected Therefore an Indication taken from hence is of great consequence to the judgement of diseases for if it agree with the disease the disease is made more contumacious and difficult to cure Whereupon the Patient and Phisition will have much trouble but if on the contrary it reclame and dissent the health of the Patient is sooner to be expected Neither is it a thing of lesse consequence to know the customes and habits of the places and Countries in which we live as also the inclination of the Heavens and temperature of the Aire but let vs leave these things to be considered by Naturall Philosophers that we may deliver our judgment of the temperaments of Humors blood as that which answers to the Aire in proportion is of a hot and moist nature or rather temperate as Galen testifies for saith he it is certaine and sure that the The blood is neither hot nor moist but temperate as in its first composure none of the 4 first qualities exceeds other by any manifest excesse as he repeats it upon the 39. sentence Phlegme as that which is of a waterish nature is cold and moist no other-wise than Choler being of a fiery temper is hot and dry But Melancholy affimulated to Earth is cold and dry This which we have spoken in generall of Phlegme and Melancholy is not alwayes true in every kind of the said humors For salte Phlegme is of a hot and dry temperature as also all kinds of Melancholy which have arose or sprung by adustion from the native and Alimentary as we will teach in the following Chapter Now the Temperaments of Medicins have not the same forme of judgment as those things which we have before spoken of as not from the Elementary quality which conquering in the contention and mixture obtaines the dominion but plainly from the effects which taken or applyed they imprint in a temperate body For so we pronounce those things hot cold moist or dry which produce the effects of Heate Coldnes Moisture or Drynes But we will defer the larger explication of these things to that place where we have peculiarly appointed to treat of Medicines where we will not simply enquire whether they be hot or cold but what degree of heate and cold or the like other quallity in which same place we will touch the temperature and all the Nature of tasts because the certainest judgment of medicines is drawne from their tasts Hitherto of Temperaments now we must speake of Humors whose use in Physicall speculation is no lesse than that of Temperaments CHAP. VI. Of Humors TO know the nature of Humors is a thing notonely necessary for Phisitions but also for Chirurgeons because there is no disease with matter which ariseth not from some one or the mixture of more Humors Which thing Hippocrates understanding writ every Creature to be either sicke or well according to the Condition of the Humors in the body And certainly all putride feavers proceed from the putrifaction of Humors Neither doe any acknowledge any other originall or distinction of the differences of Abscesses or Tumors neither do ulcerated brokē or otherwise wounded members hope for the restauration of continuity from other than from the sweet falling downe of humors to the wounded part Which is the cause that often in the cure of these affects the Phisitions are necessarily busied in tempering the Blood that is bringing to a mediocrity the 4
humors composing the masse of blood if they at any time offend in quantity or quality For whether if any thing abound or digresse from the wonted temper in any excesse of heat cold viscosity grossenes thinnes or any such like quality none of the accustomed functions will be well performed For which cause those cheife helpes to preserve and restore health have beene divinely invented Phelebotomy or bloodletting which amends the quantity of too much blood and purging which corrects and drawes away the vicious quality But now let us begin to speak of the Humors taking our beginning from the definition An Humor is called by Phisitions what thing so ever is Liquide and flowing in the body of living Creatures endued with Blood that is either natural or againstnature The naturall is so called because it is fit to defend preserve and sustaine the life of a Creature Quite different is the nature reason of that which is against nature Again the former is either Alimentary or Excrementitious The Alimentary which is fit to nourish the body is that Humor which is contained in the veines and arteries of a man which is tēperate perfectly wel which is understood by the general name of blood which is let out at the opening of a veine For blood otherwise taken is an Humor of a certaine kind distinguished by heate and warmnesse from the other Humors comprehended together with it in the whole masse of the blood Which thing that it may the better be understood I have thought good in this place to declare the generation of Blood by the efficient and materiall causes All things which we eate or drink are the materialls of blood which things drawne into the bottome of the ventricle by its attractive force and there detained are turned by the force of concoction implanted in it into a substance like to Almond Butter Which thing although it appeare one and like it selfe yet it consists of parts of a different nature which not only the variety of meats but one the same meate yeelds of it self We terme this Chylus when it is perfectly concocted in the stomacke But the Gate-veine receives it driven from thence into the small guts and sucked in by the Meseraicke veins and now having gotten a litle rudiment of Change in the way carries it to the Liver where by the blood-making faculty which is proper and naturall to this part it acquires the absolute and perfect forme of blood But with that blood at one and the same time and action all the humors are made whether Alimentary or excrementitious Therefore the blood that it may performe its office that is the faculty of nutrition must necessarily be purged and clensed from the two excrementitious humors Of which the bladder of Gall drawes one which we call Yellow Choler and the Spleen the other which we terme Melancholy These two humors are naturall but not Alimentary or nourishing but of another use in the body as afterwards we will shew more at large The blood freed from these 2. kinds of excrements is sent by the veines and Arteries into all parts of the body for their nourishment Which although then it seeme to be of one simple nature yet notwithstanding it is truly such that foure different and vnlike substances may be observed in it as blood properly so named Phlegme Choler and Melancholy not only distinct in colour but also in taste effects and qualities For as Galen notes in his booke De Natura humana Melancholy is acide or soure choler bitter Blood sweet Phlegme unsavory But you may know the variety of their effects both by the different temper of the nourished parts as also by the various condition of the diseases springing from thence For therefore such substances ought to be tempered and mixed amongst themselves in a certaine proportion which remaining health remaines but violated diseases follow For all acknowledge that an Oëdema is caused by Phlegmatick a Scirrhus by Melancholike an Erysipelas by Cholericke and a Phlegmone by pure and laudable blood Galen teaches by a familiar example of new wine presently taken from the presse that these 4 substances are contained in that one Masse and mixture of the blood In which every one observes 4. distinct Essences for the flower of the wine working up swims at the top the dregs fall downe to the bottome but the crude and watery moisture mixed together with the sweet and vinous liquor is every where diffused through the body of the wine the flower of the wine represents Choler which bubling up on the superficies of blood as it concretes and growes cold shineth with a golden colour the dregs Melancholy which by reason of its heavines ever sinketh downward as it were the Mudd of the blood the crude and watery portion Phlegme for as that crude humor except it be rebellious in quantity or stubborne by its quality there is hope it may be changed into wine by the naturall heate of the wine so Phlegme which is blood halfe concocted may by the force of native heat be changed into good and laudable blood Which is the cause that nature decreed or ordained no peculiar place as to the other 2. humours whereby it might be severed from the blood But the true and perfect liquor of the wine represents the pure blood which is the more laudable and perfect portion of both the humors of the confused Masse It may easily appeare by the following scheme of what kind they all are and also what the distinction of these foure humors may be  NATVRE CONSISTANCE COLOVR TASTE VSE Blood is Of Nature aery hot and moyst or rather temperate Of indifferent consistance neither too thicke nor too thin Of Colour red rosy or Crimson Of Taste sweete Of such use that it cheifly serves for the nourishment of the fleshyparts and caried by the vessels imparts heate to the whole body Phlegme is Of Nature watery cold and moist Of Consistance liquid Of Colour white Of Taste sweet or rather unsavory for we commend that water which is vnsavory Fit to nourish the braine and al the other cold and moist parts to temper the heate of the blood and by its slipperines to helpe the motion of the joynts Choler is Of Nature fiery hot and drie Of Consistance Thin Of Colour yeallow or pale Of Taste bitter It provoketh the expulsive faculty of the guts attenuates the Phlegme cleaving to them but the Alimentary is fit to nourish the parts of like temper with it Melancholy is Of Nature earthly cold and dry Of Consistance grosse and muddy Of Colour blackish Of taste acide soure or biting Stirs up the Appetite nourishes the spleene and all the parts of like temper to it as the Bones Bloud hath its neerest matter from the better portion of the Chylus and being begunne to be laboured in the veines at length gets forme and perfection in the
in them as in the perfection of Arte the Rules which may be prescribed to preserve health are contained But Galen in another place hath in 4. words comprehended these things not Naturall as things Taken Applyed Expelled and to be Done Things Taken are those which are put into the body either by the mouth or any other way as the Aire meate and drinke Things Applyed are these which must touch the body as the Aire now mentioned affecting the body with a diverse touch of its qualityes of heat cold moysture or drynesse Expelled are what things soever being unprofitable are generated in the body and require to be expelled To be Done are labour rest sleepe watching and the like We may more distinctly and by expression of proper names revoke all these things to sixe which are Aire Meat and Drinke Labour and Rest Sleepe and Watching Repletion and Inanition or things to be expelled or retained and kept Perturbations of the Minde CHAP. XIII Of the Aire AIre is so necessary to life that we cannot live a moment without it if so be that breathing and much more transpiration be not to be separated from life Wherefore it much conduceth to know what Aire is wholsome what unwholsome and which by contrariety of qualities fights for the Patient against the disease or on the contrary by a similitude of qualities shall nourish the disease that if it may seeme to burden the Patient by increasing or adding to the disease we may correct it by Arte. So in curing the wounds of the head especially in Winter we labour by all the means we may to make the aire warme For cold is hurtfull to the Braine Bones and the wounds of these parts and heat is comfortable and friendly But also the aire being drawne into the body by breathing when it is hotter than ordinarie doth with a new warmth overheate the heart lungs and spirits and weaken the strength by the dissipation of the spirits too much attenuated so being too cold in like manner the strength of the faculties faints and growes dull either by suppression of the vapoures or by the inspissation or thickning of the spirits Therefore to conclude that Aire is to be esteemed healthfull which is cleere subtile and pure free and open on every side and which is farre remote from all carrion-like smells of dead carkasses or the stench of any putrifying thing whatsoever the which is farre distant from standing pooles and fennes and caves sending forth strong and ill vapours neither too cloudy nor moist by the nearenesse of some river Such an Aire I say if it have a vernall temper is good against all diseases That aire which is contrary to this is altogether unhealthfull as that which is putrid shut up and prest by the straitnesse of neighbouring mountaines infected with some noysome vapour And because I cannot prosecute all the conditions of aires fit for the expelling of all diseases as which are almost infinite it shall suffice here to have set downe what we must understand by this word Aire Physitions commonly use to understand three things by the name of Aire The present state of the Aire The Region in which wee live and the season of the yeare Wee spoke of this last when wee treated of Temperaments Wherefore wee will now speake of the two former The present state of the Aire one while for some small time is like the Spring that is temperate otherwhiles like the Summer that is hot and drie otherwhiles like the Winter that is cold and moist and sometimes like the Autumne which is unequall and this last constitution of the Aire is the cause of many diseases When upon the same day it is one while hot another cold we must expect Autumnall diseases These tempers and varieties of constitutions of the Aire are chiefely and principally stirred up by the windes as which being diffused over all the Aire shew no small force by their sodaine change Wherefore we will briefly touch their natures That which blowes from the East is called the East-winde and is of a hot and drie nature and therefore healthfull But the Westerne winde is cold and moist and therefore sickly The South winde is hot and moist the Author of putrifaction and putride diseases The North winde is cold and drie therefore healthy wherefore it is thought if it happen to blow in the dogge-dayes that it makes the whole yeare healthfull and purges and takes away the seedes of putrifaction if any chance to be in the aire But this description of the foure windes is then onely thought to be true if we consider the windes in their owne proper nature which they borrow from these Regions from which they first proceede For otherwise they affect the aire quite contrarie according to the disposition of the places over which they came as snowie places Seaes Lakes Rivers Woods or sandy plaines from whence they may borrow new qualities with which they may afterwards possesse the aire and so consequently our bodies Hence it is we have noted the Westerne winde unwholsome and breeding diseases by reason of the proper condition of the Region from whence it came and such that is cold and moist the Gasconies finde it truly to their so great harme that it seldome blowes with them but it brings some manifest and great harme either to their bodies or fruits of the earth And yet the Greekes and Latines are wont to commend it for healthfulnesse more than the rest But also the rising and setting of some more eminent stars doe often cause such cold windes that the whole aire is cooled or infected with some other maligne qualitie For vapours and exhalations are often raised by the force of the stars from whence windes cloudes stormes whirlewindes lightnings thunders haile snow raine earthquakes inundations and violent raging of the sea have their original The exact contemplation of which things although it be proper to Astronomers Cosmographers and Geographers yet Hippocrates could not omit it but that he must speake somthing in his book De aëre aquis where he touches by the way the description of the neighbouring Regions and such as hee knew From this force of the aire either hurtfull or helping in diseases came that famous observation of Gnido of Caulias That wounds of the head are more difficult to cure at Paris than at Avignion and the plaine contrarie of wounds of the legges for the aire of Paris compared to that of Avignion is cold and moist wherefore hurtfull and offensive to the wounds of the head On the contrary the same aire because it obscures the spirits incrassates the bloud condensates the humors and makes them lesse fit for defluxions makes the wounds of the legges more easie to be healed by reason it hinders the course of the humors by whose defluxion the cure is hindered But it is manifest that hot and drie places make a greater dissipation of the naturall heate
from whence the weakenesse of the powers by which same reason the Inhabitants of such places doe not so well endure bloudletting but more easily suffer purgations though vehement by reason of the contumacie of the humor caused by drinesse To conclude the aire changes the constitutions of our bodies either by its qualities as if it be hotter colder moister or drier or by its matter as if it be grosser or more subtile than is fit or corrupted by exhalations from the earth or by a sodaine and unaccustomed alteration which any man may prove who makes a sodaine change out of a quiet aire into a stormy and troubled with many windes But because next to the aire nothing is so necessary to nourish mans body as meate and drinke I will now beginne to speake of them both CHAP. XIIII Of Meate and Drinke THat this our Treatise of meate and drinke may be more briefe and plaine I have thought good to part it into these heads as to consider the goodnesse and illnesse of both of them their quantitie qualitie custome delight order time and to accommodate them all to the ages and seasons of the yeare We judge of the goodnesse and pravity of meates and drinkes from the condition of the good or vicious humors or juyce which they beget in us For evill juyce causeth many diseases As on the contrary good juice drives away all diseases from the body except the fault happen from some other occasion as from quantity or too much excesse Wherefore it is principally necessary that those who will preserve their present health and hinder the accesse of diseases feede upon things of good nourishment and digestion as are good wine the yolkes of egges good milke wheaten bread well baked the flesh of Capons Pertridge Thrushes Larkes Veale Mutton Kid and such like other which you may finde mentioned in the Bookes which Galen writ de Alimentorum facultatibus where also he examines those which are of evill juice by their manifest qualities as acrimony bitternesse saltnesse aciditie harshnesse and such like But unlesse we use a convenient quantitie and measure in our meates howsoever laudable they be we shal never reape these fruits of health we hoped for For they yeild matter of diseases by the onely excesse of their quantity but wee may by this know the force of quantitie on both parts because often the poisonous quality of meates of ill nourishment doth not hurt by reason they were not taken into the body into a great quantitie That measure of quantitie is chiefely to be regarded in diseases for as Hippocrates saith if any give meate to one sick of a feaver he gives strength to the well and increases the disease to the sicke especially if he doe not use a meane Wherefore it is a thing of no small consequence to know what diseases require a slender and what a large diet of which thing there is large relation made in the 1. Section of the Aphorismes of Hippocrates where he teacheth the sicke must feed more largely in the beginnings of long diseases wherby they may be inabled to indure the length of the disease and last to the state thereof But in sharpe and violent diseases which presently come to their height wee must use a slender diet but most slender when the disease is in the height and besides all our consultations in this kinde must be referred to the strength of the patients But those who enjoy their perfect health must use a quantitie of meate agreable to their evacuation and transpiration for men by reason of the strength of their heate and the more copious dissipation of the triple substance have greater appetite than women altogether by the same reason that young people and such as grow need more frequent and plentifull nourishment than old men and also amongst young men of the like age some doe rightly require more copious nourishment than othersome that is according to the quantitie of their evacuations and custome Certainly for gluttony it is such as may be extended to all but we all should take so much meate and drinke that our powers may be refreshed and not oppressed for by the decree of Hippocrates these be the two compendiary wayes of preserving health not to be over-filled with meate and to be quicke to worke and thus much of the quantity of meates Neither must these who are either sound or sicke have lesse regard to the qualities of their meates and those are either the first as heating cooling moistening drying or the second attenuating incrassating obstructing opening or some other like working according to the condition of their nature The manner of our diet is not onely to be framed according to these but also to be varied for the present state of such as be in health requires to be preserved by the use of like things As hot and moist nourishment is to be prescribed to children as to those which are hot and moist and cold and drie to old men as to those who are cold and drie if so be that vulgar saying be true that Health delights in the use of like things Yet because old age how greene and new begun howsoever it be is of it selfe as it were a disease it seemes to be more convenient both to truth and for health that old people should eate meats contrary to their nature that is hot and moist that so wee may deferre as much as we can the causes of death cold and drinesse which hasten the destruction of that age For wee must resist diseases by the use of their contraries as those things which are contrary to nature For otherwise as much meate as you give to the sicke you adde so much strength to the disease And the same is the cause why Hippocrates said that a moist diet is convenient for all such as are sicke of feavers because a feaver is a drie distemperature Therefore wee must diligently prie into the nature of the disease that knowing it wee may endeavour to abate its fury by the use of contraries But if custome as they say be another nature the Physition must have a great care of it both in sound and sicke For this sometimes by little and little and insensiblely changes our naturall temperament and instead thereof gives us a borrowed temper Wherefore if any would presently or sodainely change a custome which is sometimes ill into a better truly hee will bring more harme than good because all sodaine changes according the opinion of Hipocrates are dangerous Wherefore if necessitie require that we should withdraw any thing from our custome we must doe it by little and little that so nature may by degrees be accustomed to contraries without violence or the disturbance of its usuall government For that meate and drinke which is somewhat worse but more pleasant and familiar by custome is to be preferred in Hippocrates opinion before better but lesse pleasant and accustomed
incision through the skin are pulled and cut away from these parts with which they were entangled But in the performance of this worke wee take speciall care that we doe not violate or hurt with our instrument the jugular veines the sleepy arteries or recurrent nerves If at any time there be danger of any great effluxe of bloud after they are plucked from the skn they must be tied at their roots by thrusting through a needle and thred and then binding the thred strait on both sides that so bound they fall off by themselves by little and little without any danger The remainder of the cure may be performed according to the common rules of Art CHAP. XXIII Of the Feaver which happens upon an oedematous Tumor HAving shewed all the differences of oedematous tumors it remaines that we briefely treate of the Symptomatical feaver which is sometimes seene to happen upon them This therefore retaining the motion of the humor by which it is made is commonly of their kinde which they name Intermitting Quotidians Now the fit of a Quotidian comes every day and in that repetition continues the space of eighteene houres the residue of the day it hath manifest intermission The primitive causes of this feaver are the coldnesse and humitity of the aire encompassing us the long use of cold meates and drinkes and of all such things as are easily corrupted as Summer fruites crude fishes and lastly the omission of our accustomed exercise The antecedent causes are a great repletion of tumors and these especially phlegmaticke The conjunct cause is phlegme putrefying in the habite of the body and first region thereof without the greater veines The signes of this feaver are drawne from three things as first naturall for this Feaver or Ague chiefely seazes upon these which which are of a cold and moist temper as Old-men Women Children Eunuches because they have abundance of phlegme and it invades Old-men by its owne nature because their native heate being weake they cannot convert their meates then taken in a small quantity into laudable bloud and the substance of the parts But it takes children by accident not of its selfe and the owne nature for children are hot and moist but by reason of their voracitie or greedinesse and their violent inordinate and continuall motion after their plentifull feeding they heape up a great quantity of crude humors fit matter for this feaver whereby it comes to passe that fat children are chiefely troubled with this kinde of feaver because they have the passages of their bodies straite and stopped or because they are subject to Wormes they are troubled with paine by corruption of their meate whence ariseth a hot distemper by putrefaction and the elevation of putride vapours by which the heart being molested is easily taken by this kinde of feaver From things not naturall the signes of this feaver are thus drawne It chiefely takes one in Winter and the Spring in a cold and moist Region in a sedentary and idle life by the use of meates not onely cold and moist but also hot and dry if they be devoured in such plenty that they over whelme the native heate For thus wine although it be by faculty and nature hot and dry yet taken too immoderately it accumulates phlegmaticke humors and causes cold diseases Therefore drunkennesse gluttony crudity bathes and exercises presently after meate being they draw the meats as yet crude into the body and veines and to conclude all things causing much phlegme in us may beget a Quotidian feaver But by things contrary to nature because this feaver usually followes cold diseases the Center Circumference and Habit of the body being refrigerated The symptomes of this feaver are the paine of the mouth of the stomacke because that phlegme is commonly heaped up in this place whence followes a vomiting or casting up of phlegme the face lookes pale and the mouth is moist without any thirst often times in the fit it selfe because the stomacke flowing with phlegme the watery and thinner portion thereof continually flowes up into the mouth and tongue by the continuitie of the inner coate of the ventricle common to the gullet and mouth It takes one with coldnesse of the extreame parts a small and deepe pulse which notwithstanding in the vigour of the fit becomes more strong great full and quicke Iust after the same manner as the heate of this feaver at the first touch appeares mild gentle moist and vaporous but at the length it is felt more acride no other-wise than fire kindled in greene wood which is small weake and smokie at the first but at the length when the moisture being overcome doth no more hinder its action it burnes and flames freely The Patients are freed from their fits with small sweats which at the first fits breake forth very sparingly but more plentifully when the Crisis is at hand the urine at the first is pale and thicke and sometimes thinne that is when there is obstruction But when the matter is concoct as in the state it is red if at the beginning of the fit they cast up any quantity of phlegme by vomite and that fit be terminated in a plentifull sweate it shewes the feaver will not long last for it argues the strength of nature the yeelding and tenuitie of the matter flying up and the excretion of the conjunct cause of the feaver A Quotidian feaver is commonly long because the phlegmaticke humor being cold and moist by nature is heavie and unapt for motion neither is it without feare of a greater disease because oft times it changes into a burning or quartaine feaver especially if it be bred of salt Phlegme for saltnesse hath affinity with bitternesse wherefore by adustion it easily degenerates into it so that it neede not seeme very strange if salt Phlegme by adustion turne into choler or Melancholy Those who recover of a quotidian Feaver have their digestive faculty very weake wherefore they must not be nourished with store of meats nor with such as are hard to digest In a quotidian the whole body is filled with crude humors whereby it comes to passe that this Feaver oft times lasts sixty dayes But have a care you be not deceived and take a double tertian for a quotidian because it takes the patient every day as a quotidian doth Verily it will be very easie to distinguish these Feavers by the kinde of the humor and the propriety of the Symptomes and accidents beside quotidians commonly take one in the evening or the midst of the night as then when our bodies are refrigerated by the coldnesse of the aire caused by the absence of the Sunne Wherefore then the cold humors are moved in us which were bridled a litle before by the presence and heate of the Sunne But on the contrary double tertians take one about noone The shortnesse and gentlenesse of the fit the plentitifull sweat breaking forth the
assation thereof The twentieth is the languidnesse weaknesse of the pulse by reason of the oppression of the vitall and pulsifick faculty by a cloud of grosse vapours Herewith also their urine sometimes is thick and troubled like the urine of carriage beasts if the urenary vessels be permeable and free otherwise it is thin if there be obstruction which only suffers that which is thin to flow forth by the urenary passages now the urine is oftentimes of a pale ash-colour and oft-times it smels like as the other excrements do in this disease Verily there are many other signes of the Leprosie as the slownesse of the belly by reason of the heat of the liver often belchings by reason that the stomack is troubled by the refluxe of a melancholy humour frequent sneesing by reason of the fulnesse of the braine to these this may be added most frequently that the face and all the skin is unctuous or greasie so that water powred thereon will not in any place adhere thereto I conceive it is by the internall heat dissolving the fat that lies under the skin which therfore alwaies lookes as if it were greased or anointed therewith in leprous persons Now of these forementioned signes some are univocall that is which truly and necessarily shew the Leprosie othersome are equivocall or common that is which conduce as well to the knowledge of other diseases as this To conclude that assuredly is a Leprosie which is accompanied with all or certainely the most part of these forementioned signes CHAP. VIII Of Prognosticks in the Leprosie and how to provide for such as stand in feare thereof THe Leprosie is a disease which passeth to the issue as contagious almost as the plague scarce curable at the beginning uncurable when as it is confirmed because it is a Cancer of the whole body now if some one Cancer of some one part shall take deepe root therein it is judged uncurable Furthermore the remedies which to this day have bin found out against this disease are judged inferiour and unequall in strength thereto Besides the signes of this disease doe not outwardly shew themselves before that the bowels be seazed upon possessed and corrupted by the malignity of the humour especially in such as have the white Leprosie sundry of which you may see about Burdeaux in little Brittain who notwithstanding inwardly burn with so great heat that it will suddenly wrinkle and wither an apple held a short while in their hand as if it had laid for many daies in the Sun There is another thing that increaseth the difficulty of this disease which is an equall pravity of the three principall faculties whereby life is preserved The deceitfull and terrible visions in the sleepe and numnesse in feeling argue the depravation of the animall faculty now the weaknesse of the vitall faculty is shewed by the weaknesse of the pulse the obscurity of the hoarse and jarring voice the difficulty of breathing and stinking breath the decay of the naturall is manifested by the depravation of the work of the liver in sanguification whence the first and principall cause of this harme ariseth Now because wee cannot promise cure to such as have a confirmed Leprosie and that we dare not do it to such as have been troubled therewith but for a short space it remains that we briefly shew how to free such as are ready to fall into so fearefull a disease Such therefore must first of all shun all things in diet and course of life whereby the bloud and humours may be too vehemently heated whereof we have formerly made some mention Let them make choice of meats of good or indifferent juice such as we shall describe in treating of the diet of such as are sick of the plague purging bleeding bathing cupping to evacuate the impurity of the bloud and mitigate the heat of the liver shall bee prescribed by some learned Physician Valesius de Tarenta much commends gelding in this case neither do I think it can be disliked For men subject to this disease may be effeminated by the amputation of their testicles and so degenerate into a womanish nature and the heat of the liver boyling the bloud being extinguished they become cold moist which temper is directly contrary to the hot dry distemper of Leprous persons besides the Leprous being thus deprived of the faculty of generation that contagion of this disease is taken away which spreadeth and is diffused amongst mankind by the propagation of their issue The End of the Twentieth Booke OF POYSONS AND OF THE BITING OF A MAD DOGGE AND THE BITINGS AND STINGINGS OF OTHER VENEMOUS CREATURES THE ONE AND TWENTIETH BOOK CHAP. I. The cause of writing this Treatise of Poysons FIVE reasons have principally moved me to undertake to write this Treatise of poysons according to the opinion of the Ancients The first is that I might instruct the Surgeon what remedies must presently be used to such as are hurt by poysons in the interim whilst greater meanes may bee expected from a Physician The second is that hee may know by certaine signes and notes such as are poysoned or hurt by poysonous meanes and so make report thereof to the Judges or to such as it may concerne The third is that those Gentlemen and others who live in the Countrey and farre from Cities and store of greater meanes may learne something by my labours by which they may helpe their friends bitten by an Adder madde Dogge or other poysonous creature in so dangerous sudden and usuall a case The fourth is that every one may beware of poysons and know their symptomes when present that being knowne they may speedily seeke for a remedie The fifth is that by this my labour all men may know what my good-will is and how well minded I am towards the common wealth in generall and each man in particular to the glory of God I doe not here so much arme malicious and wicked persons to hurt as Surgeons to provide to helpe and defend each mans life against poyson which they did not understand or at least seemed not so to doe which taking this my labour in evill part have maliciously interpreted my meaning But now at length that wee may come to the matter I will begin at the generall division of poysons and then handle each species thereof severally but first let us give this rule That Poyson is that which either outwardly applyed or struck in or inwardly taken into the body hath power to kill it no otherwise than meate well drest is apt to nourish it For Conciliator writes that the properties of poyson are contrary to nourishments in their whole substance for as nourishment is turned into bloud and in each part of the body whereto it is applyed to nourish by perfect assimulation is substituted in the place of that portion which flowes away each moment Thus on the contrary poyson turnes our bodies into
a nature like it selfe and venenate for as every agent imprints the force and qualities thereof in the subject patient thus poyson by the immoderation of faculties in their whole nature contrary to us changeth our substance into its nature no otherwise than fire turneth chaffe in a moment into its owne nature and so consumes it Therefore it is truly delivered by the Ancients who have diligently pryed into the faculties of naturall things that it is Poyson that may kill men by destroying and corrupting their temper and the composure and conformation of the body Now all poysons are said to proceed either from the coruptaire or from living creatures plants and mineralls or by an artificiall malignity in distilling subliming and diversly mixing of poysonous and fuming things Hence â—risesundry differences of poysons neither doe they all worke after the same manner for some corrupt our nature by the unmeasurablenesse of the manifest and elementary qualities whereof they consist others from a specifick and occult propertie Hence it is that some kill sooner than othersome neither is it true that all of them presently assaile the heart but others are naturally at deadly strife with other parts of the body as Cantharides with the bladder the sea Hare with the lungs the Torpedo with the hands which it stupefieth though the fishers rod bee betwixt them Thus of medicines there are some which are apt presently to comfort and strengthen the heart others the brain as staechas others the stomack as Cinamon Also there are some poysons which work both waies that is by manifest and occult qualities as Euphorbium for that both by the excessive heate and the whole substance or the discord of the whole substance with ours corrupts our nature An argument hereof is that Treacle which by its quality is manifestly hot infringeth the force thereof as also of all others of an occult property Poisons which work by an occult and specifick property do not therefore doe it because they are too immoderately hot cold dry moist but for that they are absolutely such and have that essence from the stars and coelestiall influence which is apt to dissolve and destroy the strength of mans body because being taken but even in a small quantity yet are they of so pernicious a quality that they kill almost in a moment Now poysons do not onely kill being taken into the body but some being put or applyed outwardly neither doe venimous creatures only harme by their stinging and biting but also by their excrements as spittle bloud the touch and breath CHAP. II. How poysons being small in quantity may by their only touch cause so great alterations IT seemeth strange to many how it may come to passe that poyson taken or admitted in a small quantity may almost in a moment produce so pernicious effects over all the body and all the parts faculties and actions so that being admitted but in a little quantity it swels up the body into a great bignesse Neither ought it to seeme lesse strange how Anridotes and Counter-poysons which are opposed to poyson can so suddenly breake and weaken the great and pernicious effects thereof being it is not likely that so small a particle of poyson or Antidote can divide it selfe into so many and so far severed particles of our body There are some saith Galen who thinke that somethings by touch onely by the power of their quality may alter those things which are next to them and that this appeares plainly in the sea Torpedo as that which hath so powerfull a quality that it can send it alongst the fishers rod to the hand and so make it become torpide or numbe But on the contrary Philosophers teach that accidents such as qualities are cannot without their subjects remove and diffuse themselves into other subjects Therefore Galens other answer is more agreeable to reason that so many and great affects of poysons and remedies arise either from a certaine spirit or â—…le huminity not truly for that this spirit and subtle humidity may be dispersed over the whole body and all the parts thereof which it affects but that little which is entred the body as cast in by the stroake of a Spider or the sting of a Scorpion infects and corrupts all the next parts by contagion with the like quality these others that are next to them untill from an exceeding small portion of the bloud if the stroake shall light into the veines it shall spread over the whole masse of bloud or of phlegme if the poyson shall chance to come to the stomacke and so the force thereof shall bee propagated and diffused over all the humours and bowels The doubt of Antidotes is lesse for these being taken in greater quantity when they shal come into the stomack warmed by the heat of the place they become hot send forth vapours which suddenly diffused over the body by the subtlety of their substance doe by their contrary forces dull and weaken the malignity of the poyson Wherefore you may often see when as Antidotes are given in lesse quantity than is fit that they are lesse prevalent neither doe they answer to our expectation in overcomming the malignity of the poyson so that it must necessarily follow that these must not onely in qualities but also in quantity bee superiour to poysons CHAP. III. Whether there be any such poysons as will kill at a set time TO the propounded question whether there may be poysons which within a certaine and definite time put case a moneth or yeare may kill men Theophrastus thus answers of poysons some more speedily performe their parts others more slowly yet may you finde no such as will kill in set limits of time according to the will and desire of men For that some kill sooner or later than others they do not this of their owne or proper nature as Physicians rightly judge but because the subject upon which they light doth more or lesse resist or yeeld to their efficacie Experience sheweth the truth hereof for the same sort of poyson in the same weight and measure given to sundry men of different tempers and complexions will kill one in an houre another in sixe houres or in a day and on the contrary will not so much as hurt some third man You may also observe the same in purging medicines For the same purge given to divers men in the same proportion will purge some sooner some later some more sparingly others more plentifully and othersome not at all also with some it will worke gently with othersome with paine and gripings Of which diversity there can no other cause be assigned than mens different natures in complexion temper which no man can so exactly know and comprehend as to have certain knowledge thereof as how much and how long the native heat can resist and labour against the strength of the poyson or how pervious or open the passages of the body may bee
