the_o virtuous_a and_o punishment_n to_o the_o vicious_a proportion_v to_o their_o act_n which_o be_v now_o almost_o whole_o devolve_v upon_o public_a authority_n little_a remain_v but_o encouragement_n and_o praise_n to_o the_o virtuous_a and_o discouragement_n and_o discountenance_n to_o the_o vicious_a commutative_a justice_n be_v the_o inclination_n to_o give_v every_o man_n his_o right_n and_o though_o the_o name_n be_v take_v from_o the_o interchange_n of_o private_a right_n yet_o it_o reach_v to_o all_o prestation_n which_o be_v not_o by_o way_n of_o reward_n or_o punishment_n there_o be_v nothing_o here_o propose_v but_o the_o private_a right_n of_o man_n it_o be_v only_o requisite_a to_o consider_v the_o law_n by_o which_o private_a right_n be_v constitute_v convey_v or_o destitute_a and_o these_o be_v either_o divine_a or_o humane_a 3._o divine_a law_n be_v that_o main_o which_o be_v write_v in_o man_n heart_n according_a to_o that_o of_o the_o apostle_n for_o when_o the_o gentile_n who_o have_v not_o the_o law_n to_o wit_n write_v in_o the_o word_n do_v by_o nature_n the_o thing_n contain_v in_o the_o law_n these_o be_v a_o law_n unto_o themselves_o which_o show_v the_o work_n of_o the_o law_n write_v in_o their_o heart_n their_o conscience_n also_o bear_v they_o witness_n and_o their_o thought_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n accuse_v or_o excuse_v one_o another_o this_o be_v call_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n because_o it_o be_v know_v natural_o either_o immediate_o like_v unto_o these_o instinct_n which_o be_v in_o the_o other_o creature_n whereby_o they_o know_v what_o be_v necessary_a for_o their_o preservation_n so_o the_o first_o principle_n of_o this_o natural_a law_n be_v know_v to_o man_n without_o reason_v or_o experience_n without_o art_n industry_n or_o education_n and_o so_o be_v know_v to_o man_n every_o where_o through_o the_o world_n though_o they_o keep_v no_o communion_n nor_o intercourse_n together_o which_o be_v a_o unanswerable_a demonstration_n of_o the_o be_v of_o this_o law_n of_o nature_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v write_v in_o the_o heart_n of_o man_n because_o law_n use_v to_o be_v write_v on_o pillar_n or_o table_n for_o certainty_n or_o conservation_n so_o this_o law_n be_v write_v by_o the_o finger_n of_o god_n upon_o man_n heart_n there_o to_o remain_v for_o ever_o such_o be_v the_o common_a practical_a principle_n that_o god_n be_v to_o be_v obey_v parent_n honour_v ourselves_o defend_v violence_n repulse_v child_n to_o be_v love_v educate_v and_o provide_v for_o 4._o with_o these_o common_a principle_n with_o which_o god_n have_v send_v man_n into_o the_o world_n he_o give_v they_o also_o reason_n that_o thence_o they_o may_v by_o consequence_n deduce_v his_o law_n in_o more_o particular_a case_n and_o this_o part_n of_o the_o natural_a law_n be_v call_v the_o light_n or_o law_n of_o reason_n it_o be_v call_v by_o solomon_n the_o candle_n of_o the_o lord_n search_v the_o inward_a part_n proverb_n 20._o verse_n 27._o 5._o this_o law_n be_v also_o call_v conscience_n which_o be_v say_v in_o the_o forecited_a place_n to_o bear_v witness_n and_o thereby_o our_o thought_n do_v either_o accuse_v or_o excuse_v one_o another_o according_a to_o the_o judgement_n or_o testimony_n we_o have_v of_o our_o own_o thought_n as_o good_a or_o evil_n consonant_a to_o or_o dissonant_n from_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n shine_v in_o the_o heart_n this_o natural_a law_n as_o it_o be_v derive_v from_o these_o principle_n the_o near_a it_o be_v thereto_o it_o be_v the_o clear_a and_o by_o the_o more_o immediate_a consequence_n it_o be_v derive_v it_o be_v the_o sure_a for_o as_o the_o body_n in_o its_o progressive_a motion_n from_o one_o step_n to_o another_o walk_v sure_a by_o the_o short_a step_n so_o do_v the_o mind_n in_o deduce_v this_o divine_a law_n whence_o it_o be_v that_o this_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v not_o equal_o evident_a to_o all_o man_n but_o the_o more_o of_o reason_n they_o have_v the_o more_o clearness_n they_o have_v of_o it_o which_o have_v make_v man_n of_o reason_n especial_o these_o who_o have_v exercise_v themselves_o in_o the_o inquiry_n of_o right_n to_o be_v have_v in_o high_a esteem_n and_o admiration_n among_o man_n who_o though_o their_o invention_n be_v not_o so_o eminent_a yet_o their_o judgement_n close_v and_o go_v along_o with_o that_o as_o have_v a_o native_a obligation_n in_o it_o and_o so_o many_o time_n these_o responsa_fw-la prudentium_fw-la have_v be_v receive_v with_o as_o much_o authority_n and_o more_o heartiness_n for_o law_n than_o the_o dictate_v of_o sovereign_n cicero_n in_o his_o oration_n pro_fw-la milone_n do_v excellent_o set_v forth_o and_o distinguish_v this_o natural_a law_n from_o positive_a law_n for_o say_v he_o hac_fw-la non_fw-la scripta_fw-la sed_fw-la nata_fw-la lex_fw-la quam_fw-la non_fw-la didicimus_fw-la accepimus_fw-la legimus_fw-la verum_fw-la ex_fw-la natura_fw-la ipsa_fw-la arripuimus_fw-la hausimus_fw-la expressimus_fw-la ad_fw-la quam_fw-la non_fw-la docti_fw-la sed_fw-la facti_fw-la non_fw-la instituti_fw-la sed_fw-la imbuti_fw-la sumus_fw-la ut_fw-la si_fw-la vita_fw-la nostra_fw-la in_o aliquas_fw-la insidias_fw-la si_fw-la in_o vim_o aut_fw-la in_o tela_fw-la aut_fw-la inimicorum_fw-la aut_fw-la latronum_fw-la inciderit_fw-la omnis_fw-la honesta_fw-la ratio_fw-la esset_fw-la expediendae_fw-la salutis_fw-la 6._o this_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v also_o call_v equity_n from_o that_o equality_n it_o keep_v in_o all_o person_n and_o be_v not_o frame_v or_o fit_v for_o the_o interest_n of_o any_o as_o many_o law_n of_o man_n choice_n be_v from_o the_o rigour_n whereof_o recourse_n ought_v to_o be_v have_v to_o this_o natural_a equity_n for_o though_o man_n law_n may_v be_v profitable_a and_o ne_o cessar_n for_o the_o most_o part_n yet_o be_v the_o invention_n of_o frail_a man_n there_o occur_v many_o casus_fw-la incogitati_fw-la wherein_o they_o serve_v not_o but_o equity_n take_v place_n and_o the_o limitation_n and_o fallancy_n extension_n and_o ampliation_n of_o humane_a law_n be_v bring_v from_o equity_n though_o equity_n be_v take_v some_o time_n for_o the_o moderation_n of_o the_o extremity_n of_o humane_a law_n yet_o it_o do_v true_o comprehend_v the_o whole_a law_n of_o nature_n otherwise_o it_o can_v not_o possible_o give_v remeid_v to_o the_o rigour_n and_o extremity_n of_o positive_a law_n in_o all_o case_n 7._o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v also_o term_v the_o moral_a law_n be_v the_o absolute_a and_o adequat_fw-la rule_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o man_n for_o all_o time_n place_n and_o person_n and_o this_o denomination_n it_o have_v common_o in_o opposition_n to_o the_o judicial_a and_o ceremonial_a law_n the_o roman_a law_n do_v sometime_o take_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n in_o a_o most_o strict_a sense_n as_o it_o exclude_v the_o law_n of_o reason_n and_o as_o it_o be_v found_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o man_n in_o so_o far_o as_o be_v common_a with_o other_o animal_n and_o therefore_o they_o define_v it_o to_o be_v quod_fw-la natura_fw-la omne_fw-la animalia_fw-la docuit_fw-la as_o the_o conjunction_n of_o male_a and_o female_a or_o marriage_n the_o procreation_n or_o education_n of_o child_n etc._n etc._n but_o even_o in_o that_o law_n the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v extend_v and_o distinguish_v into_o the_o original_a and_o primitive_a law_n and_o that_o which_o be_v derive_v thence_o such_o as_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o there_o be_v no_o doubt_n but_o there_o be_v more_o of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n found_v in_o the_o rational_a nature_n of_o man_n as_o he_o be_v a_o rational_a and_o sociable_a creature_n and_o even_o that_o which_o appear_v to_o be_v in_o the_o sensitive_a nature_n be_v true_o found_v in_o the_o rational_a nature_n and_o therefore_o be_v not_o proper_o communicable_a unto_o the_o beast_n who_o have_v no_o law_n but_o their_o natural_a instinct_n have_v only_o some_o resemblance_n to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o it_o be_v impress_v in_o our_o heart_n so_o in_o the_o goodness_n of_o god_n it_o be_v express_v in_o his_o word_n wherein_o he_o have_v not_o only_o hold_v forth_o these_o sacred_a mystery_n which_o can_v only_o be_v know_v by_o revelation_n as_o have_v no_o principle_n in_o nature_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v deducible_a but_o also_o because_o through_o sin_n and_o evil_a custom_n the_o natural_a law_n in_o man_n heart_n be_v much_o deface_v disorder_a and_o erroneous_o deduce_v he_o have_v therefore_o reprint_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n in_o a_o viver_n character_n in_o the_o scripture_n not_o only_o have_v the_o moral_a principle_n but_o many_o conclusion_n thence_o flow_v particular_o set_v forth_o this_o analogy_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n even_o in_o the_o heart_n of_o heathen_n and_o as_o it_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o law_n of_o god_n evidence_v sufficient_o that_o both_o of_o they_o proceed_v
creditor_n have_v only_a repetition_n against_o these_o 71_o executor_n after_o obtain_v bond_n or_o decreet_a be_v not_o in_o pleno_fw-la dominio_fw-la of_o the_o defunct_n good_n not_o do_v they_o fall_v under_o the_o executor_n escheat_n but_o the_o defunct_n creditor_n be_v preferable_a to_o the_o executor_n proper_a creditor_n 72_o executor_n may_v pay_v privilege_v debt_n at_o any_o time_n 73_o arrestment_n hinder_v the_o executor_n to_o prefer_v any_o creditor_n 74_o compensation_n be_v not_o competent_a to_o the_o defunct_n debtor_n upon_o debt_n due_a by_o the_o defunct_a assign_v after_o the_o defunct_n death_n 75_o exoneration_n of_o executor_n 76_o exhaust_v of_o executor_n how_o competent_a 77_o the_o diligence_n necessary_a to_o liberat_fw-la executor_n executor_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o depone_v upon_o their_o knowledge_n of_o the_o defunct_n debt_n except_o as_o to_o their_o own_o share_n 78_o how_o far_o co-executor_n be_v conveenable_a several_o 80_o executor_n survive_v be_v not_o liable_a for_o the_o share_n of_o the_o decease_a in_o so_o far_o as_o they_o execute_v the_o testament_n and_o lift_v their_o part_n 81_o executor_n be_v liable_a for_o the_o inventary_a without_o prove_v their_o intromission_n 82_o where_o testament_n be_v to_o be_v confirm_v title_n xxxi_o vicious_a intromission_n 1_o vicious_a intromission_n only_o a_o passive_a and_o no_o active_a title_n even_o against_o other_o vicious_a intrometter_n without_o assignation_n from_o the_o creditor_n 2_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v the_o most_o extensive_a palsive_a title_n reach_v not_o only_o those_o who_o may_v represent_v the_o defunct_a but_o all_o other_o intromet_n ter_n 3_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o large_a extent_n of_o this_o title_n 4_o all_o vicious_a intrometter_n be_v liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la and_o conveenable_a several_o 5_o whether_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v competent_a by_o exception_n 6_o vicious_a intromission_n sustain_v general_o without_o the_o pursuer_n condescendence_n 7_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v only_o competent_a to_o creditor_n 8_o how_o far_o vicious_a intromission_n must_v be_v universal_a 9_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v exclude_v if_o executor_n be_v confirm_v before_o citation_n though_o after_o the_o intromission_n whether_o executor_n creditor_n be_v confirm_v exclude_v vicious_a intromission_n pursue_v thereafter_o 11_o how_o far_o confirmation_n of_o executor_n although_o after_o citation_n exclude_v vicious_a intromission_n 12_o superintromission_a 13_o vicious_a intromission_n how_o far_o exclude_v by_o gift_n of_o escheat_n and_o declarator_n 14_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v exclude_v by_o any_o colourable_a title_n though_o defective_a 15_o the_o custom_n of_o england_n as_o to_o intromission_n 16_o vicious_a intromission_n sapit_fw-la delictum_fw-la and_o be_v only_o competent_a against_o intrometter_n themselves_o during_o their_o life_n 17_o how_o far_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v exclude_v by_o acquire_v bona_fw-la fide_fw-la title_n i._n common_a principle_n of_o law_n 1._o description_n of_o law_n 2._o description_n and_o division_n of_o justice_n 3._o divine_a law_n 4._o reason_n 5._o conscience_n 6._o equity_n 7._o moral_a law_n 8._o positive_a law_n of_o god_n 9_o judicial_a law_n 10._o law_n of_o nation_n 11._o civil_a law_n 12._o feudal_n law_n 13._o cannon_n law_n 14._o the_o reason_n of_o humane_a law_n 15._o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n 16._o whether_o law_n may_v be_v handle_v as_o a_o rational_a discipline_n 17._o three_o common_a principle_n of_o equity_n and_o three_o of_o positive_a law_n 18._o obedience_n 19_o freedom_n 20._o engagement_n 21._o description_n and_o division_n of_o right_n 22._o method_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o method_n here_o propose_v my_o design_n be_v to_o give_v a_o description_n of_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o scotland_n such_o as_o may_v not_o only_o be_v profitable_a for_o judge_n and_o lawyer_n but_o may_v be_v pleasant_a and_o useful_a to_o all_o person_n of_o honour_n and_o discretion_n i_o do_v resolve_v to_o raise_v my_o thought_n and_o they_o to_o a_o distinct_a consideration_n of_o the_o fountain_n and_o foundation_n of_o the_o peculiar_a law_n of_o all_o nation_n which_o common_a reason_n make_v intelligible_a to_o the_o judicious_a when_o plain_o and_o orderly_o propose_v and_o therefore_o have_v always_o in_o the_o first_o place_n set_v forth_o that_o common_a rule_n of_o material_a justice_n by_o which_o mankind_n ought_v to_o govern_v themselves_o though_o they_o have_v no_o positive_a statute_n or_o custom_n and_o then_o show_v how_o these_o be_v thence_o introduce_v i_o have_v therefore_o choose_v the_o method_n i_o think_v fit_a for_o this_o purpose_n and_o the_o term_n most_o intelligible_a in_o common_a use_n and_o have_v as_o much_o as_o i_o can_v forbear_v the_o term_n of_o art_n no_o man_n can_v be_v a_o know_v lawer_fw-we in_o any_o nation_n who_o have_v not_o well_o ponder_v and_o digest_v in_o his_o mind_n the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o world_n from_o whence_o the_o interpretation_n extension_n and_o limitation_n of_o all_o statute_n and_o custom_n must_v be_v bring_v i_o have_v therefore_o begin_v with_o the_o common_a principle_n of_o law_n and_o thence_o have_v lay_v down_o the_o method_n i_o follow_v and_o have_v explain_v the_o general_a term_n common_o make_v use_n of_o in_o law_n there_o be_v no_o term_n of_o which_o man_n have_v a_o more_o common_a but_o confuse_v apprehension_n than_o what_o law_n be_v and_o yet_o there_o be_v few_o term_n hard_a to_o be_v distinct_o conceive_v or_o describe_v the_o clear_a conception_n of_o it_o i_o can_v find_v be_v thus_o 1._o law_n be_v the_o dictat_fw-la of_o reason_n determine_v every_o rational_a be_v to_o that_o which_o be_v congruous_a and_o convenient_a for_o its_o nature_n and_o condition_n this_o will_v extend_v to_o the_o determination_n of_o indifferency_n of_o all_o rational_a being_n god_n almighty_a though_o he_o be_v accountable_a to_o and_o controllable_a by_o none_o and_o so_o have_v the_o absolute_a freedom_n of_o his_o choice_n yet_o do_v he_o unchangeable_o determine_v himself_o by_o his_o goodness_n righteousness_n and_o truth_n which_o therefore_o make_v the_o absolute_a sovereign_a divine_a law_n the_o same_o be_v also_o the_o law_n of_o all_o rational_a creature_n by_o which_o they_o ought_v to_o determine_v and_o rule_v their_o free_a action_n but_o the_o congruity_n and_o conveniency_n of_o their_o nature_n afford_v they_o other_o dictate_v of_o their_o reason_n which_o quadrat_fw-la not_o with_o the_o divine_a nature_n such_o as_o adoration_n obedience_n common_a to_o angel_n and_o men._n and_o reason_n do_v determine_v mankind_n yet_o further_o from_o the_o conveniency_n of_o his_o nature_n and_o state_n to_o be_v humble_a penitent_a careful_a and_o diligent_a for_o the_o preservation_n of_o himself_o and_o his_o kind_n and_o therefore_o to_o be_v sociable_a and_o helpful_a and_o to_o do_v only_o that_o which_o be_v convenient_a for_o mankind_n to_o be_v do_v by_o every_o one_o in_o the_o same_o condition_n whereof_o the_o rule_n in_o the_o gospel_n be_v a_o excellent_a test_n quodtibi_fw-la fierinon_fw-la vis_fw-la alteri_fw-la ne_fw-la feceris_fw-la thence_o also_o be_v the_o three_o common_a precept_n in_o the_o roman_a law_n honest_a vivere_fw-la alterum_fw-la non_fw-la ledere_fw-la suum_fw-la cuique_fw-la tribuere_fw-la all_o which_o be_v evident_o the_o common_a interest_n and_o advantage_n of_o mankind_n this_o be_v that_o eternal_a law_n which_o can_v be_v alter_v be_v found_v upon_o a_o unchangeable_a ground_n the_o congruity_n to_o the_o nature_n of_o god_n angel_n and_o man_n and_o therefore_o god_n can_v deny_v himself_o or_o act_v unsuitable_o to_o his_o divine_a perfection_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v say_v shall_v not_o the_o judge_n of_o all_o the_o earth_n do_v just_o and_o that_o it_o be_v impossible_a for_o god_n to_o lie_v not_o by_o any_o fatal_a necessity_n as_o if_o he_o have_v not_o power_n and_o freedom_n enough_o but_o because_o his_o goodness_n justice_n and_o truth_n be_v as_o certain_a by_o his_o free_a choice_n as_o be_v his_o omnipotency_n and_o sovereignty_n this_o be_v also_o call_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n because_o it_o arise_v from_o the_o congruity_n or_o conveniency_n of_o nature_n and_o thence_o be_v know_v by_o the_o light_n of_o nature_n 2._o correspondent_n to_o these_o dictate_v of_o reason_n wherein_o law_n consist_v which_o be_v in_o the_o understanding_n there_o be_v a_o inclination_n in_o the_o will_n to_o observe_v and_o follow_v these_o dictate_v which_o be_v justice_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v describe_v constans_n &_o perpetua_fw-la voluntas_fw-la suum_fw-la cuique_fw-la tribuendi_fw-la where_o by_o the_o will_n be_v not_o understand_v the_o faculty_n but_o the_o inclination_n thereof_o determine_v by_o the_o law_n to_o give_v every_o one_o that_o which_o the_o law_n declare_v to_o be_v due_a and_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o distributive_a and_o commutative_a justice_n distributive_a justice_n be_v the_o inclination_n to_o retribute_v reward_n to_o
