industry getteth certen thynges as fysshynge and huntyng these truly do make nothyng but their study labor is to get somthyng And to be brefe Phisicke as Gallen sayeth is a kynde of those Artes whiche restoreth theyr woorkes nowe alreadye done and correcteth the same and not of them whiche make theyr workes newe For Phisicke of her selfe maketh not her examples as the arte of buyldyng knyttyng and weuing dothe But as that arte that mendeth olde houses and piceth olde garmentes so phisike doth amend the euyll constitution of mannes bodye ¶ The seconde Chapiter Of the sectes in phisyke YT is nowe alredye shewed that phisike is an arte which restoreth healthe beynge absent and defendeth the same beynge present but howe thys art maye be gotten yt is not agreed vpon amongest all men for some thynke experience sufficiente to the gettyng of this arte and do cal them selfes therof Empericos These be they that haue ther firste respect vnto the heape of accidentes and begynneth their cure of them wythout any knowledge ether of the disease or the cause and they call the forsayde heape of accidentes in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the whyche in Lattyn is called Congeries and concursus and in Englishe a heape and concurryng or runnynge to gether Secundarilye they obserue and marke in the cummynge to gether of Accidentes Medicines which they know to be mete for the disease onlye by vse and experience Thyrdely they lerne remedies of the historie of suche as they haue before proued Fowerthly they goe from lyke to lyke For what soeuer remedyes they haue proued by experience in manye men and often tymes but alwayes they proue them in the same and lyke measure orelles by chaunce and as a man woulde saye vnloked for they marke and obserue them to be lyke to haue one effect the same they vse boldly ▪ nothyng curiouse in the inquyryng what facultie or nature they be of that is to saye whether they be hote or colde drye or moyste they beleue and credit the olde auncientes whiche hath lefte in wrytyng suche thynges as they haue noted and obserued by experience that y t thē selues haue obserued marked they cal in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche in Englysh maye be called theyr owne inspection and looke what they haue obserued marked by chaunce as yf a mā by fallyng from hygh be woūded or hurte or els yf a man beyng sicke and folowyng his appetite drīke colde water the whiche hath eyther done good or euyll they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is to saye an obseruacion made by chaunce But whan they learne that that is marked by other they call it in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche may be called the obseruation of other They vse also to go from lyke to lyke whiles they intermedle with suche thīges as they haue not yet proued althoughe they be of one kynde and this is called of them in greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which in englysh is goyng from lyke to lyke and by this rule they transfer one medicine to dyuers euyls and from one place affected to another from one medicine whiche they knewe before to an other of the same kynde vnknowen Yf the naturall egestions be holden to long then the party hath a byndyng disease they saye but yf they runne to muche that they call an open disease And yf a man be bothe bounde and lewse together than they call that sycknes a combynation of bothe the fornamed euyls as yf the eye shoulde suffer a fluxe and an inflammation together of the whiche the inflammation is a sycknes that byndeth and the fluxe an open disease then theyr remedye in suche a case is to bynde that that runneth and to open that that is boūde as if there be any inflammation in the shoulder or arme what is their rule what but withoute deliberation or consideration of the place affected strayght to lewse the bellye yf it fortune bothe the forsayde euyls to chaūce at one tyme in one membre then what do they vtterly necglect that that is of the least daunger and these be they which reprehende Hyppocrates because he sayeth that physicke is a longe arte and that mannes lyfe is but shorte for they saye that it is not so but rather cleane contrary For as they saye yf al that is superfluous were cut out phisicke myghte be easily learned in .vi. monethes The begynner of this secte was Syrus Asclepiades scholer after whome came Thessalus Proclus and manye other Moreouer there be other which be called Dogmatici because they grounde all theyr doynges vppon reason These do learne diligently the nature and cōstitution of all suche bodyes as they take in hand to heale and doe marke verye dilygently euerye day the alterations of the