experience that the bites of men are not altogether without virulencie especially of such as are red haired and freckled cheiflie when as they are angred it is probable that the bites of other persons want this malignitie seeing that their spittle will cure small ulcerations Wherefore if there shall happen difficultie of cure in a wound caused by a mans biting which is neither red haired nor freckled neither angrie this happens not by meanes of the spittle nor by anie maligne qualitie but by reason of the contusion caused by the bluntnesse of the teeth not cutting but bruising the part for being not sharp they cannot so easily enter the flesh unlesse by bruising and tearing after the manner of heavie and blunt stroaks and weapons wounds being occasioned by such are more hard to bee cured than such as are made by cutting and sharp weapons But of the fore-said bitings of venemous creatures there are few which doe not kill in a short space and almost in a moment but principally if the poison be sent into the bodie by a live creature for in such poison there is much heat also there is therein a greater tenuity which serves as vehicles thereto into what place or part soever of the bodie they tend the which the poisons taken from dead creatures are detective of Wherefore some of these kill a man in the space of an houre as the poison of Aspes Basiliskes and Toads others not unlesse in two or three daies space as of water Snakes a Spider and Scorpion require more time to kill yet all of them admitted but in the least quantity doe in a short space cause great and deadly mutations in the bodie as if they had breathed in a pestiferous aire and with the like violence taint and change into their owne nature all the members and bowels by which these same members do in the time of perfect health change laudible meats into their nature and substance The place whereas these poisonous creatures live the time conduce to the perniciousnesse of the poison for such as live in drie mountanous and sun-burnt places kill more speedily than such as be in moist and marish grounds also they are more hurtfull in winter than in summer and the poison is more deadly which proceeds from hungry angry and fasting creatures than that which comes from such as are full and quiet as also that which proceeds from young things chiefly when as they are stimulated to venery is more powerfull than that which comes from old decrepite from females worse than from males from such as have fed upon other venemous things rather than from such as have abstained from them as from snakes which have devoured toads vipers which have fed upon scorpions spiders Caterpillers Yet the reason of the efficacie of poysons depends from their proper that is their subtle or grosse consistence the greater or lesse aptnesse of the affected body to suffer For hot men that have larger more open veins arteries yeeld the poison freer passage to the heart Therefore those which have more cold straight vessels are longer ere they die of the like poison such as are full are not so soon harmed as those that are fasting for meats besides that by filling the vessels they give not the poison so free passage they also strengthen the heart by the multiplication of spirits so that it more powerfully resists pernicious venome If the poison worke by an occult and specifick propertie it causeth the cure and prognostick to be difficult and then must we have recourse to Antidotes as these which in their whole substance resist poysons but principally to treacle because there enter into the composition thereof medicines which are hot cold moist and drie whence it is that it retunds and withstands all poisons chiefly such as consist of a simple nature such as these which come from venemous creatures plants and mineralls and which are not prepared by the detestable art of empoisoners CHAP. X. What cure must bee used to the bitings and stingings of venemous beasts CUre must speedily bee used without any delay to the bites and stingings of venemous beasts which may by all meanes disperse the poyson and keepe it from entring into the body for when the principall parts are possessed it boots nothing to use medicines afterwards Therefore the Ancients have propounded a double indication to leade us to the finding out of medicines in such a case to wit the evacuation of the virulent and venenate humour and the change or alteration of the same and the affected body But seeing evacuation is of two sorts to wit universall which is by the inner parts and particular which is by the outward parts We must begin at the particular by such to pick medicines as are fit to draw out and retund the venome for we must not alwaies begin a cure with generall things as some thinke especially in externall diseases as wounds fractures dislocations venemous bites and punctures Wherefore hereto as speedily as you may you shall apply remedies fit for the bites punctures of venemous beasts as for example the wounds shall bee presently washed with urine with sea-water aquavitae or wine or vineger wherein old treacle or mustard shall be dissolved Let such washing be performed very hot and strongly chafed in â—â—d then leave upon the wound and round about it linnen ragges or lint steeped in the same liquor There be some who thinke it not fit to lay treacle thereto because as they say it drives the poyson in But the authority of Galen convinceth that opinion for he writeth that if treacle be applyed to this kind of wounds before that the venome shall arrive at the noble parts it much conduceth Also reason confutes it for vipers flesh enters the composition of treacle which attracts the venome by the similitude of substance as the Load-stone draweth iron or Amber strawes Moreover the other simple medicines which enter this composition resolve and consume the virulencie and venome and being inwardly taken it defendeth the heart and other noble parts and corroboratheth the spirits Experience teacheth that mithridate fiftly given in the stead of treacle worketh the like effect The medicines that are taken inwardly and applyed outwardly for evacuation must bee of subtle parts that they may quickly insinuate themselves into every part to retund the malignity of the poyson wherefore garlike onions leeks are very good in this case for that they are vaporous also scordium tue dictamnus the lesser Centaury horehound rocket the milkie juice of unripe figs and the like are good there is a kind of wilde buglosse amongst all other plants which hath a singular force against venemous bites whence it is termed Echium and viperinum and that for two causes the first is because in the purple flowers that grow amongst the leaves there is a resemblance to the head of a viper or adder Another
Aire The other that they abate the force of it that it may not imprint its virulency in the body which may be done by correcting the excesse of the quality inclining towards it by the opposition of its contrary For if it bee hotter than is meet it must bee tempered with cooling things if too cold with heating things yet this will not suffice For wee ought besides to amend purge the corruptions of the venenate malignity diffused through it by smels and perfumes resisting the poyson thereof The body will be strengthened and more powerfully resist the infected Aire if it want excrementitious humours which may be procured by purging and bleeding and for the rest a convenient diet appointed as shunning much variety of meats and hot and moyst things and all such which are easily corrupted in the stomacke and cause obstructions such as those things which be made by Comfit-makers we must shun satiety and drunkennesse for both of them weaken the powers which are preserved by the moderate use of meats of good juice Let moderate exercises in a cleare Aire and free from any venemous tainture precede your meales Let the belly have due evacuation either by Nature or Art Let the heart the seat of life and the rest of the bowels be strengthened with Cordials and Antidotes applyed and taken as wee shall hereafter shew in the forme of epithemes ointments emplasters waters pills powders tablets opiates fumigations and such like Make choice of a pure Aire free from all pollution far remote from stinking places for such is most fit to preserve life to recreate and repaire the spirits where as on the contrary a cloudy or mistie Aire and such as is infected with grosse and stinking vapours duls the spirits dejects the appetite makes the body faint and ill coloured oppresseth the heart and is the breeder of many diseases The Northern wind is healthfull because it is cold and dry But on the contrary the Southerne wind because it is hot and moyst weakens the body by sloth or dulnesse opens the pores and makes them pervious to the pestiferous malignity The Westerne winde is also unwholesome because it comes neere to the nature of the Southerne wherefore the windowes must bee shut up on that side of the house on which they blow but opened on the North and East side unless it happen the Plague come from thence Kindle a cleare fire in all the lodging Chambers of the house and perfume the whole house with Aromatick things as Frankinsence Myrthe Benzoine Ladanum Styrax Roses Myrtle-leaves Lavender Rosemary Sage Savory wilde Time Marjerome Broome Pine-apples pieces of Firre Juniper berries Cloves Perfumes and let your cloathes be aired in the same There be some who think it a great preservative against the pestilent Aire to keep a Goat in their houses because the capacity of the houses filled with the strong sent which the Goat sends forth prohibits the entrance of the venemous Aire which same reason hath place also in sweet smels and besides it argues that such as are hungry are apter to take the Plague than those who have eaten moderately for the body is not onely strengthened with meat but all the passages thereof are filled by the vapours diffused from thence by which otherwise the infected Aire would finde a more easie entrance to the heart Yet the common sort of People yeeld another reason for the Goat which is that one ill sent drives away another as one wedge drives forth another which calleth to my mind that which is recorded by Alexander Benedictus that there was a Scythian Physician which caused a Plague arising from the infection of the Aire to cease by causing all the dogs cats such like beasts which were in the City to be killed and cast their carcasses up down the streets that so by the comming of this new putride vapour as a stranger the former pestiferous infection as an old guest was put out of its Lodging so the Plague ceased For poysons have not onely an antipathy with their Antidotes but also with some other poysons Whilest the Plague is hot it is not good to stirre out of doore before the rising of the Sunne wherefore wee must have patience untill hee have cleansed the Aire with the comfortable light of his Beames and dispersed all the foggy and nocturnall pollutions which commonly hang in the Aire in dirty and especially in low places and Vallies All publike and great meetings and assemblies must be shunned If the Plague begin in Summer and seeme principally to rage being helped forward by the summers heat it is the best to performe a journey begun or undertaken for performance of necessary affaires rather upon the night time than on the day because the infection takes force strength and subtlety of substance by which it may more easily permeate and enter in by the heat of the Sun but by night mens bodies are more strong and all things are more grosse and dense But you must observe a cleane contrary course if the malignity seeme to borrow strength and celerity from coldnesse But you must alwayes eschew the beames of the Moone but especially at the full For then our bodies are more languid and weake and fuller of excrementitious humours Even as trees which for that cause must be cut down in their season of the Moone that is in the decrease thereof After a little gentle walking in your Chamber you must presently use some means that the principall parts may be strengthened by suscitating the heat spirits that the passages to them may be filled that so the way may bee shut up from the infection comming from without Such as by the use of garlick have not their heads troubled nor their inward parts inflamed as Countrey people and such as are used to it to such there can can bee no more certaine preservative and antidote against the pestiferous fogs or mists and the nocturnall obscurity than to take it in the morning with a draught of good wine for it being abundantly diffused presently over all the body fils up the passages thereof and strengtheneth it in a moment For water if the Plague proceed from the tainture of the Aire wee must wholly shun and avoyd raine-water because it cannot but bee infected by the contagion of the Aire Wherefore the water of Springs and of the deepest Wells are thought best But if the malignity proceed from the vapours contained in the earth you must make choice of Raine-water Yet it is more safe to digest every sort of water by boiling it and to preferre that water before other which is pure and cleare to the sight and without either tast or smell and which besides suddenly takes the extremest mutation of heat and cold CHAP. VII Of the Cordiall Remedies by which we may preserve our bodies in feare of the Plague and cure those already infected therewith SUch as
by its inbred levity easily takes that way and by its subtilty is easily resolved into sweat But that the sweate may be laudable it is fit it be upon a criticall day and be foreshewed by signes of concoction agreeable to the time and manner of the disease Sweats when as they flow more slowly are forwarded by things taken inwardly and applyed outwardly by things taken inwardly as with white wine with a decoction of Figgs Raisons stoned grasse roots and the like opening things but by things outwardly applyed as spunges dipped in a decoction of hot herbes as Rosmary Time Lavander Marjerome and the like applyed to the Groines Armeholes and ridge of the backe You may for the same purpose fill two Swines bladders with the same decoction or else stone bottles and put them to the feete sides and betweene the thighes Then let this be the bound of sweating when the patient begins to waxe cold that is when the sweate feeles no more hote but cold But by the consent of all blood must not be letten after the third fit but presently at the beginning of the Feaver according to the opinion and prescription of Galen for seeing this Feaver for the most part is terminated at seven fits if you stay untill the third fit be past the Feaver will now be comne to its state but Hippocrates forbide us to move any thing in the state least nature then busied in concocting the disease be called from its begun enterprise CHAP. XVI Of an Oedema or cold Phlegmaticke Tumor HItherto wee have treated of hote Tumors now wee must speake of cold Cold Tumors are onely two on Oedema and a Scirrhus And for all that Hippocrates and the Ancients used the word Oedema for all sorts of Tumors in generall yet by Galen and these Physitions which succeeded him it hath beene drawne from that large and generall signification to a more straite and speciall onely to designe a certaine species or kinde of Tumor Wherefore an Oedema is a soft laxe and painlesse Tumor caused by collection of a fleg maticke humor The Ancients made eight differences of Tumors proceeding of Phlegme The first they termed a true and lawfull Oedema proceeding from naturall Phlegme from unnaturall Phlegme by admixtion of another humor they would have three sorts of Tumors to arise as that by mixture of blood should be made an Oedema Phlegmonodes and so of the rest Besides when they perceived unnaturall Phlegme either puffed up by flatulency or to slow with a waterish moisture they called some Oedemaes flatulent others waterish but also when they saw this same Phlegme often to turne into a certaine Plaister-like substance they thought that hence proceeded another kinde of Oedema which they expressed one while by the name of Atheroma another while by Steaetoma and sometime by Melicerides as lastly they called that kind of Oedema which is caused by putride and corrupt flegme Scrophulae For we must observe that Phlegme sometimes is naturall and offends onely in quantity whence the true Oedema proceeds other whiles it is not naturall and it becomes not naturall either by admixtion of a strange substance as blood Choler or Melancholy whence arise the three kinds of Oedema's noted formerly by the way or by the putrednesse and corruption of its proper substance whence the Struma and Scrophulae proceed or by concretion whence kernells and all kinds of Wens Ganglia and knots or by resolution whence all flatulent and waterish Tumors as the Hydrocele Pneumatocele and all kinds of Dropsies The causes of all Oedema's are the defluxion of a Phlegmaticke or flatulent humor into any part or the congestion of the same made by litle litle in any part by reason of the imbecillity thereof in concocting the nourishment and expelling the excrement The signes are a colour whitish and like unto the skinne a soft Tumor rare and laxe by reason of the plentifull moisture with which it abounds and without paine by reason this humor inferres no sense of heate nor manifest cold when you presse it with your finger the print thereof remaines because of the grossenesse of the humor and slownesse to motion Oedema's breed rather in winter than in the summer because winter is fitter to heape up Phlegme they chiefly possesse the Nervous and Glandulous parts because they are bloodlesse and so cold and more fit by reason of their loosenesse to receive a defluxion for the same cause bodyes full of ill humors ancient and not exercised are cheifly troubled with this kinde of Tumor An Oedema is terminated sometimes by resolution but oftner by concretion seldomer by supputation by reason of the small quantity of heate in that humor A Symptomaticall Oedema as that which followes upon a Dropsie or Consumption admits no cure unlesse the disease be first taken away The generall cure is placed in two things that is in evacuation of the conjunct matter prohibiting the generation of the antecedent Wee attaine to both cheifly by foure meanes The first truely by ordaining a fit manner of living and prescribing moderation in the use of the sixe things not naturall Wherefore we must make choyse of such aire as is hote dry and subtle wee must prescribe wine of a middle nature for his drinke let the bread be well baked let meates be appointed which may generate good blood and these rather rosted than boyled Let all fruites be forbidden as also brothes and milke-meates let him eate such fish as are taken in stony rivers the Patient shall observe mediocrity in feeding but principally sobriety in drinking for feare of crudities After meat let him use digestive powders or common drige pouder if his belly be not naturally loose let it be made so by arte Let the Patient use exercise before meate so by litle and litle to spend this humor and restore the native heate Let him sleepe litle because much fleepe breedeth cold humors let him avoyde griefe and sadnesse And if he be of a weake body let him absteine from venery lest by another weakening by the use of venery added to his present infirmity he fall into an uncureable coldnesse from whence a greater measure of crudity will arise Otherwise if the body be strong and lusty by such exercises and the moderate use of venery it will be the more dryed and heated For so that sentence of Hippocrates is to be understood That venery is a cure for Phlegmaticke diseases as Galen in his commentaryes tells us The Physition may performe the second intention by turning his counsell to that part from whence the spring of this Phlegmaticke humour flowes For if the infirmity arise from the stomacke or from any other part the part from whence it comes must be strengthened if from the whole habite of the body let attenuating penetrating and opening medicines be prescribed Wee performe the third intention by evacuating the humor impact in the
rent or torne by a small occasion without any signe of injury or solution of continuity apparent on the outside as by a little jumpe the slipping aside of the foote the too nimble getting on horseback or the slipping of the foote out of the stirrop in mounting into the sadlde When this chance happens it will give a cracke like a Coachmans whip above the heele where the tendon is broken the depressed cavity may be felt with your finger there is great paine in the part the party is not able to goe This mischance may be amended by long lying and resting in bed and repelling medicines applied to the part affected in the beginning of the disease for feare of more grievous symptomes then applying the Blacke plaister or Diacalcitheos or some other such as neede shall require neither must we hereupon promise to our selves or the patient certaine or absolute health But on the contrary at the beginning of the disease we must foretell that it wil never be so cured but that some reliques may remaine as the depression of the part affected and depravation of the action and going for the ends of this broken or relaxed Tendon by reason of its thickenesse and contumacie cannot easily be adjoyned nor being adjoyned united CHAP. XXXIX Of the wounds of the joynts BEcause the wounds of the joynts have something proper and peculiar to themselves besides the common nature of wounds of the Nerves therefore I intend to treat of them in particular Indeede they are alwayes very dangerous and for the most part deadly by reason of the nervous productions and membranous Tendons wherewith they are bound and engirt and into which the Nerves are inserted whereby it comes to passe that the exquisite sense of such like parts will easily bring maligne symptomes especially if the wound possesse an internall or as they terme it a domestique part of them as for example the armepits the bending of the arme the inner part of the wrist and ham by reason of the notable Veines Arteries and Nerves of these parts the loosed continuity of all which brings a great flux of blood sharpe paine and other malignant symptomes all which we must resist according to their nature and condition as a flux of blood with things staying bleeding paine with anodynes If the wound be large and wide the severed parts shall be joyned with a future leaving an orifice in the lower part by which the quitture may passe forth This following pouder of Vigoes description must be strewed upon the future ℞ thuris sang draconis boli armen terrae sigill an ʒij an.ʒj. fiat pulvis subtilis And then the joynt must bee wrapped about with a repercussive medicine composed of the whites of egges a little oyle of Roses Bole Mastich and barly floure If it be needefull to use a Tent let it be short and according to the wound thicke lest it cause paine and moreover let it bee annointed with the yolke of an egge oyle of Roses washed turpenetine and a little saffron But if the wound bee more short and narrow it shall be dilated if there be occasion that so the humour may passe away more freely You must rest the part and beware of using cold relaxing mollifying humecting and unctuous medicines unlesse peradventure the sharpenesse of the paine must be mitigated For on the contrary astringent and desiccant medicines are good as this following cataplasme ℞ furtur macri farin hordei fabarum an ℥ iiij florum cham ae melil an m. ss terebinth ℥ iij. mellis communis ℥ ij ol myrtini ℥ j oxymelitis vel oxycrat vellixivij com quantum sufficit fiat cataplasma ad formam pultis Or you may compose one of the Lees of wine Wheate branne the pouder of Oaken barke cypressenuts galls and Turpentine and such like that have an astringent strengthning and drying qualitie and thereby asswaging paine and hindering the defluxion of humours This following medicine is astringent and agglutinative ℞ Terebinth venet ℥ ij aq vitaeparum pulveris mastich aloes myrrhae boli armen an ℈ ij And also our balsame will be good in this case if so be that you adde hereto so much pouder which dryes without acrimonie as occasion shall serve I admonished you before to take heede of cold and now againe for it is hurtfull to all wounds and ulcers but especially to these of the nervous parts hence it is that many dye of small wounds in the winter who might recover of the same wounds though greater in the Summer For cold according to Hippocrates is nipping to ulcers hardens the skin and hinders them from suppuration extinguisheth naturall heate causes blackenesse cold aguish fits convulsions and distentions Now divers excrements are cast forth of wounds of the joynts but chiefely albugineous that is resembling the white of an egge and mucous and sometime a very thinne water all which favour of the nature of that humour which nourisheth these parts For to every part there is appropriate for his nourishment and conservation a peculiar Balsame which by the wound flowes out of the same part as out of the branches of the Vine when they are pruned their radicall moisture or juice flowes whence also a Callus proceeds in broken bones Now this same mucous and albugineous humour slow and as it were frozen flowing from the wounded joynts shewes the cold distemper of the parts which causes paine not to be orecome by medicines onely potentially hot Wherefore to correct that we must apply things actually hot as beasts and swines bladders halfe full of a discussing decoction or hot bricks quenched in wine Such actuall heate helps nature to concoct and discusse the superfluous humour impact in the joynts and strengthens them both which are very necessary because the naturall heate of the joynts is so insirme that it can scarse actuate the medicine unlesse it be helped with medicines actually hot Neither must the Chirurgion have the least care of the figure and posture of the part for a vicious posture increases ill symptomes uses to bring to the very part though the wound be cured distortion numnes incurable contraction which fault least he should runne into let him observe what I shall now say If the forepart of the shoulder be wounded a great boulster must be under the armepit and you must carry your arme in a scarfe so that it may beare up the lower part of the arme that so the top of the shoulder may be elevated some what higher and that so it may be thereby more speedily and happily agglutinated and consolidated If the lower part be wounded when flesh begins to be generated and the lips of the wound to meete you must bid the patient to moove and stirre his armes divers wayes ever and anon for if that be omitted or negligently done when it is cicatrized then it wil be more stiffe and lesse pliable to every motion and yet there
to fall to your worke CHAP. XV. Of the generall cure of a Gangreene THe Indications of curing Gangreenes are to be drawne from their differences for the cure must bee diversely instituted according to the essence and magnitude For some Gangreenes possesse the whole member others onely some portion thereof some are deepe othersome superficiall onely Also you must have regard to the temper of the body For soft and delicate bodyes as of children women Eunuches and idle persons require much milder medicines than those who by nature and custome or vocation of life are more strong and hardy such as husbandmen labourers marriners huntsmen potters and men of the like nature who live sparingly and hardly Neither must you have respect to the body in generall but also to the parts affected for the fleshy and musculous parts are different from the solide as the Nerves and joynts or more solide as the Vertebrae Now the hot and moyst parts as the Privities mouth wombe and fundament are easilyer and sooner taken hold of by putrifaction wherefore we must use more speedy meanes to helpe them Wherefore if the Gangreene be cheefely occasioned from an internall cause he must have a dyet prescribed for the decent and fitting use of the sixe things not naturall If the body be plethoricke or full of ill humors you must purge or let blood by the advice of a Physition Against the ascending up of vapours to the noble parts the heart must cheefely be strengthened with Treacle dissolved in Sorrell or Carduus water with a bole of Mithridate the conserves of Roses Buglosse and with Opiates made for the present purpose according to Art this following Apozeme shall be outwardly applyed to the region of the heart â„ž aquae rosar nenuphar an â„¥ iiij aceti scillitici â„¥ j. corallorum santalorum alborum rubrorum rosar rub inpulver radactarum spodij an â„¥ j. mithrid theriacae an Ê’ijss trochiscorum de Caphura Ê’ij crociÊ’j ex omnibus in pollinem redactis fiat epithema Which may be applyed upon the region of the heart with a scarlet clot or spunge These are usually such as happen in the cure of every Gangreene CHAP. XVI Of the particular cure of a Gangreene THe cure of a Gangreene caused by the too plentifull and violent defluxion of humors suffocating the native heate by reason of great Plegmons is performed by evacuating and drying up the humors which putrifie by delay and collection in the part For this purpose scarifications and incisions great indifferent small deepe and superficiary according to the condition of the Gangreene are much commended that so the burdened part may enjoy the benefit of perspiration and the contained humors of difflation or evacuation of their footy excrements Let incisions be made when the affect is great deepe in and neere to mortification But scarifications may be used when the part first begins to putrefie for the greatnesse of the remedy must answere in proportion to that of the disease Wherefore if it penetrate to the bones it will bee fit to cut the skin and flesh with many and deepe incisions with an incision knife made for that purpose yet take heede of cutting the larger nerves and vessels unlesse they be wholy putrified for if they be not yet putrified you shall make your incisions in the spaces betweene them if the Gangreene be lesse we must rest satisfied with onely scarifying it When the scarifications and incisions are made we must suffer much blood to flow forth that so the conjunct matter may bee evacuated Then must we apply and put upon it such medicines as may by heating drying resolving clensing and opening amend and correct the putrefaction and by peircing to the bottome may have power to overcome the virulencie already impact in the part For this purpose Lotions made of the lye of the Ashes of fig-tree or Oake wherein Lupines have bin throughly boyled are good Or you may with lesse trouble make a medicine with salt water wherein you may dissolve Aloes and Aegyptiacum adding in the conclusion a little Aqua vitae for aqua vitae and calcined vitrioll are singular medicines for a Gangreene Or â„ž acet opimi lb. j. mel ros â„¥ iiij syrup acetosi â„¥ iij. salis com â„¥ v. bulliant simul adde aq vitae lb. s Let the part be frequently washed with this medicine for it hath much force to represse Gangreenes After your Lotion lay Aegyptiacum for a Liniment and put it into the incisions for there is no medicine more powerfull against putrefaction for by causing an Eschar it separates the putride flesh from the sound But we must not in this kinde of affect expect that the putride flesh may of it selfe fall from the sound but rather cut off with your incision knife or sissers whatsoever thereof you can then put to it Egyptiacum as oft as neede shall require The knowledge hereof may be acquired from the colour smell and sensiblenesse of the flesh its selfe The description of the Egyptiacum whose wondrous effects I have often tryed in these causes is this â„ž floris aris aluminis roch mellis com an â„¥ iij. aceti acerrimi â„¥ v. salis com â„¥ j. vitrioli rom â„¥ ss sublimatipul Ê’ij bulliant omnia simul ad ignem fiat unguent If the force of the putrefaction in the part be not so great a weaker Aegyptiacum may serve When you have put in the Aegyptiacum then presently lay the following Cataplasme thereupon For it hinders putrefaction resolves cleanses dryes up the virulent sanies and by the dry subtlety of the parts penetrates into the member strengthens it and asswages the paine â„ž farin fabar hor dei orobi lent lupin an lb. s sal com mellis rosat an â„¥ iiij succi absinth marrub an â„¥ iiss aloes mastiches myrrhae aqua vit an â„¥ ij oxymelitis simpl quantum sufficit fiat Cataplasma molle secundum artem Somewhat higher than the part affected apply this following astringent or defensitive to hinder the flowing down of the humors into the part and the rising up of the vapours from the putride part into the whole body â„ž oleirosati myrtill an â„¥ 4. succi plantag solani sempervivi an â„¥ ij album ovorum 5. boli armeni teâ—rae sigillata subtiliter pulverâ—satorum an â„¥ j. oxycrati quantum sufficit misce ad usum dictum But these medicines must be often renewed If the greefe be so stubborne that it will not yeeld to the described remedies wee must come to stronger to wit Cauteries after whose application Galen bids to put upon it the juice of a Leeke with salt beaten and dissolved therewith for that this medicine hath a peircing and drying faculty and consequently to hinder putrifaction But if you prevaile nothing with Cauteries then must you come to the last remedy and refuge that is the amputation of the part For according to Hippocrates to extreame diseases exquisitly
that it sucketh will be worse and more depraved than otherwise it would bee by reason that the more laudable bloud after the conception remaineth about the wombe for the nutriment and increasing of the infant in the wombe and the more impure bloud goeth into the dugges which breedeth impure or uncleane milke but to the conceived childe because it will cause it to have scarcity of foode for so much as the sucking childe sucketh so much the child conceived in the wombe wanteth Also shee ought to have a broad breast and her dugges indifferently bigge not slacke or hanging but of a middle consistence betweene soft and hard for such dugges will concoct the bloud into milke the better because that in firme flesh the heate is more strong and compact You may by touching try whether the flesh bee solid and firme as also by the dispersing of the veines easily to bee seene by reason of their swelling and blewnesse through the dugges as it were into many streams or little rivelers for in flesh that is loose and slacke they lie hidden Those dugges that are of a competent bignesse receive or containe no more milke than is sufficient to nourish the infant In those dugges that are great and hard the milke is as it were suffocated stopped or bound in so that the childe in sucking can scarce draw it out and moreover if the dugges bee hard the childe putting his mouth to the breast may strike his nose against it and so hurt it whereby hee may either refuse to sucke or if hee doth proceede to sucke by continuall sucking and placing of his nose on the hard breast it may become flat and the nostrils turned upwards to his great deformity when hee shall come to age If the teates or nipples of the dugges doe stand somewhat low or depressed inwards on the toppes of the dugges the childe can hardly take them betweene its lippes therefore his sucking will bee very laborious If the nipples or teats bee very bigge they will so fill all his mouth that he cannot well use his tongue in sucking or in swallowing the milke Wee may judge of or know the nature and condition of the milke by the quantity quality colour savour and taste when the quantity of the milke is so little that it will not suffice to nourish the infant it cannot bee good and laudable for it argueth some distemperature either of the whole body or at least of the dugges especially a hot and dry distemperature But when it super-aboundeth and is more than the infant can spend it exhausteth the juice of the nurses body and when it cannot all bee drawne out by the infant it cluttereth and congealeth or corrupteth in the dugges Yet I would rather wish it to abound than to bee defective for the super-abounding quantity may bee pressed out before the child be set to the breast That milke that is of a meane consistence betweene thicke and thinne is esteemed to bee the best For it betokeneth the strength and vigour of the faculty that ingendereth it in the breasts Therefore if one droppe of the milke bee layd on the naile of ones thumbe being first made very cleane and faire if the thumbe bee not moved and it runne off the naile it signifieth that it is watery milke but if it sticke to the naile although the end of the thumbe bee bowed downewards it sheweth that it is too grosse and thicke but if it remaine on the naile so long as you hold it upright and fall from it when you hold it a little aside or downewards by little and little it sheweth it is very good milke And that which is exquisitely white is best of all For the milke is no other thing than bloud made white Therefore if it bee of any other colour it argueth a default in the bloud so that if it bee browne it betokeneth melancholy bloud if it be yellow it signifieth cholericke bloud if it bee wanne and pale it betokeneth phlegmaticke bloud if it bee somewhat hat red it argueth the weakenesse of the faculty that engendreth the milke It ought to be sweet fragrant and pleasant in smell for if it strike into the nostrills with a certaine sharpenesse as for the most part the milke of women that have red haire and little freckles on their faces doth it prognosticates a hot and cholerick nature if with a certaine sowernesse it portendeth a cold and melancholy nature In taste it ought to be sweet and as it were sugred for the bitter saltish sharp and stipticke is naught And here I cannot but admire the providence of nature which hath caused the blood wherewith the childe should be nourished to be turned into milke which unlesse it were so who is he that would not turne his face from and abhorre so grievous and terrible a spectacle of the childes mouth so imbrued and besmeared with blood What mother or nurse would not be astonished or amazed at every moment with the feare of the blood so often shedde out or sucked by the infant for his nourishment Moreover we should want two helps of sustentation that is to say butter and cheese Neither ought the childe to bee permitted to sucke within five or sixe dayes after it is borne both for the reason before alledged and also because he hath need of so much time to rest quiet and ease himselfe after the paines hee hath sustained in his birth in the meane season the mother must have her breasts drawne by some maide that drinketh no wine or else she may sucke or draw them her selfe with an artificiall instrument which I will describe hereafter That nurse that hath borne a man childe is to be preferred before another because her milke is the better concocted the heate of the male childe doubling the mothers heate And moreover the women that are great with childe of a male childe are better coloured and in better strength and better able to doe any thing all the time of their greatnesse which proveth the same and moreover the blood is more laudable and the milke better Furthermore it behoveth the Nurse to bee brought on bed or to travell at her just and prefixed or naturall time for when the childe is born before his time of some inward cause it argueth that there is some default lurking and hidden in the body and humours thereof CHAP. XXII What diet the Nurse ought to use and in what situation shee ought to place the infant in the cradle BOth in eating drinking sleeping watching exercising and resting the nurses diet must be divers according as the nature of the childe both in habit and temperature shall be as for example if the childe bee altogether of a more hot blood the nurse both in feeding and ordering her selfe ought to follow a cooling diet In generall let her eat meates of good juice moderate in quantity and quality let her live in a pure and cleere aire let her abstaine from
