no_o better_a success_n than_o i_o have_v have_v before_o so_o that_o the_o argument_n may_v be_v plausible_o enough_o retort_v upon_o they_o that_o urge_v it_o 19_o and_o in_o case_n the_o trial_n shall_v succeed_v sometime_o or_o other_o for_o that_o it_o do_v not_o ordinary_o i_o have_v show_v already_o yet_o will_v there_o be_v no_o necessity_n of_o derive_v the_o effect_n from_o antiperistasis_n for_o though_o in_o such_o case_n the_o fire_n will_v contribute_v to_o the_o production_n of_o the_o effect_n by_o hasten_v the_o dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n yet_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o fire_n do_v but_o remote_o and_o by_o accident_n cause_v the_o production_n of_o ice_n since_o other_o agent_n will_v do_v the_o same_o thing_n that_o be_v qualify_v to_o make_v a_o quick_a dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n whether_o they_o be_v hot_a or_o no_o as_o i_o have_v try_v that_o spirit_n and_o crude_a salt_n of_o nitre_n will_v either_o of_o they_o by_o a_o due_a application_n bring_v snow_n 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distance_n of_o that_o element_n which_o they_o place_v contiguous_a to_o the_o orb_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o how_o little_a near_o to_o it_o the_o concave_a part_n of_o the_o upper_a region_n be_v than_o the_o convex_a of_o the_o middle_n we_o may_v easy_o conceive_v that_o in_o two_o distance_n that_o be_v both_o of_o they_o so_o immense_a so_o small_a a_o disparity_n can_v be_v much_o if_o at_o all_o more_o considerable_a than_o the_o great_a nearness_n of_o one_o side_n of_o a_o sheet_n of_o paper_n hold_v at_o three_o yard_n distance_n from_o a_o ordinary_a fire_n in_o comparison_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o same_o paper_n or_o then_o the_o distance_n of_o a_o small_a wart_n and_o of_o the_o neighbour_a part_n of_o the_o face_n when_o a_o man_n come_v within_o 2._o or_o 3._o yard_n of_o the_o fire_n but_o it_o be_v not_o worth_a while_n to_o prosecute_v this_o consideration_n because_o the_o argument_n against_o which_o it_o be_v allege_v be_v 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he_o inform_v i_o that_o it_o be_v their_o usual_a way_n to_o turn_v water_n and_o snow_n into_o ice_n by_o pour_v a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o that_o liquor_n into_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o snow_n and_o have_v also_o inquire_v 〈◊〉_d ice_n have_v not_o the_o like_a operation_n he_o tell_v 〈◊〉_d that_o it_o be_v usual_a and_o he_o have_v see_v it_o practise_v in_o 〈◊〉_d to_o cement_v ice_n to_o building_n and_o other_o thing_n and_o also_o to_o case_n over_o body_n as_o it_o be_v with_o ice_n by_o gradual_o throw_v water_n upon_o they_o but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o that_o effect_v be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v bare_o to_o the_o contiguity_n of_o the_o ice_n because_o i_o learn_v of_o he_o that_o this_o way_n of_o increase_a ice_n be_v practise_v in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n when_o water_n thin_o spread_v upon_o almost_o any_o other_o body_n will_v be_v freeze_v by_o the_o vehement_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air._n 7._o the_o glaciation_n that_o nature_n unguided_a by_o art_n be_v 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surface_n ii_o nine_o or_o ten_o night_n successive_a frost_n freeze_v the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o garden_n about_o six_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_a in_o depth_n and_o the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o orchard_n where_o a_o wall_n 〈◊〉_d it_o from_o the_o south_n sun_n to_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o