same besyde this they say that yt is euerye honest Phisition hys part to know and consyder well both the nature of the ayer waters and wyndes and the place also wher the sycke abydethe and his accustomed diet as well in meates and drinkes as bathes exercises other thinges to the end that he may haue a sure knowledge bothe of the causes remedyes of all diseases They wyll also that he be suche an one that he be able to proue by reason what nature any kynde of medicyne hath and that he be able to apoynt though he neuer sawe yt before what yt is able to doe and they counsel euery Phisition to begynne his cure accordyng to the strength of the sick and not as y e disease paraduenture shall wyll hym And they doe not denye but that experience is necessarye howbeit they denye it to be sufficient to cure all malledies and to finde and serche out all thynges And also they say y t without reson experience can hardly be come by The first author and founder of this sect was Hyppocrates Lous withoute dowt the moste lerned and noble Phisition that euer was after hym came Diocles Praxagoras and Chrysyppus w t many mo no lesse lerned then famouse ¶ The .iii. chapter The partes of phisicke THere be .vi. especiall partes of phisicke the firste dothe considere the constitucion of mannes nature bodie The second defendeth the bodie from sycknes kepynge it in healthe The third inquireth the causes and accidentes of sicknes and diseases The forthe conteyneth the knowledge as well of thinges past as also present and to come The fifth showeth an order and a way how all diseases shoulde be healed and this part is deuyded into thre other partes The firste of the thre techeth the healing of sicknesses by diet only and therefore it is both the chefe and moste noble parte of phisicke and without the which the other partes which serue to the helyng of diseases can not be and hereof it is that Hippocrates wrot thre great bokes of the remediynge of all feruent diseases by diet onlye in the which boke he proueth euydently that of a lytell faut or error in the diet
the which qualities whiles they be in the elementes altering the substaunce subiect to them do cause the mutuall alteration of y e elementes Yt is necessarie for a Phisition to consider exactlye and diligentlye the nature of the elementes to the ende that he may knowe howe health is made of the temperature of heat cold dry and moyst and of the distemperature of the same sicknes ¶ The seuen chapter Of temperamentes AMongest thynges naturall the temperamentes haue the second place a temperament is no thinge elles but a complexion or a conbination of y e fower elementes or elles of heat coulde dry and moyst of temperamentes there be .ix. differencis of y e which one is temperat be cause it excedeth in no qualitie the rest be all distemperat of the which .iiii. be simple as hot cold dry moyst and .iiii. be compounde as hot moyst to gether cold and dry hot and dry coulde and moyst The ix difference which I sayed before was temperat may be taken .ii. manner of wayes ether temperat simple and absolutly or elles temperate in euerye kynde of thinges loke what is temperate simply and absolutly that in the respect of all thinges is temperat and in it the elementes be equally mingled and such a thinge must be knowen by cogitacion only for other wayes it cannot as Gallen is a manifeste witnesse in the firste boke that he writ in the defence of health And that is temperat in euery kind in the which is the same mediocrity of contrary elementes as is conuenient to the nature not only of man and best but also of trees and plantes and this temperament is in all them that be hole accordynge to there nature and it may be knowen of hys functions and officis who is hole according to hys nature For he that can doe euerie thing well which he is apt to doe naturally is as hole as nature made hym whether it be man or best or it be tree or plant as an apple tre is very well or hole according to his nature whā he bereth a great number of good apples and likewise an horse whan he runneth very swift Therfore this is not the temperament which is mesured by weyght wherin ther is as many degrees of heat as of cold and of drinesse as of moisture for that is no where nor can not be knowen but by cogitation as is a foresayd but in this temperament which is in euery kynd of thinges the elementes be so mixt that the temperament which commeth of the mixture agreeth both to the nature of mē bestes and plantes Therefore it is called a temperament accordynge vnto iustice which mesureth to euery man not by weyght but by dignity wherefore what soeuer thinge exceadeth this temperament ether in heate could drynes or