indifferent and as it were an elixation in things temperate therefore Nature observes this order in the concoction of sapide bodies that at the first the acerbe taste should take place then the austere and lastly the acide from these as it were rudiments of concoction arises an insipide then an oily then a sweet perfectly concocted and temperate This concoction exceeding the bounds of mediocrity there arises a salt taste then a bitter and then an acride with the highest excesse of almost a fiery heate Yet I would be thus understood that all things that are by nature sapide do not alwayes ascend to the height of sweetnesse by the degrees of acerbity austerity and acidity as though it were of absolute necessity that all things that are sweete they should first bee acerbe austere and acide For there are many things found especially in plants and their fruits which when they shall arrive to their perfection and maturity are acide bitter or salt but being yet unripe and not come to full perfection they have a certaine sweetnesse which afterwards by a further digestion or perfection and concoction acquire a bitter austere or acide taste For thus bitternesse in Wormwood and Aloes acrimony in Pepper or Pellitory is a perfection of nature a full ripenesse and perfect concoction and not an excesse of heate in that species Also acerbity and austerity is a perfection of nature and not a rudiment in Services and Cornelians acidity or tartnesse is also so in verjuice But in very many things it so fals out that the sweet or fatty taste become so and acquire their perfection by concoction as in Grapes Figges Peares Apples and almost all other such fruits as wee usually feed upon Therefore I will now treat of each of them in order first beginning with the cold tastes The acerbe taste is cold and terrestriall and of a substance absolutely grosse being lesse humide than the austere but much lesse than the acide It notably cooles and dryes it condensats binds repels especially from the superficies and it also exasperates this taste resides and may be found in Pomegranate pils Galls Sumach and Cypresse nuts The austere is nighest in temper and effects to the acerbe but somewhat moisture for the acerbe absolutely consists in a terrestriall cold substance Wherefore this increased by a degree of concoction acquires more store eyther of heate alone or else of moisture alone or else of both together moisture I say and that is either ayery or else watry Therefore if these fruits which before their maturity are acerbe have an accession of heate then doe they become sweet as you perceive by Chesnuts but if there be an accâ—ssion of moisture only and that more grosse of acerbe they become austere for both the tastes are in the like degree of cold but the austere is the moisture But if to the same frigidity remaining in fruits a certain subtle humidity accrew then is there caused an acide taste But if they have an accession of a watrish moisture and heate they will acquire a sweet taste or else oily if the humidity accrewing with the heate be ayery I have judged it requisite to admonish you hereof that you might know by what meanes sapide bodies mitigated become sweet of acerbe as it were by these interposed degrees of austerity acidity and oylinesse as they acquire a various accession of heate and moisture separately or conjunctly Now by all that wee have delivered you may gather that all acerbe and austere things are cold and dry and as they are cold they repell and hinder defluxions as they are dry and terrestriall they condensate incrassate constipate and straiten the passages yea and they also cicatrize but acerbe things performe this farre more powerfully as those which are absolutely terrene cold and dry not partaking of moisture or water Now austere things consist as it were in a middle matter that is in a more dilute terrene body as it is apparent in Services unripe Grapes Cornelians Medlars Crabs wilde Peares and all sorts of unripe fruits whence it is termed a crude taste The acide taste is of a cold and watrish nature but most subtle by benefit whereof it penetrates and divides almost as powerfully as the acride It incides or divides attenuates bites cleanses opens obstructions repels and dryes For by the meanes of the deep piercing cold it repels all defluxions and by the drying faculty which is strong even in its watry consistence it stayes and stops all bleedings the haemorrhoides and dysenteries The force thereof is chiefly manifest in Vinegar as also in the juice of Citrons Sorrell Cherries Berberries and the like And this is the nature of cold tastes now it is time we speake of such as are temperate The insipide is unproperly termed a taste as that which is rather a privation of tastes it is in some sort cold and of a very watrish and grosse nature it inspissates constipates and stupifies This kinde of taste is chiefly manifest in water and next in Gourds Citruls and many such like things The oily taste is hot humide and ayery therefore it humects relaxates mollifies lubricates Of this kinde are oyle butter fat which is not raucide by age nor acride by nature as that of Lyons and Foxes The sweet taste is made by a moderate and well concocting heate consisting in a matter more tenuious and hot than the insipide but in somewhat more grosse than the oily from which in the first qualities it doth not differ therefore it is of a hot ayery and temperate nature Therefore every sweet thing detergeth levigates concocts ripens relaxes and asswageth paine Examples of this taste may be had in Sugar Honey Manna sweet Almonds Milke and other like Now let us come to hot tastes The salt taste is hot and astringent lesse earthy than the bitter as that which resides as it were in a middle matter For it proceeds from an earthy drinesse which is formerly torrified attenuated by the force of heate in a watry humidity Wherefore that which is salt contracts the pores cuts cleanses digests or rather dryes up the humours by the drinesse thereof without any manifest sense of heate whence it is that it vindicates from putrefaction Under this kinde are contained all sorts of salt as salt-Peter niter sal Ammoniacum sal gemmae common salt sea water and such other like The bitter taste is hot earthy and drying for the matter thereof is grosse and earthy which the abounding heate hath torrified and dryed up Wherefore bitter things taken in wardly purge and carry away superfluous humours and outwardly applyed they mundifie and deterge ulcers they open the mouthes and passages of the veines oft-times by their abstergent faculty whence it is that they move the courses and haemorrhoides The principall things indued with this taste are Aloes Gall Wormwood Gentian the lesser Centaury Coloquintida Fumitory Soot and such
like The acride taste is hot of a subtle and fiery nature for it is kindled of a hot subtle and dry matter neither can it consist in any other Therfore that which is acride heats prickes or bites the mouth by the acrimony it heates and oft-times burnes it penetrates opens the passages attenuates attracts and drawes sorth grosse humours evacuates and sends forth urine the courses and sweat besides it oft-times is septicke blistering and escharotick and lastly burning and causticke The septicke putrefactive things are sublimate Chamaelea the juice of Thapsia The vesicatories are Dittander Cantharides Crowfoot Mustard Pellitory of Spaine Euphorbium But the causticke and escharoticke are Lime Oake ashes and the like But wee know medicines not onely by the taste but also by our other senses as touch sight hearing smell And as by the taste so also by these we judge of and try the goodnesse of medicines and distinguish the true legitimate from the adulterate The touch judges what are hot and cold moist and dry rough and gentle or smooth hard and soft brittle or friable glutinous and viscide dry or slippery We approve of the goodnesse of medicines by their colour brightnesse or duskinesse whereof the eye is judge for wee commend that Senna which is somewhat greenish but dislike the whitish as also we like well of such Cassia as is blacke both within and without shining and full and not dry and shrunke up Yet the judgement of the first qualities by the colour is deceitfull or none at all for such things as are white or of the colour of Snow are not therefore cold for sundry of them are hot as Lime Neither are red things to be therefore judged hot for Roses coole Also medicines are chosen by the smell for such as have a good fresh and naturall smell are commonly hot and in their perfect vigour On the contrary things that want smell are for the most part cold and evanide By hearing we distinguish things full from such as are empty thus we choose Cassia which shaken makes no noyse with the grains or seeds ratling in it Hitherto we have explained the first second third and fourth faculties of medicines in generall have shewed how they may be found out now must we more particularly treat of their second and third faculties because by reason of these they chiefly come into use in Surgery Yet let mee first briefly shew by what meanes and arts they may be prepared CHAP. VIII Of the preparation of medicines To prepare medicines is nothing else than by art to make them more commodious for use and composition whereby they are eyther made More gentle All which are performed By bruising as when medicines are brokē by striking and rubbing or grinding in a mortar that either of Brasse Iron Lead Glasse Wood Marble other like considering The thing which is to be beaten The strength or force wherewith it must be performed The time or space The situation The things to be added The consistence which the thing beaten must be of More strong By searsing whereby we separate the pure and finer from the more impure and gross which is done by sives and searses made of Wood Parchment Horse haire Silke Lawne Wherein is to bee noted that the same consideration is to bee had in searsing as in beating therefore such things as are to bee finely powdred must bee searsed in a finer searse such as are more grosse in a courser More pleasant By dissolving or mollifying Which is nothing else but a dissolving of a simple or compound medicine of a thick or hard consistence either into a mean consistence or a little more liquid or soft which is performed Either by heate onely for by heate gums and hornes are mollified or by liquor as by vinegar water wine juice of Lemmons c.  By desiccation or hardening which Is nothing else but the consuming of the superfluous and hurtfull moisture and this is performed either By the Sun or By Fire More wholesome By infusion which is nothing else but the tempering or macerating of a medicine a little beaten or cut in some liquor appropriate and fit for our purpose as in Milke Vinegar Water Oyle and the like so long as the nature of the medicine requires To infusion Nutrition may bee reduced which is nothing else but as it were a certaine accression of the medicine by being moistened macerated rubbed or ground with some moisture especially w th heate   By burning that is by consuming the humidity which is in them And that either that they may be the better powdred being otherwise too glutinous or that they may lay aside their gross essence and become of a subtler temper or that they may put off or partly lose some fiery quality as acrimony Gal. lib. 4. cap 9. simplicium Or that they may acquire a new colour Now all things are burnt eyther Alone as such things as have a fatty moisture as haires sweaty wooll hornes Or else with some combustible matter as sulphur alome salt barley c.  More fit for mixture By boyling or elixation which is performed by a humide heate as burning is by a dry that either that wee may increase the weake faculties of such medicines as are boyled by boyling them with such as are stronger or else to weaken such as are too strong or else wholly to dissipate such as are contrary Or that one faculty may arise of sundry things of different faculties being boyled together or for the longer keeping them or bringing them to a certaine forme or consistence all which are done eyther by the Fire or Sun   By washing or cleansing wherby the impurity of the medicine is wasted away or cleansed and such things are eyther Hard as mettals stones parts of living creatures condensed juices other like Or soft as Rosines Gums Fat 's Oyles And these ought first To be finely beaten that the water may penetrate into all their substance Or to be dissolved cast into a vessel filled with water and so stirred then suffered to subside so that the fat may swim aloft and this must be done so long that the water retaine nothing thereof in colour smell or taste CHAP. IX Of repelling or repercussive medicines REpelling or repercussive medicines are cold and of grosse and earthy parts by which name also astringent medicines are understood because they hinder the falling downe of the humours upon the part Repercussives are such either of their nature and of themselves or else by accident being not such of their own nature These which of themselves are such are of two kinds for some are watrish moist without any astrictive faculty which almost wholly proceeds from an earthy essence wherefore that faculty of repelling which they possesse they have it wholly from coldnesse Of this kinde are lettuce purslaine sow-thistle duckes-meat kidney wort cowcumbers melons gourds house-leeke mandrake apples
medicines the one is called Araeoticum or ratifying the other is termed Diaphoreticum or digesting The Araeoticum by a meane heat and not dry and endued with a tenuity of substance openeth and relaxeth the skinne and draweth forth the matter shut up under it whereby it may ease paine like as Anodines because it doth not much depart from a temperate heat But the Diaphoreticum being much hotter whatsoever sticketh in the part being there impact it doth by thin vapour insensibly dissipate therefore the acrid and hot things are in this case to be made use of rather than attractives because that cold and grossenesse is more difficultly to be digested and the length and involution of the waies being to be considered The Araeoticke which we may call weake resolvers are either simple or compound The simples are these bismalvatota parietaria adianthum mercurialis ebulus valeriana rosmarinus salvia thymus chamaemelum melilotum anethum farina hordei tritici seminis lini faenugraeci nigella furfur adeps gallinae anseris anatis cuniculi vituli almost all metalls unlesse such as are acrid The compounds are oleum chamaemolinum anethinum liliaceum catellorum lumbricorum Keirinum de vitellis ovorum de tritico amygdalarum dulcium Unguentum de althaea empl diachylum ireatum Diaphoretickes or digestives are also both simple and compound the simple are Aristolochia enula campana iris caepa scylla sigillum Salomonis sigillum beatae Mariae bryonia panis porcinus dracunculus asphodelus origanum mentha pulegium sabina serpillum calamentha hyssopus urtica arthemisia lavendula chamepytis anisum foeniculum cuminum piper nux moschata coriandrum baccae lauri juniperi farina fabarum lupinorum orobi milii frumenti furfur mica panis acetum tepidum oxycratum vinum vetus aut aromaticum mel aqua vitae muria adeps tauri equi leonis canis hirci medulla cervi cruris bovis arietis ammoniacum galbanum opopanax sagapenum myrrha bdellium thus terebinthina pix nigra ladanum styrax calamita benioinum stercus caprinum columbinum caninum bubulum aliae stercorum species Compound diaphoretickes are oleum amygdalarum amararum Juniperinum laurinum de scorpionibus irinum costinum nardinum de terebinthina de croco canabinum raphaninum è cucumere agresti vulpinum rutaceum philosophorum de lateribus de euphorbio de tartaro de petroleo de kerva sive ricininum unguent Agrippae aragon martiatum enulatum empl de Vigo without addition and with addition oxycroceum diacalcitheos dissolved in a digesting oyle to the forme of a cerat Araeotickes are profitably used in the increase and state of superficiall tumours But Diaphoretickes are not to bee used in the encrease of tumours unlesse some astringent bee added lest by their more strong digestion they should draw and increase the defluxion but when the tumours decline they are then onely to be used in the parts chiefly where the skinne is dense and hard and when the humour is cold and grosse and lying hid deep in the body so that the vertue of medicaments can hardly come thereto but consideration is to bee had of the parts to which resolutives are to be applied for you may not apply relaxers or diaphoretickes to the liver spleen stomacke or bowels unlesse you adde some astringents of which a great part must be aromatickes To the parts where sense is more dull may be applied the stronger diaphoreticks but those parts which are endued with a more exquisite sense as the eye and the nerves to them we must apply weaker When the matter is grosse and cold things cutting and attenuating and then emollients are to be used and so by degrees come to diaphoretickes otherwise that onely is resolved which is the most subtle of the unprofitable matter the grosser becomming concrete and hardened But if the part be afflicted with a continuall defluxion so that there may be danger of a gangrene or sphacel it is not lawful then to make use of resolvers but you must in the place where the humour flowes devide the skin by scarification as it is most learnedly noted by Hollerius in that profitable booke of his left to posterity whose title is De materia Chirurgica CHAP. XII Of suppuratives A Suppurative medicine is said to bee that which shutting the pores and preventing transpiration by his emplasticke consistence increaseth the matter of native heat and therefore turneth the matter cast out of the vessels into pus and sanies It is of nature hot and moist and proportionable to the native heat of the part to which it is applied and of an emplasticke consistence that so it may hinder the native heat from being exhaled in which respect it differeth from emollients and malactickes of which wee shall speake hereafter There bee two kindes of suppuratives for some doe it of themselves and by their proper qualitie others by accident Those things which by their owne strength do bring to suppuration are either simples or compounds Simples are radix liliorum caepa allium malvarum omnium folia semina buglossum acanthus senecio violae parietaria crocus caules ficus passulae mundatae with a decoction of these things farina tritici farina volatilis farina hordei excorticati lolii seminis lini foenugraeci galbanum ammoniacum styrax pinguis ladanum viscum aucupatorum thus pix cera resina colla adeps suillus vitulinus vaccinus caprinus butyrum vitellus ovi oesipus humida stercus suillum columbinum caprinum pueri Compounds are oleum liliorum lumbricorum de croco unguent basilicum emplast diachylon commune magnum de mucilaginibus Those things doe suppurate by accident which worke it onely by the meanes of an emplasticke consistence for so often times astringents because they are of earthy and thicke parts are found to suppurate such are unguentum de bolo nutritum and such like Such also are those which by their coldnesse keep the heat in and shut the pores Hence is it that the qualities of sorrell are commended to generate pus for whilest it keepeth the heat within it encreaseth his effects to the thickening of the suppurable matter and the overcomming other rebellious qualities We use things ripening in great inflammations whose growth we cannot hinder with repellers or increase with resolvers or discussers CHAP. XIII Of mollifying things THat is defined to bee a mollifying medicine which by a stronger heat than that which is proper to suppuratives without any manifest quality of drying or moistning again malaxeth or softeneth hardned bodies wherefore this differs from that which suppurates because that may bee hot in the first or second degree according to the severall temper of the body or part to which it is applied working rather by the quantity of heat than the quality contrariwise that which mollifieth being endued with a greater heat rather worketh by the quality of the heat being otherwise in drynesse and moisture
mixed together in equall proportion with a like quantity of the liquor contained in the bladders of elme leaves is very good for the same purpose Also this â„ž mica panis albi lb iv flor fabar rosar alb flor naenuph lilior ireos an lb ii lactis vaccini lb vi ova nu viii aceti opt lb i. distillentur omnia simul in alembico vitreo fiat aqua ad faciei manuum lotionem Or â„ž olci de tartaro â„¥ iii. mucag. sem psilii â„¥ i. cerus in oleo ros dissolut â„¥ i ss borac sal gem an Ê’ i. fiat lintmentum pro facie Or. â„ž caponem vivum caseum ex lacte caprino recenter confectum limon nu iv ovor nu vi cerus lot in aq rosar â„¥ ii boracis â„¥ i ss camph. Ê’ ii aq flor fabar lb iv fiat omnium infusio per xxiv horas postea distillentur in alembico vitreo There is a most excellent fucus made of the marrow of sheepes bones which smooths the roughnesse of the skinne beautifies the face now it must be thus extracted Take the bones severed from the flesh by boyling beat them and so boyle them in water when they are well boyled take them from the fire and when the water is cold gather the fat that swimmes upon it and therewith anoint your face when as you goe to bed and wash it in the morning with the formerly prescribed water â„ž salis ceruss Ê’ ii ung citrin vel spermat ceti â„¥ i. malaxentur simul fiat linimentum addendo olci ovor Ê’ ii The Sal cerussae is thus made grinde Cerusse into very fine powder and infuse lb i. thereof in a pottle of distilled vinegar for foure or five dayes then filter it then set that you have filtred in a glased earthen vessell over a gentle fire untill it concrete into salt just as you doe the capitellum in making of Cauteries â„ž excrementi lacert ossis saepiae tartari vini albi rasur corn cerv farin oriz. an partes aequales fiat pulvis infundatur in aqua distillata amygdalarum dulcium limacum vinealium flor nenuph. huic addito mellis albi par pondus let them be all incorporated in a marble mortar and kept in a glasse or silver vessell and at night anoint the face herewith it wonderfully prevailes against the rednesse of the face if after the aâ—ointing it you shall cover the face with a linnen cloath moistened in the formerly described water â„ž sublim Ê’ i. argent viv saliv extinct Ê’ ii margarit non perforat Ê’ i. caph Ê’ i ss incorporentur simul in mortario marmoreo cum pistillo ligneo per tres horas ducantur fricentur reducanturque in tenuissimum pulverem confectus pulvis abluatur aqua myrti desiccetur serveturque ad usum adde foliorum auri argenti nu x. When as you would use this powder put into the palme of your hand a little oile of mastick or of sweet almonds then presently in that oyle dissolve a little of the described powder and so work it into an ointment wherewith let the face be anointed at bed-time but it is fit first to wash the face with the formerly described waters and againe in the morning when you rise When the sace is freed from wrinkles and spots then may you paint the cheekes with a rosie and flourishing colour for of the commixture of white and red ariseth a native and beautifull colour for this purpose take as much as you shall thinke fit of brasill and alchunet steep them in alume water and there with touch the cheeks and lips and so suffer it to dry in there is also spanish red made for this purpose others rub the mentioned parts with a sheeps skinne died red moreover the friction that is made by the hand onely a pleasing rednesse in the face by drawing thither the blood and spirits CHAP. XLV Of the Gutta Rosacea or a fiery face THis treatise of Fuci puts me in minde to say something in this place of helping the preternaturall rednesse which possesseth the nose and cheekes and oft times all the face besides one while with a tumour other whiles without sometimes with pustles and scabs by reason of the admixtion of a nitrous and adust humor Practitioners have termed it Gutta rosacea This shewes both more and more ugly in winter than in summer because the cold closeth the pores of the skinne so that the matter contained thereunder is pent up for want of transpiration whence it becomes acrid and biting so that as it were boiling up it lifts or raiseth the skinne into pustles and scabs it is a contumacious disease and oft times not to be helped by medicine For the generall method of curing this disease it is fit that the patient abstaine from wine and from all things in generall that by their heat inflame the blood and diffuse it by their vaporous substance he shall shunne hot and very cold places and shall procure that his belly may be soluble either by nature or art Let blood first be drawn out of the basilica then from the vena front is and lastly from the vein of the nose Let leaches be applied to sundry places of the face and cupping glasses with scarification to the shoulders For particular or proper remedies if the disease be inveterate the hardnesse shall first be softned with emollient things then assaulted with the following ointments which shall be used or changed by the Chirurgian as the Physitian shall thinke fit â„ž succi citri â„¥ iii. cerus quantum sufficit ad eum inspissandum argenti vivi cum saliva sulphure vivo extincti Ê’ ss incorporentur simul fiat unguentum â„ž boracis Ê’ ii farin cicer fabar an Ê’ i ss caph Ê’ i. cum melle succo cepae fiant trochisci when you would use them dissolve them in rose and plantaine water and spread them upon linnen cloaths and so apply them on the night time to the affected parts and so let them be oft times renued â„ž unguenti citrini recenter dispensati â„¥ ii sulphuris vivi â„¥ ss cum modico olei scm cucurb succi limonum fiat unguentum with this let the face be anointed when you goe to bed in the morning let it bee washed away with rose water being white by reason of bran infused therein moreover sharp vinegar boyled with branne and rose water and applied as before powerfully takes away the rednesse of the face â„ž cerus litharg auri sulphur is vivi pulverisati an â„¥ ss ponantur in phiala cum aceto aquarosarum linnen cloaths dipped herein shall be applied to the face on the night and it shall bee washed in the morning with the water of the infusion of bran this kinde of medicine shall be continued for a moneth â„ž sanguinis tauri lb i. butyri recentis lb ss fiat distillatio utatur The liquor
liver but it hath its remote matter from meates of good digestion and quality seasonably eaten after moderate exercise but for that one age is better than another and one time of the yeare more convenient than another For bloud is made more copiously in the Spring because that season of the yeare comes neerest to the temper of the bloud by reason of which the bloud is rather to be thought temperate than hot and moist for that Galen makes the Spring temperate and besides at that time bloud-letting is performed with the best successe youth is an age very fit for the generation of bloud or by Galens opinion rather that part of life that continues from the 25. to the 35. yeare of our age Those in whom this humor hath the dominion are beautified with a fresh and rosie colour gentle and well natured pleasant merry and facetious The generation of Phlegme is not by the imbecillity of heat as some of the ancients thought who were perswaded that choler was caused by a raging bloud by a moderate and phlegme and melancholy by a remisse heate But that opinion is full of manifest errour for if it be true that the Chylus is laboured and made into bloud in the same part and by the same fire that is the liver from whence in the same moment of time should proceed that strong and weake heate seeinge the whole masse of the bloud different in its foure essentiall parts is perfected and made at the same time and by the same equall temper of the same part action and bloud-making facultie therefore from whence have we this varietie of humors From hence for that those meates by which wee are nourished enjoy the like condition that our bodies doe from the foure Elements and the fouré first qualities for it is certaine and wee may often observe in what kind soever they be united or joyned together they retaine a certain hot portion imitating the Fire another cold the water another dry the earth and lastly another moist like to the Aire Neither can you name any kinde of nourishment how cold soever it be not Lettuce it selfe in which there is not some fiery force of heate Therefore it is no marvell if one and the same heate working upon the same matter of Chylus varying with so great dissimilitude of substances doe by its power produce so unlike humors as from the hot Choler from the cold Phlegme and of the others such as their affinity of temper will permit There is no cause that any one should thinke that varietie of humors to be caused in us rather by the diversity of the active heate than waxe and a flint placed at the same time and in the same situation of climate and soile this to melt by the heat of the Sunne and that scarse to waxe warme Therefore that diversitie of effects is not to be attributed to the force of the efficient cause that is of heate which is one and of one kinde in all of us but rather to the materiall cause seeing it is composed of the conflux or meeting together of various substances gives the heate leave to worke as it were out of its store which may make and produce from the hotter part thereof Choler and of the colder and more rebellious Phlegme Yet I will not deny but that more Phlegme or Choler may be bred in one and the same body according to the quicker or slower provocation of the heate yet neverthelesse it is not consequent that the originall of Choler should be from a more acride and of Phlegme from a more dull heat in the same man Every one of us naturally have a simple heate and of one kinde which is the worker of diverse operations not of it selfe seeing it is alwayes the same and like it selfe but by the different fitnesse pliablenesse or resistance of the matter on which it workes Wherefore phlegme is generated in the same moment of time in the fire of the same part by the efficiency of the same heate with the rest of the bloud of the more cold liquide crude and watery portion of the Chylus Wherby it comes to passe that it shewes an expresse figure of a certaine rude or unperfect bloud for which occasion nature hath made it no peculiar receptacle but would have it to run friendly with the bloud in the same passages of the veines that any necessitiehappening by famin or indigency and in defect of better nourishment it may by a perfecter elaboration quickly assume the forme of bloud Cold rude nourishmēt make this humor to abound principally in winter and in those which incline to old age by reason of the similitude which phlegme hath with that season and age It makes a man drowsie dull fat and swollen up and hasteneth gray haires Choler is as it were a certaine heate and fury of humors which generated in the liver together with the bloud is carried by the veines and arteries through the whole body That of it which abounds is sent partly into the guts and partly into the bladder of the gall or is consumed by transpiration or sweates It is somewhat probable that the Arteriall bloud is made more thinne hot quicke and pallid than the bloud of the veines by the commixture of this Alementarie choler This humor is chiefely bred and expeld in youth and acrid and bitter meates give matter to it but great labours of bodie and minde give the occasion It maketh a man nimble quicke ready for all performance leane and quicke to anger and also to concoct meates The Melancholicke humor or Melancholy being the grosser portion of the bloud is partly sent from the Liver to the Spleene to nourish it and partly carried by the vessels into the rest of the body and spent in the nourishment of the parts endued with an earthly drinesse it is made of meates of grosse juyce and by the perturbations of the minde turned to feare and sadnesse It is augmented in Autumne and in the first and crude old age it makes men sad harsh constant froward envious and fearefull All men ought to thinke that such humors are wont to move at set houres of the day as by a certaine peculiar motion or tide Therefore the bloud flowes from the ninth houre of the night to the third houre of the day then Choler to the ninth of the day then Melancholy to the third of the night the rest of the night that remaines is under the dominion of Phlegme Manifest examples hereof appeares in the French-Poxe From the elaborate and absolute masse of the bloud as we said before two kindes of humors as excrements of the second concoction are commonly and naturally separated the one more grosse the other more thinne This is called either absolutely choler or with an adjunct yellow choler That is called Melancholy which drawne by the Spleene in a thinner portion and elaborate by the heate of the Arteries which
exercises who inhabite cold and moist places who leade their life at ease in all idlenesse and lastly who suffer a suppression of the Phlegmaticke humour accustomely evacuated by vomite cough or blowing the nose or any other way either by nature or arte Certainely it is very convenient to know these things that we may discerne if any at the present be Phlegmaticke Melancholicke or of any other temper whether he be such by nature or necâ—ssâ—â—y Having declared those things which concerne the nature of Temperaments and deferred the description of the parts of the body to our Anatomy we will begin to speake of the faculties governing this our life when first we shall have showen by a practicall demonstration of examples the use and certainty of the aforesaid rules of Temperaments CHAP. VII Of the Practice of the aforesaid rules of Temperaments THat we may draw the Theoricke of the Temperaments into practise it hath seemed good for avoyding of confusion which might make this our Introduction seeme obscure if we would prosecute the differences of the Tempers of all men of all Nations to take those Limits which nature hath placed in the world as South North East and West and as it were the Center of those bounds that the described variety of Tempers in colour habit manners studyes actions and forme of life of men that inhabit those Regions scituated so farre distant one from another may be as a sure rule by which we may certainely judge of every mans temperature in particuler as he shall appeare to be nearer or further off from this or that region Those which inhabite the South as the Affricans Aethiopians Arabians and Egyptians are for the most part deformed leane dusky coloured and pale with blacke eyes and great lippes curled haire and a small and shrill voyce Those which inhabite the Northren parts as the Scythians Muscovites Polonians and Germaines have their faces of colour white mixed with a convenient quantity of blood their skin soft and delicate their haire long hanging downe and spreading abroad and of a yellowish or reddish colour of stature they are commonly tall of a well proportioned fat and compact habite of body their eyes gray their voyce strong loud and bigge But those who are scituated betweene these two former as the Italians and French have their faces somewhat swart are well favoured nimble strong hairy slender well in flesh with their eyes resembling the colour of Goates-eyes and often hollow eyed having a cleere shrill and pleasing voyce The Southerne people are exceeded so much by the Northerne in strength and abillity of body as they surpasse them in witt and the faculties of the minde Hence is it you may reade in Histories that the Scythians Gothes and Vandals vexed Affricke and Spaine with infinite incursions and most large and famous Empires have beene founded from the North to the South but few or none from the South to the North. Therefore the Northren people thinking all right and law to consist in Armes did by Duell onely determine all causes and controversies arising amongst the inhabitants as wee may gather by the ancient lawes and customes of the Lumbards English Burgonians Danes and Germaines and we may see in Saxo the Grammarian that such a law was once made by Fronto king of Denmarke The which custome at this day is every where in force amongst the Muskovits But the Southerne people have alwayes much abhorred that fashion and have thought it more agreeable to Beasts than Men. Wherefore we never heard of any such thing used by the Assyrians Egyptians Persians or Iewes But moved by the goodnes of their wit they erected Kingdomes and Empires by the onely helpe of Learning and hidden sciences For seeing by nature they are Melancholicke by reason of the drynesse of their temperature they willingly addict themselves to solitarinesse and contemplation being endued with a singular sharpnesse of wit Wherefore the Aethiopians Egyptians Africans Iewes Phaenicians Persians Assyrians and Indians have invented many curious sciences revealed the Mysteries and secrets of Nature digested the Mathematiques into order observed the motions of the heavens and first brought in the worship and religious sacrifices of the gods Even so farre that the Arabians who live onely by stealth and have onely a Waggon for their house do boast that they have many things diligently and accurately observed in Astrology by their Ancestors which every day made more accurate and copious they as by an hereditary right commend to posterity as it is recorded by Leo the Africane But the Northerne people as the Germaines by reason of the aboundance of humours and blood by which the minde is as it were opprest apply themselves to workes obvious to the senses and which may be done by the hand For their minds opprest with the earthly masse of their bodies are easily drawne from heaven and the contemplation of Celestiall things to these inferior things as to find out Mines by digging to buy and cast mettals to draw and hammer out workes of Iron steele and brasse In which things they have proved so excellent that the glory of the Invention of Guns and Printing belongs to them The people who inhabite the middle regions betweene these are neither naturally fit for the more abstruse sciences as the Southerne people are nor for Mechanicke workes as the Northerne but intermeddle with civil affaires commerce and Merchandizing But are endued with such strength of body as may suffise to avoid and delude the crafts and arts of the Southerne Inhabitants and with such wisdome as may be sufficient to restraine the fury and violence of the Northern How true this is any one may understand by the example of the Carthaginians and Africans who when they had held Italy for some yeares by their subtile counsels crafty sleights and devices yet could not escape but at the length their Arts being deluded and they spoiled of all their fortunes were brought in subjection to the Romans The Gothes Hunnes and other Northerne people have spoiled overrun the Romane Empire by many incursions and inroades but destitute of counsell providence they could not keepe those things which they had gotten by Armes and valour Therefore the opinion of all Historians is agreeing in this that good lawes the forme of governing a Common-wealth all politicke ordinances the Arts of disputing and speaking have had their beginning from the Greeks Romanes and French And from hence in times past and at this day a greater number of Writers Lawyers and Counsellors of State have sprung up than in all the world besides Therefore that we may attribute their gifts to each Region we affirme that The Southerne people are borne and fit for the studies of learning the Northerne for warres and those which be betweene them both for Empire and rule The Italian is naturally wise the Spaniard grave and constant the French quicke and diligent for you would say he
