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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
nature_n	cold_a	hot_a	moist_a	5,424	5	10.2024	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A01313	A goodly gallerye with a most pleasaunt prospect, into the garden of naturall contemplation, to behold the naturall causes of all kynde of meteors, as wel fyery and ayery, as watry and earthly, of whiche sort be blasing sterres, shooting starres, flames in the ayre &c. tho[n]der, lightning, earthquakes, &c. rayne dewe, snowe, cloudes, springes &c. stones, metalles, earthes &c. to the glory of God, and the profit of his creaturs.	Fulke, William, 1538-1589.	1563 (1563)	STC 11435; ESTC S102684	57,855	146

but only in som coūtries thē not very large these wyndes oftētimes haue another maner of generatiō And that is on this maner It must néedes be cōfessed y e w tin the globe of the earth be wōderful great holes caues or dōgeōs in which whē ayer abondeth as it may by diuerse causes this ayer y t cannot abide to be pined in findeth a litle hole in or about those countries as it weare a mouth to break out of by this meanes bloweth vehemētly yet y e force vehemens extendeth not far but as y e wynde that cōmeth forth of bellowes neare the comming foorthe is stronge but farre of is not perceiued So this particular wynd in y e countrye where it breaketh forth is very violēt strong in somuch y t it ouerthroweth both trées houses yet in other countries not very farre distant no part of that boisteous blast is felt Wherfore this wynde differeth frō the generall wyndes both in qualities substaunce or matter for the matter of them is an Exhalation and the qualities suche as the nature of the Exhalation is very ayery but not ayere in deade but of this particular wynde the matter and substaunce is moste commonly ayer There is yet a thyrde kynde of wynde whiche is but a softe gentle and coole mouing of the ayre and commeth from no certaine place as the generall wynd doth yea it is felt in the shadowe vnder trees when in the whote lyght and shining of the sunne it is not perceiued It commeth whisking sodenly very pleasaunt in the heate of the sommer and ceaseth by and by This properly is no wynde ▪ but a mouing of the ayre by som occasion As for the generall wyndes thei blowe out of diuerse quarters of the ayre nowe East nowe West nowe South nowe North or els inclininge to one of the same quarters Amonge whiche the East wynde followyng the nature of the fyre is whote and drie the South wynde expressing the qualitie of the ayre is whote and moyste the Westerne blast agreing with y e waters propertie is colde and moyst The Northe that neuer was warmed with the heat of the sunne being cold and drye partaketh the conditions of the earth The midle wyndes haue midle mixed qualities after y e nature of those fowre principall wyndes more or lesse as they encline toward them more or lesse Generally the profit of all wyndes by the wonderfull wysdome of the eternall God is wonderfull great vnto his creatures For besydes y t these wyndes alter the weather some of them bryngyng rayne some drynes some frost and snowe whiche all are necessary ther is yet an vniuersall comoditie that ryseth by the only mouyng of the ayre Which were it not continually styred as it is would soone putrifie and beyng putryfied would be a deadly infection to all y t hath breath vpon the earth Wherfore this wynde whose sounde we heare and knowe not from whence it cōmeth nor whether it goeth for who can affirme from whence it was raysed or where it is layde downe as al other creaturs besyde doth teach vs the wonderfull and wyse prouidence of God that we maye worthely crie out with the Psalmist saye O Lorde howe manyfolde are thy wordes in wysdome hast thou made them all c. Let this be sufficient to haue shewed the generation of the wyndes ¶ Of earthquakes AN earthquake is a shaking of y e earth whiche is caused by meanes of wynde and Exhalations that be enclosed with in the caues of the earth and can fynde no passage to breake foorthe or els so narrowe a waye that it can not be soone enoughe delyuered Wherefore with great force and violēce it breaketh out and one whyle shaketh the earth another whyle rendeth and cleaueth the same sometyme it casteth vp the earth a great heyght into the ayre and some tyme it causeth y e same to synke a great depth downe swallowyng both cyties and townes yea and also mightie great moūtaignes leauing in the place wher they stoode nothyng but great holes of an vnknowen depthe or els great lakes of waters ¶ Of diuerse kindes of earthquakes DYuerse authors wryte dyuerselye of the kindes of earthquakes some makyng more and some lesse but we shall be content at this tyme to comprehende them in fowre sortes The first kynde is when the earth is shaken laterally to one syde whiche is when the whole force of the wynde dryueth to one place and there is no other contrary motion to let it This wynde if it be not great shaketh the earth that it trembleth as a man that hath a fyt of an agewe and dothe no more harme but if it be great and violent it