e liuer whose substāce is red flesh not moch vnlike cōgeled blood beinge replenished w t veynes which be y e braūches of y e great master veynes y t is of y e veyne which is called Porta also of y t that is called Caua vena we haue no names in our tungue whych be propre or peculier to them onely but muste be fayne to call them master veynes and in dede so that we vnderstande the thynge it shall make but lytle matter for names howbeit Gallen sayth that the one is called Porta bycause that the iuyce commeth through it from the stomake to the liuer and the other I thynke is called Caua bycause it is a great hollowe veyne well what so euer it be called it groweth of the liuer and carieth blood from the liuer to the hert and thoughe it to be byg yet there groweth many fyne smal veynes both of it and of the other whych be dispersed throughout the whole body of the liuer to the intent that the iuice maye more easelye be turned into blood for the very dutye and office of the lyuer is to engendre blood for the nouryshmente of y e bodye and therfore it is hote and moyst accordynge to the nature of blood Moreouer it is the very fleshe of the lyuer whyche doth change the iuyce in to blood makyng it redde lyke vnto it selfe Althogh that sūme thynke the harte to be the well and original sprynge of blood notwythstandyng I had rather saye as Galene sayeth that it is the fleshe of the liuer which engendreth blood althogh the lyuer receyue both vytall heat and spiryte of the hearte and therefore from the great master pulse whyche in greke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 there commeth manye lytle pulses to the lyuer bryngynge w t them vitall spirite but so sone as y e iuyce is concocte it is made blood and purified in y e middes of the lyuer receyueth choler of the smal veynes in the middes of the lyuer whyle the blood is purifyinge and cleansynge whyche conduyte or waye yf it fortune to be stopped by anye maner of chaunce so that the choler can not be seperate from the bloode then there foloweth hote fyeuers or els the yelowe Iandies On the lyfte side the splene or mylte enbraseth the stomacke which being blacke of colour is made of subtyle rare flesshe and is the same whyche before is called the receptacle of melancholie it is tyed vnto the backe aboute the myddes of the bastard ryb and doth drawe vnto it melancholye or blacke choler by a veyne whyche commeth from the lyuer receyuyng heat of the heart to digest the forsaid blacke choler by certayne pulses annexed vnto it From the mylte also there is a conduyt to the vppermoste mouthe of the stomacke bryngynge melancholye thyther partly to draw togyther the mouthe of the stomake and partlye to prouoke appetyte There be .ii. kydneys that be called in latyne Renes of the whych one is set vnderneth the lyuer toward y e backe and the other is set on the other syde ryght agaynst y e mylte they be made of soude and thycke flesshe least they shulde be dissolued of the water that they drawe dayly from the blood by two veynes whyche be called Mulgentes and in oure tongue suckynge veynes there is drawen also besyde the water sūme blood to the noryshment of the reynes or kydneis in the myddes of the whyche there is as it were a lytle pāne into the which the forsayde kydnies doe sweat oute the water whych they receyued of y e suckynge veynes and in thys panne the vryne taketh his colour from whēs it is brought doune after the concoction had therbefore by certayne conduites that be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in greke and in latyne Vrinarii we maye calle them the conduytes of the vryne frō the raynes to the bladdar The bladdar in man ioyneth to the taylegutte or fundiment from whens the necke of it recheth to the yarde but in wemen it is set vpon the mouth of theyr woumbe therfore they haue bothe shorter and wyder necked bladdars than men haue and also be lesse disesed w t stone in that place It is made of skynnye synowes and there cummeth to it bothe veynes and pulses the necke onely is of flesshe and hath certayne turnynges and boughtes that it maye houlde the water more easely there is added a muscle to the mouth of the bladder to the entent y t we maye eyther letout or retayne the water at our owne wyll pleasure But howe smal and fine the holes be by the whyche the water is receyued into the bladder maye easelye be perceyued because that whan it is taken out of any dede bodye that there appeareth none at all more than that whiche is in the necke to let oute the vrine or water Manne surelye hath great profitte of the bladar for if that same superfluouse water shoulde not be caryed awaye but be permitted to runne to gyther in the vaynes with the blood after that the bodye were ones fulle mooste parte of the membres shulde cracke and breake and man shoulde be suffocated or choked Therefore the bladder is made for thys pourpose to receyue the superfluous watry substance of the blood and reteyne it so longe vntyl the due tyme of lettynge of it out be come Nowe I haue descrybed all y e partes of the lowest bellye so well as I coulde sauyng the priuy partes both of man and woman whyche for dyuers causes I wylle omytte at thys tyme fyrste because I wyll gyue no occasion to youth of wantōnes and then that I wyll offende no honeste eares in descrybynge them playnlye and seyng my promyse was to tuche but certayne partes I thinke I may as wel omyt them as a great many that I haue spoken nothyng of The .vi. Chapiter ¶ Of veynes pulses and synowes VEynes be cōdytes with thinne cotes which caryeth the thyckest blood throughout the body wherwith it is nouryshed they growe all of the liuer for the master veyne which passeth all the other in largenesse and wydenesse commeth from thence Aristotel thought y e hert to be the authour and begynner of y e veynes but Hypocrates thought otherwise and Galen also whom we folowe hath euidently confuted Aristotels opinion Pulses or arteryes be conduytes that growe of the hert and do carye vitall spiryte and some parte also of the fynest bloode therfore it was necessary that they shuld be both thycker and stronger then y e veynes lest the spirite being so fyne of substaūce myght breake out wherfore nature hath enclosed it in .ii. cotes of the whiche the inner is .v. tymes as thyck as the vtter and yet is it as thicke as any cote of y e veynes y t encloseth y e grosse and thickest blood Veynes pulses be so nygh cosyns y t there is no veyne in any part of the body without his pulse nor no pulse without his veyne to the
or stomake where as y e meate is altered and tourned into iuice the nexte is in the lyuer where as it is made of iuice blood The thyrd is in the veynes where as y e blood is prepared for the nourysshmente of the whole bodye The fourth and last is in the partes where as it is made flesshe or at leest lyke vnto that that is nouryshed And mānes body may very well be compared to a Prynces house wher as is kepte dayly a gret manye of tables at dyuers tymes of the daye so in mans bodye all be not fedde at ones but summe wayte tyll the other haue done as the stomacke lyuer and hearte be fyrste fedde and than the vaynes after the whyche euery parte as he is best able so he is serued before the other for as it is a common saying he that worst maye shall holde the candell so in mannes bodye the weakeste parte goeth euer to the worst yet it chaunseth summe tyme that the weaker plucketh from the stronger as the stomake from the lyuer whan the lyuer is ful of meate and the stomacke is empty and hath none For it is no matter for a boy to take apples or nuttes from a man whyche hath more than he can holde in hys handes But yf they be bothe loded a lyke than I thynke it vnpossyble for the weaker to take any thīg from the stronger by violence And looke as the weakest hath leste parte of y t that is good so he hath ynough of excrementes and of that that is nought and therof it cummeth that the vtter skynne of our bodye doeth receyue all the excrementes whyche afterwarde breaketh forthe in byles or scabbes for yf the vertue expulsiue were as stronge in it as in other partes why shulde it be more laded wyth excrementes then the reste be howe be it nature hath made it a receptacle for the excrementes of al the hole bodye therefore it hath neyther animall nor vitall action but onelye serueth to the vse before sayed The vii chapiter ¶ Of the vertue expulsyue EUen as the attractyue vertue draweth vnto it thynges conuenient euen so y e power expulsyue expulseth from it thynges noyfull or hurtfull and thys maye be euidently perceyued in the example aforesayde of the woman goynge wyth chylde for so longe as euerye thynge aboute the chylde frameth well so longe the power expulsiue resteth as there were none suche But in case any thyng be amisse so that nature dispayreth to brynge it to good passe or effect then forth wyth all it is expelled whyche the vertue expulsiue onely doth and none other Yf this be not sufficiente to proue that there is a facultye or power in euery parte which doth expell from it thinges hurtfull I wold ye told me what it is that in the mawe parteth