man_n yet_o equity_n and_o the_o natural_a law_n in_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v allow_v declare_v and_o make_v effectual_a by_o man_n be_v in_o so_o far_o account_v among_o the_o law_n of_o man_n the_o law_n of_o man_n be_v either_o common_a to_o many_o nation_n or_o proper_a to_o one_o nation_n or_o peculiar_a to_o some_o place_n or_o incorporation_n in_o the_o same_o nation_n as_o be_v the_o municipal_a law_n in_o the_o roman_a republic_n and_o such_o be_v still_o in_o most_o nation_n not_o only_o in_o matter_n of_o lesser_a moment_n but_o in_o the_o high_a matter_n of_o private_a right_n as_o in_o succession_n which_o be_v diversify_v in_o many_o province_n in_o france_n germany_n and_o the_o netherlands_o and_o england_n as_o may_v be_v instance_a in_o the_o gavil_n kind_n of_o kent_n the_o law_n common_a to_o many_o nation_n be_v that_o which_o be_v common_o call_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n which_o stand_v in_o the_o custom_n own_v and_o acknowledge_v by_o all_o or_o at_o least_o the_o most_o civil_a nation_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o equity_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o reason_n though_o in_o part_n also_o there_o be_v positive_a law_n introduce_v by_o common_a consent_n of_o nation_n and_o which_o do_v no_o less_o oblige_v these_o nation_n as_o import_v their_o obligatory_a consent_n then_o do_v the_o custom_n of_o particular_a nation_n and_o incorporation_n such_o be_v the_o law_n of_o captivity_n and_o bondage_n of_o these_o take_v in_o war_n the_o safety_n of_o ambassador_n though_o more_o guilty_a of_o the_o common_a quarrel_n than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o nation_n from_o who_o they_o be_v send_v yet_o for_o common_a utility_n sake_n while_o they_o act_v in_o and_o conform_v to_o that_o capacity_n they_o be_v safe_a otherways_o there_o can_v be_v no_o commerce_n orderly_a indiction_n of_o war_n or_o pacification_n and_o therefore_o the_o roman_n when_o they_o have_v to_o do_v with_o barbarous_a nation_n who_o do_v not_o acknowledge_v this_o law_n do_v send_v their_o ambassador_n to_o their_o border_n and_o there_o do_v require_v reparation_n and_o denunce_v war_n because_o they_o can_v safe_o go_v no_o further_o and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n though_o slavery_n be_v against_o the_o natural_a law_n of_o liberty_n yet_o it_o be_v receive_v for_o conveniency_n by_o the_o nation_n be_v more_o willing_a to_o lose_v liberty_n than_o life_n such_o also_o be_v the_o law_n of_o hospitality_n or_o the_o mutual_a trust_n betwixt_o the_o host_n and_o the_o guest_n who_o he_o have_v willing_o receive_v in_o his_o house_n whereby_o neither_o of_o they_o can_v act_v any_o thing_n prejudicial_a to_o the_o life_n or_o liberty_n of_o the_o other_o while_o in_o that_o relation_n though_o otherwise_o they_o have_v just_a reason_n and_o may_v do_v the_o same_o yet_o the_o do_v of_o it_o then_o be_v a_o violate_v of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o law_n of_o nation_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o equity_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o reason_n which_o stand_v as_o the_o common_a rule_n among_o man_n appoint_v of_o god_n by_o which_o they_o may_v know_v and_o crave_v each_o from_o other_o their_o right_n and_o in_o case_n of_o refusal_n may_v vindicate_v the_o same_o by_o force_n wherein_o they_o be_v still_o regulate_v by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o reason_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n keep_v a_o just_a proportion_n betwixt_o the_o wrong_n and_o reparation_n though_o take_v by_o force_n and_o not_o like_o draco_n who_o make_v the_o punishment_n of_o all_o his_o law_n death_n and_o therefore_o be_v say_v to_o be_v write_v in_o blood_n so_o by_o make_v the_o issue_n of_o every_o quarrel_n to_o be_v the_o conquest_n of_o the_o debel_v and_o the_o swallow_v up_o of_o all_o their_o right_n as_o if_o they_o have_v pactioned_a to_o put_v they_o all_o upon_o the_o issue_n of_o that_o war_n whereas_o there_o be_v nothing_o in_o question_n by_o either_o party_n but_o the_o strive_n for_o reparation_n of_o that_o injury_n which_o the_o one_o ow_v and_o the_o other_o deny_v to_o acknowledge_v as_o a_o injury_n or_o refuse_v reparation_n thereof_o this_o law_n be_v chief_o understand_v when_o the_o common_a law_n be_v name_v among_o we_o though_o the_o english_a so_o name_v the_o common_a current_n of_o their_o civil_a law_n as_o opposite_a to_o statute_n and_o their_o late_a custom_n which_o be_v sometime_o so_o take_v with_o we_o and_o ofttimes_o by_o the_o common_a law_n we_o understand_v the_o roman_a law_n which_o in_o some_o sort_n be_v common_a to_o many_o nation_n 11._o the_o law_n of_o each_o society_n of_o people_n under_o the_o same_o sovereign_a authority_n be_v call_v the_o civil_a law_n or_o the_o law_n of_o the_o citizen_n of_o that_o commonwealth_n though_o that_o now_o be_v appropriate_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n of_o the_o roman_a commonwealth_n or_o 〈◊〉_d as_o the_o most_o excellent_a and_o because_o of_o that_o assinity_n that_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n have_v with_o it_o as_o have_v also_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o chief_a nation_n to_o which_o the_o victorious_a arm_n of_o the_o roman_n do_v propagat_v it_o and_o its_o own_o worth_n even_o after_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n which_o have_v so_o commend_v it_o that_o though_o it_o be_v not_o acknowledge_v as_o a_o law_n bind_v for_o its_o authority_n yet_o as_o a_o rule_n follow_v for_o its_o equity_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o say_v something_o here_o of_o it_o the_o roman_n be_v first_o govern_v by_o king_n who_o give_v they_o law_n which_o be_v collect_v by_o papirius_n in_o the_o time_n of_o tarqvinius_n superbus_n be_v therefore_o call_v the_o papirian_a law_n tarqvinius_n and_o monarchy_n be_v throw_v out_o the_o papirian_a law_n collect_v in_o his_o time_n and_o name_n be_v partaker_n of_o his_o hatred_n and_o contempt_n of_o the_o people_n and_o there_o be_v no_o fix_v nor_o write_a law_n among_o the_o roman_n till_o they_o send_v the_o triumvir_n posthumus_fw-la maulius_n and_o sulpitius_n to_o the_o greek_a republic_n to_o understand_v the_o law_n of_o these_o commonwealth_n and_o thence_o to_o frame_v a_o model_n of_o government_n and_o law_n for_o the_o roman_a state_n which_o they_o do_v and_o make_v up_o the_o law_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n which_o be_v comprehend_v in_o few_o word_n and_o marrowy_a sentence_n all_o write_a upon_o twelve_o table_n be_v fix_v upon_o the_o most_o public_a mercat_n place_n at_o rome_n that_o they_o may_v be_v easy_o know_v and_o keep_v in_o mind_n by_o all_o the_o citizen_n these_o be_v so_o acceptable_a and_o satisfactory_a to_o the_o roman_n that_o they_o have_v be_v the_o foundation_n and_o principle_n of_o all_o that_o great_a body_n of_o law_n which_o afterward_o they_o have_v all_o which_o be_v order_v to_o that_o ancient_a law_n as_o extension_n and_o limitation_n of_o it_o which_o be_v do_v at_o first_o by_o part_n by_o the_o plebiscita_fw-la law_n enact_v by_o the_o suffrage_n of_o the_o people_n or_o by_o the_o senatus_n consulta_fw-la or_o by_o the_o edict_n of_o the_o praetor_n or_o by_o the_o response_n of_o the_o jurisprudents_n who_o be_v authorize_v to_o give_v answer_n in_o dubious_a case_n as_o cornelius_n nasica_n fabauf_n cato_n gallus_z ariciusidius_fw-la manlius_n scevola_n crassus_n juventius_n ulpianus_n paulus_n julianus_n and_o other_o and_o when_o the_o sovereign_a power_n be_v devolve_v upon_o the_o emperor_n by_o their_o edict_n rescript_n and_o decree_n until_o the_o roman_a law_n increase_v unto_o so_o great_a a_o bulk_n that_o there_o be_v thousand_o of_o book_n of_o law_n in_o which_o the_o brevity_n and_o perspicuity_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n be_v then_o lose_v as_o now_o the_o body_n of_o they_o through_o the_o injury_n of_o time_n have_v perish_v but_o at_o last_o the_o emperor_n justinian_n do_v by_o the_o pain_n of_o seventeen_o select_a jurisconsult_v pick_v out_o the_o marrow_n of_o all_o the_o ancient_a law_n and_o digest_v they_o into_o some_o method_n into_o the_o fifty_o book_n of_o the_o digest_v or_o pandect_n which_o therefore_o have_v the_o author_n of_o every_o law_n prefix_v to_o it_o he_o do_v also_o by_o tribonian_a and_o other_o collect_v the_o rescript_n decree_n and_o all_o the_o edict_n of_o the_o emperor_n which_o before_o be_v more_o imperfect_o compile_v in_o their_o theodosian_a codex_fw-la and_o which_o thereafter_o he_o perfeit_v and_o name_v the_o justinian_n codex_fw-la as_o posterior_n constitution_n of_o the_o emperor_n be_v gather_v together_o in_o nine_o collation_n which_o be_v call_v the_o novel_a constitution_n justinian_n do_v also_o cause_n frame_v the_o four_o book_n of_o the_o institutes_n as_o the_o sum_n and_o element_n of_o the_o whole_a law_n but_o as_o nothing_o humane_a be_v stable_n
short_o after_o this_o great_a perfection_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n in_o the_o time_n of_o phocas_n the_o emperor_n who_o reign_v four_o after_o justinian_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 565._o the_o roman_a empire_n be_v oppress_v by_o the_o irruption_n of_o the_o goth_n and_o longobard_n the_o roman_a law_n do_v also_o lie_v under_o ash_n above_o the_o space_n of_o five_o hundred_o year_n until_o a_o new_a shape_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n be_v set_v up_o in_o germany_n lothaius_fw-la the_o emperor_n who_o flourish_v in_o the_o eleven_o century_n do_v again_o revive_v and_o restore_v the_o roman_a law_n which_o thence_o be_v every_o where_o teach_v in_o the_o school_n and_o enlarge_v with_o more_o vast_a heap_n of_o commentary_n and_o treatise_n than_o be_v these_o of_o the_o ancient_n lawyer_n though_o not_o claim_v the_o like_a authority_n 12._o in_o the_o interim_n do_v the_o feudal_n law_n or_o custom_n take_v rise_v among_o the_o longobard_n and_o other_o nation_n who_o have_v expulse_v out_o of_o italy_n the_o roman_a empire_n be_v willing_a to_o change_v their_o barbarity_n and_o to_o be_v successor_n to_o the_o roman_n in_o seat_n and_o civility_n and_o that_o they_o may_v maintain_v their_o conquest_n give_v out_o all_o their_o land_n to_o their_o soldier_n and_o assecl_n as_o benefice_n to_o they_o for_o their_o service_n and_o assistance_n in_o their_o war_n the_o example_n of_o which_o and_o the_o new_a interest_n it_o afford_v to_o sovereign_n to_o have_v all_o their_o territory_n to_o hold_v of_o themselves_o and_o most_o of_o their_o subject_n by_o that_o new_a relation_n to_o become_v their_o feudatar_n and_o vassal_n have_v give_v the_o feudal_n law_n wing_n whereby_o it_o have_v spread_v itself_o over_o most_o of_o the_o world_n 13._o in_o the_o decline_a also_o of_o the_o roman_a empire_n the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n have_v mount_v himself_o unto_o the_o imperial_a eminence_n of_o universal_a bishop_n do_v in_o imitation_n of_o the_o emperor_n cause_n compile_v the_o cannon_n law_n and_o first_o that_o part_n which_o be_v call_v decretum_fw-la which_o be_v perfeit_v by_o gratian_n the_o monk_n out_o of_o the_o father_n doctor_n and_o counsel_n though_o much_o throw_v and_o vitiat_fw-la towards_o the_o interest_n and_o error_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n and_o after_o the_o decretal_n be_v compile_v by_o pope_n gregory_n the_o nine_o out_o of_o the_o decretal_a epistle_n of_o the_o pope_n which_o boniface_n the_o eight_o augment_v by_o addition_n of_o the_o six_o book_n of_o the_o decretal_n the_o first_o whereof_o be_v in_o imitation_n of_o the_o digest_v make_v of_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o ancient_a lawyer_n and_o it_o out_o of_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o father_n doctor_n and_o council_n of_o the_o church_n and_o the_o latter_a in_o resemblance_n of_o the_o codex_fw-la compact_v of_o the_o rescript_n of_o the_o pope_n and_o that_o nothing_o may_v be_v improportional_a unto_o the_o noval_n constitution_n do_v answer_v the_o clementins_n and_o extravagant_n this_o pontifical_a law_n extend_v unto_o all_o person_n and_o thing_n belong_v to_o the_o roman_a church_n and_o separate_v from_o the_o laity_n all_o thing_n that_o may_v relate_v to_o pious_a uses_n or_o which_o may_v be_v claim_v to_o be_v under_o the_o protection_n of_o his_o holiness_n as_o orphan_n the_o will_n of_o defunct_n the_o matter_n of_o marriage_n and_o divorce_n all_o which_o he_o have_v obtain_v to_o be_v exempt_v from_o the_o civil_a authority_n of_o these_o sovereign_n who_o be_v devote_v to_o that_o see_n these_o thing_n be_v holy_a be_v not_o to_o be_v temerat_fw-la by_o the_o profane_a hand_n of_o prince_n or_o free_a people_n and_o so_o deep_o have_v this_o canon_n law_n be_v root_v that_o even_o where_o the_o pope_n authority_n be_v reject_v yet_o consideration_n must_v be_v have_v to_o these_o law_n not_o only_o as_o to_o these_o by_o which_o church_n benefice_n have_v be_v erect_v and_o order_v but_o as_o to_o these_o which_o contain_v many_o equitable_a and_o profitable_a law_n which_o because_o of_o their_o weighty_a matter_n and_o be_v once_o receive_v may_v more_o fit_o be_v retain_v than_o reject_v 14._o before_o we_o come_v to_o the_o custom_n of_o scotland_n there_o lie_v this_o block_n in_o the_o way_n of_o all_o humane_a law_n that_o see_v as_o have_v be_v say_v equity_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o reason_n be_v perfect_a and_o perpetual_a all_o law_n of_o man_n constitution_n seem_v not_o only_o to_o be_v dangerous_a in_o that_o they_o may_v impinge_a upon_o the_o perfect_a law_n of_o god_n but_o also_o to_o be_v useless_a and_o unprofitable_a see_v man_n may_v live_v better_o and_o more_o safe_o by_o the_o divine_a dictate_v of_o god_n write_v in_o our_o heart_n than_o by_o the_o device_n of_o man_n so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v think_v that_o those_o who_o in_o stead_n thereof_o embrace_v the_o law_n of_o man_n may_v meet_v with_o the_o reproof_n of_o the_o israelite_n who_o be_v say_v to_o reject_v god_n from_o reign_v over_o they_o this_o reason_n be_v so_o press_v that_o if_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o reason_n be_v equal_o know_v to_o all_o man_n or_o that_o the_o dispenser_n thereofcould_n be_v find_v so_o know_v and_o so_o just_a as_o man_n will_v and_o aught_o to_o have_v full_a confidence_n and_o quietness_n in_o their_o sentence_n it_o will_v not_o only_o be_v a_o folly_n but_o a_o fault_n to_o admit_v of_o any_o other_o law_n but_o the_o prime_a interest_n of_o man_n be_v to_o enjoy_v their_o right_n not_o only_o in_o safety_n and_o security_n but_o in_o confidence_n and_o quietness_n of_o mind_n that_o they_o may_v clear_o know_v what_o be_v their_o right_n and_o may_v enjoy_v the_o same_o therefore_o humane_a law_n be_v add_v not_o to_o take_v away_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o reason_n but_o some_o of_o the_o effect_n thereof_o which_o be_v in_o our_o power_n and_o therefore_o as_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n man_n be_v a_o free_a creature_n yet_o so_o as_o he_o may_v engage_v himself_o and_o be_v engage_v by_o the_o same_o law_n of_o nature_n he_o must_v perform_v so_o man_n law_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o public_a sponsion_n of_o the_o people_n which_o therefore_o even_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n they_o may_v and_o must_v perform_v and_o therefore_o be_v they_o introduce_v first_o for_o clear_v and_o condescend_v on_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o reason_n such_o law_n can_v none_o quarrel_v because_o they_o do_v not_o alter_v but_o declare_v equity_n and_o that_o very_o necessary_o because_o though_o equity_n be_v very_o clear_a in_o its_o principle_n and_o in_o thesi_fw-la yet_o the_o deduction_n of_o reason_n further_o from_o the_o fountain_n through_o the_o bias_n and_o corruption_n of_o interest_n may_v make_v it_o much_o more_o dubious_a in_o hypothesi_fw-la when_o it_o come_v to_o the_o decision_n of_o a_o particular_a case_n in_o all_o its_o circumstance_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v necessary_a it_o be_v so_o fix_v and_o clear_v by_o statute_n and_o custom_n suitable_a thereto_o that_o the_o people_n may_v be_v secure_v second_o there_o be_v many_o point_n of_o right_n competent_a to_o man_n in_o equity_n as_o it_o may_v be_v more_o profitable_a for_o the_o people_n to_o forbear_v the_o pursuance_n of_o they_o than_o to_o be_v at_o the_o trouble_n and_o expense_n of_o the_o pursuit_n as_o when_o humane_a law_n do_v cut_v offmatter_n of_o less_o concernment_n and_o in_o they_o rathertake_v themselves_o to_o the_o honesty_n of_o their_o party_n than_o to_o compulsion_n by_o remeid_n of_o law_n such_o be_v the_o remuneratory_n obligation_n of_o gratitude_n and_o the_o inward_a obligation_n of_o the_o mind_n as_o of_o affection_n love_n kindness_n etc._n etc._n according_a to_o the_o proverb_n we_o can_v poind_v for_o unkindness_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o there_o be_v more_o such_o obligation_n than_o be_v the_o obligation_n relate_v to_o outward_a performance_n of_o some_o palpable_a or_o sensible_a thing_n and_o it_o may_v easy_o appear_v what_o vexation_n it_o may_v breed_v if_o not_o only_o the_o latter_a but_o also_o the_o former_a may_v all_o be_v pursue_v and_o extort_a by_o compulsion_n of_o law_n and_o none_o can_v think_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n injure_v because_o of_o common_a consent_n man_n will_v spare_v themselves_o the_o labour_n to_o pursue_v those_o thing_n which_o they_o may_v easy_o dispense_v with_o and_o so_o likewise_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n though_o by_o the_o moral_a law_n we_o be_v oblige_v to_o love_v our_o neighbour_n as_o ourselves_o from_o whence_o arise_v duty_n of_o charity_n and_o mercy_n assistance_n and_o relief_n yet_o for_o the_o most_o part_n man_n do_v not_o compel_v for_o the_o negative_a of_o these_o command_n but_o only_o for_o the_o
that_o god_n be_v to_o be_v obey_v by_o man_n 2._o that_o man_n be_v a_o free_a creature_n have_v power_n to_o dispose_v of_o himself_o and_o of_o all_o thing_n in_o so_o far_o as_o by_o his_o obedience_n to_o god_n he_o be_v not_o restrain_v 3._o that_o this_o freedom_n of_o man_n be_v in_o his_o own_o power_n and_o may_v be_v restrain_v by_o his_o voluntar_n engagement_n which_o he_o be_v bind_v to_o fulfil_v or_o take_v they_o up_o more_o summarily_a the_o first_o principle_n of_o right_o be_v obedience_n freedom_n and_o engagement_n there_o be_v also_o three_o prime_a principle_n of_o the_o positive_a law_n who_o aim_n and_o terest_n be_v the_o profit_n and_o utility_n of_o man_n as_o the_o natural_a law_n be_v in_o equo_fw-la so_o the_o positive_a law_n be_v in_o bono_fw-mi or_o utili_fw-la and_o upon_o those_o two_o leg_n do_v justice_n move_v in_o give_v every_o man_n his_o right_n if_o man_n have_v not_o fall_v there_o have_v be_v no_o distinction_n betwixt_o bonum_fw-la and_o equum_fw-la nor_o have_v there_o be_v anything_o more_o profitable_a than_o the_o full_a follow_v of_o the_o natural_a law_n but_o man_n be_v now_o deprave_v and_o want_v justice_n or_o that_o willingness_n to_o give_v every_o man_n his_o right_n and_o apt_a to_o fraud_n or_o force_n therefore_o in_o this_o estate_n it_o be_v profitable_a for_o he_o to_o quit_v something_o of_o that_o which_o by_o equity_n be_v his_o due_n for_o peace_n and_o quietness_n sake_n rather_o than_o to_o use_v compulsion_n and_o quarrel_v in_o all_o thing_n and_o to_o find_v out_o expedient_n and_o help_v to_o make_v equity_n effectual_a and_o therefore_o to_o make_v up_o society_n of_o man_n that_o they_o may_v mutual_o defend_v one_o another_o and_o procure_v to_o one_o another_o their_o right_n and_o also_o to_o set_v clear_a limit_n to_o every_o man_n property_n and_o to_o maintain_v traffic_n and_o commerce_n among_o themselves_o and_o with_o other_o so_o that_o the_o three_o principle_n of_o positive_a law_n may_v be_v society_n property_n and_o commerce_n the_o principle_n of_o equity_n be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o right_n and_o law_n the_o principle_n of_o positive_a law_n be_v the_o final_a cause_n or_o end_n for_o which_o law_n be_v make_v and_o right_n constitute_v and_o order_v and_o all_o of_o they_o may_v aim_v at_o the_o maintenance_n flourish_v and_o peace_n of_o society_n the_o security_n of_o property_n and_o the_o freedom_n of_o commerce_n and_o so_o the_o narrative_n of_o statute_n do_v common_o bear_v the_o motive_n introductory_n towards_o some_o of_o these_o head_n 18._o obedience_n be_v that_o submission_n and_o sequacity_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o will_n of_o man_n to_o the_o authority_n and_o will_n of_o his_o maker_n immediate_o obliege_v without_o any_o tie_n upon_o he_o by_o himself_o intimate_v to_o he_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n light_n of_o reason_n and_o the_o conscience_n whereby_o man_n distinguish_v betwixt_o right_n and_o wrong_n betwixt_o what_o be_v duty_n and_o what_o be_v not_o duty_n hence_o do_v arise_v these_o obligation_n upon_o man_n which_o be_v not_o by_o his_o own_o consent_n or_o engagement_n nor_o by_o the_o will_n of_o man_n but_o by_o the_o will_n of_o god_n and_o therefore_o these_o be_v fit_o call_v obediential_a obligation_n the_o first_o and_o most_o general_a of_o these_o be_v to_o love_v the_o lord_n our_o god_n with_o all_o our_o heart_n and_o our_o neighbour_n as_o ourselves_o upon_o which_o say_v our_o saviour_n hang_v all_o the_o law_n and_o the_o prophet_n matth._n 22._o vers_fw-la 40._o which_o be_v a_o clear_a demonstration_n from_o his_o mouth_n of_o the_o dependence_n of_o the_o moral_a law_n upon_o this_o principle_n such_o be_v also_o the_o obligation_n betwixt_o husband_n and_o wife_n parent_n and_o child_n and_o the_o obligation_n of_o restitution_n reparation_n and_o remuneration_n in_o all_o which_o we_o be_v engage_v not_o by_o our_o will_n and_o consent_n and_o such_o be_v the_o obligation_n which_o the_o civilian_n call_v quasi_fw-la ex_fw-la contractu_fw-la because_o they_o find_v they_o obligatory_a and_o yet_o not_o by_o contract_n and_o not_o advert_v this_o their_o rise_n from_o obedience_n reduce_v they_o to_o contract_n by_o a_o qua_v 19_o where_o obedience_n end_v there_o freedom_n begin_v and_o man_n by_o nature_n be_v free_a in_o all_o thing_n where_o this_o obedience_n have_v not_o tie_v he_o until_o he_o oblige_v himself_o it_o be_v a_o great_a mercy_n to_o man_n that_o god_n have_v oblige_v he_o only_o in_o a_o few_o necessary_a moral_a duty_n and_o have_v leave_v he_o free_a in_o much_o more_o without_o any_o tie_n upon_o he_o as_o to_o the_o matter_n but_o with_o a_o liberty_n ad_fw-la contradictoria_fw-la that_o he_o may_v do_v or_o not_o do_v and_o ad_fw-la contraria_fw-la that_o he_o may_v do_v this_o or_o the_o contrair_n provide_v that_o whatsoever_o he_o do_v even_o where_o he_o be_v free_a be_v order_v and_o direct_v to_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n it_o have_v be_v the_o opinion_n of_o some_o both_o learned_a and_o pious_a that_o there_o be_v nothing_o indifferent_a in_o actu_fw-la exercito_fw-la or_o as_o it_o be_v invest_v with_o the_o circumstance_n but_o that_o then_o every_o thing_n be_v a_o duty_n or_o a_o sin_n and_o that_o because_o all_o thing_n must_v be_v do_v to_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n and_o to_o mutual_a edification_n from_o whence_o there_o be_v no_o exception_n and_o so_o be_v not_o free_a that_o we_o must_v make_v account_n of_o every_o idle_a word_n and_o that_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o try_v all_o thing_n and_o to_o hold_v that_o which_o be_v best_a these_o reason_n indeed_o conclude_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o free_a as_o to_o this_o contradiction_n either_o to_o be_v do_v to_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n or_o not_o and_o to_o edification_n and_o use_v or_o not_o but_o do_v not_o conclude_v that_o there_o be_v duty_n or_o necessity_n in_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o action_n itself_o of_o which_o either_o part_n of_o the_o contradiction_n may_v be_v choose_v so_o that_o either_o part_n be_v useful_a and_o order_v to_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n as_o say_v the_o apostle_n he_o that_o observe_v a_o day_n observe_v it_o to_o the_o lord_n and_o he_o that_o observe_v not_o do_v so_o to_o the_o lord_n and_o likewife_n in_o that_o undeniable_a instance_n of_o marriage_n wherein_o the_o apostle_n debate_v of_o the_o conveniency_n to_o marry_v or_o not_o to_o marry_o do_v conclude_v so_o that_o he_o that_o marry_v do_v well_o but_o he_o that_o marry_v not_o do_v better_a whereby_o both_o part_n of_o the_o contradiction_n be_v approven_v and_o that_o which_o be_v less_o profitable_a be_v say_v to_o be_v well_o do_v therefore_o there_o be_v a_o great_a difference_n betwixt_o duty_n which_o be_v necessary_a and_o wherein_o we_o be_v oblige_v though_o we_o mistake_v or_o be_v wilful_o ignorant_a by_o the_o very_a weight_n of_o the_o matter_n and_o absoluteness_n of_o the_o command_n wherein_o the_o order_n of_o what_o be_v forbid_v to_o god_n glory_n will_v not_o justify_v as_o we_o may_v not_o do_v evil_a that_o good_a may_v come_v of_o it_o as_o those_o who_o kill_v the_o apostle_n be_v far_o from_o be_v justify_v though_o they_o think_v they_o do_v god_n good_a service_n thereby_o these_o thing_n be_v bona_fw-la honesta_fw-la &_o mala_fw-la inhonesta_fw-la but_o matter_n of_o expediency_n be_v but_o bona_fw-la utilia_fw-la or_o mala_fw-la inutilia_fw-la and_o not_o inhonesta_fw-la and_o therefore_o our_o duty_n in_o these_o be_v that_o which_o we_o conceive_v most_o to_o be_v for_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n and_o good_a of_o ourselves_o and_o other_o but_o if_o we_o do_v mistake_v and_o choose_v that_o which_o be_v less_o expedient_a for_o these_o end_n we_o be_v free_a god_n seem_v to_o do_v with_o man_n as_o prince_n do_v with_o their_o ambassador_n to_o who_o they_o give_v some_o express_a instruction_n wherein_o they_o have_v no_o latitude_n in_o their_o negotiation_n and_o for_o the_o rest_n to_o do_v as_o they_o shall_v judge_v most_o fit_a upon_o the_o place_n wherein_o if_o act_v bona_fw-la fide_fw-la they_o mistake_v and_o do_v not_o that_o which_o be_v most_o fit_a they_o be_v not_o culpable_a so_o man_n be_v send_v into_o the_o world_n to_o behold_v the_o work_n of_o god_n and_o to_o glorify_v he_o for_o do_v whereof_o he_o have_v some_o rule_n write_v in_o his_o heart_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o in_o the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o for_o the_o rest_n be_v allow_v to_o do_v as_o he_o conceive_v most_o conducible_a thereto_o that_o whether_o heeat_a or_o drink_v or_o whatsoever_o else_o he_o do_v he_o do_v all_o to_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n it_o be_v a_o sad_a rack_n to_o the_o conscience_n of_o man_n if_o their_o error_n and_o mistake_n in_o the_o matter_n of_o