But sometimes these Spirits are not dissipated but driven in and returned to their fountaines and so both oppresse and are opprest whereupon it happens we are often forced to dilate and spread them abroad by binding and rubbing the parts Hitherto wee have spoke of these things which are called Naturall because we naturally consist of them it remaines that we now say somewhat of their Adjuncts and associates by familiarity of Condition The Adjuncts and Associates to things Naturall are Age of which by reason of the similitude of the Argument wee were constrained to speake when we handled the Temperatures Sexe Colour of which we have already spoken The Conformation of the instrumentall parts Time whose force we have also considered Region Order of Diet and Condition of life CHAP. XI Of the Adjuncts of things Naturall SExe is no other thing than the distinction of Male and Female in which this is most observable that for the parts of the body and the fire of these parts their is litle difference betweene them but the Female is colder than the Male. Wherefore their spermaticall parts are more cold soft and moyst and all there naturall actions lesse vigorous and more depraved The Nature of Eunuches is to be referred to that of weomen as who may seeme to have degenerated into a womanish nature by deficiency of heate their smooth body and soft and shirle voyce doe very much assimulate weomen Notwithstanding you must consider that there be some Manly weomen which their manly voyce and chinne covered with a litle hairinesse doe argue and on the contrary there are some womanizing or womanish men which therefore we terme dainty and effeminate The Hermaphrodite as of a doubtfull nature and in the middle of both sexes seemes to participate of both Male and Female The Colour which is predominante in the habite and superficies of the body and lyes next under the skinne shewes the temperament of what kinde soever it be for as Galen notes in Comment ad Aphor 2. sect 1. Such a colour appeares in us as the contained humor hath Wherefore if a rosie hew coloure the cheekes it is a signe the body abounds with blood and that it is carryed abroad by the plenty of Spirits But if the skinne be dyed with a yellow colour it argues Choler is predominante if with a whitish and pallide hew Phlegme with a sable and dusky Melancholy So the colour of the excrements which are according to Nature is not of the least consideration For thus if an ulcer being broken send forth white matter it argues the soundnesse of the part from whence it flowes but if sanious or bloody greene blackish or of divers colours it shewes the weaknes of the solide part which could not assimulate by concoction the colour of the excrementitious humor The like reason is of unnaturall Tumors For as the colour so the Dominion of the Humor causing or accompanying the swelling commonly is The Conformitie and integrity of the Organicall parts is considered by their figure greatnesse number situation and mutuall connexion Wee consider the figure when wee say almost all the externall parts of the body are naturally round not onely for shew but for necessitie that being smooth and no way cornered they should be lesse obnoxious to externall injuries wee speake of Greatnesse when wee say some are large and thicke some lancke and leane But wee consider their number when we observe some parts to abound some to want or nothing to be defective or wanting Wee insinuate site and connexion when wee search whether every thing be in its proper place and whether they be decently fitted and well joyned together We have handled the varyeties of the foure seasons of the yeare when we treated of Temperaments But the consideration of Region because it hath the same judgment that the Aire shall be referred to that disquisition or enquiry which we entend to make of the Aire amongst the Things not naturall The Manner of life and order of Diet are to be diligently observed by us because they have great power either to alter or preserve the Temperament But because they are of almost infinite variety therefore they scarse seeme possible to fall into Arte which may prosequute all the differences of Diet and vocations of life Wherefore if the Calling of Life be laborious as that of husbandmen Marriners and other such trades it strengthens and dryes the parts of the body Although those which labour much about Waters are most commonly troubled with cold and moyst diseases although they almost kill themselves with labour Againe those which deale with Mettalls as all sorts of Smithes and those which cast and worke brasse are more troubled with hotte diseases as feavers But if their Calling be such as they sit much and worke all the day long sitting at home as shooemakers it makes the body tender the flesh effeminate and causeth great quantity of excrements A life as well idle and negligent in body as quiet in minde in all riotousnes and excesses of Dyet doth the same For from hence the body is made subject to the stone gravell and Gout That calling of life which is performed with moderate labour clothing and dyet seemes very fit and convenient to preserve the naturall temper of the body The Ingenious Chirurgeon may frame more of himselfe that may more particularly conduce to the examination of these things Therefore the things naturall and those which are neere or Neighbouring to them being thus briefly declared the Order seemes to require that wee make enquiry of Things not Naturall CHAP. XII Ofthings not Naturall THe things which wee must now treate of have by the latter Physitions beene termed Not naturall because they are not of the number of those which enter into the constitution or composure of mans body as the Elements Humors and all such things which we formerly comprehended vnder the name of Naturall Although they be such as are necessary to preserue and defend the body already made and composed Wherefore they were called by Galen Preservers because by the due use of them the body is preserved in health Also they may be called doubtfull and Neuters for that rightly and fitly used they keepe the body healthfull but inconsiderately they cause diseases Whereby it comes to passe that they may be thought to pertaine to that part of Phisicke which is of preserving health not because some of these things should be absolutely and of their owne nature wholsome and others unwholsome but onely by this that they are or prove so by their convenient or preposterous use Therefore we consider the use of such like things from 4 conditions quantitie quality occasion and manner of using if thou shalt observe these thou shalt attaine and effect this that those things which of themselves are as it were doubtfull shall bring certaine and undoubted health For these 4. Circumstances doe so farre extend that
Hence is it that Countrie-men doe very well digest Beefe and Bacon which commonly they use but will turne into nidorulent vapours Partridge Capons and other meate of good nourishment sooner than change them into good and laudable Chylus The cause of which thing is not onely to be attributed unto the propertie of their stronger and as it were burning heate but much more to custome which by a certaine kinde of familiarity causeth that meates of hard digestion are easily turned into laudable bloud For the force of custome is so great that accustomed meates are more acceptable whereby it comes to passe that while the stomacke delights in them it more streightly embraces them and happily digests them without any trouble of loathing vomiting or heavinesse All the contrary meete and happen in the use of meates which are unpleasant to the taste and stomacke For the ventricle abhorring those things makes manifest how it is troubled by its acide and nidorulent belchings loathing nauseousnesse vomite heavinesse paine of the head and trouble of the whole body Wherefore we must diligently enquire what meates the Patient chiefely delighted in that by offering them his appetite languishing by reason of some great evacuation vomit or the like may be stirred up For it will be better and more readily restored by things acceptable though they be somewhat worse as we noted a little before out of Hippocrates By which words hee plainely taught that it is the part of a good and prudent Physition to subscribe to and please the palate of his patient But seeing that order is most beautifull in all things it is truly very necessary in eating our meate for how laudable soever the meates bee in their quantity and qualitie howsoever familiar by use and gratefull by custome yet unlesse they be eaten in due order they will either trouble or molest the stomacke or be ill or slowly and difficultly concocted wherefore we must diligently observe what meates must be eaten at the first and what at the second course for those meates which be hard to concoct are not to be eaten before those which are easy of digestion neither drie and astringent things before moistening and loosing But on the contrary all slippery fat and liquid things and which are quickly changed ought to goe before that so the belly may be moistened and then astringent things must follow that the stomacke by their helpe being shut and drawne together may more straitly comprehend the meate on every side and better performe the Chylification by its proper heate united and joyned together For this cause Hippocrates Lib. de victu in acutis commands those things to be alwayes eaten in the morning which are fit to loosen the belly and in the evenings such as nourish the body Yet notwithstanding drinke ought not to preceede orgoe before meate but on the contrary meate must preceede drinke by the order prescribed by him Whether ought wee in our eating to have lesse care of the time than wee have of the order for the time of cating of such as are healthfull ought to be certaine and fixt for at the accustomed houre and when hunger presses any sound man and which is at his owne disposure may eate but exercise and accustomed laboures ought to goe before for it is fit according to the precept of Hippocrates that labour preceed meate whereby the excrements of the third concoction may be evacuated the native heate encreased and the solid parts confirmed and strengthened which are three commodities of exercise very necessary to the convenient taking of meate But in sicke persons we can scarse attend and give heed to these circumstance of time and accustomed houre of feeding for that Indication of giving meate to the sicke is the best of all which is drawne from the motion of the disease and the declining of the fit for if you give meate in feavers specially the fit then taking the Patient you nourish not him but the disease For the meate then eaten is corrupted in the stomacke and yeelds fit matter for the disease For meate as we noted before out of Hippocrates is strength to the sound and a disease to the sicke unlesse it be eaten at convenient time and diligent care be had of the strength of the Patient and greatnesse of the disease But neither is it convenient that the meate should be simple and of one kinde but of many sorts and of divers dishes dressed after different formes left nature by the continuall and hatefull feeding upon the same meate may at the length loath it and so neither straitly containe it nor well digest it or the stomacke accustomed to one meate taking any loathing thereat may abhorre all other and as there is no desire of that we doe not know so the dejected appetite cannot be delighted and stirred up with the pleasure of any meate which can be offered For wee must not credit those superstitious or too nice Physitions who thinke the digestion is hindered by the much varietie of meates The matter is farre otherwise for by the pleasure of what things soever the stomacke allured doth require it embraces them more straitly and concocts them more perfectly And our nature is desirous of varietie Moreover seeing our body is composed of a solid moist and airy substance and it may happen that by so many laboures which we are compelled to undergoe and sustaine in this life one of these may suffer a greater dissipation and losse than another therefore the stomacke is necessarily compelled to seeke more variety lest any thing should be wanting to repaire that which is wasted But also the age and season of the yeare yeeld Indications of feeding for some things are convenient for a young man some for an old some in Summer some in Winter Wherefore wee ought to know what befits each age and season Children need hot moist and much nourishment which may not onely suffice to nourish but encrease the body Wherefore we ought to know what befits each age and season Children need hot moist and much nourishment which may not onely suffice to nourish but encrease the body Wherefore they worst endure fasting and of them especially those who are the most lively and spiritfull With old men it is otherwise for because their heate is small they neede little nourishment and are extinguished by much Wherefore old men easily endure to fast they ought to be nourished with hot and moist meates by which their solid parts now growing cold and drie may be heated and moistened as by the sweet nourishment of such like meates Middle aged men delight in the moderate use of contraries to temper the excesse of their too acride heate Young people as temperate are to be preserved by the use of like things The manner of diet in Winter must be hot and inclining to drinesse Wherefore then we may more plentifully use rost-meates strong wines and spices because in
naturall we must note that some of these are concerning the strength of the Patient by care to preserve which we are often compelled for a time to forsake the cure of the proper disease for so a great shaking happening at the beginning of an ague or feaver we are often forced to give sustenance to the Patient to strengthen the powers shaken by the vehemency of the shaking which thing notwithstanding lengthens both the generall and particular fitts of the ague Other pertaine to the temper other respect the habite if the Patient be slender if fat if well flesht if of a rare or dense constitution of body Other respect the condition of the part affected in substance consistence softnesse hardnesse quicke or dull sense forme figure magnitude site connexion principallity service function and use From all these as from notes the skilfull Chirurgion will draw Indications according to the time and part affected for the same things are not fit for sore eyes which were convenient for the eares neither doth a Phlegmon in the jawes and throat admit the same forme of cure as it doth in other parts of the body For none can there outwardly apply repercussives without present danger of suffocation So there is no use of reprecussives in defluxions of those parts which in site are neere the principall Neither must thou cure a wounded Nerve and Muscle after one manner The temperature of a part as Moisture alwayes indicates its preservation although the disease be moist and give Indication of drying as an ulcer The principallity of a part alwayes insinuates an Indication of astringent things although the disease require dissolving as an Obstruction of the Liver for otherwise unlesse you mixe astringent things with dissolving you will so dissolve the strength of the part that hereafter it cannot suffice for sanguification If the texture of a part be rare it shewes it is lesse apt or prone to obstruction if dense it is more abnoxious to that disease hence it is that the Liver is oftener obstructed than the Spleene If the part be scituate more deepe or remote it indicates the medicines must be more vigorous and liquid that they may send their force so farre The sensiblenesse or quicke-sense of the part gives Iudication of milder medicines than paradventur the signes or notes of a great disease require For the Phisition which applies things equally sharpe to the Horny tunicle of the eye being ulcerated and to the Legge must needs be accounted either cruell or ignorant Each sexe and Age hath its Indications for some diseases are curable in youth which we must not hope to cure in old age for hoarsenesse and great distillations in very old men admit no digestion as Hippocrates saith Nunquam decrepitus Branchum coquit atque Coryzam The feeble Sire for age that hardly goes Ne're well digests the hurtfull Rheume or pose Moreover according to his decree the diseases of the Reines and whatsoever paines molest the bladder are difficultly healed in old men and also reason perswades that a Quartaine admits no cure in Winter and scarse a Quotidian and ulcers in like manner are more hard to heale in Winter that hence we may understand certaine Indications to be drawne from time and to increase the credit of the variety and certainty of Indications some certaine time and seasons in those times command us to make choise of Medicines for as Hipocrates testifies Ad Canis ardorem facilis purgatio non est In Dogdayes heat it is not good By purging for to clense the blood Neither shalt thou so well prescribe a slender diet in Winter as in the Spring for the aire hath its Indications For experience teaches us that wounds of the head are farre more difficultly and hardly cured at Rome Naples and Rochell in Xantoigne But the times of diseases yeeld the principall Indications for some Medicines are onely to be used at the beginning and end of diseases others at the encrease and vigour of the disease We must not contemne those Indications which are drawn from the vocation of life and manner of Diet for you must otherwise deale with the painfull Husbandman when he is your Patient which leades his life sparingly and hardly than with the Citizen who lives daintily and idlely To this manner of life and Diet may be referred a certaine secrt and occult property by which many are not onely ready to vomite at eating of some meats but tremble over all their bodyes when they heare them but spoken of I knew a prime Nobleman of the French Nobility who was so perplext at the serving in of an Eele to the Table at the middst of dinner amongst his friends that he fell into a swound all his powers failing him Galen in his booke de Consuetudine tells that Arius the Peripateticke died sodainly because compelled by the advise of those Physitions he used he dranke a great draught of cold water in the intollerable heat of a Feaver For no other reason saith Galen than that because he knowing he had naturally a cold stomacke from his childhood perpetually abstained from cold water For as much as belongs to Indications taken from things against nature the Length and depth of a wound or ulcer indicates one way the figure cornered round equall and smooth unequall and rough with a hollownesse straight or winding indicate otherwise the site right left upper lower in an other manner and otherwise the force and violence of antecedent and conjunct causes For oftentimes the condition of the cause indicates contrary to the disease as when abundance of cold and grosse humors cause and nourish a Feaver So also a Symptome often indicates contrary to the disease in which contradiction that Indication must be most esteemed which doth most urge as for example sake if swounding happen in a Feaver the feaverish burning shall not hinder us from giving wine to the Patient Wherefore these Indications are the Principallest and most noble which leade us as by the hand to doe these things which pertaine to the cure prevention and mitigating of diseases But if any object that so curious a search of so many Indications is to no purpose because there are many Chirurgions which setting onely one before their eyes which is drawne from the Essence of the disease have the report and famce of skillfull Chirurgions in the opinion of the vulgar but let him know that it doth not therefore follow that this indication is sufficient for the cure of all diseases for we doe not alwayes follow that which the Essence of the disease doth indicate to be done But chiefly then where none of the fore-recited Indications doth resist or gainesay you may understand this by the example of a Plethora which by the Indication drawne from the Essence of the thing requires Phlebotomy yet who is it that will draw blood from a child of three monethes old Besides such an Indication is not artificiall
two dugges If any chance to bring forth more it is besides nature and somewhat monstrous because nature hath made no provision of nourishment for them Nature hath placed the wombe at the bottome of the belly because that place seemes most fit to receive seede to carrie and bring forth the young It is placed betweene the bladder and right gut and is bound to these parts much more straitly by the necke than by the body thereof but also besides it is tied with two most strong ligaments on the sides and upper parts of the sharebone on which it seemes to hang but by its common coate from the Peritonaeum chiefly thicke in that place it is tied to the hollow bone and the bones of the hanch and loines By reason of this strait connexion a woman with child feeling the painefull drawings backe and as it were conuvlsions of those ligaments knowes her selfe with child It is of a cold and moist temper rather by accident than of it selfe The action thereof is to containe both the seedes and to chearish preserve and nourish it so contained untill the time appointed by nature and also besides to receive and euacuate the menstruous bloud The compound parts of the wombe are the proper body and necke thereof That body is extended in women bigge with child even to the navell in some higher in some lower In the inner side the Cotyledones come into our consideration which are nothing else than the orifices and mouthes of the veines ending in that place They scarse appeare in women unlesse presently after child-bearing or their menstruall purgation but they are apparent in sheepe Goates and Kine at all times like wheat cornes unlesse when they are with young for then they are of the bignesse of hasell nuts but then also they swell up in women and are like a rude piece of flesh of a finger and a halfe thicke which begirt all the naturall parts of the infant shut up in the wombe out of which respect this shapelesse flesh according to the opinion of some is reckoned amongst the number of coates investing the infant and called Chorion because as in beasts the Chorion is interwoven with veines and arteries whence the umbilicall vessels proceede so in women this fleshie lumpe is woven with veines and arteries whence such vessels have their originall Which thing how true and agreeable to reason it is let other men judge There is one thing whereof I would admonish thee that as the growth of the Cotelidones in beasts are not called by the name of Chorion but are onely said to be the dependants thereof so in women such swollen Cotelidones merit not the name of Chorion but rather of the dependances thereof This body ends in a certaine straitnesse which is met withall in following it towards the privities in women who have borne no children or have remained barren some certaine time for in such as are lately delivered you can see nothing but a cavitie and no straitnsse at all This straitnesse wee call the proper orifice of the wombe which is most exactly shut after the conception especially untill the membrane or coats incompassing the child be finished and strong enough to containe the seede that it flow not forth nor be corrupted by entrance of the aire for it is opened to send forth the seede and in some the courses and serous humors which are heaped up in the wombe in the time of their being with clild From this orifice the necke of the wombe taking its originall is extended even to the privities It is of a musculous substance composed of soft flesh because it might be extended and contracted wrinkled and stretched forth and unfolded and wrested and shaken at the comming forth of the child and after be restored to its former soundnesse and integritie In processe of age it growes harder both by use of venery and also by reason of age by which the whole body in all parts thereof becomes drie and hard But in growing and young women it is more tractable and flexible for the necessitie of nature The magnitude is sufficiently large in all dimensions though divers by reason of the infinite varietie of bodies The figure is long round and hollow The composition is the same with the wombe but it receives not so many vessels as the wombe for it hath none but those which are sent from the Hypogastricke veines by the branches ascending to the wombe This necke on the inside is wrinckled with many crests like the upper part of a dogges mouth so in copulation to cause greater pleasure by that inequalitie and also to shorten the act It is onely one and that situate betweene the necke of the bladder and the right gut to which it closely sticketh as to the wombe by the proper orifice thereof and to the privities by its owne orifice but by the vessels to all the parts from whence they are sent It is of a cold and drie temper and the way to admit the seede into the wombe to exclude the infant out of the wombe as also the menstruall evacuation But it is worth observation that in all this passage there is no such membrane found as that they called Hymen which they feigned to be broken at the first coition Yet notwithstanding Columbus Fallopius Wierus and many other learned men of our time think otherwise and say that in Virgjns a litle above the passage of the urine may be found and seene such a nervous membrane placed overtwhart as it were in the middle way of this necke and perforated for the passage of the courses But you may finde this false by experience it is likely the Ancients fell into this error through this occasion because that in some a good quantitie of bloud breakes forth of these places at the first copulation But it is more probable that this happens by the violent attrition of certaine vessels lying in the inward superficies of the necke of the wombe not being able to endure without breaking so great extention as that nervous necke undergoes at the first coition For a maide which is marriageable and hath her genitall parts proportionable in quantitie and bignesse to a mans shall finde no such effusion of bloud as we shall shew more at large in our Booke of Generation This necke ends at the privities where its proper orifice is which privy parts we must treate of as being the productions and appendices of this necke This Pudendum or privitie is of a middle substance betweene the flesh and a nerve the magnitude is sufficiently large the figure round hollow long It is composed of veines arteries nerves descending to the necke of the wombe and a double coate proceeding from the true skinne and fleshie pannicle both these coates are there firmely united by the flesh comming betweene them whereupon it is said that this part consists of a musculous coate It is one in number
a portion of the bone of the temples which is seenneere the hole of Hearing divided through the middest whereby the Nerves Bones and Membranes may appeare as Vesalius of them conceiveth Fig. 6. sheweth the Vessels Membranes Bones and holes of the Organ of hearing as Platerus hath described them Fig. 7 and 8. sheweth the little bones of the hearing of a man and of a Calfe both ioyned and separated Fig. 9. sheweth the Muscle found out by Aquapendens For the particular declaration see D. Crookes Anatomie pag. 577. But that we may understand how the hearing is made we must know the structure of the organ or instrument hereof The membrane which we formerly mentioned to confist of the auditory nerve is stretched in the inside over the auditory passage like as the head of a Drum For it is stretched and extended with the Aire or auditory spirit implanted there shut up in the cavity of the mammillary processe and foramen caecum that smitten upon by the touch of the externall aire entring in it may receive the object that is the sound which is nothing else then a certaine quality arising from the aire beaten or moved by the collision and conflict of one or more bodyes Such a collision is spred over the aire as the water which by the gliding touch of a stone produces many circles and rings one as it were rising from another So in rivelets running in a narrow channel the water strucken and as it were beaten back in its course against broken craggy and steep rocks wheels about into many turnings this collision of the beaten aire flying back diverse waies from arched and hollow roofed places as Dens Cisterns Wells thick Woods and the like yeilds and produces a double sound and this reduplication is called and Echo Wherefore the hearing is thus made by the aire as a medium but this aire is twofold that is externall and internall The exteriour is that which encompasses vs but the interiour is that which is shut up in the cavity of the mammillary processe and for amen caecum which truly is not pure and sole aire but tempered and mixed with the auditory spirit Thence proceeds the noise or beating of the Eares when vapours are there mixed with the aire insteed of spirits whereby their motion or agitation is perturbed and confused But neither doe these suffice for hearing for nature for the more exact distinction of sounds hath also made the little bones of which one is called the Incus or anvill another the Malleolus or hammer the third the Stapes or stirrop because the shapethereof resembles a German stirrop Also it may be called Deltoides because it is made in the shape of the Greeke letter Δ. They are placed behind the membrane wherefore the anvill and hammer moved by the force of the entrance of the externall aire and beating thereof against that membrane they more distinctly expresse the difference of sounds as strings stretched within under the head of a Drum as for example these bones being more gently moved represent a low sound to they common sense faculty of bearing but being moved more vehemently and violently they present a quick and great sound to conclude according to their diverse agitation they produce diverse and different sounds The Glandules should follow the Eares in the order of Anatomy as well those which are called the emunctoryes of the braine that is the Parotides Which are placed as it were at the lower part of the eares as these which lye under the lower Iaw the muscles of the bone Hyoides the tongue in which the Scrophulae and other such cold abscesses breed It shall here suffice to set dovvne the use of all such like Glandules Therefore the Parotides are framed in that place by nature to receive the virulent and maligne matter sent forth by the strength of the braine by the veines and arteries spred over that place The rest serve to strengthen the division of the vessels to moysten the ligaments and membranes of the Iaw lest they should be dryed by their continuall motion Their other conditions and uses are formerly handled in our first booke of Anatomy CHAP. XI Of the bone Hyoides and the muscles thereof THe Substance of the Bone Hyoides is the same with that of other bones The figure thereof imitates the greek letter v from whence it took the name as also the name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and from the letter λ it is in like sort called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by some it is stiled Os Guttur is and os Linguae that is the Throat bone and Tongue bone The composition thereof composition thereof consists of many bones joyned into one by the interposition of gristles This bone is bigger in beasts and composed of more bones and that not only by the intercourse of gristles but also of ligaments It is seated with its basis being gibbous on the forepart for constancy and arched on the inside that it might receiue and containe the root of the tongue upon the upper part of that gristle of the throtle which is called scutiformis or Sheild-like for this seemes to prop it up by the strength of two processes rising at the basis thereof and the root of the tongue From this basis it sends forth two hornes to the sides of the tongue on each side one which in men are tyed to the Appendix styloides by ligaments sent from it selfe Contrary then it is in beasts who have it of many bones united as we said by the intercourse of ligaments even to the root of the stiloides Wherefore this bone hath connexion with the forementioned parts and other hereafter to be mentioned It hath the same temper as other bones have The use of it is to minister ligaments to certaine muscles of the tongue and insertion as well to the two foremost and upper muscles of the throtle as to its owne of which we will now treat The muscles of the bone Hyoides according to the opinion of some are eight on each side foure of which there be two one of which Galen refers to the common muscles of the larinx or throtle and the other to those which move the Shoulder-blade upwards Howsoever it be the first of the foure before mentioned arises from the Appendix Styloides and passing over the Nervous substance of the muscle opening the lower law is inserted into the hornes of the bone Hyoides This muscle is very thin yet somewhat broad the which in that respect may easily be cut unlesse you have a care in separating the muscle which opens the lower Chap. The second ascends obliquely from the upper part of the shoulder-blade nere the production thereof called Coracoides to the beginnings of the hornes of the said bone Hyoides This is round and nervous in the midst that so it might be the stronger as that is which we formerly said opens the lower law and it is
the Glandules of the groines 8 the eight of the thigh 9 the second of the legge 11 the innermost of the anckle 12 the sixth muscle of the foote his originall 13. end 14. 15 the seventh of the foote 16 the tendon of the muscle lifting up the great toe 17 the muscles extending the foure other toes 18 the abductor of the great toe 19 a transverse ligament 20 a tendon of the ninth muscle of the foote 21 the first muscle 22 the fourth muscle of the foote 23 the tendon of the third muscle 24. a muscle bending the third bone of the foure lesser toes THE SEVENTH BOOK Of Tumours against Nature in Generall CHAP. I. What a Tumour against Nature vulgarly called an Impostume is and what be the differences thereof AN Impostume commonly so called is an affect against nature composed and made of three kinds of diseases Distemperature ill Conformation and Solution of Continuitie concurring to the hindering or hurting of the Action An humor or any other matter answering in proportion to a humor abolishing weakening or depraving of the office or function of that part or body in which it resides causeth it The differences of Impostumes are commonly drawne from five things quantitie matter accidents the nature of the part which they affect or possesse and lastly their efficient causes I have thought good for the better understanding of them to describe them in this following Scheme A Table of the differences of Tumors The differences of Impostumes are drawne principally from five things that is from their quantity by reason whereof Impostumos are called Great which are comprehended under the generall name of Phlegmons which happen in the fleshy parts by Galen Lib de tumor contra naauram lib. 2 ad Glauconem Indifferent or of the middle sort as Fellons Small as those which Avicen calls Bothores i. Pushes and Pustules all kinde of Scabs and Leprosies and lastly all small breakings out from their accidents as Colour from whence Impostumes are named white red pale yellow blew or blacke and so of any other colour Paine hardnesse softnesse and such like from whence they are said to be painefull not painefull hard soft and so of the rest from the matter of which they are caused and made which is either Naturall or Hot and that either Sanguine from whence a true Phlegmon Cholerick from whence a true Erysipelas Cold that either PhlegmatiCk frō whence a true Oedema Melācolick frō whēce a perfect Scyrrhus Not naturall which hath exceeded the limits of its naturall goodnesse from whence illegitimate tumors therefore of a sanguine humor of a cholerick humor Carbunckles Gangrenes eating ulcers Sphaceles are caused Of the grosser the eating Herpes of the subtiler the Herpes miliaris is made Watery and flatulent Impostumes the Kings-evill knots all phlegmatick swellings excrescenses The exquisite or perfect Scyrrhus hardnesses and all sorts of cancerous Tumors of a phlegmatick humor of a melācholick humor From the condition and nature of the parts which they possesse from whence the Ophthalmia is a Phlegmon of the eyes Parotis a tumor neere the eares Paronychia or a whitlow at the roots of the nailes and so of the rest From the efficient causes or rather the manner of doing For some impostumes are said to be made by defluxions others by congestion those are commonly hot the other cōmonly cold as it shal more manifestly appeare by the following chapter CHAP. II. Of the generall causes of Tumors THere are two generall causes of Impostumes Fluxion and Congestion Defluxions are occasioned either by the part sending or receiving the part sending discharges it selfe of the humors because the expulsive fa◅ltie resident in that part is provoked to expell them moved thereto either by the troublesomenesse of their quantity or quality The part receiving drawes and receives occasion of heat paine weakenesse whether naturall or accidentall opennesse of the passages and lower situation The causes of heat in what part soever it be are commonly three as all immoderate motion under which frictions are also contained externall heat either from fire or sun and the use of acride meates and medicines The causes of paine are foure the first is a sodaine and violent invasion of some untemperate thing by meanes of the foure first qualities the second is solution of continuitie by a wound luxation fracture contusion or distention the third is the exquisit sense of the part for you feele no paine in cutting a bone or exposing it to cold or heate the fourth is the attention as it were of the animall faculty for the minde diverted from the actuall cause of paine is lesse troubled or sensible of it A part is weake either by its nature or by some accident by its nature as the Glandules and the Emunctories of the principall parts by accident as if some distemper bitter paine or great defluxion have seazed upon it and wearied it for so the strength is weakened and the passages dilated And the lownesse of site yeeks opportunity for the falling downe of humors The causes of congestion are two principally as the weakenesse of the concoctive facultie which resides in the part by which the assimulation into the substance of the part of the nourishment flowing to it is frustrated and the weakenesse of the expulsive faculty for whilest the part cannot expell superfluities their quantity continually encreases And thus oftentimes cold impostumes have their originall from a grosse and tough humor and so are more difficult to cure Lastly all the causes of Impostumes may be reduced to three that is the primitive or externall the antecedent or internall and the conjuncte or containing as we will hereafter treat more at large CHAP. III. The signes of Impostumes or Tumors in generall BEfore wee undertake the cure of Tumors it is expedient to know their kindes and differences which knowledge must be drawne from their proper signes the same way as in other diseases But because the proper and principall signes of tumors are drawne from the essence of the part they possesse we must first know the parts and then consider what their essence and composition are We are taught both by skill in Anatomy and the observation of the deprived function especially when the affected part is one of those which lie hid in the body for we know whether or no the externall parts are affected with a tumor against nature by comparing that with his naturall which is contrary For comparing the sound part with the diseased wee shall easily judge whether it be swollen or no. But because it is not sufficient for a Chirurgion onely to know these generall signes which are knowne even to the vulgar he must attentively observe such as are more proper and nere And these are drawne from the difference of the matter and humors of which the tumors consist For this Galen teaches that all differences of tumors arise from the nature
