the roots of these veins Anastomosis insignis whereby the mutuall transitus appears howsoever Picolhominy could not find them in the greatest Liver neither raw nor half-boyled Yet in those that dye new-born if it please you to blow Venam Vmbilicalem you shall perceive the aire to pierce both the Coats of Porta and Cava lungs heart and Guts besides that famous Anastomosis which is like a common passage to both trunks By these the humours of the habit are purged and we say the upper Region by the Kidneys the lower by the belly are discharged Amongst these roots diverse branches are made which make the trunk that goes to the Gall. Arteries run from the Caeliaca close to vena Porta Arteriae and are most in the hollow parts few in the upper because Diaphragma sufficiently cools it Nervi Nervi are two small ones one from the Orifice of the stomach the other from the roots of the Ribs on the right side to give sense although little is here required since it is a part made only for nutrition It hath two Actions Actio Communis Privatae one Official and Common which is to make bloud the other private and peculiar to nourish it self De Vesica Biliaria IT is not questioned by any but that the Liver makes bloud by his own proper heat and it is an eternall rule of Nature that heat doth Congregare homogenea segregare beterogenea And since all nourishment hath heterogene parts for nothing that is simple doth nourish so as the sweetest makes bloud the bitter part of aliment choler and the earthy and black part melancholy the watery serum These as unfit for nourishment are separated and case forth Yet they have their use as I shall shew you in their order and therefore nature hath made proper receptacles for them Vesicula Biliaria Follicvlus felleus Situs Connexus And for choler 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vesicula Biliaria or folliculi fellei Situs in the right and hollow part of the Liver to be ready to receive choler Connexus It 's fixed above to the Liver Figura and where it toucheth the right side of the stomach and Colon oftentimes per transudationem it gives to them a tincture And hence those perpetuall burnings of the stomach sayes Bauhinus Figure Figura is long somewhat round hollow which grows lesse it 's lesser then the spleen or Kidneys because the quantity of this Excrement is lesser in the body of man Some say it 's like a Pear Substance Substantia membran Duae tunicae is membranous the better for dilation It hath 2. coats the outward à Peritonaeo without fibres and begins just without the Liver the other is his proper coat thick and strong and hath this property that it is not bitter nor hurt with choler although all other coats are It hath all kind of fibres for his better strength It 's defended by a crust which comes from the third Conconction It 's divided into three parts The bottome the neck and the two Ductus Fundus is the larger part of the vessell Fundus and looks downwards when the Liver is in his naturall position It 's ovall and of a yellowish colour and sometimes blackish when it keeps it too long and sometimes it begets stones Cervix Cervix is the streighter part and is harder then the Fundus and by little ends in a streight passage which making a half circle ends in Porum Biliarium where we have often seen three valvulas 3. Valvala Laurent which Riolanus sayes was a fiction of Laurentius which hinders the regurgitation out of the common meatus Meatus are two Meatus duo one which comes directly from the Liver and beneath the valves inserts it felf into communem canalem where before it enters it 's called Canalis Hepaticus Canalis Hepaticus and so runs into the Guts about principium Iejuni The other is made of the countition of the vessels and runs into the bladder of the Gall and so passing down the valves makes a common channell with Canalis Hepaticus It is to be observed that sometimes this Canalis or Porus Cholidochus Porus Cholidochus makes a double insertion before he comes into the coats of the Guts There is a third meatus Ad stomachum which is a division of the second and runs into the stomach a little above the Pylorus But this is but rare Vesalius once saw it in a Gally-slave at Rome Charls Steven often at Paris All wonders are at Paris These are infelices naturae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they are alwayes troubled with vomiting Hist. Vesalii But this was not so in Vesalius's slave That which runs into Duodenum if it be greater then it should it causeth loose bellies and great pains these are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vasa Arteriae Neavus Vuicus Vessels are small Cystica Gemella from Porta for nourishment Arteries from Caeliaca One small Nerve from the sixth pair and that hardly perceived Vse To receive Vsus Cerui non sine ductu Hepatico hold and expell choler from the Liver but whether it be necessary it 's doubted since Bucks live without it but not sine ductu cholidocho Hepatico Fernelius reports divers to have died by his emptinesse Yet Dioscorides commends wormwood for purging it De Trunco Vena Cavae descendente VEna Cava à veteribus Vena Cava Maxima Iecoraria mater venarum maxima dicitur ab Hippocrate Iecoraria Venarum mater except the umbilicall and Porta cum reliquis spermaticis ortae His branches are spread per Hepar and mingled in the body of the Liver with the branches Portae secundum Vesalium there making one trunk from Os sacrum to Iugulum Yet Doctrinae gratia we divide it into Truncum ascendentem Truncus Ascend Truncus Descend of which â—hâ— our discourse of the chest in Truncum descendentem which coming forth and bending downwards runs along with the arterie and in his passage First he sends from his Trunk Venam adiposam sinistram Vena adiposa sinistra which gives divers branches to Eustachius Glandulae and to the outward coat of the Kidney Dextra ab Emulgente The right adiposa comes seldome from the Cava but from the Emulgente The second is the Emulgent ab officio Emulgens Renalis ab insertione dicta It 's the greatest that comes from the Trunk it 's thick and short with an oblique descent in exortu quandoque gemina quandoque triplex magnitudine pares In his insertion into the Kidney quandoque in quinque ramos dividitur and to keep it from a reflux into Cava Nature hath placed valvulas as also in the veins of the spleen The third is Spermatica Spermatica Dextra The right is sometimes double ab eminentiori sede