louseth the foundations of all bydinges be they neuer so stronge and ouerthroweth whole cyties but specially y t great buildynges and not onely buyldinges but some tyme also casteth downe greate hylles ihat couer and ouerwhelme all the valley vnder them Many noble and great cities haue béen ouerthrowen by this kynde of earthquake It is wrytten that twelue of the mooste bewtifull cyties and moste sumptuous buildyngs in all Asia were ouerthrowne and vtterly destroyed with any earthquake Howe often Antiochia yea within short tyme was destroyed they whiche haue redde the histories can testifie Howe terrible was the earthquake that shooke Constantinople a whole yeare together that the Emperour all the people were faine to dwell abroade in the fieldes vnder tentes pauilions for feare their houses would fall on their heade it is recorded in Chronicles worthy to be remēbred The seconde kynde is when y e earth with great violence is lifted vp so that the buyldinges are lyke to falle and by and by synketh downe agayne this is when all the force of the wyndes stryueth to get vpwarde after the nature of gonpouder and fyndyng some waye to be delyuered out of bondage the earth that was hoysed vp returneth to his old place The third kynde is a gapinge rendyng or cleauing of the earth when the earth synketh downe and swalloweth vp cities and townes with castels and towers hylles and rockes ryuers and floodes so that they be neuer seen again Yea the Sea in some places hath béen dronke vp so that mē myght haue gone ouer on foote vntyll the tyme of tyde or flood returning couered the place with waters againe But in the lande where this earthquake swalloweth vp any cytie or countrie there apeareth nothing in the place thereof but a marueylous wyde and deape goulf or hole Aristotle maketh mention of diuers places and regions that were ouerthrouwen with this kynde of earthquake The fourth kynde is when greate mountaynes ar cast vp out of the earth er els when some part of the lande synketh downe and in steade thereof aryse ryuers lakes or fyers breakyng out w c smoke and ashes It causeth also ouerflowyngs of the sea when the

cloudes into waters c. ¶ Why they be called perfectly mixed The last sort namely earthly Meteores are called perfectly mixed because they wil not easely be chaunged and resolued from that forme which they are in as be stones metalles and other mineralles According to the qualitie of the matter they are diuided into moist drie impressions consisting either of vapores or exhalations vapores are called moist and exhalations drie whiche termes must be well noted because they must be much vsed ¶ Of the general cause of al Meteores and first of the materiall cause The mater whereof the moste part of Meteores dooth consiste is either water or earth for out of y e water proceade vapors and out of the earth come exhalations Vapor as the Philosopher sayeth is a certain watrie thing and yet is not water so exhalation hath a certain earthly nature in it but yet it is not yearth For the better vnderstanding of vapors vnderstande that they be as it were fumes or smokes warme moist whiche will easely be resolued into water muche like to the breath that proceadeth out of a mans mouth or out of a pot of water standing on y e fiere These vapors are drawen vp from the waters and warry places by the heate of the Sunne euen vnto the midle region of the ayre and there after diuerse maner of meating with coldnes many kynde of moist Meteors are generated as sometime cloudes and rayne sometime snowe and hayle and that suche vapors are so drawen vp by the Sunne it is playne by experiēce for if there be a plash of water on a smothe and hard stoone standing in the heate of the sunne it wyl soone be drye whiche is none otherwyse but y t the sonne draweth vp the water in thinne vapores for no man is so fonde to saye that it can sinke into stoone or metall and it is as greatfoly to thinke it is consumed to nothyng for it is a general rule that that whiche is once a thing can not by chaunging become nothyng wherefore it followeth that the water on the stoone as also on the earth is for the moste part drawen vp when the stoone or earth is dried Exhalations are as smokes that be hoat and drie whiche because they be thinne lygther then vapors passe the lowest and midle region of the ayre and are caried vp euen to the highest region where for the excessiue heat by nearenes of the fier they are kindled and cause many kinde of impressions They ar also sometimes viscose ▪ that is to say clāmy by reason wherof thei cleuing together not being dispersed are after diuerse soortes set on fier and appeare somtims like Dragōs somtim like Goats somtime like cādels somtime like speares By y t which is spokē of vapors exhalations it is euidēt y t out of y e fier the ayer no matter wherof meteores shold consist can be drawē because of their subtiltie thinnes For al exhalatiō is by making a grosser body more thinne but y e fier we mean y e elemētal fier not the fire of the kitchē chimney is so subtil thin y t it cannot be made thinner likewise the ayre is so thin y