the right Kidney n n n n The branches distributed in the Mesenterium and Guts o The branch which goes to the Os Sacrum p p The extremity of the internal right branch which is distributed to the Womb and Bladder q r The branches from the internal right side which make the plexure on that side ♄ The Nerve of the sixt pair on the left side in which the signification of the Letters is the same save only G Is the Nerve from the left Recurrens which is distributed to the Pericardium and Heart it self ** The Nerve which from the external left stomachical is carried to the Liver l l The Nerve which is carried to the Spleen and Gut Colon. m m The Nerve of the left Kidney The remainder are the same with the former CHAP. 4. Of the Mesenterium Sweet-bread Liver and Spleen THE most wise Creator of Man hath taken care by the intervening of the Mesenterium that the manifold foldings of the Guts might not come into a confusion and so mans health be indangered thereby It is a double Membrane furnished with Glandulae and fat joyned to the Peritonaeum fitted to cherish the Bowels as well as to keep them in Office and Order a famous number of Veins are dispersed in it from the right Vein of the Vena porta joyning themselves together by many Osculations even before those small branches go to the Bowels The Arteries are not inferior to these which proceed from the Mesenterical superior branch of the great Artery and also from the inferior It hath many Nerves from the plexure of the internal of the sixt pair and the Marrow of the Loyns To these belong those passages which carry the Chyle which the first observer of them called Venae Lacteae because of their white colour but this as it may be seen in the dissection of live creatures so the creatures being dead and the distribution of Chyle ceasing the whiteness cannot be discerned And yet it often happens that by reason of the intemperancy of men abundance of humors flowing through so many Vessels the pores which carry the Chyle are obstructed or in plain English stopped and the Juyce being putrified it causeth feavers the cause lying in the Mesenterium The largeness of the Mesenterium is great being encreased by fat which corrects the cold and dry temperature of the Membranes by heat and moisture it sticks strongly to the uppermost and third Vertebrae of the Lyons and binds the foldings of the Guts every where firmly to its self The Sweet-bread Pancreas is a Glandulous part of the Abdomen very profitable for attenuating and purging the Chyle and preparing it for the Liver and Spleen before it be turned into blood for as Nature deduceth the blood it self which is either for nourishment of the fruit in the womb or to make seed for the Generation of it by diverse degrees or steps even so the Juyce which it turns into blood it alters it in the mouth concocts it in the Stomach easeth it of excrements by the Bowels and by the sweetness of the Sweet-bread frees from sharp and salt humors and therefore the Sweet-bread is alwaies full of Chyle as you may find if you dissect a creature alive and cut it with a knife It receives the Chyle and having received it sends it to the Liver not by any veins or arteries descending from the Vena porta but by special passages which by reason of their colour Asellius named Venae Lacteae as I told you before they are long and round Vessels with a very thin Membrane very small ascending upwards from the Sweet-bread to the Liver about the place where the trunk of the Vena porta descends they pass downwards to the Guts with very small branches they have very small shutters which hinders the regress of the juyce they draw to the Guts the knitting of the Sweet-bread to the Spleen seems rather to perswarde a man that they pass thither than any passage yet found out and yet it is certain they do pass thither because they convey a watry portion of Chyle not yet coloured to the Spleen The Original of the Venae Lacteae is deduced from no place so fitly as from the Sweet-bread for as Nature produceth all veins and arteries from the trunk from which the branches are distributed throughout the Body so the foundation of the Venae Lacteae is at the Sweet-bread and the branches pass to the Liver and Guts and yet the Creator of all things would not bring them into one common Trunk by reason of the latitude of the Sweet-bread as the Nerves which are the Organs of the sences though they arise from one spring yet is their intervals in their originals the Splenical branch of the Vena porta and the left Coeliacal Artery as also small Nerves from the Gut Duodenum pass through the Sweet-bread and yet it hath a proper Vein of its own from the Vena porta and Arteries from the left Coeliacal and a thin skin from the Mesenterium which incompasseth it round Also there is a most observable and singular channel in the Sweet-bread lately found out by our Versungus which to a curious eye carries the structure and shew of a vein It ariseth from the Gut called Duodenum sometimes in the extremity of the biliar pore having a common Orifice with an outward shut sometimes neer the biliar pore from a distinct place it is stretched transversly in the Sweet-bread with short yet very many branches it is wide at the beginning and consumes by degrees before it come at the extremity of the Sweet-bread sometimes it is double in man but unequal in length and ariseth neer the biliar pore at about a fingers breadth distance The use of this channel is no waies hard to be found out for seeing it brings a certain sharp juyce not unlike to the Gall it separates the juyce of its own Nature from the Chyle and carries it away to the Gut Duodenum and therefore this being stopped the Sweet-bread swels by reason of the excrements retained and so many vessels being by this means compressed the Liver and Spleen receive no small damage The Sweet-bread in fat men is bigger and in such as die not through default of Nourishment it is of a cleer white colour and therefore of old it was called Lactium It is stretched out transversly under the Stomach towards the Spleen being more diducted towards the Liver it hath a wonderful nexure with the Liver by proper vessels and passages compassed about with a Membrane It sticks close also to the Duodenum as though it drew a part of its Chyle from it its copulation with the Spleen is not so strong and besides its former offices it cherisheth the Stomach The Liver succeeds this being a famous part in the lower ventricle being the shop or work-house of Blood and Natural Spirit Its substance is fleshy like congealed blood whence Erasistratus gave it the name Parenchyma in the Embrion like
other parts produced of seed it is white only the small Veins in it look red then it looks yellowish by degrees till at last it get the perfect colour of blood and yet there are some living Creatures that although the blood in the Veins be red yet the Liver is white yellow or green it is covered with a thin single Skin sticking round about close to it It hath Veins of two sorts the superior or Vena Cava which by its great trunk carries blood from the Liver and distributes it throughout the Body The inferior or Vena porta the branches of which are more in number from which the umbilicate Vein ariseth to the Child in the womb and without the Liver the branches the Splenical and Mesenterical Veins pass which distribute blood to the Spleen Omentum Stomach and Guts a freequent conjunction is made between these that so the blood may be dispensed the more perfectly the more easily Some few Arteries accompany the Veins about the Liver from the right Coeliacal branch of the great Artery and two small Nerves from the right internal of the sixt pair and the external left Stomachical The magnitude of the Liver in Man is great and its figure almost round it is divided into two parts bending and hollow the first being bowed fits its self to the levity of the Diaphragma the other is inferior and more unequal for it sticks out in a Lobus and is hollow with a double Sinus the one of which holds the Gall the other embraceth part of the Stomach Lastly by a notable cleft it sends out the umbilicar Vein which in Men grown up is hardned to a Ligament The temperature of the Liver is hot and moist that so it may the better concoct the blood Above it is joyned to the Diaphragma and to the Cartilage of the Breast called Mucro nata by a strong Membranous Ligament backwards it is joyned by the Peritonaeum to the Vertebrae of the loyns below it sticks to the Abdomen by the umblicar Ligament it is placed under the Diaphragma and the Cartilages of the ribs on the right side of the Abdomen and embraceth the Stomach and cherisheth it by its kind heat The Gall is joyned to the Liver and is the receptacle of the chollerick juyce of the Blood It is composed of two Membranes whereof the outer is common to the Peritonaeum the inner which is propper to the Gall is thicker and furnished with Fibrae of all sorts for its better motion and greater strength Also it is defended with a certain crust against the acrimony of the substance it contains It hath Veins from the Vena porta and small Arteries from the right Goeliacal It hath a Nerve from the plexure of the Costalls it hath peculiar passages into the Liver between the roots of the Vena Cava and Vena porta whereby it draws its Choller It is divided into the bottom which is wider and the Neck which is narrower a narrow channel goes from the Neck of it with shutters to keep the Choller from running back which ends in the biliar pore the narrowness of which is the cause that often times the thick excrements of the Gall breads stones in it though not very hard ones sometimes round sometimes angular and sometimes like a Mulberry both in colour and form The Gall is in the right Sinus of the Liver and firmly joyned to it both by its upper and middle part The Biliar pore is something larger than the channel of the Gall and carries