about_o eight_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_o february_n the_o 9_o we_o dig_v in_o a_o orchard_n near_o a_o wall_n that_o respect_v the_o north_n and_o find_v the_o frost_n to_o have_v 〈◊〉_d the_o ground_n 〈◊〉_d a_o foot_n and_o two_o inch_n at_o least_o above_o a_o foot_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o eight_o day_n since_o it_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d inch_n and_o a_o half_a a_fw-la slender_a pipe_n of_o glass_n about_o 18._o inch_n long_o and_o seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v thrust_v over_o night_n into_o a_o hole_n purposely_o make_v with_o a_o spit_n straight_o down_o into_o the_o ground_n the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o same_o level_n with_o that_o of_o the_o earth_n the_o next_o morning_n the_o tube_n be_v take_v out_o the_o water_n appear_v freeze_v in_o the_o whole_a capacity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n but_o a_o little_a more_o than_o three_o inch_n but_o from_o this_o stick_n of_o ice_n there_o reach_v downward_o a_o part_n of_o a_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n of_o about_o six_o inch_n in_o length_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o water_n remain_v 〈◊〉_d though_o it_o be_v a_o exceed_a sharp_a night_n precede_v by_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o air_n that_o have_v be_v very_o lasting_a and_o very_o bitter_a the_o earth_n in_o the_o garden_n where_o this_o trial_n be_v make_v we_o guess_v to_o be_v freeze_v eight_o or_o ten_o inch_n deep_a as_o it_o be_v in_o another_o place_n about_o the_o same_o house_n but_o be_v this_o tube_n have_v not_o be_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n will_v have_v freeze_v it_o quite_o through_o 9_o another_o note_n much_o of_o the_o same_o import_n we_o find_v in_o another_o place_n of_o our_o collection_n find_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mildness_n of_o our_o climate_n i_o be_v scarce_o to_o hope_v for_o any_o much_o deep_a congelation_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o water_n i_o apply_v myself_o to_o inquire_v of_o a_o ingenious_a man_n that_o have_v be_v at_o musco_n whether_o he_o have_v observe_v any_o thing_n there_o to_o my_o present_a purpose_n as_o also_o to_o find_v in_o captain_n james_n voyage_n whether_o that_o inquisitive_a navigator_n have_v take_v notice_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o may_v inform_v i_o how_o far_o the_o cold_a be_v able_a to_o freeze_v the_o earth_n or_o water_n in_o the_o island_n of_o charleton_n where_o that_o quality_n may_v probable_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v have_v as_o large_a a_o sphere_n of_o activity_n as_o in_o almost_o any_o part_n of_o the_o habitable_a world_n and_o by_o my_o inquiry_n i_o 〈◊〉_d that_o even_o in_o freeze_a region_n themselves_o a_o congeal_a degree_n of_o cold_a pierce_v nothing_o near_o so_o deep_a into_o the_o earth_n and_o sea_n as_o one_o will_v imagine_v for_o the_o traveller_n i_o speak_v with_o tell_v i_o that_o in_o a_o garden_n in_o musco_n where_o he_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o thing_n i_o inquire_v about_o he_o find_v not_o the_o ground_n to_o be_v freeze_v much_o above_o two_o foot_n deep_a and_o in_o captain_n james_n journal_n the_o most_o that_o i_o find_v and_o that_o too_o where_o he_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o prodigious_o tall_a ice_n they_o have_v in_o january_n concern_v the_o pierce_a of_o the_o frost_n into_o the_o ground_n be_v this_o that_o the_o ground_n at_o 63._o tenfoot_o deep_a be_v freeze_v whence_o by_o the_o way_n we_o may_v gather_v how_o much_o sharp_a cold_n may_v be_v presume_v to_o have_v reign_v in_o