be increased or diminished according to the greatnesse of the tumor The second taken from the nature of the humor also changes our counsell for a Phlegmon must be otherwise cured than an Erysypelas and an Oëdema than a Scyrrhus and a simple tumor otherwise than a compound And also you must cure after another manner a tumor comming of an humor not naturall than that which is of a naturall humor and otherwise that which is made by congestion than that which is made by defluxion The third Indication is taken from the part in which the tumor resides by the nature of the part wee understand its temperature conformation site faculty and function The temperature indicates that some medicines are convenient for the fleshy parts as those which are more moist others for the nervous as more drie for you must apply some things to the eye and others to the throate one sort of things to these parts which by reason of their raritie are easily subject to defluxion another to those parts which by their density are not obnoxious to it But we must have good regard to the site of the part as if it have any connexion with the great vessels and if it be fit to powre forth the matter and humor when it is suppurated Galen by the name of faculty understands the use and sense of the part This hath a manifold indication in curing for some parts are principall as the Braine Heart and Liuer for their vertue is communicated to the whole body by the nerves arteries and veines Others truly are not principall but yet so necessary that none can live without them as the Stomacke Some are endued with a most quicke sence as the eye the membranes nerves and tendons wherefore they cannor endure acrid and biting medicines Having called to minde these indications the indication will be perfected by these three following intentions as if we consider the humor flowing downe or which is ready to flow the conjunct matter that is the humor impact in the part the correction of accidents yet so that we alwayes have care of that which is most urgent and of the cause Therefore first repercussives must be applied for the antecedent matter strong or weake having regard to the tumor as it is then onely excepting sixe conditions of Tumors the first is if the matter of the Tumor be venenate the second if it be a criticall abscesse the third if the defluxion be neare the noble parts the fourth if the matter be grosse tough and viscide the fifth when the matter lies farre in that is flowes by the veines which lies more deepe the sixth when it lies in the Gandules But if the whole body be plethoricke a convenient diet purging and Phlebotomie must be appointed frictions and bathes must be used Ill humors are amended by diet and purging If the weakenesse of the part receiving draw on a defluxion it must be strengthened If the part be inferiour in its site let the patient be so seated or layed that the part receiving as much as may be may be the higher If paine be the cause of defluxion we must asswage it by things mitigating it If the thinnesse or lightnesse of the humor cause defluxion it must be inspissate by meats and medicines But for the matter conteined in the part because it is against nature it requires to be evacuate by resolving things as Cataplasmes ointments somentations cupping glasses or by evacuation as by scarifying or by suppurating things as by ripening and opening the Impostume Lasty for the conjunct accidents as the Feaver paine and such like they must be mitigated by asswaging mollifying and malaxing medicines as I shall shew more at large hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the foure principall and generall Tumors and of other Impostumes which may be reduced to them THe principall and cheife Tumors which the abundance of humors generate are foure A Phlegmon Erysipelas Oâ—dema and Scyrrhus innumerable others may be reduced to these distinguished by divers names according to the various condition of the efficient cause and parts receiving Wherfore a Phygethlum Phyma Fellon Carbuncle inflammation of the eyes Squincy Bubo lastly all sorts of hot and moist tumors may be reduced to a Phlegmon The Herpes â—iliaris the eating Herpes Ringwormes and Tetters and all impostumes brought forth by choler are contained under an Erysipelas Atheromata Steâ—tomata Meldâ—â—rides the Testudo or Talpa Ganglion Knots Kings-evill Wens watery Ruptures the Ascites and Leucophlegmatia may be reduced to an Oëdema as also all flaruleâ—â— tumors which the abundance of corrupt Phlegme produces In the kindred of the Scyrrhus are reckoned a Cancer Leprosie Warts Cornâ— a Thymus a Varix Morphew black and white and other Impostumes arising from a melancholy humor Now wee will treate of these Tumors in particular beginning with a Phlegmon CHAP. VII Of a Phlegmon APhlegmon is a generall name for all Impostumes which the abundance of inflamed bloud produces That is called a true Phlegmon which is made of laudable bloud offending onely in quantity But a bastard Phlegmon or a Phlegmonous Impostume hath some other and proper name as a Carbuncle Fellon Gangrene Sphacel and the like maligne Pustules So when there is a confluâ—e of diverse humor into one tumor divers kinds of phlegmonous Impostumes called by diverse names according to the more abundant humor arise as if a small portion of phlegme shall be mixed with a greater quantity of bloud it shall be called as Oëdematous Phlegmon but if on the contrary the quantity of phlegme be the greater it shall be named a phlegmonous Oëdema and so of the rest alwayes naming the tumor from that which is most predominant in it Therefore we must observe that all differences of such tumors arise from that either because the bloud causing it offends onely in quantity which if it doe it causes that tumor which is properly called a Phlegmon if in quality it makes a Phlegmonous tumor because the matter thereof is much departed from the goodnesse of bloud But bloud is said to offend in quantity either by admixture of some other matter as Phlegme Choler or melancholy from whence proceedes Oëdematous Erysipelâ—s and Scyrrhous Phlegmons or by corruption of its proper substance from whence Carbuncles and all kindes of Gangrens or by concretion and when nature is disappointed of its attempted and hoped for suppuration either by default of the aire or patient or by the error of the Physition and hence oft times happen Atheroma's Steatoma's and Melicerides Although these things be set downe by the ancients of the simple and simular matter of the true Phlegmon yet you must know that in truth there is no impostume whose matter exquisitely shewes the nature of one and that simple humor without all admixture of any other matter for all humors are mixed together with the bloud yet from the plenty of bloud prodominating they are called
ulcerated Cancer Also this following water is very profitable and often approved by me â„ž Stercoris bubuli lb. iiij herbae Roberti plantag sempervivi hyoscyami portulac lactuc. endiv. an m. j. cancros sluâ—iatiles num xij let them be all beaten together and distilled in a leaden Alembicke keepe the liquor for use and with it make often injection into the part or if the site of the part will permit let the cancerous ulcers be washed therewith and pledgets of lint steeped therein be applyed and renewed ever and anon for so the acrimony and force of the inflammation is retunded and the paine asswaged Galen beats into powder river Crabs burnt the powder mixed with oyntment of Roses is most profitably applyed upon lint to cancerous ulcers It will be very convenient to put into the necke of the wombe the following instrument made of Golde or Silver whereby the cancerous filth may have free and safe passage forth and the filthy and putredinous vapours may more easily breathe forth Therefore let it be hollow quite through some five or sixe fingers long and about the bignes of ones Thumbe at the upper end perforated with many holes whereby the filth may have passage forth Let the outer or lower end be some two fingers thicke in the circumference make it with a neat springe that may hold that end open more or lesse according to the Physitions minde let there be two strings or laces put unto it by which being tyed before and behinde to the rowler with which the woman shall gift her loynes the Device may be kept from falling as you may see in the following figure A Vent made like a Pessary for the wombe affected with a Cancerous ulcer A. Shewes the upper end perforated with five or sixe holes B. The Lower end C. That part of the end which is opened by the springe which is marked with the letter D. E E. The strings or laces Neither is that remedy for not ulcerated cancers to be contemned which consists of a plate of lead besmeared with quick-silver for Galen himselfe testifies that lead is a good medicine for maligne and inveterate ulcers But Guido Cauliacensis is a witnesse of ancient credit and learning that such plates of lead rubbed over with quick-silver to such maligne ulcers as contemne the force of other medicines are as it were Antidotes to waste and overcome their malignity and euill nature This kinde of remedy when it was prescribed by that most excellent Physition Hollerius who commanded me to apply it to the Lady of Montigni maide of Honor to the Queene mother troubled with a Cancer in her left brest which equalled the bignes of a Wallnut did not truely throughly heale it yet notwithstanding kept it from further growth Wherefore at the length growing weary of it when shee had committed her selfe to a certaine Physitian boldly promising her quicke helpe she tryed with losse of her life how dangerous and disadvantagious that cure of a Cancer was which is undertaken according to the manner of healing other ulcers for this Physition when he had cast away this our medicine and had begun the cure with mollifying heating and attractive thing the paine inflammation and all the other Symptoms encreasing the Tumor grew to that bignes that being the humor drawne thither could not be conteined in the part it selfe it stretched the brest forth so much that it broke it in the middle just as a Pomegranate cleaves when it comes to its full maturity whereupon an immoderate fluxe of blood following for staying whereof hee was forcte to strew causticke pouders thereon but by this meanes the inflammation and paine becomming more raging and swoundings comming upon her shee poore Soule in steed of her promised health yeelded up her ghost in the Physitions bosome CHAP. XXXI Of the Feaver which happeneth in Scirrhous Tumors SVch a Feaver is a Quartaine or certainly comming neare unto the nature of a Quartaine by reason of the nature of the Melancholike humor of which it is bred For this shut up in a certaine seat in which it makes the tumor by communication of putride vapours heats the heart above measure and enflames the humors conteined therein whence arises a Feaver Now therefore a quartaine is a Feaver comming every fourth day and having two dayes intermission The primitive causes thereof are these things which encrease Melancholicke humors in the body such as the long eating of pulse ofcourse and burnt bread of salte flesh and fish of grosse meates as Beese Goate Venison olde Hares olde Cheese Cabbage thicke and muddy wines and other such things of the same kinde The antecedent causes are a heaped up plenty of Melancholicke humors abounding over all the body But the conjunct causes are Melancholike humors putrifying without the greater vessels in the small veines and habite of the body We may gather the signes of a Quartaine feaver from things which they call naturall not naturall and against nature from things naturall for a cold and dry temper oldeage cold and fat men having their veines small and lying hidde their spleene swolne and weak are usually troubled with quartaine Feavers Of things not naturall this Feaver or Ague is frequent in Autumne not onely because for that it is cold and dry it is fit to heape up Melancholike humors but cheifly by reason that the humors by the heate of the preceding Summer are easily converted into adust Melancholy whence far worser and more dangerous quartaines arise than of the simple Melancholike humor to conclude through any cold or dry season in a region cold and dry men that have the like Temper easily fall into quartaines if to these a painefull kinde of life full of danger and sorrow doth accrew Of things contrary to nature because the fitts take one with painefull shaking inferring as it were the sence of breaking or shaking the bones further it taketh one every fourth day with an it ching over the whole body and oft times with a thinne skurfe and pustles especially on the legges the pulse at the beginning is litle slow and deepe and the urine also is then white and waterish inclining to somewhat a darke colour In the declination when the matter is concocted the urine becomes blacke not occasioned by any maligne Symptome or preternaturall excesse of heat for so it should be deadly but by excretion of the conjunct matter The fit of the Quartaine continues 24 houres but the intermission is 48 houres It often takes its originall from an obstruction paine and Scirrhus of the Spleene and the suppression of the courses and Haemorroides Quartaines taken in the Summer are for the most part short but in the Autumne long especially such as continue till Winter Those which come by succession of any disease of the Liver Spleene or any other precedent disease are worse than such as are bred of themselves and commonly end in a Dropsie But those which
spred over the transverse surface of the gristle Of all these sorts of Polypi some are not ulcerated others ulcerated which send forth a stinking and strong smelling filth Such of them as are painefull hard resisting and which have a livide or leaden colour must not be touched with the hand because they savour of the Nature of a Cancer as into which they oft degenerate yet by reason of the paine which oppresses more violently you may use the Anodyne medicines formerly described in a Cancer such as this following ℞ Olei de vitell ovorum ℥ ij Lytharg auri Tuthiae praep an ℥ j. succi plant solani an ℥ ssj Lapid haematit camphorae an ℥ ss Let them be wrought a long time in a leaden mortar and so make a medicine to be put into the nosethrills Those which are soft loose and without paine are sometimes curable being plucked away with an instrument made for that purpose or else wasted by actuall cauteries put in through a pipe so that they touch not the sound part or by potentiall cauteries as Agyptiacum composed of equall parts of all the simples with vitrioll which hath a facultie to waste such like flesh Aquafortis and oyle of vitrioll have the same facultie for these take away a Polypus by the rootes for if any part thereof remayne it will breede againe But Cauteries and acride medicines must be put into the nostrills with this Caution that in the meane time cold repelling and astringent medicines be applied to the nose and parts about it to asswage the paine and hinder the inflammation Such as are Vnguentum de bolo and vnguentum nutritum whites of Egges beate with Rose leaves and many other things of the like nature CHAP. III. Of the Parotides that is Certaine swellings about the Eares THe Parotis is a Tumor against nature affecting the Glandules and those parts seated behinde and about the Eares which are called the Emunctories of the braine for these because they are loose and spungy are fit to receive the excrements thereof Of these some are criticall the matter of the disease somewhat disgested being sent thither by the force of nature Others Symptomaticall the excrements of the braine increased in quantity or quality rushing thither of their owne accord Such abscesses often have great inflammation joyned with them because the byting humor which flowes thither is more vitiated in quality than in quantity Besides also they often cause great paine by reason of the distention of the parts indued with most exquisit sence as also by reason of a Nerve of the fifth Conjugation spread over these parts as also of the neighbouring membranes of the braine by which meanes the patient is troubled with the Head-ach and all his face becomes swolne Yet many times this kinde of Tumor useth to be raysed by a tough viscous and grosse humor This disease doth more grievously afflict young men than olde it commonly brings a Feaver and watching It is difficult to be cured especially when it is caused by a grosse tough and viscide humor sent thither by the Crisis The cure must be performed by diet which must be cōtrary to the quality of the humor in the temper consistence of the meates If the inflāmation rednesse be great which indicate abundance of bloud Phlebotomie will be profitable yea very necessary But here we must not use the like judgement in application of locall medicines as wee doe in others tumors as Galen admonisheth us that is wee must not use repercussives at the beginning especially if the abscesse be criticall for so we should infringe or foreflow the indeavors of nature forcibly freeing it selfe from the morbifique matter But wee must much lesse repell or drive it backe if the matter which hath flowed thither be venenate for so the reflow thereof to the noble parts would prove mortall Wherefore the Chirurgion shall rather assist nature in attracting and drawing forth that humor Yet if the defluxion shall be so violent if the paine so fierce that thence there may be feare of watchings and a Feaver which may deject the powers Galen thinks it will be expedient with many resolving medicines to mix some repelling Wherefore at the beginning let such a Cataplasme be applyed ℞ Far. hord sem lin ana ℥ ij coquantur cum mulsa aut decocto cham addendo but. recen olei cham ana ℥ j fiat Cataplasma And the following oyntment wil also be good ℞ But. recen ℥ ij oles cham lilior an ℥ j. unguen de Althea ℥ ss cerae parum make an oyntment to be applyed with moist and greasie wooll to mitigate the paine also somewhat more strong discussing and resolving medicins will be profitable as ℞ Rad. altheae bryon an ℥ ij fol. rutae puleg. orig an m. j. flo chamaem melil an p. j. coquantur in hydromelite pistentur traijciantur addendo farin faenugraec orobi an ℥ j. pal Ireos cham melilot an ℥ ij olet aneth rutac. an ℥ j. fiat cataplasma But if you determine to resolve it any more you may use Emplastrum Oxycroceum Melilot-Plaister If the humor doth there concrete and grow hard you must betake you to the medicines which were prescribed in the Chapter of the Scirrhus but if it tend to suppuration you shall apply the following medicine ℞ Rad. liliorum ceparum sub cineribus coct an ℥ iij. Vitell. over num ij axung suilla unguent basilicon an ℥ j. far sem lini ℥ iss fiat Cataplasma But if the matter doe so require let the tumor be opened as we have formerly prescribed CHAP. IIII. Of the Epulis or overgrowing of the flesh of the Gums THe Epulis is a fleshy excrescence of the Gums betweene the teeth which is by litle and litle oft times encreased to the bignes of an Egge so that it both hinders the speach and eating it casts forth salivous and stincking filth and not seldome degenerates into a Cancer which you may understand by the propriety of the colour paine and other accidents for then you must by no meanes touch it with your hand But that which doth not torment the Patient with paine may be pluckt away and let this be the manner thereof Let it be tyed with a double thred which must be straiter twitched untill such time as it fall off when it shall fall away the place must be burnt with a cautery put through a trunke or pipe or with Aqua fortis or oyle of Vitrioll but with great care that the sound parts adjoyning there to be not hurt for if so be that it be not burnt it usually returnes I have often by this meanes taken away such large tumors of this kinde that they hung out of the mouth in no small bignes to the great dissiguring of the face which when as no Chirurgion durst touch because the flesh looked livide I
divers times done with good successe But if it cannot be so done it will be better to put to your hand than through idlenesse to suffer the patient to remaine in imminent and deadly danger of strangling yet in this there must very great caution be used for the Chirurgeon shall not judge the Vvula fit to be touched with an instrument or caustick which is swolne with much enflamed or blacke blood after the manner of a Cancer but hee shall boldly put to his hand if it be longish grow small by litle and litle into a sharpe loose soft point if it be neither exceeding red neither swolne with too much blood but whitish and without paine Therefore that you may more easily and safely cut away that which redounds and is superfluous desire the patient to sit in a light place and hold his mouth open then take hold of the top of the Vvula with your sizers and cut away as much thereof as shall be thought unprofitable Other-wise you shall binde it with the instrument here under described the invention of this instrument is to be ascribed to Honoratus Tastellanus that diligent and learned man the Kings Physition in ordinary and the chiefe Physition of the Queene mother Which also may be used in binding of Polypi and warts in the necke of the Wombe The Deliniation of constrictory rings fit to twitch or binde the Columella with a twisted thred A. Shewes the ring whose upper part is some-what hollow B. A double waxed thred which is couched in the hollownesse of the ring and hath a running or loose knot upon it C. An iron rod into the eye whereof the fore-mentioned double thred is put and it is to twitch the Columella when as much thereof is taken hold of as is unprofitable and so to take it away without any fluxe of blood When you would straiten the thred draw it againe through this iron rod and so straine it as much as you shall thinke good letting the end of the thred hang out of the mouth But every day it must be twitched harder than other untill it fall away by meanes thereof and so the part and patient be restored to health I have deliniated three of these instruments that you may use which you will as occasion shall be offered A Figure of the Speculum oris by which the mouth is held and kept open whilest the Chirurgion is busied in the cutting away or binding the Vvula But if an eating ulcer shall associate this relaxation of the Vvula together with a fluxe of blood then it must be burnt and seared with an hot iron so thrust into a Trunke or Pipe with an hole in it that no sound part of the mouth may be offended therewith A hollow Trunke with a hole in the side with the hot iron inserted or put therein CHAP. VIII Of the Angina or Squinzy THe Squinancy or Squinzy is a swelling of the jawes which hinders the entring of the ambient aire into the weazon and the vapours and spirit from passage forth and the meate also from being swallowed There are three differences thereof The first torments the patient with great paine no swelling being outwardly apparent by reason the morbificke humor lyes hid behinde the almonds or Glandules at the Vertebrae of the necke so that it cannot be perceived unlesse you hold downe the tongue with a spatula or the Speculum oris for so you may see the rednesse and tumor there lying hid The patient cannot draw his breath nor swallow downe meate nor drinke his tongue likes Gray-hounds after a course hangs out of his mouth and he holds his mouth open that so hee may the more easily draw his breath to conclude his voyce is as it were drownd in his jawes and nose he cannot lye upon his backe but lying is forced to fit so to breathe more freely and because the passage is stopt the drinke flyes out at his nose the eyes are fiery and swollen and standing out of their orbe Those which are thus affected are often suddainely suffocated a foame rising about their mouthes The second difference is said to be that in which the tumor appeares inwardly but litle or scarse any thing at all outwardly the tongue Glandules and jawes appearing some what swollen The third being least dangerous of them all causes a great swelling outwardly but litle inwardly The Causes are either internall or externall The externall are a stroake splinter or the like things sticking in the Throat or the excesse of extreme cold or heat The internall causes are a more plentifull defluxion of the humors either from the whole body or the braine which participate of the nature either of blood choler or flegme but seldome of Melancholy The signes by which the kinde and commixture may be knowne have beene declared in the generall treatise of tumors The Squincy is more dangerous by how much the humor is lesse apparent within and without That is lesse dangerous which shewes it selfe outwardly because such an one shuts not up the wayes of the meate nor breath Some dye of a Squincy in twelue houres others in two foure or seven daies Those saith Hippocrates which scape the Squincy the disease passes to the lungs and they dye within seven dayes but if they scape these dayes they are suppurated but also often times this kind of disease is terminated by disappearing that is by an obscure reflux of the humor into some noble part as into the Lungs whence the Empyema proceeds and into other principall parts whose violating brings inevitable death sometimes by resolution otherwise by suppuration The way of Resolution is the more to be desired it happens when the matter is small and that subtle especially if the Physition shall draw blood by opening a veine and the patient use fitting Gargarismes A Criticall Squincy divers times proves deadly by reason of the great falling downe of the humor upon the throtle by which the passage of the breath is sodainely shut up Brothes must be used made with Capons and Veale seasoned with Lettuce Purslaine Sorrell and the cold seeds If the Patient shall be some what weake let him have potched Egges and Barly Creames the Barly being first boiled with Raisons in water and Sugar and other meates of this kinde Let him be forbidden wine in stead where of he may use Hydromelita and Hydrosachara that is drinkes made of water and Hony or water and Sugar as also the Syrupes of dryed Roses of Violets Sorrell and Limons and others of this kinde Let him avoide too much sleepe But in the meane time the Physition must be carefull of all because this disease is of their kinde which brooke no delayes Wherefore let the Basilica be presently opened on that side the tumor is the greater then within a short time after the same day for evacuation of the conjunct matter let the veine under the tongue be opened let cupping-Glasses
for the integrity of all parts may be preserved by their like and such are dry things in a fracture of the scull Wherefore all humide and oyely things must be shunned in the cure thereof unlesse peradventure there shall bee some neede to mitigate paine and bring the humor to suppuration For according to Galen wee are oft forest for a time to omit the proper cure of the disease so to resist the symptomes furthermore Hippocrates would have us not to foment the scull no not with wine but if we doe to let it be but with very little Vidius interprets that little to be when there is feare of inflammation for wine if it be red tart and astringent hath a repressing refrigerating and drying facultie for otherwise all wine although it heates and dries by its faculty yet it actually humects and cooles both which are very hurtfull in wounds of the head or a fractured scull especially when the bone is bare for from too much cooling of the braine there is feare of a convulsion or some other evill symptome Wherefore let this be ratified that is We must not use humide and unctuous medicines in wounds of the head except for curing of an inflammation or the mitigation of paine caused thereby Therefore let the bared scull bee strewed with catagmaticke and cephalicke powders being so called by the ancients for that they are convenient and good in fractures of the scull the rest of the bones for by their drynesse they consume the superfluous humiditie and by that meanes helpe nature in the separating of the broken bones and the regenerating of flesh Such pouders usually consist of such things as these ensuing Thus radix Iridos florent farina Hordei Ervi pulvis Aloes Hepatica sanguis Draconis mastiche Myrrha rad Aristolochiae Gentianae and generally all such simples as have a drying and an abstergent faculty without biting but you must not use these things before the paine inflammation and apostumation bee past that is then when the membranes must be clensed the bones scaled and the flesh generated For the scull by how much it is the dryer by so much it requires and more easily endures more powerfull and dryer medicines than the Dura Mater or Pericranium as that which in quicknesse of sense comes farre short of these two Wherefore when you would apply the forementioned cephalicke pouders to the Meninges they must be associated and mixed with honey syrupe of roses or of wormewood and such other like that so their too violently drying faculty may be alayed and tempered CHAP. XVII Why we use Trepaning in the Fractures of the scull THere are foure causes of this remedy The first is to raise up the deprest bones and take forth their fragments which presse upon the Meninges or also upon the substance of the braine The second is that the Sanies or matter may bee evacuated clensed wasted and dryed up which by the breaking of any vessell is poured forth upon the Membraines whereby they are and not they onely but the Braine also is in great danger of corruption The third is for the fitter application of medicines convenient for the wound and fracture The fourth is that so we may have something whereby we may supply the defect of a Repelling Ligature and such an one as may hinder defluxions for such a Ligature cannot take place here as it may in the other parts of the body by reason of the Sphaericall or Round figure of the head which doth not easily admit binding and then the density and hardnesse of the interposed scull is a meanes that the vessells lying under it by which usually the defluxion comes cannot easily be bound with a rowler sufficiently to repell the running blood And the externall vessells to whom the force of the Ligature may come cannot bee bound without great paine and danger of Inflammation For by such a compression the pulsation of the Arteries would be intercepted and the effluxe of the suliginous excrements which useth to passe through the sutures of the scull would be supprest by reason of the constriction of these sutures Besides also the blood would thus bee forced from the wounded part without to within into the Membranes and Braine whence paine Inflammation a Feaver Abscesse Convulsion Palsie Apoplexie and lastly death it selfe would ensue And these are the chiefe causes that Trepaning is necessary in fractures of the scull and not so in the fractures of other bones But before you apply or put to your Trepan the Patient must bee fitly placed or seated and a double cloth must be many times wrapped about his head and then his head must be so laid or pressed upon a Cushion or pillow that when you come to your operation it may not sinke downe any further but remaine firme and steddy Then you must stoppe the patients cares with Cotton-wooll that so hee may not heare the noise made by the Trepan or any other Instrument But before you put to your Trepan the bone must be pierced with an Instrument having a three square point that so it may bee the more speedily and certainely perforated The point thereof must be no bigger then the pin of the Trepan that so the Trepan which is forthwith to bee applyed may stand the more firmer and not play to and againe in too wide a hole The shape of this Instrument is not much different from a Gimblet but that the point is three-square and not twined like a screw as you may perceive by this following figure A Gimblet or peircer to perforate the scull before the setting too of the Trepan A. Shewes the handle B. The points which may be screwed and fitted into the handle CHAP. XVIII A description of Trepans TRepans are round sawes which cut the bone circularly more or lesse according to their greatnesse they must have a pinne standing in the middle a little further out than their teeth so to stay and hold fast the Trepan that it stirre neither to this side nor that untill it bee entred and you have cut through the first table at the least then you must take forth the pinne lest going quite through the bone it may pricke or hurt the Crassa Meninx Wherefore when you have taken forth the pinne you may safely turne it about untill you have cut through both the tables Your Trepans must also have a cappe or some what to engirt or encompasse them lest no way hindred they cut more of the bone than we would and in conclusion runne into the Meninx They must also be anointed with oyle that so they may cut the more readily and gently for thus Carpenters use to grease their sawes But you must during the time of the operation often dippe them in cold water lest the bone by attrition become too hot for all hard solide bodies by quicke and often turning about become hot but the bone made more hot and dry is altered
effects of winters qualities that is of cold and moisture yet by such order and providence of nature that although according to the varieties of seasons our bodies may be variously altered yet shall they receive no detriment thereby if so be that the seasons reteine their seasonablenesse from whence if they happen to digresse they raise and stirre up great perturbations both in our bodies and mindes whose malice we can scarse shunne because they encompasse us on every hand and by the law of nature enter together with the aire into the secret cabinets of our bodies both by occult and manifest passages For who is he that doth not by experience finde both for the commodity and discommodity of his health the various effects of winds wherewith the aire is commixt according as they blow from this or that Region or Quarter of the world Wherefore seeing that the South winde is hot and moist the North wind cold and dry the East wind cleare and fresh the West winde cloudy it is no doubt but that the aire which we draw in by inspiration carries together therewith into the bowells the qualities of that winde which is then prevalent When wee reade in Hippocrates that changes of times whether they happen by different windes or vicissitude of seasons chiefly bring diseases For northerly winds doe condense and strengthen our bodies and makes them active well coloured and daring by resuscitating and vigorating the native heare But southerne windes resolve and moisten our bodies make us heavy headed dull the hearing cause giddinesse and make the eyes and body lesse agile as the Inhabitants of Narbon finde to their great harme who are otherwise ranked among the most active people of France But if wee would make a comparison of the seasons and constitutions of a yeare by Hippocrates decree Droughts are more wholesome and lesse deadly than Raines I judge for that too much humiditie is the mother of putrifaction as you learne by these countries which are blowne upon by a winde from Sea For in these flesh which is kept for foode putrefies in the space of an houre and such ulcers as in other places are easily and quickly healed doe there by the conflux and collection of matter become inveterate and contumacious Therefore as when the seasons of the yeare successively fall out agreeable to their nature and when each season is seasonable then either we are not sicke at all or assuredly with lesse danger So on the contrary the perfect constitution and health of our bodies becomes worse and decaies when the seasons of the yeare are depraved and perverted in time and temper Now seeing that these many yeares the foure seasons of the yeare have wanted their seasonablenesse the summer wanting his usuall heate and the winter its cold and all things by moisture and the dominion of the southerne windes have beene humid and languide I thinke there is none so ignorant in naturall Philosophie and Astrologie who will not thinke that the causes of the malignitie and contumacie of those deseases which have so long afflicted all France are not to bee attributed to the aire and Heavens For otherwise whence have so many pestilent and contagious diseases tirannized over so many people of every age sex and condition whence have so many catarrhes coughs and heavinesses of the head so many pleurisies tumors small poxes meazells and Itches not admitting of digestion and remedies prescribed by Art Whence have we had so many venemous creatures as Toades Grashoppers Caterpillers Spiders Waspes Hornets Beetles Snailes Vipers Snakes Lizards Scorpions and Efts or Nutes unlesse from excessive putrefaction which the humidity of the aire our native heate being liquid and dull hath caused in us and the whole kingdome of France Hence also proceedes the infirmity of our native heate and the corruption of the blood and humors whereof we consist which the rainy Southwind hath caused with its sultry heate Wherefore in these last yeares I have drawne little blood which hath not presently shewed the corruption of its substance by the blacke or greenish colour as I have diligently observed in all such as I have bled by the direction of Physitions either for prevention of future or cure of present diseases Whence it comes to passe that the fleshy substance of our bodies could not but be faulty both in temper and consistence seeing that the blood whence it is generated had drawne the seeds of corruption from the defiled aire Whence it fell out that the wounds which happened with losse of substance could be scarse healed or united because of the depraved nature of the blood For so the wounds and ulcers of these which are troubled with the Dropsie whose blood is more cold or wholly waterish so of Leprous persons whose blood is corrupt and lastly of all such as have their bodies replete with ill juice or else are Cachecticke will not easily admit of cure Yea assuredly if but the very part which is hurt swerve from its native temper the wound will not easily bee cured Therefore seeing all these things both the putrefaction of the Aire and depraved humors of the body and also the distemper of the affected parts conspired together to the destruction of the wounded what marvaile was it if in these late civill warres the wounds which were for their quantity small for the condition of the wounded parts but little have caused so many and grievous accidents and lastly death it selfe Especially seeing that the Aire which encompasseth us tainted with putrefaction corrupts and defiles the wounds by inspiration and expiration the body and humours being already disposed or inclined to putrefaction Now there came such a stincke which is a most assured signe of putresaction from these wounds when they were dressed that such as stood by could scarse endure it neither could this stinke bee attributed to the want of dressing or fault of the Chirurgion for the wounds of the Princes and Nobility stunke as ill as these of the common Souldiers And the corruption was such that if any chanced to bee undrest for one day which sometimes happened amongst such a multitude of wounded persons the next day the wound would be full of wormes Besides also which furthermore argues a great putrifaction of humors many had Abscesses in parts opposite to their wounds as in the left knee when as the right shoulder was wounded in the left arme when as the right Leg was hurt Which I remember befell the King of Navarre the Duke of Nevers the Lord Rendan and divers others For all men had nature so overcharged with abundance of vicious humors that if it expelled not part thereof by impostumes to the habite of the body it certainly otherwise disposed of it amongst the inner parts of the body for in dissecting dead bodies wee observed that the Spleene Liver Lungs and other Bowells were purulent and hence it was that the patients by reason of vapours sent from them to