Choller from the Liver to the Gut Duodenum It is carried into the Duodenum by an Oblique flexure between the Membranes usually 't is single but sometimes double towards the end It seldom reacheth to the Pylorus and as Nature expels choller by the channel of the Gall at set times by this pore it is administred by degrees and continually both when the Chyle is distributed and before as is cleer in the dissection of Creatures alive The Ancients held Choller to be the poyson of the Body the worst excrement of Blood and that not a few living Creatures wanted it because they could find no Gall anexed to the Liver but all Creatures that have Blood have this Biliar pore and if the Body be disposed according to the law of Nature this hot and sharp humor both defends the Chyle from putrifaction and causeth the excrements easily to be expulsed and strengthens the Bowels by which means health is firmer and life the longar Over against the Liver is the Spleen being an Organical part of the inferior Ventricle which receive the watry and earthy part of the Chyle to be turned into Blood its substance is fleshy yet looser than that of the Liver being like a Sponge to drink up copious humors and therefore when it is obstructed it swells mightily it hath one single skin which Authors asign to the Peritonaeum it hath Veins from the Splenical of the Vena porta which are as small as hairs Its Arteries are more in number and more famous by reason of which it hath much vital heat and those from the left Coeliacal branch It hath Nerves from the left branch of the costals of the sixt pair and from the Nervous plexure of the Mesenterium dispersed by the exterior parts The magnitude of the Spleen is bigger in melancholly Men than in others its temperature by reason of the abundance of Arterious blood it receives is hot and dry It is of a blackish purple colour in youth of a leaden colour in age it is in form hollowish in the internal face gibbous on the external and not much unlike to a Neats-tongue although this be not alwaies for sometimes it is greater firmer with some distinct lobes of the colour of thick Blood so that it seems to be like to the Liver not only in form but also in office Its place is in the left Hypochondrium a little lower than the Liver it is knit to the Diaphragma and to the Cartilaginous ribs and to the left Kidney by its bowing part but by its hollow part to the Omentum Stomach and sweet-bread by other vessells and its own Membranes All the learned agree that the office of the Spleen is to draw the watry and earthy part of the Chyle the Blood being made of the purer part but nature hath clouded the passages by which this is carried to the Spleen for no observation as yet hath discovered any passages of the Venae Lacteae into it and that it is not carried by the Splenical Vein the dissection of Creatures alive witnesseth as for the Arteries their office is to carry vital Spirit to it And yet it is agreeable to reason that it should draw it from the Sweet-bread it self though by reason of the smalness of the passages it is not manifest and it may possibly draw the said juyce from the Stomach which lies neer it and for this the substance of the Spleen its abundance of vital Spirit its sicitasion
and the diseases it is so often molested with seems to plead Place here the Table of the fourth Chapter which hath the Number 4. at the corner of the brass Plate AN UNFOLDING OF THE TABLE OF THE FOURTH CHAPTER The fourth Table laies down the Scituation of the Sweet-bread Liver and Spleen and the Delineation of the Vena Porta FIG I. A The hollow part of the Liver B The round convex or bowing part of the Liver ae The Umbilicar Vein drawn upwards C The Gall in its Scituation D The Spleen in its natural place EE The Sweet-bread in its proper place FF The Vena Porta descending by the Sweet-bread under the Liver G The superior Mesenterical Artery aaaa The branches of the Vena Porta extended by the Mesenterium bbbb The branches of the artery distributed by the Mesenterium HH The Mesenterium it self dismantled of its superior Membrane II The Splenical Vessels laid open the Pancreas being cut FIG II. AA The Body of the Sweet-bread deciphored in its Natural form FIG III. The back part of the Sweet-bread together with the Spleen turned downwards AA The substance of the Sweet-bread its Membrane being taken off BBB The channel of the Sweet-bread newly found out C The biliar pore joyned to the channel DDD A portion of the Guts Duodenum and Jejunum cut off E The common Orifice by which the biliar pore and channel of the Sweet-bread open themselves into the Duodenum FFF The internal face of the Spleen GGG The veins and arteries distributed in the Spleen FIG IV. AA The convex or bowing part of the Liver B The skin of the Liver separated from it CC The Ligament of the Liver called Septale DD The large branches of the Vena Cava within the Liver FIG V. AA The hollow part of the Liver turned upwards B The Lobe of the Liver by which it joyns it self to the Omentum C The cleft of the Liver out of which the Umbilicar vein descends E The Umbilicar vein turned upwards F The Gall placed under the Liver G The channel of the Gall. HH The biliar pore with the channel stretched outwards together with a part of the Duodenum noted by M. I The trunk of the Vena Porta descending from the Liver K The right Caeliacal artery L A Nerve arising from the plexure of the costals FIG VI. The Vena Porta whol distinguished into branches as it is publiquely shewed AAA The trunk of the Vena Porta A the inferior portion descending from the Liver AA the deduction of it to the right and left with an infinite number of smal branches B The Splenical branch divided first into great afterwards into very many smal branches and distributed like strings about the Spleen C The right Mesenterical branch D The left Mesenterical branch aa The Umbilicar vein b The vein of the Gall. c The vein of the Sweet-bread dd The vein called Gastrica dextra eee The greater Gastrica sinistra fg The lesser veins called Gastricae sinistrae h The vein called Vas breve ii The vein called Gastroepiploica sinistra KK The vein called Gastroepiploica dextra ll The Hemorrhoidal veins produced here from the right Mesenterical branch of the Vena Porta m The vein of the Duodenum FIG VII A The convex part of the Spleen laid open BB The Membrane of the Spleen separated CC The black substance of the Spleen FIG VIII AAA The hollow part of the Spleen which receives the Vessels B The Splenical vein with its three branches C The Splenical artery divided in like manner before it enter the Spleen CHAP. 5. Of the Kidneys Ureters and Bladder THe most wise Creator of the Body of Man hath ordained the Reins or Kidneyes to receive that thin moisture which is redundant in the making of Blood they consist of a thick fleshy substance least the continual and copious flowing of moisture to them should weaken them If you would search into them you must of necessity remove the Membranes wherewith they are covered and they indeed are two the one external common to the rest of the bowels by the Peritonaenum the other internal the external is endewed with much Fat which gave names to the Veins and Arteries Passing to it Besides them on both sides is a glandulous Body which is called Glandula renalis Ren. Succenturiatis and the Capsula of melancholly It is compassed about with a thin skin furnished with vessels of all sorts the right Glandula often receives a Vein from the trunk it self of the Vena Cava which is short yet wide going into its Sinus with a wide Orifice and sometimes it takes it from the next emulgent Vein as the left doth its Arteries proceed from the emulgents and Nerves from those which are communicated to the Kidaeyes their magnitude is not alwaies alike they are usually as big as that drug we call nux Vomica if the Man be any thing ancient their form is like the Kidneyes long and somewhat depressed somtimes the upper part of them is angular they have a Cavity within filled with black and melancholly matter their colour is sometimes reddish and sometimes like Fat They are placed under the Diaphragma above the fatty Membrane so as the right is joyned to the Vena Cava the left is a little under the stomach what their use is is not yet suffciently found out 't is supposed that they help the passage of the serosus moisture and contract a part of the melancholly which like a Runnet helps to seperate the urine from the Blood also to underprop and cherish the parts next it although sometimes there are more and lesser Glandula furnished with Veins and Arteries which Nature disposeth about the Kidneyes But the internal and propper Membrane of the Kidneyes binds the Kidneyes themselves straight about To which Kidney come large vessels to wit a Vein and an Artery both of them known by the name Emulgent The Emulgent Vein is something unequal in scituation proceeding from the trunk of the Vena Cava being double at first and then dispersed in diverse divided Branches also the Emulgent Artery is almost as big as the Vein and ariseth from the trunk of the great Artery and brancheth it self into the Reins as the Veins do the number of the Emulgent vessels is often different and their progresse to the Kidneyes unequal Nature providently regarding its own scope to these some smal Nerves are added from the plexure of the internal branch of the sixt pair to which the left Stomachical branch comes The Kidneyes have fleshy knobs called Papillares because they are like tears they are about the bigness of a Bean and about ten in number disposed with certain intervals that so by their smal pores the urine may pass cleer to the ureters Also the Creator of Man hath formed two Kidneyes by reason of the multitude of humors they are to seperare and that if either of them be at fault the other might be subservient to him they are in form like to a