moysture y e same is not temperate and of the same that redoundeth it taketh y e name as if it be hete that is superfluous then it is called hot loke what thinge hath more hete then colde that same is hote contrary yf it haue more cold than heate it is called could lykewise that that hath more moysture then drines is named moyst and agayne yf it haue more drines thē moysture then it may be called dry and here of it commeth y e summer is called hote because it hath more hete then coulde and wynter is called colde because it hath more colde then heate furthermore if a thinge excede in heat and moysture to gether or in colde and drynesse or in hete and drynesse or in colde and moysture then it must take name of the qualities which excedeth as yf heat and moysture excede then it must be called hote and moyste yf colde and drynes cold and dry and so of the other And hereof it is euident that sumtyme one temperament is equall and temperate in one opposicion and distemperate and not equall in an other For yf it be not necessary for that that is hote to be dry but may be moyst then it may also be temperate because the meane is nygher to the dry temperature then is y e moyst and lykewise an other temperature that is colde yf it may as well be dry as moyst may be temperate also because the meane is nigher to the moyst temperature then the dry is The same answere may be made of drye and moyste that before is made of hote and colde Therefore it is no maruayle though there be sumthinge temperate in the one halfe and not temperate in the other But here thou must take hede yf thou be axed of what temperature a man an asse or an oxe is that thou answere not symply and absolutly For to that that is spoken diuersly and is diuerie also of it selfe no man can make absolutely simply a direct answere Therfore before thou make thyne answere y u must bid hym showe y t y e mā the asse or y e oxe whereof he douteth then yf he dout of a man thou muste haue a respect to the perfit man whiche as Gallen sayeth in the firste boke of his tēperamentes is neyther hote nor coulde and as he differeth from hym so make answere sayinge eyther that he is hot or otherwise as thy iudgement shall lede the but yf he doubt of a best then thou must haue an eye to the hole kynde of men For all other kindes compared vnto it are distemperat as he differeth from mankynde eyther in hete or otherwise so shape hym an answere And that thou be not deceyued in makyng thyne answere thou muste vnderstand that heat coulde dry and moyst be taken diuersly For first they be taken absolutely and simply that is to say without any admixtion of other bodyes and of this sorte the only elementes be hot coulde dry moyst secondarely they be spoken by excesse as whan there is in one thing more hete then coulde more drynesse then moysture or other wyse and of this fassion bloud fleme wyne oyle honny be called hot colde dry and moyst and that that is called hote colde dry and moyste of this sort is spoken yet .2 maner of wayes fyrst absolutly that is compared to no one alone but to the hole nature of thinges and of this fasshiō a dog simply absoluetly taken and not compared to any thing alone is dry otherwise that is to say not absolutly but cōpared to sum one alone may be moyst as to a pismyre And moreouer there be .iii. diuers maner of comparisons the first is betwyxt two of diuers kyndes as a man to a beaste The second is whan y e distemperate is compared to the temperate of the same kynde as a man compared to the parfit man whereof we spake before The thirde is whan .ii. distemperate of one kynde is compared together as one man to an other one lyon to an other one horse to an other Whosoeuer dothe diligently examin these thinges may easly iudge of what temperament the iiii tymes of the yere that is
must be remedied by meates that be coulde they that be sicke of colde diseases must haue hote meates and in diseases that be moyste dry meates and in dry diseases moyst meates Therfore suche as haue moyst bodies as childrē must be fed with moyst meates and such as be sicke of dry diseases as of feuers must also be fed w t moyst meates the tone to kepe theyr bodyes moyst styll the other to amende and correcte their drynesse and lykewise of the rest Such as be hote of nature must eat hot meates y t they may kepe theyr heat styll but yf theyr heat once waxe vnnaturall then it must be brought in temper by y e healp of such thinges as are colde and yf they be ouer colde by heat and yf they be ouer moyst by dryeth but if theyr heat colde drinesse or moysture be naturall excede not then it must be cherished styll with meates of like qualities as I said before Next the qualitie consider