proceede from any other than a venenate matter yet the hurt of this venenate matter is not peculiar or by its selfe For oft times the force of cold whether of the encompassing ayre or the too immoderate use of Narcoticke medicines is so great that in a few houres it takes away life from some of the members and diverse times from the whole body as we may learne by their example who travell in great snowes and over mountaines congealed and horrd with frost yce Hence also is the extinction of the native heate and the spirits residing in the part and the shutting forth of that which is sent by nature to ayde or defend it For when as the part is bound with rigide cold and as it were frozen they cannot get nor enter therein Neither if they should enter into the part can they stay long there because they can there finde no fit habitation the whole frame and government of nature being spoyled and the harmony of the foure prime qualities destroyed by the offensive dominion of predominant cold their enimy whereby it commeth to passe that flying back from whence they first came they leave the part destitute and deprived of the benefit of nourishment life sense and motion A certaine Briton an Hostler in Paris having drunke soundly after supper cast himselfe upon a bed the cold ayre comming in at a window left open so tooke hold upon one of his legges that when he waked forth of his sleepe he could neither stand nor goe Wherefore thinking onely that his leg was numbe they made him stand to the fire but putting it very nigh he burnt the sole of his foote without any sense of paine some fingers thicknesse for a mortification had already possessed more than halfe his legge Wherefore after he was carried to the Hospitall the Chirurgion who belonged thereto endeavoured by cutting away of the mortified legge to deliver the rest of the body from imminent death but it proved in vaine for the mortification taking hold upon the upper parts he dyed within three dayes with thoublesome belching and hicketting raving cold sweate and often swounding Verily all that same winter the cold was so vehement that many in the Hospitall of Paris lost the wings or sides of their nose-thrills seazed upon by a mortification without any putrefaction But you must note that the Gangreene which is caused by cold doth first and principally seaze upon the parts most distant from the heart the fountaine of heate to wit the feete and legges as also such as are cold by nature as gristly parts such as the nose and eares CHAP. XIII Of the signes of a Gangreene THe signes of a Gangreene which inflammation or a phlegmon hath caused are paine and pulsation without manifest cause the sudden changing of the fyery and red colour into a livid or blacke as Hippocrates shewes where hee speakes of the Gangreene of a broken heele I would have you here to understand the pulsificke paine not onely to be that which is caused by the quicker motion of the Arteries but that heavy and pricking which the contention of the unaturall heate doth produce by raising a thicke cloud of vapours from these humours which the Gangreene sets upon The signes of a Gangreene caused by cold are if suddenly a sharpe pricking and burning paine assaileth the part for penetrabile frigus adurit i peircing cold doth burne if a shining rednesse as if you had handled snow presently turne into a livid colour if in stead of the accidentall heate which was in the part presently cold and numbenesse shall possesse it as if it were shooke with a quartain feaver Such cold if it shall proceede so farre as to extinguish the native heate bringeth a mortification upon the Gangreene also oft times convulsions and violent shaking of the whole body wondrous troublesome to the braine and the fountaines of life But you shall know Gangreenes caused by too streight bandages by fracture luxation and contufion by the hardnesse which the attraction and flowing downe of the humors hath caused little pimples or blisters spreading or rising upon the skinne by reason of the great heate as in a combustion by the weight of the part occasioned through the defect of the spirits not now sustaining the burden of the member and lastly from this the pressing of your finger upon the part it will leave the print thereof as in an aedema and also from this that the skinne commeth from the flesh without any manifest cause Now you shall know Gangreenes arising from a bite puncture aneurisma or wound in plethoricke and ill bodies and in a part indued with most exquisite sence almost by the same signes as that which was caused by inflammation For by these and the like causes there is a farre greater defluxion and attraction of the humors than is fit when the perspiration being intercepted and the passages stopt the native heate is oppressed and suffocated But this I would admonish the young Chirurgion that when by the forementioned signes hee shall finde the Gangreene present that hee doe not deferre the amputation for that hee findes some sense or small motion yet residing in the part For oft times the affected parts are in this case mooved not by the motion of the whole muscle but onely by meanes that the head of the muscle is not yet taken with the Gangreene with mooving it selfe by its owne strength also mooves its proper and continued tendon and taile though dead already wherefore it is ill to make any delay in such causes CHAP. XIIII Of the Prognostickes in Gangreenes HAving given you the signes and causes to know a Gangreene it is fit wee also give you the prognosticke The fearcenesse and malignity thereof is so great that unlesse it be most speedily withstood the part it selfe will dye and also take hold of the neighbouring parts by the contagion of its mortification which hath beene the cause that a Gangreene by many hath beene termed an Esthiomenos For such corruption creepes out like poyson and like fire eates gnawes and destroyes all the neighbouring parts untill it hath spred over the whole body For as Hippocrates writes Lib. de vulner capitis Mortui viventis nulla est proportio i There is no proportion betweene the dead and living Wherefore it is fit presently to separate the dead from the living for unlesse that be done the living will dye by the contagion of the dead In such as are at the point of death a cold sweat flowes over all their bodyes they are troubled with ravings and watchings belchings and hicketing molest them and often swoundings invade them by reason of the vapours abundantly and continually raysed from the corruption of the humors and flesh and so carryed to the bowells and principall parts by the Veines Nerves and Arteries Wherefore when you have foretold these things to the friends of the patient then make haste
they terme it whereof this is the composition â„ž aquaecoctae lb. vi sacc albis â„¥ iiii succ lim â„¥ i. agitentur transvasentur saepius in vasis vitreis I was purged when neede required with a bole of Cassia with Rubarbe I used also suppositories of Castle soape to make me goe to stoole for if at any time I wanted due evacuation a preternaturall heat presently seized upon my kidneyes With this though exquisite manner of diet I could not prevaile but that a fever tooke mee upon the eleventh day of my disease and a defluxion which turned into an Abscesse long flowing with much matter I thinke the occasion hereof was some portion of the humor supprest in the bottome of the wound as also by too loose binding by reason that I could not endure just or more strait binding and lastly scales or shivers of bones quite broke off and therefore unapt to be agglutinated for these therefore putrefying drew by consent the proper nourishment of the part into putrefaction and by the putredinous heat thence arising did plentifully administer the materiall and efficient cause to the defluxion and inflammation I was moved to thinke they were scales severed from their bone by the thin and crude sanies flowing from the wound the much swolne sides of the wound and the more loose and spongie flesh thereabouts To these causes this also did accrew one night amongst the rest as I slept the muscles so contracted themselves by a violent motion that they drew my whole Legge upwards so that the bones by the vehemency of the convulsion were displaced and pressed the sides of the wound neyther could they be perfectly composed or set unlesse by a new extension and impulsion which was much more painefull to mee than the former My fever when it had lasted with me seven dayes at length enjoyed a Crisis and end partly by the eruption of matter and partly by sweat flowing from me in a plenteous manner CHAP. XXVI What may be the cause of the convulsive twitching of broken members THis contraction and as it were convulsive twitching usually happens to fractured members in the time of sleepe I thinke the cause thereof is for that the native heat withdraws its selfe while we sleepe into the center of the body whereby it commeth to passe that the extreme parts grow colde In the meane while nature by its accustomed providence sends spirits to the suply of the hurt part But because they are not received of the part evill affected and unapt thereto they betake themselves together and suddenly according to their wonted celerity thither from whence they came the muscles follow their motion with the muscles the bones whereinto they are inserted are together drawne whereby it comes to passe that they are againe displaced and with great torment of paine fall from their former seate This contraction of the muscles is towards their originall CHAP. XXVII Certaine Documents concerning the parts whereon the Patient must necessarily rest whilest he lyes in his bed THose who have their Legge or the like bone broken because they are hindered by the bitternesse of paine and also wish for their cure or consolidation are forced to keep themselves without stirring and upon their backes in their beds for a long time together In the meane space the parts whereupon they must necessarily lye as the heele backe holy-bone rumpe the muscles of the broken thigh or legge remaine stretched forth and unmoveable set at libertie from their usuall functions Whereby it comes to passe that all their strength decayes and growes dull by little and little Moreover also by the suppression of the fuliginous and acride excrements and want of perspiration they grow preternaturally hote whence defluxion an abscesse and ulcer happen to them but principally to the holy-bone the rumpe and heele to the former for that they are defended with small store of flesh to the latter for that it is of more exquisite sense Now the ulcers of these parts are difficulty healed yea and oft-times they cause a gangrene in the flesh and a rottennesse and mortification in the bones there-under and for the most part a continued fever delirium convulsion and by that sympathie which generally accompanies such affects a hicketing For the heele and stomacke are two very nervous parts the latter in the whole bodie thereof and by a large portion of the nerves of the sixth conjugation but the other by the great tendon passing under it the which is produced by the meeting and as it were growing together of the three muscles of the calfe of the legge All which are deadly both by dissipation of the native heat by the feverish and that which is preternaturall as also by the infection of the noble parts whose use the life cannot want by carrion-like vapours When as I considered all these things with my selfe and become more skilfull by the example of others understood how dangerous they were I wished them now and then to lift my heele up out of the bed and taking hold of the rope which hung over my head I heaved up my selfe that so the parts pressed with continuall lying might transpire and be ventilated Moreover also I rested these parts upon a round cushion being open in the middle and stuffed with soft feathers and layd under my rumpe and heele that they might be refreshed by the benefit and gentle breathing of the ayre and I did oft-times apply linnen clothes spred over with unguentum rosatum for the asswaging of the paine and heat Besides also I devised a Casse of Lattin wherein the broken legge being layd is kept in its place farre more surely and certainely than by anie Junks and moreover also it may all be moved to and againe at the Patients pleasure This Casse will also hinder the heele from lying with all its bodie and weight upon the bed putting a soft and thicke boulster under the calfe in that place where the Casse is hollow besides also it armes and defends it against the falling downe and weight of the bed-clothes having a little arch made over and above of the same matter All which shall bee made manifest unto you by the following figure The figure of a Casse A A. Shew the bottome or belly of the Casse B B. The wings or sides to be opened and shut at pleasure C. The end of the wings whereto the sole or arch is fitted D D. The Arch. E E. The Sole F F. An open space whereat the heele hangs forth of the Casse Now it remaines that I tell you what remedies I applyed to the Abscesse which happened upon my wound When therefore I perceived an Abscesse to breed I composed a suppurative medicine of the yoalks of egges common oyle turpentine and a little wheat floure and I used it untill it was opened then to cleanse it I used this following remedie â„ž syrupi rosati terebinth venetae an â„¥ ii pulveris
blow they must not bee taken forth but restored and fastened to the next that remaine firme for in time they will be confirmed in their sockets as I tryed in Anthony de la Rue a tailour who had his jaw broken with the pommell of a dagger and three of his teeth loosened and almost shaken out of their sockets the jaw being restored the teeth were also put in their places and bound to the rest with a double waxed thread for the rest I fed the patient with broths gellyes and the like and I made astringent gargarismes of cypresse nuts myrtle berries and a little alum boyld in oxycrate and I wished him to hold it a good while in his mouth by these means I brought it so to passe that hee within a while after could chaw as easily upon those teeth as upon the other I heard it reported by a credible person that he saw a Lady of the prime nobility who instead of a rotten tooth she drew made a sound tooth drawne from one of her waiting maids at the same time to be substituted and inserted which tooth in processe of time as it were taking roote grew so firme as that she could chaw upon it as well as upon any of the rest But as I formerly said I have this but by heare-say Now the teeth are corroded or eaten in by an acride and thinne humour penetrating by a plenteous and frequent defluxion even to their roots and being there conteined it putrefies and becomming more acride it doth not only draw the teeth into the contagion of its putrefaction but also perforats and corrodes them The putrefaction may bee corrected if after generall medicines you put oile of vitrioll or aqua fortis into the hole of the eaten tooth or else if you burne the tooth it selfe to the roote with a small iron wyar being red hot you shall thrust this hot iron through a pipe or cane made for the same purpose lest it should harm any sound part by the touch therof and thus the putrefaction the cause of the arrosion may be stayed But if the hole bee on the one side between two teeth then shall you file away so much of the sound tooth as that you may have sufficient liberty to thrust in your wiar without doing any harme The formes of Files made for filing the teeth Wormes breeding by putrefaction in the roots of the teeth shall be killed by the use of causticks by gargles or lotions made of vinegar wherein either pellitory of Spain hath bin steeped or Treacle dissolved also Aloes and Garlike are good to be used for this purpose Setting the teeth on edge happens to them by the immoderate eating of acride or tart things or by the continuall ascent of vapours endued with the same quality from the orifice of the ventricle to the mouth or by a cold defluxion especially of acride phlegme falling from the braine upon the teeth or else by the too excessive use of cold or stupising liquors This affect is taken away if after generall medicines and shunning those things that cherish the disease the teeth bee often washed with aqua vitae or good wine wherein sage rosemary cloves nutmegs and other things of the like nature have bin boyled CHAP. XXVII Of drawing of teeth TEeth are drawne either for that they cause intolerable paines which will not yeeld to medicines or else for that they are rotten and hollowed so that they cause the breath to smell or else for that they infect the sound and whole teeth and draw them into the like corruption or because they stand out of order Besides when they are too deep and strongly rooted so that they cannot be plucked out they must oft times be broken of necessity that so you may drop some caustick thing into their roots which may take away the sense and consequently the paine The hand must be used with much moderation in the drawing out of a tooth for the Jaw is sometimes dislocated by the too violent drawing out of the lower teeth But the temples eyes and braine are shaken with greater danger by the too rude drawing of the upper teeth Wherefore they must first be cut about that the gums may be loosed from them then shake them with your fingers and doe this untill they begin to be loose for a tooth which is fast in and is plucked out with one pull oft-times breaks the jaw and brings forth the piece together therewith whence follow a feaver and a great fluxe of bloud not easily to be stayed for bloud or pus flowing out in great plenty is in Celsus opinion the sign of a broken bone many other maligne and deadly symptoms some have had their mouthes drawne so awry during the rest of their lives so that they could scarce gape Besides if the tooth be much eaten the hole thereof must be filled either with Lint or a corke or a piece of lead well fitted thereto lest it be broken under your forceps when it is twitched more straightly to be plucked out and the root remain ready in a short time to cause more grievous paine But judgement must be used and you must take speciall care lest you take a sound tooth for a pained one for oft-times the patient cannot tell for that the bitternesse of paine by neighbour-hood is equally diffused over all the jaw Therefore for the better plucking out a tooth observing these things which I have mentioned the patient shall be placed in a low seat bending back his head between the Tooth-drawers legs then the Tooth-drawer shall deeply scarifie about the tooth separating the gums therfrom with the instruments marked with this letter A. and then if spoyled as it were of the wall of the gums it grow loose it must be shaken and thrust out by forcing it with the three-pointed levatory noted with this letter B. but if it sticke in too fast and will not stirre at all then must the tooth be taken hold of with some of these toothed forcipes marked with these letters C. D. E. now one then another as the greatnesse figure and site shall seeme to require I would have a tooth-drawer expert and diligent in the use of such toothed mullets for unlesse one know readily and cunningly how to use them he can scarce so carry himself but that he will force out three teeth at once oft-times leaving that untoucht which caused the paine The effigies of Forcipes or mullets for the drawing of teeth Instruments for scraping the teeth and a three-pointed levatory The forme of another Instrument for drawing of teeth After the tooth is drawn let the blood flow freely that so the part may be freed from pain and the matter of the tumor discharged Then let the tooth-drawer presse the flesh of the gums on both sides with his fingers whereas hee tooke out the tooth that so the socket that was too much dilated and oft times torne by
from unordinate diet especially in the use of meat drink exercise and Venerie Lastly by unprofitable humours which are generated and heaped up in the body which in processe of time acquire a virulent malignity for these fill the head with vapours raised up from them whence the membranes nerves and tendons and consequently the joynts become more laxe and weake They offend in feeding who eat much meat and that of sundry kindes at the same meale who drink strong wine without any mixture who sleep presently after meat and which use not moderate exercises for hence a plenitude an obstruction of the vessels crudities and the encrease of excrements especially serous Which if they flow downe unto the joynts without doubt they cause this disease for the joints are weake either by nature or accident in comparison of the other parts of the body by nature as if they be loose and soft from their first originall by accident as by a blow fall hard travelling running in the sun by day in the cold by night racking too frequent venery especially suddenly after meat for thus the heat is dissolved by reason of the dissipation of the spirits caused in the effusion of seed whence many crude humours which by an unseasonable motion are sent into the sinews joints Through this occasion old men because their native heat is the more weak are commonly troubled with the gout Besides also the suppression of excrements accustomed to be avoided at certaine times as the courses haemorrhoides vomit scowring causeth this disease Hence it is that in the opinion of Hippocrates A woman is not troubled with the gout unlesse her courses faile her They are in the same case who have old and running ulcers suddenly healed or vaâ—ices cut and healed unlesse by a strict course of diet they hinder the generation and increase of accustomed excrements Also those which recover of great and long diseases unlesse they be fully and perfectly purged either by nature or art these humours falling into the joynts which are the relicks of the disease make them to become goutie and thus much for the primitive cause The internall or antecedent cause is the abundance of humours the largenesse of the vessels and passages which run to the joynts the strength of the amandating bowels the loosenesse softnesse and imbecility of the receiving joints The conjunct cause is the humour it selfe impact and shut up in the capacities and cavities of the joynts Now the unprofitable humour on every side sent downe by the strength of the expulsive faculty sooner lingers about the joynts for that they are of a cold nature and dense so that once impact in that place it cannot be easily digested and resolved This humour then causeth paine by reason of distension or solution of continnity distemper and besides the virulency and malignity which it acquires But it savours of the nature somtimes of one sometimes of more humors whence the gout is either phlegmonous or â—rysipilatous oedematous or mixt The concourse of flatulencies together with the flowing down humours and as it were tumult by the hinderance of transpiration encreaseth the dolorificke distension in the membranes tendons ligaments and other bodies wherein the joint consists CHAP. IV. Out of what part the matter of the Gout may flow downe upon the joints THE matter of the gout commeth for the most part from the liver or brain that which descends from the braine is phlegmatick serous thin and cleare such as usually drops out of the nose endued with a maligne and venenate quality Now it passeth out by the musculous skin and pericranium as also through that large hole by which the spinall marrow the braines substitute is propagated into the spine by the coats and tendons of the nerves into the spaces of the joints and it is commonly cold That which proceeds from the liver is diffused by the great veine and arteries filled and puffed up and participates of the nature of the foure humours of which the masse of the bloud consists more frequently accompanied with a hot distemper together with a gouty malignity Besides this maner of the gout which is caused by defluxion there is another which is by congestion as when the too weak digestive faculty of the joints cannot assimulate the juices sent to them CHAP. V. The signes of the arthritick humour flowing from the braine WHen the defluxion is at hand there is a heavinesse of the head a desire to rest and a dulnesse with the paine of the outer parts then chiefly perceptible when the hairs are turned up or backwards moreover the musculous skin of the head is puffed up as swolne with a certain oedematous tumour the patients seem to be much different from themselves by reason of the functions of the minde hurt by the malignity of the humour from whence the naturall faculties are not free as the crudities of the stomack and the frequent and acride belchings may testifie CHAP. VI. The signes of a gouty humour proceeding from the liver THe right Hypocondrie is hot in such gouty persons yea the inner parts are much heated by the bowell bloud and choler carry the sway the veins are large and swoln a defluxion suddenly falls down especially if there be a greater quantity of choler than of other humours in the masse of the bloud But if as it often falls out the whole bloud by meanes of crudities degenerate into phlegme and a wheyish humour then will it come to passe that the gout also which proceeds from the liver may be pituitous or phlegmatick and participate of the nature of an oedema like that which proceeds from the braine As if the same masse of bloud decline towards melancholy the gout which thence ariseth resembles the nature of a scirrhus yet that can scarce happen that melancholy by reason of the thicknesse and slownesse to motion may fall upon the joynts Yet notwithstanding because we speake of that which may bee of these it will not bee unprofitable briefly to distinguish the signes of each humour and the differences of gouts to be deduced from thence CHAP. VII By what signes we may understand this or that humour to accompany the gouty malignity YOu may give a guesse hereat by the patients age temper season of the yeare condition of the country where he lives his diet and condition of life the encrease of the paine in the morning noone evening or night by the propriety of the beating pricking sharpe or dull paine by numness as in a melancholy gout or itching as in that which is caused by tough phlegme by the sensible appearance of the part in shape and colour as for example sake in a phlegmaticke gout the colour of the affected part is very little changed from its selfe and the neighbouring well parts in a sanguine gout it lookes red in a cholerick it is fiery or pale in a melancholy livid or blackish by the heat
the juice of poppie But Aëtius thinkes it superfluous to write remedies against the Basiliske when as the sight and hearing onely kills such as either see or heare her The figure of a Basiliske CHAP. XX. Of the Salamander THe Salamander kils not onely such as it bites by making a venemous impression but it also infects the fruits and herbs over which it creeps with a spittle or grosse moisture which sweats out of all the bodie to the great danger of the health and life of such as eat these things at unawares wherfore it need not seeme strange which is received by some late writers that some families have all died by drinking water out of pits whereinto a Salamander by accident was fallen For if it shall creepe upon a tree it infects all the fruit with the qualities of cold and moist poyson wherein it yeelds not to Aconite Aetius writes that such as are infected with the poyson of a Salamander certaine parts of their bodie grow livide so that they fall away often being putrefyed At the first there appeare white spots over the body then red afterwards blacke with putrefaction and the falling away of the haires The cure is to procure vomit to loose the belly with a glyster and to give them Treacle and Mithridate in potions Avicen prescribes the same things against this kinde of poyson as against opium by reason of the cold nature of them both the proper antidote is turpentine styrax nettle seeds and cypresse leaves Dioscorides writes that the Salamander is a kind of Lizard dull variegated and which is falsly reputed not to be burnt by fire But Pliny saith she is so cold that she extinguisheth the fire by her touch onely being laied upon hot coales On the contrary Mathiolus saith that cast into a great flame they are quickly consumed It is easie out of Aetius to reconcile these disagreeing opinions This creature saith hee passeth through a burning flame and is not hurt the flame dividing it selfe and giving her way but if shee continue any time in the fire the cold humour being consumed in her she is burnt Now the Salamander is black variegated with yellow spots starre-fashion The figure of a Salamander CHAP. XXI Of the Torpedo THe Torpedo hath his name from the effect by reason that by his touch and power the members become torpid numb in muddy shoars it lives upon fish which she catcheth by craft For lying in the mud she so stupefyes those that are nigh her that she easily preyes upon them she hath the same power over men for she sends a numnesse not onely into the arm of the fisherman but also over all his body although his fishers pole be betweene them The effigies of a Torpedo CHAP. XXII Of the Bitings of Aspes THE wound which is made by an Aspe is very small as if a needle were thrust into the part and without any swelling These symptomes follow upon her bite suddaine darknesse clouds their eyes much agitation in all their bodies but gentle notwithstanding a moderate paine of the stomacke troubles them their fore-heads are continually troubled with convulsive twitchings their cheeks tremble and their eye-lids fall gently to rest and sleep the blood which flowes from the wound is little but blacke death no longer deferred than the third part of a day will take them away by convulsions unlesse you make resistance with fitting remedies The male Asp makes two wounds the female four as it also happens in the bitings of vipers Now for that the poyson of Asps congeals the blood in the veines and arteries therefore you must use against it such things as are hot subtle of parts as mithridate or treacle dissolved in aqua vitae and the same powred into the wound the patient must be warmed by bathes frictions walking and the like When as the hurt part becommeth purple black or greene it is a signe that the native heat is extinct and suffocated by the malignity of the venome Therefore then it is best to amputate the member if the partie bee able to endure it and there be nothing which may hinder Vigo writes that he saw a Mountebank at Florence who that he might sell the more of his Antidotes and at the better rate let an Aspe to bite him by the finger but he died thereof some foure houres after To the same purpose you may reade Mathiolus whereas hee writes that those Impostors or Mountebanks to cozen the better and deceive the people use to hunt and take vipers and aspes long after the spring that is then whenas they have cast forth their most deadly poyson then they feed them with meats formerly unusuall to them so that by long keeping and care at the length they bring it to passe that they put off a great part of their venemous nature neither being thus satisfied they make them oftentimes to bite upon pieces of flesh that so they may cast forth into them the venome which is contained in the membraine betweene their teeth and gums Lastly they force them to bite licke and swallow downe an astringent medicine which they compose and carry about for the same purpose that so they may obstruct the passages by which the venome used to flow out for thus at length their bites will be harmelesse or without great danger This therefore is their art that so they may sell their counterfeit treacle to the people at a high rate as that which is a most safe remedy against all poisonous bites Christopher Andrew in his book called â—â—coiatria writes that the Ilands of Spaine are every-where full and stored with serpents aspes and all sorts of venemous beasts against whose bites they never observed or found any benefit in treacle But the efficacie of the following Antidote is so certaine and excellent and approved by so manifold experience that in the confidence thereof they will not bee affraid to let themselves bee bitten by an Aspe Now this medicine is composed of the leaves of Mullet Avenes red stock Gilly flowers in like quantity which they boile in sharpe vinegar and the urine of a sound man and there with foment the wounded part Yet if he have not taken nor used any thing of a good while after the wound it will be better and more certaine if the patient drinke three ounces of this decoction fasting two houres before meate CHAP. XXIII Of the biting of a Snake I Have thought good in a true history to deliver the virulent malignity of the bite of a snake and the remedies thereof When as King Charles the ninth was at Moulins Mousier Le Feure the Kings Physician and I were called to cure the Cooke of the Lady of Castelpers Who gathering hoppes in a hedge to make a salad was bit on the hand by a snake that there lay hid hee putting his had to his mouth sucked the wound to ease the
a horse as Avicen writes The Antidote is pistick nuts eaten in great plenty treacle also and mithridate dissolved in sacke also wormewood rue and milke Of Mushromes some are deadly and hurtfull of their owne kinde and nature as those which broken presently become of divers colours and forth with putrefie such as Avicen saith those are which be found of a grayish or blewish colour others though not hurtfull in qualitie yet eaten in greater measure than is fitting become deadly for seeing by nature they are very cold and moist and consequently abound with no small viscosity as the excrementitious phlegme of the earth or trees whereon they grow they suffocate and extinguish the heat of the body as overcome by their quantity and strangle as if one were hanged and lastly kill Verily I cannot chuse but pittying Gourmondizers who though they know that Mushromes are the seminary and gate of death yet doe they with a great deale of doo most greedily devoure them I say pitying them I will shew them and teach them the art how they may feed upon this so much desired dish without the endangering of their health Know therfore that Mushromes may be eaten without danger if that they be first boyled with wild peares but if you have no wilde peares you may supply that defect with others which are the most harsh either newly gathered or dryed in the sun The leaves as also the bark of the same Tree are good especially of the wild for peares are their Antidote yet Conciliator gives another to wit Garlick eaten crude whereto in like sort vineger may bee fitly added so to cut and attenuate the tough viscous and grosse humors heaped up and in danger to strangle one by the too plentifull eating of Mushromes as it is delivered by Galen Ephemerum which some call Colchicum or Bulbus sylvestris that is medow saffron being taken inwardly causeth an itching over all the bodie no otherwise than those that are netled or rubbed with the juice of a Squill Inwardly they feelegnawings their stomacke is troubled with a great heavinesse and the disease encreasing there are streakes of blood mixed with the excrements The Antidote thereof is womans milke Asses or Cowes milk drunken warme and in a large quantity Mandrage taken in great quantity either the root or fruit causeth great sleepinesse sadnesse resolution and languishing of the body so that after many scritches and gripings the patient falls asleep in the same posture as hee was in just as if hee were in a Lethargie Wherefore in times past they gave Mandrage to such as were to bee dismembred The apples when as they are ripe and their seeds taken forth may be safely eaten for being green and with their seeds in them are deadly For there ariseth an intolerable heate which burnes the whole surface of the bodie the tongue and mouth waxe dry by reason whereof they gape continually so to take in the cold aire in which case unlesse they be presently helped they die with convulsions But they may be easily helped if they shall presently drinke such things as are convenient therefore Amongst which in Conciliators opinion excell radish seeds eaten with salt and bread for the space of three dayes Sneesing shall be procured if the former remedy do not quickly refresh them and a decoction of Coriander or Penny-royall in faire water shall be given them to drinke warme The ungratefull taste of the juice of blacke poppy which is termed Opium as also of Mandrage easily hinders them from being put into meate or drinke but that they may be discerned and chiefly for that neither of them can kill unlesse they be taken in a good quantity But because there is danger lest they bee given in greater quantity than is fitting by the ignorance of Physitians or Apothecaries you may by these signes finde the errour There ensues heavie sleepe with a vehement itching so that the patient oft times is forced thereby to cast off his dull sleepe wherein hee lay yet keepes his eye-lids shur being unable to open them But by this agitation there flowes out sweat which smels of Opium the bodie waxeth pale the lippes burne the Jaw-bone is relaxed they breath little and seldome When as their eyes waxe livid unlesse they bee drawne aside and that they are depressed in their orbe we must know that death is at hand The remedy against this is two drammes of the pouder of Castoreum given in wine Hemlocke drunken causeth Vertigo's troubleth the minde so that the patients may bee taken for mad men it darkeneth the sight causeth hicketting and benums the extreme parts lastly strangles with convulsions by supressing or stopping the breath of the Arterie Wherefore at the first as in other poysons you must endevour to expell it by vomit then inject glysters to expell that is got into the guts then use wine without mixture which is very powerfull in this case Peter Aponensis thinks the Bezoar or Antidote thereof to bee a potion of two drams of Treacle with a decoction of Dictamnus or Gentian in wine He which further desires to enform himselfe of the effects of Hemlock let him read Mathiolus his commentary upon Dioscorides where as he treats of the same subject Aconitum called so of Aconis a towne of the Periendines where as it plentifully growes According to Mathiolus it kils Wolves Foxes Dogges Cats Swine Panthers Leopards and all wilde beasts mixed with flesh and so devoured by them but it kills mice by onely smelling thereto Scorpions if touched by the roote of Aconite grow numme and torpid and so die thereof arrowes or darts dipped therein make uncurable wounds Those who have drunke Aconite their tongue forthwith waxeth sweet with a certaine astriction which within a while after turneth to bitternesse it causeth a Vertigo and shedding of teares and a heavinesse or straitnesse of the chest and parts about the heart it makes them breake wind downewards and makes all the body to tremble Pliny attributes so great celerity and violence to this poyson that if the genitalls of female creatures bee touched therewith it will kill them the same day there is no presenter remedy than speedy vomiting after the poison is taken But Conciliator thinks Aristolochia to be the Antidote thereof Yet some have made it usefull for man by experimenting it against the stinging of Scorpions being given warme in wine For it is of such a nature that it killeth the party unlesse it finde something in him to kill for then it strives therewith as if it had found an adversary But this fight is onely when as it finds poyson in the body and this is marvellous that both the poisons being of their own nature deadly should dye together that man may by that meanes live There are divers sorts thereof one wherof hath a flower like an helmet as if it were armed to mans destruction
strain it through a cloth when it is cold let it be given the patient to drink with the juice of Citrons Those that have accustomed to drink Sider Perry Beer or Ale ought to use that drink still so that it be clear transparent and thin and made of those fruits that are somwhat tart for troubled dreggish drink doth not only engender grosse humors but also crudities windiness and obstructions of the first region of the body whereof comes a feaver Oxycrate being given in manner following doth asswage the heat of the feaver and represse the putrefaction of the humours and the fiercenesse of the venome and also expelleth the water through the veines if so bee that the patients are not troubled with spitting of blood cough yexing and altogether weake of stomacke for such must avoyd all tart things Take of faire water one quart of white or red vinegar three ounces of fine Sugar foure ounces of syrup of Roses two ounces boile them a little and then give the patient there of to drinke Or take of the juice of Lemmons Citrons of each halfe an ounce of juice of soure Pomegranates two ounces of the water of Sorrell and Roses of each one ounce of faire water boyled as much as shall suffice make thereof a Julep and use it betweene meales Or take of Sirupe of Lemmons and of red Currance of each one ounce of the water of lillies foure ounces of faire water boyled halfe a pinte make thereof a Julep Ortake of the syrups of water Lillies and vinegar of each half an ounce dissolve it in five ounces of the water of Sorrell of faire water one pinte make thereof a Julep But if the patient be young and have a strong and good stomacke and cholericke by nature I thinke it not unmeet for him to drinke a full and large draught of fountaine water cold for that is effectuall to restraine and quench the heat of the Feaver and contrariwise they that drinke cold water often and a very small quantity at a time as the Smith doth sprinkle water on the fire at his Forge doe encrease the heat and burning and thereby make it endure the longer Therfore by the judgment of Celsus when the disease is in the chiefe encrease and the patient hath endured thirst for the space of three or four daies cold water must be given unto him in great quantity so that he may drink past his satiety that when his belly and stomacke are filled beyond measure and sufficiently cooled he may vomit Some doe not drinke so much thereof as may cause them to vomit but do drinke even unto satiety and so use it for a cooling medicine but when either of these is done the patient must bee covered with many cloaths and so placed that hee may sleepe and for the most part after long thirst and watching and after long fulnesse and long and great heat sound sleep commeth by which great sweat is sent out and that is a present helpe But thirst must sometimes be quenched with little pieces of Melons Gourds Cucumbers with the leaves of Lettuce Sorrell and Purslaine made moist or soked in cold water or with a little square piece of a Citron Lemmon or Orange macerated in Rose water sprinkled with Sugar and so held in the mouth and then changed But if the patient be aged his strength weak flegmatick by nature given to wine when the state of the Feaver is somewhat past and the chiefe heat beginning to asswage he may drink wine very much allayed at his meat for to restore his strength and to supply the want of the wasted spirits The patient ought not by any meanes to suffer great thirst but must mitigate it by drinking or else allay it by washing his mouth with oxycrate and such like and he may therein also wash his hands and his face for that doth recreate the strength If the fluxe or lask trouble him he may very well use to drinke steeled water and also boyled milke wherein many stones comming red hot out of the fire have beene many times quenched For the drynesse and roughnesse of the mouth it is very good to have a cooling moistening and lenifying lotion of the mucilaginous water of the infusion of the leeds of Quinces psilium id est Flea-wort adding thereto a little Camphire with the Water of Plantain and Roses then cleanse and wipe out the filth and then moisten the mouth by holding therein a little oile of sweete Almonds mixed with a little syrupe of Violets If the roughnesse breed or degenerate into Ulcers they must be touched with the water of the infusion of sublimate or Aqua fortis But because wee have formerly made frequent mention of drinking of water I have here thought good to speake somewhat of the choice and goodnesse of waters The choice of waters is not to be neglected because a great part of our diet depends thereon for besides that we use it either alone or mixed with wine for drink we also knead bread boile meat and make broaths therewith Many thinke that rain water which falls in summer and is kept in a cisterne well placed and made is the wholesomest of all Then next thereto they judge that spring water which runnes out of the tops of mountaines through rocks cliffes and stones in the third place they put Well water or that which riseth from the foots of hils Also the river water is good that is taken out of the midst or streame Lake or pond water is the worst especially if it stand still for such is fruitfull of and stored with many venemous creatures as Snakes Toads and the like That which comes by the melting of Snow and Ice is very ill by reason of the too refrigerating faculty and earthy nature But of spring and well waters these are to be judged the best which are insipide without smell colour such as are cleare warmish in winter and cold in summer which are quickly hot and quickly cold that is which are most light in which all manner pulse turneps and the like are easily and quickly boyled Lastly when as such as usually drink thereof have cleer voices and shrill their chests sound and a lively and fresh colour in their faces CHAP. XXII Of Antidotes to bee used in the Plague NOw we must treate of the proper cure of this disease which must bee used as soone as may be possible because this kinde of poyson in swiftnesse exceedeth the celerity of the medicine Therefore it is better to erre in this that you should think every disease to bee pestilent in a pestilent season and to cure it as the Pestilence because that so long as the Ayre is polluted with the seeds of the Pestilence the humours in the body are soone infected with the vicinity of such an ayre so that then there happeneth no disease voyd of the Pestilence that is to say which is not pestilent