The Mesenterium stretched abroad MM c. The Guts knit to the Mesenterium aaaa Certain Lacteal veins stretched from the Sweet-bread to the Liver whereof few and those the least of them are here expressed bbb c. Lacteal veins distributed from the Sweet-bread to the Guts and those bigger ccc c. The Meseraick branches of the Vena porta dd c. Branches of the Meseraick arteries FIG II. A The right Renal Glandula B The right Kidney C The left Glandula of the Reins D The left Kidney E The Vena Cava descending FF It s internal Iliack branches GG The external Iliack branches of the Vena Cava HHH The great artery with its external Iliack branches II The internal branches of the great artery KK c. Both Umbilicar arteries bent downwards L The bottom of the womb compressed M The neck of the womb N The bladder turned downwards O The Urachos P The node of the Navil cut off a The vein of the right Renal Glandula b The artery of the right Renal Glandula c The right emulgent artery d The right emulgent vein e The right spermatical vein f The right spermatical artery g The left artery of the Renal Glandula h The left vein of the Renal Glandula i The left emulgent vein k The left emulgent artery l The left spermatical vein m The left spermatical artery nn The Vessels preparing the Seed oo The testicles of a great magnitude pp The broad Ligaments of the womb qq c. The Tubae of the womb bowed down rr The round Ligaments of the womb cut off below ss Portions of the Vreters cut off FIG III. AA The Lungues diducted on both sides B The Heart whol C The trunk of the great artery coming from the Heart D A portion of the same artery passing downwards E The Vena Arteriosa stretched from the Heart aa The channel between the Vena Arteriosa and the great Artery b The beginning of the right subclavian artery c The beginning of the right Carotides d The beginning of the left Artery Carotides FIG IV. AA The Lungues diducted B The Heart cut towards the right Ventricle C The Vena Cava opened neer the Heart D Anastomosis between the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa E The shutter in the Anastomosis FIG V. A The Corpus Thymium separated from the Vessels of the Heart CHAP. 9. Of the external parts of the Breast THe lower Ventricle and the parts in and about it being already spoken of the middle ventricle follows which is called Thorax in English the Breast which is round about circumscribed with the Pleura In which we will consider First the external parts then the vitals themselves To the external parts of the Breast belong the common coverings of the Body of which we have spoken already also the Pectoral Muscle the Serratus Anticus both greater and lesser and of Bones the Claviculae and Scapulae The Pectoral Muscle is so called because it is spread abroad the Breast and much encreaseth its bigness its original is from the middle Clavicula the Sternum the Cartilages of the sixt seventh and eight Ribs it hath a short yet strong Tendon inserted into the Bone of the Shoulder between the Muscles Deltois and Biceps and holds it stoutly to the Breast The Muscle called the greater Serratus anticus ariseth obliquely to the Basis of the Scapula from eight Ribs five of the true ones and three of the Bastard ones and draws it down forwards The lesser Serratus anticus lies hid under the Pectoral and proceeds from the second third fourth and fift Ribs and passeth to the process of the Scapula called Ancyrois or Beak-like which moves the Scapula obliquely forwards of the Clavicula and Scapula because they belong especially to the Shoulder shall be treated of in the seventeenth Chapter And yet properly to the Thorax belong the Breasts the Bones the Breast is composed of the intercostal Muscles the Pleura the Mediastinum and the Diaphragma The office of the Breasts in Women is to breed Milk if you consider them in Women that give suck they consist of very many small glandulous Bodies diverse in bigness that they may not only receive the Blood from the small Vessels but also the vapors and milky moisture which is largely distributed to them from the Stomach and Sweet-bread by instinct of Nature these small Bodies are contained together with a Membrane with diverse cavities which contain milk the foundation of which remain when the milk is gone they have much fat which serves not only to ad comliness to them but also to conserve vital heat in them They receive two veins one derived from the axilliar branch which is distributed by the external part of the Breast the other is called Mammaria and is distributed by the internal part from the subclavian branch of the Vena Cava they have also so many Arteries as veins arising from the same roots namely from the Subclavian branch of the great Arterie and the axilliar which are distributed in the same manner to give them vital heat they have Nerves from the fourth Branch of the Marrow of the Back In the middest of the Breasts are the Nepples round and rare endewed with a Membrane from the glandulous Bodies they have a thin skin full of holes and stick out that the Child may the better suck round about them is a red circle like a Halo The bigness of the Breasts is varied not only by years and their performing their office but also by the humors that flow thither and the diversity of the climate In the Women in Europe they are more contracted but in the Arabian and Indian Women they are so long that they can give their Children suck over their shoulders They are in number two that so the woman may give two children suck in temperament they are hot and moist and are placed in the middest of the Breast that so they may be the neerer to the Fountain of Vital Heat and the readier to give the Child suck as the Mother carries it in her arms Their proper action is the Generation of Milk although it be not yet very cleer by what waies it is done because in Carkasses the passages are hid as the passage of Chyle is in the Mesenterium and of Seed from the Testicles to the Parastatae and from the Prostatae to the Vrethra and other like passages in living Creatures and yet the Dissection of living Creatures that give suck gives some light to it For Bones The Breast is defended with the Sternum before on the sides with the Ribs and behind with the Vertebrae of the Back the substance of the Bones of the Sternum is spongy and red usually divided into three parts although in age it grow into one Fone the first and largest of them resembles the knob of a Cup the other two are joyned to them by Cartilages it hath a Cartilaginous apendix which by reason of its form is called
Deltois and the skin of the Arm. The second pair is thicker and being carried by the midst of the Arm before is inserted into the muscle Biceps with two branches and afterwards in its progress gives a branch to the external Supinator of the Wrest the rest being produced by the bowing of the Elbow is divided into two Branches the external of which joyns its self a companion to the Cephalick Vein and passeth to the second internodium of the Thumb and the internal which is thicker and divided under the Median Vein and extends its external branch to the Wrest and its internal being dilated neer the Basilica sends out small Nerves on both sides to the Palm of the Hand The third pair being joyned neer the second having first sent a smal branch under the skin after it toucheth the Arm sends out branches to the second bower of the Cubit to the Muscles bowing the third internodium of the Fingers and branches to the Thumb fore and middle Finger The fourth pair is larger and thicker than the rest and at its rise is neer the Basilica Vein the Artery and the third pair of Nerves and first bestows a double Branch upon the Muscles that extend the Arm and the skin about the joynt of the Elbow it sends two Branches to the Wrest also Branches to the external and internal side of the Thumb fore and middle Finger three Branches to the muscles extending the Wrest and Fingers the remainder is distributed to the Wrest The fift pair of Nerves is neer the former and sends Branches to the Muscles arising from the internal knob of the Shoulder it produceth two Branches of which one passing to the Palm of the Hand is subservient to the little ring and middle Finger the other runs to the extremities of those Fingers The sixt pair which is the last of the Nerves of the Neck is almost altogether subcutaneous it hath diverse branches most of which some pass under some above the Basilica which being pricked in letting blood cause acute pain and convulsions the remainder of it ends in the Wrest Note this That neither the Veins Arteries nor Nerves have the same bigness in all Bodies nor yet the same number nor passage observe the like in the Foot We come now to the Veins of the Foot which take their original from the the Iliack Branch of the Vena Cava The first is the Saphena produced by a long product by the internal side of the Thigh and Leg sending branches from the beginning and about the middle to the Thigh and Knee it is at last divided into many Branches about the Thigh and Ancle to the Toes especially the great Toe The second crural Vein is called Ischias proceeding externally from the same Root this is shorter and runs transversly to the skin before and the muscles of the Coxendix which are next to it The third is called Muscula produced from the crural Branch descending to the Muscles to which it gives a double branch internally and externally nay sometimes 't is double in its beginning the one external which is least and passeth to the Muscles Rectus and Vastus externus which extend the Leg the other bigger and internal which gives very many branches to the Muscles of the Thigh The fourth crural Vein is called Poplitea arising from the same beginning but most commonly hath two Branches uniting themselves in their progress it descends by the middle of the Ham and distributing Branches above and below the Calf of the Leg is carried to the Heel and ends in the