that_o island_n than_o even_o in_o russia_n and_o as_o for_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o water_n he_o do_v in_o another_o place_n occasional_o give_v we_o this_o memorable_a account_n of_o it_o where_o he_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o break_n up_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o freeze_a sea_n that_o surround_v the_o island_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o it_o be_v first_o to_o be_v note_v say_v he_o that_o it_o do_v 86._o not_o freeze_v natural_o above_o six_o foot_n the_o rest_n be_v by_o accident_n such_o be_v that_o ice_n that_o you_o may_v see_v here_o six_o fathom_n thick_a this_o we_o have_v manifest_a proof_n of_o by_o our_o dig_v the_o ice_n out_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o by_o dig_v to_o our_o anchor_n before_o the_o ice_n break_v up_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o account_n not_o concern_v our_o present_a purpose_n i_o forbear_v to_o annex_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o notwithstanding_o our_o late_o mention_a experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n in_o
have_v teach_v i_o preserve_v ice_n and_o snow_n for_o a_o very_a long_a time_n appendix_n to_o the_o xvi_o title_n a_o eminent_a instance_n to_o confirm_v what_o be_v deliver_v at_o the_o close_a of_o the_o forego_n section_n be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o conservatory_n wherein_o snow_n and_o ice_n be_v keep_v all_o the_o summer_n long_o of_o these_o i_o have_v see_v in_o italy_n and_o elsewhere_o but_o suppose_v i_o have_v the_o command_n of_o some_o italian_a and_o other_o book_n wherein_o i_o shall_v meet_v with_o the_o dimension_n and_o other_o circumstance_n that_o belong_v to_o they_o my_o find_v my_o expectation_n disappoint_v by_o those_o book_n make_v i_o think_v it_o very_o well_o worth_a while_n to_o subjoin_v somewhat_o about_o thing_n that_o may_v give_v we_o opportunity_n of_o make_v a_o multitude_n of_o experiment_n about_o cold._n and_o therefore_o meet_v the_o other_o day_n by_o good_a chance_n with_o my_o ingenious_a friend_n mr._n j._n evelyn_n his_o inquisitive_a travel_n and_o his_o insight_n into_o the_o more_o polite_a kind_n of_o knowledge_n and_o particular_o architecture_n make_v i_o desire_v and_o expect_v of_o he_o that_o account_v of_o the_o italian_a way_n of_o make_v conservatory_n of_o snow_n that_o i_o have_v miss_v of_o in_o several_a author_n and_o have_v ready_o obtain_v my_o desire_n of_o he_o i_o shall_v not_o injure_v so_o just_o esteem_v a_o style_n as_o he_o to_o deliver_v his_o description_n in_o any_o other_o word_n than_o those_o ensue_a one_o wherein_o i_o receive_v it_o from_o he_o the_o snow_n pit_n in_o italy_n etc._n etc._n be_v sink_v in_o the_o most_o solitary_a and_o cool_v place_n common_o at_o the_o foot_n of_o some_o mountain_n or_o elevate_a ground_n which_o may_v best_o protect_v they_o from_o the_o meridional_a and_o occidental_a sun_n 25._o foot_n wide_a at_o the_o orifice_n and_o about_o 50._o in_o depth_n be_v esteem_v a_o competent_a proportion_n and_o though_o this_o be_v excavate_v in_o a_o conical_a form_n yet_o it_o be_v make_v flat_a at_o the_o bottom_n or_o point_n the_o side_n of_o the_o pit_n be_v so_o joyce_v that_o board_n may_v be_v nail_v upon_o they_o very_o close_o joint_v his_o majesty_n at_o greenwich_n new_o make_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o castle-hill_n be_v as_o i_o remember_v steen_v with_o brick_n and_o hardly_o so_o wide_o at_o the_o mouth_n steen_v about_o a_o yard_n from_o the_o bottom_n be_v fix_v a_o strong_a frame_n or_o tressle_n upon_o which_o lie_v a_o kind_n of_o wooden_a grate_n the_o top_n or_o cover_v be_v double_a thatch_a with_o reed_n or_o straw_n