the excrement from the good iuyce or in the liuer the water from the blood Wherefore I maye iustelye thynke that nature passeth all the artifycers in the world For Praxitiles or Phideas which in theyr tyme were most excellent dyd but trym theyr ymages onlye wythout leuyng the innersyde very rawe rude wythout al worke manshyppe because they coulde not come to euery parte of it But nature whyche dothe extende to euery parte of the bodye trimmeth the innerside more gorgious than the outsyde makynge euery parte of bone bone and euery parte of fleshe flesshe kepyng in euery parte due and iust proportion and furnyshyng them wyth most noble and excelent vertues faculties and powers Moreouer neyther Phideas nor Praxitiles no nor yet Apelles coulde make of waxe Iuerye or golde nor of golde waxe For euerye one of these tarying euer sins his first generation in his owne fygure and shape sauyng for the workemanship that he hath on the vtterside is made an ymage wher as nature is alway full of varietie or els all the partes of mannes bodye shoulde be onelye blood The .viii. Chapiter ¶ Of the prouokyng of appetyte APpetite is prouoked in the hygher mouthe of the maw whan the partes beynge verye mouche wasted doth lacke nouryshement and endeuoreth to drawe of the veynes the veynes of the liuer and the lyuer of y e stomake or mawe the mawe of hys ouer mouth which is drawen togyther and vehemently desyreth meate This drawyng to gyther commeth of the melancholye which is brought thyther by a veyne comming from the milte and of this fasshyon hunger or appetyte is styrred vppe and prouoked yf it be longe vnslaked it maye turne to farther in conuenience For in such case alwaye the lyuer fylleth the stomake with excrementes and thereof it cummeth that many mēnes stomakes be good aboute .viii. of the clocke in the morand at ten or .xi. though they be styll fastynge haue luste to eat nothynge Summe thynke that hunger cōmeth not as I haue descrybed but y t there is a peculyer power in the nutrityue partes as in the stomacke and lyuer whyche doo prouoke it as in fysshes that be called pykes whan they folowe theyr praye sumwhat gredely they be so mooued by verye feruente desyre to ouertake it that theyr stomacke ryseth vp to theyr mouthe in the whyche example the nature of gluttons is verye well paynted as I thyncke and trulye for the most part they be rauenars and great eaters whych hath shorte neckes and wyde mouthes The ix Chapter ¶ Of the diuersitie of meates and drynkes IT is very profitable for euery man as well for them that be hole as for those that be sicke to knowe y e dyuersite of meates and drynckes For suche as be whole to the ende that they knowynge the ryghte vse of them maye kepe theyr healthe stylle and suche as be sycke maye recouer agayne theyr pristinat estate and sanitye Wherefore I entende to declare as bryeflye as I canne what difference I haue by longe obseruation and partelye by myne owne experyence marked in meates and drynckes Fyrste ye shall vnderstande that all breade corne is of greate power and strengthe I call that strongest that nouryssheth moste Also all .iiii. footed bestes that be brought vp tame in the house and be daylye vsed for mente and euery great best as gootes hartes swyne oxen and sheepe and also euery great byrde or fowle as goose swanne pecocke and crane and moreouer honye and chese how muche lesse it is to be marueyled at yf that kynde of bread that the olde auncient Romaynes vsed were of great nouryshmēt seing that it was made of wheate fatte hony chese Howbeit in the myddle fourme and in a lower degree of nouryshmentes be numbred all those herbes of the whych we eate the rootes and of .iiii footed beastes the conye and hare all wylde foule exceptynge neyther hennes nor capons Also all fyshes y t can not well suffre salte nor can be bryned hole In the lowest kynde or fourme of nouryshmentes is reckened all maner of sallettes whatsoeuer groweth in a litle stauke as cucūmers gourdes or capers and such lyke and apples olyues and
substaunce and matter wherof our body is made and the seed of man is nexte vnder God the maker and fashyoner of the same and these same be made of the same elementes whyche I haue spoken of alreadye whyche is the fyre ayer earth and water and these two dyffer one frō an other in temperature For in the seede there is more of fyre and eyer then of water and earth and in the blood there is lesse of fyre and ayer then there is of water and earth and yet in the same there is more heate then colde and more moysture then drynesse After that these two be receyued and .vi. dayes retayned w tin the wombe of the woman the great heate which is there doth so bake the seede blood being mirt togyther y t it cōpasseth them about w t a skyn or a crust not vnlike the vtter cote of an egge whiche the Grekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in latin is called secūdine or secūdina what oure mydwyues call it I can not tel how beit it may very well be called a skyn wherein is wrapped y t that is cōceiued and this is made in y e fyrst .vi. dayes with diuers pulses and veynes as fyne small as anye thredes whiche serueth afterwarde to nourysh the infant by the nauyll For in this same skynne whiche before is called Chorion there are many fyne holes moche lyke the lytle holes in the small lamparie heedes by the which the nauyll after the seuēth daye doth drawe vnto it both spirite and blood to the nourishment of the infant Then in the meane seasō the rest of the seede boylynge all hotte doth make thre lytle bladers which is the place of the lyuer herte and brayne For a veyne whiche is stretched ryght vpwarde from the nauil dothe drawe vp the grossed bloode which for lacke of heate easelye congeleth in y e seede And there is made also a double forked veyne and to one of the forkes of the same veyne is fashyoned this forsayde congeled blood which is the liuer and lyke as from the nauyll the veyne bryngyng grosse bloode into the forsayde lytle bladder was cause of the generation of the liuer so lykewyse a pulse or an artery bryngyng fyne blood and spirite commynge from the same place sumwhat nere y e backe into another lyke bladdar is cause of makynge of the hearte whyche is made of verye sounde fleshe thycke and grosse mete for suche a pourpose and of the most fyne and subtyle blood that cōmeth from the hearte the lyghtes be made and the whole brest also wherin thei are closed In to the thyrde bladdar whyche is mencioned before a great parte of the seede beynge full of spirite is driuen the whych to kepe him selfe moyst doth drawe a great parte of the seede to it and maketh a lytle sell whiche is the brayne to y e which ther is added afortres of hard bone And thus the brayne is made of the seede only that he myght be furnysshed wyth most fyne spirites whom the brayne conserueth and altereth the whiche are the cause of sense and voluntarie mouynge as shall be declared more playnely hereafter Nexte to the brayne groweth y e marye of the backebone whyche the Arabians call Nucha it is of the same nature that the brayne is and differeth very muche from the marye of the other partes I haue shewed to you nowe thoghe very rudely the original begynning of mannes body ▪ Of the sede is only made all the bones gristels veynes pulses strynges synowes tyinges selles and skynnes whyche be called Spermatyke partes because they be made of y e seede and not of the blood They are the verye same whyche I sayde before that the Latyne menne called Partes similares and the Phisitions sensible elementes al the rest be made of the bloode as the lyuer the hearte and the lyghtes wyth al the flesshe and fatte of the bodye The infant whyles he is within his mothers woumbe is nourysshed of that blood whyche is called Sanguis menstruus drawynge it at hys nauyl and after he is delyuered it is tourned all to mylke whych is his meat long after and therfore there is manye conduytes from the woumbe to the pappes After that the infant is fully proportioned figured ī the first monethes he pisseth by the conduyte that commeth through his nauyl in the later monethes that is shut vp and he pysseth wyth hys yerde he auoydeth no excrementes at hys fundament because he receyueth no norysshemente by hys mouthe There is a skynne muche lyke a puddynge whyche receyueth hys vrine and excrementes lest they shulde hurte eyther hym or els hys mother I shulde seme bothe to longe and also to tedious yf I descrybed the hole bodye but bycause the action of the instrumentes canne not be vnderstande excepte I shulde touche y e most principal partes therfore it was necessarye to entermedle wyth the descryption of the bodye in the whyche I wyll not be so scrupulous as to reherse euery lytle part or the scituation or fygure of euery bone and vayne no nor the knyttynge of euery muscle for why shulde I make me more cūnyng than I am in dede it passeth my learnynge as yet but I entende to shewe and sette forthe the greatest and moste noble partes the whyche he muste nedes knowe that wyll profyt in physicke The .v. Chapiter ¶ The sections of the bodye THere was no nede in y ◠olde