skin of the external Ancle But the Crural Branch having produced these Branches descends between the two heads of the Thigh and produceth a double Branch internal and external The internal gives Branches to the Muscles which constitute the Calf of the Leg and giving Branches to the skin it turns back under the internal Ancle and passeth even to the great Toe The external is less than the former and hath two Branches of which the first passeth to the Muscles of the Calf of the Leg and â—â—ose that bow the Toes about the middle of the Tibia it sends a small branch to the great Toe the fore and middle Toe and passing the transverse Ligament outwardly it gives Branches to the Muscles of the Foot which bow the Toes the other Branch after it hath dispersed Branches to the external and hinder region of the Leg it ends in the external Ancle and Foot The Trunk of the Crural Vein joyns its self as a companion to the Crural Artery and sends out branches to the right and left side Nature hath often framed shutters in the Veins both of the Arms and Legs which restrain the inordinate flux of blood to the extream parts All the Arteries of the Foot arise from the Branch of the Crural Artery for the external Iliack branch passing out of the Abdomen to the Privities sends a branch to the internal Iliack Muscle and passing without the Abdomen is called Cruralis internally it produceth the Artery Ischias and the external Muscula which is carried to the external Muscles of the Thigh and the internal Muscula which passeth to the posterior and internal Muscles thereof The Branch of the Crural Artery is divided into very many Branches above the Ham of which three or four small ones pass to the Fat and the Membrane under it Of these that called Poplitea is most observable which ariseth about the middle of the Thigh and is distributed partly to its inferior Muscles and partly to those of the Calf of the Leg. The Crural Branch descending about the Ham gives another Artery called Suralis which sometimes is double and passeth partly to the Joynt and partly to the Muscle of the Calf of the Leg called Gasterocnemius In the Ham it self the Artery is divided into the external Branch which passeth to the foremost Muscles of the Leg and into two hinder Branches of which one passeth to the Muscles of the Calf the other passing the transverse Ligament of the Foot is inserted into the Muscles adducing the Toes The common branch descending by the hinder part of the Leg having first sent out a small Branch which is distributed to the great Toe and the back of the Foot is at length covered with the Tendons of the Toes and being divided into a double Branch passeth to all the Toes The Nerves of the Foot proceed from the three inferior of the Loyns and the four Superior pair of the Os Sacrum and having first made a plexure they are afterwards divided into four Branches of which the first and third are shorter not carried beyond the longitude of the Thigh the second comes to the Tibia and the fourth even to the Nails of the Feet The first Branch of the Nerves ariseth from the upper part of the plexure descends to the internal Rotator of the Thigh and sends Branches to the Fascialis Rectus and Vastus externus The second descends by the Groyn
half Moon which looks towards the beginnings of the Veins which set a moderation to the preternatural motion of the Blood out of the great Veins into the less these although they may be seen in the Mesenterick Splenical emulgent Azygus and jugular Veins yet are they more freequent in the Veins of the Limbs which we shall treat of in the last Chapter from these the three shutters about the mouth of the Vena Cava differ a little in form and from their form Authors call them Tricuspides these are joyned to the Nervous strings of the Heart and withstand the regresse of the Blood into the Vena Cava The Vena Cava arising up above the Heart produceth the Azygus or Vein without a fellow the branches of which are commonly distributed to the inferior Ribs the inferior portion of this descending neer the fleshy portion of the Diaphragma is inserted again on the left to the Emulgent on the right side to the Vena Cava and to the first of the Loyns the Institution of Nature being various herein which sometimes the Azygus being let passe produceth a famous Vein from both Subclavian branches of the Vena Cava neer the Mammaries which is stretched out all along the Breast even to the Os Sacrum from which both all the intercostal Veins and the Lumbals proceed when the Vena Cava arives at the Throat it is divided into two large branches called Subclavian from which the superior intercostal the internal Mammary the Mediastina the cervical and Vein called Muscula arise above the interior and exterior jugular and the superior Muscula are produced Also from the right Ventricle of the Heart ariseth a vein which for its double Tunicle is called Arteriosa which being distributed both to the right and left part of the Lungues by great branches administers Blood freely to them about the bnginning of it are three Membranous shutters very conspicuous looking outwards called Sigmoides from their form they shut in the Blood which flows back from the compressure of the Lungues but is indeed an Artery not a Vein for besides the substance of an Artery which it hath it hath also pulsation as well as the rest of the Arteries as the Dissection of Creatures alive shews and it carries Blood already attenuated by the Heart The left Ventricle of the Heart is smaller than the right but more fleshy whereby it stirs up the Spirit in the received Blood both by its self and by its stronger motion and this is called vital The great Artery called Aorta takes its beginning from this a Membranous vessel in continual pulsation while life remains of a shining colour and distributes the Blood being absolutely perfected in the Heart to the whole Body Its substance is more Nervous than a vein and covered with a double Tunicle of which the internal is the thicker and is sometimes stiffe in old age so that in and neer the Heart it represents a Bony circle the external is thin to which the Membranes of the adjoyning parts ad strength At its beginning are three shutters conspicuous and are called Lunar from their Figure and keep the Blood from returning back again into the Heart neither is there any other shutters in all its Progress for the strength of the internal tunicle doth not easily suffer dilation and besides there is no delay in the passage of blood in it Its blood is hotter fuller of spirits and of a brighter colour and seeing the distribution of it by pulse is continual the heart must needs be continually supplied by the Vena Cava to fill its Ventricles and this causeth a perpetual motion of Blood to the Heart more or less for the very same end Nature hath placed the veins as companions to the arteries that they might readily receive what might be administred to the emptying of the Heart for the exact knowledg of which our age is beholding to William Harvey The descending Trunk of the great Artery as it distributes the inferior intercostal Arteries the Phrenical and others which we discoursed of when we treated of the Abdomen so passing out of the Heart it is divided into two large subclavian branches from which before they pass out of the Breast ariseth below the superior intercostal Artery and a little higher the interior Mammary the Vertebral and Cervical the remainder of the great Artery produceth the Carotides on both sides the internal and external branch of which rise up to the head Neer to those Vessels about the Throat are the Thymus a soft and spongy piece of flesh which underproppeth them for their safe-guard From the left Ventricle of the Heart proceeds an Artery which the Ancients call Venosa because it hath but one Tunicle and dividing its branches it is carried to the right and left region of the Lungues taking the Blood mixed with Air to its self and carrying it to the left Ventricle of the Heart It hath two shutters to stay the blood from flowing back from the Heart into it which Authors call Mitrae because they are like a Cardinals Cap but this vessel is rather to be called a Vein than an Artery because its substance is the same with the Veins neither hath it pulse as Arteries have it carries the Blood tempered with Air to the Heart Between the Ventricles of the Heart is a partition called Septum which is hollowish toward the left side but gibbous towards the right having very many small holes many passages come to this same Septum of a various bigness from the Vena Cava and the Arteria Venosa which cloath the Basis of the Ventricles and administer necessary Blood unto them In temperature the Heart is without doubt the hottest of all the Bowels its Basis is in the middest of the Breast only the top of it inclines towards the left side as it moves it is joyned to the next parts by its Vessels and by the Pericardium to the Mediastinum and Diaphragma It s proper action is to perfect the Blood and to give it heat and vital spirit and motion which is called Pulse this is distinguished into Systole when the Heart drawing its self together expels the Blood and Diastole when it extends its self to receive it According to the opinion of the Ancients only the Heart consumes not in lasting diseases and yet it often happens that it doth pine by reason of hot distempers sometimes a glandulous substance makes its passages straight and sometimes they are filled with Flegm whereby the sick loseth his life leisurely and by degrees On both sides of the Heart are the Lungues which are dissimilar parts of the middle Ventricle and by drawing in the cold air and returning back the fuliginous vapors they cool the vital heat therefore that they may every where be filled and distended they are composed of a soft substance rare and subtil and covered with a porous Membrane they receive very large vessels the Arterial vein from the right and the Venal artery from