tacit_fw-la condition_n in_o feus_n 52._o liferent_n reserve_v in_o infeftment_n of_o propertie_n 53._o exception_n in_o infeftment_n how_o far_o effectual_a 54._o faculty_n reserve_v in_o infeftment_n 55._o burden_n of_o sum_n in_o infeftment_n how_o far_o effectual_a 56._o the_o effect_n of_o impossible_a or_o unlawful_a condition_n in_o infeftment_n 57_o condition_n inconsistent_a be_v null_n 58._o clause_n de_fw-fr non_fw-fr alienando_fw-la in_o tailzies_n 59_o clause_n restrictive_a and_o irritant_fw-la in_o tailzies_n 60._o regalia_z not_o express_v be_v not_o carry_v by_o infeftment_n 61._o regalia_z be_v carry_v in_o barony_n though_o not_o express_v 62._o jurisdiction_n and_o court_n 63._o jurisdiction_n of_o baron_n court_n how_o far_o restrict_v 64._o issue_n of_o baron_n court_v belong_v to_o themselves_o 65._o infeftment_n of_o constabulary_a 66._o fortalice_n how_o far_o extend_v 67._o forrestry_n 68_o hunt_v of_o deer_n inter_fw-la regalia_z 69._o salmond-fishing_a 70._o cruive_n 71._o milns_n 72._o privilege_n of_o brew_v 73._o part_n and_o pertinent_a 74._o wood_n and_o coal_n 75._o house_n and_o biggings_n and_o park_n dykes_n 76._o fowl_v hunt_v and_o fish_v 77._o cunningar_n 78._o dovecott_n 79._o free_a ish_n and_o entry_n 80._o herezeld_n 81._o steelbow-goods_a 82._o the_o effect_n of_o infeftment_n in_o possessorio_fw-la 83._o the_o effect_n of_o infeftment_n in_o petitorio_fw-la 84._o inhibition_n and_o their_o effect_n against_o infeftment_n the_o roman_a empire_n in_o italy_n be_v long_o oppress_v and_o at_o length_n suppress_v by_o the_o inundation_n of_o the_o longobard_n and_o other_o barbarous_a nation_n who_o seat_v themselves_o there_o and_o divide_v these_o beautiful_a courtrey_n among_o their_o captain_n and_o they_o subdivide_v the_o same_o to_o their_o soldier_n for_o their_o military_a service_n and_o as_o they_o be_v the_o author_n of_o this_o new_a right_n so_o they_o do_v term_v it_o by_o a_o new_a and_o barbarous_a name_n feudum_n which_o the_o german_n call_v fiff_a and_o we_o with_o the_o english_a call_v a_o fee_n concern_v which_o there_o be_v no_o common_a write_v law_n but_o the_o several_a province_n have_v their_o diverse_a custom_n as_o they_o think_v most_o suitable_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o right_n and_o their_o own_o utility_n these_o book_n annex_v to_o the_o civil_a law_n call_v libri_fw-la feudorum_fw-la though_o they_o have_v great_a respect_n among_o lawyer_n yet_o they_o be_v but_o the_o observation_n of_o private_a person_n and_o so_o not_o a_o write_v public_a law_n by_o the_o irruption_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o six_o century_n the_o civil_a law_n be_v sopit_fw-la for_o five_o hundred_o year_n it_o be_v revive_v in_o the_o eleven_o century_n and_o do_v take_v in_o with_o it_o the_o feudal_n custom_n which_o have_v be_v propagat_v through_o the_o most_o civil_a nation_n in_o the_o world_n not_o only_o for_o strengthen_v they_o towards_o war_n but_o because_o sovereign_n have_v thereby_o a_o new_a interest_n over_o their_o subject_n and_o inferior_n thereby_o become_v their_o feudatar_n and_o vassal_n owe_v always_o to_o they_o fidelity_n and_o oft_a follow_v as_o their_o client_n and_o assecles_n acknowledge_v they_o as_o their_o lord_n superior_n and_o paramount_n in_o their_o land_n and_o heretage_n which_o be_v all_o derive_v mediate_o or_o immediate_o from_o the_o sovereign_a authority_n as_o the_o common_a and_o supreme_a superior_a of_o all_o the_o subject_n who_o have_v any_o more_o than_o the_o right_n of_o unfixed_a movable_n 2._o and_o thereby_o also_o arise_v the_o feudal_n jurisdiction_n whereby_o not_o only_o the_o sovereign_a power_n but_o all_o superior_n do_v by_o the_o advice_n and_o assistance_n of_o their_o vassal_n who_o be_v call_v peer_n of_o their_o court_n order_n and_o determine_v all_o thing_n not_o only_o relate_v to_o themselves_o and_o their_o vassal_n but_o to_o all_o other_o who_o be_v local_o within_o their_o territory_n both_o in_o civil_n and_o criminal_n in_o so_o far_o as_o they_o derive_v jurisdiction_n civil_a or_o criminal_a from_o the_o sovereign_a power_n immediate_o or_o mediate_o no_o nation_n be_v more_o exact_a in_o this_o then_o scotland_n wherein_o the_o king_n as_o supreme_a superior_a rule_v by_o his_o vassal_n assemble_v in_o parliament_n in_o which_o at_o first_o all_o be_v personal_o present_a who_o hold_v land_n immediate_o of_o he_o as_o baron_n great_a and_o small_a freeholders_n and_o prelate_n for_o church-land_n the_o free_a burgh_n be_v also_o represent_v in_o parliament_n by_o their_o commissioner_n as_o hold_v their_o burgage_n land_n and_o their_o freedom_n and_o privilege_n of_o burgh_n as_o feudater_n of_o the_o king_n so_o that_o there_o be_v not_o one_o foot_n of_o ground_n in_o scotland_n who_o lord_n be_v not_o present_a in_o parliament_n but_o when_o fee_n hold_v of_o the_o king_n become_v subdivide_v or_o multiply_v two_o or_o more_o commissioner_n be_v admit_v in_o parliament_n in_o name_n of_o the_o mean_a baron_n and_o freeholders_n all_o be_v account_v great_a baron_n who_o hold_v a_o hundred_o mark_fw-mi land_n or_o above_o of_o the_o king_n and_o the_o rest_n mean_a baron_n par._n 1503._o cap._n 78._o so_o also_o other_o superior_n have_v their_o court_n consist_v of_o their_o vassal_n who_o be_v oblige_v to_o answer_v suit_n thereto_o who_o as_o a_o jury_n give_v doom_n and_o judgement_n of_o old_a when_o all_o matter_n proceed_v by_o jury_n or_o inquest_n as_o it_o be_v also_o in_o the_o king_n court_n by_o sheriff_n bailzy_n etc._n etc._n of_o which_o the_o shadow_n or_o formality_n yet_o remain_v of_o have_v a_o doomster_n as_o a_o member_n of_o court_n to_o pronounce_v sentence_n though_o inquest_n be_v in_o most_o thing_n lay_v aside_o through_o custom_n 3._o the_o very_a right_n of_o superiority_n carry_v this_o right_a of_o jurisdiction_n over_o the_o vassal_n unless_o by_o their_o infeftment_n or_o prescription_n they_o be_v exempt_v our_o learned_a countryman_n mr._n thomas_n craig_n advocate_n have_v large_o and_o learned_o handle_v the_o feudal_n right_n of_o this_o and_o other_o nation_n in_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr feudis_fw-la and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v only_o follow_v close_o what_o since_o his_o time_n by_o statute_n or_o custom_n have_v be_v clear_v or_o alter_v in_o feudal_n right_n which_o be_v very_o much_o for_o he_o have_v write_v in_o the_o year_n 1600._o there_o be_v since_o many_o statute_n and_o variety_n of_o case_n which_o do_v occur_v and_o be_v determine_v by_o the_o lord_n and_o have_v be_v de_fw-fr recenti_fw-la observe_v as_o they_o be_v do_v by_o the_o most_o eminent_a of_o the_o lord_n and_o lawyer_n as_o by_o haddingtoun_n who_o be_v precedent_n of_o the_o session_n and_o by_o precedent_n spotswood_n and_o by_o dury_n who_o continue_v in_o the_o session_n from_o the_o year_n 1620._o until_o his_o death_n in_o the_o year_n 1642._o and_o though_o these_o decision_n have_v be_v intermit_v since_o that_o time_n till_o the_o king_n return_n the_o loss_n be_v not_o great_a these_o time_n be_v troublesome_a and_o great_a alteration_n of_o the_o lord_n but_o the_o decision_n of_o the_o lord_n have_v be_v constant_o observe_v since_o the_o king_n return_n by_o which_o most_o of_o the_o feudal_n question_n be_v determine_v and_o these_o thing_n which_o craig_n can_v but_o conjecture_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o feudal_n right_n the_o custom_n of_o neighbour_a nation_n and_o the_o opinion_n of_o feudist_n be_v now_o common_o know_v and_o come_v to_o a_o fix_a custom_n neither_o do_v he_o observe_v any_o decision_n particular_o by_o the_o time_n further_o than_o his_o own_o time_n in_o which_o our_o feudal_n custom_n can_v little_o be_v determine_v see_v the_o lord_n of_o session_n be_v mutable_a and_o ambulatory_a till_o the_o year_n 1540_o in_o which_o king_n james_n the_o five_o do_v perfect_v the_o establishment_n of_o the_o session_n in_o a_o college_n of_o justice_n who_o at_o first_o can_v not_o be_v so_o know_v and_o fix_v in_o their_o form_n and_o custom_n and_o therefore_o it_o can_v be_v think_v strange_a if_o the_o feudal_n custom_n as_o they_o be_v now_o settle_v do_v much_o differ_v from_o what_o craig_n do_v observe_v he_o have_v indeed_o very_a well_o observe_v the_o origine_fw-la and_o nature_n of_o feudal_n right_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o italy_n where_o they_o begin_v and_o of_o france_n and_o england_n whence_o they_o be_v derive_v to_o we_o and_o therefore_o we_o say_v little_a as_o to_o these_o and_o so_o much_o only_o of_o the_o right_n themselves_o as_o must_v necessary_o be_v introductory_n to_o our_o fix_a custom_n in_o which_o we_o shall_v follow_v that_o same_o method_n as_o most_o accommodat_fw-la to_o the_o matter_n which_o we_o observe_v in_o the_o former_a title_n of_o real_a right_n but_o there_o be_v in_o feudal_n right_n nothing_o of_o that_o original_a community_n which_o be_v therein_o be_v only_o a_o promiscuous_a property_n
consequence_n form_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o see_v there_o be_v no_o different_a proportion_n hold_v forth_o by_o this_o text_n or_o by_o the_o light_n of_o nature_n the_o succession_n of_o all_o child_n must_v be_v in_o equal_a share_n whether_o male_a or_o female_a for_o in_o all_o communion_n and_o partnership_n a_o equal_a division_n take_v place_n except_o a_o unequal_a be_v express_v 4._o it_o be_v more_o dark_a whether_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n there_o be_v competent_a the_o right_a of_o representation_n whereby_o the_o issue_n of_o the_o defunct_a child_n represent_v they_o and_o come_v in_o with_o the_o survive_a child_n to_o get_v that_o share_n which_o their_o defunct_a parent_n will_v have_v get_v if_o alive_a whereby_o they_o will_v not_o succeed_v in_o capita_fw-la the_o whole_a successor_n get_v equal_a share_n but_o in_o stirpes_fw-la whereby_o the_o issue_n of_o the_o defunct_a child_n though_o they_o succeed_v equal_o among_o themselves_o yet_o unequal_o with_o the_o survive_a child_n because_o the_o whole_a issue_n of_o the_o defunct_a get_v but_o a_o equal_a share_n with_o each_o of_o the_o survive_a child_n as_o if_o a_o father_n have_v three_o child_n the_o elder_a die_v before_o he_o leave_v one_o child_n and_o two_o oyes_o by_o another_o child_n if_o there_o be_v place_n for_o representation_n the_o heritage_n will_v divide_v in_o three_o the_o two_o survive_a child_n will_v have_v two_o three_o part_n the_o other_o three_o will_v divide_v in_o two_o whereof_o the_o child_n of_o the_o defunct_n will_v get_v one_o half_a and_o the_o other_o half_o will_v divide_v equal_o betwixt_o the_o two_o oyes_o so_o than_o the_o question_n be_v whether_o the_o descendants_n will_v thus_o succeed_v or_o if_o the_o surviver_n will_v whole_o exclude_v the_o issue_n of_o the_o decease_a this_o right_n of_o representation_n take_v place_n with_o we_o and_o most_o other_o nation_n in_o the_o right_n of_o immovables_n which_o we_o call_v heritable_a right_n whether_o it_o be_v of_o descendants_n or_o collateral_n but_o doubtless_o in_o that_o the_o course_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v alter_v for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o stock_n or_o stem_n of_o the_o family_n so_o that_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o there_o be_v no_o right_n of_o representation_n in_o collateral_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o that_o the_o child_n or_o grandchild_n of_o a_o brother_n shall_v come_v in_o with_o a_o brother_n because_o the_o propinquity_n of_o blood_n natural_a affection_n and_o so_o the_o presume_v will_n of_o the_o defunct_a be_v diminish_v but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o clear_a in_o descendants_n neither_o shall_v we_o be_v positive_a in_o it_o but_o it_o seem_v most_o suitable_a to_o reason_n and_o the_o text_n adduce_v that_o if_o the_o issue_n of_o defunct_a child_n remain_v in_o the_o family_n that_o they_o shall_v come_v in_o by_o representation_n in_o the_o place_n of_o their_o defunct_a parent_n for_o these_o that_o be_v in_o the_o family_n extend_v to_o all_o that_o be_v not_o forisfamiliat_v whether_o child_n or_o grandchild_n to_o who_o there_o remain_v like_o affection_n in_o the_o common_a parent_n but_o when_o the_o defunct_a child_n be_v forisfamiliat_v and_o so_o presume_v to_o have_v be_v provide_v and_o to_o have_v get_v a_o share_n and_o therewith_o put_v out_o of_o the_o family_n to_o live_v in_o a_o distinct_a family_n in_o that_o case_n there_o seem_v no_o ground_n for_o representation_n which_o do_v agree_v to_o our_o custom_n in_o the_o succession_n of_o movable_n wherein_o there_o be_v no_o right_n of_o representation_n but_o the_o near_a of_o kin_n exclude_v the_o issue_n of_o the_o defunct_n which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o degree_n which_o suceession_n be_v certain_o more_o near_o unto_o the_o natural_a succession_n what_o have_v be_v say_v may_v sufficient_o clear_v the_o natural_a succession_n of_o the_o defunct_n descendants_n whether_o child_n or_o grandchild_n and_o while_o there_o be_v any_o descendants_n there_o be_v place_n for_o no_o other_o 5._o the_o three_o branch_n of_o natural_a succession_n fail_v the_o express_a will_n of_o defunct_n and_o their_o descendants_n or_o the_o issue_n of_o their_o body_n be_v of_o parent_n among_o who_o these_o in_o the_o near_a degree_n be_v preferable_a as_o father_n and_o mother_n and_o if_o the_o father_n be_v dead_a there_o seem_v to_o be_v place_n for_o representation_n to_o his_o father_n to_o come_v in_o with_o the_o survive_a mother_n equal_o but_o other_o parent_n of_o or_o by_o the_o female_a line_n who_o be_v in_o another_o family_n from_o the_o ground_n lay_v in_o the_o text_n of_o provide_v these_o in_o the_o family_n seem_v not_o to_o come_v in_o to_o exclude_v brother_n and_o sister_n and_o other_o collateral_n in_o that_o family_n as_o the_o grandfather_n and_o grandmother_n on_o the_o mother_n side_n it_o will_v not_o be_v opposite_a to_o this_o which_o be_v say_v child_n be_v not_o to_o lay_v up_o for_o parent_n but_o parent_n for_o child_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v absolute_o but_o comparative_o and_o according_a to_o the_o ordinar_n course_n of_o nature_n 6._o the_o four_o link_n of_o natural_a succession_n be_v brethren_n and_o sister_n among_o who_o brethren_n and_o sister_n german_a be_v relate_v by_o both_o blood_n exclude_v these_o who_o be_v only_o of_o one_o blood_n by_o the_o father_n side_n the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o presume_a will_n of_o the_o defunct_a be_v from_o their_o interest_n and_o relation_n these_o of_o double_a relation_n by_o both_o blood_n be_v preferable_a to_o these_o of_o single_a relation_n 7._o the_o last_o degree_n of_o natural_a succession_n be_v of_o uncle_n aunt_n nepheus_n neices_n all_o which_o be_v in_o equal_a propinquity_n to_o the_o defunct_a come_v in_o together_o and_o faill_v these_o the_o succession_n will_v befall_v equal_o to_o the_o near_a degree_n of_o cousines_n among_o who_o the_o near_a degree_n exclude_v the_o father_n without_o right_n of_o representation_n and_o these_o conjoin_v by_o both_o blood_n exclude_v these_o onjoyn_v by_o one_o husband_n and_o wife_n do_v not_o succeed_v proper_o either_o to_o other_o but_o have_v a_o communion_n of_o good_n there_o be_v a_o division_n by_o the_o death_n of_o either_o 8._o the_o main_a question_n be_v here_o whether_o there_o be_v natural_o any_o difference_n in_o succession_n betwixt_o the_o collateral_n on_o the_o father_n side_n who_o be_v call_v agnat_n and_o the_o collateral_n on_o the_o mother_n side_n who_o be_v call_v cognat_n justinian_n in_o his_o novel_a constitution_n cap._n 4._o 127._o take_v off_o all_o distinction_n of_o agnat_n and_o cognat_n in_o succession_n for_o which_o he_o be_v general_o reprehend_v by_o interpreter_n who_o behold_v such_o a_o difference_n even_o in_o equity_n cognat_n be_v conjoin_v by_o woman_n who_o ordainary_o be_v under_o the_o power_n of_o other_o even_o natural_o by_o marriage_n and_o so_o be_v of_o another_o family_n they_o be_v not_o of_o the_o defunct_n own_o family_n as_o the_o agnat_n be_v among_o these_o the_o mother_n father_n mother_n or_o other_o ascendant_n on_o the_o father_n side_n in_o his_o family_n be_v not_o hereby_o exclude_v and_o so_o neither_o these_o or_o other_o by_o their_o express_a nor_o presume_v will_n can_v transmit_v any_o good_n or_o estate_n yet_o this_o point_n remain_v more_o dark_a and_o i_o conceive_v what_o have_v come_v by_o the_o mother_n side_n or_o by_o the_o grandmother_n etc._n etc._n therein_o the_o cognat_n of_o her_o blood_n will_v natural_o succeed_v because_o there_o be_v two_o ground_n of_o presumption_n join_v propinquity_n of_o blood_n and_o gratitude_n or_o remuneration_n to_o that_o lineage_n by_o who_o such_o thing_n by_o succession_n come_v so_o that_o paterna_fw-la paternis_fw-la materna_fw-la maternis_fw-la aught_o to_o take_v place_n in_o equity_n as_o the_o presume_a will_n of_o the_o defunct_a unless_o the_o express_a will_n or_o the_o law_n or_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n be_v to_o the_o contrare_fw-la so_o much_o for_o the_o natural_a course_n of_o succession_n which_o have_v be_v the_o more_o insist_v in_o not_o only_o to_o show_v the_o goodness_n and_o righteousness_n of_o god_n instruct_v man_n with_o a_o inbred_a law_n write_v in_o his_o heart_n though_o he_o be_v destitute_a of_o any_o humane_a constitution_n or_o custom_n so_o that_o he_o may_v walk_v just_o in_o this_o important_a matter_n of_o succession_n albeit_o all_o the_o line_n of_o this_o divine_a impression_n be_v no_o clear_a to_o our_o sin-dimmed_n eye_n but_o also_o that_o where_o positive_a law_n or_o custom_n be_v dubious_a in_o the_o matter_n of_o succession_n or_o be_v defective_a therein_o emendation_n and_o extension_n may_v be_v fetch_v thereto_o from_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n we_o shall_v now_o proceed_v to_o the_o positive_a law_n of_o god_n give_v to_o israel_n concern_v