tyme to wryte of the body for than children were excersised in their yonge and tender age daylye in cuttynge and openyng of the same but nowe that thys diligence is vtterly extyncte we haue very great nede of wrytynge wherfore I haue taken this lytle payne vppon me whyche I shall thynke wel bestowed yf it shall eyther healpe the studyes of those that be rude and rawe in physicke or satisfye them that be learned And fyrst I wyl declare by goddes grace suche partes as couereth the head wythout afterwarde those that be w tin begynnyng w t the heares thogh they be but excrementes superfluities nexte vnderneth the hear there is a skynne somwhat thycke and fleshye wherein the hear is rooted vnderneth thys skin there is a lytle flesshe aboute the browe temples Than next vnderneth ther is a fyne kell whyche is made of synowes and tyenges commyng thorowe the seames of the scull whyche the Grekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vnder the whyche immediatly is the skulle in greke called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the defence of the brayne it is made lyke an helmet the latyne men call it Caluariam and it is not one hole continual bone but is deuyded by certayne semes in to seuen bones Then within y e head vndernethe the sculle is Dura mater which Galen calleth Crassum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is a thycke and harde kel or skinne made of many stronge sinowes and bondes to the entent it myght holde vp and susteyne the veynes whyche nouryssheth
is better than another and the very best tyme is after excersyce For then the bodye is clere pourged of all excrementes and naturall heate is encreased and made muche stronger And the next tyme is at .xi. of the clocke before dyner and agayne at .vi. a clocke of the nyght Howebeit children and suche as be not yet at theyr fulle groweth and olde men whyche be weake and feble had nede to eat oftener so that they take the lesse at ones and putte fower houres at the least betwene euerye meale and also of the synnowes whyche be the instrumentes of mouynge and that the foresayde vapours whythe doo fume vp to the brayne maye not be crude or rawe the hearte plucketh in to it bothe the blood and naturall heat that is in the vtter partes And thys same rest is good for .iii. causes fyrst to moyster the brayne and then to the generation of spirites laste of all to make an ende of the concoction bothe in the stomake and liuer The materiall cause of sleepe are the sweete vapours the whyche whan they be made moyst styllyng doune do stoppe the cōduytes of the sensis For they be not clāmye or grosse humours such as hurte the brayne but they be swete fumes the whiche after they be ascended be made thycke by the coldenes of the brayne rūne downe sprinkelyng the brayne with moysture Therfore Aristotle doeth compare the same motiō of vapours to the floude Euripus bycause in theyr goinge vp they turne backe agayne and other folowe and come after but the efficient cause is somewhat more darke and obscure For it is certayne that the heat and blood of the vtter partes is as Hypocrates sayeth drawenin to the hearte and though the body then be hotter with in it is colde without therfore when we slepe we haue nede of manye clothes The heate and blood is drawē in bycause that when the concoction is begone the vapours do fume vp naturally and whē they be disolued they come downe fulbut on y e heate of the herte which dryueth thē backe to the vtter partes and thus y e heate is dryuen styll more and more to the herte the whyche heate gathered togyther doth make an ende of cōcoction that the vapours which ascende to the brayne may both be more plētifull and also sweter But I thynke that the heate is drawen into y e hert not somoche for the cōmyng downe of vapours as that the vitall and animall powers be sociate and cowpled togyther by the diuyne prouydence of god For what parte soeuer be diseased the herte streyght lyke a naturall Prince or gouernour endeuoureth all that he can to helpe it therfore he callethe in his heate that he may helpe y e necessary action both of the stomacke and lyuer And whē the vtter partes of the body be at rest then the hert laboureth mooste drawynge vnto hym bothe heate and blood of the whych he enhendreth vitall spyrytes And trulye I se not a suffycyent cause why so moche heate shoulde be called in except this same societie of the powers were ordeyned of God that as soone as the vtter partes were at rest the hert either for hys owne cause or elles for the stomacke or liuer myght drawe vnto hym more plentiful heate to helpe the innermore actions whych be necessarye for the conseruation of nature and as euery man is moost greued and afrayed of his owne iepardye and doth couete fyrst to defende hym selfe so euerye parte of the bodye fyrst prouydeth for him selfe and thys naturall inclination is gyuen to all maner of creatures to coueyte fyrste to saue them selues And therfore the herte especially for his owne cause draweth to hym selfe heate bycause he hath neade of bloode and bycause his spirites be almost spent And therefore he also healpeth the well of the blood which is the liuer that it maye cherysh it selfe bryng forth newe and fresshe spirites and moreouer the brayne beinge werye and desyryng rest leueth mouyng of the vtter partes and whensoeuer the body hath nede of recreation or quyetnesse the actions of al the vertues be agreed by and by And this same consent or agrement god hath gyuē to all the partes that after defatigation or werynesse they may be refreshed wyth rest and quyetnesse The finall causes be great benefytes the whych slepe gyueth to euery vertue or power one by one it helpeth nutrition bycause it maketh an ende of concoction and there is nothynge more certayne thā that the crudities whych come for lacke of sleape is vncurable bycause not onely the meate is left vndigested but also the vertue of the stomake is vtterly destroyed partly by the burthē and weyght of of the crude and rawe meate partlye bycause the synowes be hurte by the wekenes of y e brayne that cōmeth for lacke of slepe as Hypocrates speking generally sayth that ouermoch watche bryngeth moost cruell crampes and there haue ben many which for lacke of slepe haue felt often crampes in theyr neckes and the palsye in theyr legges and also a great imbecillitie and weakenesse in theyr stomake And bysyde these the naturall heate throughoute the whole bodye decayeth sore bycause it is not cheryshed with vitall spirit And hereof it maye be perceyued how moche nede we haue of slepe to the conseruation of nutrition For when the concoctiō is done well and as it shoulde be there is nouryshment distributed to euery parte of the body wherw t they be cheryshed and there is also spyrites engendred whyche mynistreth newe strength to the bodye and yet the boylyng heate of the body is mittigated with takyng rest and the bodye it selfe is sprynkled with a swete dewe that cōmeth from the brayne and the brayne also taketh strength wherwith y e fynowes be made more lustye It helpeth the vitall power bycause the herte drawynge to hym heate doth brynge forth great plentye of spyrites the whych be made so moche more brighter how moche the bloode is purer And agayne it helpeth the animall powers for whose conseruation it is ordeyned of God bycause y e vertue both of the brayne synowes shulde be destroyed cleane wyth ouermoche drynesse excepte y t it were cherysshed wyth slepe in the whyche the brayne is made moyste gatherynge to hym agayne his pristinate strength How acceptable also is sleape in diseases and sorowes the which many tymes it onely healeth to mannes great profyte ease The .v. Chapter ¶ Of slepyng tyme and of the holesome lying in bedde SLepe ought to be taken in the begynnyng of y e night and there ought to be but a litle space betwyxt supper and sleape therfore after a lytle soft walkynge to the entent that the meate may go downe into the maw and also that the vpper mouth of the mawe may be shutte I wolde counsel euery man to take rest lying hym downe first on y e right side lest w t lying on y e lefte syde he open the vpper mouth of his stomake howbeit