a branch of the external Jugular or passage through the Skull To these they ad a narrow hole like a chink and unequal which passeth a small Artery from the fore side of the rocky Process The rest of the holes obvious in this Process we shall handle in the History of Hearing The Bones of the Temples are joyned to the Bones of the fore part of the Head by the scaly or false Sutures they stick to the Bone of the Forehead the Wedg-like Bone and that of the hinder part of the Head The Bone in the hinder part of the Head is but one in such as are grown up being thicker than the rest although the lower part be thinnest where it is strengthened by that long knob arising up to it Its Cavities are nine of which two are remarkable which contain the Protuberances of the Cerebellum its holes are very many of which the greatest passeth the marrow of the Back to the Vertebrae It doth not constitute the second and third hole it self but with the bone of the Temples of which we spake before neer to these is the fourth and fift which is proper to the hinder part of the Head little and round by which the seventh pair of Nerves descend out of the Skull to these sometimes is added a sixt and seventh hole to which Nature appointeth the multiplied branches of the Vertebral veins and arteries the hinder part of the Head is more even on the outside but internally various and in a manner resembles a figure of five sides it is separated from the bones of the Fore part of the Head with the Suture Lambdois from the middle and sides of the bones of the Temples by the Sphenois also from the first Vertebra of the Neck by a double Process both for its motion and security in its meeting with the Lambdois and Sagittal Suture sometimes there is a smal bone of a Triangular form sometimes with a single sometimes with a double Lamen although not exactly produced to the opposite places which is an excellent Antidote for the Falling-sickness to this Nature often forms lesser bones which are like to it between the Liniaments of the true Sutures consisting usually of a simple Lamen joyned to the inferior Lamen The Os Sphenois or Wedg-like Bone makes up the Basis of the Skull it is only one in such as are grown up various in respect of thickness and thinness and manifold in Form for it is garnished with many Processes of which some are external and of these some on the fore part and for their figure sake are called Perigoides or Wing-like others on the back part which are stretched out with two Tops towards the Bodkin-like Appendix the internal Processes are various as well as the external of which two are forewards and form a broad beginning end in a point the backward Processes are as many which are stretched out broad when they are elegantly formed they have two points in their extremities lightly bowed in the middle and these processes together with the space between them are compared by Authors to the Saddle of a Horse the Cavities of the Os Sphenois are many that which is produced in the middle of the Saddle is famous above the rest receives the Glandula Pituitaria neer which two others arise which are smaller also they are worthy to be noted which are in the wing-like Processes which are long and deep Cavities and give security to the internal Muscle called Pterigois In both sides of the Sphenois are seven holes of which the first is neer the foremost process of the Saddle and admits the optick Nerve to the Eyes the second from a round beginning ends in a chink and through it is the second pair of Nerves and a Branch of the third carried to the Eye also a large Branch of the Artery Carotis with the abounding humidity from the Glandula Pituitaria the third hole which is under the second is very little and round by which a Branch of the Nerve of the third pair is carried to the temporal Muscle and Pterigoides the fourth is on the external side of the Apple of the Eye and resembles a large ditch unequally broad rather than a hole by which the first branch of the Nerve of the fourth Conjugation with that of the third pair is distributed to the temporal Muscle and descending to the bottom of the upper Jaw it is distributed partly to the Nose partly to its sixt Bone and sends a small branch to be distributed to the Pallat the fift hole is under the posterior Process of the Saddle long and rough and gives passage to the greater Branch of the Artery Carotis the sixt is observable on the external side of the same oval in figure and gives extramission to the fourth pair of Nerves the seventh is neer the sixt very small and round and sends the smaller Branch of the Internal Jugular Vein to the Dura Mater The Os Sphenois is joyned to the first Bone of the upper Jaw as also to the fourth and sixt below the Pallat on the sides to the Processes of the Bones of the Temples before to the bone of the Forehead and behind to that of the hinder part of the Head by tke Sutures called Mendosae and Harmoniae which age most commonly obliterates The Os Ethmois or Sieve-like Bone is less than the orher Bones belonging to the Skull and various in habit it seems to be composed of six parts of which the first and second is full of holes like a Sieve and thence came the name to the whol Bone it is covered with the Dura Mater but it is full of pores not only to take in air and smels but also to put out excrements the third is the interior process not much unlike a Cocks Comb rising between the Nerves of smelling or the Papillar Processes of the Brain the fourth is another part of the Process opposite to the former thin yet hard and distinguisheth the the Nostrils above the fift nnd sixt parts are altogether spongious and full of holes and guard the upper Cavities of the Nostrils on the sides and almost equals the wideness of them It is joyned to the Bone of the Forehead and to the second of the upper Jaw and to the Os Sphenois by light Harmonia which old age sometimes takes away The Jaws follow of which the superior is composed of twelve bones six on each side the first is joyned to the external angle of the Eye and the foreward process of the Bone of the Temples and by their processes make the Os Jugale The second makes the inner angle of the Eye and hath a large passage by which the overflowing moisture of the Eyes descends to the Nostrils The third is interposed between these two The fourth is the greatest of all and occupies a great part of the Cheek and Pallat and gives holes to the upper teeth it hath a conspicuous hole neer the apple of the Eye by which a
you disdain not to turn thy eyes and mind to the Corps of Man Artificially dissected whether the Profession of Wisdom or Physick delight thee I promise thee here something worth thy labor and not to be despised for there is not the least nor most abject part of Man but by its admirable structure thou maiest know him that made thee to be most wise most powerful Thou shalt find out the causes of all the actions the consent and concord of thy whol Body the Foundation of Health and Sickness thou maiest the better apply Remedies to afflicted parts and in the time when Nature calls for remedy thou needest not be hurried on with rashness nor retarded by fear In the Body of Man both Ventricles and Limbs are to be heeded the common name of Limbs comprehends both Hands and Feet we cal those notable Cavities of the Body Ventricles in which Nature hath placed diverse parts dedicated to diverse actions to settle their abode in Of these are three The first which is the lower is called the Abdomen and is internally compassed with the Psritonaeum it is called the Abdomen because it hides and involves all those Bowels which are ordained for the preparation of the nourishment of the whol Body the begetting of Children the producing and cherishing of the Seed The second which is the middle is bounded about with the Pleura It is in the Fountain of vital heat and in it are the Lungues The third which is the highest is included in the head and stoutly defended by the Skull in this Plato placeth the Coelestial part of Man We because we would avoid putrifaction begin the Dissection at the lower Ventricle or Abdomen whose fore part which is next the lower Cartilages of the Ribs the ancients called Hypochondria and is divided into the right and left But the other we of Modern times very fitly call that part which is next the Stomach and the uppermost Guts Epigastrium but that which contains the lower part of the belly even to the groyn and privities Hypocastrium the middle between the Epigastrium and Hypogastrium we call the region of the Navil the back part of the Abdomen the upper part of it is called the Loyns the lower part the Buttocks Of the parts of the Abdomen some are common to the whol Body some proper to its self the common parts are the skin scarf-skin fat and fleshy Membrane The Skin is a Membranous covering of the Body drawn over the outward parts defending them from injury and giving judgment of tangible Objects I call it a Membranous covering because the substance is the same with a Membrane and it is stretched abroad like it yet it differs from a Membrane in Temperament conformation and office it takes its original not from Blood nor yet from the Vessels but from the Seed and this the first radiments of the Embrion in the womb testifies which Nature compasseth about with a thin skin even so soon as it is compacted Hence also like other Seminal parts even in a Blackmoors under the black thin skin it is white neither when it is lost doth Nature restore again the same but another substance like it which is called a Callus or Scar. It receives its quickness of sence from the Nerves not only the extremity of which but also diverse small branches are spread abroad in it as is very cleer in the third and four pair of Nerves which pass to the face and the sixt pair which pass to the Arms. It receives also many small veins