t if it be made thinner it is chāged into fire as the fire if it wer made thicker wold becom aire so the aire being made grosser wold be turned into water Wherfor to cōclude this part y e great quantitie of matter that causeth these meteores is takē out of y e earth and the water As for y e aire the fire they ar mixed with this matter as with al other things but not so abundauntly that they may be sayd the material cause of any Meteore though without them none can be generated The efficient cause of all Meteores is that cause whiche maketh them euen they are not to nyghe to the direct beames nor to farre of from them there is a moderate heate drawyng out great aboundaunce of matter so that in those contries many Meteores of many sortes as generated as in the farre North partes are few but watrie impressions Also in Autumne Sprynge are oftener Meteores séen then in Sommer and Wynter except it be in such places where the Sommer and Wynter are of the temper of Spryng and Autūne Let this be sufficient for the efficient causes of impressions as well first and principall as second and particular Concerning the formall and finall cause we haue litle to saye because the one is so secret that it is knowen of no mā y e other so euidēt y t it is playne to all men The essentiall forme of all substaunces Gods wisdome comprehendeth the vniuersall chiefe and last end of all thinges is the glory of God Mydle endes if they may be so called of these impressions are manifold profites to Gods creatures to make the earth fruitfull to purge the ayre to sett forth his power to threathen his vengeaunce to punyshe the worlde to moue to repentaunce all the which are referde to one end of Gods eternall glory euer to be praysed Amen ¶ Of the places in whiche they are generated THe places in whiche Meteors are caused be either the ayre or the earth in y e aire be generated rayne hayle snow dew blasing starres thonder lightning c. In the earth be welles springs earthquakes metalls minerals c. made and as it were in their mothers belly begotten fashioned But for the better vnderstanding hereof such as haue not tasted y e principles of Philosophie must cōsider y e ther be iiij elemēts Earth water Ayre Fire one cōpassing another round about sauing y t the waters by Gods cōmaundement ar gathered into one place y t the land might apeare The highest is y e spere of the fire which toucheth the hollownes of the Moones heauen the next is the ayre whiche is in the hallownes of the fyer the ayre within his hollownes comprehendeth the water and the earth whiche bothe make but one Spheare or Globe or as the commen sort may vnderstande it one Bal. So eche elemēt is w cin another as y e skales of a perle ar on aboue another or to vse a grosse similitude as y e pieles of an oniō ar one w c in āother after y e same sort frō y e highest heuē to y e earth y t is lowest one part y t is greater compasseth roūd about another that is lesser But for this present purpose it is to be knowen y t the ayer is diuided into thre regions y e hyghest the midle and the lowest The hyghest because it is next to the region of y e fier is exceading hoate the lowest beinge next the earth and the waters is temperat and by repercussion or striking back of the sunne beames waxeth hoate and by absence of them is made colde being subiect to Wynter and Sommer The midle region of y e ayre is always exceading

fowrtye dayes long yea lxxx dayes and some syxe moneths together Wherfore it must neades be a wonderfull deale of matter that can gyue so much noryshement for so great and feruent fyre and for so long a tyme. There are consydered in a Comet specially the collor fashion which both aryse of the dispositiō of the matter Their collours be either whyte ruddye or blewe If the matter be thynne the collour is whyte If it be meanly thycke then is the Comet ruddy after the collour of our fyre but when the matter is very thycke it is blewe lyke the burning of Brymstone And as the matter is more and lesse after this disposition so is the Comet of collour more or lesse lyk to these thrée principall collours some yelowyshe some duskish some grenishe some watchet c. In fashion ar noted thrée differēces for eyther they séeme round w c beames round about or with a beard hangyng downward or els with a tayle stretched out sydelong in lengthe The first fashion is when the matter is thickest in the myddest and thinne rounde about y e edges The seconde is when the Exhation is vpwarde thicke and in lengthe downewarde also meanly thycke The third forme is lyke the seconde sauynge that the tayle hangeth not downe but lyeth asyde is cōmonly longer then y e beard The tyme of their generation is oftenest in Autumne or haruest For in the spring there is to muche moysture and to lytle heate to gather a Comet In sommer is to muche heate whiche will disperse and consume the matter that it can not be ioyned together As for wynter it is cleane contrary to the nature if a Comet which is whoat drye wynter being cold and moist therfore no tyme so méet as Autumne Now for so muche as many learned men haue gone about to