for those parts which Splenica sends branches to and in regard the spleen cannot perfect all that 's brought in therefore nature hath made two vessells for receipt one above which is Vas Breve the other that goes downewards which is Vena Haemorrhoidalis Vas Breve Vena Haemorâ—hoidalis Vas Breve we have spoke of Yet some will have this to be wanting sometimes or obstructed and then according to Avicen Coronaria stomachica doth the businesse or Ramus Splenicus or Haemorrhoidalis interna and sometimes this humour is purged by the arteries not only into the Guts whereby the excrements are coloured but likewise by the emulgent into the Kidneys and hence black pudled urines although it 's rare from the emulgent vein branches to be sent to the spleen or from the Caeliaca into the great artery and so into the emulgent Silvii observat yet Silvius observed three branches from the emulgent vein to be carried into the spleen Hence in melancholy diseases Diuretica are commended and that by the authority of Hippocrates But whether the great quantity of waters which run in two hours by urine Aquarum transitus passe not all or part out of the stomach per Vas Breve into the spleen and so by the splenick artery into the Caeliaca and so into the great trunk of the artery which leads to the emulgent or else from the stomach to the Guts per Mesaraicas to the liver and so into vena Cava emulgentes to the Kidneys is apparent in calculosis Arteries it hath and more them the liver Arteria which Galen knew well although Columbus and Vesalius deny it But both these have been reprehended by Piccolbominy and worthily It hath all from the Caeliaca not only for life but for the bettering of thick earthy bloud and likewise to carry into Aâ—rtaâ— the serous humour so that the spleen inflamed you may feel pulsation presently Nerves but small Nervi from the sixt pair and from the roots of the ribs on the left side which run along his membrane not his substance Concerning the use Deusu secundum Erasistratum there have been both amongst the ancients and modern great disputes Erasistratus 4. de usu part cap. 15. thought there was no use of it and Rufus Ephesius in lib. 2. Rufum de appel calls it ignavum membrum nullo ministerio fungens Aristotle de part Aristotelem Animal 3. cap. 7. sayes there is some use viZ. Iecur lien juvant ad cibi concoctionem and imposeth necessity upon it per accidens such as belongeth to the excrements of the Belly and bladder so that those creatures which have hot stomachs have small spleens as Hawks Kites and Pigeons whose earthy excrements run for the making of feathers as in fish for the making of scales Averroes upon this place sayes Averroem that the spleen is fere necessarium because habemus juvamentum hujus membri attrahere hoc excrementum terreum ex sanguine ad se confidimusque de hac notitia And further neither Aristotle nor Averroes goe So that I wonder why our late Disputants should bring in Aristotle to their party Galenum Galen never knew any other use but to be the receptacle of feculent bloud Hugo Senens Hugo Senens upon Avicen 1. Can. disputes the Question against Angelus de Aretio that held that the spleen was principium sanguinis ex chylo generativum which is contradicted by the Greeks and by Avicen and all the Arabtan Schoole The modern Anatomists of this last 100. years strive to magnify this part Vlmum Vlmus in his Book de Liene will have arteriall bloud begotten here so propagated per Ramum Splenicum arteriosum in Caeltacam and from thence in Aortaâ— and so in sinistrum cordis ventriculuâ— Neither do the three valves seated in the vestibulo Aortae any thing hinder but only suffocation which might happen by the rushing of this bloud Carolus Piso follows Vlmus Carolum Pisonem But where are those plexus venarum Arteriarum I could never see them nor Vesalius before me neither are they dispersed through the substance Besides those sanguinea animalia which have no lungs or small ones and no spleen or but little yet they have arteriall bloud Where is this arteriall bloud made Piccolh Piccolhominy will have a double use of the spleen 1. To purge bloud which is to be distributed to all parts à lutulento succo 2. To help the liver if it be too little a bulk ad copiosiorem sanguinem conficiendum Bauhinus labours for the dignity of the spleen Bauhinum and brings many Arguments as his seat above so hath Colon. 2. No part is nourished with the excrement it draweth but with laudable bloud It 's true that the spleen receiveth earthy bloud and doth refine it and the purer goes for his nourishment and the excrement all part is thrust out by Vas Breve and vena Haemorrhoidalis interna according to their own grounds Bartolinus brings many more arguments but we will conclude that he is usefull for receipt Verus usus and for depuring and helping of sanguification and not making for the succus melancholicus is generated in the liver cum massa sanguinea De Renibus THe third receipt of the excrements of bloud which is not found in fowls nor fishes quia non habent pulmonem sanguineum ut sint valde sitibunda Averroes in Aristotelem lib. 3. de part Animal cap. 9. To this purpose nature hath made three instruments 1. The Kidneys which by a hidden property draw serum not pure but mixt with Bloud which is not separated by concoction but by tran fusion 2. The ureters which when it separated carry it away 3. The Bladder which receives holds and expells it in fit times The Kidneys are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2. quod est ningere they are two most authours say Ratio for the better provision in cases of obstruction as if one should be stopt the other might suck away the water But Duretus upon that rule of Hippocrates Duretus Renum repente dolor obortus cum urina suppressa lapillos aut crassam urinam meiendo reddendam oslendit It may seem strange that the passion of one Kidney either altogether stops urine or yields it by drops and gives his reason from sympathy which is in societate of ficii Historia And thi he confirms by the History of President Pibracius who died of the stone in the left ureter To this I will adde a History related by Forestus of the Delphe Merchant Foresti Historia who having a stone in the lest Kidney his urine was altogether stoâ—t and with out pain in the right or any obstruction there and he gives the reason to be ex torpore per consensum officium non praestitisse vel forte ob condolentiam These two reasons may
Magnitudo and in man it 's greater then in other creatures as the brain and the liver in proportion His length is to the breadth of six fingers 6. digit his latitude and depth four In timidis majus In cowardly creatures it is great as in Hares Harts Asses Weesels so that the heat being in too great a receipt is weakned In valiant men it 's little and small for the union of his heat Cael. Rhodig lib. 4. cap. 16. Historia Rhodig says that some thought the heart to grow â„¥ ij in a year till man comes to 50. then so to decrease to an 100. which is the last period of life His parts are either externall or internall Externall as the Pericardium of which we have spoken his proper coat which is so thin that it cannot be separated His Adeps his two sorts of vessels the one which compasses the heart the other that enters the ventricle his Auriculae The internae are his fleshy substance his ventricles and vales Adeps is more in man then in any other creature Adeps which may make some wonderment if you consider his heat which will suffer little on the left ventricle but all on the right to the very Conon Massa will have it from the thicker part of the bloud the thinner evaporated But Achillinus hath invented a pretty one As butter is made by a strong motion so adeps here It is about the Basis where the greater and lesser vessels are seated Nature would have it Adeps non Pinguedo lest molten by the heat of the heart it might prove dangerous Riolanus hath seen the heart all wrapped in fat Women have more and yellower then men Use is to moisten the heart Vsus adipis humectare Cor. lest being