and Arteries that so it may be furnished with blood for nourishment and vital spirit for quickning that the coldness and dryness of it may be allayed that part of of it about the Abdomen is supplied by veins and Arteries from the Epigastricts Lumbals and Mammary branches The Habit of the skin is altogether different according to the variety of temperament age sex and region The skin on the top of the head is thickest that on the sides thin that on the face and palm of the hand thinner and that of the lips thinnest of all that on the tops of the fingers is mean that so the sence of touching might be the more perfect It hath very many passages or holes in it of which some are wide as the mouth nose ears eyes and privities c. seing they are necessary either to receive in food or cast out excrements others are small and innumerable by which sweat and fuliginous vapors transpire It is in colour naturally white and sticks loosly to the fat that is under it so that in some places being cut it may be blown up from it as hath been tryed by some in that barbarous fashion of cuting Leprosies It sticks fast to the fleshy membrane of the fore-head as also to that of the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands So that the motion of those parts it is drawn into wrinkles together with it by which as by Hieroglyphicks the curiosity of mans brain hath drawn indications of things to come A famous thin skin covers this skin externally which the Greeks very acutely call Epidermis the Latins Enticula and we Scarf-skin it takes its original from the dewy moisture on the out side of the skin which is made thick into that form partly by the gentle and nourishing heat of nature partly by the driness round about whence it comes to passe that the Embrion being yet very tender yet this though very soft is found about it it obtains its firmnesse by age even such a firmnesse that sometimes it restrains the excrements that pass through the pores of the skin It is extended all about the body where the skin is and sometimes through hot and fiery vapors that pass through the pores you may see it divided as in such cases when we English say the skin pills off It is all together void of life and sence and yet so firmly knit to the skin that it can hardly be seperated Neither is the use of this Scarf-skin though it seems so smal a busines smal for without this could not the pores of the skin be covered the continual moisture of the body restrained the body be made able to endure heat and cold nor the limbs be clensed of durt and filth Serpents seem yearly to cast off this Scarf-skin but the scaly skin is not a true Scarf-skin but a thin membrane made of viscous slime and filth and the driness of the air about the same happens to men in feavers especially upon their tongue Underneath the skin is the fat which is an unctuous or greasy substance of the body produced out of the Oyly substance of the nourishment which lying like a mat about the body not only defends it from the injury of cold but also restrains the immoderate dissipating or scattering of the internal heat therefore in the Child even when it detained in the womb it begins to grow yet is it more in quantity and thicker after
french Bean which from them were called Kidney Beans outwardly bowing inwardly unequally hollow It is monstrous when both of them stick together or when they are so bowed that both ends touch or when either of them is double yet their surface is often unequal by reason of Glandulae that stick to them in the conception and remains even in age The copiousness of water that continually flows to the Reins mitigates their hot and dry quallity the right Kidney lies under the Liver the left under the Spleen neer the Muscles of the loyns called Psoas The right Kidney lies lowest by reason of the bigness of the Liver both of them are joyned to the Diaphragma and loyns by the outward Membrane The Ureters receive the urine being separated by the Reins and carry it to the Blader they are round channels composed of a double Membrane the exterior of which they have from the Peritonaeum for their strength sake the interior is propper to themselves strong and Nervous endewed with many right and oblique strings they have small Veins and Arteries from the next descending vessels and small Nerves from the Plexure of the sixt pair and from the loyns they are usually in number two sometimes more the third descending from the left Kidney neer the second They take their beginning from that loose and membranous Sinus which Authors call Infundibulum renum from which they pass within the small pores of the Reins and their extremities being opened they take in those fleshy knobs called Papillares which we spake of before to which they are usually equal in number then contracting themselves they descend and pass above the Muscles Psoas and pass into the Bladder toward the lower part thereof between the Membranes The Bladder is an organical part of the inferior Ventricle which keeps the Urine it receives from the Kidneys and expels it when the weight or acrimony of it makes it troublesom it consists of a three-fold Membrane the external of which the Peritonaeum bestows the other two are proper to its self of which the middlemost is thickest and full of fleshy strings and is of great concernment for the expulsion of the Urine the innermost is thin and quick of sence and defended from the sharpness of the Urine by a mucous crust It hath veins and arteries from the Hypogastricks Nerves from the lower internal branches of the sixt pair which touch not the plexure of the Mesenterium and also from the Os Sacrum not only age but also its violent stretching alters its magnitude It is divided into the bottom and the neck the bottom is the superiour and wider part of the Bladder from which the Vrachos passeth to the Navil which is wider towards the bottom but grows slender by degrees towards the Navil this when man grows to any age together with the Umbiliar Arteries makes that strong Ligament of the bladder by help of which the bottom of it is detained which else would be depressed by the Bowels lying upon it which see more at large in the Tenth Figure of the Second Chapter and yet sometimes it happens even in ancient people that the Vrachos being loosned by some violent means gives way to the Urine by the Navill The neck of the Bladder is the inferior part more narrow more fleshy The strings of this being cast in a circle makes the Sphincter which shuts the passage that the Urine may not flow from us whether we will or not The Bladder hath three passages of which two are obscure by which the Urine passeth into it by the Ureters one greater by which it passeth out It is in form like a Pear and possesseth the bottom of the inferior Ventricle the bottom of it is fastened by the Vrachos the Neck in Men to the right Gut and the Glandulae prostatae in Women to the Neck of the Womb and the Os Pubis Between the Bladder and the Reins in the publick order of Dissections there is worth the observation the descending Trunks of the Vena Cava and the great Artery although Nature seldom keep the same order in the number magnitude and scituation of the branches The Vena Cava after it hath sent out the Emulgent under the Diaphragma and the Spermatical veins passing downwards it sends out three or four Lumbals and distributes them to the Vertebrae of the Loyns and the marrow included in them the superior of which passing upwards are joyned by Anastomosis to the descending branches of the internal Jugular about the Os Sacrum the Trunk of the Vena Cava being placed under the great Artery is divided into two great branches which are called Iliacks to wit the internal and external from which the superior Vena Muscula and Vena Sacra proceed From the internal Iliack branch which is the least ariseth the Muscula Glutea and the famous Hypogastrick vein which gives branches to the longitude of the neck of the Womb to the Muscles of the bladder and right Gut and to the Os Sacrum from the external Iliack branch which is the greatest after the internal Iliack the Epigastrick vein which is double in Women and proceeds to the neck of the Womb and the Privities the remainder of it after it hath passed the Abdomen makes the Crural branch which we shall speak to hereafter The progress of the great Artery is not much unlike to this for after it hath brought forth the former Mesenterick Artery then the Coeliacal afterward the Emulgent Spermatick and inferior Mesenterick the Lumbals and that which is called Sacra It is divided about the Os Sacrum into Iliack Branches of which the interior produceth the Arteries Muscula and Hypogastrica which keep the same pace with the Veins the exterior brings forth the Epigastrick and the Pudenda that which is remaining descends to the Legs and makes the Crural Arteries Of these Veins and Arteries see more in the last Chapter of the Book Place here the Table of the fifth Chapter which hath the Number 5. at the corner of the brass Plate AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE FIFT CHAPTER The present Table laies open the Reins with their Glandulae the Emulgent Vessels Bladder andVreters Also the rise and progress of the Spermatick Vessels FIG I. AA The Glandulae of the Reins or the Capsula of Melancholly B The right Kidney uncovered of the Membrane C The left Kidney D The descending trunk of the Vena Cava E The descending trunk of the great artery FF The right Ureter GG The left Ureter HH The right Vessels preparing the Seed II The left Vessels preparing the Seed K Part of the Bladder besides which the Vessels carrying the Seed are turned in the Abdomen L Part of the right Gut cut off FIG II. AA The common Membrane of the Reins which is bespred with fat BB The Glandulae of the Kidneys C The right Kidney D The left Kidney E The proper skin of the Kidneys partly separated F The trunk of the Vena Cava descending
