Selected quad for the lemma: nature_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
nature_n	blood_n	part_n	vein_n	2,409	5	9.8272	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A06950	Markhams maister-peece, or, What doth a horse-man lacke containing all possible knowledge whatsoeuer which doth belong to any smith, farrier or horse-leech, touching the curing of all maner of diseases or sorrances in horses : drawne with great paine and most approued experience from the publique practise of all the forraine horse-marshals of Christendome and from the priuate practise of all the best farriers of this kingdome : being deuided into two bookes, the first containing all cures physicall, the second whatsoeuer belongeth to chirurgerie, with an addition of 130 most principall chapters and 340 most excellent medicines, receits and secrets worthy euery mans knowledge, neuer written of nor mentioned in any author before whatsoeuer : together with the true nature, vse, and qualitie of euerie simple spoken of through the whole worke : reade me, practise me, and admire me / written by Geruase Markham gentleman.	Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637.	1610 (1610)	STC 17376.5; ESTC S4777	291,300	517

stiffnesse in the ioints or for tiring then he hath foure veines about the cronets of his hoofes are called the cronet veins and are opened for foundring in the feet or for ring-bones then he hath foure veines within his foure hoofes running about his toes are called the feet veins and are only opened for foundring or frettizing in the feet he hath then two maine great veines which descend downe from his stones alongst the inside of his thighes to his cambrell are called the kidney veines which only are opened for diseases in the kidneies he hath then two other veines which descend from aboue the hinder cambrel all alongst the inside of the hinder legges downe to the fetlocks are called the spauen veines which are opened for the bloud spauen only he hath then 2 veines in his flankes which are called the flanke veins are opened for any griefe in the r●ines or fillets he hath then 2 veins in his hinder hanches called the hanch veines are opened for any maner of consumption of the flesh or such like then he hath two veines which run alongst his side euen from the elbow of the forelegge vnto the flank are called the spurre veines are opened for foundring or spur-galling Lastly he hath one single veine in his taile which is called the taile veine is opened for the shedding of the haire or any manginesse So there is in a horses body of principall veines which vpon occasion must be opened iust 37. as you may perceiue by this figure which is the true anatomy of all the principall veins others within a horses body where you are to vnderstand that the letter A sheweth the temple veine B the eie veine C the palate veines D the necke veine E the breast veine F the plat veines G the shank veins H the cronet veines I the hoofe veines K the spurre veins L the kidney veines M the spauen veines N the flanke veines O the hanch veines P the taile veine Q the fet-locke veines Now for the other small threeds or veines which as it were ouerspread the whole body because nature will allow no part or member to be empty or void of bloud they be also veines deriued from the other maine great veines yet of no efficacy or force but such as vpon any necessary incision may very well be cut asunder without any fluxe of bloud or other danger but for the other maister veins they may not be cut but with great perill And thus much for veines which are the instruments of heate CHAP. 3. Of the Sinewes in a Horses body TOuching the sinewes within a horses body you shall vnderstand that from the braine which is the principall fountaine or well spring of sinewes whatsoeuer there is deriued one great maine sinew or tendant which passing through the hollownesse of the necke and backe bone doth extend it selfe euen to the nethermost ioynt in the horses strunt from this maine sinew is deriued two smaller branches which passing through certaine holes in the top of the horses skull runne downe alongst the horses cheekes euen to the point of his nosthrels then hath he two other branches which passing through certaine holes in his nether chap knit that and the vpper together and so run downe by his great teeth and meete iust below his nether lippe then hath he twenty eight small threeds which running through so many small holes in the seuen bones of his necke knit them fast together so likewise hath he small threeds which running through small holes knit all his chine euen to the nether end of his strunt fast together the number whereof is infinite and vncertaine then hath he two maine great sinewes which extending themselues ouer both the spade bones are deuided into many branches and runne downe into the forelegges euen into the coffins of the houes and knit euery ioint fast and substantially together then hath he two other