heated by his continuall motion it should dry but especially in great fastings and exercises and according to the increase or decrease of the heat doth it augment or diminish so much doth heat feed upon it Bauhinus observed many times certain pieces of fat to be in the ventricles Cordis But the Conus is moistned from the humour contained in Pericardio Coronaria valvula His vessell to nourish the outward part is Vena Coronaria which is single seldome double It hath a valve like a half-moon to hinder the bloud from flowing back into Cavam To nourish the inward part is Vena Cave Of both of these Branches heretofore as likewise de Arteria Coronaria Nervi from the sixt Conjugation Nervi or from the nerves of the Pericardium which are distributed in the Basis of the heart along the Vena Arteriosa This nerve being stopt causeth sudden death De Substantia Ventriculis Auriculis Cordis SUbstance is thick flesh red not musculous Substantia crassa ex sanguine arteriali it 's made of the thicker bloud Ex sanguine arteriali secundum Aponens pag. 49. not so red as muscles yet harder exceeding thick and solid that the spirits and inborn heat which is in the heart should not breath through and be broken with continuall motion It is more solid in the point then in the Basis and here the right fibres are more compacted and thicker then in the head of the muscles or tendons Sedas facultatis vitalis Omnia genera fibrarum This flesh is the seat of vitall faculty and the first cause of functions of the heart It hath all sorts of fibres though not conspicuous as in a muscle to make his motion and defence from injuries Therefore Galen calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or carnosum viscus It is not a muscle because it hath all sorts of fibres besides it hath naturall motion not voluntary as muscles have Motus is continuall Motus continuus to prevent his own combustion This is two-fold Diastole Systole which are made by his fibres and between the motion there is Quies duplex Quies duplex Diastole cum Conus ad Basin id est Perisystole Diastole or Amplification is when the point by his right fibres is drawn to the Basis of the heart and so the heart is made shorter but the sides are distended and made sphericall Diastole non fit Cordis parientibus diductis elevatis ut in folle as Erasistratus thought sed when the point Yet Riolanus hath a third opinion that in Diastole the Basis comes to the Conus and in Systole it doth abcedere quia Conus most solid and hard cannot be inverted ut adducatur abducatur Use Vsus sanguinem è Cava haurire in dextrum aerem in sinistrum Systole cum Conus à Basi to draw bloud by the Vena Cava in dextrum and aire per Arteriam venosam in sinistrum ventriculum his valves loosing and yielding to their entrance Systole seu Contractio is when the point goes from the Basis and the heart put to his length and grows narrower the right fibres loosened and the transverse which compasse the heart drawn together and the valves Venae Cavae and Arteriae venosae shut Vsus 1. ad expellendum songuinem è dextro in venam arteriosam 2 Aerem ex arteris venosa in Aorsam Effiâ—itur ligamentis the great artery and Arteria venosa opened giving way to the bloud from the right by Venam arteriosam into the Lungs from the left to vitall spirits into the great artery with a portion of vitall bloud cum suliginibus per Arteriam venosâ—n This motion is called Systole seu contractio depressio dicitur This contraction is made by those strong ligaments which are in the inward ventricles of the heart which in contraction fall and bring with them the coats of the heart But the Motus Cordis originally is seated in the left ventricle Motus originaliter in sinistro Therefore the right needs no ventilation except communicated from the left as appears by those vessels of the left ventricle to which only pulsificall power is communicated So the motion of the right is like that in the ears which is because the neighbouring part moves or from agitation of the bloud not for that there is in it any faculty of moving for when the auricula are dilated the rest of the arteries are shut Quatuor motus duo auricularum duo ventricule rum So therefore in viva sectione Animalis alicujus four motions are observed differing in time and place 2. proper of the eares 2. of the ventricles Neither is this motion from the nerves as Fallopius and Piccolhominy would have it but from the Parechyma of the heart and so is naturall not animal and voluntary It hath 2. cavities which are called ventres Dextra Ventricu lus Dexter Semicircularis is not exactly round but hath his proper circumscription and semicircular and compasseth the bottome of the heart Yet comes nto to his extremity as Vesalius would have it Largior sinistro It 's larger and greater then the
Arteria Venosa foras intro spectant Foras intro ne refluat sanguis in Cavam to hold the bloud that in contraction of the heart it run not into the Cavam I wonder how Columbus mistakes himself who will have these valves with those of Arteria Venasa to serve for the emission of bloud as if they were intus foras But Piccolhominy reprehends him Since therefore this branch that enters the heart is lesser then that which ascends and that there are ports and stops in the Auricula dextra and right ventricle since no common passage from the lungs in Cavam whereby these branches might be spread through the whole body I cannot see that all bloud that is for nourishment comes first to the heart there to be perfected Vena arteriosa The other vessel of the right ventricle is Vena Arteriosa a vein by office because it carrieth bloud 2 Because it stirs an artery by substance for it 's like it having two coats It 's fixt with a lesse orifice then Cava hath to the right ventricle from whence as you have heard Vesalius say it ariseth when in respect of his connexion it is better said to be a branch of Aorta which is plain in foetu But in truth it 's begotten with the rest of the spermaticall parts His coates are thick and hard that they be not hurt by respiration neither ought they to be easily dilated which was for two reasons profitable 1. That the whole capacity of spirits might be free from the instruments of spirit 2. That bloud rush not violently into the heart And since the lungs were to be nourished with thin and vaporous bloud only the most thin is elaborated and being filled here by these thick wals is made here thinner for their fitter nourishment Besides to keep this right ventricle from cold aire for the branches of Aspera Arteria which drawing cold aire are carried between the branches Venae Arteriosae Arteriae Venosae whereby the aire drawn per Caeca spiracula is communicated Now if it had but one coat it should draw as much air as Arteria Venosa so at length the right might be extinguished Therefore he draws not more air then is fit for the refreshing of the spirits in the right ventricle Pividitur in duos ramos in dextrum sinistrum pulmonem Vsus Thus resting upon Arteria Magna is divided into two Trunks which are carried to the right and left lungs And these are disseminated into innumerable branches per Pulmones Use is in the contraction of the heart to take and carry a great part of the bloud out of the right ventricle