declare the signification of blasing starres we will omit nothing y t hath any shadowe of reason but declare what is wrytten of thē Such things as are set forth of y t betokening of Comets ar of two sortes the first is of naturall the second of ciuile or politike effects They ar sayd to betoke drought barynes of y e earth pestilence Drought because a Comet can not be generated without great heat muche moisture is cōsumed in y e burning of it Barrines because y e fatnes of y e earth is drawē vp wherof the Comet cōsisteth Pestilence forsomuch as this kynd of Exhalations corrupteth the ayre whiche infecteth the bodies of men beastes The second sort might wel be omitted sauing y t Aristotle him selfe disdayneth not to séeke out causes for some of them Generally it is noted of all Historiographers that after the apearing of Comets moste comenly followed great notable calamities Beside this they be token sayth some warres seditions chāges of commē wealths and the death of Princes and noble men For what times Comets do shyne ther be many whote drie Exhalations in the aire which in drie mē kindle heat wherby they ar ꝓuoked to anger of anger cōmeth brawling of brawling fighting war of warre victory of victory chaūge of cōmon welths Then also Princes liuing more delicatly thē other men ar more subiect to infection therfor dye sooner thē other mē If it wer lawful to reason of this sort we might enduce thē to betokē not only these few things but al other things y e chanse in the worlde Yet these predictions haue a shew of reason though it be nothing necessary but it is a world to sée how the Astrologians dote in suche deuises They ar not ashamed to an earthly substaunce to ascribe an heauenly influence and in order of iudgement to vse them as verye starres suerly by as good reason as to the celestiall starres they atribute diuine influences and effectes But this their fooly hath béen sufficiently detected by dyuerse godly and learned men and this place requireth no longe discourse thereof Wherfore this shall suffice both for the naturall causes of blasyng starres and also for all flames in generall It followeth therfore that with like breuitie we declare the causes of fyery aperitions ¶ Of Aparitions AN Aparition is an Exhalation in the lowest or hyghest region of the ayre not verely burning but by refraction of lyght either of the sunne or the Moone séemeth as though it burned Whiche appearaunce of collour ryseth not of the mixtiō of the fowre qualities as it doth in bodies perfectly mixed as herbes stones c. But only of y e falling of light vpon shadowe The light is in steade of whyte and the shadowe or darkenes in steade of black These diuersely mixed according to y e diuerse dispositiō of y e exhaelation which ministreth varietie by thicknes or thynnes cause diuerse collours There be commonly recited thrée kindes of fyery apparitions ¶ Collours wyde gapinges and deepe hooles whiche apeare in the cloudes ¶ Of collours COllours are heare ment when there is nothing els to be noted but the collours of the cloudes and they are caused as it is sayde by casting the lyght into the shadowye cloude accordyng as it exceadeth more or lesse in thicknes wherof some be very bright whyte and that is when the Exhalation is very thynne some yealowish when the Exhalations is thicker somme ruddy when it is meanly thicke and very black when it is very thicke The redd and ruddy collours are séen only in the mornyng and euening when the lyght of the sunne is not in his full force for at other tymes of the daye his lyght is to vehement cleare strong and pearsing This much of collours ¶ Of wyde gaping WYde gaping is caused when an Exhalation is thick in the middest thinne on the edges thē the light beīg receiued into it causeth it to appeare as though the skye did rende fire breake out of it ¶ Of round opening Hiatus THese holes called Hiatus differ from wyde gapinges in nothing but that they be lesse therfore séeme as though they were depe pittes or holes and not rending or gaping and these be those apparitions that apeare fyery and yet bee not so in deade Therfore let this be sufficient to haue shewed the natural causes of all fiery Meteores ❧ The thirde Booke of aery impressions VNder y e name of aery impressiōs be cōprehended such Meteores whose matter is most of the aire Of this sort be windes earthquakes thōder lightnīgs stormewyndes whirlewyndes circles raynbowes y e white circle called of som watlīg strete many sūnes many mones ¶ Of Wyndes THe wynd is an Exhalation whote and drie drawne vp into y e aire by y e power of y e sunne by reason of y e wayght therof being driuen down is laterally or sidelongs caried about the earth this diffinition is to be vnderstāded of generall wyndes y e blowe ouer al y e earth or els som great regions but beside these there be particular wyndes whiche are knowen