upon_o a_o copped_a frame_n or_o roof_n in_o one_o of_o the_o side_n whereof_o be_v a_o narrow_a door-case_n hip_v on_o like_o the_o top_n of_o a_o dormer_n and_o thatch_v and_o so_o it_o be_v complete_a to_o conserve_v snow_n they_o lay_v clean_a straw_n upon_o the_o grate_n or_o wattle_v so_o as_o to_o keep_v the_o snow_n from_o run_v through_o while_o they_o beat_v it_o to_o a_o hard_a cake_n of_o a_o icy_a consistence_n which_o be_v near_o one_o foot_n thick_a upon_o this_o they_o make_v a_o layer_n of_o straw_n and_o on_o that_o snow_n beat_v as_o before_o and_o so_o continue_v a_o bed_n of_o straw_n and_o a_o bed_n of_o snow_n s._n s._n s._n till_o the_o pit_n be_v full_a to_o the_o brim_n final_o they_o lay_v straw_n or_o reed_n for_o i_o remember_v to_o have_v see_v both_o a_o competent_a thickness_n over_o all_o and_o keep_v the_o door_n lock_v this_o grate_n be_v contrive_v that_o the_o snow_n melt_v by_o any_o accident_n in_o lay_v or_o extraordinary_a season_n of_o weather_n may_v drain_v away_o from_o the_o mass_n and_o sink_v without_o stagnate_n upon_o it_o which_o will_v accelerate_v the_o dissolution_n and_o therefore_o the_o very_a bottom_n be_v but_o slight_o steen_v those_o who_o be_v most_o circumspect_a and_o curious_a preserve_v a_o tall_a circle_n of_o shady_a tree_n about_o the_o pit_n which_o may_v rather_o shade_v then_o drip_v upon_o it_o thus_o far_o this_o learned_a gentleman_n account_n of_o conservatory_n of_o snow_n and_o on_o this_o occasion_n i_o may_v add_v what_o the_o dutch_a in_o their_o nova_n zembla_n voyage_n relate_v namely_o that_o the_o three_o and_o twenty_o of_o june_n though_o it_o be_v fair_a sunshiny_a weather_n yet_o the_o heat_n be_v not_o so_o strong_a as_o to_o melt_v the_o snow_n to_o afford_v they_o water_n to_o drink_v and_o that_o in_o spite_n of_o their_o be_v reduce_v to_o put_v snow_n into_o their_o mouth_n to_o melt_v it_o down_o into_o their_o throat_n they_o be_v compel_v to_o endure_v great_a thirst_n but_o because_o it_o be_v in_o so_o cold_a a_o climate_n that_o this_o duration_n of_o the_o snow_n be_v observe_v i_o shall_v rather_o take_v notice_n that_o in_o the_o alps_o and_o other_o high_a mountain_n even_o of_o warm_a climate_n though_o the_o snow_n do_v partly_o melt_v towards_o the_o end_n of_o summer_n yet_o in_o some_o place_n where_o the_o reflection_n of_o the_o sun_n beam_n be_v less_o considerable_a the_o top_n will_v even_o then_o remain_v cover_v with_o snow_n as_o we_o among_o many_o other_o have_v in_o those_o country_n observe_v and_o for_o further_a confirmation_n of_o the_o doctrine_n deliver_v at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o 16._o title_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v a_o passage_n which_o have_v unexspected_o meet_v with_o in_o a_o unlikely_a place_n of_o captain_n james_n voyage_n i_o think_v not_o fit_a to_o leave_v unmentioned_a here_o not_o only_o because_o it_o be_v the_o sole_a artificial_a observation_n that_o i_o yet_o meet_v with_o concern_v the_o last_a of_o ice_n and_o so_o may_v recommend_v to_o we_o the_o ingenuity_n of_o a_o author_n who_o testimony_n we_o somewhat_o frequent_o make_v use_n of_o but_o because_o the_o observation_n be_v in_o itself_o remarkable_a and_o notwithstanding_o the_o difference_n of_o place_n may_v serve_v for_o the_o purpose_n we_o allege_v it_o our_o navigator_n 101._o word_n be_v these_o i_o have_v in_o july_n and_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o august_n take_v some_o of_o the_o ice_n into_o the_o ship_n and_o cut_v it_o square_n two_o foot_n and_o put_v it_o into_o the_o boat_n where_o the_o sun_n do_v shine_v on_o it_o with_o a_o very_a strong_a reflex_n about_o it_o and_o notwithstanding_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o