get_v entry_n the_o delivery_n of_o a_o copy_n to_o any_o of_o the_o family_n be_v sufficient_a without_o knock_n and_o must_v be_v so_o express_v 6_o the_o day_n requisite_a for_o the_o charge_n beyond_o the_o water_n of_o dee_n 7_o the_o denounciation_n must_v he_o against_o the_o party_n and_o at_o the_o mercat_n cross_n of_o the_o jurisdiction_n where_o he_o dwell_v 8_o the_o denounciation_n must_v bear_v three_o oyess_n or_o the_o equivalent_a 9_o the_o execution_n must_v bear_v three_o blast_n of_o the_o horn._n 10_o the_o execution_n must_v be_v stamp_v 11_o the_o horning_n must_v be_v registrat_n and_o how_o 12_o denounciation_n after_o satisfaction_n have_v no_o effect_n 13_o the_o effect_n of_o general_a letter_n of_o horning_n 14_o the_o order_n and_o effect_v of_o relaxation_n from_o the_o horn._n 15_o the_o single-escheat_n and_o extent_n thereof_o 16_o how_o far_o the_o denounced_n debt_n or_o deed_n affect_v his_o escheat_n good_n 17_o gift_n of_o escheat_n and_o preference_n thereof_o 18_o gift_n of_o escheat_n not_o express_v the_o particular_a horning_n whereon_o they_o proceed_v 19_o gift_n of_o escheat_n though_o bear_v good_n to_o be_v acquire_v extend_v but_o to_o those_o acquire_v within_o a_o year_n after_o the_o gift_n 20_o eicheat_n within_o regality_n 21_o in_o what_o case_n gift_n of_o escheat_n be_v hold_v simular_a 22_o who_o must_v be_v call_v in_o the_o general_a declarator_n 23_o the_o title_n and_o tenor_n of_o general_a declarator_n 24_o exception_n against_o general_a declarator_n 25_o special_a declarator_n of_o escheat_n 26_o leferent-escheat_n 27_o confiscation_n of_o treasure_n waith_n or_o shipwrack-goods_a 28_o forefaulture_n 29_o several_a kind_n of_o treason_n by_o statute_n 30_o forefaulture_n confiscat_n without_o the_o burden_n of_o the_o debc_n or_o infeftment_n not_o confirm_v by_o the_o king_n 31_o how_o far_o feus_n be_v effectual_a against_o forefaulture_n 32_o how_o far_o tack_n of_o forefault_n land_n be_v effectual_a 33_o forefaulture_n by_o a_o rescinded_a act_n be_v burden_a with_o the_o debt_n and_o deed_n of_o the_o rebel_n 34_o forefaulture_n when_o and_o how_o it_o may_v proceed_v in_o absence_n 35_o how_o far_o the_o person_n of_o the_o rebel_n give_v right_o to_o the_o fisk._n 36_o the_o effect_n of_o forefaulture_n of_o apparent_a heir_n 37_o in_o what_o case_n forefaulture_n dishabilitat_v 38_o how_o far_o the_o forefaulture_n of_o apparent_a heir_n may_v be_v extend_v 39_o explanation_n of_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n 1594._o cap._n 202._o import_v burden_v of_o forfaulture_n with_o the_o debt_n and_o deed_n of_o the_o rebel_n 40_o forefaulture_n be_v not_o reducible_a upon_o any_o nullity_n but_o only_o by_o way_n of_o grace_n 41_o how_o far_o forefaulture_n take_v effect_n without_o declarator_n 42_o what_o child_n be_v lawful_a and_o what_o bastard_n 43_o declarator_n of_o bastardy_n 44_o the_o effect_n of_o bastardy_n as_o to_o succession_n 45_o legitimation_n and_o effect_n thereof_o 46_o how_o the_o debt_n and_o deed_n of_o the_o bastard_n affect_v his_o estate_n 47_o ultimus_n haeye_n and_o the_o difference_n thereof_o from_o bastardy_n title_n xxvi_o succession_n 1_o whither_o in_o equity_n there_o be_v a_o rule_n in_o succession_n 2_o that_o rule_n be_v the_o express_a will_n or_o presume_a will_n of_o the_o defunct_a 3_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o succession_n by_o the_o presume_a will_n of_o defunct_n 4_o whether_o in_o equity_n there_o be_v right_o of_o representation_n 5_o fail_v descendants_n ascendant_n succeed_v in_o equity_n 6_o fail_v both_o brother_n and_o sister_n succeed_v 7_o failing_n those_o the_o near_a agnat_fw-la succeed_v 8_o the_o succession_n of_o cognat_n 9_o the_o jewish_a succession_n whereby_o all_o the_o son_n succeed_v and_o exclude_v the_o daughter_n and_o the_o elder_a son_n have_v a_o double_a portion_n 10_o father_n can_v not_o prejudge_v the_o primogeniture_n of_o their_o elder_a son_n 11_o by_o the_o jewish_a succession_n fail_v descendants_n the_o 〈◊〉_d pass_v to_o brethren_n and_o these_o fail_v to_o father_n brethren_n and_o fail_v these_o to_o the_o near_a kiufman_n 12_o whether_o in_o the_o jewish_a succession_n there_o be_v right_o of_o representation_n 13_o why_o no_o female_n but_o daughter_n succeed_v among_o the_o jew_n 14_o why_o parent_n succeed_v not_o among_o the_o jew_n 15_o succession_n among_o the_o roman_n be_v first_o by_o testament_n 16_o if_o there_o be_v no_o heir_n institute_v by_o testament_n the_o ancient_a roman_a law_n call_v all_o the_o child_n of_o the_o family_n unjorisfamiliat_v male_a and_o female_a not_o except_v adopt_a child_n to_o succeed_v 17_o these_o fail_v the_o near_a agnat_n but_o no_o parent_n thereby_o succeed_v 18_o the_o roman_a succession_n by_o the_o praetorian_a law_n 19_o their_o succession_n by_o justinian_n novel_a constitution_n 20_o in_o feudal_n succession_n the_o first_o rule_n be_v the_o express_a will_n of_o the_o party_n by_o the_o investiture_n 21_o the_o next_o rule_n be_v the_o conjecture_v will_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o fee_n 22_o primogeniture_n now_o establish_v by_o common_a custom_n in_o feudal_n right_n 23_o succession_n in_o scotland_n be_v whole_o different_a in_o movable_n and_o immoveaby_n 24_o the_o several_a degree_n of_o succession_n in_o movable_n 25_o succession_n in_o heritable_a right_n 26_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o two_o succession_n 27_o the_o privilege_n of_o heir_n not_o to_o be_v prejudge_v by_o their_o predecessor_n deed_n on_o deathbed_n 28_o what_o be_v estimat_fw-la deathbed_n 29_o against_o what_o right_n deathbed_n be_v extend_v 30_o deathbed_n annul_v no_o deed_n for_o cause_n onerous_a 31_o disposition_n in_o testament_n be_v as_o on_o deathbed_n 32_o annus_fw-la deliberandi_fw-la 33_o kind_n of_o heir_n in_o scotland_n 34_o no_o place_n for_o adopt_a or_o cognat_n in_o succession_n with_o we_o 35_o parent_n succeed_v to_o their_o child_n and_o exclude_v the_o parent_n collateral_n or_o those_o represent_v the_o collateral_n title_n xxvii_o heir_n 1_o apparent_a heir_n may_v pursue_v exhibition_n ad_fw-la deliberandum_fw-la 2_o they_o may_v descend_v their_o predecessor_n right_n and_o possession_n be_v call_v or_o compear_v for_o their_o interest_n and_o their_o executor_n have_v right_o to_o the_o rent_n of_o those_o year_n they_o be_v apparent_a heir_n 3_o the_o aliment_n of_o heir_n from_o the_o donatar_n and_o liferenter_n 4_o heir_n not_o enter_v have_v the_o benefit_n of_o clause_n which_o by_o nature_n import_n they_o shall_v not_o be_v actual_a heir_n 5_o heir_n have_v interest_n in_o all_o right_n grant_v to_o their_o predecessor_n though_o not_o mention_v heir_n which_o be_v not_o exclusive_a of_o heir_n by_o their_o tenor_n and_o nature_n 6_o heir_n have_v the_o benefit_n of_o all_o right_n heritable_a by_o destination_n or_o have_v a_o future_a tract_n of_o time_n after_o the_o defunct_n death_n 7_o heir_n have_v right_o to_o movable_a heirship_n or_o obligement_n for_o sum_n wherein_o executor_n be_v exclude_v 8_o heir_n of_o line_n be_v heir_n general_o their_o interest_n 9_o heirship_n movable_n 10_o heir_n of_o conquest_n their_o interest_n 11_o heir_n portioner_n their_o interest_n 12_o heir_n male_a of_o tailzie_n and_o provision_n their_o interest_n 13_o all_o heir_n be_v liable_a passiuè_fw-fr for_o the_o defunct_n debt_n but_o not_o in_o the_o same_o way_n 14_o heir_n portioner_n how_o far_o liable_a 15_o the_o effect_n of_o different_a provision_n or_o obligation_n by_o defunct_n in_o favour_n of_o divers_a heirs-portioners_a 16_o heir_n not_o be_v portioner_n not_o substitute_n in_o bond_n be_v liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la 17_o the_o order_n by_o which_o heir_n be_v liable_a passiuè_fw-fr and_o may_v be_v discuss_v 18_o heir_n of_o tailzie_n represent_v not_o the_o defunct_a in_o obligation_n contrary_a to_o the_o term_n of_o the_o tailzie_n 19_o heir_n of_o marriage_n may_v quarrel_v their_o predecessor_n deed_n be_v mere_o gratuitous_a in_o their_o prejudice_n but_o not_o such_o as_o be_v onerous_a or_o rational_a deed_n 20_o heir_n have_v the_o benefit_n of_o discuss_v may_v propone_v the_o exception_n that_o all_o party_n have_v interest_n be_v not_o call_v without_o instruct_v the_o right_a whereto_o they_o may_v succeed_v 21_o the_o exception_n of_o the_o order_n of_o discuss_v be_v not_o sustain_v without_o condescend_v on_o the_o heritage_n whereunto_o the_o anterior_a heir_n may_v succeed_v and_o what_o discuss_v be_v 22_o the_o order_n and_o effect_n of_o a_o general_a charge_n to_o enter_v heir_n 23_o the_o order_n and_o effect_v of_o a_o special_a charge_n to_o enter_v heir_n 24_o renounciallon_n to_o be_v heir_n its_o order_n and_o effect_n 25_o the_o entry_n of_o heir_n general_a and_o effect_n thereof_o 26_o the_o entry_n of_o heir_n upon_o precept_n of_o clare_v constat_fw-la 27_o the_o entry_n of_o heir_n by_o hesp_n and_o staple_n within_o burgh_n 28_o entry_n of_o heir_n by_o brieve_n out_o of_o the_o
account_n it_o be_v a_o sufficient_a instruction_n of_o a_o article_n of_o the_o charge_n a_o bond_n due_a to_o the_o defunct_a produce_v by_o the_o pupil_n nor_o be_v the_o tutor_n liberat_fw-la upon_o allege_v he_o know_v not_o of_o it_o but_o it_o be_v presume_v to_o have_v be_v in_o the_o charter_n chest_n unless_o the_o tutor_n can_v instruct_v that_o he_o have_v make_v search_n of_o the_o charter_n chest_n and_o neither_o find_v this_o bond_n nor_o any_o inventar_n relate_v thereto_o but_o the_o tutor_n be_v find_v liable_a though_o the_o sum_n be_v lose_v by_o the_o debtor_n become_v insolvent_a during_o the_o tutory_a june_n 24._o 1680._o william_n cleiland_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o lamingtoun_n neither_o do_v a_o tutor_n get_v any_o further_a allowance_n for_o his_o pupil_n maintenance_n than_o the_o annualrent_a of_o his_o stock_n though_o he_o expend_v more_o november_n 17._o 1680._o william_n sandeland_n contra_fw-la patrick_n tailzief_o 28._o the_o reciprocal_a duty_n of_o pupil_n to_o tutor_n after_o their_o tutory_a be_v end_v be_v to_o restore_v and_o make_v up_o to_o they_o whatsoever_o they_o ware_v out_o profitable_o or_o be_v so_o want_v to_o they_o by_o that_o office_n wherein_o the_o expense_n of_o obtain_v the_o tutory_a itself_o will_v be_v a_o part_n nic._n de_fw-fr tut_o charter_n contra_fw-la mcmillan_n but_o tutory_a be_v a_o free_a gratuitous_a office_n the_o pupil_n be_v not_o liable_a to_o their_o tutor_n for_o any_o allowance_n salary_n or_o satisfaction_n for_o their_o pain_n but_o only_o for_o their_o expense_n nic._n de_fw-fr tut_o tutor_n of_o bucleuch_n contra_fw-la earl_n of_o bucleuch_n 29._o curatory_n have_v such_o a_o resemblance_n with_o tutory_a that_o though_o the_o constitution_n of_o curator_n be_v not_o of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o leave_v all_o person_n of_o discretion_n free_a but_o of_o positive_a law_n whereby_o a_o way_n be_v provide_v for_o the_o levity_n and_o facility_n of_o minor_n yet_o to_o shun_v repetition_n it_o will_v be_v most_o proper_a here_o to_o annex_v that_o office_n and_o the_o obligation_n therefrom_o arise_v betwixt_o curator_n and_o minor_n and_o in_o these_o we_o shall_v touch_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o tutor_n and_o curatour_n suppose_v the_o rest_n as_o common_a to_o both_o which_o be_v chief_o in_o these_o point_n 30._o first_o in_o the_o election_n and_o constitution_n of_o curatour_n which_o be_v do_v by_o way_n of_o process_n at_o the_o instance_n of_o the_o minor_a before_o any_o judge_n ordinary_a whatsoever_o whereby_o he_o cit_v two_o or_o three_o of_o his_o near_a kinsman_n on_o both_o side_n upon_o nine_o day_n warn_v to_o hear_v curatour_n choose_v parliament_n 1555._o cap._n 35._o and_o all_o other_o have_v interest_n general_o at_o the_o mercat_n cross_n to_o hear_v and_o sec_fw-la curatour_n decern_v to_o he_o and_o it_o be_v in_o his_o option_n who_o to_o choose_v as_o it_o be_v in_o their_o option_n also_o to_o accept_v or_o refuse_v he_o may_v also_o make_v any_o number_n a_o quorum_n or_o adject_n avy_z condition_n he_o think_v fit_a in_o their_o election_n and_o the_o party_n compear_v must_v accept_v and_o make_v faith_n de_fw-fr fideli_fw-la administratione_fw-la and_o find_v caution_n yet_o where_o some_o of_o the_o curator_n elect_v make_v not_o faith_n but_o all_o find_a caution_n the_o curatory_n be_v find_v valid_a hope_n curator_n paterson_n contra_fw-la wishart_n their_o acceptation_n must_v be_v by_o subscribe_v the_o act_n of_o curatory_n special_o if_o the_o election_n be_v in_o a_o inferior_a court_n for_o want_v whereof_o a_o act_n of_o curatory_n before_o the_o bailiff_n be_v find_v null_n hope_n curatory_n sibbald_n contra_fw-la hay_n and_o lindsay_n curatour_n also_o may_v be_v choose_v by_o procuratour_n without_o the_o minor_n presence_n so_o that_o the_o procuratorie_n express_v the_o curatours_n name_n hope_n curatour_n marquis_n of_o hamiltoun_n contra_fw-la his_o curatour_n yea_o be_v do_v in_o england_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n there_o it_o be_v sufficient_a to_o authorize_v the_o minor_n here_o hope_v tut_o posso_fw-it contra_fw-la nasmith_n though_o the_o minor_a may_v choose_v curatour_n when_o he_o please_v yet_o may_v he_o not_o choose_v rebel_n unrelax_v if_o it_o be_v object_v and_o verify_v at_o the_o election_n by_o his_o friend_n july_n 4._o 1629._o corbet_n of_o arbel_n contra_fw-la 31._o curatour_n be_v of_o two_o kind_n ad_fw-la light_n and_o ad_fw-la negotia_fw-la the_o former_a be_v appoint_v for_o authorise_v judicial_o in_o process_n the_o other_o be_v main_o for_o extrajudicial_a affair_n curatour_n ad_fw-la light_n be_v so_o far_o necessary_a that_o they_o must_v be_v give_v by_o the_o judge_n ordinar_n before_o who_o any_o action_n be_v pursue_v for_o authorise_v of_o the_o minor_n either_o passive_a or_o active_a and_o they_o will_v be_v give_v upon_o the_o desire_n of_o the_o other_o party_n their_o office_n seem_v to_o reach_v no_o further_o than_o to_o faithfulness_n and_o diligence_n in_o the_o process_n whereunto_o they_o be_v elect_v there_o be_v sometime_o curatour_n name_v to_o pupil_n to_o supply_v the_o defect_n of_o their_o tutor_n as_o if_o their_o tutor_n be_v concern_v or_o be_v absent_a or_o uncapable_a to_o act_n for_o a_o time_n these_o though_o for_o a_o distinction_n from_o tutor_n they_o be_v call_v curatour_n yet_o their_o office_n pro_fw-la tempore_fw-la be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o tutor_n 32._o curatour_n ad_fw-la negotia_fw-la be_v free_a and_o in_o the_o minor_n option_n in_o so_o far_o that_o a_o son_n be_v minor_n and_o choose_v curator_n without_o the_o father_n consent_n but_o with_o consent_n of_o his_o mother_n father_n the_o curator_n be_v prefer_v to_o the_o father_n as_o lawful_a administratour_n but_o here_o the_o father_n be_v know_v to_o be_v a_o weak_a person_n and_o to_o have_v controversy_n with_o his_o son_n nic._n de_fw-fr tut_o laird_n of_o barganie_fw-la contra_fw-la his_fw-la son_n and_o curatour_n must_v be_v free_o choose_v that_o though_o the_o minor_n father_n name_v his_o tutor_n express_o to_o continue_v till_o the_o pupil_n majority_n their_o office_n be_v find_v not_o to_o hinder_v the_o minor_n to_o choose_v curatour_n or_o to_o disow_v his_o tutor_n after_o his_o pupilarity_n february_n 6._o 1633._o harper_n contra_fw-la hamiltoun_n minor_n have_v choose_v no_o curator_n be_v in_o the_o same_o condition_n for_o extrajudicial_a act_n allone_n as_o if_o they_o have_v curatour_n in_o either_o case_n the_o deed_n be_v revocable_a and_o reduceable_a upon_o enorm_a laesion_n 33._o but_o if_o once_o they_o choose_v curator_n all_o deed_n do_v by_o they_o without_o consent_n of_o their_o curatour_n be_v eo_fw-la ipso_fw-la null_a by_o exception_n without_o necessity_n to_o 〈◊〉_d lesion_n december_n 9_o 1632._o maxwel_o contra_fw-la earl_n of_o nithisdail_n and_o that_o so_o exact_o that_o the_o minority_n be_v count_v the_o momento_n in_o momentum_fw-la though_o the_o minor_n want_v only_o twelve_o hour_n of_o twenty_o one_o year_n june_n 26._o 1624._o drummond_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o cunningham-head_n and_o this_o extend_v to_o a_o judicial_a act_n whereby_o the_o minor_a act_v himself_o cautioner_n hope_v de_fw-fr minoribus_fw-la paterson_n contra_fw-la wishart_n and_o extend_v also_o to_o a_o minor_n service_n without_o consent_n of_o curatour_n and_o that_o by_o exception_n without_o instruct_v lesion_n spot_n de_fw-fr mino_fw-la simpson_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o balgane_n and_o to_o a_o tack_v take_v by_o the_o minor_a without_o consent_n of_o curatour_n hope_v de_fw-fr minoribus_fw-la seaton_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o caskiben_fw-ge and_o extend_v to_o deed_n do_v by_o minor_n in_o their_o father_n family_n without_o their_o father_n consent_n and_o so_o it_o be_v find_v that_o a_o minor_n bond_n subscribe_v cautioner_n with_o and_o for_o his_o father_n be_v null_n and_o that_o his_o father_n as_o lawful_a administratour_n can_v not_o authorize_v he_o to_o be_v cautioner_n for_o himself_o here_o the_o minor_n be_v a_o student_n at_o law_n but_o entertain_v by_o his_o father_n and_o not_o forisfamiltat_fw-la december_n 7._o 1666._o sir_n george_n 〈◊〉_d contra_fw-la fairholme_n december_n 25._o 1667._o inter_fw-la eosdem_fw-la yet_o the_o deed_n be_v sustain_v be_v a_o bond_n of_o borrow_a money_n the_o creditor_n prove_v by_o witness_n that_o the_o sum_n be_v convert_v for_o the_o minor_n use_v profitable_o december_n 21._o 1629._o gordoun_n contra_fw-la earl_n of_o galloway_n this_o be_v according_a to_o that_o 〈◊〉_d ground_n of_o equity_n nemo_fw-la debet_fw-la ex_fw-la alieno_fw-la damno_fw-la lucrari_fw-la hence_o follow_v minor_n tenetur_fw-la in_o quantum_fw-la locupletior_fw-la factus_fw-la but_o though_o there_o be_v some_o onerous_a cause_n of_o minor_n deed_n yet_o unless_o it_o be_v liquid_a as_o delivery_n of_o money_n it_o be_v not_o receiveable_a by_o way_n of_o exception_n or_o reply_n but_o only_o be_v reserve_v to_o the_o creditor_n to_o pursue_v as_o accord_n and_o
have_v follow_v l._n cumamplius_fw-la ff_n de_fw-fr regulis_fw-la juris_fw-la but_o especial_o this_o be_v confirm_v by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n prov._n 6._o 1._o if_o thou_o be_v surety_n for_o a_o friend_n if_o thou_o have_v strike_v thy_o hand_n with_o a_o stranger_n thou_o be_v take_v with_o the_o word_n of_o thy_o mouth_n and_o the_o performance_n of_o word_n be_v acknowledge_v a_o part_n of_o god_n righteousness_n nehemiah_n 9_o vers_fw-la 8._o hebrew_n 10._o vers_fw-la 23._o where_o it_o be_v acknowledge_v a_o part_n of_o god_n faithfulness_n and_o if_o promise_v be_v not_o moral_o obliege_v they_o can_v have_v no_o effect_n but_o by_o positive_a law_n which_o be_v no_o more_o itself_o then_o a_o public_a paction_n laborans_fw-la eodem_fw-la morbo_fw-la and_o then_o all_o paction_n and_o agreement_n among_o nation_n will_v be_v ineffectual_a and_o all_o commerce_n and_o society_n among_o man_n shall_v be_v destroy_v paction_n contract_n covenant_n and_o agreement_n be_v synonimous_a term_n both_o in_o themselves_o and_o according_a to_o the_o recent_a custom_n of_o this_o and_o other_o nation_n so_o that_o it_o will_v be_v unnecessar_n to_o trace_v the_o many_o subtlety_n and_o difference_n among_o paction_n and_o contract_n in_o the_o roman_a law_n 11._o this_o much_o only_a in_o a_o word_n their_o contract_n be_v of_o four_o kind_n either_o perfect_v by_o thing_n word_n write_v or_o sole_a consent_n contract_n by_o intervention_n of_o thing_n remain_v naked_a paction_n ineffectual_a until_o something_o be_v give_v or_o do_v by_o either_o party_n to_o other_o such_o be_v all_o these_o contract_n which_o be_v call_v innominat_fw-la which_o have_v not_o a_o special_a name_n and_o nature_n acknowledge_v in_o the_o law_n and_o therefore_o oblige_v not_o by_o sole_a consent_n but_o the_o give_v or_o do_v of_o the_o one_o party_n only_o obliege_v the_o other_o as_o permutation_n excambion_n or_o exchange_n when_o either_o a_o thing_n be_v give_v for_o another_o or_o a_o thing_n be_v give_v for_o a_o deed_n work_n or_o use_v or_o one_o deed_n or_o work_n be_v do_v for_o another_o for_o the_o which_o the_o law_n have_v no_o special_a name_n and_o therefore_o name_v they_o do_v ut_fw-mi des_fw-fr do_v ut_fw-la facias_fw-la facere_fw-la ut_fw-la facias_fw-la among_o real_a contract_n the_o law_n number_v matuum_fw-la and_o commodatum_fw-la for_o which_o we_o have_v but_o the_o one_o name_n of_o loan_n depositation_n or_o custody_n pignus_fw-la or_o pledge_v of_o which_o anon_o contract_v perfect_v by_o word_n be_v stipulation_n which_o be_v whole_o out_o of_o use_n we_o shall_v say_v no_o more_o of_o they_o then_o that_o before_o be_v hint_v the_o three_o kind_n of_o contract_n be_v these_o which_o have_v their_o force_n by_o write_n and_o therefore_o be_v call_v chyrographa_n the_o hand_n write_v or_o subscription_n of_o the_o debtor_n by_o which_o he_o acknowledge_v the_o receipt_n of_o so_o much_o money_n either_o in_o borrow_v or_o tocher_n and_o according_o be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v at_o his_o day_n or_o at_o the_o dissolution_n of_o the_o marriage_n these_o write_v for_o the_o space_n of_o two_o year_n after_o their_o date_n and_o delivery_n do_v not_o prove_v the_o recept_n of_o the_o money_n as_o they_o express_v but_o during_o that_o time_n if_o the_o creditor_n pursue_v thereupon_o he_o must_v prove_v the_o delivery_n of_o the_o money_n and_o the_o law_n presume_v that_o the_o write_v be_v give_v spe_fw-la numerandaepecuniae_fw-la upon_o hope_n of_o delivery_n of_o the_o money_n but_o after_o the_o two_o year_n it_o presume_v the_o money_n to_o be_v deliver_v and_o therefore_o than_o the_o write_n be_v 〈◊〉_d and_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o obligation_n whether_o the_o money_n be_v deliver_v or_o not_o after_o which_o the_o debtor_n can_v not_o prove_v the_o not_o delivery_n of_o the_o money_n even_o by_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o creditor_n l._n in_o contractibus_fw-la ff_n de_fw-fr non_fw-fr numerata_fw-la pecunia_fw-la but_o this_o be_v also_o change_v with_o we_o and_o with_o the_o neighbour_n nation_n as_o