but as a thing ones mixed and after dryed ether by to cold as sand grauell c. or els by heate as chalke oker c. And yet somwhat more plainly and particularly to discourse vpen these causes admitting the naturall collour of the earth to be black of y e water to be blewe of the ayre to be whyte of the fyre to be ruddy it followeth that vpon the mixtion of these collours or chief domination of them al thinges hath their collour The grosse substaunce of the earth therefore beinge diuersly myxed with other elementes and those myxtures againe being eftsones altered by dyuerse and sometime cōtrary qualities hath brought forth so manye kyndes of earth as claye marle chalke sand grauell c. Claye is mixed with fat moisture takyng his colloure of the mixture with redde from whyte but beyng colde it is not so fructfull as marle whiche is not alwayes so moiste as it Chalke is an earth by heat cōcocted after diuerse mixtions and dried vp Oker both yelow redde with suche like are of the same nature with mixtiō of redde more or lesse Sande and grauell are dried erthes as it were froasen by colde grauell is grosse and apparent sand though it be finer is of the same generation cōsisting of many small bodies which ar cōgeled into stones Sād semeth to be clay dried by cold and coacted together into small stones wherof some ar through shining which were the moyst partes the thicke were of the grosse parte The same is grauel but of greater stoones consisting The lyke iudgement is to be geuen of all other kyndes of earth whose generation by the similitude of these wyll not be very harde to fynde out They that lyst to knowe the diuerse kyndes of earthes must haue recourse to Plinius Cardane and other wryters that recite a great nomber of them but these are the chief and most commen kyndes ¶ Of liquors concreat WE take not lyquors cōcreat so largely as the worde dothe signifie for than should we comprehende bothe the other kyndes followyng But onely those liquors called in latin Succi which are as it were midle betwene metals stones of whiche some being fat only do burne as brimstone séecoles geate bitumen c. and the kyndes of all these other some doth not burne as salt alū coperus saltpeter c. and the kindes of these Of the first sort which are generated of earthy ayry vapors fumes Exhalations the chief most notable is brimstone which semeth to be the matter of all drie whot qualities y t ar in earthly Meteores The rest are generated of such lyke vapors as brymstone is but thē they be diuersly mixed As y e coles haue much earth mixed with brimstone Gette séemeth to be all one but better concocted then coles Of amber is great contentiō whether it be a mineral or y e sperme of an whale for it is foūd in the sea cast vp on the shore Now y e whales séede being of the very same qualities is takē more lesse cōcreate of diuers hardnes som al most as hard as amber som softer som liquid Yet Cardan plainly defineth that amber is a minerall Whether he haue reason or experiēce cōtrary to y e vulgar opinion let them consider that list to cōtende These minerals that will resolue with fyre it is apparent that they were concreat with colde In that they burne it is manifest they haue a fatte and clāmy substaūce mixed with them As the other kynde hath not whiche wyll not resolue so well with fyre as w c water whiche be salt coperus saltpeters c. these burne not being watry earthy not fatt vnctuus nor clammy These be of diuerse collours black as coles and geat because ther is much earthy substaunce mixed with their sulphureus matter Some be shere as saltt and alume hauing a substaunce watry dryed and concreat Coperus is greane because it hath muche colde matter that is blwe mixed with it Salt the most cōmen and necessary of all these liquors concreat that be moist not fatty hath two maner of generations one naturall and the other artificiall The naturall generation is when it is first generated in the earth after commeth the water of the sea and is infected with it out of whiche the salt is againe artificially gathered Of these liquors concreat be those strange wells and sprynges infected of whiche was spoken in the latter ende of the fourth booke Most notably brimstone causeth the whot bathes and burneth in aetna of Scicilia and Vesuuius of Italye casting vp the pumise stones of whiche is no place here to entreate ¶ Of Metalles MEtalles be substaunces perfectlye myxed that wyll melte with heate and be brought into all manner of fashions that a man wyl Of these the Alcumistes saye there be seuen kyndes to aunswere to the seuen Planetes Gold syluer copper tynne lead Iron quicksyluer that they cal Mercury But sauing their authorities quicksyluer is no more a metall then brymstone whiche is as necessarye to the generation of metall as quicsyluer is For they all agrée that all metalles are generated of sulphur that is brymstone whiche because it is whot they call the father and Mercury that is quicksiluer whiche because it is moyst they call the mother So by as good reason may they call brymstone a metalle as Mercury Then there remaineth but six perfect metalls Gold Syluer Copper Tinne Lead and Iron ¶ Of Golde THat moste vnprofitable and hurtfull of al metalls golde which most men disprayse and yet all men would haue is of all other metalles the rarest it is only ꝑfect all other be corruptible Gold neuer