Antidotes inwardly and applyed them outwardly for the most part escaped and recovered their health for that kind of Pestilence tooke its originall of the primitive and solitary default of the Aire and not of the corruption of the humours The like event was noted in the hoarsenesse that we spake of before that is to say that the patients waxed worse and worse by purging and phlebotomie but yet I doe not disallow either of those remedies if there be great fulnesse in the body especially in the beginning and if the matter have a cruell violence whereof may bee feared the breaking in unto some noble part For wee know that it is confirmed by Hypocrates that what disease soever is caused by repletion must be cured by evacuation and that in diseases that are very sharpe if the matter do swell it ought to be remedied the same day for delay in such diseases is dangerous but such diseases are not caused orinflicted upon mans body by reason or occasion of the pestilence but of the diseased bodies and diseases themselves commixed together with the Pestilence therefore then peradventure it is lawfull to purge strongly and to let a good quantity of bloud lâ—st that the pestilent venome should take hold of the matter that is prepared and so infect it with a contagion whereby the Pestilence taketh new and farregreater strength especially as Celsus admonisheth us where he saith that By how much the sooner those sudden invasions doe happen by so much the sooner remedies must be used yea or rather rashly applyed therefore if the veines swell the face waxe fiery red if the arteries of the temples beat strongly if the patient can very hardly breathe by reason of a weight in his stomacke if his spittle be bloudy then ought he to bee let bloud without delay for the causes before mentioned It seems best to open the liver veino on the left arme whereby the heart and the spleene may be better discharged of their abundant matter yet bloud-letting is not good at all times for it is not expedient when the body beginneth to waxe stiffe by reason of the comming of a Feaver for then by drawing backe the heat and spirits inwardly the outward parts being destitute of bloud waxe stiffe and cold therefore bloud cannot bee letten then without great losse of the strength and perturbation of the humours And it is to be noted that when those plethoricke causes are present there is one Indication of bloud-letting in a simple pestilent Feaver and another in that which hath a Bubo idest a Botch or a Carbuncle joined ther with For in one or both of these being joyned with a vehement strong burning Feaver bloud must be letten by opening the veine that is nearest into the tumour or swelling against nature keeping the straightness of the fibres that this being open the bloud might be drawn more directly from the part affected for all and every retraction of putrefied bloud unto the noble parts is to be avoyded because it is noysome and hurful to nature and to the patient Therefore for example sake admit the patient be plethoricke by repletion which is called Advasa idest unto the vessels and Advires idest unto the strength and there withall he hath a tumour that is pestilent in the parts belonging unto his head or necke the bloud must bee let out of the cephalick or median veine or out of one of their branches dispersed in the arme on the grieved side But if through occasion of fatte or any other such like cause those veines doe not appeare in the arme there bee some that give counsell in such a case to open the veine that is betweene the fore-finger and the thumbe the hand being put into warme water whereby that veine may swell and be filled with bloud gathered thither by meanes of the heate If the tumour be under the arme-hole or about those places the liver veine or the median must be opened which runneth alongst the hand if it be in the groine the veine of the hamme or Saphena or any other veine above the foote that appeareth well but alwaies on the grieved side And phlebotomie must bee performed before the third day for this disease is of the kind or nature of sharpe diseases because that within foure and twenty houres it runneth past helpe In letting of bloud you must have consideration of the strength You may perceive that the patient is ready to swoune when that his forehead waxeth moyst with a small sweate suddenly arising by the aking or paine at the stomacke with an appetite to vomit and desire to goe to stoole gaping blacknesse of the lippes and sudden alteration of the face unto palenesse and lastly most certaincly by a small and slow pulse and then you must lay your finger on the veine and stop it untill the patient come to himselfe againe either by nature or else restored by art that is to say by giving unto him bread dipped in wine or any other such like thing then if you have not taken bloud enough you must let it goe againe and bleed so much as the greatnesse of the disease or the strength of the patient will permit or require which being done some one of the Antidotes that are prescribed before will be very profitable to be drunk which may repaire the strength and infringe the force of the malignity CHAP. XXV Of purging medicines in a pestilent disease IFyou call to minde the proper indications purging shall seeme necessary in this kinde of disease and that must bee prescribed as the present case and necessity requireth rightly considering that the disease is sudden and doth require medicines that may with all speede drive out of the body the hurtfull humour wherein the noy some quality doth lurke and is hidden which medicines are diverse by reason of the diversity of the kinde of the humour and the condition or temperature of the patient For this purpose sixe graines of Scammonie beaten into powder or else tenne graines are commonly ministred to the patient with one dram of Treacle Also pils may be made in this forme Take of Treacle and Mithridate of each one dram of Sulphur vivum finely powdred halfe a dram of Diagridium foure graines make thereof Pils Or Take three drams of Aloes of Myrrhe and Saffron of each one dram of white Hellebore and Asarabacca of each foure scruples make thereof a masse with old Treacle and let the patient take foure scruples thereof for a dose three houres before meate Ruffus his pils may be profitably given to those that are weake The ancient Physicians have greatly commended Agarick for this disease because it doth draw the noysome humours out of all the members and the vertues thereof are like unto those of Treacle for it is thought to strengthen the heart and to draw out the malignity by purging To those that are strong the weight of two drams may be given and to those that
a bason under it to receive the water which by dropping may resemble raine Let the soles of the feet and palmes of the hands be gently scratched and the patient lye far from noise and so at length he may fall to some rest CHAP. XXVIII Of the Eruptions and Spots which commonly are called by the name of Purples and Tokens THE skinne in pestilent feavers is marked and variegated in divers places with spots like unto the bitings of Fleas or Gnats which are not alwaies simple but many times arise in forme like unto a graine of millet The more spots appeare the better it is for the patient they are of divers colours according to the virulency of the malignity and condition of the matter as red yellow browne violet or purple blew and blacke And because for the most part they are of a purple colour therefore wee call them Purples Others call them Lenticulae because they have the colour and forme of Lentiles They are also called Papiliones i Butterflies because they doe suddenly seaze or fall upon divers regions of the body like unto winged Butterflyes sometimes the face sometimes the armes and legges and sometimes all the whole body often times they doe not onely affect the upper part of the skin but goe deeper into the flesh specially when they proceed of matter that is grosse and adust They doe sometimes appeare great and broad affecting the whole arme legge or face like unto an Erysipelas to conclude they are divers according to the variety of the humour that offends in quality or quantity If they are of a purple or black colour with often swouning and sinke in suddenly without any manifest cause they foreshew death The cause of the breaking out of those spots is the working or heat of the blood by reason of the cruelty of the venome received or admitted They often arise at the beginning of a pestilent feaver many times before the breaking out of the Sore or Botch or Carbuncle and many times after but then they shew so great a corruption of the humours in the body that neither the Sores nor Carbuncles will suffice to receive them and therefore they appear as forerunners of death Sometimes they breake out alone without a Botch or Carbuncle which if they bee red and have no evill symptomes joyned with them they are not wont to prove deadly they appeare for the most part on the third or fourth day of the disease and sometimes later and sometimes they appeare not before the patient be dead because the working or heat of the humours being the off-spring of putrefaction is not as yet restrained and ceased Wherefore then principally the putride heat which is greatest a little before the death of the patient drives the excremental humors which are the matter of the spots unto the skin or else because nature in the last conflict hath contended with some greater endeavour than before which is common to all things that are ready to dye a little before the instant time of death the pestilent humour being presently driven unto the skinne and nature thus weakened by this extreme conflict falleth downe prostrate and is quite overthrowne by the remnant of the matter CHAP. XXIX Of the Cure of Eruptions and Spots YOU must first of all take heed lest you drive in the humour that is comming outwards with repercussives therfore beware of cold all purging things Phlebotomy and drowsie or sound sleeping For all such things doe draw the humours inwardly and work contrary to nature But it is better to provoke the motion of nature outwardly by applying of drawing medicines outwardly and ministring medicines to provoke sweat inwardly for otherwise by repelling stopping the matter of the eruptions there will bee great danger lest the heart be oppressed with the abundance of the venome flowing back or else by turning into the belly it inferres a mortall bloody fluxe which discommodities that they may bee avoided I have thought good to set downe this remedy whose efficacy I have knowne and proved many times and on divers persons when by reason of the weaknesse of the expulsive faculty and the thicknesse of the skinne the matter of the spots cannot breake forth but is constrained to lurke under the skin lifting it up into bunches and knobs I was brought unto the invention of this remedy by comparison of the like For when I understood that the essence of the French pockes and likewise of the pestilence consisted in a certain hidden virulency and venemous quality I soon descended unto that opinion that even as by the anointing of the body with the unguent compounded of Quick-silver the grosse and clammy humors which are fixed in the bones and unmoveable are dissolved relaxed and drawne from the center into the superficiall parts of the body by strengthening and stirring up the expulsive faculty and evacuated by sweating and fluxing at the mouth that so it should come to passe in pestilent Feavers that nature being strengthened with the same kinde of unction might unloade her selfe of some portion of the venemous and pestilent humour by opening the pores and passages and letting it breake forth into spots and pustles and into all kind of eruptions Therefore I have anointed many in whom nature seemed to make passage for the venemous matter very slowly first loosing their belly with a Clister and then giving them Treacle water to drinke which might defend the vitall faculty of the heart but yet not distend the stomack as though they had had the French pockes and I obtained my expected purpose in stead of the Treacle water you may use the decoction of Guajacum which doth heat dry provoke sweat and repell putrefaction adding thereto also vinegar that by the subtlety thereof it may pierce the better and withstand the putrefaction This is the description of the unguent Take of Hogs-greace one pound boyle it a little with the leaves of Sage Time Rosemary of each halfe an handfull straine it and in the straining extinguish five ounces of Quick-silver which hath bin first boyled in vinegar with the forementioned herbs of Sal Nitrum three drammes the yelks of three egges boyled untill they be hard of Treacle and Mithridate of each halfe an ounce of Venice Turpentine oyle of Scorpions and Bayes of each three ounces incorporate them altogether in a morter and make thereof an unguent wherewith annoint the patients arme-holes and groines avoyding the parts that belong to the head breast and back-bone then let him bee laid in his bed and covered warme and let him sweat there for the space of two houres and then let his body bee wiped and cleansed and if it may be let him be laid in another bed and there let him be refreshed with the broth of the decoction of a Capon rear egges and with such like meats of good juice that are easie to be concocted and digested let him be anointed the second and third day
allurements to venery but if he perceive her to be slow and more cold he must cherish embrace and tickle her and shall not abruptly the nerves being suddenly distended breake into the field of nature but rather shall creepe in by little and little intermixing more wanton kisses with wanton words and speeches handling her secret parts and dugs that she may take fire and bee enflamed to venery for so at length the wombe will strive and waxe fervent with a desire of casting forth its owne seed and receiving the mans seed to bee mixed together therewith But if all these things will not suffice to enflame the woman for women for the most part are more slow and slack unto the expulsion or yeelding forth of their seed it shall be necessary first to foment her secret parts with the decoction of hot herbes made with Muscadine or boiled in any other good wine and to put a little muske or civet into the neck or mouth of the wombe and when shee shall perceive the efflux of her seed to approach by reason of the tickling pleasure shee must advertise her husband thereof that at the very instant time or moment hee may also yeeld forth his seed that by the concourse or meeting of the seeds conception may be made and so at length a child formed and borne And that it may have the better successe the husband must not presently separate himselfe from his wives embraces lest the aire strike into the open wombe and so corrupt the seeds before they are perfectly mixed together When the man departs let the woman lye still in quiet lying her legges or her thighes acrosse one upon another and raising them up a little lest that by motion or downeward situation the seed should be shed or spilt which is the cause why she ought at that time not to talk especially chiding nor to cough nor sneese but give herselfe to rest and quietnesse if it be possible CHAP. V. By what signes it may bee knowne whether the woman have conceived or not IF the seed in the time of copulation or presently after be not spilt if in the meeting of the seedes the whole body doe somewhat shake that is to say the wombe drawing it selfe together for the compression entertainment therof if a little feeling of pain doth runne up and downe the lower belly and about the navell if shee be sleepy if she loath the embracings of a man and if her face bee pale it is a token that she hath conceived In some after conception spots or freckles arise in their face their eyes are depressed and sunke in the white of their eyes waxeth pale they waxe giddy in the head by reason that the vapours are raised up from the menstruall blood that is stopped sadnesse heavinesse grieve their mindes with loathing and way wardnesse by reason that the spirits are covered with the smoaky darkenesse of the vapoures paines in the teeth and gummes and swouning often times commeth the appetite is depraved or overthrown with aptnesse to vomit and longing whereby it happeneth that they loath meats of good juice and long for and desire illaudable meates and those that are contrary to nature as coales dirt ashes stinking salt-fish sowre austere and taâ—t fruits pepper vinegar and such like acride things and other altogether contrary to nature and use by reason of the condition of the suppressed humour abounding falling into the orifice of the stomack This appetite so depraved or overthrown endureth in some untill the time of childe-birth in others it commeth in the third moneth after their conception when haires do grow on the childe and lastly it leaveth them a little before the fourth moneth because that the child being now greater and stronger consumes a great part of the excrementall and superfluous humour The suppressed or stopped tearms in women that are great with childe are divided into three parts the more pure portion maketh the nutriment for the childe the second ascendeth by little and little into the dugs and the impurest of all remaineth in the womb about the infant and maketh the secundine or after-birth wherein the in fant lieth as in a sâ—…ed Those women are great with child whose urine is more sharpe fervent and somewhat bloody the bladder not only waxing warme by the compression of the wombe servent by reason of the blood conteined in it but also the thinner portion of the same blood being expressed and sweating out into the bladder A swelling and hardnesse of the dugs and veines that are under the dugs in the breastes and about them and milke comming out when they are pressed with a certaine stirring motion in the belly are certaine infallible signes of greatnesse with childe Neither in this greatnesse of childe bearing the veines of the dugges onely but of all the whole body appeare full and swelled up especially the veines of the thighes and legges so that by their manifold folding and knitting together they do appeare varicous whereof commeth fluggishnesse of the whole body heavinesse impotency or difficulty of going especially when the time of deliverance is at hand Lastly if you would know whether the woman have concerved or not give unto her when she goeth to sleepe some meed or honyed water to drink and if she have agriping in her guts or belly she hath conceived if not she hath not conceived CHAP. VI. That the wombe so soone as it hath received the seede is presently contracted or drawne together AFter that the seeds of the male and female have both met and are mixed together in the capacity of the wombe then the orifice thereof doth draw it selfe close together lest the seedes should fall out There the females seede goeth and turneth into nutriment and the encrease of the males seede because all things are nourished and doe encrease by those things that are most familiar and like unto them But the similitude and familiarity of seede with seede is farre greater than with bloud so that when they are perfectly mixed and eoagulated and so waxe warme by the straight and narrow inclosure of the wombe a certaine thinne skinne doth grow about it like unto that that will bee over unscimmed milke Moreover this concretion or congealing of the seede is like unto an egge layed before the time that it should that is to say whose membrane or tunicle that compasseth it about hath not as yet encreased or growne into a shelly hardnesse about it in folding-wise are seene many small threads dividing themselves over-spread with a certaine clammy whitish or red substance as it were with blacke bloud In the middest under it appeareth the navell from whence that small skinne is produced But a man may understand many things that appertaine unto the conception of mankinde by the observation of twenty egges setting them to bee hatched under an Henne and taking one every day and breaking it and diligently considering it
bee oppressed and choaked shee complaineth her selfe to bee in great paine and that a certaine lumpe or heavie thing climes up from the lower parts unto her throat and stoppeth her winde her heart burneth and panteth And in many the wombe and vessels of the wombe so swell that they cannot stand upright on their legs but are constrained to lye downe flat on their bellies that they may bee the lesse grieved with the paine and to presse that downe strongly with their hands that seemeth to arise upwards although that not the wombe it selfe but the vapour ascendeth from the wombe as wee said before but when the fitte is at hand their faces are pale on a sudden their understanding is darkened they become slow and weak in the legges with unablenesse to stand Hereof commeth sound sleepe foolish talking interception of the senses and breathe as if they were dead losse of speech the contraction of their legs and the like CHAP. XLVI How to know whether the woman be dead in the strangulation of the wombe or not I Have thought it meet because many women not onely in ancient times but in our owne and our fathers memory have beene so taken with this kind of symptome that they have beene supposed and layd out for dead although truly they were alive to set downe the signes in such a case which do argue life and death Therefore first of all it may be proved whether she be alive or dead by laying or holding a cleere and smooth looking-glasse before her mouth and nostrils For if she breathe although it be never so obscurely the thin vapour that commeth out will staine or make the glasse duskie Also a fine downish feather taken from under the wing of any bird or else a fine flocke being held before the mouth will by the trembling or shaking motion thereof shew that there is some breath and therefore life remaining in the body But you may prove most certainly whether there be any sparke of life remaining in the body by blowing some sneesing powders of pellitory of Spaine ellebore into the nostrils But though there no breath appeare yet must you not judge the woman for dead for the small vitall heat by which being drawn into the heart she yet liveth is contented with transpiration onely and requires not much attraction which is performed by the contraction dilatation of the breast and lungs unto the preservation of its selfe For so flyes gnats pismires and such like because they are of a cold temperament live unmoveably inclosed in the caves of the earth no token of breathing appearing in them because there is a little heat left in them which may be conserved by the office of the arteries and heart that is to say by perspiration without the motion of the breast because the greatest use of respiration is that the inward heat may be preserved by refrigeration and ventilation Those that do not mark this fall intâ—…haâ— errour which almost cost the life of him who in our time first gave life to anotomicall administration that was almost decayed and neglected For he being called in Spaine to open the body of a noble woman which was supposed dead through strangulation of the wombe behold at the second impression of the incision knife she began suddenly to come to her selfe and by the moving of her members and body which was supposed to be altogether dead and with crying to shew manifest signes that there was some life remaining in her Which thing strooke such an admiration horror into the hearts of all her friends that were present that they accounted the Physician being before of a good fame and report as infamous odious and detestable so that it wanted but little but that they would have scratched out his eyes presently wherefore hee thought there was no better way for him if he would live safe than to forsake the countrey But neither could hee so also avoyde the horrible pricke and inward wound of his conscience from whose judgment no offender can be absolved for his inconsiderate dealing but within few dayes after being consumed with sorrow he dyed to the great losse of the common wealth and the art of physick CHAP. XLVII How to know whether the strangulation of the wombe comes of the suppression of the flowers or the corruption of the seed THere are two chiefe causes especially as most frequently happening of the strangulation of the wombe but when it proceedeth from the corruption of the seed all the accidents are more grievous and violent difficulty of breathing goes before and shortly after comes deprivation thereof the whole habit of the body seemeth more cold than a stone the woman is a widow or else hath great store or abundance of seed and hath been used to the company of a man by the absence whereof she was before wont to be pained with heavinesse of the head to loath her meat and to bee troubled with sadnesse and feare but chiefly with melancholy Moreover when she hath satisfied and every way fulfilled her lust and then presently on a sudden begins to containe her selfe It is very likely that shee is suffocated by the supprossion of the flowers which formerly had them well and sufficiently which formerly hath bin fed with hot moist and many meats and therefore engendring much bloud which sitteth much which is grieved with some weight and swelling in the region of the belly with paine in the stomacke and a desire to vomit and with such other accidents as come by the suppression of the flowers Those who are freed from the fit of the suffocation of the wombe either by nature or by are in a short time their colour commeth into their faces by little and little and the whole body beginneth to wax strong and the teeth that were set and closed fast together begiâ— the jawes being loosed to open and unclose againe and lastly some moisture floweth from the secret parts with a certaine tickling pleasure but in some women as in those especially in whom the necke of the wombe is tickled with the mydivives singer in stead of that moysture comes thick and grosse seed which moysture or seed when it is fallen the wombe being before as it were raging is restored unto its owne proper nature and place and by little and little all symptomes vanish away Men by the suppression of their seede have not the like symptomes as women have because mans seed is not so cold and moyst but far more perfect and better digested and therefore more meet to resist putrefaction and whiles it is brought or drawn together by little and little it is dissipated by great and violent exercise CHAP. XLVIII Of the cure of the strangulation of the wombe SEeing that the strangulation of the wombe is a sudden and sharp disease it therefore requireth a present and speedy remedy for if it be neglected it many times causeth present
Chamaemelum Brassica Sarcocolla Crocus Faba Faenugraecum Horaâ—â—m integrum Second degree Artemisia Orobus Balaustia Lens Mastiche Mel. Sal. Anethum Myrrha Pix arida Plantago Nux moschata Third degree Abrotonum ustum Absinthium Acetum Milium Sanguis draconis Galla. Myrtus Aloe Cuminum Sabina Fourth degree Piper Allium Nasturtium Sinapi Euphorbium Those we have mentioned have of themselves and their own nature all such qualities yet doe they produce farre other effects by accident and besides their owne nature in our bodies by reason of which they are termed accidentall causes This shall be made manifest by the following examples Externall heat by accident refrigerates the body within because it opens the passages and pores and cals forth the internall heate together with the spirits and humours by sweats whence it followes that the digestion is worse and the appetite is diminished The same encompassing heate also humects by accident whilest it diffuses the humours concrete with cold for thus Venery is thought to humect The like may be said of Cold for that it heates not by its proper and native but by an adventitious force whereof you may make tryall in Winter when as the ambient cold by shutting the pores of the body hinders the breathing forth and dissipation of the native heat Whence it is inwardly doubled and the concoction better performed and the appetite strengthened This same cold also dries by accident when as it by accident repercusses the humour that was ready to flow down into any part and whilst it concretes that which is gathered in the part for thus by the immoderate use of repercussers an oedematous tumour proceeding from gross and viscide phlegme degenerates into a scirrhus Drinesse and moisture because they are more passive qualities shew their effects by not so manifest operations as heate and cold doe but in comparison of them they are rather to be judged as matter or a subject CHAP. IV. Of the second faculties of Medicines WEe terme those the second faculties of Medicines which have dependance upon the first which are formerly mentioned as it is the part Of Heate to Rarefie Attract Open Attenuate Levigate Cleanse Of Cold to Condense Repercusse Shut up Incrassate Exasperate Constipate Of Moisture to Soften Relaxe Of Drinesse to Harden Stiffen Hence we terme that an attractive medicine which hath an attractive faculty as on the contrary that a repercussive that repels a detergent that which cleanses viscous matter We call that an Emplasticke medicine which not only shuts up the pores of the body but reduces the liquid bodies therein contained to a certaine equality of substance Thus also emollients relaxers and the rest have their denominations from their effects as we shall declare hereafter CHAP. V. Of the third faculties of Medicines THe third faculty of medicines depends for the most part upon the first and second faculties sometimes conjoyned otherwhiles separate Also sometimes it followes neither of these faculties but a certaine property and inexplicable quality which is only knowne by experience Now the operations of this third faculty are to agglutinate to fill with flesh to cicatrize to asswage paine to move or stay the urine milke seed the courses sweats vomits and performe such like operations in or about the body Thus the generation of flesh is produced by the concourse of two faculties that is of drying and cleansing But drinesse and astriction produce a glutinating and cicatrizing faculty A hot and attenuating faculty causeth sweats moves urine the courses and the like in the body but contrary faculties retarde and stop the same To mitigate paine proceeds only from the first faculty to wit from heate or a moderately heating faculty to procure rest from cold onely or coldnesse joyned with some moisture But to procure vomit proceeds neither from the first nor second faculty but from a certaine occult and essentiall property which is naturally implanted in Agaricke and other nauscous and vomitory medicines CHAP. VI. Of the fourth faculty of Medicines THe fourth faculty of medicines is not of the same condition with those that are formerly mentioned for it depends not upon them or any other manifest or elementary quality but on an occult property of the whole substance by meanes whereof it workes rather upon this than that part upon this rather than that humour Wherefore Physitians cannot by any reason finde out this faculty but only by experience as we have said a little before of medicines procuring vomit Hence it is that names are given to those medicines from those parts that they chiefly respect For they are termed Cephalicks which respect the head as Betony Marjerome Sage Rosemary Staechas Pneumonicks which respect the Lungs as Liquorice sweet Almonds Orris Elecampane Cordials that strengthen the heart as Saffron Cinamon Citrons but chiefly their rindes Buglosse Corall Ivory Stomaticall which respect the stomacke and the orifice thereof as Nutmegs Mint Anise Masticke Pepper Ginger Hepaticks which respect the Liver as Wormwood Agrimony Spikenard Succory Sanders Spleniticks which have relation to the spleene as Time Epithymum Broome flowers Cetrach Capers the barke of their rootes the barke of Tamariske Diureticks such as respect the kidneyes and urenary passages as the rootes of Smallage Asperagus Fennell Butchers brome the foure greater cold seeds Turpentine Plantaine Saxifrage Arthniticks or such as strengthen the joynts as Cowslips Chamaepytis Elecampane Calaminte Hermodactiles and the like To this ranke may be referred purging medicines which furnished with a specificke property shew their efficacy on one humour more than another humour and that impact more in one part than in another For thus Agricke chiefly drawes phlegme from the head and joynts Rubarbe drawes choller chiefly from the Liver and hurts the kidneyes But let us here forbeare the consideration of such things as not appertaining to Surgery But some medicines of this kinde are furnished with one simple faculty othersome with more and those contrary whereof your taste may give you sufficient notice for Rubarbe at the first touch of the tongue is found acride and hot but when you come to chaw and throughly to taste it you shall find it to partake of an earthy astriction Therefore because tastes give notice of the faculties of medicines therefore I have thought good to treat of them briefly CHAP. VII Of Tastes TAste as Galen delivers according to Aristotle and Theophrastus is a certaine concoction of moisture in drinesse caused by meanes of heate which we know or discerne by the tongue well tempered and fittingly furnished with spittle and his nerves There are nine differences of tastes for there are three judged hot to wit the acride bitter and salt three cold the acide austere and acâ—rbe three temperate the sweet the oily or fat and the insipide Now they are thought so many according to the different degrees of concoction for it appeares greater in hot tastes and as it were a certaine assation but lesse in cold but
temperate Although as many things agree together in some respects though of a divers nature so many emollients are such as are hot in the first degree and dry in the second and third that so they may the better disperse and diffuse that which is congealed by taking away a little of the humidity which is contained within the part affected but not by exhausting it wholly by the violence of heate or drinesse for hereon would follow a greater hardnesse Things mollifying are either simple or compound and these againe strong or weake The weake are Radix liliorum alborum cacumeris agrestis althaeae folia malvae bismalvae liliorum anethi summitates viola branca ursina semen malvae bismalvae lini foenugraeci carici pingues passulae mundatae pedum capitum intestinorum vervecinorum decoctum adeps exjunioribus castratis domesticis foeminis animalibus adâ—ps suillus vitulinus hoedinus caprinus bubulus vulpinus gallinaceus anserinus anatinus olorinus efficaces The weaker are things more gentle as Butyrum lana succida cera pinguis vitellus ovi medulla exossibus cervina ovilla caprina The compound are oyle wherein are boiled mollifying herbes as Oleum liliorum chamaemelinum amygdalarum dulcium Stronger emollients are Acetum adeps taurinus ursinus cervinus leoninus pardalinus apri equisevum pinea picea abietina terebenthina ammoniacum bdelium styrax galbanum ladanum propolis opopanax ung de althaea emp. diachylon commune magnum de mucilaginibus ceroneum oxycroceum Joannis de vigo We use emollients in scirrhous tumours of the muscles or in the lips of ulcers in any of the limbes belly glandules bowels by reason of a grosse cold and viscous matter eyther flegmaticke or melancholicke Yet those tumours which come of melancholy commonly turne to cancers which are exasperated by mollifying things On the contrary such as proceed from a flegmaticke matter are brought to an equality of consistence by the use of emollients Furthermore there are three things observable in the use of emollients the first is duely to consider how much the affected part differs from his proper and naturall temper and proportion that so we may apply an equivalent remedy The second is that wee distinguish the natures of the parts The third is that we artificially gather after what maner this mollifying must be performed that is whether we should mingle with the emollients detersive or discussing medicines For there are many desperate schirrhous tumours that is such as cannot be overcome by any emollient medicine as those which are growne so hard that they have lost their sense and thereupon are become smooth and without haires Here you must observe that the part sometimes becomes cold in so great an excesse that the native heate plainly appeares to languish so that it cannot actuate any medicine That this languishing heate may be resuscitated an iron stove shall be set neere to the part wherein a good thicke peece of iron heated red hot shall be inclosed for so the stove will keep hot a long time The figure of an iron stove A. The casse of the stove B. The iron Bat to be heated C. The lidde to shut the stove CHAP. XIV Of Detersives or Mundificatives ADetersive is defined to be that which doth deterge or cleanse an ulcer and purge forth a double kinde of excrement of the which one is thicker which is commonly called sordes which is drawne forth from the bottome of the ulcer by the edificatious quality of the medicine the other is more thin and watery which the Greekes call Ichor the Latines Sanies which is taken away by the drinesse of the medicine and therefore Hippocrates hath well advised that every ulcer must be cleansed and dryed Of Detersives some are simple some compound some stronger some weaker The simple are eyther bitter sweet or sowre the bitter are Gentiana Aristolochia iris enula scilla serpentaria centaurinum minus absinthium marrubium perforata abrotonon apium chelidonium ruta hyssopus scabiosa arthemisia cupatorium aloë fumus terrae haedera terrestris a lixivium made with the ashes of these things lupini orobus amygdala amara faba terebinthina myrrha mastiche sagapenum galbanum ammoniacum the gals of Beasts stercus caprinum urina benè cocta squamma aeris aes ustum aerugo scoria aeris antimonium calx chalcitis misy sory alumen The sweet are Viola rosa melliloâ—um ficus pingues dactyli uvae passae glycyrrhiza aqua hordei aqua mulsa vinum dulce mel saccharum serum lactis manna thus The sharpe are all kinde of sowre things Capreoli vitium acetum and other acide things The compound are Syrupus de absinthio de fumaria de marrubio de eupatorio de arthemisia acetosus lixivium oleum de vitellis ovorum de terebinthina de tartaro unguentum mundificativum de apio apostolorum pulvis mercurialis We use such things as deterge that the superfluous matter being taken away nature may the more conveniently regenerate flesh to fill up the cavity But in the use of them consideration is first to bee had of the whole body whether it be healthy plethoricke or ill disposed there is consideration to be had of the part which is moyster and drier endued with a more exquisite or duller sense But oftentimes accidents befall ulcers besides nature as a callus a defluxion of a hot or otherwise maligne humour and the like symptomes Lastly consideration is to be had whether it be a new or inveterate ulcer for from hence according to the indication remedies are appointed different in quantity and quality so that oftentimes wee are constrained to appoint the bitter remedy in stead of the sweet Neither truly with a painfull and dry ulcer doth any other than a liquid detersive agree neither to the moyst any other than that of a dry consistence as Powders CHAP. XV. Of Sarcoticks THat medicine is sayd to be sarcotick which by its drinesse helpes nature to regenerate flesh in an ulcer hollow diligently cleansed from all excrements But this is properly done by bloud indifferent in quality and quantity Wherefore if we must speak according to the truth of the thing there is no medicine which can properly and truly be called sarcoticke For those which vulgarly goe under that name are only accidentally such as those which without biting and erosion do dry up and deterge the excrements of an ulcer which hinder the endeavour of nature in generating of flesh For as by the law of nature from that nourishment which flowes to the nourishing of the part there is a remaine or a certaine thin excrement flowing from some other place called by the Greekes Ichor and by the Latines Sanies Thus by the corruption of the part there concretes another grosser excrement termed Rypos by the Greekes and Sordes by the Latines That makes the ulcer more moyst this more filthy Hence it is that every wound which requires