maine sinewes which coming through two holes in the great columell or flat bone of the hippes or huckell do extend themselues being diuided into many branches downe both the hinder legges euen within the coffin of the hoofe also and bind all these seuerall ioints fast and strongly together Now lastly you shall vnderstand that from the setting on of the horses necke vnto the flat columell or huckell bone doth extend one great broad sinew of three inches broad being of one only thicke and smooth substance without any one threed or branch deriued from it which not only holdeth together the shoulder blades but also couereth all the horses chine quite ouer and this of the common Farriers is called pax-waxe so that a horse hath in all of maine and principal sinewes from whence a world of other sinewes are deriued iust 38. as you may more plainly perceiue by this picture which is the perfect Anatomy of all the sinews within a horses body and how they are diuided CHAP. 4. Of the number and situation of Bones in a Horses body FIrst you shall vnderstand that euery Horse or Oxe hath in his whole body iust 170 seuerall bones and no more that is to say in the vpper part of his head two bones from the forehead to the nose two bones his nether iawes two bones of foreteeth 12. of tushes 4. of grinders 24. from the nape of the necke to the points of the spade-bones seuen from the spade-bones to the huckel bones eight from the huckell bones to the end of the taile seuen then is there the great broade hinder bone which hath twelue seames or ioints in it then is there the two spade-bones and from thence to the forcels or canel bones other 2 bons called the marrow-bones from thence to the first ioynt aboue the legges other two bones and from thence to the knees two called the thigh bones and from thence to the pasternes other two called the shanke bones and from thence downward into the houes be in all 16. little bones Then there is a great bone in the horses breast whereunto are fastened 36. ribbes great and small and to the columel behinde be two bones and from the molairs to the ioynts other two bones and also two bones towards the ribbes from the bending of the houghe vnto the legge are two small bones and from the legges to the two focils of the legge other two little bones and from the pasternes into the hoofe sixteene little bones all which and their seuerall s●ituations you shall more plainly behold in this picture which is the most perfect Anatomy of the bones of a horse being simply compounded together that can bee made by demonstration CHAP. 5. How and when a Horse should be let bloud the end whereof and the signes of the necessity THe ancient Farriers and those of these present times are at great difference touching the letting of a horse bloud for some would haue him let bloud foure times in the yeare that is to say in the spring

then either put a redde silke threed dipt in oyle or butter or else a small shoomakers threed vnderneath the veine also somewhat higher then the cornet which silke or threed must serue to knit the veine when time requires then the cornet standing still as before with your kinfe slit the toppe of the veine longwise the length of a barly corne that it may bleed then stopping the neather part of your veine with the silke or threed suffer it to bleed well from aboue then with your silke or threed remoued aboue knit it fast with a sure knot aboue the slit suffering it onely to bleed from beneath and hauing bleed there also sufficiently then knit vp the veine beneath the slit with a sute knot then fill the hole of the veine with salt and heale vp the wound of the skinne with turpentine and hogges grease molten together or else with a little fresh butter laid on with a little flaxe or tow Now the vertue which redounds from this taking vp of veines first it is very necessary and doth ease all grieues straines and stifnesse of the limbs for the taking vp of the plat veins easeth al paines in the breast and grieues in the chest the taking vp of the fore-thigh veines easeth farcies and swellings of the legges the taking vp of the shackle veines before helpeth gourding quitter bones and the swelling of the ioynts scabbes and scratches the taking vp of the hinder hough-veines helpeth spauens of both kinds most especially any farcy in those parts and generally all swellings or impostumes the taking vp of the pastorne veines behind helpeth swellings about the cronet or neather ioints Paines mules and all manner of kibed heeles besides sundry other such like diseases CHAP. 154. Of cauterizing or giuing the fire the kinds and vses THe giuing of fire which amongst the best Farriers is called cauterizing and amongst the simpler burning searing or blistering is according to the generall opinion of all the most ancientest Farriers the chiefest remedy and as it were the last refuge of all diseases incident to any horses body whether they be naturall or accidentall for the violence of fire