Elementes NOw after that I haue declared and opened the sectes and opynions of the mooste noble and moost auncient Physitions I I thynke it verye mete to shewe the nature of the Elementes whyche be iiii in numbre the fyre ayer water and earth But to auoyde ambiguitie I wyl by goddes grace fyrst declare the signification of this worde Elementum which we maye verye well call in our tonge a begynnynge of any thynge and thereof it cōmeth y t the Alphabete letters be called elemētes bicause they are beginners of al maner of languages the principles also of euery arte be called Elementes bycause they are begynners of the same The Phisitions also do call the veynes pulses and bones w t all other suche partes as the Latyne men call similares sensible elementes bycause they are the fyrst beginners of mannes bodye as moche as maye be perceyued by sense For the fyre ayer water and earth of the which all thynges vnder the moone be made can not be perceyued by any sence wherfore as they are y e fyrst begynners of mannes bodye so they are not the fyrst sensyble begynners For yf they coulde be perceyued by sence then euerye man as he passeth other in quycknesse of sence so shuld he se and feale moost fyne elementes as the Aegle bycause his syght is moost perfyte shoulde easelyest perceyue the least Element but percase some wyll saye vnto me that there is no man so madde to saye that the fyre ayre erth and water can not be felte and perceyued by sense But whosoeuer shal moue this doubt I wyll answer hym of thys fassyon that yf he meane our fyre our water or our earth I wyl saye as he sayth which is that they may be felte and perceyued by sense For in dede they are no Elementes but thinges mixt and corruptyble hauyng theyr composition of dyuerse thynges where as the pure element is a body moost simple withoute all generation or corruption Nowe be it of fyre made thycke commeth ayer and of ayer made thycke cōmeth water and of water made thycke commeth earth And yet here is neyther corruption nor yet generation of the whole for this is a mutatiō of the partes only Then as I sayde before Elementū in this signification is a body moost pure and simple and the leest parte of the same wherin it is whiche can not be deuyded into any other kinde and of it all thynges naturall haue theyr originall begynnynge This definition is taken both out of Gallen and Aristotle therfore I truste no man wyll be so impudent to contrary or impugne it And there be also as is aforesayd .iiii. Elementes of the whiche the fyre is extreme hotte and moderatly drie the ayer extreme moyst and moderatly hotte the water extreme colde and moderatelye moyst the earth is extreme drie and moderatelye colde In heate the fyre with the ayer and in drynesse w t the earth in moysture the ayer w t the water in heate with the fyre in coldenesse the water with the earth in moysture with the ayer the earth in drynesse w t the fyre in coldnesse w t the water doeth consent and agree And as y e water to y e fyre is extreme contrarye so is the ayer to the earth Of the myxture of these elementes al natural bodies haue theyr composition yet it is nothing necessary y t they be equally myngled in the body but accordyng to that that hath dominion the bodye is named eyther choleryke sanguyne phlegmatycke or melancholye and these names be gyuen of .iiii. natural humours that is choler blood flegme and melancholie whyche take theyr qualityes of the elementes for choler is hotte and drye accordynge to the nature of the fyer and blood is hote moyste accordyng to the nature of the ayer flegme is colde and moyst according to the water and melancholye in no poynt dyssenteth from the earthe The thyrde Chapiter ¶ The differences of temperatures HOwe that I haue declared vnto you howe all naturall bodyes be made by the mixture of the elementes I thinke it most necessary to shewe in as fewe woordes as I can the differences of temperatures Temperatures in numbre are .ix. of the whyche .viii. do excede therfore in my fantasie they maye better be called distemperatures than temperate crases the nynthe in dede is temperate for it excedeth in no qualitie Of the distemperate .iiii. be simple and .iiii. be composide the simple are heate colde drynes moysture of the whych coupled and ioyned togyther the rest whyche be distemperate are made The nynth is neither hote colde drye nor moyst and yet is made of them all and therefore the grekes call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whyche is as muche to saye in latyn as Bene temperatum and in Englyshe wel tempered And this is that whyche Arithmetricions call Temperamentū ad pondus whyche we maye cal in our language a complection measured by weyght bycause there are as many degrees of heat as there is of colde of dryenes as of moysture the other whyche are distemperate crases be measured not by weyght but by dignitie as in the heart wel tempered heate doth excede in the brayne well tempered moysture doth exceade in the fatte well tempered colde in the boones well tempered dryenes And thys is called Temperamentum secundum iustitiam distributatiuam Whyche is as muche for to saye as a temperature measured accordynge to iustice whiche gyueth euery man hys owne But peraduenture thys declaration shall seeme some what harde to suche as be vnlearned and therfore I entende to declare y e same agayne bothe more largely and also more playnelye Fyrste ye shall vnderstande that these .iiii. heate colde dryenes and moysture whych are called the first qualities because all other come of them haue eche of them .iii. diuers significations Whansoeuer ye fynd heate colde drynes or moysture absolutely and simply spoken than vnderstande that it is meante by those simple bodyes which be hote colde drye and moyste in the hygheste degree and that is onely the fyer water earthe and ayer whyche be the .iiii. elementes whereof we spake before And whan ye fynde the same qualities myxt in any natural body by the which it is named eyther hote colde drye or moyste than suppose y t it is spoken eyther by comparison as hote for hotter colde for coulder dry for dryer or moyst for moyster orels that it is hote colde drye or moyste by nature as whan there is in one bodye more heate than colde more drynes than moysture or otherwise as Summer is called hote bycause it hath more heat than colde Winter also is called colde be cause that it hath more colde than heate hereof it commeth that one bodye is choleryke because in the myxture of the foure humoures whyche is choler blood flegme and melancholy there is more of choler than of anye other and therfore choler hath the dominion causynge the bodye to be named cholerycke after it
of the partes whyche I thynke most necessarye to be knowen begynnynge there where as I lefte wyth the hearte whyche besyde hys chambres hath also twoo eares the whiche be grassels made of synowes beynge full of wrynkles and foldynges and they be also called the selles or butteries of the hearte I promysed before to declare as nere as I coulde those partes y t the brest whyche is called the myddle bellye doth conteyne and I haue al redy so to my lytle power descrybed both y e hearte the lyghtes the instrumentes of the voyce and brethyng wyth the partes couerynges of the same therefore nowe there remayneth the mydryfe whyche in latyne is called Mediastinus and the skinne that compasseth the rybbes whyche in Greke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the heart strynges whyche in greke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The mydryfe doth deuyde the breast 〈◊〉 in lengthe and maketh .ii. chābers one on the ryghte syde and an other on the lefte syde And because it is a very stronge skynne it doth fashyon both veynes pulses and synowes to the brest and it is tyed before to the brestbone and behynde to the ioyntes of the backebone The seconde skynne is that that is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which couereth the rybbes on the insyde and the muscles also that be betwyxt the rybbes Next vndernethe this is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which the Latyne men call Trausuersum septū or p̄cordia we may cal it an ouerthwart bridge or the hertstrynges it is made of synowes fleshe couered with .ii. fyne rymes made to moue the lyghtes also to drawe in and let out ayer and to separate the lowest belly from the mydle bely vnderneth the hertstrynges somwhat toward the ryghtside the mawe or paunche whiche before we called the lowest bellye beinge rounde with a greate bottome and somthyng narowe towarde the left syde is fastened to the .xiii. ioynte of the backe bone and in the same place the wesaūt that before we called the stomake is tyed to the mawe whych hath .ii. mouthes one at the lowest parte of the wesaunt and the other in the ryght syde of y e mawe or pāche The mouth by the which the meate is receyued into the mawe doth shut the nether parte of the wesaunt and is called the hyther mouthe of the mawe the mouthe that letteth oute the meate shytteth the nether parte of the mawe and is called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latyne Iauitor in our tung a portar or a keper of the gate and bothe these mouthes to the intente that the meate and drynke maye not fall oute at any tyme vnconcocte be set in the syde of the belly or pauche which be fast shutte as soone as euer the bellye hath receyued meate and therby naturall heate is very moche encreased wythin the mawe beynge made of synowes and of flesshe and it hath also two cootes of the whych the innermoost hath more synowes then flesshe and it is very thycke and rough ful of wryncles by the which the meate is drawen downe and retayned The vtter cote is more flesh and serueth onely to expell that that the bely refuseth and hath done w tal The temperature of the belly is cold and drye accordyng to the nature of synowes wherof it hath abūdaunce that it may be delyted w t such thīges as be cōueniēt mete for it and may abhorre suche as be noyful hurtful vnto it I haue spoken somewhat brefely of the bellye and