the custume for that ought not to be broken except there be great cause whye seing that such meates as a man hath accustomed hym selfe vnto although they be worse hurt not so much as the other doe of the which he hath not accustomed to eat of Therfore in diseases the Phisition may not be to busie in pluckyng away their pacientes from theyr accustomed meates drinkes but if it happen so that of necessitie there must be a change then it may not be done rashely or all at ones but fayre softly and by lyttell lytell For all sudden mutations be daungerous And it is mete for the Phisition to obserue in what meates y e sicke deliteth most For suche as he hath pleasure of in the eatinge the same the stomake enbraseth more gredely and digesteth or altereth much soner therfore they must be taken preferred before better though they be worse Furthermore he must take heed what order his pacient kepe in hys diet for it is a preposterous ordar to beginne with quynces or orynges and ende with sallades made of herbes and oyle Take this alwayes as a generall rule that that meat which is most easy to be digested shoulde be eaten before that that is hardar that also that is moyst before that that is drie and that that is leuse and slipperie before that y t is hard and byndinge Amongest other thinges the time of eatyng wolde not be forgotten They that be hole shoulde exercise thē selfes before they eat should not eat against theyr appetite nor abstayne whan ther appetite prouoketh them they that be sicke shoulde vtterlye forbeare vntyll there fittes were in the declination or ful finished Howbeit the disease may be suche the pacientes strength so weake y t it shall be nedefull to fede them both in their fittes out of theyr fittes howbeit I leaue that to the discretion of the Phisition And I thinke it but well doone to put you in remembraunce what your diet should be in the .iiii. seuerall times of the yere In winter more meat and lesse drinke and meates and drinkes that be hot and drye as rosted meates and wyne then may safely be dronken withoute water In the spring we shoulde eat sumdele lesse and drinke a lytell more then in wynter and eate also more of fleshe and change frō rosted to boyled In summar we must endeuer oure selfes y t oure bodies may be soft and colde and therfore we must eat lesse drinke the more and eat for the most part boyled meates such as is colde In Autumne we should eat sumthynge more then in summer and drinke lesse and of byggar drinkes be sumthinge more bolder then in summer And as the tyme is to be considered so is the age also For chyldren must be fed with moyst meates And such as be not yet at their groeth because their bodies be more temperate muste haue more temperate meates And lusty men such as is alredye paste theyr groeth because their bodies be hot and dry shoulde haue lyke meates that is to say suche as is hot dry olde men because their bodies be ouer cold and dry must be fed with meates that be hote and moyste ¶ The .iiii. chapter Of exercise and rest EVery softe mouynge is not an exercise as Gallen sayeth but y t that is sūthing vehement as lepyng coytyng runnyng tennys footbale shootyng and such lyke Exercise hath many notable commodities but .3 in especiall the hardnes of the instrumentes the encrese of naturall heat and the more vehement and quicker mouynge of the spirites eche of these hath hys peculier and particuler cōmoditie The instrumentes by meanes of theire hardnes may endure to labor the bettar and also perfourme theyre actiō more easely The encrese of naturall heat amendeth the alteration and concoction of the meat wherby the body is much y e more luckely nurished The quicker vehementer mouynge of the spirites healpeth to pourge the excrementes bothe by the raynes skinne guttes Exercise bringeth these cōmodities to y e bodye yf it be takē in due tyme or elles it hurteth more then it profitteth for yf it be taken whan ther is ether any cruditie in y e stomake or vaynes it will fill all y e body full of euyll humors by reason that y e crude and rawe iuyse is plucked in to eche part of the bodye Wherfore exercise shoulde ether be taken before meat or elles after that y e concoction of y e stomake liuer is ended y e parfit knowlege of this tyme is taken of y e vryne For whan the concoction of the liuer is donne then the vryne waxeth yelowe Howbeit the very best tyme of exercise is whan yesterdayes meat is throughly digested as one time for exercise is better thē an other so one kynde of exercise profiteth y e body more then an other That is y e beste kynde of exercise in the which euery part of the body susteyneth lyke labor and payne and yet in the same there may be