by the beames of the sunne others by the force of lightnings penetrating the bowels of the earth others by the violence of the aire vehemently or violently agitated no otherwise than fire is strucke by the collision of a flint and steele Yet it is better to referre the cause of so great an effect unto God the maker of the Universe whose providence piercing every way into all parts of the World enters and governes the secret parts and passages thereof Notwithstanding they seeme to have come neerest the truth who referre the cause of heat in waters unto the store of brimstone conteined in certaine places of the earth because amongst all minerals it hath most fire and matter fittest for the nourishing thereof Therefore to it they attribute the flames of fire which the Sicilian mountaine Aetna continually sends forth Hence also it is that the most part of such waters smell of Sulphur yet others smell of Alom others of nitre others of Tarre and some of Coprosse Now you may know from the admixture of what metalline bodies the waters acquire their faculties by their taste sent colour mud which adheres to the channels through which the water runnes as also by an artificiall separation of the more terrestriall parts from the more subtle For the earthy drosse which subsides or remaines by the boiling of such waters will retaine the faculties and substance of Brimstone Alume and the like minerals besides also by the effects and the cure of these or these diseases you may also gather of what nature they are Wherefore wee will describe each of these kinds of waters by their effects beginning first with the sulphureous Sulphureous waters powerfully heat dry resolve open and draw from the center unto the surface of the body they cleanse the skin troubled with scabs tettars they cease the itching of ulcers and digest exhaust the causes of the gout they help paines of the collicke and hardened spleenes But they are not good to be drunk not onely by reason of their ungratefull smell and taste but also by reason of the malitiousnesse of their substance offensive to the inner parts of the body but chiefly to the liver Aluminous waters taste very astrictively therefore they dry powerfully they have no such manifest heat yet drunke they loose the belly I believe by reason of their heat and nitrous quality they cleanse and stay defluxions and the courses flowing too immoderately they also are good against the tooth-ache eating ulcers and the hidden abscesses of the other parts of the mouth Salt and nitrous waters shew themselves sufficiently by their heat they heat dry bind cleanse discusse attenuate resist putrefaction take away the blackenesse comming of bruises heale scabby and maligne ulcers and helpe all oedematous tumors Bituminous waters heate digest and by long continuance soften the hardened sinewes they are different according to the various conditions of the bitumen that they wash and partake of the qualities thereof Brasen waters that is such as retaine the qualities of brasse heat dry cleanse digest cut binde are good against eating ulcers fistula's the hardnesse of the eye-lids and they waste and eat away the fleshy excrescences of the nose and fundament Iron waters coole dry and bind powerfully therefore they helpe abscesses hardened milts the weaknesses of the stomacke and ventricle the unvoluntary shedding of the urine and the too much flowing termes as also the hot distemper of the liver and kidneyes Some such are in the Lucan territory in Italy Leaden waters refrigerate dry and performe such other operations as lead doth the like may bee said of those waters that flow by chalke plaster and other such mineralls as which all of them take and performe the qualities of the bodies by which they passe Hot waters or bathes helpe cold and moist diseases as the Palsic convulsion the stiffenesse and attraction of the nerves trembling palpitations cold distillations upon the joints the inflation of the members by a dropsie the jaundise by obstruction of a grosse tough and cold humour the paines of the sides collick and kidneies barrennesse in women the suppression of their courses the suffocation of the womb causelesse wearinesse those diseases that spoile the skinne as tettars the leprosie of both sorts the scabbe and other diseases arising from a grosse cold and obstructing humour for they provoke sweats Yet such must shunne them as are of a cholericke nature and have a hot liver for they would cause a cachexia and dropsie by overheating the liver Cold waters or baths heale the hot distemper of the whole body each of the parts therof and they are more frequently taken inwardly than applied outwardly they help the laxnesse of the bowels as the resolution of the retentive faculty of the stomacke entralls kidneies bladder and they also adde strength to them Wherefore they both temper the heat of the liver and also strengthen it they stay the Diarrhaea Dysentery Courses unvoluntary shedding of urine the Gonnorrhaea Sweats and Bleedings In this kinde are chiefly commendable the waters of the Spaw in the country of Liege which inwardly and outwardly have almost the same faculty and bring much benefit without any inconvenience as those that are commonly used in the drinks and broaths of the inhabitants In imitation of naturall baths there may in want of them be made artificiall ones by the infusing and mixing the powders of the formerly described mineralls as Brimstone Alume Nitre Bitumen also you may many times quench in common or raine water iron brasse silver and gold heated red hot and so give them to be drunk by the patient for such waters doe oft times retain the qualities and faculties of the metals quenched in them as you may perceive by the happy successe of such as have used them against the Dysentery Besides these there are also other bathes made by art of simple water sometimes without the admixture of any other thing but otherwhiles with medicinall things mixed therewith and boiled therein But after what manner soever these bee made they ought to be warme for warm water humects relaxes mollifies the solid parts if at any time they bee too dry hard and tense by the ascititious heat it opens the pores of the skinne digests attracts and discusses fuliginous and acrid excrements remaining betweene the flesh and the skin It is good against sun-burning and wearinesse whereby the similar parts are dried more than is fit To conclude whether we be too hot or cold or too dry or be nauseous we find manifest profit by baths made of sweet or warme water as those that may supply the defect of frictions and exercises for they bring the body to a mediocrity of temper they encrease and strengthen the native colour and by procuring sweat discusse flatulencies therefore they are very usefull in hecticke feavers and in the declension of all feavers and against raving and talking
Restauratives othersome are composed of both such as are these restaurative waters which are also mixed with medicinall things others are purging as the distilled water of greene and fresh Rubarbe othersome serve for smoothing the skinne and others for smell of which sort are those that are destilled of aromaticke things To distill Rose water it will be good to macerate the Roses before you distill them for the space of two or three dayes in some formerly distilled Rosewater or their pressed out juice luting the vessell close then put them into an Alembecke closely luted to his head and his receiver and so put into a Balneum Mariae as wee have formerly described The distilled Alimentary liquors are nothing else than those that wee vulgarly call Restauratives this is the manner and art of preparing them Take of Veale Mutton Kid Capon Pullet Cocke Partridge Pheasant as much as shall seeme fit for your purpose cut it small and least it should acquire heate or empyreuma from the fire mixe therewith a handfull of French Barley and of red Rose leaves dry and fresh but first steeped in the juice of Pomegranats or citrons and Rosewater with a little Cinnamon as much But if you desire that this restaurative should not onely bee alimentary but also medicinall you shall adde thereto such things as shall resist the disease such as are Cordiall pouders as of El. Diamargarit frigid De Gemmis Aromaticum Rosat Conserve of Buglosse Borrage roots hearbes seeds and other things of that kind But if it be in a pestiferous season Treacle Mithridate and other Antidotes shall be added each of these shall be laid in rankes or orders one over another which is vulgarly termed stratum super stratum in a glasse Alembeck and distilled in balneo Mariae with the heate of Ashes or else of warme sand as the following figure shewes The delineation of a Balneum Mariae which may also serve for to distill with Ashes A. Shewes the Fornace with the hole to take forth the Ashes B. Shewes another Fornace as it were set in the other now it is of Brasse and runs through the midst of the kettle made also of brasse that so the conteined water or ashes may bee the more easily heated C. The kettle wherein the water ashes or sand are conteined D. The Alembecke set in the water ashes or sand with the mouthes of the receivers E. The bottome of the second brasse Fornace whose top is marked with B. which containes the fire There may be made other restrauratives in shorter time with lesse labour and cost To this purpose the flesh must be beaten and cut thinne and so thrust through with a double thred so that the pieces thereof may touch each other then put them into a Glasse and let the thred hang out so stop up the glasse close with a linnen cloth Cotton or Towe and lute it up with paste made of meale and the whites of egges then set it up to the necke in a kettle of water but so that it touch not the bottome but let it be kept upright by the formerly described meanes then make a gentle fire thereunder untill the contained flesh by long boyling shall bee dissolved into juyce and that will commonly be in some foure houres space This being done let the fire be taken from under the kettle but take not forth the glasse before the water be cold least it being hot should be broken by the suddaine appulse of the cold aire Wherefore when as it is cold let it be opened and the thred with the peeces of flesh be drawne forth so that onely the juyce may be left remaining then straine it through a bagge and aromatize it with Sugar and Cinnamon adding a little juyce of Citron Verjuice or Vinegar as it shall best like the patients palate After this manner you may quickely easily and without great cost have and prepare all sorts of restauratives aswell medicated as simple But the force and faculty of purging medicines is extracted after a cleane contrary manner than the oyles and waters are drawne of Aromaticke things as Sage Rosemary Time Aniseedes Fennell Cloves Cinnamon Nutmegs and the like For the strength of these as that which is subtile and ayery flies upwards in distillation but the strength of purging things as Turbith Agaricke Rubarbe and the like subside in the bottome For the purgative faculty of these purgers inseparably adheres to the bodies and substances Now for sweet waters and such as serve to smooth the skinne of the face they may be distilled in Balneo Mariae like as Rose water CHAP. VIII How to distill Aqua vitae or the spirit of wine TAke of good White or Clarret wine or Sacke which is not sowre nor mustie nor otherwise corrupt or of the Lees that quantity which may serve to fill the vessell wherein you make the distillation to a third part then put on your head furnished with the nose or pipe and so make your distillation in Balneo Mariae The oftner it is distilled or as they tearme it rectified the more noble and effectuall it becomes Therefore some distill it seven times over At the first distillation it may suffice to draw a fourth or third part of the whole to wit of 24. pints of Wine or Lees draw 6. or 8. pints of distilled liquor At the second time the halfe part of that is 3. or 4. pints At the third distillation the halfe part againe that is two pints so that the oftner you distill it over the lesse liquor you have but it will be a great deale the more efficacious I doe well like that the first distillation bee made in Ashes the second in Balneum Mariae To conclude that aqua vitae is to be approoved of neither is it any oftner to be distilled which put into a spoone or saucer and there set on fire burnes wholly away and leaves no liquor or moisture in the bottome of the vessell if you drop a drop of oyle into this same water it incontinently falls to the bottome or if you drop a drop thereof into the palme of your hand it will quickly vanish away which are two other notes of probation of this liquor The faculties and effects of aqua vitae are innumerable it is good against the epilepsie and all cold diseases it asswages the paines of the teeth it is good for punctures and wounds of the Nerves faintings sownings gangreenes and mortification both of its flesh as also put to other medicines for a vehicle There is this difference betweene the distilling of wine and Vinegar wine being of an ayery and vaporous substance that which is the best and most effectuall in it to wit the aiery and fiery liquor comes from it presently at the first distillation Therefore the residue that remaines in the bottome of the vessell is of a cold dry and acrid nature on the contrary the water that comes first from Vinegar being distilled
ministered unto them of their owne accord and so came to themselves againe In the doing of all these things Iames Guillemeau Chirurgion unto the King and of Paris and Iohn of Saint Germanes the Apothecary did much helpe and further us In the afternoone that the matter being well begunne might have good successe Iohn Hautie and Lewis Thibaut both most learned Phisitions were sent for unto us with whom we might consult on other things that were to be done They highly commending all things that we had done already thought it very convenient that cordialls should be ministered unto them which by ingendering of laudable humors might not onely generate new spirits but also attenuate and purifie those that were grosse and cloudy in their bodies The rest of our consultation was spent in the enquirie of the cause of so dire a mischance For they sayd that it was no new or strange thing that men may be smothered with the fume and cloudy vapour of burning coales For we reade in the workes of Fulgosius Volateranus and Egnatius that as the Emperour Iovinian travelled in winter time toward Rome he being weary in his journey rested at a Village called Didastanes which divideth Bithynia from Galatia where he lay in a chamber that was newly made and plaistered with lime wherein they burnt many coales for to dry the worke or plaistering that was but as yet greene on the walls or roofe of the chamber Now he dyed the very same night being smothered or strangled with the deadly and poysonous vapour of the burned charcoale in the midst of the night this happened to him in the eighth moneth of his reigne the thirtyeth yeere of his age and on the twentyeth day of August But what neede we to exemplifie this matter by the ancient histories seeing that not many yeeres since three servants dyed in the house of Iohn Bigâ—ne goldsmith who dwelleth at the turning of the bridge of the Change by reason of a fire made of coales in a close chamber without a chimney where they lay And as concerning the causes these were alleaged Many were of opinion that it happened by the default of the vapour proceeding from the burned coales which being in a place voyd of all ayre or wind inferres such like accidents as the vapour of muste or new wine doth that is to say paine and giddinesse of the head For both these kindes of vapour besides that they are crude like unto those things whereof they come can also very suddainely obstruct the originall of the Nerves and so cause a convulsion by reason of the grossnesse of their substance For so Hippocratâ—s writing of those accidents that happen by the vapour of new wine speaketh If any man being drunken doe suddainely become speechlesse and hath a convulsion he dyeth unlesse he have a feaver therewithall or if he recover not his speech againe when his drunkennesse is over Even on the same manner the vapour of the coales assaulting the braine caused them to be speechlesse unmoveable and voyde of all sense and had dyed shortly unlesse by ministring and applying warme medicines into the mouth and to the nosethrells the grossnesse of the vapour had beene attenuated and the expulsive faculties mooved or provoked to expell all those things that were noysome and also although at the first sight the Lungs appeared to be greeved more than all the other parts by reason that they drew the maligne vapour into the body yet when you consider them well it will manifestly appeare that they are not greeved unlesse it be by the simpathy or affinity that they have with the braine when it is very greevously afflicted The proofe hereof is because presently after there followeth an interception or defect of the voyce sense and motion which accidents could not bee unlesse the beginning or originall of the nerves were intercepted or letted from performing its function being burthened by some matter contrary to nature And even as those that have an apoplexie doe not dye but for want of respiration yet without any offence of the Lungs even so these two young mens deathes were at hand by reason that their respiration or breathing was in a manner altogether intercepted not through any default of the Lungs but of the braine and nerves distributing sence and motion to the whole body and especially to the instruments of respiration Others contrariwise contended and sayd that there was no default in the braine but conjectured the interception of the vitall spirits letted or hindered from going up unto the braine from the heart by reason that the passages of the Lungs were stopped to be the occasion that sufficient matter could not be afforded for to perserve and feed the animall spirit Which was the cause that those young men were in danger of death for want of respiration without the which there can be no life For the heart being in such a case cannot deliver it selfe from the fuliginous vapour that encompasseth it by reason that the Lungs are obstructed by the grossnesse of the vapour of the coales whereby inspiration cannot well bee made for it is made by the compassing ayre drawne into our bodyes but the ayre that compasseth us doth that which nature endeavoureth to doe by inspiration for it moderateth the heate of the heart and therefore it ought to bee endued with foure qualities The first is that the quantity that is drawne into the body bee sufficient The second is that it be cold or temperate in quantity The third is that it be of a thinne and meane consistence The fourth is that it be of a gentle and benigne substance But these foure conditions were wanting in the ayre which these two young men drew into their bodyes being in a close chamber For first it was little in quantity by reason that small quantity that was contained in that little close chamber was partly consumed by the fire of coales no otherwise than the ayre that is conteined in a cupping glasse is consumed in a moment by the flame so soone as it is kindled Furthermore it was neither cold nor temperate but as it were enflamed with the burning fire of coales Thirdly it was more grosse in consistence than it should bee by reason of the admixtion of the grosser vapour of the coales for the nature of the ayre is so that it may bee soone altered and will very quickly receive the formes and impressions of those substances that are about it Lastly it was noysome and hurtfull in substance and altogether offensive to the aiery substance of our bodies For Charcoale are made of greene wood burnt in pits under ground and then extinguished with their owne fume or smoake as all Colliers can tell These were the opinions of most learned men although they were not altogether agreeable one unto another yet both of them depended on their proper reasons For this at least is manifest that those passages which are common to the breast and braine were
The head is mooved by 14. Muscles The 8. Muscles of the necke The Muscles of the chest 18. The 8. muscles of the lower belly The 6. or 8. of the loines The two Cremasters of the Testicles The three of the fundament The muscles of the Arme 〈◊〉 generall 32. The muscles of the legge in generall 50. What an Impostume vulgarly so called is The materiall causes of Impostumes or unnaturall tumors After what manner tumours against nature are chiefely made Three causes of heat Foure causes of paine Two causes of weaknesse Two causes of congestion The principall signes of tumors are drawne from the essence of the part Lib. 2. ad Glaue 13. method The proper signes of a sanguine tumor of a plegmaticke of a melancholick of a cholerick The knowledge of tumors by their motion and exacerbation Lib. 2. Epidem The beginning of an impostume The encrease The State The signes of a tumor to be terminated by resolution The signes of suppuration The signes and causes of a tumor terminated in a Scyrrhus The signes of a Gangrene at hand Of disappearance of a tumor and the signes thereof Cold tumors require a longer cure Tumors made of matter not naturall are more difficultly cured Hippo. Aph. 8. sect 6. What must be considered in undertaking the cure of tumors What we must understand by the nature of the part What we must understand by the faculty of the part What we must consider in performing the cure What things disswade us from using repercussives What tumors may be reduced to a Phlegmon Which to an Erysipelas Which to an Oëdema Which to a Scyrrhus What a true Phlegmon is A Phlegmon one thing and a Phlegmonous tumor another Gal. lib. de tumoribus 2. ad Glanc Hippoc. lib. de vâ—ln cap. Gal. lib. de tumor praeier naturam The cause of a beating paine in a Phlegmon Comm. ad Aph. 21. sect 7. Another kinde of Pulsation in a phlegmon The primitive causes of a Plegmon The Antecedent and conjunct The signes of a Phlegmon Gal. l. de Tum What kinde of diet must be prescribed in a Plegmon How to divert the defluxion of humors The paine must be asswaged When we must use repercussives What locall medicines we must use in the encrease What in the state What in the declination The correction of the accidents The discommodities of paine Medicines aswaging paine Narcoticke medicineâ— The signes of a Phlegmon turning to an Abscesse Lib. 〈◊〉 ad Glauâ— Cap. 7. Suppurative medicines The signes of pâ—… or matter Hip. lib. de Fistulâ— What the cure must be after the opening of the Abscesse Detersive Medicines Vngâ—entum de Appiâ— The â—eaver of a Phlegmon What a Feaver is What an Ephemera or Diarye is The causes thereof Aphorism 55. lib. 4. The signes of a Diarie Why in a Diarye the vrines like to these in health The unputride Synochus The cure of a Diary feaver The use of wine in a Diarye How a putride Synochus is caused Phlebotomy necessary in a putride Sâ—â—â—chuâ— What benefit we may reape by drawing blood even to fainting Why we must give a clyster presently after bloods letting What Syrupes profitable in this case Why a slender Diet must be used after letting much blood When drinking of water is to be permitted in a putride Synochus The definition of an Erysipelas Gal. Cap. 2. lib. 14 Meth. med 2. ad Glau. Two kinds of Erysipelas Gal. lib. 2. ad Glaue Hip. Apho. 79 Sect. 7. Aph. 25 Sect. 6. Aph. 43. Sect. 3. Gal 〈◊〉 Method 4 Things to be performed in curing an Erysipelas In what Erysipelas it is convenient to let blood in what not What topicke medicines are fit to be used it the beginning of an Erysipelas What caution must be had in the use of narcoticke medicines Resolving and strengthening medicines What a Herpes is what be the kinds there of Gal. 2. ad Glauronem What the Herpes miltaris is What the exedens Three intentions in curing Herpes A rule for healing ulcers conjoined with tumors The force of Vnguentum enulatum cum Mrcurâ—â— Medicines fit for restraining eating and spreading ulcers A vulgar description of an intermitting Tertian feaver The causes of Tertian feavers The signes of an intermitting Tertian The Symptomes Why Tertians have an absolute cessation of the feaver at the end of each fit The Diet of such as have a Tertian When such as have a certain may use wine The time of feeding the patient When to purge the patient When the time is fit to use a Bath What kinds of evacuations 〈◊〉 most fit in a Tertian Sudorifickâ— When blood must be lot Aphor. 29. Sect. 2. Gal. lib. de tumo praeter naturs What an Oedema is The differentces of Oedemas By how many waies Phlegme becomes not naturall The Causes The signes The prognosticks How Oedemas are terminated The intentions of curing Oedema's The diet Exercise What to be observed in the use of venery 6. Epid. sect 5â— sen 23. Lib. 2. ad Glaus cap. 3. A rovvler What caution to be had in application of Emplaisters In what places flatulencies may be gathered In what flatulent tumors differ from a true Oedema The causes of flatulent Tumors The signes of such Tumors Diet. Thingâ— strengthning the parts Medicines evacuating the conjunct matter Galensâ—omentation â—omentation Corrobotating medicines The signes of a waterâ—â—h Tumor Why a wateterish tumor must be opened with an instrument A History In what an Atheroma Steatoma and Meliceris differ Of Chirurgâ—ry to be used to these Tumors What the cause may be that vvee sometimes sinde infectae in these Tumors What the Testudo or Talparia is What the Nata is What a Gandula What Nodus What a Glanglion is The causes Signes Their cure at the beginning Plates of lead rubbed with Quick-silver A resolving plaister Things to wast or consume the bag The manner to take away Wenâ— A History What Wens to be cured by ligature Which dangerous to cure A History The matter of a Wen is sometimes taken for a Cancer Another History How you may know a Wen from a Cancer What a Ganglion properly so called is The causes What Ganglia may not be cured with iron Instruments What the Scrophulae or Kings-Evill is Their materiall cause How they differ from other glanduleus tumors Their cure by diet Emollient and resolving medicines Seppuratives A note to be observed in opening Scropulous tumors Naturall heats the cause of suppuration The Chirurgicall manner of cuting Scrophulae How an intermitting Quotidian haopens upon oedematous tumors The cause of a Quotidian â—ea The Signes How children come to be subject to Quotidian feavers How phlegmaticke humors happen to be generated by hot and dry meats The Symptomes of quptidians The manner of the pulse and heate in a Quotidian Criticall sweats The urine Why Quodidiansare oft times long In to what diseases a quartaine usually changes How to distinguish a quotidian from a double tertian Diet. When the use of spiced and salted
and changeth its nature so that after it is cut more of it scailes and falls away Now you must know that the bone which is touched with the Trepan or the Aire alwayes casts off scailes for the speedier helping forwards whereof you must strew upon it pouders made of Rocket Briony wilde Coucumber and Aristolochia roots When the bone is sufficiently scaled let this following powder be put upon it which hath a faculty to cover the bone with flesh and to harden it with drynesse convenient to its kinde â„ž an.Ê’j. Flesh being by this meanes generated let it be cicatrized by strewing upon it the rindes of Pomegranats and Alome burnt Neither shal the Chirurgion forcibly take away these scales but commit that whole worke to nature which useth not to cast them off before that it hath generated flesh under them For otherwise if he doe any thing rashly hee brings new corruption to the bone as we shall more at large declare when wee come to treate of the Caries or Rottennesse of bones He which useth the Trepan must consider this that the head is of a round figure and also the Trepan cuts circularly and therefore it is unpossible to cut the bone so equally on every side as if it were performed upon a plane body Furthermore the thicknesse of the scull is not alike in all places wherefore you must looke and marke whether the Trepan goe not more deepe on one side than on the other which you may doe by measuring it now and then with a pinne or needle and if yee finde that it is cut deeper on one side than on the other you must presse downe the Trepan more powerfully upon the opposite part But seeing there are many sorts of Trepans invented and expressed by many men yet if you weigh and rightly consider them all you shall finde none more safe than that I invented and have here delineated For it cannot peirce one jot further into the scull than he pleases that useth it and therefore it cannot hurt either the Meninges or the Braine An Iron head or cover stayes it as a barre that it can penetrate no further than you shall thinke it requisite This head or Cover is to be drawne up and downe and set higher and lower as he which uses it shall thinke good and so it will stay the Trepan that it shall not goe a haires bredth beyond your intended depth So that hence forwards there shall be no Chirurgion howsoever ignorant in the performance of his Art which by the benefit of such a Trepan may not performe this operation without any danger or feare of danger of touching the Dura Mater the hurting whereof puts the life in jeopardie The figure of our Trepan opened and taken in peeces A. Shewes the whole handle or Brace of the Trepan B. The Cover or Cap of the Trepan C The ferule D. D. The screw pins which hold and stay the ferule and Trepan E. The Trepan without his pinne F. The Trepan furnished with its pinne The figure of the same Trepan fitted and put together A. Shewes the Brace and Trepan fitted in every point B. The place into which the Trepan is put and fitted C. C. C. The upper end of the Trepan which is to be fitted and put into the Braine D. The Trepan with its cover or cap upon it E. The ferule F. A screw pin by the twining whereof the Trepan is fastened in the Brace G. Another screw pin which fastnes the ferule closer to the Trepan H. The Three square point In stead of the other Trepan set forth by the Author I have thought fit to give you the figure of that Trepan that is here most in use and the fittest therefore as it is set forth by Mr. Doctor Crooke All these particulars of the Trepan taken in sunder you may see united and fitted together in the other figure But when you cannot bring out the bone which you have cut off with your Trepan then you may take it forth with the Terebellum or Gimblet here exprest that is screwing the point thereof into the hole made by the three square pin the handle of this Instrument may also serve in steed of a Levatorie A Terebellum or Gimblet consisting of three branches When with the Gimblet you have drawne or taken forth that part of the scull which was cut away by the Trepan if there shall bee any sharpe splinters in the second table which may hurt and pricke the Meninx when it is heaved up by the motion of the braine they must be shaved away and planed with this Lentill fashioned scraper being so called because it hath the head thereof fashioned and smooth like a Lentill lest being sharpe it should hurt and pricke the membrane in the smoothing thereof A Lentill-like cutting Scraper But if by reason of the thicknesse the scull cannot bee cut with this Lentill-like scraper you may use the cutting scrapers and a mallet The mallet must be of lead that so it may shake the braine as little as may be But you must diligently with your mullets take forth the sharpe splinters and peeces of the bone But if the fractured part of the scull bee such that it will not admit that section which is requisite for the bared bone as when the fracture is upon the temporall muscle or at the sutures then in the steed of one Trepan two or three must be applyed if the necessity of the present case so require and that within a very small compasse but they must not bee applyed to the fractured part but nigh thereto as we shall shew more at large in the following chapter But the Trepans shall be applyed so neere to each other that the ring of the second may be joyned with the ring of the first and third But if a fracture shall happen to light upon a suture then you must not apply a Trepan to it but use two thereto on each side he that shall doe otherwise shall teare in sunder the nervous and membranous fibers and also the veines and arteries by which the Dura Mater is fastned to the scull and yeelds matter to the Pericranium He which shall apply one Trepan that is but upon one side of the suture he shall not bee able to get forth all the Sanies which is fallen downe on both sides by reason of the partition of the Crassa Meninx which lyes betweene and rises up by the sutures of the scull To conclude when for what cause soever we cannot make use of a Trepan we may imploy this instrument if so bee as much of the bone bee bared as is needfull It is made in forme of a paire of Compasses and by meanes of a screw may bee opened more or lesse as you please You as need shall require may change the points and put other in their places for they may bee fitted to one side of the compasse with a screw Apaire of cutting Compasses to cut
nature as Seneca saith wee must not doubt to be divine if but for this reason that they will melt gold and silver not harming the purse a sword not hurting the scabbard the head of a Lance not burning the wood and shed wine not breaking the vessell According to which decree I can grant that these Lightnings which breake in sunder melte and dissipate and performe other effects so full of admiration are like in substance to the shot of great Ordinance but not these which carry with them fire and flame In proofe whereof there comes into my minde the historie of a certaine Souldier out of whose thigh I remember I drew forth a Bullet wrapped in the taffety of his breeches which had not any signe of tearing or burning Besides I have seene many who not wounded nor so much as touched yet notwithstanding have with the very report winde of a Cannon bullet sliding close by their eares fallne downe for dead so that their members becomming livid black they have dyed by a Gangrene ensuing thereupon These and such effects are like the effects of Lightnings which wee lately mentioned and yet they beare no signe nor marke of poyson From whence I dare now boldly conclude that wounds made by Gunshot are neither poysoned nor burnt But seeing the danger of such wounds in these last civill warres hath beene so great universall and deadly to so many worthy personages and valiant men what then may have beene the cause thereof if it were neither combustion nor the venenate qualitie of the wound This must wee therefore now insist upon and somewhat hardily explaine Those who have spent all their time in the learning and searching out the mysteries of Naturall Philosophie would have all men thinke and beleeve that the foure Elements have such mutuall sympathy that they may bee changed each into other so that they not onely undergoe the alterations of the first qualities which are heate coldnesse drynesse and moisture but also the mutation of their proper substances by rarefaction and condensation For thus the fire is frequently changed into ayre the ayre into water the water into aire and the water into earth and on the contrary the earth into water the water into aire the aire into fire because these 4. first bodies have in their common matter enjoyed the contrary and fighting yet first and principall qualities of all Whereof we have an example in the Ball-bellowes brought out of Germany which are made of brasse hollow and round and have a very small hole in them whereby the water is put in and so put to the fire the water by the action thereof is rarified into aire and so they send forth winde with a great noyse and blow strongly as soone as they grow throughly hot You may try the same with Chesnuts which cast whole and undivided into the fire presently fly asunder with a great cracke because the watry and innate humidity turned into winde by the force of the fire forcibly breakes his passage forth For the aire or winde raised from the water by rarifaction requires a larger place neither can it now bee conteined in the narrow filmes or skinnes of the Chesnut wherein it was formerly kept Iust after the same manner Gunpouder being fiered turnes into a farre greater proportion of ayre according to the truth of that Philosophicall proposition which saith Of one part of earth there are made ten of water of one of water ten of aire and of one of aire are made ten of fire Now this fire not possible to be â—ent in the narrow space of the peice wherein the pouder was formerly conteined endeavours to force its passage with violence and so casts forth the Bullet lying in the way yet so that it presently vanishes into aire and doth not accompany the Bullet to the marke or object which it batters spoiles and breakes asunder Yet the Bullet may drive the obvious aire with such violence that men are often sooner touched therewith than with the bullet and dye by having their bones shattered and broken without any hurt on the flesh which covers them which as wee formerly noted it hath common with Lightning We finde the like in Mines when the pouder is once fiered it remooves and shakes even mountaines of earth In the yeare of our Lord 1562 a quantity of this pouder which was not very great taking fire by accident in the Arcenall of Paris caused such a tempest that the whole City shoke therewith but it quite overturned divers of the neighbouring houses and shooke off the tyles and broke the windowes of those which were further off and to conclude like a storme of Lightning it laid many here and there for dead some lost their sight others their hearing and othersome had their limbes torne asunder as if they had beene rent with wilde horses and all this was done by the onely agitation of the aire into which the fired Gunpouder was turned Iust after the same manner as windes pent up in hollow places of the earth which want vents For in seeking passage forth they vehemently shake the sides of the Earth and raging with a great noise about the cavities they make all the surface thereof to tremble so that by the various agitation one while up another downe it overturnes or carries it to another place For thus we have read that Megara and Aegina anciently most famous Citties of Greece were swallowed up and quite overturned by an earthquake I omit the great blusterings of the windes striving in the cavities of the earth which represent to such as heare them at some distance the fierce assailing of Citties the bellowing of Bulles the horrid roarings of Lions neither are they much unlike to the roaring reports of Cannons These things being thus premised let us come to the thing we have in hand Amongst things necessary for life there is none causes greater changes in us than the aire which is continually drawne into the Bowells appointed by nature and whether we sleepe wake or what else soever we doe we continually draw in and breath it out Through which occasion Hippocrates calls it Divine for that breathing through this mundane Orbe it embraces nourishes defends and keepes in quiet peace all things contained therein friendly conspiring with the starres from whom a divine vertue is infused therein For the aire diversly changed and affected by the starres doth in like manner produce various changes in these lower mundane bodies And hence it is that Philosophers and Physitions doe so seriously wish us to behold and consider the culture and habite of places and constitution of the aire when they treate of preserving of health or curing diseases For in these the great power and dominion of the aire is very apparent as you may gather by the foure seasons of the yeare for in summer the aire being hot and dry heats and dries our bodies but in winter it produceth in us the