separating and disgesting all manner of humors into a thinne aire and loose body cleanseth and auoydeth those grosnesses which are the materiall causes of all putrifaction and vlceration Now of cauterization there bee two kinds the one of them actuall which is that which is done by the hand and with the instrument that is to say of the hote yron of what fashion soeuer the other potentiall which is done by the applying of medicine whose nature is either corrosiue putrifactiue or caustique Now the first of these which is the cautery actuall is principally to be vsed when there is any appostumation in any sinewie part or member or amongst any of the most principall veines also when you shall dismember or cut away any ioynt or make any incision where there is feare of any fluxe of blood or where you shall finde either the skinne or muscles shrunke or straitned and in many such like cases The cauterising potentiall is to bee vsed in old cankered vlcers wennes or any spungy excresion either of flesh or bone whatsoeuer of whose natures and properties you shall reade more hereafter in a following chapter CHAP. 155. Of the cauterize actuall and the forme of Instruments AN actuall cautery according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers being moderately vsed is a notable remedy to stop all corruption in members to keepe perfect the complexion of the same and also to staunch the bloud onely you must haue a carefull regard that in the handling of your yron you touch neither sinewes tendants cords nor ligaments lest you doe vtterly disable the member or breede crampes or conuultions except it bee when you dismember or cut away any ioynt as when you doe make curtals geld horses or such like and then your cautery is to bee vsed onely to feare the veines sinewes and ligamens till such time that you are perfectly assured that all fluxe of bloud is stopped whatsoeuer Now againe the actuall cautery bindeth together parts loosened it doth attenuate parts blowne and puffed vp it dryeth vp superfluous moysture it looseneth disperseth and diuideth euill matter gathered together into knots it asswageth old grieues it rectifieth those parts of the body that are corrupted by any manner of way reducing them to their first perfect estate and suffereth no aboundance of euill humours to grow or increase for the skinne being separated and opened with the hot Iron all putrifaction through the vertue of the fire is first digested and ripened and then so dissolued that the matter doth issue out aboundantly at the holes whereby the grieued or sickened member is now healed and eased of all paine and griefe yea and insomuch that the holes being once closed and cleane shut vp the place is stronger and better knit together and couered with a tougher skinne then euer it was before onely the great●st ●lemish that can any way be found in cautery is that it commonly leaueth a great scarre which is many times an eye-soare more then is tollerable and therefore the vse of cauterizing is onely to be preferred but in desperate cases of great extremity for albeit it worke foule yet it is most certaine it workes most sure Now as touching the instruments wherewith you must cauterize their substance and proportion you shall vnderstand that the most curious Farriers doe preferre either gold or siluer to be the best mettal to make them of in that few or no euill accidents doe follow where they burne But the wisest best and most skilfullest Farriers take copper to be sufficient inough and a mettal without any lawful exception yet where copper instruments cannot be had there you may with commendations inough vse such instruments as are made of iron and finde your worke no deale at all hindered Now for the fashion or proportion of your instruments or Irons they are to be referred to the soare or place grieued wherewith you are to meddle according to the diuersity whereof your instruments are to bee made of diuers fashions as some are to bee made knife-wise either with thinne edges or broad edges and they bee called drawing kniues or searing kniues because they are principally imployed in the drawing of strait lines shallow or deepe and sometimes in circular or diuers squares some are made like straite and some like crooked bodkins and they are imployed either in fleshy excresions to cause exulceration or else in impostumes to open small passages for the matter some are made like hookes or sickles and they are to bee vsed where the wound is crooked for the burning out of dead flesh or such like hidden euils which cannot bee reacht by any straite instrument others are made either with great buttons or little buttons at the end and they are vsed to open impostumes or else to burne into the sound flesh where you intend to