for nourishment into the lungs In the body of this vessell there are three valves which intus foras spectant Valvulae tres intus foras sig moides dictae and every one like a half moon they seem to be so hard that they are like a round cartilage Arteria venosa is a vessel of the left ventricle Arteria venosa whence it was It is an Artery by office because if contains aire and carries it and hath pulsation which by sense cannot be perceived yet it is the more probable because it is continuated to the left ventricle It is a vein by substance his orifice is greater then that of Aorta It hath a thinand simple coat that the aire which comes from Aspera Arteria's branches may the better pierce and the laxe substance give way to the attraction of the aire into the heart for the better tempering of his heat and fuliginous vapours returned into Asperam Arteriam It is a great vessell and in his outlet from the heart divided into two branches as if it had two orifices The right runs under the Basis of the heart into the right lung the left like Vena Arteriosa into the left where it is divided into innumerable branches This and Aorta are joyned in their rise only there goes between them a certain piece which made a channell and was perforated in foetu Botallus observed between these valves of this part another which was alwayes gaping by which the bloud did flow and reflow in Venam Cavam Use is in dilatation of the heart to draw air out of the lungs Vsus corde dilatato trahere aeram è pulmonibus Contractio spiritus in Pulmones and in his contraction to carry a portion of vitall bloud with fuliginous vapours into the lungs And least all the air should goe back into the lungs at the orifice of this vessell there is a membranous circle out of Substantia Cordis which leads inward and is divided into two valves Duae valvulae Foras intus foras intus which are greater then those à Vena Cava and end in an obtuse point and are stronger and have longer filaments and more fleshy of which one respects the right side the other the left which joyned are like an Episcopall miter There are but two valves quia it was fit that it should not exactly shut 1. That since all parts want bloud and spirit the lungs might likewise have a continuall supply 2. Quia they only give a continuall passage to the avoiding of fuliginous vapours out of the heart since nature hath allotted no other part Bauhinus observed in 1611. Observatio Bauhini 1611. that from the Arteria Venosa there went out of the left ventricle a branch up to the left lung and so winding down by the side of the great artery under the midriffe was inserted into the emulgent a fit passage for the avoidance of matter out of the lungs into the Kidneys Riolanus gives three uses of this vessell Vsus 1. Aerem in Cor. 2. Fuligines exportare 3. Sanguinem in pulmones First to carry air into the heart 2. To bring forth the Purgamenta spiritus vitalis 3. To supply the lungs with arteriall bloud And these three are done by the same passage at one time neither doth the artery cease to beat Arteria Magna Venae pulsatiles Audaces Substantia Tunicae 2.1 Exterior tenuis sine sibris transversis Arteria Magna is the other vessell of the left ventricle Some call arteries Venas pulsatiles The Arabian Interpreters Venas audaces Of these there are three sorts Aspera Arteria Arteria Venosa Arteria Magna His Substance is membranous the fitter for distention It hath 2 particular coats The exteriour is thin and soft with many right fibres some oblique none transverse 2. Interior densa Interiour coat is five times as thick as that of the veins First that arteriall bloud and spirit evaporate not 2. That it be not cracked with the continuall motion of the Systole and the Diastole Cum sibris transversis tantum It hath only transverse fibres for the sudden distribution of bloud and spirit Galen puts another coat to it which is in the inward superficies like a cob-web They are without sense as veins are least they should
Trunci with a knop seldome from the Emulgent Sinistra ab emulgente The 4. Lumbares duae aut tres Lumbares plures from the lower side of Cava so that you must turn Cava over to see them These enter foramina nervorum between the 4. vertebrae of the Loins and so run up to the brain on both sides spina lis medullae Some will have them descend from the internall Iugular per spinalem medullam and so joyned per anastomosin lumbaribus And by this way both Hippocrates lib. de Genitura and Aristotle in Problemat will have Cerebri spiritus materiae seminalis portionem deferri à Cerebro Beneath these about the 4. vertebrae Lumborum it's divided into 2. branches which are then called Iliaci Iliaci Ram. They present in their division a great Λ which above Os Ilium run down toward the thighs But presently upon the division on the outside there comes forth Muscula superior which traverseth Musculos lumborum addominis Peritonaei Muscula superior and ariseth equally on each side one Sacra In the division comes forth Sacra which runs ad nutritionem medullae ossis sacri Ramus Iliacus in progressu descends into an inward and an outward branch From the Interna comes Muscula media Muscula media which goes to the muscles Femoris and to the skin of the breech and Hypogastrica which runs to the muscles Recti Hypogastrica Haemorrboidales externae and to the externall Haemorrhoides and another of this branch runs to the Bladder and Yard ad collum uteri per quas menses in gravidis virginibus fluunt Ab externo Ramo comes first Epigastrica which runs to the Peritonaeum musculi abdominis Epigastrica as under Rectum musculum and is here joyned with Mammaria 2. Pudenda which runs over Os Pubis to the Scrotum and to the skin Penis In women it runs in Sinum muliebrem Pudenda Pudendi Labra Nymphas and by this sanguis ad mammas refluit And this by some is called Epigastrica interna 3. Muscula Inferior Muscula inferior runs ad musculos Coxendicis ad cutem coming forth they change their name and are now called crurales of which in our History of the extremities of the body De Trunco Aortae descendente AOrta Arteriae descentis truncus Caeliaca Mesenterica superior inferior at the second vertebra Thoracis pierceth the Diaphragma and so per imum ventrem where it gives 3. branches to Porta as Caeliace Mesenterica Superior Inferior and the rest venae Cavae and accompany her branches De Liene SPleen is the Receptacle of feculent bloud Situs Riolanus hath been curious in the names Situs is in the left Hypochondrio under the Diaphragma backward close to the short ribs for safegard and therefore in healthy bodies it cannot be felt His hollow is turn'd toward the Liver to make way for the stomach as it were a left Liver In some it 's higher in some it 's lower which seat made way for that observation of Hippocrates 6. Epid. sect 2. tom 38. Hippoc. Quibus lien deorsum vergit his pedes genua calent nares aures frigent So then the lower part obstructed causeth crassum sanguinem and to heat the lower parts But what is this to the seat of the spleen Error Anatom I pitty to see how our Anatomists will draw in pieces by the ears But to our purpose His place is properly under the Diaphragma to which it's tied tenuibus fibris Connexus Diaphragmati I Omento Reni