G The trunk of the great artery descending H The left Emulgent Vein II The right Emulgent Vein aa The right Emulgent arteries bb The left Emulgent arteries c The left Spermatick artery d The left Spermatick Vein e The right Spermatick Vein f The right Spermatick artery g The Fatty Vein arising from the Emulgent h The fatty artery KKKK The Ureters on both sides LLLL The Vessels preparing the Seed MM The Scrotum with the testicles in it NN The Vessels carrying the Seed O The Bladder stripped of his external tunicle FIG III. A The Capsula or right Glandula Renalis BB A Vein from the trunk of the Vena Cava coming into it FIG IV. A The Capsula dissected BB The hollowness of the Capsula somewhat laid open FIG V. AA The internal face of the dissected Kidney BB The Emulgent Vein with his branches distributed in the Kidney C The Emulgent artery in like manner distributed FIG VI. AA The Kidney dissected B The Sinus of the Ureter about the Kidney C The round form of the ureters descending from the Kidneys DD The narrow passages of the ureters EEE The fleshy Knobs called Papillares FIG VII AA The common tunicle of the Bladder drawn back BB The middle tunicle and bottom of the Bladder C The inner tunicle which appears when the Bladder is cut D The Orifice of the bladder by which the Urine passeth out EE The Neck of the Bladder which seems swelled by reason of the Prostatae joyned to it FF Part of the Ureters that come to the Bladder CHAP. 6. Of the Instruments of Generation in Man BY these Organs the Nutriment is wrought or made by which the frail Nature of Man is sustained which perishing by age is sustained by posterity Of these in Men some perfect the seed others sow it in the fruitful field of Nature being perfected of the first are the preparing vessels the Pampiniforme the Epididymides the Testicles the Parastatae the Vasa deferentia and the vessels that keep the seed Of the latter are the vessels that cast out the Seed and the Yard The preparing vessels are two veins and as many arteries the right of the veins ariseth most commonly from the Trunk of the Vena Cava either with a single or double root the left most commonly ariseth from the left Emulgent so that in their original the scope or pastime of Nature is observed The Arteries most commonly arise from the Trunk of the great Artery and pass down ward being mixed with the veins they enter the Peritonaeum and by their manifold plexure they make the bodies called Pyramidalia because from a narrow beginning they become broad like a Pyramide they are called also Pampiniformia because they are curled like the Claspers of a Vine from thence they tend downwards and are distributed to the Epidydimis and the Testicles The Epididymides are small white hard glandulous bodies covered with the common tunicle of the Spermatick Vessels they are longish and hollowish where they are committed to the Testicles sometimes they are so big that on the one or other side they represent another Testicle they lie neer to the Testicles to whose proper Membrane with very many strings and passages they are joyned here is also a nexure found about the extremity of each Testicle for they lie rather in the middle space than stick to them their office is to give their first rudiments of Seed to the blood the preparing vessels bring in and commit it to the Testicles for the perfecting of it The Epididymides are the Testicles joyned so called because they witness strength and man-hood they have a glandulous white and soft substance having small Veins and Arteries from the Spermaticks most neatly distributed in them they have Nerves partly from the internal branch of the sixt pair which declines the plexure of the Mesenterium partly from the marrow of the back that they may have sence as well as life and nourishment they are compassed about with a proper Membrane of their own strong and thick which because it is white in color they call Albuginea the Divine Creator hath formed two of them that so the work might be done by the other when the one languisheth or is deficient In respect of manifest quality they are hot and moist not because they have a fountain of heat which they distribute to the body for the changes that happen to the Body when they are lost either in voice temperament or strength comes through defect of any Natural heat flowing from the stones but from the oppression of that copious matter which useth to be converted into Seed in form they are almost oval both for security sake and also for capacity they hang in men without the Abdomen that so they might not be so lustful and that the matter whereof the Seed is made might be the better perfected by the length of the passage to which the Testicles ad strength and fruitfulness For it is an error to hold that their hanging down conduceth any thing at all to the casting out of the Seed because the Seed is received from them being made fruitful by the ejaculating Vessels which are far remote from them neither do they change or any way frustrate the office of the Yard they contain Seed but such as is very thin as is seen by Carcasses not consumed by disease nor fasting and therefore it receives its last perfections in the Seminal vessels and Prostatae To the Epididymides are joyned the Parastatae Variciformes so called because they resemble the form of veins when they are swelled crooked and bowed for the better elaborating of the Seed they are Nervous and hard in the touching from these whatsoever is carried upwards into the Abdomen is turned back to the Bladder and is called Deferentia For the security of the Testicles hath Nature provided a thing like a sack or bag called Scrotum we in English call it the Cods and is visible it is divided by a line in the midst neither is the composition of it single for it hath a skin with its scarf-skin and a Membrana Carnosa close knit to the skin and wrinkled with it which they call Darton because it can hardly be separated from the skin after this is the Elytroides or proper Membrane which compasseth the Testicles round and this is a process of the Peritonaeum and is double as the Testicles are The external part is furnished with Muscles which from their office are called Cremasters or holders up also from the fleshy texture of strings a red Membrane is formed which Authors call Erythroides the internal part which immediately compasseth about the Testicles is called Nervea this being the proper tunicle of the Testicles is sometimes bespread with fat and so being is a hindrance to the fruitfulness of the Seed The Cremaster Muscles arise from the Ligaments of the Os pubis under the transverse Muscles of the Abdomen they hold up the weight of the Testicles and bring
the Womb. X In the right side the Hypogastrick artery distributed in the Womb. X In the left side the Hypogastrick vein distributed in the Womb. Y The passage of the Womb. Z The Bladder depressed above the Privities aa A portion of the Ureters cut off about the Bladder bb A portion of the Vreters descending cut off about the reins cc The preparing Vessels dilated about the testicles dd The Vasa deferentia FIG III. AA The bottom of the Womb dissected cross BB The cavity of the bottom C The neck of the Womb. D The hole in the neck of the Womb of a Woman which hath brought forth EE The wrinkled face of the passage of the womb FF The round Ligaments of the Womb cut off underneath FIG IV. A The right testicle BB The right Tubae depressed C The left testicle bb The passages of the testicles of the womb DD The left Tubae of the Womb. E The bottom of the womb FF the round Ligaments of the womb cut off below G The Bladder inserted to the passage of the womb and stretched upwaâ—ds HH Portions of the Ureters II The two musculous parts of the Clytoris K The body it self of the Clytois FIG V. A The head of the Clytoris stiking out under the skin BB The external Lips of the Pivities drawn aside CC The Alae or Nymphae drawn aside D The Caruncle of the passage of Vme besides a EE The two fleshy prodixtions like Myrtle Leaves FF The Membranous containing of the chink FIG VI. A The Membrane drawn cross the Privities vulgarly taken for the Hymo FIG VII A The Privities of a yong Girl â—n which the signification is the same as in â—he fift figure CHAP. 8. Of the Fruit in the Womb. TO the Body of the Mother we adjoyn the contemplation of the fruit in the Womb because it is a part of it though temporary as not only the community of substance and nourishment but also the nexure of the Secundine and Umbilicar vessels to the Womb witnesseth this Fruit we consider as genuine and nourished by the Womb and as being fitting to breath the air it breaks out from that narrow inclosure The small Body of the Embrion is formed by the vital vertue of the Seed of the Man from which office it is called Plastica of which by the appointment of God himself by his infinite wisdom goodness and power he hath left not only obscure foot-steps but also cleer arguments to this the heat of the Seed and Nourishment from the Mother administers the Compendium that doth this great work is very small not exceeding the bigness of a great Emmet from which that is first formed without which life cannot be preserved to wit the Heart and from it the veins and arteries as from their Basis afterwards the Liver and then other parts which come first into use That the Heart is first formed before any other part your eyes will witness if you dilligently contemplate the framing of the Embrion in Eggs and although the Heart be very little and altogether white yet by reason of the blood contained in each Ventricle it hath a transparent redness to be distinguished from the other parts The motion of the Heart helps and confirms this for so soon as any blood is to be seen in the Veins of the Embrion the Heart being full of blood moves with a swift yet ordinary pulse so often as it is dilated it receives blood into its Ventricles so often as it