ship_n for_o we_o keep_v a_o good_a fire_n and_o our_o breathe_n and_o motion_n it_o will_v not_o melt_v in_o eight_o or_o ten_o day_n and_o it_o be_v also_o considerable_a to_o our_o present_a purpose_n what_o the_o same_o author_n elsewhere_o have_v about_o the_o durableness_n of_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o ground_n not_o yet_o thaw_v at_o the_o begin_n 〈◊〉_d of_o june_n for_o the_o ground_n say_v he_o be_v yet_o freeze_v and_o thus_o much_o we_o find_v by_o experience_n in_o the_o bury_n of_o our_o man_n in_o set_v up_o the_o king_n standard_n towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o june_n and_o by_o our_o well_n at_o our_o come_n away_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o july_n at_o which_o time_n upon_o the_o land_n for_o some_o other_o reason_n it_o be_v very_o hot_a weather_n title_n xvii_o consideration_n and_o experiment_n touch_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la 1._o the_o dispute_n which_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la be_v very_o well_o know_v among_o naturalist_n some_o contend_v for_o the_o earth_n other_o for_o the_o water_n other_o for_o the_o air_n and_o some_o of_o the_o modern_n for_o nitre_n but_o all_o seem_a to_o agree_v that_o there_o be_v some_o body_n or_o other_o that_o be_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n supreme_o cold_a and_o by_o participation_n of_o which_o all_o other_o cold_a body_n obtain_v that_o quality_n 2._o but_o for_o my_o part_n i_o think_v that_o before_o man_n have_v so_o hot_o dispute_v which_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la they_o will_v have_v do_v well_o to_o inquire_v whether_o there_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n or_o no_o in_o the_o sense_n new_o express_v for_o though_o i_o make_v some_o scruple_n resolute_o to_o contradict_v such_o several_a sect_n of_o philosopher_n as_o agree_v in_o take_v it_o for_o grant_v yet_o i_o think_v it_o may_v be_v not_o irrational_o question_v and_o that_o upon_o two_o or_o three_o account_n 3._o for_o first_o it_o be_v disputable_a enough_o as_o we_o shall_v hereafter_o see_v whether_o can_v be_v as_o they_o speak_v a_o positive_a quality_n or_o a_o bare_a privation_n of_o heat_n and_o till_o this_o question_n be_v determine_v it_o will_v be_v somewhat_o improper_a to_o wrangle_v sollicitous_o which_o may_v be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o if_o a_o body_n be_v cold_a signify_v no_o more_o then_o it_o be_v not_o have_v its_o insensible_a part_n so_o much_o agitate_a as_o those_o of_o our_o sensory_n by_o which_o we_o be_v wont_n to_o judge_v of_o tactile_a
with_o he_o supply_v he_o so_o well_o with_o air_n that_o he_o be_v not_o incommodate_v in_o point_n of_o respiration_n and_o though_o he_o feel_v no_o other_o inconvenience_n that_o may_v dissuade_v his_o tarry_n long_a yet_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o great_a and_o troublesome_a that_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o endure_v it_o above_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n but_o be_v constrain_v to_o remount_v to_o a_o mild_a as_o well_o as_o a_o high_a region_n i_o wish_v several_a time_n he_o have_v have_v with_o he_o a_o seal_a weatherglass_n for_o ordinary_a thermometer_n will_v on_o that_o occasion_n have_v be_v unserviceable_a to_o prevent_v some_o little_a doubt_n that_o may_v be_v make_v whether_o the_o intense_a cold_a he_o feel_v may_v not_o be_v only_o and_o chief_o in_o reference_n to_o his_o body_n which_o may_v be_v so_o alter_v and_o dispose_v by_o this_o new_a briny_a ambient_fw-la as_o to_o make_v such_o a_o disturbance_n in_o the_o course_n or_o texture_n of_o his_o blood_n as_o that_o which_o make_v aguish_a person_n so_o cold_a