mawe but before we descrybe the liuer I wyll first reherse .ii. cotes or coueringes of the bely which nature by her diuine and hygh sapiēce hath prouyded for the defence of the belly and entrailes The fyrst coueryng is called iu latyn Omentū y e Grecians do cal it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 our bouchers call it the kell and it is wouen lyke a nette of veynes pulses and senowes beinge couered with a great deale of fatte to the intent that it maye holde in the naturall heate which is in the mawe and guttes for it couereth all the belly from the top to the too the next cote or couerynge the Grekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche couereth not onelye the bellye but also the liuer mylte and reynes it groweth of the bladder being thycker in some place then in some it tyeth the lowest partes of the belly to y e backe and doth sustayne the muscles of the belly which the Latyn men cal Musculos abdominis vpon the which muscules is a great deale of fatte then the skynne that couereth the whole body Next vnto the mawe immediatly downewarde be the guttes and entrayles the whiche although they be all one whole and continual body yet they maye be decerned bothe by theyr figure situation and action The fyrst whyche is fastened to the nether mouth of the mawe is called Duodenum bycause it is .xii. ynches longe and it is in the ryght syde in the region of the lyuer Nexte vnto Duodenum is I eiunium whiche is so called bycause it is alwayes emptye For to this gutte there cōmeth moch choler from the lyuer and bycause it of all the rest is nexte the liuer therfore the lyuer draweth from it verye quycklye by hys small veynes suche iuise as came from the stomake before And from this gutte there commeth choler into the rest to expell the excrementes The nexte is called of Galene 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whyche hath manye circuites and boughtes bycause it shulde retayne the iuyce longer and it doth farre passe all the rest ioyned vnto thys is the gutte called Cecum whych doth receyue the excrementes and it is called Saccus bycause it is the wydest of all Then foloweth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ▪ beynge two cubytes of length hauyng dyuerse boughtes ▪ and compassynges lest the excrement shulde fall strayte out and in this gutte the excrement taketh hys coloure The last gutte whiche we call the fundament begynneth vnder the left reyne and is stretched downe euen to the very hole in the tayle it is tyed to the great back bone being large wyde to the intent that the excrement may go down more at ease Sith I haue descrybed the guttes entrayles I wyll adde somthyng as cōcernyng y e matter that they be made of They be made of flesh sinowes hauīg brode strīges by y e which they expel the excrementes There is a certayne skyn mixt amongest the guttes which is no gutte but a fortresse or a stay for y e smal veynes which come frō y e lyuer and it is called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 thervpon al the small veynes be called Mesaraice and it is a fyne and subtyle skyn made of very smal veynes gathered on an heape togyther amōgest the whyche there is a lumpe of fleshe lyke vnto a kernell whiche we call the swyt bread Underneth y e bastard ribbes in y e rightside of y e maw or stomake is y
intent that the veynes may minister nourishmeÌ„t to the spyrites And agayne the spyrites may refresh the blood w t lyuely heate and as ye se in a laÌ„pe y e flame to be nouryshed w t oyle or waxe so y e spirit plucketh to him blood out of y e veynes with the which he is fed w t. And here as me thinke nature hath shewed vs a marueylous notable example of doinge one for an other in this ciuile lyfe Synowes growe of the brayne also of the marye of the backe bone From whence they bring sense and voluntary mouynge to all partes of the body There hath bene moche to do amongest the olde Phisitions whether the synowes haue any holownesse or coÌ„cauitie in theÌ„ to receyue the animal spirit wherwith they gyue mouyng fealing to y e body or els whether they take their power of the spirit as the lute or harpe strynge doth of the fynger howbeit it is now coÌ„cluded y t ther is none holowe but only .ii. which bring spirit to y e eyes be called Optici and y t the rest do take their power of y e spirites There grow of y e brayne .vii. paire of synowes of y e which som be distributed to y e seÌ„ses some to other partes as to y e stomake or maw and those y t growe of y e brayne be moche fyner softer thaÌ„ those y t grow of the backe which be not only y e instrumeÌ„t of seÌ„se but also of voluÌ„tary mouyng there be of theÌ„ .xxx. paire which be dispersed euery where through all y e body The .vii. Chapter ¶ Of humours ALthough that the spryng well of humours maye then best be perceyued when the maner and waye how to nourish the body is delared yet bycause we be styll occupyed in descrybynge y e partes of the body I am not wyllyng to omytte the differences of humours which be .viii. in numbre .iiii. natural and .iiii. vnnaturall The naturall is blood fleume yellowe coloure and blacke the vnnatural is the same also turned by putrifaction or els som otherwyse from theyr owne natyue qualities As concernynge the generation of the naturall humours I haue some deale mentioned before wherfore I wyll omyt at this tyme to speake or reasoÌ„ any further in that matter sauyng y e I put you in remeÌ„braunce that the same foode whych is receyued by the wesaunt into the stomake for the preseruynge of the bodye is the matter and substaunce whereby by the vertue of the liuer they be made and engendred The .viii. Chapter ¶ Of bloode BLood is hotte and moyst and the greatest parte of y t that nourysheth the body For notwythstandynge that other humours be caryed togyther with the blood to nourysshe the body as blood delayed with fleume both greatly nourysh suche partes y t be colde and moyste as the brayne and coleryke bloode the lyghtes and melancholycke blood the bones and splen yet the especiall part of the noryshment is that that is properlye called bloode For the nouryshmente ought to be swete or els delayed w t swete iuice and suche is the blood The .ix. Chapter ¶ Of fleume FLeume is a watrysh humour colde and moyst which is begone to be altered into blood and is not yet throughly coÌ„coct therfore it is whyte thynne and vnsauery not fatte nor coloured like blood it serueth to mittigate the outragyous heate of the bloude and nourysheth the blood making it thinne and beinge myngled with the blood conforteth suche partes as be flegmatik The .x. Chapter ¶ Of choler CHoler is the fome or floure of y e blood which is made of the hottest and driest partes of y e blood or iuice after that it is boyled wherfore it is also hote and drye and of a bytter taste therfore it is called of Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which in latyn is Amarê° and in Englysh bytter Natural choler is as wel red as yelowe wheÌ„ it is mixt w t the blood it openeth y e veynes doth norysh cholerike partes as the lightes nor it is not caryed al with the blood but the more part of it is reserued in the bladder vnder y e mydle globe of the liuer to clense the lowest bellye or entrayles ye maye and ye wyll call them guttes The .xi. chapter ¶ Of melancholye or blacke choler BLacke choler or melancholie is a thycke terrestrial humour that in the blood falleth downe to y e botome verye lyke vnto olde red wyne that is thicke and blacke it is colde and drye part of it is caryed with the blood both to make it thycker also to helpe and encrease the power reteÌ„tyue in the veynes and other places where it coÌ„meth and also to nourysh the melancholyke partes as the bones and splen The .xii. Chapter ¶ Of the vnnaturall humours NOughty humours be called vnnaturall they be made nought or corrupted eche of them two maner of wayes eyther bycause the substaunce of them without the admixtioÌ„ of any other doth degenerate or elles that they be myngled with suche as be alreadye putrifyed and corrupted bloode is made nought and goeth from hys kynde when he putrifieth in the veynes bycause the pores be shurt or els when he is myngled w t some other euil humour as in the dropsy where he is myxt wyth water The .xiii. Chapter ¶ Of noughty flegme or vnnaturall VNnaturall flegme is a rawe wateryshe humour colde and moyste redoundynge in that body where as is a weake concoction and it is sumtyme muche thinner than spyttle that falleth from the mouthe or nose There is an other kynde of naughtye and vnnaturall flegme whyche is salte in taste that commeth of the mixture of choler w t flegme whyche is plentiful in suche bodyes as feede for the moste parte of salte meates The xiiii Chapiter ¶ Of vnnaturall yelowe choler YElowe choler degenerateth from hys nature whan it is bourned blacke and is made thycke and bytynge or whan sumother humour is mixt wyth it as watrye flegme and this is called citrine choler Galene calleth it pale choler because it is of the colour of leade But yf it be thicke flegme wherwith it is myngled than it is called of y e latynes Uitilina bilis bycause it is lyke in coloure to the yolke of an egge of thys kynde of choler for the most parte are engendred all fyeuers tertian The .xv chapter ¶ Melancholy or blacke choler vnnaturall MElancholye or blacke choler is made vnnaturalle whan other humoures or elles it selfe is burned as drye as aâ—â—hes For Hypocrates saith that bothe blood and red choler wyl be turned soone into Melancholye whan for lacke of ayre they be smothered in the veynes the stoppyng also of the pores doth make a bodye whyche all redye is sanguine or cholerycke of nature melancholye And hereof commeth so manye kyndes of madnesse For yf Melancholy be delayed wyth a lytle blood it maketh a manne merye madde yf it be mixte wyth a