is compressed it casts it out and this appears in the Heart whilst it is white though something increased Besides it must first be formed by reason of its singular plenty of heat which no other part of the Body is equally endewed with Lastly necessity requires its first formation that so by its motion the vital Spirit may be stirred up increased and distributed to the Body The matter of which the first forming sisteme of the Body is produced is the Seminal substance in the Body of the Mother which passing from the Tubae to the bottom of the womb to which the Seed of the Man ads heat and Spirit and to the increase and maintaining of it is the Blood of the Mother required this comes not at all to that first mixture from the Seed neither doth it make any Parenchyma but after an interval of time the Umbilicar vessels and Heart being framed it is drawn and takes its redness with the Muscles Of the parts procreated some lose their use others retain it so long as life lasteth such as lose their use are the Navil and its Vessels the the Membranes which compass the Child in the womb and the Placenta the use of these ceaseth so soon as the Child is brought forth to light The Navil is a Membranous ducture by which the Vein and Arteries arise from the child to the Mothers Womb both this and the Secundine wants Nerves because they have no use of sence It is of a famous length even in the very beginning of the Formation although the bigness of the Embrion at beginning be no bigger than a great Emmit or a small Bee but when the Fruit is ready for extramission the Navil-string is three spans long and as thick as ones finger both for the strength of the Vessels the perfecting of the blood by its long passage the commodious motion of the Child and the easier drawing out the Secundine it hath no distinct nodes yet is it wreathed and unequal for the easier bowing of the included vessels The rise of the Navil is from the middle of the Abdomen that the inclination of the Head and Breast of the Child might be the readier towards the mouth of the Womb at the biginning of the Embrion it swims in the Liquor of the Amnios but when it is more perfected it is bowed for the most part above the Breast and produced backwards by the hinder part of the Head to the Fore-head and joyned to the womb by Membranes and the contained Vessels The Vessels contained in the Navil are one vein and two arteries the vein is largest and takes its Original from the Foundation of the Vena porta within the Liver therefore it descends by the Arteries of the Liver to the Navil and being divided into very many branches above the Chorion it joyns its self to the Womb and carries Blood for the nourishment of the Infant The Umbilicar Arteries take their Original from the Iliack branches of the great Artery from which place being stretched upwards by the sides of the Vrachos they enter the Navil and are manifoldly distributed above the Corion with the Veins they carry vital Spirit and communicates it to the Child It is farre enough off from the truth that these vessels passe to the Child from the Mothers womb and the Membranes adjacent for in the young ones of Birds it is easie to be seen that Nature deduceth the Veins and Arteries from the Fruit it self inclosed in its Secundines and by degrees
divideth them into lesser branches It doth the like in vegetables whose roots come not from the Earth to the Plants but the Plants send them to the Earth for nourishment and this is abundantly proved in Bulbous roots that grow out of the Earth neither comes this opinion neer the truth that the Arteries umbilicar vein are framed before the Heart and Liver for neither Heart nor Liver is made of Blood but of Seed and the whole Systeme of the Body is made before any vessels passe from it for before the Bowels are formed there is no need of vessels as the Conception of living Crearures and the Seeds of Plants evidently demonstrates The Vrachus is added to the Umbilicar vessels being a Membranous Body round and porous within arising from the Basis of the Bladder and attenuated towards the Navil it delivers the Urine from the Bladder to the Amnios and yet this seems doubtful to these who behold the solidity of this vessel the smalness of its pore and the obscurity of its passage out by the Navil but so soon as the Infant is born whatsoever of the Navil string is left to the Body after it is cut off its former use ceasing is turned into a Ligament The Membranes which compass about the Child in the womb are two of which that which is next the Body of it is called Amnios being soft light and cleer gently joyned to the Chorion where the Placenta is from the very beginning of the Conception it contains a watry Liquor which defends the tender Limbs of the Embrion in the violent motions of the Mother and in the labour of the Mother the Membranes being broken it mollifies the passages and gives the easier extramission to the Child that this is gathered together between the Membranes Amnios and Chorios the connexion of the Tunicles and dilligent observation denies neither can there come any detriment to the Child from the sharpness of this humor seeing the Cuticula easily defends it The other Membrane they call Chorion and it compasseth the whole Child round on the outside of the Amnios and is the thicker of the two by odds it is smooth on the inside and is furnished with abundance of the Umbilicar Veins and Arteries In which place the Child encreasing the Liver or Placenta of the womb ariseth in Figure it is a soft and Spongy peice of flesh and hath many branches of the Umbilicar vessels both to cherish its heat and nourish its substance To these they add the Allantoes or Skin in which the Urine is kept although this appears in the Anatomy of Bruites rather than of Women To these Membranes Ancient Authors defend and prove mightily and as mightily disagree about certain vessels called Acetabula and Cotyledones which some say are some say are not joyned some hold them to be the mouths of the vessels swelled with Blood other pieces of flesh between the Chorion and the Womb which prop up the Umbilicar vessels and receive the Blood when it flows too fast to the Child which is conspicuous in the Wombs of Sheep and the like Creatures If we search out what answers to this in women you must look to Placenta before described which being hollow on that part next the Chorion convex on that part which is next the womb represents the same form only it is far bigger and by the softness of its substance and multitude of its vessels performs the same office These are the parts of the Child which are useless after Birth and are called the After-birth or Secundine The parts of the Body which continues still in office the Child being born are the same which are in the Ventricles the unlikeness of which the child in the womb to a mans of age is here to be spoken off the Ventricle of the Child in the womb though it be contracted yet is it never Empty but alwaies white and covered over with the Liver The Guts are seven times as long as the Body and the Gut called Caecum is filled with excrements the excrements of the small Guts are Flegmatick and yellow those in the great Guts solid and hard which the Ancients called Meconium The Liver appears great and stretched out even to the left Hypochondrium the substance of it before it grows red may be seen full of purple Veins and the Gall under it appears yellow and swelled The Sweet-bread is large and by its bright colour evidently shew the diduction of Chyle and yet it shews it more cleerly after the Child is born whilst it sucks The second Table of this Chapter presents you with its delineaments The Glandula of the Kidneyes are of a wonderful bigness and lye not in the Reins as they do in such as are grown up but lye upon them and embrace the superior part of them the reins themselves are great and have very many Glandulae the Ureters are wide and the Bladder full of Urine the bottom of the womb in young Wenches is compressed and the Tubae stretched out the Testicles great al which the Second Figure in the forementioned Table Specifies The Bowels of the Abdomen which are allotted for publique digestion do not want private digestion but manifestly operate for the common profit of the Infant for that the Stomach makes Chyle is manifest by the matter contained in it and by the various excrements in the foldings of the Guts Although the Sence of Man cannot yet perceive by what passages the substance to be converted into Chyle comes to the Stomach The fancies of the Ancients that the Child sucked in at its mouth being exploded for many difficulties yet is it agreeable to reason that as in Men the Liver and Spleen receive whatsoever is to be turned into Blood so whilst the Fruit is nourished in the womb the passage of the throat being denied the Stomach should draw that from the Liver and Spleen which it digesteth and turneth into Chyle that the Liver makes Blood in the Fruit is cleer by the separation of the Chollerick and watry excrement for although the Blood of the Mother by which the Embrion is nourished be pure yet is it unlike to the temperature of the Fruit and therefore stands in need of another separation and change About the Breast the Veins are very full of Blood but the most notable thing in the Heart is there is a large passage out of the Vena Cava into the Arteria Venosa or an anastomosis defended with a Membrane also a small channel out of the Vena Arteriosa into the great Artery so that the Blood may readily passe from the right ventricle of the heart into the left these passages as age comes Nature stops up by degrees unless some great obstructions of Flegm as somtimes happens stop up the vulgar passages the Heart it self is great and its ears and vessels large the Lungues seem Bloody neither have they as yet obtained their rariety because of their rest and yet their Birth being neer and the