at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o fit_a though_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la body_n continue_v the_o same_o but_o this_o be_v not_o the_o only_a person_n that_o find_v the_o sea_n exceed_o cold_a for_o i_o remember_v 1._o beguinus_n relate_v from_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o marseillian_a knight_n that_o be_v overseer_n of_o the_o coral-fishing_a in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o tunis_n that_o have_v upon_o that_o coast_n let_v down_o a_o young_a man_n to_o feel_v whether_o coral_n be_v hard_a or_o soft_a as_o it_o grow_v in_o the_o water_n when_o this_o man_n be_v come_v about_o eight_o fathom_n near_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n he_o feel_v it_o exceed_o cold_a to_o which_o we_o shall_v add_v the_o testimony_n of_o a_o sober_a traveller_n josephus_n acosta_n who_o tell_v 11._o we_o that_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n remarkable_a that_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o ocean_n the_o water_n can_v be_v make_v hot_a by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o sun_n as_o in_o river_n final_o he_o subjoin_v even_o as_o salt-petre_n though_o it_o be_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o salt_n have_v the_o property_n to_o cool_v water_n even_o so_o we_o see_v by_o experience_n that_o in_o some_o part_n and_o haven_n the_o salt_n water_n do_v refresh_v the_o which_o we_o have_v observe_v in_o that_o of_o callao_n where_o they_o put_v the_o water_n or_o wine_n which_o they_o drink_v into_o the_o sea_n in_o flagon_n to_o be_v refresh_v whereby_o we_o may_v undoubted_o find_v that_o the_o ocean_n have_v this_o property_n to_o temper_n and_o moderate_v the_o excessive_a heat_n for_o this_o cause_n we_o feel_v great_a heat_n at_o land_n then_o at_o sea_n caeteris_fw-la paribus_fw-la and_o common_o country_n lie_v near_o the_o sea_n be_v cool_a than_o those_o that_o be_v far_o off_o by_o all_o these_o testimony_n it_o seem_v to_o appear_v that_o both_o in_o very_o cold_a region_n and_o very_o hot_a the_o deep_a part_n of_o the_o sea_n seem_v to_o be_v very_o cold_a the_o sun_n beam_n be_v not_o able_a to_o penetrate_v the_o sea_n to_o any_o great_a depth_n for_o i_o remember_v that_o have_v inquire_v of_o the_o diver_n i_o late_o mention_v whether_o he_o can_v discern_v the_o light_n of_o the_o sun_n at_o any_o great_a distance_n from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n he_o answer_v i_o that_o he_o can_v not_o but_o as_o he_o go_v down_o deep_o and_o deep_o so_o he_o find_v it_o dark_a and_o dark_a and_o that_o to_o a_o degree_n that_o will_v scarce_o have_v be_v expect_v in_o so_o diaphanous_a a_o body_n as_o water_n be_v 17._o but_o this_o submarine_a cold_a if_o i_o may_v so_o call_v it_o though_o it_o be_v great_a and_o considerable_a be_v not_o so_o intense_a as_o to_o entitle_v water_n to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la since_o as_o cold_a as_o our_o divers_a find_v it_o at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n they_o do_v not_o find_v it_o cold_a enough_o to_o freeze_v the_o water_n there_o as_o the_o air_n often_o do_v at_o the_o top._n 18._o the_o next_o opinion_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v be_v that_o of_o the_o stoic_n of_o old_a and_o adopt_v by_o the_o generality_n of_o modern_a philosopher_n that_o be_v not_o peripatetic_n who_o assert_v the_o air_n to_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o be_v ere_o long_o more_o particular_o to_o treat_v of_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n we_o will_v reserve_v till_o then_o to_o examine_v whether_o it_o be_v cold_a of_o its_o own_o nature_n or_o not_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n