sinistro Laxatum adinguina and by the Peritonaeum by the Omentum to the outward coat of the left kidney In bodies that are sound it never comes beneath the lowest rib although sometimes it reacheth to the groin relaxatis lig amentis saies Columbus and his breadth to the liver saith Bauhinus and Aretaeus lib. 1. de signis curis morborum diuturnorum cap. 14. before Bauhinus In dextram partem usque ad jecur toto corpore increscere visus est But I fear the humours lodged in the Omentum many times deceive us His magnitude and colour varies Magnitudo Hippocrates commends a small one but not such a one as was in Riolans Dutchesse Hister Rioiani which was the breadth of a naile but the Pancreas recompensed it It 's thick and great Densus but far lesse then the Liver Increscit lienosis saith Hippocrates Andernacus relates to twenty pound weight Cardanus hath a cure for it which is beating to make in smaller but my Master blames the Cure His colour is obscure and dark Color But unnaturall spleens look blew leaden ashy It hath one simple membrane and thin from the Omentum immediately which invests it round about and is sometimes as thick as a cartilage as in Sir Nicholas Fortescue Figure is various long Figura and somewhat flat like an Oxe-tongue broad above which is the head and narrow beneath which is the tail Some will have it by the position of the ribs Along his Cavity there runnes a white line with a little rising where the entrances of the veins are Linea alha ejus the better to serve them and the Arteries when 't is praeter naturam his figure is subject to change by his sucking of humours it being a vessell rare and spungious Substance laxe full of veins and Arteries Substantia It seems to be nothing but thick black concrete bloud wrapt up with many fibres the fitter to receive grosse humours Hippoc. de Cauterisat Lienis Aegineta Hippocrates in passions of the spleen commends the cauterising of it Paulus Aegineta in lib. 6. de remedic cap. 48. teacheth us the manner by taking the skin up with a hook and so thrusting it through cutem distentam in 3. places did make six eschares Albucasis Rossetus and Albucasis doth not much differ Rossetus reports that the Turks burn their footmen to the spleen to make them more agile and active Yet Aretaeus will have them live unhappily when the bloud by this vessell is not depured Aretaeus because the body is nourished with thick and impure bloud so far is it from making them nimble Fallopius And Fallopius and my Master Aquapendente delivered doctrinally that omnia lienis vulnera are lethalia as may appear by the great vessels which runne in and come out of it The first vessell is Ramus Splenicus Ramus Splenicus of which in our history of Vena Porta This enters the spleen in his Cavity makes many branches into it not apparent as in the Liver for they come not into the substance to make there any Cavity but are terminated at the hollow of the spleen so as it seems to be fibres covered over with thick grosse bloud This Ramus Splenicus carries from Porta the thick earthy part of Chymus to make blood
another for that they draw not pure excrement as both bladders doe Yet sometimes à Ramo Iliaco there ariseth another artery Aliquando ortae ab Iliaco with a vein and so are fixed in the kidney together Nervi come from the stomachicall branch of the sixth pair Nervi which descend down to the roots of the vertebrae of the loyns and are spread into the proper membrane of the Kidneys and about the beginnings of the arteries of the mesentery which run up to the Capsulas Atrabilarias Ad Capsulas Another part enters with the Emulgent arteries Ad Cavitatem the Cavity of the Kidneys and are so dispersed through the substance of them Hence that consent between the Kidney and stomach and that exquisite sense non tantum gravativus dolor Sedes Calculi when the stone is fallen from out of the flesh of the kidney whose firm substance gives not way as the bladder doth but by the nervous branches of the ureter which are dispersed through the substance of the kidney Yet there is far greater pain when it comes into the full ureter where so long as it sticks so long is the fit Out of each kidney comes forth a white nervous vessell which is called ureter of which we will speak by and by but first open the kidney This inner Cavity or venter is called Pelvis or Infundibulum Cavitas interna Pelvis it 's made of a nervous membrane which comes not from the Emulgent vessels for these are spent in the fleshy substance but are of the ureters Ab ureteribus and for other Cavity you are not to seek in the kidney of a man but from what comes from the ureters and is made by their concourse Dividitur in 2.3 whose first division is in two or three branches and so in more but ends not in hairs as other vessels do but in broad end which receive the Caruncles Carunculae 8 10. so that commonly there are 8. or 10. Rami which are fashioned like pipes Carunculae made of the substance of the kidney yet harder then the flesh and lesse coloured sharp and like little Glandules enter the extremities of the ureters and like a slope-lid cover them through which as through pipes watery humour tincted with choler is strein'd through as milk from a seel into this common Cavity which is called Pelvis and so by the ureters transmitted to the bladder They are many in number for the more sudden streining of water these have most narrow holes that bloud run not along with it Riolanus will have that ample Cavity in exortu ureteris within the kidney to be Pelvis vel Infundibulum and those 3. or 4. holes which are in Fornice Pelvis make the Cribrum which the ancients spake of Each of these holes cut have other two Papillares Tubuli 12. Carpus Author secundum Neosericâ—s which being cut shew the Carunculae Papillares In great kidneys twelve Caruncles have been observed with twelve tubult Our late Anatomists will have Carpus upon Mundinus to be the first finder of these Carunculae forgetting that Aphor. of Hippocrates 4. tent 76. Quibus in urina crassa exsistente carunculaepâ—rvae Hippocratis â—otae Capilli autveluti capilli una exeunt iis a renibus excernitur Upon which place says Galen that parvae Carunculae were Renum substantiae indiciae Capilli non Renum but of those meatus qui deorsum à Renibus in vesteam feruntur sayes Avicen Cant. 1. secâ—â—â—â—â— Avicen Actuarium prima Doct. de urinis and some of these hairs were a handfull long sayes Actuarius And Hippocrates in lib. de Glandulis sayes that the kidneys have many Glandules So then I shall if it please you give this honour to Hippocrates although Galen sayes he never saw veras Carunculas Therefore the new life we will give to Carpus before Rondeletius times Non Bondeletii who challenges the invention to be his and calls them Processus Mammillares Processus Mâ—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—es Vsus Vse To purge the bloud from water which is in the veins and arteries by their own attractive power De Vreteribus THe second instrument which nature hath made for the exportation of this excrement are the Vreteres Vreteres water-pipes and water-courses and they are two on each side one which resting upon the muscles of the Loyns Situs between two Coats of the Peritonaeum Connenus