baldimius_fw-la testify_v ad_fw-la titulum_fw-la just._n de_fw-fr lit_fw-fr oblige_v and_o boetius_fw-la de_fw-la consuetudine_fw-la do_fw-mi de_fw-fr jurisdic_n and_o rebuffus_n ad_fw-la proximum_fw-la con_v reg._n gloss_n 5._o num_fw-la 59_o so_o now_o the_o custom_n be_v that_o the_o write_v be_v not_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o obligation_n but_o be_v only_o a_o probation_n of_o the_o promise_n though_o in_o some_o case_n it_o be_v a_o necessary_a solemnity_n till_o which_o the_o party_n may_v resile_n as_o have_v be_v former_o show_v but_o the_o write_v be_v subscribe_v and_o deliver_v prove_v from_o its_o date_n and_o be_v valide_fw-la unless_o it_o be_v improven_v yet_o so_o as_o it_o admit_v contrair_a probation_n by_o the_o creditor_n oath_n or_o write_v though_o the_o write_v bear_v the_o numeration_n of_o money_n and_o do_v express_o renounce_v the_o exception_n of_o not_o numerate_v money_n the_o last_o kind_n of_o contract_n be_v these_o which_o be_v by_o sole_a consent_n as_o be_v the_o contract_n of_o sale_n location_n or_o hire_v society_n and_o mandate_n or_o commission_n but_o not_o only_o now_o these_o but_o all_o other_o promise_v and_o paction_n be_v valide_fw-la contract_n by_o sole_a consent_n except_o where_o write_n be_v requisite_a as_o be_v before_o express_v and_o this_o consent_n may_v be_v either_o express_v by_o word_n write_v or_o fact_n by_o do_v deed_n import_v consent_n which_o therefore_o be_v call_v homologation_n whereof_o acceptance_n of_o any_o right_n be_v a_o special_a kind_n and_o it_o take_v place_n in_o many_o case_n but_o it_o can_v take_v place_n unless_o it_o be_v prove_v or_o presume_v that_o the_o homologator_fw-la know_v the_o right_n and_o therefore_o a_o bond_n draw_v in_o name_n of_o several_a apprizer_n to_o communicate_v their_o right_n and_o subscribe_v by_o some_o find_v not_o homologat_v by_o one_o who_o subscribe_v not_o see_v it_o appear_v not_o that_o he_o know_v thereof_o though_o de_fw-fr facto_fw-la he_o concur_v in_o pursuit_n with_o these_o apprizer_n to_o exclude_v other_o right_n july_n 6._o 1661._o telfair_n contra_fw-la maxtoun_n and_o cunninghame_n neither_o do_v homologation_n take_v place_n where_o the_o deed_n do_v may_v be_v attribute_n to_o another_o cause_n and_o so_o possess_v land_n whereof_o there_o be_v a_o infeftment_n grant_v in_o satisfaction_n of_o a_o wife_n contract_n be_v not_o infer_v where_o she_o be_v appearand_a heir_n to_o another_o person_n infeft_v december_n 12._o 1665._o christian_n barns_n contra_fw-la helen_n young_a but_o such_o a_o infeftment_n be_v find_v homologat_v by_o seven_o year_n possession_n and_o set_v several_a tack_n as_o liferenter_fw-la though_o there_o be_v a_o general_a obligement_n to_o infeft_a the_o wife_n in_o land_n of_o such_o a_o value_n none_o be_v express_v though_o it_o be_v not_o instruct_v that_o the_o warrant_n of_o the_o seize_v be_v ever_o know_v to_o the_o woman_n and_o only_o general_o mention_v in_o the_o band_n but_o her_o knowledge_n be_v presume_v after_o so_o many_o act_n november_n 14._o 1665._o barbara_n skein_n and_o mr._n david_n thores_fw-la contra_fw-la sir_n andrew_n ramsay_n neither_o be_v a_o debt_n find_v homologate_v by_o payment_n on_o a_o decreet_a be_v pronounce_v by_o the_o english_a officer_n before_o law_n be_v patent_n july_n 24._o 1661._o jack_n contra_fw-la fidde_n neither_o do_v payment_n of_o one_o article_n of_o a_o decret_a arbitral_n homologate_v other_o of_o a_o different_a nature_n november_n 22._o 1662._o pringle_n contra_fw-la dune_n homologation_n of_o a_o father_n legacy_n as_o to_o his_o child_n be_v infer_v by_o his_o relic_n confirm_v the_o testament_n without_o protestation_n not_o to_o approve_v that_o legacy_n february_n 19_o 1663._o bessie_n muir_n contra_fw-la jean_n stirling_n but_o where_o a_o relict_n in_o the_o confirmation_n protest_v not_o to_o prejudge_v she_o own_o right_n by_o a_o provision_n contain_v in_o the_o testament_n in_o favour_n of_o her_o daughter_n it_o be_v not_o find_v to_o homologate_v the_o same_o july_n 12._o 1671._o marjory_n murray_n contra_fw-la isobel_n murray_n homologation_n of_o a_o fewars_n right_o not_o infer_v by_o acceptance_n of_o two_o year_n duty_n after_o declarator_n of_o the_o nullity_n further_o than_o that_o no_o more_o can_v be_v demand_v for_o these_o two_o year_n june_n 6._o 1666._o earl_n of_o cassils_n contra_fw-la sir_n andrew_n agnew_n neither_o do_v the_o payment_n of_o some_o year_n annualrent_a homologat_v a_o decret_a of_o poind_v the_o ground_n as_o be_v a_o act_n necessary_a to_o shun_v poind_v of_o the_o tenant_n february_n 9_o 1672._o cockburn_n of_o piltoun_n contra_fw-la halyburtoun_n and_o burnet_n neither_o do_v a_o minister_n receive_v a_o tack_v duty_n of_o teind_n hinder_v he_o to_o reduce_v the_o tack_v thereafter_o as_o be_v without_o consent_n of_o the_o patron_n february_n 27._o 1668._o mr._n william_n
far_o the_o partner_n may_v gift_n or_o educat_fw-la and_o provide_v their_o child_n so_o that_o the_o rest_n be_v oblige_v or_o understand_v to_o concur_v but_o such_o society_n be_v altogether_o unaccustomed_a here_o it_o shall_v be_v vain_a to_o debate_v the_o property_n of_o they_o 85._o these_o be_v the_o several_a kind_n of_o paction_n and_o contract_n there_o be_v other_o distinction_n of_o they_o not_o from_o their_o nature_n but_o from_o their_o adjunct_n or_o circumstancee_n of_o which_o this_o be_v the_o chief_a that_o contract_n may_v be_v celebrate_v either_o immediate_o or_o mediate_o by_o the_o interposition_n of_o other_o person_n as_o mandatar_n or_o commissioner_n concern_v which_o it_o have_v be_v show_v before_o that_o as_o there_o be_v a_o contract_n betwixt_o the_o mandant_fw-la and_o mandatar_a so_o ofttimes_o there_o be_v a_o contract_n engage_v betwixt_o the_o mandant_fw-la and_o a_o three_o party_n who_o have_v act_v with_o the_o mandatar_a according_a to_o his_o warrant_n in_o which_o case_n ordinary_o there_o be_v no_o contract_n or_o obligement_n betwixt_o the_o mandatar_n and_o the_o three_o party_n as_o he_o who_o buy_v land_n in_o name_n and_o to_o the_o use_n of_o another_o by_o his_o warrant_n the_o land_n be_v acquire_v to_o he_o who_o give_v the_o warrant_n and_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v the_o price_n to_o the_o seller_n but_o not_o his_o mandatar_n so_o the_o seller_n be_v oblige_v to_o deliver_v and_o warrant_v to_o he_o and_o not_o to_o the_o mandatar_n to_o all_o manner_n of_o promise_n and_o contract_n caution_n and_o oath_n may_v be_v accessary_a with_o which_o therefore_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o sum_v up_o this_o title_n caution_n or_o surety_n be_v the_o promise_n or_o contract_n of_o any_o not_o for_o himself_o but_o for_o another_o and_o therefore_o this_o be_v a_o gratuitous_a engagement_n have_v no_o equivalent_a cause_n onerous_a as_o to_o the_o cautioner_n it_o require_v a_o stipulation_n among_o the_o roman_n to_o make_v it_o effectual_a though_o it_o be_v sometime_o by_o mandate_n or_o constitution_n but_o now_o every_o promise_n and_o paction_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v effectual_a it_o be_v valid_a without_o stipulation_n 86._o caution_n be_v interpose_v any_o way_n by_o which_o the_o consent_n be_v true_o give_v and_o it_o may_v be_v either_o by_o mandate_n or_o commission_n when_o the_o mandator_n give_v order_n or_o warrant_v to_o contract_n with_o any_o other_o party_n to_o that_o party_n behoove_v for_o then_o that_o party_n be_v the_o principal_a debtor_n and_o the_o mandator_n be_v cautioner_n or_o it_o may_v be_v by_o take_v on_o the_o debt_n of_o another_o free_o this_o cautioner_n in_o the_o law_n be_v call_v expromissor_n but_o be_v more_o improper_o a_o cautioner_n see_v himself_o be_v principal_a have_v but_o a_o obligation_n of_o relief_n as_o mandatar_n or_o negotiator_n but_o the_o most_o proper_a and_o ordinary_a cautioner_n be_v he_o who_o be_v oblige_v with_o and_o for_o the_o principal_a debtor_n and_o be_v call_v ad_fw-la promissor_n or_o fide_fw-la jussor_n because_o upon_o his_o faith_n or_o trust_v the_o creditor_n contract_v these_o cautionary_a promise_n or_o contract_n be_v of_o the_o same_o kind_a or_o nature_n with_o these_o of_o which_o we_o have_v now_o speak_v yet_o have_v they_o something_o peculiar_a which_o we_o shall_v short_o touch_v which_o resolve_v in_o these_o question_n first_o whether_o cautioner_n be_v liable_a and_o conveenable_a simple_o or_o in_o so_o far_o as_o the_o principal_a debtor_n be_v not_o solvendo_fw-la or_o after_o discuss_v of_o he_o second_o whether_o cautioner_n be_v liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la or_o pro_fw-la rata_fw-la 87._o as_o to_o the_o first_o the_o nature_n and_o intent_n of_o surety_n be_v that_o the_o creditor_n may_v be_v secure_a of_o his_o debt_n and_o therefore_o cautioner_n be_v not_o ordinary_o decern_v till_o the_o creditor_n assign_v the_o debt_n and_o all_o security_n they_o have_v for_o it_o from_o the_o principal_a if_o they_o have_v not_o a_o distinct_a interest_n to_o retain_v the_o security_n january_n 10._o 1665._o lesly_n contra_fw-la gilbert_n hay_o july_n 10._o 1666._o da_z margaret_z hay_o contra_fw-la crawford_n of_o kerse_n 88_o cautioner_n can_v be_v pursue_v till_o the_o principal_a debtor_n be_v discuss_v unless_o it_o be_v otherways_o contract_v or_o provide_v by_o the_o custom_n or_o law_n of_o the_o place_n it_o be_v cotrary_a by_o the_o ancient_a roman_a law_n l._n jure_fw-la nov_fw-mi c._n de_fw-fr fidei_fw-la juss_n which_o be_v correct_v by_o the_o authentic_a constitution_n coll._n 1._o tit._n 4._o with_o we_o cautioner_n be_v frequent_o bind_v for_o and_o with_o the_o principal_a as_o full_a debtor_n conjunct_o and_o several_o and_o thereby_o ex_fw-la pacto_fw-la the_o question_n cease_v but_o otherways_o the_o cautioner_n be_v understand_v to_o be_v oblige_v for_o the_o principal_a debtor_n performance_n and_o so_o be_v liable_a only_a subsidiarie_n after_o the_o principal_a be_v discuss_v and_o special_o where_o the_o performance_n be_v a_o trust_n or_o deed_n proper_a to_o the_o principal_a creditor_n thus_o cautioner_n for_o executor_n be_v only_o liable_a after_o the_o executor_n be_v discuss_v at_o least_o by_o horning_n execute_v june_n 27._o 1610._o john_n sorogy_n contra_fw-la constable_n of_o dundee_n the_o like_a though_o the_o executor_n be_v allege_v to_o be_v bankrupt_a july_n 24._o 1662._o birsbane_n contra_fw-la monteith_n but_o a_o cautioner_n for_o a_o executor_n be_v discern_v with_o he_o supercede_v execution_n against_o the_o cautioner_n till_o the_o executor_n be_v first_o discuss_v december_n 2._o 1662._o dowglas_n contra_fw-la lady_n ormistoun_n and_o executor_n be_v not_o hold_v discuss_v by_o horning_n till_o poind_v be_v assay_v and_o search_v make_v for_o his_o movable_n though_o none_o be_v condescend_v on_o february_n 12._o 1623._o arnot_n contra_fw-la patrick_n abernethy_n the_o like_a that_o search_v behove_v to_o be_v make_v both_o for_o movable_n and_o land_n and_o they_o apprise_v if_o any_o be_v and_o that_o horning_n and_o caption_n suffice_v not_o hope_v executor_n robert_n stuart_n contra_fw-la thomas_n fisher._n but_o there_o be_v no_o necessity_n in_o that_o discuss_n to_o call_v the_o cautioner_n december_n 5._o 1623._o ruchead_n contra_fw-la manderson_n so_o the_o diligence_n for_o discuss_v must_v be_v according_a to_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o principal_a debtor_n if_o he_o have_v movable_n these_o must_v be_v poynd_v if_o land_n these_o must_v be_v apprise_v if_o debt_n they_o must_v be_v arrest_v and_o make_v forthcoming_a 89._o cautioner_n for_o curator_n be_v not_o liable_a till_o they_o be_v discuss_v yet_o they_o be_v decern_v for_o constitute_v the_o debt_n with_o this_o quality_n that_o before_o execution_n against_o the_o cautioner_n the_o curator_n shall_v be_v discuss_v in_o his_o person_n good_n and_o land_n november_n 20._o 1627._o jean_n rollock_n contra_fw-la corsbie_n 90._o cautioner_n for_o the_o factor_n in_o camphire_n to_o the_o burrows_n find_v not_o 〈◊〉_d till_o the_o factor_n be_v discuss_v july_n 8._o 1626._o smith_n contra_fw-la but_o cautioner_n for_o these_o factor_n be_v not_o find_v liable_a for_o the_o good_n send_v to_o a_o factor_n after_o he_o be_v know_v to_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi to_o be_v bankrupt_a march_v 4._o 1630._o richee_n contra_fw-la paterson_n cautioner_n in_o suspension_n be_v only_o liable_a after_o discuscuss_v the_o suspender_n and_o because_o by_o the_o tenor_n of_o their_o act_n or_o bond_n they_o be_v bind_v to_o pay_v what_o shall_v be_v decern_v against_o the_o suspender_n if_o the_o decreet_a suspend_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o lybel_n they_o be_v free_a or_o if_o the_o reason_n of_o suspension_n be_v relevant_a and_o instruct_v though_o it_o be_v elide_v by_o a_o answer_n emergent_a after_o the_o suspension_n spot_n suspension_n john_n weir_n contra_fw-la john_n bailie_n and_o because_o of_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o bond_n and_o the_o unfavourableness_n of_o the_o matter_n it_o be_v so_o strict_o interpret_v that_o if_o the_o suspender_n die_v before_o he_o be_v discuss_v the_o cautioner_n be_v free_a yet_o by_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la anno_fw-la 1649_o all_o cautioner_n be_v declare_v liable_a though_o the_o suspender_n die_v if_o the_o charge_n be_v transfer_v against_o his_o heir_n or_o executor_n if_o the_o letter_n be_v find_v orderly_o proceed_v which_o be_v in_o use_v whensoever_o the_o creditor_n insist_o in_o the_o suspend_v decreet_a and_o obtain_v sentence_n in_o which_o the_o cautioner_n use_v to_o be_v call_v a_o cautioner_n in_o a_o suspension_n of_o a_o real_a action_n of_o poind_v the_o ground_n be_v not_o find_v liable_a to_o pay_v the_o annualrent_a suspend_v but_o to_o warrant_v it_o february_n 18._o 1623._o blackburn_n contra_fw-la drysdail_n a_o cautioner_n in_o a_o suspension_n be_v find_v liable_a though_o his_o bond_n of_o cautionry_n contain_v a_o clause_n of_o relief_n
by_o lift_v the_o profit_n 15._o symbolical_a possession_n 16._o possession_n by_o reservation_n 17._o definition_n of_o possession_n 18._o requisite_n to_o begin_v possession_n 19_o requisite_n to_o retain_v possession_n 20._o how_o possession_n be_v trouble_v interrupt_a or_o lose_v 21._o kind_n of_o possession_n 22._o lawful_a possession_n give_v right_a to_o continue_v it_o against_o all_o illegal_a and_o clandestine_v act_n contrary_a thereto_o 23._o bonae_fw-la fidei_fw-la possessor_n facit_fw-la fructus_fw-la consumptos_fw-la suos_fw-la 24._o this_n not_o extend_v to_o unlawful_a possesser_n 25._o possessor_n decennalis_fw-la &_o triennalis_fw-la non_fw-la tenetur_fw-la docere_fw-la de_fw-la titulo_fw-la 26._o 〈◊〉_d possession_n of_o forefaulted_a person_n 27._o possession_n to_o what_o right_a ascriveable_a 28._o the_o nature_n of_o property_n 29._o property_n by_o possession_n of_o thing_n common_a 30._o appropriation_n by_o industry_n 31._o first_o property_n of_o the_o ground_n be_v of_o house_n and_o wall_n 32._o next_o of_o field_n and_o country_n 33._o quae_fw-la nullius_fw-la sunt_fw-la 34._o appropriation_n by_o accession_n of_o birth_n and_o fruit_n 35._o appropriation_n by_o alluvion_n 36._o appropriation_n by_o specification_n 37._o appropriation_n by_o necessary_a conjunction_n 38._o de_fw-fr tigno_fw-la injuncto_fw-la 39_o inaedificata_fw-la solo_fw-la cedunt_fw-la 40._o thing_n sow_v and_o plant_v how_o far_o they_o follow_v the_o ground_n 41._o possession_n of_o movable_n 〈◊〉_d property_n 42._o reprysal_n 43._o enemy_n good_n take_v in_o war._n 44._o good_n of_o neuter_n assist_v enemy_n become_v prize_n have_v go_v through_o the_o first_o two_o branch_n of_o private_a right_n personal_a freedom_n and_o obligation_n we_o come_v now_o to_o the_o three_o which_o be_v dominion_n but_o because_o that_o term_n be_v more_o appropriate_a to_o man_n over_o man_n then_o over_o other_o creature_n it_o be_v therefore_o call_v a_o real_a right_n or_o a_o right_n of_o thing_n for_o as_o obligation_n be_v a_o right_n personal_a as_o be_v a_o power_n of_o exact_v from_o person_n that_o which_o be_v due_a so_o a_o right_a real_a be_v a_o power_n of_o disposal_n of_o thing_n in_o their_o substance_n fruit_n or_o use_v for_o unfolding_a this_o right_n and_o the_o progress_n thereof_o both_o according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o time_n and_o nature_n advert_v 1._o first_o that_o when_o god_n create_v man_n he_o give_v he_o the_o dominion_n or_o lordship_n over_o all_o the_o creature_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o the_o air_n and_o in_o the_o sea_n genefis_n 1_o verse_n 29_o and_o 30._o with_o power_n to_o man_n to_o dispose_v of_o the_o creature_n even_o to_o the_o consumption_n thereof_o and_o it_o be_v like_a that_o during_o man_n innocency_n there_o be_v upon_o the_o part_n of_o the_o creature_n a_o great_a subjection_n and_o subserviency_n to_o man_n till_o afterward_o when_o he_o revolt_v from_o god_n the_o creature_n revolt_v also_o from_o he_o yet_o god_n dominion_n over_o man_n and_o man_n dominion_n over_o the_o creature_n remain_v still_o in_o right_n so_o that_o he_o have_v a_o legal_a power_n and_o warrant_v to_o dispose_v of_o they_o though_o not_o so_o much_o possession_n or_o natural_a power_n be_v less_o able_a to_o master_v they_o then_o before_o it_o be_v a_o false_a and_o groundless_a opinion_n which_o some_o hold_n that_o man_n by_o his_o fall_n have_v lose_v his_o right_n to_o the_o creature_n until_o by_o grace_n he_o be_v restore_v and_o that_o the_o sole_a dominion_n of_o they_o belong_v to_o the_o saint_n who_o may_v take_v they_o by_o force_n from_o all_o other_o for_o by_o the_o whole_a strain_n of_o the_o law_n of_o god_n he_o still_o ow_v dominion_n and_o property_n of_o the_o creature_n in_o man_n without_o distinction_n and_o prohibit_v all_o force_n or_o fraud_n in_o the_o contrary_a which_o sufficient_o clear_v that_o subtlety_n of_o man_n forefaulture_n which_o though_o it_o make_v man_n obnoxious_a by_o way_n of_o obligation_n to_o punishment_n by_o god_n exterminate_v he_o from_o the_o use_n and_o comfort_n of_o the_o creature_n yet_o that_o obligation_n do_v not_o infer_v actualceass_v of_o man_n right_a much_o less_o the_o state_v of_o the_o right_n of_o mankind_n in_o a_o small_a part_n of_o they_o this_o dominion_n of_o the_o creature_n be_v give_v to_o man_n without_o distinct_a proportion_n or_o bound_n it_o necessary_o follow_v that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o birth_n and_o fruit_n of_o both_o sea_n and_o land_n be_v common_a to_o all_o mankind_n who_o have_v equal_a interest_n therein_o and_o every_o one_o may_v take_v and_o make_v use_n thereof_o for_o his_o necessity_n utility_n and_o delight_n yet_o so_o as_o the_o use_n and_o fruit_n thereof_o must_v in_o some_o case_n and_o may_v in_o all_o case_n become_v proper_a as_o what_o any_o have_v take_v and_o possess_v for_o his_o use_n become_v thereby_o proper_a and_o can_v not_o without_o injury_n be_v take_v from_o he_o much_o more_o the_o thing_n which_o have_v receive_v specification_n from_o his_o art_n or_o industry_n become_v proper_a and_o all_o other_o may_v be_v debar_v from_o any_o profit_n or_o use_v thereof_o but_o so_o that_o some_o property_n or_o use_n may_v be_v communicate_v to_o other_o which_o be_v the_o lesser_a and_o not_o reach_v the_o power_n of_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o thing_n be_v therefore_o call_v a_o servitude_n whereby_o that_o which_o be_v proper_a to_o one_o serve_v another_o in_o part_n and_o when_o the_o proprietar_n give_v not_o the_o fruit_n or_o use_v but_o only_o the_o hold_n or_o the_o detention_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o another_o for_o his_o security_n of_o some_o debt_n or_o obligation_n of_o the_o proprietar_n to_o he_o that_o right_o be_v call_v a_o pawn_n or_o pledge_v so_o that_o in_o whole_a all_o real_a right_n be_v either_o that_o original_a community_n of_o all_o man_n or_o the_o interest_n which_o possession_n give_v or_o property_n servitude_n or_o pledge_n of_o which_o in_o order_n first_o general_o as_o they_o be_v of_o old_a common_a to_o both_o thing_n movable_a and_o immovable_a and_o then_o special_o in_o relation_n to_o thing_n immovable_a and_o to_o heritable_a ground-rights_a of_o the_o earth_n and_o thing_n fix_v thereto_o which_o now_o by_o the_o feudal_n custom_n be_v much_o change_v from_o what_o they_o be_v and_o yet_o be_v in_o moveable_n 2._o the_o distinction_n of_o movable_a and_o heritable_a be_v very_o necessary_a to_o be_v here_o know_v as_o be_v the_o common_a material_n of_o real_a right_n and_o have_v a_o general_a use_n any_o thing_n be_v call_v movable_a which_o by_o its_o nature_n and_o use_n be_v capable_a of_o motion_n as_o thing_n immovable_a be_v the_o earth_n sea_n and_o thing_n fix_v to_o the_o earth_n not_o to_o be_v remove_v therefrom_o as_o tree_n house_n etc._n etc._n which_o though_o they_o may_v be_v possible_o move_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o their_o use_n so_o to_o be_v the_o superfice_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v immovable_a though_o it_o may_v be_v move_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o sea_n also_o be_v immovable_a though_o it_o have_v at_o the_o shoar_n its_o agitation_n by_o ebb_v and_o flow_v which_o be_v not_o the_o use_n man_n make_v of_o it_o these_o thing_n be_v call_v heritable_a because_o they_o descend_v not_o to_o executor_n to_o who_o only_a movable_n befall_v but_o to_o heir_n and_o so_o the_o distinction_n come_v ordinary_o of_o movable_n and_o heretables_n as_o that_o which_o be_v fix_v to_o or_o part_n of_o the_o ground_n be_v count_v immovable_a as_o tree_n and_o grass_n and_o all_o he_o natural_a fruit_n of_o the_o earth_n yet_o industrial_a fruit_n as_o corn_n be_v count_v movable_a and_o belong_v not_o to_o the_o heir_n of_o defunct_n but_o to_o their_o executor_n when_o they_o be_v sow_v or_o grow_v upon_o the_o ground_n at_o their_o death_n as_o well_o as_o when_o they_o be_v reap_v and_o so_o fall_v under_o single_a escheat_n february_n 2._o 1627._o lewis_n somervel_n contra_fw-la mr._n william_n stirling_n the_o distinction_n of_o heritable_a and_o movable_a be_v derive_v to_o right_n and_o obligation_n as_o the_o matter_n thereof_o be_v heritable_a or_o movable_a and_o so_o all_o disposition_n or_o obligation_n for_o constitute_v any_o right_n of_o the_o ground_n in_o property_n community_n or_o servitude_n be_v heritable_a although_o they_o have_v not_o yet_o attain_v their_o effect_n and_o become_v real_a right_n complete_a as_o disposition_n of_o land_n annualrent_n pasturage_n thirleage_v etc._n etc._n which_o be_v so_o far_o extend_v that_o all_o which_o be_v by_o destination_n to_o have_v its_o accomplishment_n by_o a_o real_a right_n of_o the_o ground_n be_v heritable_a as_o bond_n bear_v clause_n of_o annualrent_n which_o because_o annualrent_n be_v usual_o by_o infeftment_n therefore_o the_o very_a provision_n of_o annualrent_n though_o but_o a_o personal_a