we_o shall_v here_o take_v leave_n to_o question_n whether_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v esteem_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o not_o to_o mention_v that_o aristotle_n and_o the_o school_n with_o many_o other_o learned_a man_n think_v the_o air_n so_o far_o from_o be_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o element_n that_o they_o reckon_v it_o among_o the_o hot_a one_o because_o i_o confel_n their_o opinion_n be_v not_o i_o not_o to_o represent_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n nor_o that_o by_o the_o generality_n of_o philosopher_n the_o upper_a region_n of_o the_o air_n which_o be_v believe_v to_o make_v incomparable_o the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o be_v always_o hot_a and_o the_o low_a region_n be_v so_o too_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o middle_n though_o the_o coldness_n even_o of_o this_o be_v not_o perhaps_o unquestionable_a not_o to_o urge_v any_o of_o these_o thing_n i_o say_v i_o shall_v in_o this_o place_n mention_v only_o two_o observation_n 19_o the_o one_o be_v that_o which_o i_o late_o recite_v touch_v the_o great_a coldness_n of_o the_o water_n in_o the_o deep_a part_n of_o the_o sea_n for'tis_o not_o easy_a to_o show_v how_o this_o great_a cold_a proceed_v from_o that_o of_o the_o air_n who_o operation_n seem_v not_o as_o may_v be_v judge_v by_o that_o little_a way_n that_o frost_n pierce_v into_o the_o moist_a earth_n to_o reach_v very_o far_o beneath_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n insomuch_o that_o captain_n james_n who_o have_v very_o good_a opportunity_n to_o try_v allow_v not_o in_o case_n the_o ice_n be_v not_o make_v by_o accumulation_n that_o the_o frost_n pierce_v above_o two_o yard_n perpendicular_o downward_o from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n even_o in_o the_o cold_a habitable_a region_n and_o this_o will_v seem_v the_o more_o rational_a if_o we_o consider_v that_o in_o case_n the_o coldness_n of_o the_o sea_n proceed_v constant_o from_o the_o air_n as_o such_o the_o cold_a will_v be_v great_a near_o the_o surface_n where_o it_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n then_o in_o the_o part_n remote_a from_o it_o and_o yet_o the_o contrary_n may_v appear_v by_o the_o passage_n late_o recite_v 20._o but_o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o this_o at_o best_a can_v prove_v no_o more_o then_o that_o the_o air_n be_v not_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la notwithstanding_o which_o it_o may_v be_v the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o answer_v i_o must_v proceed_v 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strength_n of_o the_o wine_n 3._o upon_o these_o and_o other_o consideration_n we_o think_v it_o requisite_a to_o make_v use_n of_o a_o expedient_a who_o nature_n and_o use_n will_v be_v easy_o gather_v out_o of_o the_o follow_a experiment_n and_o though_o by_o a_o mischance_n that_o break_v my_o weatherglass_n i_o have_v be_v hinder_v from_o measure_v exact_o in_o what_o proportion_n to_o the_o whole_a bulk_n the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v contract_v by_o the_o surplusage_n of_o cold_a that_o be_v more_o than_o necessary_a to_o make_v water_n freeze_v yet_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o something_o of_o use_n to_o our_o present_a theme_n may_v be_v thence_o collect_v and_o especial_o the_o main_a thing_n design_v will_v manifest_o appear_v which_o be_v the_o intensity_n of_o cold_a produce_v by_o art_n beyond_o that_o which_o nature_n need_v to_o employ_v upon_o the_o glaciate_a of_o water_n 4._o a_o small_a seal_a weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n the_o ball_n be_v