committed many errors and faultes for it may be to much or to littell yet of bothe lesse hurteth to lyttle Therfore the exercise wolde continue so longe vntyll the bodye swellethe and waxinge read beginne to swete all ouer and whan any of these tokens chanceth then the exercise wolde be seased incontinent lest the good iuice be expelled together with the euyll so the body shal be made leaner and dryer which wyll hynder the groinge As exercise yf it be discretely mynistred preuayleth much to the defence of health so rest and quietnes yf it be not taken in his tyme filleth y e body full of sicknes For it causeth cruditie which is y e mother and roote in manner of all daūgerous sicknes There be many good tymes for rest but the very best tyme as Hyppocrates witnessith is whā the body is weried with labor and exercise For then he sayeth that y e rest taketh awaye the werinesse ¶ The .vi.
of suche as be sycke foloweth death without remedy the whiche thing yf it be true as vndoutedlye it is what be such Phisitions worthye as doe vtterlye necglect the same and thinke that they haue done a great feat whan they haue wrytten a byl or two to the appoticarie takynge no care in the meane tyme what manner of dyet the sicke kepeth The seconde parte healeth by medicins inwarde outwardly taken But there be medicins of .ii. sortes that is to say simple and compounde and first to the parfit curyng of the disease most necessary is the knowledge of the simple and this care whiche is a greate charge is commytted to such as be vnlerned yea and in many places more is the pittie to folish ignorant wemen I wolde rather wishe the handlynge of suche Iuelles to be in the handes of y e best lerned and wysest Phisitions For as it is a thinge to be laughhed at if a Paynter know not his pensill or a coblar hys nall or a tannar his lether so think ye that a Phisition is not to be laught to scorne yf he know not the matter of that arte which he professeth But now adayes he is most set by and had in the gretest estimation which knoeth y e least which can make one medicine serue a thowsande diuerse diseases whiche is as lyke to be true as one shooe to be mete sit for so many feet And as for medicins they be not worth a vyle straw except they com out of Ethiop Arabi or India wheras for vs english men ther is non so good as our owne Englishe simples For it can not be proued y t nature euer brought forthe any wher liuing creatures where as she left nothing to fede them wyth all and lykewyse as she hath prouided meat so hath she medicyns also but the suttylties of men for their owne gayne and priuat Lucre hath browght to passe that al thing is oute of order bothe in the shoppes of the appoticaries and other places elles where The thyrd part is Surgery which is wrought by mannes hand which Gallen commendeth hyghly in many and sundry bokes ¶ The .iiii. chapter The distribution of Phisicke in to thre formes QVre forfathers haue distributed and deuided Phisicke into thre formes or orders and that for no other pourpose but that yonge studentes of Phisick might lerne diligently and a gret dele the better remember what so euer they had red in the monumentes of olde writers The first order is of those thinges of y e whiche mānes body is made of and it hath plesed the foresayde elders to call suche thinges as oure body is cōpact made of thinges natural because to the perfection of mannes body they be necessary The seconde order is of those thinges with the which oure bodye is nourished that yt may remayne in healthe these thinges be called not naturall not because they be vtterlye agaynst oure nature but because if they be geuen without discreciō they may make suche alteration in the bodye as may extinguishe and abolishe vtterlye the lyfe The thirde order is of such as hurt and harme the body and corrupt it therfore they be called thinges agaynste nature be cause they be clene contrary to nature ¶ The fyfth chapter Of the number of thinges naturall NOwe it is tyme to speke of the first part of Phisicke whiche entreateth of the naturall cōstitution of mannes bodie this part of Phisicke is not put firste without a cause For no mā can do any good with a medicyne whiche is ignorant in the constitutiō of mannes bodie therfore the thinges naturall wherof mannes bodye is conpact made be seuen in number 1 Elementes as the fiere ayer water and erthe 2 Temperamentes as hote cowlde moyst and drye 3 Humores as blowde fleume chollar bothe yelow black 4 Partes as flesh bone brayne harte liuer heed and handes 5 Faculties as Animall vitall naturall 6 Actions as Animall naturall 7 Spirites as animall vitall and naturall These thinges I entend god willing to expresse so