corrupteth by rust because it is pure from poysonus infection most solide that it receiueth not the ayre into it which causeth all thinges to corrupt It is perfectly concocted with sufficient heate and mixture of Sulphur all other metalls either are not so well concocted or els they haue not the due quātitie of brimstone This opiniō hath also place among the Alcumistes y t because nature in al her workes seketh the best ende she entēdeth of al metals to make gold ▪ but being let either for wante of good mixture or good cōcoction she bringeth forth other metals in deede not so precius but much more profitable the lesse pretius the more ꝓfitable for ther is more vse to the necessitie of mannes life in Iron and lead then is in golde syluer But either the bewtie or the perfectiō or at lestwyse the rarenes of gold siluer haue obteineth the estimatiō of al men so y t for them is sold al maner of things holy prophane bodely spirituall What paynes doth not men take to wynn gold euery man hath one way or other to hunt after it but y e Alcumist despising all other wayes as slow vnnaturall vnprofitable laboreth ether to helpe nature

moste parte of all the stones that are digged out of the earth are generated by colde whiche is able to conuerte any other kynde of myxed substaunce into stone as hath been partly shewed in the nature of welles and sprynges of whiche there be some in Englande whiche by their colde turne wodde or any lyke thyng into stones I sufficiently shalbe saide of the vertue of stones That vertue that is ascribed vnto them is eyther naturall or magicall Natural vertue is either that whiche is knowen to haue a naturall cause or a naturall effect as the Magnes or loadestone to drawe iron whiche is by a similitude of nature and suche an appetite as is betwene the male and the female Also the sayde Magnes moueth towarde the North and as some saye there is an other kynde founde in the Southe that draweth towarde the south They saye that there is great hylles of this stone in the North and South which maketh it looke that waye Other bryng a Mathematicall reason whiche because it is more curius then can be vnderstoode of the commen sort not exercised in Geometrie I omitte The gette and amber draw heares chaffe and lyke light matter but beyng before chaffed for heate is attractiue Also the precious stone called Astroites moueth of it self in vineger the sharpenes of the vineger percing it and the ayer excluded driuing it forward These vertues because I haue séen I haue set for an example generally all other lyke naturall vertues proceade of lyke naturall causes which by their effect the ingenious must seeke to fynde out As for Magicall vertues be they whiche are grounded of no reason or natural cause whiche if they take effect it is rather of the superstition credulitie of hym that vseth them then of the vertue of the stones As that an Emerald encreaseth loue a Saphir fauoure a Diamonde strength suche lyke vertues of whiche Albertus in his age surnamed the great tooke paynes to wryte a booke whiche I suppose be englished To conclude with the cause why stones melte not as mettalles doe may be gathered by y t which hath béen sayde before because they are congeled past that degrée also because there is left in them no vnctuus or clammy matter Let this suffise for stones so the whole purpose is at an ende W. F. FINIS THINKE AND THANKE LIVE IN FERE KNOWE THY SELFE FAR AND NERE ❧ Impryted at London in Fletestreate at the signe of the Faucone by William Griffith And they are to be sold at his shop in S. Dunstones churchyarde in the Weste 1563. Aristotles The material cause What be vapors what exhalations What the midle region is shalbe tolde afterward A generall rule What exhalations bee The efficiēt cause What the regions of the aire be Sparkes of fyre Torches Daunsing Goates Shootinge starres The Epicurians opinion Psal. 148 The greatnes of Starres A profe of the stars greatnes Burning candels Burnynge beames round pillers Burninge Speares Shieldes Globes or Bowels Lampes Flyinge Dragons or fyre Drakes Of spires Fyre scatered Light that goeth before men and foloweth thē in the night Helena Castor Pollux Flames vpō hears of men beastes Liuius Seruius Tullius Marius Comets or blaesinge starres The temper of the 4. quarters The signification of Comets Arist. Aparitions Collours in the aire Wyde gapinge of cloudes in the ayre Roūd opening in the ayre Wynde The secōd kinde of wyndes the thirde kynd of wynde the qualities of the wyndes and the fow● quarters of the worlde the qualitie of midle wyndes the profit of wynde Ioan. 3. Psal. 104. Earthquakes Diuerse kyndes of earthquakes Twelue cities ouerthrowen with one earthquake Constantinople the chiefest citie of Grece now the Turkes pallace The secōd kynde The thyrd kynde Earthquake on the sea Aristot. The fourth kynde Newe Ilandes in the sea Arist. Seneca Plinius Plato A wōderfull earthquake Africa Europa Asia the thre parts of the erth Mare mediterraneum because it goeth through the midst of the earth Atlātis an Iland Seneca Theron Therea Arist. Herodotus Egipsom time a golphe of