water_n rise_v in_o fountain_n there_o dry_v of_o net_n erect_v of_o tent_n and_o the_o like_a yet_o do_v the_o shoar_n remain_v proper_a not_o only_o as_o to_o jurisdiction_n but_o as_o to_o house_n or_o work_v build_v thereupon_o and_o as_o to_o mineral_n coal_n or_o the_o like_a find_v there_o and_o so_o be_v not_o in_o whole_a common_a but_o some_o use_n thereof_o only_o nor_o do_v it_o follow_v that_o these_o use_n be_v not_o common_a to_o all_o man_n because_o they_o be_v deny_v to_o enemy_n for_o as_o for_o these_o we_o may_v take_v away_o that_o which_o be_v in_o their_o power_n in_o some_o case_n so_o much_o more_o may_v we_o detain_v from_o they_o that_o which_o be_v we_o and_o as_o we_o pursue_v their_o person_n and_o good_n in_o their_o own_o much_o more_o in_o our_o bound_n the_o shoar_n in_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v define_v to_o be_v so_o far_o as_o the_o great_a winter_n tide_n do_v run_v inst._n de_fw-fr rerum_fw-la divisione_n §_o 11._o which_o must_v be_v understand_v of_o ordinary_a tide_n and_o not_o of_o extraordinary_a spring_n tide_n but_o the_o use_n of_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o sea_n or_o river_n to_o cast_v anchor_n or_o lay_v good_n thereon_o or_o to_o tie_v cable_n to_o tree_n grow_v thereon_o or_o the_o use_n of_o port_n which_o be_v industrial_a or_o station_n make_v by_o art_n or_o fortify_v for_o security_n be_v not_o common_a to_o all_o man_n but_o public_a to_o their_o own_o people_n or_o allow_v to_o other_o free_o for_o commerce_n or_o in_o some_o case_n be_v grant_v for_o a_o reasonable_a satisfaction_n of_o anchorage_n portage_n or_o other_o shoar_n due_n which_o ofttimes_o belong_v to_o private_a person_n by_o their_o proper_a right_n or_o custom_n or_o by_o public_a grant_n so_o also_o way_n or_o passage_n in_o the_o land_n be_v common_a to_o all_o and_o may_v not_o be_v just_o refuse_v by_o one_o nation_n to_o another_o and_o be_v refuse_v have_v always_o be_v account_v lawful_a to_o be_v force_v as_o plutarch_n relate_v of_o simon_n who_o go_v to_o lacedaemon_n force_v his_o passage_n through_o corinth_n and_o agesilaus_n return_v from_o asia_n crave_v passage_n through_o macedon_n and_o while_o they_o crave_v time_n to_o consult_v of_o a_o answer_n he_o conceive_v delay_n to_o be_v a_o denial_n say_v consult_v you_o but_o i_o will_v pass_v but_o to_o take_v away_o all_o question_n whether_o these_o be_v by_o might_n or_o right_a we_o have_v a_o divine_a example_n of_o moses_n number_n 20._o verse_n 17_o and_o 19_o where_o israel_n in_o their_o way_n to_o canaan_n crave_v passage_n of_o edom_n by_o the_o high_a way_n and_o offer_v payment_n even_o for_o their_o water_n which_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o their_o stand_a water_n as_o well_n which_o be_v rare_a and_o precious_a there_o and_o do_v the_o like_a with_o the_o ammonite_n and_o upon_o refusal_n force_v it_o by_o war._n there_o be_v also_o in_o property_n employ_v a_o obligation_n of_o commerce_n or_o exchange_n in_o case_n of_o necessity_n for_o without_o this_o property_n can_v not_o consist_v see_v by_o the_o division_n infer_v there_o through_o every_o man_n can_v have_v actual_o all_o necessar_n without_o exchange_n which_o be_v deny_v in_o case_n of_o necessity_n or_o where_o there_o be_v no_o common_a authority_n may_v be_v take_v by_o force_n as_o these_o who_o pass_v through_o the_o territory_n of_o other_o if_o by_o their_o opposition_n or_o otherways_o they_o be_v short_a of_o provision_n they_o may_v lawful_o take_v the_o same_o for_o money_n as_o be_v employ_v in_o moses_n offer_v to_o edom_n yea_o there_o be_v employ_v in_o property_n a_o obligation_n to_o give_v in_o case_n of_o necessity_n to_o these_o who_o have_v not_o wherewith_o to_o exchange_v and_o can_v otherways_o preserve_v their_o life_n but_o with_o the_o obligation_n of_o recompense_n when_o they_o be_v able_a for_o humane_a necessity_n do_v also_o infer_v this_o but_o it_o must_v be_v a_o real_a and_o not_o a_o pretend_a and_o feign_a necessity_n so_o david_n be_v hungry_a eat_v the_o shewbread_n though_o appropriate_a to_o god_n and_o the_o disciple_n be_v hungry_a eat_v the_o ear_n of_o corn_n and_o this_o be_v the_o ground_n of_o the_o obligation_n to_o aliment_v the_o poor_a which_o though_o it_o also_o flow_v from_o the_o obligation_n of_o charity_n yet_o as_o have_v be_v speak_v before_o that_o obligation_n have_v no_o determinat_fw-la bound_n but_o be_v leave_v to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o giver_n not_o of_o the_o demander_n and_o so_o can_v be_v no_o warrant_n for_o take_v by_o force_n and_o without_o consent_n 7._o the_o community_n that_o be_v of_o grass_n and_o fruit_n grow_v upon_o the_o highway_n follow_v the_o community_n of_o the_o way_n themselves_o but_o the_o common_a use_n of_o natural_a fruit_n bring_v forth_o without_o industry_n even_o in_o proper_a field_n as_o of_o nut_n berry_n or_o the_o like_a or_o the_o promiscuous_a use_n of_o pasturage_n in_o the_o winter_n time_n accustom_v in_o many_o place_n of_o scotland_n be_v no_o part_n of_o this_o community_n but_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n permit_v as_o of_o little_a moment_n or_o disadvantage_n and_o therefore_o may_v be_v deny_v without_o injury_n 8._o the_o second_o step_n of_o real_a right_n be_v possession_n which_o as_o it_o be_v the_o way_n to_o property_n and_o in_o 〈◊〉_d case_n do_v full_o accomplish_v it_o so_o it_o have_v in_o it_o a_o distinct_a lesser_a right_a than_o property_n which_o have_v no_o other_o name_n then_o possession_n though_o it_o be_v more_o facti_fw-la then_o juris_fw-la and_o see_v possession_n be_v a_o common_a precognit_fw-la to_o the_o most_o of_o real_a right_n it_o fit_o fall_v in_o here_o to_o be_v consider_v both_o as_o it_o be_v a_o fact_n and_o as_o it_o be_v a_o right_n for_o as_o it_o be_v a_o fact_n it_o be_v not_o only_o requisite_a to_o constitute_v real_a right_n but_o be_v also_o a_o effect_n thereof_o when_o constitute_v 9_o possession_n have_v its_o name_n from_o its_o special_a kind_n for_o it_o be_v as_o much_o as_o positio_fw-la sedium_fw-la express_v the_o way_n of_o possession_n of_o the_o earth_n at_o first_o common_n by_o family_n nation_n or_o person_n by_o fix_v or_o settle_v their_o seat_n or_o habitation_n there_o evidence_v their_o affection_n and_o purpose_n to_o appropriate_v these_o seat_n which_o therefore_o be_v not_o understand_v by_o their_o pass_v through_o it_o but_o by_o fix_v in_o it_o and_o therefore_o territory_n of_o old_a be_v call_v possession_n that_o we_o may_v take_v up_o aright_o the_o nature_n of_o possession_n wherein_o it_o do_v consist_v and_o how_o it_o be_v begin_v continue_v interrupt_a and_o lose_v we_o must_v first_o distinguish_v the_o several_a kind_n of_o possession_n and_o second_o collect_v the_o common_a nature_n wherein_o they_o agree_v and_o three_o the_o point_n of_o right_o thence_o arise_v as_o to_o the_o first_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o kind_n and_o distinction_n of_o possession_n be_v so_o much_o multiply_v be_v because_o by_o positive_a law_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n property_n and_o servitude_n can_v by_o constitute_v but_o by_o possession_n though_o it_o be_v not_o natural_a or_o necessary_a to_o these_o right_n but_o by_o the_o will_n and_o constitution_n of_o man_n therefore_o it_o receive_v diversification_n at_o their_o pleasure_n 10._o so_o what_o man_n think_v fit_a to_o call_v or_o esteem_v possession_n be_v enough_o to_o constitute_v property_n see_v without_o any_o thing_n such_o it_o may_v be_v constitute_v as_o afterward_o appear_v hence_o arise_v the_o distinction_n of_o possession_n in_o natural_a and_o civil_a the_o former_a be_v that_o which_o be_v and_o the_o latter_a that_o which_o be_v hold_v or_o repute_v such_o under_o which_o there_o be_v degree_n as_o it_o come_v near_a to_o the_o natural_a possession_n we_o shall_v proceed_v in_o order_n from_o the_o more_o plenary_a and_o plain_a possession_n to_o these_o which_o be_v less_o clear_a 11._o first_o then_o the_o clear_a possession_n be_v of_o movable_n and_o it_o be_v the_o first_o possession_n that_o be_v among_o man_n for_o so_o do_v the_o fruit_n of_o thing_n become_v proper_a and_o thereafter_o ornament_n clothes_n instrument_n and_o cattle_n become_v proper_a the_o possession_n whereof_o be_v simple_a and_o plain_a hold_v and_o detain_v they_o for_o our_o proper_a use_n and_o debar_v other_o from_o they_o either_o by_o detain_v they_o in_o our_o hand_n or_o upon_o our_o body_n or_o keep_v they_o under_o our_o view_n or_o power_n and_o make_v use_n of_o they_o or_o have_v they_o in_o fast_a place_n to_o which_o other_o have_v no_o easy_a access_n this_o possession_n of_o movable_n be_v so_o begin_v and_o continue_v and_o by_o contrary_a act_n interrupt_v and_o lose_v when_o other_o exercise_v the_o same_o
needs_o only_o take_v infeftment_n of_o the_o great_a interest_n 18._o the_o first_o and_o most_o common_a casuality_n of_o superiority_n be_v nonentry_n whereby_o the_o fee_n be_v void_a and_o no_o infeftment_n renew_v thereof_o through_o the_o vassal_n neglect_v be_v capable_a of_o entry_n thereto_o the_o profit_v thereof_o belong_v to_o the_o superior_a by_o the_o common_a feudal_n custom_n there_o be_v not_o only_o a_o investiture_n requisite_a at_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o fee_n but_o it_o behove_v to_o be_v renew_v either_o at_o the_o change_n of_o the_o vassal_n or_o at_o the_o change_n of_o the_o superior_a guidilinus_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la nov_fw-mi pars_fw-la 2._o cap._n 6._o zoesius_fw-la de_fw-la feudis_fw-la cap._n 12._o but_o our_o custom_n require_v no_o infeftment_n at_o the_o change_n of_o the_o superior_a but_o only_o at_o the_o change_n of_o the_o vassal_n for_o we_o require_v no_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n but_o fidelity_n itself_o be_v import_v due_a without_o a_o oath_n but_o elsewhere_o that_o oath_n be_v require_v and_o be_v personal_a it_o ought_v to_o be_v renew_v both_o at_o the_o change_n of_o the_o vassal_n and_o of_o the_o superior_a but_o with_o we_o there_o be_v no_o fee_n without_o infeftment_n nulla_fw-la sasina_fw-la nusla_fw-la terra_fw-la therefore_o the_o vassal_n must_v have_v the_o infeftment_n renew_v the_o renovation_n of_o infeftment_n to_o heir_n in_o france_n and_o england_n be_v not_o requisite_a but_o 〈◊〉_d sasit_fw-la 〈◊〉_d as_o they_o express_v it_o by_o which_o a_o special_a retour_fw-fr perfect_v the_o heir_n right_a in_o his_o fee_n with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o ease_n which_o be_v not_o consonant_a to_o the_o common_a feudal_n custom_n whereby_o if_o the_o vassal_n within_o year_n and_o day_n after_o his_o predecessor_n death_n require_v not_o to_o be_v enter_v by_o his_o superior_a and_o offer_v his_o fidelity_n he_o forefault_n his_o fee_n l._n 2._o feudorum_fw-la tit_n 24._o which_o severity_n we_o use_v not_o for_o the_o vassal_n lose_v not_o his_o fee_n by_o nonentry_n nor_o the_o whole_a fruit_n of_o it_o during_o that_o time_n but_o our_o custom_n be_v such_o if_o by_o any_o mean_v the_o fee_n be_v void_a the_o vassal_n right_o cease_v during_o that_o time_n and_o the_o fee_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o superior_a and_o therefore_o in_o retour_n to_o that_o article_n of_o the_o brieve_n it_o be_v answer_v that_o the_o land_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o such_o a_o man_n superior_a and_o though_o the_o infeftment_n of_o the_o predecessor_n against_o other_o than_o the_o superior_a be_v sufficient_a to_o maintain_v the_o right_n and_o possession_n of_o the_o vassal_n as_o to_o his_o superior_a it_o have_v no_o effect_n at_o all_o after_o special_a declarator_n till_o the_o vassal_n enter_v the_o fee_n may_v be_v thus_o void_a first_o by_o the_o minority_n of_o the_o heir_n whereby_o he_o can_v enter_v by_o reason_n of_o ward_n but_o this_o be_v express_v by_o the_o name_n of_o ward_n and_o nonentry_n though_o it_o may_v signify_v the_o fee_n be_v void_a whether_o necessary_o or_o voluntary_o yet_o it_o be_v appropriate_a to_o the_o latter_a and_o contra_fw-la distinguish_v to_o ward_n the_o fee_n become_v void_a by_o the_o voluntary_a outly_v of_o the_o vassal_n heir_n or_o by_o the_o vassal_n resignation_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o his_o superior_a for_o new_a infeftment_n to_o be_v give_v to_o himself_o or_o to_o any_o other_o for_o till_o that_o infeftment_n be_v take_v the_o fee_n be_v also_o in_o nonentry_n for_o in_o that_o case_n the_o resignation_n put_v the_o fee_n in_o the_o superior_n hand_n upon_o who_o there_o be_v a_o obligement_n to_o renew_v the_o infeftment_n to_o the_o person_n in_o who_o favour_n the_o resignation_n be_v grant_v upon_o which_o he_o may_v be_v compel_v by_o a_o personal_a action_n so_o to_o do_v and_o which_o be_v carry_v to_o that_o person_n heir_n by_o a_o general_a service_n as_o other_o personal_a heritable_a right_n or_o disposition_n 19_o or_o by_o the_o reduction_n or_o nullity_n of_o the_o infeftment_n or_o retour_fw-fr of_o any_o person_n former_o infeft_v which_o be_v more_o rigorous_a than_o the_o rest_n see_v the_o vassal_n have_v thereby_o a_o colourable_a title_n and_o be_v bonae_fw-la fidei_fw-la possessor_n see_v reduction_n use_v not_o to_o be_v draw_v back_o adpraeterita_fw-la so_o reduction_n of_o retour_n be_v sustain_v at_o the_o superior_n instance_n to_o give_v he_o the_o benefit_n of_o nonentry_n july_n 12._o 1625._o lord_n cathcart_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o kerse_n februany_n last_o 1628._o earl_n of_o nithisdail_n contra_fw-la westraw_n and_o therefore_o it_o must_v be_v consider_v what_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o right_n will_v import_v if_o nonentry_n have_v its_o rise_n from_o ingratitude_n or_o a_o penalty_n with_o we_o by_o the_o negligence_n of_o the_o vassal_n it_o can_v hardly_o take_v place_n in_o this_o case_n for_o unless_o such_o infeftment_n have_v proceed_v upon_o the_o fraud_n or_o gross_a ignorance_n of_o the_o vassal_n himself_o it_o can_v not_o be_v call_v voluntary_a nonentry_n which_o stand_v upon_o some_o informality_n unknown_a to_o the_o vassal_n or_o his_o predecessor_n but_o see_v the_o ground_n of_o this_o nonentry_n be_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o right_n which_o can_v consist_v without_o infeftment_n therefore_o by_o such_o nullity_n it_o must_v follow_v that_o while_o there_o be_v no_o infeftment_n or_o a_o nats_n infeftment_n the_o vassal_n have_v no_o interest_n neither_o will_v there_o be_v hazard_n of_o rigour_n because_o it_o can_v but_o extend_v to_o the_o retoured_a duty_n and_o be_v eleided_a by_o all_o the_o way_n that_o other_o non-entry_n be_v and_o special_o by_o the_o superior_n homologation_n of_o the_o infeftment_n if_o the_o nullity_n be_v in_o prejudice_n of_o the_o superior_a as_o when_o land_n be_v retour_v to_o less_o retour_fw-fr mail_n than_o the_o due_a or_o feu-duty_n or_o other_o duty_n in_o the_o reddenda_fw-la be_v diminish_v for_o it_o be_v not_o rare_a that_o that_o which_o be_v null_a as_o to_o some_o person_n and_o case_n may_v be_v valid_a as_o to_o other_o from_o these_o nullity_n be_v injury_n to_o the_o superior_a nonentry_n will_v follow_v if_o there_o be_v no_o valid_a seasine_n then_o nonentry_n will_v take_v place_n though_o charter_n and_o precept_n be_v grant_v voluntary_o see_v seasine_n be_v not_o take_v thereupon_o 20._o nonentry_n take_v place_n whenever_o the_o fee_n be_v void_a whether_o it_o be_v hold_v ward_n blanch_n or_o feu_n but_o that_o which_o be_v hold_v in_o burgage_n or_o be_v mortify_v require_v no_o renovation_n of_o the_o infeftment_n because_o society_n and_o incorporation_n die_v not_o which_o be_v extend_v to_o the_o particular_a tenement_n within_o burgh_n hold_v burgage_n which_o be_v thereby_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n and_o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o burgh_n give_v the_o infeftment_n as_o his_o baily_n 21._o the_o effect_n of_o nonentry_n be_v attain_v by_o a_o declarator_n of_o nonentry_n the_o style_n whereof_o bear_v that_o the_o tenement_n be_v void_a by_o the_o death_n of_o such_o a_o person_n who_o die_v last_o infeft_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v so_o declare_v and_o that_o the_o fruit_n and_o profit_n thereof_o do_v belong_v to_o the_o superior_a by_o reason_n of_o nonentry_n yet_o because_o the_o case_n of_o the_o vassal_n be_v favourable_a decreet_a be_v only_o grant_v declare_v the_o nonentry_n and_o find_v only_o the_o feu-duty_n due_a in_o land_n hold_v feu_n july_n 19_o 1631._o earl_n of_o kinghorn_n contra_fw-la george_n strang_n or_o the_o retoured_a male_n in_o land_n hold_v ward_n or_o blansh_a which_o have_v any_o such_o retour_fw-fr or_o otherways_o the_o whole_a duty_n of_o the_o fee_n be_v carry_v the_o reason_n hereof_o be_v because_o feve_n be_v location_n and_o the_o feu-duty_n be_v the_o rent_n or_o pension_n and_o therefore_o in_o favorabilibus_fw-la that_o be_v interpret_v to_o be_v the_o rent_n so_o likewise_o in_o other_o land_n the_o retour_fw-fr be_v a_o valuation_n of_o the_o land_n as_o they_o be_v worth_a and_o pay_v at_o that_o time_n the_o first_o whereof_o be_v call_v the_o old_a extent_n and_o it_o be_v express_v by_o merk-land_n or_o pound-land_n the_o other_o be_v the_o new_a retour_fw-fr which_o though_o it_o be_v different_a in_o divers_a shire_n yet_o be_v once_o a_o rent_n in_o this_o favourable_a case_n the_o general_a declarator_n reach_v no_o further_o yea_o though_o there_o be_v no_o retour_fw-fr of_o the_o particular_a parcel_n of_o land_n in_o question_n yet_o if_o there_o be_v a_o retour_fw-fr of_o the_o tenement_n or_o barony_n whereof_o it_o be_v a_o part_n that_o common_a retour_fw-fr will_n be_v divide_v according_a to_o the_o present_a rent_n and_o a_o proportion_n thereof_o state_v upon_o this_o parcel_n as_o its_o retour_fw-fr as_o be_v find_v in_o the_o former_a case_n earl_n of_o kinghorn_n