to be without nouryshment and they onelye be made longer broder and deper at one tyme whyche growe naturallye or els yf they be stretched along they decay in bredth nor there is any thyng in the worlde without breakyng may be stretched forth euerye waye at one tyme. For that pertayneth to nature alone and therfore auction is suche a thyng as can not possibly be without nouryshment whereof nowe by gods grace we entende to speake The ii Chapter ¶ Of nutrition NUtrition is the makynge lyke of that which nourysheth to that that is nourysshed and in nutrition there is alteration but not lyke as was in generation For in generatiō that is made flesshe whyche before was none but in nutrition the meat or nouryshment is made lyke to that that is nourysshed therfore the one may be called not without a cause generation and the other assimulation but bycause we haue spokē suffyciētly of these .iii. natural faculties and bycause no lyuyng creature neadeth any other hauyng how he may be encreased and also hauyng howe he may long cōtinue it shal not nede to rehearse any mo natural powers But agayne yf a mā cast in his mind saying to hym selfe he hath mentioned as yet no action of the stomake entrailes liuer nor of any other part of the bodye he shal thynke this but the begynnynge and Proheme of more profytable and better learning Generation auction and nutrition be the fyrste fountaynes or sprynges all the naturall workes and yet they are so perfyte of them selues that wythout externall helpe of other or at the leest amongest them selues mutuall seruyce they can almooste do nothynge And as concernynge what generatiō and auction de nede we haue spoken before but what is requyred vnto nutrition we entende now to declare for I shalbe thought about to shewe as well the very instrumentes prepared for concoction of the nouryshment as also the powers and facultie in thē to be made for the same purpose For seing that assimulation is the onelye action of nutrition and seinge that nothynge can be made lyke whyche in qualitie differeth or be cōtrary Therfore euery lyuing creature can not be nourysshed with euerye meate neyther can be nouryshed incontinent with suche as afterwarde at more leysure peraduenture he maye and by reason of this necessitie not onelye man but brute beastes also endued with lyfe haue neade of meane instrumentes to the alteryng of the nouryshment for that yelowe maye be made red or red yelowe one symple alteration or chaunge is suffycient but y e white may be made blacke or black whyte all the alterations or chaungynges whych be betwyxte blacke whyte be requyred before so that y t is softest can not be made at the fyrst hardest neyther that that is hardest foftest Then if this be true how shal a bone be made of blood excepte the blood fyrst be made thycke and afterwarde whyte or how shal blood be made of bread except the bread chaunge hys colour before from white to red For it is no great matter to make flesshe of bloode for so soone as it is ones made so thycke that it can not rūne it is by and by flesshe but that the same maye be made a boue it muste both haue long tyme and moche alteration and this is one cause why there be many instrumentes prouyded of nature for the alteryng of the meate another cause is the nature of the excrementes For as we can not be nouryshed wyth grasse although bestes are nouryshed wyth it so we maye be nouryshed wyth rootes but nothing so well as wyth flesshe For our nature maye chaunge or alter it easely in to good blood but in a roote that that is conuenient to norysshe the bodye and maye be changed though very hardely not wyth out great concoction is but a verye lytle for the moste parte of it is full of excrementes and doeth passe the instrumētes of concoction wherfore there is but a smal portion of it drawen vp in to the veynes of y e which al is not profitable for y e body wherfore nature dyd lacke another separation of suche excrementes as be in y e that nature hath ordeyned onlye for nutrition whyche as I sayd before is the assimilation or makynge lyke of that that norysheth to that which is nouryshed the whyche to be done as there must nedes go before agglutination or adhesiō so before agglutination there must of necessitie be apposition or puttynge to of the nouryshment to that that is noryshed For after that the iuyce is fallen out of the veynes fyrst it is dispersed abrode and by and by it is ioyned or put vnto that parte whyche shall be noryshed and afterwarde fastened or glued to the same last of al made lyke And than it maye verye well be called nouryshment and not before But y t there is difference betwene assimulation and agglutination it is verye euident in that kynde of scurfe whyche of the Latyns is called viti ligo we call it the Morphewe And also y t kynde of dropsie whiche in greke is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 declare a certayne difference betwene admixtion and agglutination For thys kinde of dropsie cūmeth not for lacke of humiditie as consumptions doe seyng that theyr fleshe whych is troubled wyth thys dropsie is as weete as yf it hadde be swylled in water whyche causeth that the noryshment can not cleue bycause it can neyther be made dry ynough nor thycke lyke glue whyche commeth onely of naturall heat In the Morphewe whyche in greke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in latyne Vitiligo there is agglutination but there lacketh assimulation wherfore it is verye euident that as we sayde before in nutrition there muste fyrste be adiunction and then agglutination fynallye assimilation and properlye that is named nutrimcutum and in our tonge nouryshment whych hath noryshed all ready wherfore that same that is in the morphew or that that is in the dropesie can not wel be called norysshment because they haue not noryshed as yet and of thys fasshyon that that is in the veynes and also that whyche is in the stomacke yea and all good meates may be called nutrimenta or in englysh norysshementes because they wyll nouryshe at the lengthe yf they be well digested and hereof it is that Hyppocrates sayeth in hys booke that he writeth of dyete Nutrimentum quod nutrit Nutrimentum quod est veluti nutrimentum nutrimentum quod est nutriturum whyche is as muche to saye as nourysshement that doeth nourysshe altedye and norysshmente that is lyke rysshement and norysshement that hereafter wyll noryshe For that that alreadye is made lyke Hyppocrates doeth call nutrimente but that whyche is but put vnto or that whyche is fastened onelye and not made lyke he nameth it to be like nutriment and all that whyche is in the veynes or mawe he calleth nutrimente in tyme to come bycause yf it be well digested it wyll norysshe hereafter
after hys fyrste sleape he maye safelye lye on the left syde and whosoeuer hath a weake stomake let hym lye grouelyng vpon hys face for it helpeth cōcoction and letteth the generation of fleume encreasing natural heate by reason wherof euil and noughty humours be degested and concocted And no man that is wyse slepe vpō hys backe for therof commeth many sore diseases It is very holesome to slepe the shulders and heed lying on hye for so the heate is easelye gathered togyther whych maketh concoction perfyte and destroyeth all crudities and rawnesse concernyng also natural heate engēdreth good blood wherof the body taketh both strēgth and lyuely coloure The .vi. Chapter ¶ What cummeth of longe watchynge WIthout doubte there is no thynge that decayeth the strengthe more eyther of the bodye or of the wytte then to watche long after supper because there foloweth not onely cruditie but also naturall heate is dispersed abrode and the vertue of the stomacke faynteth decayeth noughtye and vncleane blood is engendred whyche is cause that the body is fylled wyth euell humours wherof cōmeth an euell habyte as palenesse or leanenesse and the troublynge of the spirites wyth greate infirmitie and weakenes of the brayne Wherefore youth ought to be accustomed and vsed to omytte studye in the begynnynge of the nyght and so muche the lesse to haunt banketynge and drynkynge tyl mydnyght no nor to spend the tyme in exitious labour whyche god hath ordeyned for euery creature to reste in I haue hearde in thys matter the diligence of manye noble menne whyche beynge trowebled wyth matters of the common wealthe haue euer obserued this custome that after supper they wente strayght