the sea The signes of an earthquake Thōdring vnder the earth Cato Thonder a similitude Diuerse kindes of thonder Smal thonder and the kindes therof Great thōder and the kindes therof How farr thūder is harde The profit of thonder Plutarchꝰ T. Quincius Flaminius Lightnīg Fulgetiū Coruscatio Fulgur Ful●●● Fulgetrū The collor of this lyghtning Coruscation Fulgur The lightening is not before the thond though it seeme so Sight preuenteth hearing The thonderbolt caste out of the cloudes Strongest things are most hurt of lightenyng How depe thōder bolt goeth into the earth Aristot. Plinius Seneca Drie lightening Mony molten in mēs purses swerds in scabberds Moist lightninge Why it maketh black Grosse lightning The marueiles of lightning Light poysoneth Senecae Wyne not ronning the vessels being broken Lightnīg purgeth a poysonous beast A snake breadeth no worms Lightnīg openeth his eyes that slepeth closeth his that waketh Lyuinge thinges turn their face towarde lyghtning Garments burnt the body vnhurt Lightning causeth blindnes swelling or leprosy Eutropius M. Tullius Cicero Apulia The woūdes of lightning cold Sea calfe not hurt with lightening Bayes boxe seldom hurt with lightning The Eagle Iupiters harnes bearer Storme wyndes Whirle wyndes The troubles of whirlewyndes Fyered whyrlewynde Circles about the sunne the moone other sters Iupiter Venus Planetes Circles in the water The collours of circles Circles about a cādle the signes of these circles Virgilius Aratus Poetes Signe of frost Signe of fayre weather Signe of tempest Signe of rayne Ptolomeꝰ Signe of fayre weather Signe of snowe Arist. Antipho Rainbow Possidonius a pretious stone called iris A similitude Similitude of the raynbowe Rainbow of the sunn Rainbow of the Moone the white circle sene in the night Pithagoras Anaxagoras Democritus Cordanus Phaeton Ouid. Meta. Pr. Hebe Apollo Theophrastus Diodorus Possidonius Zodiake Arist. Sporades Possidoniꝰ Plinius The breadth of this circle Beames or streames Manye Sunnes at once Alexander the great Darius Many smal suns like stars Similitude The significatiō of many sunnes Galba Otho and Vitellius Manye Moones Plinius Why other sterrs are not so represented Obiectiō Syrius a great star seen at noone in Sommer An aunswer Wonderful aparitions Optice Catroptice Catoptrice Horatius Cloudes Arist. the height of the cloudes Albert Magnus Mystes Empty cloudes The collour of cloudes Rayne why rain water is not salt Auicen Salt raine Bitter raine The riuer Nilus Seneca Signes of rayne Of monstruous rayne Wormes froggs Fishes Mylke Blood Fleshe Auicen Stones Brycke Wheate Wolle Quicksyluer Chalke T. Liuius Iron Auicen Dewe Manna Plinius Arabia Ladanū Cusus bitterdew Hoar frost Arist. Hayle Snowe Originall of Cristall Springes Nothing is empty Foūtains Brookes Ryuers Arist. Seneca Lakes Whote bathes Tastes of waters aristotle Well waeter vsed for vineger Bohemia Paphlagonia maruelus water Clitūnus Propertiꝰ Boetia Melas Seneca Libia Seneca S. Augustine Garamātes Scicilia Idumea Seneca Anthracius Hūgaria Seneca Theophrasius Vitruuiꝰ Arcadia Nonacrinus Illyria andros Bacchus Isidorus Chios Lechnus Scicilia Sardinia Pontus astares aetiopia Clitorius Pentasiū Solinus Syria Rhenus Hypanis Schithia Matrona The sea The naturall place of the water Gen. 1. Arist. Ebbinge and flowing aristotl●s Earthly bodies Of earths Plinius Cardanus Cardanus Aetna Vesuuius Metalls Mercury Sulphur Golde why gold rusteth not The opinion of the Alcumistes Siluer Copper ▪ Tinne Lead Iron Quicksyluer Stones The vertue of stones either natural or magicall Magnes Geat and amber draweth chaf Astroites a stone moueth in viner Albertus Magnus

in her worke as of vnperfect metals to make ꝑfect or els to force natur to his purpose by his quintessence elixors so that what by purging what by cōcocting what by mixing of sulphur quicksiluer muche other like stuffe at length he turneth the wrong side of his gowne outward all the teeth out of his head his body frō helth to a palsey and then he is a Philosopher and so he will be called ¶ Of Syluer SIluer the most pure metalle next vnto golde hath indifferent good concoction in the earth but it wanteth sufficiēt heat in the mixtur that maketh it pale It is founde as they saye running into diuerse vaines as all other metalles be but this most specially after y e shape fashion of a trée lying alonge with a bodye or stocke of proportion lyke to the body of a trée also with armes braunches leaues and fruictes This metall syluer lacketh sufficient heate and therfore cōmeth neyther to the collour soliditie nor perfection of golde and is generated in colde countries neare vnto the North and South poles In so greate quantitie that hasbandmen when they plowe the grounde turne vp syluer among the clottes in their dayly labours Whiche they doe hyde and conceale least the gready Princes for couetousnes of the metall should ouerturne and destroye their lande The golde mynes are contrarywyse moste founde in the whote countries of India and Aethiopia because in them is sufficient of heate for that vnhappy generation This syluer also the