Peritonaeo vesicae unto which they are tyed bending inward a little and so descending are joyned to the bladder Sometimes two three or more branches come out of the kidney which either a little beneath the kidney or above the bladder Historia Bauhini grow into one Bauhinus observed two and each made his own Cavity in the kidney separated with a thin membrane and equally great and so descended into the bladder the one into the bottome the other near the neck of the bladder Their coming out is large and appears like a little long bladder which is sometimes full of stones and sometimes they come out with 3.4 or 5. branches and presently make this one Body Figure is round Figura Rotunda a handfull long the breadth of a straw In calculosis after the fashion of a Gut dilated into which the stone descends and sometimes runs back again It 's hollow crooked like the letter S. In women they are broad streight and short therefore calculous passions are with lesse pain Substantia Venae albae Canaliculi nervosi Fibris obliquis Substance is white And therefore Celsus calls them venas albas Aristotle Canaliculi nervosi nervous free from bloud and dense They are commonly said to have but one Coat with oblique fibres But in truth if you open them their fibres are right Reâ—â—is so close as if they made one proper Coat They are like the inner substance of the bladder and are continued to it from which they cannot be separated but from the kidneys they can Therefore some will have their originall from the bladder into whose backer and lower part they are fixed not far from the neck where they runne between two Coats of the bladder about the breadth of a finger but some two fingers breadth one from the other By an oblique and narrow passage they enter the cavity of the bladder so that the urine sweats not through but by a manifest passage comes into the bladder And this oblique course hinders the reflux of urine into the kidneys which Piccolhominy refers unto two valves or Ostiola foris intro spectantia Error Piccolh But with the best diligence I could never find them Sure I am that the Coats so shut that wind cannot get forth as it 's seen by children that blow them Venae they have like hairs Venae small arteries from the neighbour parts of which some are evident and elegantly besprinkled in the outward Coat Nervi from the sixt pair Nervi and from Spina
and therefore maketh more watery stuffe To this a branch of the Cava is sometimes joyned Galen would have this brackish bloud to beget a kind of pleasure but Vesalius denies it And Columbus brings the History of one that had lost his left stone by a Hernia and yet his pleasure was equally continued Arteriae dua come out of the middle of Aorta far beneath the Emulgent Arteriae 2. with purer bloud and spirit Dextra Dextra over the Trunk of Vena Cava in an oblique course goes to the Vena Sinistra runs along her vein Sinistra and if it be at any time wanting then the left vein supplyes it with a double bignesse The Arteries are bigger then the veins Venis majores for the larger quantity of heat bloud and spirit Seldome are both arteries wanting and if at any time they cause sterilitie quia the vitall spirits flow not The right vein with her arterie and the left with hers a little divided are lodged upon the Peritonaeum Situs ad Peritonaeum and coming downwards are joyned by fibrous ties and are obliquely lead about the ureter and at the entrance of the production many anastomoses appear which being divided from the Cremasteres and the little nerve of the sixt pair are not lead as is commonly reputed by all Anatomists into Parastatas Observatio propria In Albugineam but as I have observed they make two severall insertions distant a barly corn into Albugineam and so into the stone by severall orifices and so discharged back out of the stone into vasa deferentia I know the generally received opinion is that the vein and arterie woven together by many Anastomoses make one bodie Corpus varicosum which is called Corpus varicosum Pampiniforme But we have observed that the vein even to Albuginea carries bloud but the arterie in the middest of the production begins to make it white so that I shall if you please to give me leave say that the arteries give matter for seed and the veins nourishment for the stones and coats into which they are branched De Parastatis ALl Anatomists say that these vessels make one body varicosum which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Parastatae Parastatae nexus They are tied at both ends of the stone but looser in the midst from the stone So that at one end the preparing vessels are received at the other let out to the deferentia or ejaculatoria vasa Their superficies seem to be membranous Superficies glandulosa Vsus juxta antiquos but within glandulous and spungie The Anatomists put them to this use that they suffer not seed to go from the Praeparantia to the deferentia without perfecting which is by the irradiation of the stone and therefore Bauhinus would have them called Testiculos But we find no such insertion into the head of the stone but that they separated the insertion of the vessels appears in the bodie of the stone But for the deferentia we cannot separate them from the Fundus so that they make one body with the stone as we shall shew you De Testibus WHat names the Greeks or Latines have given we will not be curious to repeat for honours sake but only that which you have commanded me which is the structure and use of parts They are commonly two seldome one rarely three Testes due rare tres Situs Every man knows their place to be without the Belly at the root of the Yard and this for chastities sake For those creatures which have their stones within are more lecherous and more able For when as bloud was to be made seed which was to be done with multiplicity of alterations therefore the vessels of this work were to be brought to some length therefore nature thrust them out of the body and made the Scrotum the receipt for them It seldome happens that children of a cold temperameÌ„t have them within the body although insome till the eight or tenth year In men they are bigger and hotter out of the temperament of the body for the abundance of heat that hath thrust them forth It is not my charge to deliver you the benefit man hath by their outward seat in avoiding the annoiances of stinking seed It hath two coverings 1. Common Duae tunâ—â—ae 1. communis which is made of the common covering of the body the Cuticula Cutis Adeps there is none because nothing that is oyly remains of the aliment of the stones and the Panniculus Carnosue being here thinnest changeth his name as Riolanus will have it and is called Dartos Panniculus Dartos This covering is looser on the left side and therefore that stone hangs lower 2. Proper are two vaginalis Propriae duae 1. Vaginalis à Paulo Capreolo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is externall and à Paulo is called Capreolrais 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and comes from the production of the Peritoneum strong but thin without is joyned with many fibres to Dartos So that some take it to be a proper coat and call it Erithroides Erithroides deriving it from Musculo Cremastore