or pillar which doth vphold this naturall body of which we treate they are not onely belonging but euen deriued from the three powers immediatly spoken of in the former chapter as thus The action and operation of the Power animall is to discerne to moue and to feele Horses discerne by meanes of the vertue Imaginatiue Discoursatiue and Memoratiue whereof the first is placed in the forehead the second in the middle of the braine and the third in the hinder part of the head All which are cōprehended vnder the Power animall Horses moue by meanes of the vertue Motiue whose action operation is to straine or let slacke the sinewes whereby euery member hath his mouing And horses feeling is by meanes of the vertue Sensitiue whose action or operation is busied in the fiue sences as to See Heare Smell Tast and Touch and all these actions spring from the Power animall The action or operation of the Power vitall is to restraine and loosen the heart and the arteries which proceede from the heart which action whether it be hurt or disturbed in a horses body is easily knowne of euery good Farrier or horse Marshall by the vnequall beating of his pulse that is to say of the arteries which cometh downe from the heart to the insides of both his fore legges a little below the knuckles of his shoulders and likewise crosse both the temples of his head a little higher then his eyes And if any man be so simple to imagine that the thicknesse of the horses skinne shall be any impediment to the feeling of this motion let him remember that as a horses skin is thicker then a mans so also are his arteries greater and beate with more violence and so consequently to be felt without any great difficulty The actions or operations of the Power naturall are to ingender to increase to nourish to desire with appetite to attract to change to disgest to retaine and to expell and many others of like kinde These actions therefore are carefully to be looked vnto by euery Farrier to the intent that he may learne by them not only the whole state of a horses body but also what particular member thereof is euill affected as thus If either in your horse you finde much forgetfulnesse vnnimblenesse of his limbes or dulnesse vpon correction it is a signe of sicknesse in the braine and that the Power animal is euillaffected If you find that his pulses do beate extraordinarily flow or much to fast it is a signe that his heart is grieued and his Power vitall euill affected but if you finde that he doth consume pine away loseth his stomacke it is a signe that his liuer is perplexed all his inward parts out of frame and his Power naturall euill affected Now you shall againe vnderstand that of actions some be voluntary some not voluntary The voluntary actions be those which a horse may either further or hinder stay or let when themselues pleaseth as the mouing of the legges for they may go stand or lye downe at their owne pleasure The actions not voluntary are those which depend not vpon the will of any beast but be done of their owne accord and naturally as the mouing of the heart and of the arteries and the passage of the bloud the first whereof beateth sleeping and waking and the other hath his course euery minute And thus much of actions and operations CHAP. 8. Of Spirits and in what parts of the horses body they remaine SPirits which is the seuenth naturall builder of this naturall worke are to be vnderstood to be that fine pure cleare and ayrie substance which is ingendred of the finest part of the bloud whereby the vertue of euery principall member may visite all the other parts of the body making them to do their duties according to the rules of nature Now of spirits according to the opinion of some Physitians there are but two kinds that is the Spirit animall and the Spirit vitall The Spirit animall is that which giueth power of feeling and mouing to a horse and hath his resting place in the braine from whence through the sinewes it is dispersed into all other parts of the body and as it is ingendred of the vitall spirit being more vehemently wrought and laboured and partly of continuall breathing euen so it is partly preserued by the Chaule of the braine which doth howrely water and nourish it The Spirit vitall is contained in the heart from whence it floweth into euery part of the body being the chiefe cause of all naturall heate and it is preserued and nourished both by breathing and bloud To these two spirits there be some Farriers both Italians and French which adde a third spirit and call it the Spirit naturall saying it hath its residence in the liuer the veines but the two former are of such power and haue such superiority that the body cannot liue without them nor haue any being at all wherefore it is the office of the Farrier continually in all his medicines to haue euer some comfortable simple which may maintaine and keepe these spirits in their full strength liuelyhood and vertue And thus much touching spirits those seuen naturall things which compact a naturall body Chap. 9. Of the sixe thing not naturall how they profit and how they hurt HAuing spoken of the naturall things whereof a horses body is compounded it is needfull now that we