of_o the_o statute_n be_v to_o satisfy_v creditor_n by_o a_o judicial_a alienation_n of_o the_o debtor_n land_n ex_fw-la paritate_fw-la rationis_fw-la it_o be_v extend_v against_o the_o debtor_n appearand_a heir_n who_o be_v charge_v to_o enter_z heir_n do_v not_o enter_v and_o therefore_o land_n be_v adjudge_v from_o he_o to_o which_o he_o may_v have_v enter_v either_o for_o his_o predecessor_n debt_n or_o his_o own_o whereupon_o the_o superior_a be_v discern_v to_o receive_v the_o creditor_n adjudger_n whether_o for_o sum_n of_o money_n or_o for_o implement_n of_o disposition_n and_o obliegement_n to_o infeft_a but_o the_o custom_n allow_v not_o a_o year_n rend_v to_o superior_n for_o receive_v adjudger_n till_o the_o year_n rend_v be_v also_o extend_v to_o adjudication_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n decem._n 3._o 1669._o the_o lord_n of_o session_n have_v always_o take_v latitude_n in_o the_o modification_n of_o the_o year_n rend_v especial_o if_o the_o sum_n apprise_v or_o adjudge_v for_o be_v small_a and_o the_o land_n he_o great_a and_o they_o have_v allow_v the_o appryzer_n or_o adjudger_n his_o option_n during_o the_o legal_a to_o take_v infeftment_n or_o not_o and_o yet_o not_o to_o be_v exclude_v from_o the_o rent_n of_o the_o land_n till_o he_o be_v satisfy_v decem._n 3._o 1672._o mr._n hendry_n hay_o contra_fw-la laird_n of_o farlstoun_n vide_fw-la tit._n 13._o §_o 29._o but_o the_o appryzer_n run_v that_o hazard_n that_o if_o the_o debtor_n die_v before_o he_o be_v satisfy_v if_o the_o land_n be_v hold_v ward_n it_o will_v fall_v in_o ward_n and_o relief_n by_o the_o debtor_n death_n and_o in_o nonentry_n for_o there_o be_v no_o reason_n that_o the_o casualty_n of_o the_o superiority_n shall_v neither_o fall_v by_o the_o appryzer_n nor_o by_o the_o debtor_n there_o be_v not_o the_o like_a reason_n that_o the_o liferent-escheat_n of_o the_o debtor_n shall_v exclude_v the_o appryzer_n if_o it_o fall_v after_o the_o apprize_a and_o charge_n for_o the_o liferent-escheat_n fall_v to_o the_o superior_a with_o all_o the_o burden_n which_o affect_v it_o by_o the_o vassal_n even_o with_o the_o burden_n of_o his_o tack_n and_o therefore_o apprize_a with_o a_o charge_n way_n be_v as_o effectual_a as_o these_o july_n 24._o 1632._o james_n rule_n con_fw-mi laird_n of_o billie_n the_o superior_a can_v have_v only_o one_o year_n rent_n from_o all_o the_o appryzer_n or_o adjudger_n but_o now_o since_o appryzer_n and_o adjudger_n within_o year_n and_o day_n come_v in_o pari_fw-la passu_fw-la where_o one_o need_v only_o to_o be_v infeft_v or_o to_o charge_n there_o be_v less_o reason_n to_o give_v a_o easy_a modification_n of_o the_o year_n rend_v to_o the_o first_o appryzer_n or_o adjudger_n insist_v for_o infeftment_n then_o before_o because_o one_o infeftment_n serve_v for_o all_o and_o he_o who_o advance_v the_o same_o get_v relief_n of_o the_o rest_n before_o they_o have_v access_n to_o the_o rent_n 33._o the_o prime_a casulity_n of_o fee_n be_v ward_n which_o be_v not_o competent_a to_o all_o superior_n ward_n be_v only_o competent_a in_o fee_n hold_v in_o military_a service_n which_o have_v their_o denomination_n from_o this_o casuality_n be_v therefore_o call_v ward-holdings_a and_o that_o not_o by_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o investiture_n which_o seldom_o mention_v ward_n but_o by_o the_o nature_n of_o it_o for_o when_o the_o fee_n be_v holdeu_o for_o military_a service_n or_o as_o the_o english_a better_a express_v by_o knight_n service_n extend_v not_o only_a to_o follow_v in_o war_n but_o to_o council_n and_o assistance_n in_o peace_n then_o when_o the_o vassal_n be_v unfit_a for_o such_o service_n the_o fee_n be_v open_a and_o remain_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o superior_a or_o his_o donatar_n and_o though_o this_o capacity_n may_v be_v in_o some_o soon_o yet_o it_o be_v fix_v in_o man_n to_o their_o majority_n at_o twenty_o one_o year_n complete_a and_o in_o woman_n till_o they_o become_v fourteen_o year_n complete_a for_o than_o they_o be_v capable_a of_o husband_n who_o may_v do_v the_o service_n require_v in_o the_o fee_n decem._n 20._o 1609._o and_o jan._n 27._o 1610._o lady_n kilbirnie_n contra_fw-la the_o heir_n of_o fairlie_n what_o fee_n be_v hold_v ward_n we_o have_v clear_v in_o the_o former_a title_n it_o now_o remain_v that_o we_o hold_v forth_o the_o effect_n of_o this_o casuality_n 24._o ward_n reach_v the_o custody_n of_o the_o person_n and_o of_o his_o land_n hold_v ward_n it_o have_v its_o denomination_n rather_o from_o the_o former_a for_o ward_n be_v as_o much_o as_o guard_n or_o custody_n the_o superior_a or_o his_o donatar_n be_v by_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o right_n as_o a_o tutor_n to_o the_o vassal_n heir_n craig_n observe_v that_o he_o be_v preserable_a to_o all_o other_o tutor_n except_o only_o the_o father_n of_o the_o heir_n who_o fee_n descend_v by_o the_o mother_n or_o some_o other_o person_n and_o that_o he_o be_v oblige_v as_o other_o tutor_n to_o pursue_v the_o right_n of_o the_o heir_n but_o the_o course_n of_o time_n have_v turn_v this_o right_n from_o its_o ancient_a institution_n so_o that_o the_o superior_a have_v less_o enjoyment_n of_o service_n but_o more_o of_o profit_n of_o the_o fee_n there_o be_v the_o less_o regard_n to_o the_o pupil_n education_n with_o or_o by_o the_o superior_a to_o the_o effect_n he_o may_v be_v fit_v for_o his_o service_n and_o therefore_o other_o tutor_n not_o only_o for_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o pupilsmean_n but_o even_o for_o the_o custody_n and_o education_n of_o his_o person_n will_v be_v prefer_v though_o of_o old_a the_o donatar_n of_o the_o ward_n be_v prefer_v to_o the_o tutor_n in_o custody_n of_o the_o pupil_n person_n sinclar_n june_n 15._o 1543._o laird_n auchname_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o elphinstoun_n ledingtoun_n march_n 16._o 1565._o and_o july_n 12._o 1566._o weir_n contra_fw-la lochart_n yet_o late_a decision_n have_v favour_v tutor_n more_o and_o prefer_v they_o nicol._n ubi_fw-la pupuli_fw-la educari_fw-la mr._n james_n chalmers_n contra_fw-la elizabeth_n howstoun_n lady_n gadgirth_n neither_o have_v i_o ever_o observe_v that_o superior_n or_o their_o donatar_n be_v make_v liable_a as_o tutor_n for_o administration_n of_o their_o pupil_n affair_n 35._o the_o main_a effect_n of_o ward_n than_o be_v that_o thereby_o the_o superior_a or_o his_o donatar_n have_v during_o that_o time_n the_o full_a fruit_n and_o profit_n of_o the_o fee_n and_o may_v remove_v tenant_n and_o do_v all_o other_o deed_n that_o the_o proprietar_n may_v have_v do_v and_o be_v accustom_v to_o do_v as_o to_o continue_v the_o profit_n of_o a_o wood_n if_o there_o be_v constant_a cut_n as_o be_v divide_v in_o so_o many_o hag_n that_o the_o first_o be_v ready_a by_o the_o last_o be_v cut_v or_o go_v heugh_n as_o they_o be_v accustom_v by_o the_o vassal_n but_o he_o cannor_n cut_v more_o than_o the_o accustom_a yearly_a hag_n of_o wood_n or_o put_v in_o more_o coalzier_n than_o the_o vassal_n have_v at_o his_o death_n and_o ordinary_o before_o and_o he_o may_v remove_v and_o in_o put_v tenant_n and_o that_o without_o any_o precede_a declarator_n or_o favourable_a account_n esteem_v the_o retour_fw-fr mail_n for_o the_o rent_n as_o in_o nonentry_n but_o he_o may_v immediate_o pursue_v action_n for_o mail_n and_o duty_n remove_v etc._n etc._n unless_o the_o ward_n be_v tax_v and_o then_o the_o superior_a can_v have_v no_o more_o than_o the_o duty_n to_o which_o it_o be_v tax_v but_o for_o it_o he_o have_v not_o only_o the_o vassal_n and_o all_o intromettor_n with_o the_o fruit_n personal_o but_o he_o may_v also_o poynd_v the_o ground_n for_o the_o tax_v duty_n as_o craig_n affirm_v in_o this_o title_n 36._o yet_o the_o reach_n of_o the_o ward_n by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o fee_n can_v extend_v to_o alienation_n or_o consumption_n of_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o fee_n or_o any_o part_n or_o pertinent_a thereof_o and_o this_o be_v clear_v by_o the_o statute_n parliament_n 1491._o cap._n 25._o whereby_o donatar_n must_v find_v caution_n not_o to_o destroy_v the_o biggings_n wood_n stank_n park_n meadow_n or_o dovecoat_n but_o to_o keep_v they_o in_o such_o kind_a as_o they_o get_v they_o ward_n be_v also_o restrain_v by_o the_o statute_n confirm_v feve_n of_o which_o former_o and_o these_o stand_v valid_a against_o the_o superior_a during_o the_o ward_n so_o do_v also_o all_o infeftment_n hold_v of_o he_o either_o by_o resignation_n or_o confirmation_n but_o not_o infeftment_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o his_o vassal_n unless_o confirm_v by_o he_o for_o albeit_o confirmation_n by_o the_o king_n which_o pass_v of_o course_n do_v not_o take_v away_o the_o casualty_n of_o ward_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o king_n vassal_n which_o affect_v the_o fee_n of_o the_o sub-vassal_n yet_o the_o confirmation_n of_o other_o superior_n of_o sub-vassal_n
bruce_n contra_fw-la james_n bruce_n this_o annualrent_n be_v not_o for_o security_n of_o a_o stock_n the_o like_a be_v find_v of_o a_o liferent_a annualrent_n june_n 18._o 1663._o margaret_n fleming_n contra_fw-la james_n gillis_n 14._o annualrent_n as_o to_o bygone_n be_v movable_a and_o so_o arrestable_a and_o belong_v to_o executor_n december_n 15._o 1630._o ogilvie_n contra_fw-la ogilvie_n yet_o it_o will_v be_v more_o competent_a and_o suitable_a to_o pursue_v it_o personal_o against_o intrometter_n with_o the_o rent_n or_o postessor_n then_o by_o a_o real_a action_n of_o poind_v the_o ground_n annualrent_n be_v suppress_v by_o wodset_n of_o the_o land_n or_o other_o more_o noble_a right_n in_o the_o person_n of_o the_o annualrenter_fw-la unless_o that_o right_o be_v evict_v 15._o a_o infeftment_n of_o annualrent_a redeemable_a be_v find_v extinct_a by_o a_o renunciation_n registrat_n in_o the_o register_n of_o reversion_n and_o that_o against_o a_o singular_a successor_n though_o there_o be_v no_o resignation_n of_o the_o annualrent_a january_n 7._o 1680._o john_n mcclellan_n contra_fw-la mushet_n a_o annualrent_n be_v also_o find_v extinct_a by_o the_o annualrenter_n intromet_v with_o the_o rent_n of_o the_o land_n out_o of_o which_o the_o annualrent_n be_v payable_a equivalent_a to_o the_o principal_a sum_n for_o security_n whereof_o the_o annualrent_n be_v constitute_v which_o intromission_n be_v sound_a probable_a by_o witness_n though_o it_o be_v silver-rent_a feb._n 4._o 1671._o wishart_n contra_fw-la elizabeth_n arthur_n and_o therefore_o singnlar_a successor_n succeed_v in_o annualrent_n either_o by_o voluntary_a disposition_n or_o by_o apprise_v or_o adjudication_n can_v be_v secure_a by_o inspection_n of_o register_n as_o they_o may_v be_v for_o land_n but_o they_o run_v the_o hazard_n of_o satisfaction_n of_o the_o principal_a sum_n for_o which_o the_o annualrent_n be_v grant_v wherewith_o it_o fall_v in_o consequence_n for_o no_o provident_a man_n will_v buy_v a_o annualrent_a give_v for_o security_n of_o a_o principal_a sum_n but_o either_o upon_o necessity_n for_o satisfy_v a_o prior_n debt_n or_o upon_o great_a advantage_n in_o both_o which_o case_n he_o shall_v take_v his_o hazard_n scire_fw-la debet_fw-la cum_fw-la quo_fw-la contrahit_fw-la as_o all_o purchaser_n of_o personal_a right_n must_v do_v pension_n resemble_v annualrent_n or_o the_o seuda_fw-la ex_fw-la camera_fw-la or_o ex_fw-la cavena_fw-es mention_v by_o the_o feudist_n for_o thereby_o a_o yearly_a rent_n be_v constitute_v to_o be_v pay_v out_o of_o the_o constituents_a land_n general_o or_o particular_o yet_o these_o pension_n not_o have_v infeftment_n have_v but_o the_o nature_n of_o assignation_n and_o so_o be_v not_o valid_a against_o singular_a successor_n 16._o except_o only_o ecclesiastic_a pension_n constitute_v by_o prelate_n which_o be_v valid_a against_o their_o successor_n in_o office_n but_o not_o unless_o they_o be_v clothe_v with_o possession_n or_o decreet_n conform_v in_o the_o constituents_a life_n par._n 1592._o cap._n 137._o and_o so_o a_o pension_n grant_v by_o a_o bishop_n with_o power_n to_o assign_v be_v find_v valid_a to_o the_o assignee_n after_o the_o first_o pensioner_n death_n against_o the_o succeed_a bishop_n and_o to_o be_v no_o dilapidation_n july_n 21._o 1625._o minister_n of_o kirklistoun_n contra_fw-la patrick_n whitelaw_n yea_o though_o the_o pension_n bear_v a_o power_n to_o assign_v etiam_fw-la in_o articulo_fw-la mortis_fw-la december_n 17._o 1628._o chalmers_n contra_fw-la craigievar_n but_o in_o this_o case_n the_o pensioner_n grant_v assignation_n reserve_v his_o own_o life-rent_a or_o to_o take_v effect_n after_o his_o death_n whereby_o both_o might_n at_o once_o have_v interest_n therein_o the_o assignation_n be_v find_v null_a by_o exception_n though_o have_v decreet_a conform_v and_o thirty_o year_n possession_n the_o like_a hope_n assignation_n abernethie_o contra_fw-la lady_n drumlanerk_n but_o now_o by_o the_o act_n of_o par._n 1606._o cap._n 3._o archbishop_n and_o bishop_n be_v disable_v to_o grant_v pension_n to_o affect_v their_o benefice_n further_o than_o themselves_o have_v right_a to_o the_o benefice_n but_o do_v not_o prejudge_v their_o successor_n in_o office_n yet_o pension_n grant_v by_o benefice_a person_n be_v not_o only_o due_a during_o their_o life_n but_o out_o of_o their_o annat_v after_o their_o death_n february_n 28._o 1628._o bairn_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o galloway_n contra_fw-la andrew_n couper_n 17._o pension_n grant_v by_o secular_a person_n though_o they_o contain_v assignation_n to_o the_o duty_n of_o the_o land_n special_o and_o have_v decreet_a conform_v be_v find_v ineffectual_a against_o singular_a successor_n in_o the_o land_n july_n 9_o 1629._o urquhart_n contra_fw-la the_o earl_n of_o caithness_n december_n 11._o 1662._o andrew_n clappertoun_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o ednem_fw-la neither_o against_o the_o lady_n tercer_n of_o the_o constituent_a march_v 27._o 1634._o countess_z of_o dumfermling_n contra_fw-la earl_n of_o dumsermling_n a_o decreet_a conform_v be_v obtain_v against_o the_o grant_a of_o a_o pension_n his_o tenant_n and_o chamberlain_n be_v effectual_a against_o subsequent_a chamberlain_n without_o new_a decreet_a or_o transference_n yet_o must_v be_v transfer_v against_o the_o constituents_a heir_n and_o his_o chamberlain_n though_o it_o will_v be_v valid_a be_v a_o ecclesiastic_a pension_n against_o his_o successor_n december_n 7._o 1630._o earl_n of_o carrict_a contra_fw-la duke_n of_o lennox_n spot_n hic_fw-la alexander_n weyms_n contra_fw-la chamberlain_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o lennox_n a_o pension_n bear_v for_o love_n and_o special_a service_n do_v and_o to_o be_v do_v be_v find_v effectual_a though_o the_o pensioner_n remove_v and_o do_v not_o that_o service_n his_o removal_n be_v necessary_a by_o transportation_n march_v 25._o 1629._o doctor_n strang_n contra_fw-la lord_n couper_n the_o like_a of_o a_o pension_n grant_v to_o a_o advocate_n for_o service_n do_v and_o to_o be_v do_v which_o be_v find_v valid_a during_o his_o life_n though_o he_o leave_v plead_v december_n 3._o 1662._o mr._n john_n alexander_n contra_fw-la mr._n roderick_n mcleod_n the_o like_a of_o a_o pension_n for_o service_n do_v and_o to_o be_v do_v though_o the_o service_n be_v not_o do_v when_o not_o require_v nor_o be_v it_o exclude_v by_o the_o pensioner_n pursue_v process_n at_o his_o own_o instance_n against_o the_o constituent_a upon_o a_o probable_a ground_n though_o the_o constituent_n be_v assoil_v june_n 26._o 1678._o mr._n william_n weir_n advocate_n contra_fw-la the_o earl_n of_o callendar_n 18._o pension_n grant_v by_o the_o king_n be_v declare_v not_o arrestable_a in_o the_o thesaurers_n hand_n by_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la june_n 11._o 1613._o the_o reason_n thereof_o must_v be_v because_o such_o be_v ordinary_o alimentary_a and_o always_o for_o the_o king_n special_a service_n which_o will_v be_v impede_v by_o hinder_v payment_n of_o the_o pension_n title_n xvi_o liferent_n where_o of_o conjunctfee_n terce_n and_o liferent_n by_o the_o courtesy_n of_o scotland_n 1._o servitude_n personal_a by_o the_o roman_a law_n 2._o servitude_n personal_a by_o our_o custom_n 3._o clause_n of_o conquest_n of_o liferent_a or_o fee_n of_o land_n acquire_v during_o marriage_n how_o far_o extend_v 4._o all_o liferent_n must_v be_v salva_fw-la rei_fw-la substantia_fw-la 5._o liferenter_n be_v burden_v with_o aliment_n of_o heir_n 6._o liferent_n without_o infeftment_n be_v not_o effectual_a against_o singular_a successor_n 7._o the_o effect_n of_o assignation_n to_o liferent_n 8._o liferent_n be_v not_o prejudge_v by_o tack_n or_o other_o deed_n of_o the_o fire_n be_v posterior_n 9_o what_o term_n do_v belong_v to_o liferenter_n 10._o conjunctsee_n 11._o liferenter_n by_o conjunctsee_n have_v all_o the_o casualty_n of_o superiority_n 12._o terce_n 13._o service_n of_o terce_n 14._o ken_n to_o terce_n 15._o the_o effect_n of_o terce_n 16._o the_o extent_n of_o terce_n 17._o exception_n against_o terce_n 18._o burden_n of_o terce_n 19_o liferent_n by_o the_o courtesy_n of_o scotland_n 20._o public_a burden_n from_o the_o feudal_n right_n of_o property_n we_o proceed_v to_o servitude_n burden_v the_o 〈◊〉_d these_o be_v either_o personal_a or_o real_a personal_a servitude_n be_v whereby_o the_o property_n of_o one_o be_v subservient_fw-fr to_o the_o person_n of_o another_o real_a servitude_n be_v whereby_o a_o tenement_n be_v subservient_fw-fr to_o another_o tenement_n and_o to_o person_n but_o as_o and_o while_o they_o have_v right_o to_o the_o tenement_n dominant_a as_o thirleage_v pasturage_n way_n passage_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o like_a servitude_n personal_a for_o term_n of_o life_n be_v therefore_o call_v liferent_n servitude_n for_o a_o indefinite_a time_n be_v such_o which_o either_o may_v or_o use_n to_o be_v constitute_v for_o a_o long_o or_o short_a time_n such_o be_v pension_n ecclesiastic_a rental_n and_o tack_n which_o though_o they_o be_v in_o their_o nature_n but_o personal_a right_n yet_o by_o statute_n or_o custom_n they_o have_v the_o effect_n of_o real_a right_n of_o which_o
be_v liable_a to_o fulfil_v the_o bastard_n back-band_n june_n 20._o 1671._o alexander_n alexander_n contra_fw-la lord_n saltoun_n 47._o ultimus_n haeres_fw-la may_v seem_v to_o be_v a_o succession_n from_o the_o dead_a and_o to_o come_v in_o among_o other_o heir_n yet_o though_o it_o have_v the_o resemblance_n of_o a_o heir_n because_o it_o have_v effect_v when_o there_o be_v no_o other_o heir_n and_o make_v the_o heritagelyable_a to_o pay_v the_o defunct_n debt_n it_o be_v only_o a_o caduciarie_n confiscation_n of_o the_o defuncts-estate_n with_o the_o burden_n of_o his_o debt_n but_o no_o proper_a succession_n to_o he_o therein_o which_o appear_v thus_o the_o heir_n be_v one_o person_n in_o law_n and_o be_v therefore_o personal_o obleige_v for_o all_o the_o defunct_n debt_n so_o be_v not_o the_o fisk_n against_o who_o or_o the_o donatar_n there_o lie_v no_o personal_a action_n for_o payment_n but_o for_o restitution_n if_o he_o have_v intromet_v and_o of_o real_a action_n contra_fw-la haereditatem_fw-la jacentem_fw-la which_o be_v most_o proper_a by_o adjudication_n be_v the_o supplement_n of_o ordinary_a action_n or_o execution_n competent_a by_o law_n for_o there_o be_v no_o party_n to_o represent_v the_o defunct_a debtor_n there_o can_v be_v no_o decreet_a but_o cognitionis_fw-la causa_fw-la and_o adjudication_n follow_v thereupon_o in_o which_o the_o fisk_n or_o donatar_n be_v to_o be_v call_v passive_a as_o the_o party_n have_v interest_n to_o see_v that_o the_o debt_n be_v due_a which_o will_v affect_v the_o defunct_n caduciarie_n heritage_n to_o the_o detrement_n of_o the_o fisk_n or_o donatar_n so_o then_o vltimus_fw-la haeres_fw-la and_o bastardrie_n be_v of_o the_o like_a nature_n which_o be_v caduciarie_n confiscation_n fall_v to_o the_o fisk_n because_o no_o other_o can_v have_v right_a there_o may_v be_v this_o difference_n betwixt_o they_o that_o in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o last_o heir_n creditor_n for_o their_o satisfaction_n may_v confirm_v the_o defunct_n movable_n and_o so_o recover_v the_o same_o for_o their_o own_o satisfaction_n in_o which_o case_n they_o will_v be_v liable_a as_o other_o executor_n to_o the_o remanent_fw-la creditor_n of_o the_o defunct_a and_o to_o the_o fisk_n or_o donatar_n for_o the_o superplus_n as_o in_o the_o place_n of_o near_a of_o kin_n &_o to_o the_o relict_n also_o for_o her_o part_n but_o this_o be_v only_o for_o obtain_v their_o own_o satisfaction_n and_o for_o shun_v a_o more_o extraordinary_a way_n by_o adjudication_n which_o also_o they_o may_v use_v at_o their_o option_n they_o ought_v not_o in_o prejudice_n of_o the_o fisk_n to_o have_v the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o defunct_n part_n as_o other_o executor_n but_o in_o the_o case_n of_o bastardy_n confirmation_n of_o executor_n be_v not_o competent_a because_o the_o bastard_n be_v exclude_v from_o the_o power_n of_o make_v testament_n can_v have_v no_o executor_n concern_v last_a heir_n the_o great_a doubt_n be_v who_o they_o be_v and_o in_o what_o case_n they_o take_v place_n as_o to_o the_o first_o craig_n lib._n 2._o dieg._n 17._o be_v not_o positive_a whether_o superior_n be_v last_v heir_n of_o the_o defunct_a in_o the_o fies_z hold_v of_o they_o or_o if_o the_o king_n be_v the_o last_o heir_n for_o all_o and_o according_a to_o the_o ancient_a feudal_n custom_n there_o be_v no_o doubt_n the_o feus_n return_n to_o the_o several_a superior_n for_o thereby_o none_o can_v succeed_v without_o express_a provision_n in_o the_o contrary_a but_o the_o lawful_a issue_n of_o the_o descendent_a of_o the_o first_o vassal_n who_o person_n and_o race_n be_v peculiar_o choose_v and_o confide_v in_o by_o the_o superior_a but_o now_o fies_z not_o be_v gratuitous_a as_o at_o first_o but_o for_o onerous_a cause_n beside_o the_o reddendo_fw-la &_o service_n and_o ordinary_o grant_v to_o the_o vassal_n and_o his_o heir_n whatsoever_o which_o failze_v the_o king_n by_o his_o prerogative_n royal_a exclude_v all_o other_o superior_n who_o be_v presume_v to_o retain_v no_o right_n nor_o expectation_n of_o succession_n unless_o by_o express_a provision_n of_o the_o investiture_n the_o fies_z be_v provide_v to_o heir_n male_a or_o of_o tailzie_n which_o failze_v to_o return_v to_o the_o superior_a in_o which_o he_o be_v proper_a heir_n of_o provision_n as_o to_o the_o other_o doubt_v in_o what_o case_n the_o king_n be_v last_o heir_n craig_n in_o the_o forename_a place_n relate_v that_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o if_o the_o defunct_a have_v no_o heir_n within_o the_o seven_o degree_n the_o king_n take_v place_n as_o last_o heir_n and_o that_o other_o think_v it_o to_o hold_v in_o collateral_a succession_n but_o his_o own_o opinion_n be_v in_o the_o contrary_a that_o any_o heir_n of_o what_o degree_n soever_o have_v right_o which_o suit_v with_o the_o ground_n now_o lay_v that_o the_o king_n have_v right_a as_o last_o heir_n to_o the_o heritage_n become_v caduciarie_n because_o no_o other_o party_n can_v be_v instruct_v lawful_a heir_n so_o he_o report_v it_o be_v find_v in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o marr_n who_o be_v serve_v heir_n to_o lady_n elizabeth_n dowglas_n countess_n of_o marr_n beyond_o the_o ten_o degree_n and_o that_o the_o lord_n seatoun_n that_o he_o may_v have_v a_o title_n to_o the_o redemption_n of_o the_o land_n of_o longnidrie_n against_o forester_n serve_v himself_o heir_n to_o the_o grant_a of_o the_o wodsett_n beyond_o the_o seven_o