to bed and in the mornynges they dyd alwayes dispatch their busines Sener wryteth that Asinius woulde not so much as vnseale a letter at after supper so muche the lesse reade one to the entente that he might go to bed with a quiet mynde And yf thou wylte slepe swetely as Homer sayeth thou muste take hede of cruditie in thy stomacke and also haue a quyet mynde For the sorowe and pensifnes of the hearte also the boylynge and greate heate of the blood and spirites and earnest angre distempereth y e brayn wyth vnquyetnes and wyll not suffre the hart to go about any naturall action and besydes these thynke ye that it is no sinne before god to punyshe so cruellye and corrupte the nature of our bodyes seyng that holy scrypture commaundeth to gyue honour and reuerence to the bodye Therefore we oughte to gyue dylygence that as muche as we maye we vse well thys reste and quietnes ordeyned of god by the whyche we are warned of oure resurrection after the mortyfyenge of our bodyes As thys reste whych we call slepe is ordeyned of God that in it oure lyfe maye be renued because there is then a great number of spirits engendred so let vs thynke that deathe is not eternall miserie to the faythefull but a lytle space in the whiche it is mete and conuenient for vs to be borne agayne to a better lyfe The .vii. chapiter ¶ Of dreames ALthough the question of dreames pertayneth to the inner sēses yet I wyll speake of them euen nowe For I pourpose not to prosecute the longe circumstances of the naturall philosophers whych endeuoure to shewe a naturall cause of euery dreame Homer the olde and auncient poet iesteth excedynge featlye of the .ii. gates of dreames of the whiche gates the one is the waye or entranse of vayne dreames and the other of suche as do signifye summe thinge A dreame is nothynge but an ymagination made in the sleape whan that dyuers spirites meete togyther in the brayne whyche beyng the instrument of our thoughtes do make dyuers ymages Furthermore in sleepe the inner senses be a great deale more at lybertye than the vtter be The .viii. Chapter ¶ Of dreames naturall THe fyrste kynde of dreames be cōmon to euery manne therefore they maye well be called naturall These dreames be whan we fansie suche thynges in the nyght as we thought on whan we were wakynge whervpon Claudian the poet sayeth iudges dreame of stryfe and controuersies of the lawe carters dreame of theyr cartes orels whan our dreames answere dyrectelye to certayne humours the redowndyng or mouyng of the whych doth moue our imagination or spirites As they that haue plentie of fleume dreame of swymmyng or drownyng of this fashyon nyght mares trouble vs in our slepe whanso euer anye thycke or grosse humour is eyther in the brayne or breste lettyng the brest to moue the whyche mooueth our ymagination that it thinketh our brest be pressed downe of summe other The. ix Chapiter ¶ Of that kynde of dreames that foreseeth thynges to come THe seconde kynde of dreames foreseeth thynges to cumme but not be any diuine power for euery man as he hath a good tempered bodye as he hath peculier gyftes and properties of nature before other men as one man is better skylled in musycke then an other an other more nimble to clyme than he so many by a peculyar gyfte of nature haue dreames that declare thynges to come by allegories and prouerbes Such were the dreames of Scilla Lucullus And Augustus Cesers Phisition called Musa dremed that Augustus hys owne tente was taken of hys enemyes Wherefore Augustus warned of it departed from thence and euen as the phisition had dreamed it chaunsed For that wynge where his tente was beynge put to flyght hys owne tente and tabernacle was taken of hys enemyes Tullye the eloquent romayne reherseth manye lyke examples he hym selfe dreamed that Octauius shulde be emperour of Rome longe before he knewe hym And Pontanus writeth of a certayne manne of warre which dreamed y t he was deuoured of a serpent wherfore whā other of hys felowes toke shyppyng to fyght agaynst their enemies he only taried at home and it chaunced that there was a fraye in the citie y t daye where it fortuned hym to be slayne wyth a gunstoone whyche in theyr tongue was called a serpent Gallen also wryteth of a certayne man that dreamed himselfe to be bathed in his owne blood and the next daye when he opened hys dreame to the Phisitions they said that he had ouermuche blood wherfore contrary to Galenes counsayl they let him blood so he being destitute of strēgth dyed as he had dreamed before bathed and washed in his owne blood Of these kyndes of dreames there is no euident cause neyther in the mouynge of humours nor yet in theyr quantitie or qualitie but that there be certayne natures that foreseeth thynges to come whyche haue dreames oftentymes that signifye somethynge Nor I wyll not be agaynste them that thynke this propertye to come of the excellent temperature of the bodye as the Astronomers doo but I thynke them not wyse whyche gyue preceptes of the interpretation of dreames attributynge the cause◠to the motion of humours seinge that one man hath not alwayes lyke dreames The. x. chapter
also cokles But although we haue distributed the whole kyndes in .iii. partes yet some that be of one kynde dyffer verye moche one from an other For one is eyther stronger or weaker thā an other For there is more nouryshment in flesh then in any other meat and wheate is stronger and nouryssheth more then myll and myll more then barly and of whete the strōgest and hartyest is that y t we call rye in latin it is called Siligo next in strēgth is the mele hauyng nothynge taken from it weakest of all is fyne wheat floure and beanes also be of strōger nouryshment then pease And of rootes the rape rootes nourisheth more then eyther the pasnepe or radysshe And of herbes beetes be moche strōger then lettuse and offrute grapes fygges and nuttes be stronger thā suche as properly be called apples also of those byrdes whych be of the myddle ordre they be stronger that seke theyr meate on theyr feete then they that flye abrode and of suche as flye continually abrode the byggest be the strongest nouryshmente and theyr flesh is lyghter that lyue in the water thā they that lyue in the land But amōgest the .iiii. footed beastes hogges flesshe is lyghtest and beaffe hardest and also of wylde beastes y e byggest be of the strongest nutrimēt Of those fysshes that be in the myddel ordre the strongest is lynge and suche as be salted then tenche carpe hadocke codlynges and whytinges after these gurnardes pikes roches dace perches gudginges And ther is not onely difference in y e kyndes of beastes but also in them selues as in their age certayn partes in y e tēperature of y e wether coūtrie wher they be brought vp bred For euery sucking beast of .iiii. feet nourisheth lesse thā suche as sucke not also fysh in the mydle age which be not come as yet to their ful bignesse norisheth not so moch as they y t be ful growen And of lambe or kydde the purtenaunce is of lesse strēgth then the other partes be and therfore they may be put in the myddle ordre Of byrdes the neckes wynges be of lyghtest nouryshment as concernyng the grounde that wheate is better that groweth on an hyll then that y t groweth abrode in the felde and fysshe bredde amongest the stones is lyghter nouryshment then that y t is bred in the sande and in the sande lyghter thā in the mudde And therfore suche as be breedde in fennes and standing pooles be harder of digestion then y e same bredde in rūnyng waters or amōgest stones and y t is lighter easlyer of cōcoction which lyueth in the depe thā y t that lyueth in y e shallowe And wilde bestes be of lyghter flesh then tame that y t is bred in moyste wether is lighter thā that y t is bred in drie wether And morouer such as be fatte be better thā such as be lene though they be of one kynde they that be fresh be easelyer of digestyon then they that be salte and newe be better thā stale or olde and that that is sodden better then that that is eyther rosted or fryed Harde egges be of a very stronge nouryshment and softe and rere very weake Of drynkes ale is the strōgest feder and thā mylke and wyne that is made of the mulberye and all olde wynes And therfore such as be of weake natures shulde neuer drynke any olde wyne and of all drynke water nourysheth leest and that is strongest ale which is made of strōgest malte and those wynes whose grapes grow in fatte grounde are of moche stronger nouryshment then the wyne of suche as growe in leane Of waters the lightest is rayne water and next vnto it is the water of a fayre spryng or foūtayne then of a runnyng floude and after of a welle then snowewater worse then snowewater is frosē water and worse then frosen water is the water of a stāding poole worst of all is fennewater and for such as be diligēt serchers it is easy to know the nature of waters for the best is lyghtest and yf there be two lyke in weyght the fynest and best is that y t wyl sonest be hotte and sonest colde And for the mooste parte this is alwayes trewe that euery thynge as it is of strongest substaunce so it is hardest to be digested