well as the sterillite of my simple wyt will geue me leaue begynnyng first wyth the Elementes ¶ The sixte chapter Of the Elementes TVlly y e eloquent Romain counselleth very wel euery mā first of all and before he make any far procedynge to defyne the thing of the which he pourposeth to entreat to y e entent that euery mā may perceyue what it is y e is spokē of therfore according to his counsell I wyll fyrst define what an element is wherfore an element as Galen sayeth in the .viii. boke of the decrees of Plato and Hyppocrates is the lest part of that thynge of the which it is an element and of these amongest the hole nature of thynges there be but fower in number which is the fyer Ayer water and yearth and as of these all thynges naturall haue there begynnynge so at the length they shall be resolued into the same agayne For Hyppocrates sayeth in a boke which he entytelleth the nature of man that after the soule is once dissolued from the body euery thinge wherof the body was of first is returned in hys owne nature agayne as loke what in the begynnyng was drye that is tourned in to drye what was moyste becōmeth moyste agayne and lykewyse heat is turned into heat and colde becommeth colde agayne but after these elementes be once mixte in the body they can no more be called elementes that is to say pure and simple bodyes that y e is made of them is a bodye mixt and corruptible Therfore as Gallen counselleth in the firste boke of elementes go not about to serche out or to finde in any naturall body any thinge that is simple and not mixt or compounded leste thou lose thy peyne but be contented yf thou se a member that is could hard and drye and a nother that is moyste rare and fluxible to thinke the tone to come of the yearth and the other of the water And lykewyse whan thou considerest with thy selfe in thy mynde the nature of a spirit then remember the ayer For seing that the elementes be the lest partes of owre bodies it is not possible that they should be perceyued by any sense Yf these elementes wer not mixte all together nether man nor no other liuinge creature coulde be made of them for what part of the body they should towch they must of necessitie corrupt the same For ther is no part of the bodie that can abyde safe without hurt or dammage the towchynge of any thynge that is ether extreme hote or extreme colde moyest or drye And herof it is euident that these elementes be not mixt in mannes bodye as wheate or barley is mixt in a hepe for of the grayne ther is no alteratiō seing after the mixture it remaynethe hole but the elementes be so altered and chaunged that after the mixture ther remayneth nothyng but onely a signification of theire qualities
other diseases which passe .40 dayes before thei be at y e worst be called dul or slowe But as quick and shorte diseases haue theyr begynnynge of bloude and chollar which be hote humors so slowe dull haue theyr disseases beginnyng of colde humors as of flewm melancholy Let this generall and brefe declaration of diseases at this tyme suffice ¶ The .iiii. chapter of accidentes THis worde accidente is takē .2 maner of wayes generally and specially generally it signyfyeth any thing contrary to nature specially all thinges agaynst nature excepte the causes of diseases and diseases them selfes Therfore it is nothynge elles but an vnnaturall affection of the body which foloweth the disease as the shadowe foloweth the body The accidentes specially taken be deuided in to .iii. partes For sum be the fautes errors of actions sum affections of oure body other sum folow them both ether by ouer much excretion or retention of excrementes other like such thynges Of the error in actions there be .ii. differences animall natural The faultes or errors of the animall actions be yet deuided in to .iii. for ether they be faultes of y e sences as of hearing seinge tastyng smellyng felynge or els of mouinge or finally of the principall actions as of ymagining thinkinge and remembring These be all the animall actions of the which eche one may be hurt iii. manner of wayes firste if the action be vtterly extincte as yf a man see nothyng at all secōdarily yf it be not vtterly abolished takē away but decayed sumthing or not parfit as whan a man seeth but euen scantly as they do which the ignorant call sand blynde Thirdly whā it is depraued and wronge wrasted as whan a man of force seeth thinges which he did not beholde with hys common sense as they do which loke a goggell And as it is euident that all these fautes happen in the sight so they happen also in eche one of the other before named sensis There be thus many as folowe naturall actions appeticion concoction digestion pulsatiō