Alcumistes woulde fayne make by arte but Mercury the chief maister of the worke is so subtill and so slye that nothinge can holde hym nothing can kyll hym For if the glasse be not very thyck he wyll soone breake out of pryson and so there is nothyng left ¶ Of Copper COpper in collour comming nearest to golde beyng not solyde nor massy for of all metall golde is the heauiest geueth waye to corruption beyng infected with that greane minerall copperus Hereof be dyuerse kyndes brasse latine and suche lyke whiche differ in in digestion the copper beyng purest is of best digestion and nearest vnto golde and so the rest in lyke degrees Copper is moste lyke to syluer in the wayghte and in the hammeryng wherefore the Alcumistes haue learned to make it whyte that it deceyueth mens syghte handlyng but the Goldsmythes doe easely trye it by the teast of coūterfect siluer maketh copper agayne Copper or brasse doth alwaye growe neare vnto the myne of copperus whiche runnyng with it in the digestion or naturall contoction hyndreth it of perfectiō maketh it to stynke and to be eaten of a greane ●●se Muche a doe the Alcumistes haue to turne it into golde if it might be they dispute very reasonablye and conclude almoste necessarily in their talke that it may be conuerted into golde as a body that wāteth litle of perfectiō which may be easely added vnto it But in conclusiō of the worke it is an harder matter to bryng it to passe then it was to purpose before they had done it to builde an abbay at euery myles ende vpō Salisbury playne as one was mynded ¶ Of Tinne TYnne wherof great plenty groweth in the West partes of Englande in bewty and collour cōmeth nearest to siluer of siluer wāteth nothing but soliditie hardnes For tinn is a rawe vndigested metall also very porose vncōpact which causeth it to crashe when it is broken or bitten So it faileth of heat in the cōmixtiō also sufficiēt digestiō in the earth Otherwise it is a fayre proffitable metal to serue y e vse of thē vnto whom siluer gold are not so plentiful ¶ Of Lead LEad also found in great abūdance w tin this realm is a rawe vndigested metal as tin is but yet of better digestiō thē cōmixtiō For it is mixed w c a grosse earthy substance which maketh it to be in collor so black so fowl to corrupt So that of y e same fumes exhalatiōs which if they had ben pure well digested if y e place matter wold haue suffered shold haue ben concreat into siluer for lack of the same lead is generated which comming plentifully doth better seruice thē syluer ¶ Of Iron IRon the most necessary and profitable of all other metalls yet as ill vsed of many as any other is generated of such substaunce as syluer is but myxed with a redde minerall whiche eateth it with redde ruste and also being of two extreme degestion passing all other metalls in hardenes And as other metals to the perfection of syluer wante sufficient cōcoction wherby they comme not to the same hardenes so Iron paseth and exceadeth syluer in immoderate digestion But though it come not to the perfectiō of syluer God forbidde that al Iron had béen tourned into syluer for then we should more haue myssed it then syluer or golde the want of whiche would hurder vs nothyng at al. ¶ Of Quick siluer THough quicksyluer be no metal yet because it is the mother of al metals some thynge is here to be spoken of it There be diuerse and sondrie opinions both of the generation and also the qualities of it whiche make the generation to be harde to fynde out For if the qualitie were certainly agreed vppon there were an easier waye founde to trye out the generation Some affirme that it is exceading whott and that they wolde proue by the swyfte percing ther of into other thynges that be porose Other saye it is exceadyng colde that they proue by the exceadyng weyght of it As for the percyng they saye is caused of the exceading moystnes of which qualitie both partes doe graunte that it is Concerning the generation some haue sayde that it is pure and elementall water some agayne hath thought that it droppeth out of heauen and is a part of the heauenly substaunce And other sayde that it is generated in the cloudes and falleth downe in the field in a circle on those round circles which are séen in many fieldes that ignoraunt people affirme to be the rynges of the fayries danses It is certayne that quick syluer hath dyuerse tymes fallen out of the cloudes as we haue declared in the treatyse of wonderfull and merueylous rayne but whether it so fall in circles it is doubtfull The moste probable opinion is that it is generated of moyste vapors of the earth coacted by cold much lyke to water as brymstone is of hotte fumes coacted by colde muche lyke to fyer And thus muche of metalles ¶ Of Stones STones the fourth kynde of earthlye myxed bodies haue two maner of generations by moste contrarie qualities For heate doth harden moyst bodyes in to stones as we sée that of claye it maketh exceadyng harde brycke Also the thōderboltes in the cloudes are generated by heate as before hathe ben shewed But colde dothe by congelyng generate many more stones then heate doth for the