or altered into good iuice but where it can be altered it nouryssheth more then that that is moche fyner Therfore there muste be an ordre obserued in these meates and drynkes aforesayde As he that hath all his naturall powers and actions lusty and is hymselfe of a stronge and harde complexion leadynge hys lyfe in greate labour maye safelye eate the strongest meates but he that is of a weake body and lyueth ydelye must be fed w t the weakest meate and with that y t is easye of digestion and wyll sonest be turned into good iuyce and blood The .x. chapter ¶ Of the dyuerse qualities in meates NEither be these only the differences for some meates breede euyll iuice and some good and some make moche grosser fleume then other some do and other some be more mete for the stomake then other some be and some be full of winde and other some be not and some engender heate and agayne there be other some breede colde Som putrifieth easely in y e stomake and some wyl not putrify at al some make leuse the belye some bynde y e same some prouoke vryne and some restrayneth it some causeth sleape some styrryng vp the senses prouoketh watche The whyche all ought to be knowen bycause one profyteth the body or the health more then an other doth The .xi. Chapter ¶ What thynges haue good iuice WHeate rye wheat broth and ryesse be of good iuice and be gentle very mete for the stomake makynge it moderately hotte barly broth som call it prysane mylke and softe chese and all byrdes of the myddle ordre with some of the bygger as feysaūt pecocke curlewe and capon breede or engendre very good iuyce and of fysshes suche as be betwyxt tender and harde as mullettes pykes gurnardes and perches And of herbes as lettuce mallowes cucumers and gourdes of egges suche as be reere and softe of fructe all that be swete and also swete wine and to conclude all fatte or chammye flesshe The .xii. Chapiter ¶ What thynges haue euel iuyce MIll barlye and all poudered flesshe and also all salte fyshe and olde chese and the grayne lyke pease called fytches certayn rotes also as rapes and radysshe and moreouer beetes thyme onyons garlyke hysope rue fenell cumyue dyll musterd seede lyekes and also myltes kydneys and entrayles almost of euery great beast bredeth euell iuyce noughty blood furthermore all sower and tarte fruyte and to be brefe al thinges that be sharpe tarte or bytter and almost all fysshe that lyue in fennes lakes or muddye pondes or suche as we cal ouergrowen fysshe The .xiii. chapter ¶
What thinges of theyr nature be gentle and mylde and agayn what be keene sharpe SUppynges brothes ptisans bothe of barley and also of wheate and all fatte flesshe and clammye the whyche almost is in euerye beast y t is tame brought vp wythin the house but especilly in pygges and calues feete and in lambes kyddes or calues heades also the braynes of the same as wel as of byrdes be gentle and mylde but all thynges that be sower or bytter and all that be salte also garlyke onions rue leekes cucumers beetes and all herbes for the moste parte be sharpe and keene ¶ The xiiii chapter ¶ What meates make thycke fleume and what maketh thinne REere egges ptisanes of wheat rise and ptisanes of barley and mylke and all clammye meates make thycke fleume and al salte meates sharpe meates and tarte meates engender thynne fleume The .xv. Chapiter ¶ What meates be good for the stomacke ALl sharpe and rarte meates suche also as be lyghtely poudered be very mete and holsome for the stomacke and besydes these vnleuened bread and ryse or ptisans and all wyldefowle hauyng whyte fleshe of domestical beastes beaffe hath no felowe Of other beastes the leane is better for the stomacke then the fatte and besyde these swynes feete and eares and the woumbes of barrayn beste Of herbes lettuce pasneppes and sodden cucumers Of fruyte cheries mulberies tender peares orenges and quynces besyde these steped grapes reere egges pineapples whyte olyues soked in sharpe vinegre orels blacke that wer not gathered before they were thorowe rype or els haue bene kepte in sweete wyne be verye meete conuenient for the stomacke ¶ The xvi chapter ¶ What be euel for the stomake All hote meates all salte meates all manner of potages and al thynges that be very swete and all fattye meates all suppynges and leuened breade and also oyle that is made of myll or barley and salades y t be sawesed wyth salte and oyle moreouer almaner of these mylke greene fygges and drye and finallye all that engender wynde do greatlye hurte the stomacke Here it maye be perceyued that all meates whyche engender good iuyce be not good for the stomacke no nor y t that is good for the stomake therfore bredeth good iuyce bycause it is holsom for the stomake The .xvii. Chapter ¶ What meates make the bellye swell and what delaye the same AL maner of corne and all maner of swete meates and fatte meates and potages and new wynes also make the bellye swell of herbes garlyke onions and lekes and all maner of rootes except pasnepes and read carretes also bothe drye and grene fygges but of bothe the grene by y e worse morouer grene grapes al maner of nuttes mylke also and chese and all meate that is eaten rawe prouoketh the swellyng of the bellye Byrdes y t haue whyte flesshe and all maner of venerie and all fysshe of the myddle order and al maner of shel fyshe and besyde these rere or softe egges olde wyne make no maner of swellynge in the bellye Where note that fenelle seede and anyse seed do greatlye ease and helpe the swellynge of the bellye The .xviii. chapter ¶ What thynges engender eyther heate or colde PEper salte flesshe sodden in pottage garlyke onyons drye fygges salte fysshe and wyne doo engender heat lettuce and the moste parte of herbes eaten rawe as sucorye endyue borage violet leues mā dragon and pople Also coriander cucumers and gourdes sodden Of frutes mulberies cheries soure apples and tender peares and specially vine egre taken eyther as meat or drynke doo augment colde The .xix. chapter ¶ What thynges putrifye easelye in the mawe and what do not LEuened bread ye and all maner of bread y t is not made of wheat and mylke and hony and all maner of chese and wynes eyther y t be ouer swete orels ouer thynne doe easely putrify in y e maw or stomacke Howebe it vnleuened bread and all wylde fowle of the myddle order beoffe also and all harde and leane flesshe and all salte meates sharpe wynes wyll continue long wythout any putrefaction The .xix. chapiter ¶ What thinges do leuse the belly VNleuened barly bread lettuce purslane dyl onions garlyke mallowes beetes cucumers cheries mulberies raysins dry fygges oysters muscles and all maner of shell fysshe but especiallye broth made with them also yong and tender fysshe and fatte fleshe in potage or elles boyled or suche byrdes as swymme and besydes these mylke rawe hony swete wyne and al that that is dronke luke warme and all fatte or swete meates doe make the bellye laxatyue The .xx. Chapter ¶ What thynges bynde the bellye RYe bread vnleauened harde rosted egges litle birdes but especyally such as be tame brought vp in the house and vseth not to flye abrode also crane hare and gootes flesshe and besyde these beaffe and harde chese and hony y t hath sodden longe on the fyre peres also that be not rype and specially such as be called rollyng peres Also orynges and quynces whyte olyues and wyne y t is tart and sharpe and finally al thīges y t be harde leane tart or sharpe and of flesshe that y t is rosted sooner thā that that is sodden haue power to bynde the belly The .xxi. Chapter ¶ What thinges prouoke vryne AL thinges for y e moost parte that smel fragātlye helpe to prouoke vrine mynt also and rue dyll anysseede parcelye seede and fenellseede besydes these tyme coriandre onyons and wormwood thynne wynes also and both rounde and longe pepper also musterd seede and pyneapples The. xxii chapter ¶ What thynges prouoke slepe and what cause watche LEttuce pople mandragon mulberyes and garlyke prouoke slepe Tyme rue hysope and vnyons styre vp the senses whereby they cause watche The ende of the. ii boke ¶ The. iij. boke ¶ The fyrst Chapter ¶ Of exercyse EXercyse is necessary for ii causes the one to pourge the body of excrementes and the other to chaūge it from a worse state to a better For seinge that euery laboure is not an exercice but onely that y e is vehemēnt these iii. must nedes cōsequētly folow exercise Hardnesse of y e limes or of suche partes as be exercised encrese of natural heat swifter mouing of y e spirites These profites exercyse bringeth w t him of necessity besyde a great many other y t come of these as of y e hardnes of y e partes the bodye is made bothe apte to endure moch labour w tout payne also quicker redier finally strōger to y e same Of y e encrease of natural heate y e power or vertue attractiue is quickned in all partes seruynge to nutrition moreouer the alteration or concoctiō in the same is made moche stronger by reason wherof the body is nouryshed moche better and more luckely then it shoulde haue bene and euerye parte also sprynkled wyth a swete moysture or dewe that maketh such membres as be harde softe