attraccion alteration retention expulsion Of the which eche may erre .iii. manner of wayes as is sayed before in the actions animall and the fautes or errors of the same be accidentes folowyng diseases There be besyde these .iiii. manner of accidentes which be affections of oure bodies as vnnaturall cullers ether in y e hole body or elles in sumpart of it Fylthy sauors also ether of y e mouthe nose or eares and obsurde and vnnaturall sapores belonging to the taste and beside these hardnes drines roughnes of the skynne As for the vnnaturall inanitions or detentions from whense so euer they cum they be contayned vnder one of these .iii. differencis For eyther they be vnnaturall ī their hole substance as that fluxe of bloude that is called commonly the emorroydes or elles they are in theyre qualitie as sumtyme it chaunseth in wemens flowres or finally in their quantitie they be founde vnnaturall as the great abundance or lacke and scarsnes eyther of the vryne or sweat The whiche euery one is handeled to the vttermoste in Gallē where he entreateth of y e causes of accidentes ¶ The ende of the thirde boke The .iiii. boke ¶ The first chapter Of that part of phisick which teacheth the knowlege of thinges y t be past present and to cum THis is that same part of phisicke the which as I sayed before contayneth the knowlege of thinges that be past and the inspection or the beholdynge of such as are present and the prophecie or prognostication of thinges to cum And therfore the mo cōmodities it hath the more exactly it wolde be lerned for first it teacheth y e knowlege of all passions diseases in y e which yf the Phisition be ignorant he shall neuer be able to do any thing worthy prayse in the body Therfore that yonge studentes may the more luckely attayne to the knowlege of this parte of phisicke I wolde counsell euery eche one of them to reade diligently Gallens .vi. bokes of places affected in the which he handleth this matter at the large For so it shall be brought to passe that he shal be experte in the diseases of euery part be the part neuer so lyttell Who so is exactly sene in this knowlege shal besides other haue this especiall commoditie which is that among the sicke his credit shall be greate for the sicke man trusteth none so muche nor is so well ruled of any as he is of that Phisitiō which is able to declare thinges present paste and to cum Therfore the disease is easilye cured whan the Phisition and the pacient be both against it moreouer he shal beare no blame what so euer chaunce or happen to hys pacient y t I may omytte the great prayse glory and renoune which with one consente shall be geuen hym euery where Therfore Hyppocrates counselleth all Phisitions diligently to learne this knolege The whiche no man hath so well discussed I except Hippocrates alwayes as Gallen hath Wherfore they that be able to vnderstande hym let them go no farthar but as for yonge and ignorant studentes for whose sake only I haue taken this in hand if they reade diligently this littell rude worke I truste though they be not satisfied yet they shall not lese all their payne Therfore first of all to the accomplysshynge or gettyng of this knowlege it is necessarye to expounde this worde Crisis which the lattyns call iudicium in english it may be called iugement but at this present time it signifieth any suddē mutation in euery disease whether it be longe or short and this sudden mutation is parted in .iiii. For ether the sicke is made hole incōtinent or elles is in a greate towardnesse to health or dieth out of hand or finally becūmeth a greate deale worse The first of these mutations which w tout any delay cureth the disease is simply and absolutly called Crisis The other which only amendeth y e disease is called crisis insufficiens which is to say ā insufficient iugement The third is called mala crisis that is to say an euyl change or iudgement The .iiii. may be called both vnparfit and euyll also To y e knowlege of this chaunge which is called crisis the .iiii. times of the disease that is to say the beginnyng the encreasynge the heyght and declination must be obserued and marked of the Phisition The beginnyng is deuided in .3 the first inuasion of the disease is the firste beginnynge is simple w tout any bredth The .ii. hath bredth and continueth to the thirde day The third is the tyme afterwarde tyl y e begynnyng of concoctiō The time wherin the sicknes groweth is frō the begynnyng of concoction vntil the disease be at his ful strength which before is called the heygth The .iiii. tyme which is called the declination begynneth after the heygth and lasteth tyl the disease be ful past and ended These be the vniuersall