speake something of the other sixe which be not naturall so farre forth as they concerne the office of the Farrier and no further for with other matters we haue not to do The first thing then which is not naturall yet preserueth a horses body in good state is the aire which being pure sharp cleare and piercing giueth great life and nourishment to a horse but being contrary that is grosse thicke and full of putrifaction it cannot chuse but alter the good habit of his body and breede in him many infirmities Therefore euery Farrier shall haue great respect to the aire wherein a horse either liueth or was bred in as if a horse that was bred in a hot aire come to liue in a cold and through that exchange grow sicke the Farrier shall by warme dyet close house and moderate cloathing bring his nature to a stronger acquaintance also when a horse exceedeth in any of the foure qualities that is in heate moystnesse coldnesse or drinesse it is best for him to liue in that aire which is contrary to that quality wherein hee exceedeth Lastly in many diseases the change of the aire is most wholesome as shall be shewed at large in the particular diseases For the meate and drinke of a horse which is the second thing not naturall in a horses composition it is not to be doubted but whilest it is sweete cleane good as bread well made and baked dry oates dry beanes dry pease sweet hay sweet straw or short grasse so long it nourisheth and preserueth the horses body

that thing which is made or proceedeth from it Now of these elements which are the vsuall first mouers or beginners of all mouing things there are onely foure in number that is to say Fire Aire Water and Earth meaning not that fire aire water and earth which is visible here with vs beneath and which through the grossenes thereof is both palpable and to be discerned but those which are mounted aloft and through their purity inuisible and concealed from vs for the other are compounded bodies and not simple And of these perfect and distinct elements you shall know that the fire is the highest as being fixed or ioyned next vnto the Moone being hot and drye yet naturally exceeding or being most predominant or ruling in heate The aire is placed next vnto the fire and is naturally light and hot yet his predominant or chiefe quality is moist The water is adioyned vnto the ayre the disposition thereof being heauy and moist but his predominant or chiefe quality onely cold Lastly the earth adioyned to the water is the lowest and it is most heauy and cold but the predominant or chiefe quality thereof is onely drinesse Now for the vertues properties and operations of these foure elements you shall vnderstand that first the fire by meanes of his heate moueth matter to generation and stirreth vp warmth in all liuing things it is that which the Philosophers call Heterogenia which is in mixt bodies to separate things of diuers kindes one from another and also to ioyne things of like kindes together which they likewise call Homogenia For by vertue of the fire the bones of horses are separated from the flesh the flesh from the sinewes the sinewes from the veines the veines from the arteries the heart from the liuer the liuer from the spleene and so forth in such sort as we see the diuers parts of the fuell we burne by the vertue of the fire and heate to be separated and deuided one from another as the vapour from the smoake the smoake from the flame and the flame from the ashes And as in these things so in many other things as in the tryall of mettals and such like where the fire by vertue of his heate separateth body from body that is mettall from mettall and corruption from incorruption gathering and knitting together euery thing of one and the selfe same kinde Besides the vertue of the fire is to ripen order and digest things raw and vndigested mingling the dry with the moist and opening the powers that the aire being somewhat more solide and grosse may enter into the body and lastly it breatheth and moderateth the coldnesse of the water and the earth so that it may not distemper or confound the body Touching the vertue and operation of the aire you shall vnderstand that by the moistnesse thereof it maketh the matter apt to receiue shape either naturall or accidentall and by the helpe and assistance of the fire bringeth the powers and influences of the heauens and starres into the inferour bodies making the mixt bodies not onely subtile and penetrable but also light and mounting to the end they may neither be too grosse nor too heauy Secondly the ayre through his moistnesse cooleth the burning heate of the heart liuer and intrails as we dayly see by the office of the lights and lungs which like a paire of bellowes draweth vncessantly fresh ayre vnto the heart and inward members And albeit the ayre doth not seeme to the sence of our outward eyes to bee any thing neare so moist as the water yet according to the opinions both of our bookes and best Physitions it it is by