dilatam which gives his beginning to Hernia Carnosae It 's lined within with a watery humour and with many veins His use is to tie close the seminary vessels to the stones Vsus ejus Interâ—â— Allbuginea a spermaticis The inner coat is Albuginea which is derived from the coat of the spermatick vessels thick and very strong and doth immediately involve the substance of the stone Substantia medullosa cum gyris for the better strengthening his soft and loose medulla It appears with gyri as the Brain hath I have observed three foramina to enter the medullous substance Perforata 3. Inter bus Hydrocele with a diverse insertion of the vessels between these two coats when water is gotten it makes Hydrocele Piccolhominy and Vesalius call this Epididyma and I know Columbus disputes the number Figure Figura Rotunda Round or ovall a little flat on both sides It varies sometimes in respect of the extuberances of Parastatae which in great leachers seem to be as great as the stones The upper part is called the head Caput Fundus the lower the Fundus Concerning their heat in regard of the right or left side I shall not consent with the Master of Anatomy since those which bring seed come both from Aorta Columbus determines their bignesse to a hens egge But the great ones are the worst and signify a shallow brain And the Italians call a Black-head Coglione Coglioni Substance Substantia white and glandulous medullous with anfractus or circumvolutions as are in cortice Cerebri between which I have thrust bloud forth as in Corpore calloso Cerebri milky that there may be some similitude inter generans id quod generatur Those that have loose stones have debilem calorem and
drawn together the valves are dilated because they are moved in a distinct time The reason saith Galen is because when the heart is distended it 's filled the ears when they are filled are distented Extended they are smooth and equall contracted they wrinkle within they answer to the unequall superficies of the ventricles They are thin the fitter for contraction Tenues they are soft and nervous for strengths sake for that is strongest that is most nervous Hippocrates in lib. de Corde in sectione vivorum observed the motion of the heart ceased yet these to move Galen in 7. Administrat cap. 11. Historia Galent reports the heart boyled not to grow soft nisi demptis auriculis neither the Pike can be boyled nisi dempto Corde Give me leave to thrust in the story of Pliny lib. 11. Pliny cap. 37. that those men who have been poyson'd or Cardiaco morbo periere those hearts cannot be burnt So Vitellius endeavoured to prove that Piso poysoned Germanicus because his heart would not burn But he was saved Quia Germanicus morbo Cardiaco decesserat To this give me leave to adde the story of of that most excellent Historian Monsieur du Thou Cor Zuinglii who reported that the heart of Zuinglius could not be burnt although the rest of his body was In a Harts heart the left ventricle is greater then the right and the bone in the orifice of Aorta is here placed to keep up the valves Riolani Historia Riolanus reports a story of President Nicholaus of 80. years who had a bone ad radicem Aortae as Harts and stagges have fit stuffe for a Lawyers heart Use 1. Vsus 1. Sanguinis impetum probibere To keep the heart from sudden choaking that might happen by any irruption of bloud and aire as if they were Diverticula into which is received the materia regurgitans in Cordis ventriculis 2. 2. Ad iutelam vasorum Cor refrigerare To defend the vessels in the motions of the heart Hippocrates addes a fourth to be like fans or bellows to cool the heats Vesalius denyes these Uses but gives us no better Varolus thinks they were made for the conservation of aire Vessels are 4. Vasa 4. and so may orifices in the most eminent part of the ventricle about the Basis of the heart Vesalius and Varolus say that their originall comes from the heart These are likened to the four great rivers of the great world Nilus Tagus Tigris Euphrates In the right Vena Cava Vena Arteriosa In the left Arteria Magna Arteria Venosa These are disposed as in the rest of the body where a vein is not joyned to a vein but to an Artery so that of these two although they be of the same nature and office and come out of the same ventricle yet they are placed alternatim and as a vein lyes between an artery so the great vein lyes by the side of the great Artery and Vena Arteriosa on the other side of the great Artery and then Arteria Venosa next to Vena Cava on the other side Turn up the heart and you shall see their place and seat within these are 11. valves or portals Valvulae 11. tres singulas trium vasorum orificiis duae arteriae venâ—sae which Hippocrates calls Pelliculae Cordis latitantes Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 membranarum Epiphyses And they arise from these orifices whereof some are Tricuspides others Semilunares Some from without inward to the ventricles of the heart to which with strong ligaments they are tied to Septum especially towards the point with which in dilataon of the heart the ligaments stretched they draw themselves and to the body of the heart as if they turned up the valves Some from within are turned outward and those that serve for dilation and bringing in are greater then those that carry out because the heart draws with a greter force dilated then expells contracted Yet all are stretched in dilatation of th heart in which the trisulcae make clefts by which stuffe is brough in The sigmoides shut close the extremities of their vessels Sigmoides and hinder the egress of matter but in contraction all are contracted and then the trisulcae shut up the empty places which by their dilatation they had made and so keep back the reflux of bloud The Sigmoides flagging make clefts so that bloud an spirit may freely passe forth but if throught stretcht they stop the whole orifice Use Vsus Communis vallarum refluxum proh bere Quae intus foras efferunt Quae foras intro ferunt â—rabunt Communis of all valves to keep back the matter from reflux But the proper use of these quae intus foras efferunt and bring out matter from the heart that it flow not back again But those which are made to bring in as quae foras intro ferunt least it flow not out whereby the heart might be wearied with diversity of labour But why three valves Because no other number could exactly shut and open these orifices as you may see by the orifice of Arteria Venosa which shuts not close and therefore there are but two there Vena Cava having pierced the Diaphragma Venae Cava pars in auriculam dex tram ingreditur and come to the heart with a short branch but with an ample and large orifice thrice bigger then that of Aorta a small part is received into the right ear but the greater part runs streight to the jugulum as Galen observed in his 6. de usu part cap. 4. From the right ear it is inserted into the right ventricle from whence it cannot be separated The use of this piece of brance for so I must call it is to carry bloud from the liver up to the right ventricle Vsus bujus partis sanguinem efferre into which in his dilatation it is poured neither can there any great quantity passe this way into the right ventricle when assoon as it comes to the mouth of the Auricula there is a membrane full of admiration which stops halfe the fore-part of this Auricula as Eustachius observes Eustachii valvula and then going forward to the orifice of Vena Cava in this ventricle there grows a membranous circle which gives strength to the heart which looks inward and a little more in divides it self into 3 strong valves which from a broad base ends in an obtuse point and being shut falls together into the form of a spears point and are called Trisulcae or Tricuspides In dextr Trisulcae with which many filaments and fibres joyned together grow and appear with fleshy explantations that by these tanquam ligamentis in compressions of the heart they might be stretched and so the orifice almost shut This circle opened with his fibres is like a Crown which the Kings anciently were wont to wear These valves in Vena Cava and