degree_n whereof_o several_a degree_n be_v collateral_a and_o the_o french_a king_n henry_n the_o four_o succeed_v to_o henry_n the_o 3._o though_o not_o within_o the_o 15._o degree_n the_o gift_n or_o right_a of_o vltimus_fw-la haeres_fw-la have_v no_o effect_n till_o decreet_a of_o declarator_n be_v obtain_v thereupon_o in_o the_o same_o way_n as_o in_o bastardy_n july_n 20._o 1662._o laird_n of_o balnagoun_n contra_fw-la dingwal_n july_n 31._o 1666._o thomas_n crawford_n contra_fw-la town_n of_o edinburgh_n title_n xxvi_o succession_n 1._o whether_o in_o equity_n there_o be_v a_o rule_n in_o succession_n 2._o that_o rule_n be_v the_o express_a will_n or_o presume_a will_n of_o the_o defunct_a 3._o the_o first_o degree_n of_o succession_n by_o the_o presume_a will_n of_o defunct_n 4._o whether_o in_o equity_n there_o be_v right_a of_o representation_n 5._o fail_v descendants_n ascendant_n succeed_v in_o equity_n 6._o fail_v both_o brother_n and_o sister_n succeed_v 7._o fail_v these_o the_o near_a agnat_n succeed_v 8._o the_o succession_n of_o cognat_n 9_o the_o jewish_a succession_n whereby_o all_o the_o son_n succeed_v and_o exclude_v the_o daughter_n and_o the_o elder_a son_n have_v a_o double_a portion_n 10._o father_n can_v not_o prejudge_v the_o primogenitur_fw-la of_o their_o elder_a son_n 11._o by_o the_o jewish_a succession_n fail_v descendants_n the_o inheritance_n pass_v to_o brethren_n and_o these_o fail_v to_o father_n brethren_n and_o fail_v these_o to_o the_o near_a kinsman_n 12._o whether_o in_o the_o jewish_a succession_n there_o be_v right_a of_o representation_n 13._o why_o no_o female_n but_o daughter_n succeed_v among_o the_o jew_n 14._o why_o parent_n succeed_v not_o among_o the_o jew_n 15._o succession_n among_o the_o roman_n be_v first_o by_o testament_n 16._o if_o there_o be_v no_o heir_n institute_v by_o testament_n the_o ancient_a roman_a law_n call_v all_o the_o child_n of_o the_o family_n unforisfamiliat_v male_a &_o female_a not_o except_v adopt_a child_n to_o succeed_v 17._o these_o fail_v the_o near_a agnat_n but_o no_o parent_n thereby_o succeed_v 18._o the_o roman_n succession_n be_v the_o praetorian_a law_n 19_o their_o succession_n by_o justinians_n novel_a constitution_n 20._o in_o feudal_n succession_n the_o first_o rule_n be_v the_o express_a will_n of_o the_o party_n by_o the_o investitur_fw-la 21._o the_o nixt_a rule_n be_v the_o conjecture_v will_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o fee_n 22._o primogeniture_n now_o establish_v by_o common_a custom_n in_o feudal_n right_n 23._o succession_n in_o scotland_n be_v whole_o different_a in_o moveable_n and_o immovables_n 24._o the_o several_a degree_n of_o succession_n in_o moveable_n 25._o succession_n in_o heritable_a right_n 26._o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o two_o succession_n 27._o the_o privilege_n of_o heir_n not_o to_o be_v prejudge_v by_o their_o predecessor_n deed_n on_o deathbed_n 28._o what_o be_v estimate_n deathbed_n 29._o against_o what_o right_n deathbed_n be_v extend_v 30._o deathbed_n annul_v no_o deed_n for_o cause_n onerous_a 31._o disposition_n in_o testament_n be_v as_o on_o deathbed_n 32._o annus_fw-la deliberandi_fw-la 33._o kind_n if_o heir_n in_o scotland_n 34._o no_o place_n for_o adopt_a or_o cognat_n in_o succession_n with_o we_o 35._o parent_n succeed_v to_o their_o child_n &_o exclude_v the_o parent_n collateral_n or_o these_o represent_v the_o colaterals_n succession_n to_o defunct_n be_v the_o most_o important_a title_n in_o law_n for_o thereby_o the_o right_n of_o all_o
and_o measure_n whereof_o the_o law_n do_v determine_v so_o that_o if_o the_o child_n be_v pass_v by_o in_o silence_n and_o neither_o institute_n nor_o exhaeridat_n the_o law_n declare_v the_o testament_n void_a and_o if_o they_o be_v exhaeridat_n without_o a_o due_a and_o true_a offence_n it_o do_v allow_v the_o child_n querelam_fw-la inofficiosi_fw-la testamenti_fw-la that_o be_v complaint_n against_o the_o testament_n make_v contra_fw-la officium_fw-la which_o be_v the_o natural_a obligation_n or_o duty_n of_o parent_n to_o provide_v their_o child_n for_o the_o like_a reason_n the_o same_o complaint_n be_v competent_a to_o the_o father_n against_o the_o testament_n of_o their_o child_n but_o because_o that_o remeid_v may_v have_v be_v eleided_a by_o exhaust_v the_o heritage_n by_o legacy_n whereby_o the_o institution_n of_o the_o child_n may_v prove_v ineffectual_a for_o their_o provision_n therefore_o the_o law_n allow_v child_n a_o legittime_n portion_n be_v the_o sourth_fw-mi part_n of_o the_o heritage_n which_o that_o it_o may_v extend_v to_o all_o heir_n falcidius_n be_v the_o author_n of_o that_o noble_a law_n restrain_v legacy_n so_o that_o there_o may_v remain_v a_o portion_n to_o the_o defunct_n heir_n which_o law_n and_o portion_n in_o honour_n of_o his_o name_n be_v call_v the_o falcidian_a law_n and_o portio_fw-la falcidia_fw-la whereby_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o free_a good_n of_o the_o testator_n remain_v always_o secure_a against_o legacy_n and_o when_o a_o new_a subtlety_n be_v invent_v to_o frustrate_v the_o falcidian_a law_n by_o take_v away_o the_o heritage_n not_o direct_o by_o legacy_n but_o indirect_o by_o trust_n or_o fidei-comisses_a trebellianus_n procure_v that_o ordinance_n of_o the_o senate_n call_v senatus-consultum_fw-la trebellianum_fw-la whereby_o that_o portion_n call_v also_o trebelliarica_fw-la shall_v remain_v safe_a against_o fideicommissarie_n trust_n and_o though_o it_o be_v the_o common_a opinion_n of_o the_o doctor_n that_o if_o the_o defunct_a express_o prohibit_v the_o heir_n to_o take_v the_o benefit_n of_o his_o falcidia_fw-la or_o trebellianica_fw-la they_o will_v be_v thereby_o exclude_v yet_o the_o common_a opinion_n be_v that_o it_o can_v be_v extend_v to_o child_n as_o to_o their_o legittime_n who_o the_o law_n have_v full_o secure_v either_o by_o ordain_v they_o to_o be_v institute_v heir_n in_o whole_a or_o at_o least_o in_o a_o four_o part_n which_o be_v their_o natural_a or_o legittime_o portion_n and_o if_o they_o be_v institute_n in_o less_o they_o have_v right_o to_o the_o supplement_n of_o their_o legittime_n portion_n or_o otherwise_o they_o must_v be_v express_o and_o just_o exheredat_fw-la and_o they_o have_v the_o common_a benefit_n of_o other_o heir_n of_o their_o falcidia_n or_o trebellian_n which_o the_o testator_n can_v frustrate_v with_o out_o express_a prohibition_n 16._o if_o there_o be_v no_o lawful_a testament_n by_o thelaw_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n which_o be_v the_o ancient_a roman_a law_n and_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o praetorian_a or_o imperial_a law_n be_v only_o call_v the_o law_n or_o the_o civil_a law_n the_o succession_n of_o defunct_a fall_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o the_o defunct_n child_n or_o near_a descendants_n without_o distinction_n of_o any_o lawful_a child_n though_o adopt_a or_o posthumus_n or_o though_o of_o diverse_a lawful_a marriage_n whether_o male_a or_o female_a so_o that_o they_o remain_v in_o the_o defunct_n family_n and_o in_o his_o paternal_a power_n for_o these_o who_o be_v emancipat_v and_o demit_v from_o the_o family_n and_o from_o under_o the_o paternal_a power_n they_o be_v either_o real_o or_o presumptive_o provide_v and_o so_o have_v no_o share_n of_o the_o succession_n of_o this_o paternal_a power_n and_o emancipation_n see_v before_o tit._n obligation_n of_o parent_n these_o in_o the_o family_n be_v call_v haredes_n svi_fw-la &_o necessarij_fw-la because_o they_o be_v ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la heir_n without_o solemnity_n or_o entry_n among_o these_o the_o right_a of_o representation_n have_v place_n so_o that_o for_o example_n the_o grand_a child_n succeed_v with_o thechildren_n but_o not_o equal_o et_fw-la per_fw-la capita_fw-la but_o per_fw-la stirpes_fw-la for_o thegrand_n child_n have_v but_o the_o share_n of_o their_o defunct_a parent_n equal_o among_o they_o and_o so_o of_o all_o other_o descendants_n be_v in_o the_o family_n the_o praetor_n do_v in_o a_o part_n alter_v this_o and_o bring_v in_o the_o child_n or_o issue_n emancipat_v with_o those_o in_o the_o family_n without_o distinction_n provide_v the_o emancipat_v bring_v in_o their_o good_n and_o adject_v the_o same_o to_o the_o inheritance_n per_fw-la collationem_fw-la bonorum_fw-la yet_o because_o only_o the_o law_n that_o be_v the_o ancient_a law_n can_v make_v heir_n the_o emancipat_v be_v not_o call_v heir_n but_o bonorum_fw-la possessores_fw-la the_o praetorian_a law_n do_v also_o take_v off_o the_o necessity_n and_o damage_n of_o the_o succession_n that_o none_o may_v be_v necessitate_v to_o be_v heir_n yea_o all_o heir_n have_v the_o benefit_n of_o a_o inventar_n be_v timeouslyand_n du_o make_v beyond_o which_o they_o be_v not_o liable_a for_o the_o defunct_n debt_n 17._o the_o next_o degree_n of_o succession_n by_o the_o ancient_a roman_a law_n be_v fail_v descendants_n in_o the_o family_n the_o near_a agnat_n of_o the_o same_o degree_n succeed_v but_o there_o be_v no_o succession_n ofparent_n nor_o of_o cognat_n relate_v by_o the_o mother_n side_n here_o mother_n comprehend_v grandmother_n and_o all_o other_o ascendentsof_n that_o kind_a so_o the_o next_o degree_n be_v of_o brethren_n and_o sister_n etc._n etc._n 18._o the_o praetorian_a law_n do_v also_o emendat_fw-la this_o and_o first_o bring_v in_o the_o father_n with_o the_o brother_n and_o sistersgerman_n or_o of_o both_o blood_n and_o thereafter_o the_o tertullian_n senatus-consult_a faill_v the_o father_n bring_v in_o the_o mother_n with_o the_o sister_n in_o their_o share_n but_o not_o with_o the_o brother_n german_n who_o if_o there_o be_v no_o sister_n german_a exclude_v their_o mother_n total_o and_o if_o for_o example_n there_o be_v a_o brother_n german_n and_o a_o sister_n german_n the_o father_n be_v dead_a the_o brother_n have_v the_o half_a and_o the_o sister_n half_a be_v divide_v equal_o betwixt_o she_o and_o her_o mother_n and_o so_o the_o mother_n be_v prefer_v to_o the_o father_n father_n and_o to_o the_o defunct_n brethren_n and_o sister_n of_o one_o blood_n faill_v those_o of_o this_o degree_n the_o brother_n and_o sister_n by_o the_o father_n side_n and_o these_o failling_a the_o near_a degree_n of_o agnat_n in_o which_o the_o parity_n of_o reason_n infer_v that_o as_o in_o brother_n and_o sister_n so_o in_o other_o collaterall_n these_o of_o both_o blood_n make_v a_o near_a degree_n than_o these_o of_o one_o blood_n faill_v all_o these_o the_o praetorian_a law_n admit_v spouse_n to_o be_v heir_n each_o to_o other_o the_o husband_n to_o the_o wife_n and_o the_o wife_n to_o the_o husband_n and_o last_o the_o fisk_n take_v place_n as_o last_o heir_n 19_o but_o the._n emperor_n justinian_n by_o the_o novel_a constitution_n 118._o cap._n 4._o take_v off_o all_o distinction_n of_o agnat_n and_o cognat_n and_o bring_v in_o the_o mother_n equal_o with_o the_o father_n with_o what_o reason_n or_o approbation_n we_o have_v touch_v before_o this_o be_v the_o sum_n of_o succession_n by_o the_o roman_a law_n wherein_o there_o be_v no_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d oveable_n or_o immovables_n and_o which_o take_v up_o no_o small_a part_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o law_n and_o write_n of_o the_o lawyer_n wherein_o to_o insist_v particular_o will_v raise_v a_o great_a bulk_n unnecessar_n for_o our_o purpose_n whereunto_o we_o conceive_v this_o summarie_n may_v suffice_v but_o while_o the_o roman_a empire_n and_o law_n be_v trample_v down_o by_o the_o northern_a nation_n the_o feudal_n law_n arise_v and_o do_v yet_o continue_v with_o the_o civil_a law_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o other_o nation_n by_o which_o there_o be_v a_o great_a distinction_n introduce_v in_o the_o succession_n in_o movable_n and_o in_o land_n or_o immovables_n which_o be_v now_o of_o a_o feudal_a nature_n we_o shall_v therefore_o go_v on_o to_o the_o common_a feudal_n custom_n 20._o the_o feudal_n custom_n be_v local_a and_o it_o be_v hard_o to_o find_v a_o common_a rule_n therein_o for_o succession_n which_o be_v variable_a according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o place_n only_o if_o we_o call_v to_o mind_v what_o be_v former_o say_v title_n infeftment_n of_o the_o distinction_n of_o ancient_n and_o proper_a fee_n and_o of_o decline_a and_o improper_a fee_n the_o nature_n of_o proper_a fee_n will_v hold_v forth_o the_o matter_n of_o succession_n therein_o for_o a_o proper_a fee_n be_v free_o grant_v by_o the_o superior_a to_o his_o vassal_n for_o military_a service_n the_o vassal_n person_n be_v choose_v by_o the_o superior_a and_o a_o special_a
ascendent_n or_o these_o of_o their_o side_n but_o only_o to_o agnat_n conjoin_v by_o the_o father_n grandfather_n etc._n etc._n which_o hold_v even_o though_o the_o heritage_n descend_v from_o the_o mother_n or_o these_o of_o her_o side_n for_o in_o the_o service_n of_o heir_n the_o near_a lawful_a heir_n be_v only_o inquire_v and_o retour_v either_o by_o the_o lineal_a succession_n aforesaid_a or_o by_o express_a tailzie_n or_o provision_n in_o the_o infeftment_n without_o respect_n from_o whence_o the_o inheritance_n flow_v for_o which_o we_o have_v no_o statute_n nor_o custom_n but_o in_o england_n it_o be_v otherways_o for_o paterna_fw-la paternis_fw-la and_o materna_fw-la maternis_fw-la take_v place_n but_o with_o we_o the_o contrare_fw-la be_v find_v in_o the_o case_n of_o john_n gilbert_n as_o craig_n observe_v lib._n 2._o dieg_n 17._o and_o he_o there_o relate_v that_o many_o afterward_o change_v their_o opinion_n therein_o and_o though_o there_o be_v equity_n in_o it_o yet_o no_o law_n nor_o practic_n since_o have_v favour_v the_o maternal_a line_n but_o the_o father_n be_v find_v heir_n to_o his_o son_n even_o in_o the_o land_n where_o the_o son_n be_v infeft_v as_o heir_n to_o his_o mother_n and_o do_v exclude_v his_o brother_n uterin_n by_o that_o mother_n february_n 5._o 1663._o lenox_n contra_fw-la lintoun_n 4._o in_o all_o this_o line_n of_o succession_n there_o be_v place_n for_o representation_n of_o descendants_n in_o place_n of_o their_o defunct_a parent_n so_o that_o female_n of_o a_o further_a degree_n by_o the_o right_a ofrepresentation_n exclude_v male_n of_o a_o near_a degree_n as_o the_o elder_a son_n daughter_n will_v be_v prefer_v in_o thegrandfathers_n inheritance_n to_o his_o other_o son_n in_o private_a right_n though_o that_o be_v contraverse_v by_o the_o more_o common_a feudall_a custom_n as_o be_v large_o and_o learned_o dispute_v by_o tiraquellus_n 35._o in_o this_o lineal_a succession_n the_o father_n grandfather_n or_o other_o ascendant_n of_o the_o paternal_a line_n succeed_v in_o heritable_a right_n next_o unto_o brother_n and_o sister_n and_o before_o all_o other_o collaterall_n or_o agnat_n we_o have_v show_v before_o why_o there_o be_v no_o mention_n of_o ascendant_n in_o the_o jewish_a succession_n because_o such_o a_o case_n can_v hardly_o occur_v among_o they_o craig_n lib._n 2._o deig_n 13._o affirm_v that_o it_o be_v doubtful_a in_o his_o time_n whether_o ascendant_n can_v succeed_v in_o heritable_a right_n and_o that_o he_o hear_v the_o opinion_n of_o some_o learned_a man_n in_o the_o contrary_a and_o that_o he_o have_v not_o find_v the_o lord_n decide_v in_o it_o and_o that_o it_o be_v contrare_fw-la to_o the_o feudal_n law_n and_o also_o to_o his_o own_o opinion_n yet_o he_o bring_v both_o evident_a reason_n and_o example_n in_o the_o contrary_a the_o reason_n be_v that_o no_o inquest_n can_v just_o retoure_n that_o the_o father_n brother_n be_v near_a than_o the_o father_n he_o bring_v also_o the_o example_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o angus_n serve_v heir_n in_o the_o earldom_n of_o angus_n to_o his_o ownson_n who_o he_o have_v infeft_v therein_o and_o the_o lord_n colvill_n in_o likemanner_n have_v infeft_v his_o son_n in_o all_o his_o estate_n though_o sum_n affirm_v that_o this_o be_v by_o provision_n in_o the_o infeftment_n yet_o that_o the_o service_n be_v be_v sure_a but_o that_o provision_n be_v uncertain_a and_o though_o some_o also_o be_v doubtful_a whether_o the_o earl_n of_o angus_n be_v serve_v and_o infeft_v as_o heir_n to_o that_o same_o son_n which_o well_o infer_v that_o the_o father_n be_v not_o infeft_v as_o heir_n to_o his_o son_n but_o not_o that_o he_o be_v not_o serve_v heir_n to_o he_o therein_o for_o he_o may_v have_v be_v serve_v and_o not_o infeft_v whereby_o the_o service_n as_o incomplete_a become_v void_a and_o the_o next_o earl_n behove_v to_o serve_v of_o new_a to_o the_o son_n who_o die_v last_o vest_n and_o seize_v as_o of_o fee_n the_o custom_n and_o common_a opinion_n since_o be_v for_o the_o ascendant_n and_o so_o the_o earl_n of_o roxburgh_n be_v serve_v as_o heir_n male_a to_o his_o son_n the_o lord_n ker_n and_o many_o other_o which_o ought_v to_o be_v the_o more_o favour_v as_o more_o conform_v to_o equity_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o in_o dubio_fw-la ought_v to_o take_v place_n where_o there_o be_v no_o law_n nor_o custom_n to_o the_o contrary_a as_o with_o we_o there_o be_v none_o neither_o do_v i_o ever_o hear_v of_o one_o who_o attempt_v to_o exclude_v a_o father_n by_o the_o father_n collaterail_n and_o though_o there_o have_v be_v no_o decision_n upon_o it_o neither_o have_v there_o be_v upon_o many_o other_o uncontroverted_a custom_n especial_o in_o succession_n but_o the_o acquiescence_n of_o all_o party_n have_v interest_n in_o matter_n of_o so_o great_a moment_n be_v a_o strong_a evidence_n of_o the_o national_n consent_n by_o custom_n but_o it_o have_v aho_o be_v so_o decide_v by_o the_o lord_n hope_n succession_n mr._n robert_n burnet_n contra_fw-la mauld_n yea_o a_o son_n be_v infeft_v as_o heir_n to_o hismother_n die_v without_o issue_n his_o brother_n uterin_o by_o the_o mother_n be_v not_o find_v heir_n to_o he_o but_o his_o father_n february_n 5._o 1663._o lenox_n contra_fw-la lintoun_n as_o to_o the_o allege_a opposition_n of_o the_o feudall_a law_n as_o have_v be_v oft_o time_n say_v it_o be_v local_a and_o therefore_o as_o in_o england_n all_o ascendant_n be_v exclude_v so_o in_o germany_n they_o succeed_v in_o the_o next_o place_n after_o descendants_n and_o be_v prefer_v to_o brother_n and_o sister_n according_a to_o thenaturall_a course_n ofsuccession_n the_o reason_n why_o brother_n and_o sister_n of_o the_o defunct_a be_v prefer_v to_o the_o father_n with_o we_o may_v be_v because_o such_o fee_n do_v common_o proceed_v from_o the_o father_n and_o therefore_o by_o the_o continuance_n of_o that_o samefatherly_a affection_n be_v derive_v to_o the_o brother_n and_o sister_n and_o because_o they_o be_v in_o more_o need_n of_o provision_n than_o the_o father_n title_n xxvii_o heir_n 1._o appearand_a heir_n may_v pursue_v exhibition_n ad_fw-la deliberandum_fw-la 2._o they_o may_v defend_v their_o predecessor_n right_n and_o possession_n be_v call_v or_o compear_v for_o their_o interest_n and_o their_o executor_n have_v right_a to_o the_o rent_n of_o these_o year_n they_o be_v appear_v and_o heir_n 3._o the_o aliment_n of_o heir_n from_o the_o donatar_n and_o life-rentars_a 4._o heir_n not_o enter_v have_v the_o benefit_n of_o clause_n which_o by_o nature_n import_v they_o shall_v not_o be_v actual_a heir_n 5._o heir_n have_v interest_n in_o all_o right_n grant_v to_o their_o predecessor_n though_o not_o mention_v heir_n who_o be_v not_o exclusive_a of_o heir_n by_o their_o tenor_n and_o nature_n 6._o heir_n have_v the_o benefit_n of_o all_o right_n heritable_a by_o destination_n or_o have_v a_o future_a tract_n of_o time_n after_o the_o defunct_n death_n 7._o heir_n have_v right_o to_o movable_a heirship_n or_o obleigment_n for_o sum_n wherein_o executor_n be_v exclude_v 8._o heir_n of_o line_n be_v heir_n general_o their_o interest_n 9_o hirship_v movable_n 10._o heir_n of_o conquest_n their_o interest_n 11._o heir_n portioner_n their_o interest_n 12._o heir_n male_a tailzie_n and_o provision_n their_o interest_n 13._o all_o heir_n be_v liable_a pasiuè_fw-fr for_o the_o defunct_n debt_n but_o not_o in_o the_o same_o way_n 14._o heir_n portioner_n how_o far_o liable_a 15._o the_o effect_n of_o different_a provision_n or_o obligation_n by_o defunct_n in_o favour_n of_o divers_a heir_n portioner_n 16._o heir_n not_o be_v portioner_n no_o substitute_n in_o band_n be_v liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la 17._o the_o order_n by_o which_o heris_fw-la be_v liable_a passiuè_fw-fr and_o may_v be_v discuss_v 18._o heir_n of_o tailzie_n ripresent_v not_o the_o defunct_a in_o obligation_n contrary_a to_o the_o term_n of_o the_o tailzie_n 19_o heir_n of_o marriage_n may_v quarrel_v their_o predecessor_n deed_n be_v meerlygratovitus_fw-la in_o their_o prejudice_n but_o not_o such_o as_o be_v onerous_a or_o rational_a deed_n 20._o heir_n have_v the_o benefit_n of_o discuss_v may_v propone_v the_o exception_n that_o all_o party_n have_v interest_n be_v not_o call_v without_o instructiug_v the_o right_n whereto_o they_o may_v succeed_v 21._o the_o exception_n of_o the_o order_n of_o discuse_v be_v not_o sustain_v without_o condescend_v on_o the_o heritage_n whereunto_o the_o anterior_a heir_n may_v suecee_v and_o what_o be_v discuse_v 22._o the_o order_n and_o effect_n of_o a_o genral_n charge_v to_o enter_v heir_n 23._o the_o order_n and_o effect_n of_o a_o special_a charge_n to_o enter_v heir_n 24._o renounciation_n to_o be_v heir_n its_o order_n and_o effect_n 25._o the_o entry_n of_o heir_n general_a and_o effect_n thereof_o 26._o the_o entry_n of_o heir_n upon_o precept_n of_o clare_n constat_fw-la