much the moister which is well proued say they by the abundant fluxe it containeth which fluxe spreadeth it selfe so farre abroad in the body that it filleth euery empty part and corner thereof with the speciall properties and characters of moistnesse and by that reason is much harder to be kept within his owne bounds then the water is Lastly as the water was altered by God from his first naturall place for the better profite both of man and beast euen so the ayre according to Schoole-mens opinions was not left altogether in his first naturall disposition lest being ouermoist it should so confound and suffocate all sence that neither man nor beast should be able to breathe or liue Now for the vertue and operation of the water it is to be noted that through the coldnesse thereof it conglutinateth and bindeth in mixt bodies both parts members together which be of diuers kinds as bones with flesh and sinewes flesh with sinewes bones and sinewes with bones and flesh Euen as for a familiar example we see in the time of any great frost the strength of the cold how it bindeth things of diuers kinds together bringing into one masse or substance both water dirt stones strawes stickes and leaues the water also with its coldnesse doth temper and coole the inflammation and heate of the fire gathering together those thinges which otherwise the violent heate would disperse and scatter abroad Lastly for the vertue and operation of the earth it is through his drinesse in mixt bodies so to harden and fixe them together that they may retaine their shapes which otherwise by the power of the ayre and water would be so soluble and loose that they could not hold together as we may see in paste waxe and such like which whilest it is moist will receiue no print but being once hardened it retaineth any forme that is prest into it And here to be noted that according to the opinion of Hippocrates when any sensible body dyeth not onely euery quality but euery substance and part makes his returne to the element from whence it came as heate to the fire moistnesse to the ayre coldnesse to the water drinesse to the earth And thus briefly you see that of these foure common elements or common beginners of things the fire being hot separateth the aire being moist shapeth the water being cold bindeth and the earth being dry hardeneth and retaineth The vse that you are to make of this knowledge ouer and beside the composition of a naturall body is that when you find any sicknesse or infirmity which proceedeth from the fire as inflammations of the body or such like that then you apply simples of the nature of the aire or water which may moisten and coole the violence of that heate If the infirmity proceede from the aire as fluxe of blood or too much moisture then you shall apply simples of the nature of the fire or earth whose heate and drinesse may disperse and harden such moisture If the disease spring from the water as colds rheumes apoplexies and such like then you shall seeke simples of the nature of the fire and aire that through the heate of the one and the moist lightnesse of the other all such cold grosse and solide humors may be dispersed But if the disease proceed from the

earth as manginesse and leprosie or their like that are dry hardened infections then you shal seeke simples of the nature of the fire onely whose heate may dissolue loosen those ill knit dry and hard humors Thus you see too much heate is abated by coldnesse and moistnesse too much moistnesse by heate and drinesse too much coldnesse by heate and moistnesse too much drinesse by heate onely Thus much of these foure common elements which begin all things liuing and vnliuing sensible and vnsensible yet of sensible things which liue and haue bloud there be other more neare elements or beginnings which are called proper elements or generation as the ingendring seede and menstruall bloud from whence euery beast taketh his first shape and beginning and yet these proper beginnings haue their whole dependancy and hanging vpon the qualities of the first common beginnings already spoken of which is moist dry hot and cold for without them they are nothing nor can do any thing CHAP. 3. Of Temperaments and their seuerall kindes and how farre euery way they extend in horses THese Temperaments or Temperatures which are the second things in a horses composition do spring from the commixture of the foure elements and are nine in number whereof eight are vnequall and the ninth is equall Of the eight vnequall foure are ●imple and those be hot cold moist and dry which Physitions call the first qualities and of these the first two be actiue and the other two passiue the other foure are compound and they be hot moist hot dry cold and moist cold and dry Now the equall temperament is diuided into two an vniuersall and a speciall The equall Temperament vniuersall is when the foure elements are in an equall proportion genenerally diuided through the whole body nature enioyning