suffer by their continuall motion This great one hath his rise out of the left ventricle with a large mouth from whence by his contraction bloud and spirit elaborated in the left ventricle is conveyed with heat into the whole body and least in the dilatation they should run back into the ventricle nature hath put three valves in his orifice Tres valvulae intus foras Sigmoides Sigmoides intus foras vergentes as are in Vena Arteriosa but are greater and stronger quia the body of this artery is stronger then that of Vena Arteriosa These hinder the aliment drawn out of the guts by the Mesaraick arteries from coming to enter the heart In some creatures it is cartilagineous in some bony secundum Aristotelem Quia quod movetur movetur supra aliquo quiescente cui innititur dum movetur The branches of this artery come along with those à Porta and Cava yet sever with Cava As the veins which come to the skin have no arteries so in the substance of the muscles they are seldome seen with veins because the bloud is thinner and the spirits breathed from the arteries can come further without help of an artery Use of this great artery and his branches have a double consideration Vsus duplex 1. ut canales Ad spirituum vitalium retentionem c. 1. as they are pipes or channels 2. as they have pulsation As channels they are given to the parts for three causes 1. That they may hold spirituall and vitall bloud and distribute it through the whole body 2. To carry vitall spirits for the upholding of the parts 3. To transmit with the same spirit heat and vitall faculty through the whole bodie As they have pulsation 2. ut pulsatiles 1. Naturalem calorem fovere c. they have 3 uses 1. To preserve the naturall heat of the parts by saving it for otherwise it would be extinguisht 2. By his motion to hinder putrefaction in the veins for bloud else would soon putrefy 3. To shake the bloud into the substance of the parts whereby nutrition may be made This motion of the arteries is called pulsus Hic motus Pulsus which is perfected by dilatation and contraction and it is not insitus arteriis but flows à Corde as appears if you tie an artery beneath the ligature it moves not and are simul dilated and contracted with the heart Only in this they differ that the motion of the heart is greater and vehementer Arteries are close under veins not for safegard but that by his motion they may force bloud to come into the veins as likewise being dilated they draw from the veins and contracted cast it back again by the mutuall passages of the veins and arteries so likewise by their mouths terminated in the skin all fuliginous excrement they may avoid and draw a great part of aire into them And this is that that Hippocrates says Totum corpus foras introque spirabile est Hence is his necessity Neither was there any creature ever without a heart although the Auspices in Pliny did feign many creatures without hearts when they would deterre the Emperours from some enterprise De Pulmonibus RIolanus commands us that before we touch the heart we shew the vessels and then the lungs Yet with Bauhinus we bring the lungs in the last place These are the receipt of life spirit and aire for the refreshing of the heart and the instrument of respiration and voyce and given to those creatures quaerespirant and have a neck and therefore fishes quia non respirant want lungs and the left ventricle of the heart They are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod est respirare Situs in the hollow of the chest Figura a little different from the mouth least by the sudden arrivall of the aire they should be too much cooled Yet in bodies with long necks where the aire comes not conveniently tempered we see a disposition to consumptions and dry diseases In the living whilst we draw in aire they fill the whole cavitie except the hollow between the coats of the Mediastinum whilest we expirare they fall but not so much as in dead bodies for that they are full of aire and bloud And although we use with bellows to blow them yet are they never so full as in the living because they are to hold aire for many motions of the heart as is plain in Divers and singers Connexus to the neck and back Connexus collo by the benefit of Aspera Arteria although the greatest part is free of them whereby they may more freely move and by the intervention of the Mediastinum they are tied before to the Sternum Sterno as likewise by certain fibres to the sides of the chest and Pleura behind to the vertebra Per fibras Pleura If too streightly tied it causes a difficulty in breathing Massa ne Cor deprimant Yet Massa says there is good use of these ties in regard of the heart least it should be crushed with the weight of the lungs They are likewise tied to the heart per venam arteriosam arteriam venosam Motus is diversly argued De motu secundum Aristotelem à Corde Galen ad fugam vacui Aristotle 3. de Part. Animal cap. 6. will have the motion of the lungs to be à Corde Galen will have them move non propria vi sed ad fugam vacui as appears in wounds of the chest the aire entring the lungs move not because the aire fills the empty place But the chest being whole the lungs necessarily are dilated to avoid vacuum Neither do they only fall as Bauhinus observes ad vacui fugam but either pressed by the chest or by the aire expired or by both they fall together Yet so as Nature ties them to the Pleura that they may follow the motion of the chest Laurentius ad motum Pectoris Laurentius will have them move non à Corde quia illius motus perpetuus non est nec vi propria sed per accidens they follow the motion of the chest Aver propria vi Averroes will have them move propria vi non thoracis motum sequi for so there might be granted a perpetuall motion Riolan motu insito Riolanus his motus is insitus and depends not from any other and is dilated and contracted like a bag not like a bellows for in a free breathing the chest standing still the lungs move quia respiramus And breathing is perfected by dilatation and contraction Figure is fitted to the parts they rest upon Figura ad cavitatem Pectoris Therefore without they answer the cavity of the chest and are extumescentes within they are hollow that they might the better yield with his lobes to the heart and be his covering The right joyned to the left represent the cloven foot of an oxe They are divided by the benefit of the