no more from the one then from the other The equall Temperament special is when the elements are proportioned according as euery kind doth most properly require be it either plant or beast in plants when euery plant hath that commixture of elements which are proper to its kinde the hot plant being hot the cold being cold and so forth whereas contrariwise to haue a hot plant cold or a cold hot to haue rue cold or sorrell hot were a false and vnequal commixture of elements So likewise of beasts that horse that dogge that swine is said to haue his due Temperament when hee is of such temperature as is most proper vnto his kinde which onely is best discerned by his actions or motions As thus the horse is known to be hot and m●●st by his l●g●tnesse swiftnesse valiantnesse and long life and also to be of a temperate nature in that he is easily tamed docible obedient and familiar with the man And so long as either horse or any other thing continueth in the mediocrity and excellencie of his proper Temperament so long we may truly iudge him of a good temper disposition but if there be any ouerflow of qualities or excesse in his humors as either in heate coldnesse moistnesse or drinesse then we say he is either a hot cholericke horse a cold dull horse a dry mischieuous horse or a moyst cowardly horse according to the ouerflow of that quality which raigneth in him Againe euery horse is sayd to haue his due Temperament according to his age and the country wherein he is bred and sometimes according to the time of the yeare wherein he liueth And thus a horse in his foal●-age which is till he be sixe yeares old is naturally hot and moist In his middle age which is till twelue more hot and dry then moist and in his old age which is past eighteene more cold and dry then either hot or moist So likewise the horses which are bred in southerne parts as either in Spaine Barbary or Greece are naturally more hot then those which are bred either in the seuenteene lands Germany or England either is there any horse which is in good state of body that is so hot in the spring time of the yeare as in the summer nor so cold in the summer as in the winter All which obseruations are with most curious diligence to be obserued of euery horse-leach when he goeth about to cure any sicknes for vnlesse he consider their natures temperatures and euery other circumstance already declared he shall right soone be deceiued in the administration of his physicke Therfore I earnestly aduise euery Farrier before he giue any drench or potion first to enquire the kinde race and disposition of the horse next his age then the country and lastly the time of the yeare and so according to the truth thereof to mixe his receipts It is most expedient also for euery horse-leach to consider the second qualities which are so called because they take their beginnings from the first qualities already declared of which second qualities some be called palpable or to be touched as these softnesse hardnesse smoothnesse roughnesse toughnesse brickelnesse lightnesse heauinesse thinnesse thicknesse smalnesse grosnesse and such other like Some againe are not palpable as those which appertaine to hearing seeing and smelling as noysses colours odours and such like and by obseruing well these second qualities he shall with much ease know whether the horse be disposed to any sicknes or not as shall be more largely declared hereafter in euery particular chapter CHAP. 4. Of humours and to what end they serue NOw concerning Humours which are the third composers of a horses body and so likewise of euery other beast also you shall vnderstand that they are foure in number that is to say Bloud Fleame Choler and Melancholy As touching bloud it is in it owne nature vncorrupted and therefore hot and moyst and sweet in taste as participating of the elements Fire and Aire Fleame is cold and moist and either sweet or wallowish without any taste at all as participating of the elements water and aire Choler is hot and dry and bitter in taste as participating of the elements fire and earth Melancholy is cold and dry and in taste ●ower and heauy as participating of the elements water and earth so that these foure humours by their qualities are euery way allied vnto the elements For to speake briefly and according to the manner of Physitions Bloud is of the nature of aire it being most predominant therein Fleame of the nature of water Choler of the nature of fire and Melancholy of the nature of the earth And albeit these humours are simbolized or mixt through euery part of the body yet euery one of them aboundeth more in one part then in another and haue their places of residence absolute and peculiar to themselues as Bloud about the heart Fleame in the braine Choler in the liuer and Melancholy in the spleene Now as these humors do more or lesse abound or haue greater or lesser soueraignty in the body of the horse so is the beast naturally better or worse coloured qualified or