about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o large_a nutmeg_n and_o the_o cylindrical_a stem_n be_v very_o slender_a and_o about_o ten_o inch_n long_o the_o ball_n and_o part_n of_o the_o stem_n be_v immerse_v in_o a_o vessel_n of_o water_n half_o bury_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n when_o the_o water_n begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n the_o bottom_n and_o the_o side_n but_o before_o the_o ice_n have_v reach_v the_o ball_n for_o fear_v it_o shall_v break_v it_o the_o tinct_a liquor_n be_v find_v subside_v to_o 5_o ⅔_n division_n be_v half_a inch_n and_o be_v take_v out_o thence_o and_o ice_n and_o salt_n be_v immediate_o apply_v to_o the_o ball_n the_o liquor_n fall_v low_a to_o about_o 1_o ½_o division_n and_o that_o it_o may_v not_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o the_o water_n though_o in_o part_n congeal_v remain_v warm_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n though_o uncongeal_v that_o have_v be_v refrigerated_a by_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n we_o will_v add_v this_o other_o 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or_o downward_o 1._o though_o after_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o sphere_n of_o activity_n of_o cold_a it_o will_v be_v the_o most_o proper_a place_n to_o take_v some_o notice_n of_o the_o direction_n of_o its_o activity_n yet_o because_o one_o of_o the_o experiment_n that_o belong_v to_o this_o head_n be_v of_o great_a use_n to_o facilitate_v the_o trial_n of_o many_o of_o those_o that_o follow_v throughout_o this_o whole_a collection_n we_o will_v no_o long_o delay_v to_o say_v something_o of_o this_o matter_n namely_o in_o what_o line_n or_o if_o you_o please_v towards_o what_o part_n the_o frigefactive_a virtue_n of_o cold_a body_n do_v operate_v the_o further_a and_o the_o most_o strong_o 2._o it_o be_v a_o know_a doctrine_n among_o philosopher_n that_o the_o diffusion_n of_o heat_n tend_v chief_o upward_o as_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o candle_n will_v burn_v many_o thing_n hold_v over_o it_o at_o a_o great_a distance_n than_o it_o will_v considerable_o warm_v they_o at_o in_o 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than_o one_o can_v easy_o imagine_v 4._o thus_o far_o the_o note_n from_o which_o nevertheless_o i_o will_v not_o positive_o conclude_v though_o they_o seem_v to_o persuade_v it_o that_o the_o tendency_n of_o the_o cold_a produce_v by_o body_n qualify_v to_o freeze_v other_o be_v great_a downward_o then_o upward_o for_o the_o satisfactory_a determination_n of_o that_o matter_n may_v for_o aught_o i_o know_v require_v trial_n more_o artificial_a and_o nice_a than_o those_o we_o have_v be_v recite_v and_o i_o can_v wish_v that_o i_o can_v find_v the_o last_o of_o they_o to_o have_v be_v careful_o repeat_v and_o register_v because_o it_o seem_v somewhat_o strange_a that_o the_o ice_n shall_v be_v much_o thick_a at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vial_n than_o elsewhere_o in_o regard_n that_o when_o we_o have_v as_o we_o very_o frequent_o have_v put_v mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n into_o vial_n and_o leave_v they_o in_o the_o open_a air_n we_o general_o observe_v that_o the_o outside_n 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just_a now_o relate_v above_o half_a a_o corn_n breadth_n high_o than_o the_o mixture_n in_o the_o glass_n so_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v observe_v it_o much_o low_a beneath_o the_o mixture_n from_o those_o thing_n i_o say_v it_o may_v be_v probable_o conjecture_v that_o even_o the_o cold_a body_n at_o least_o unless_o their_o bulk_n alter_v the_o case_n do_v not_o diffuse_v their_o freeze_a virtue_n either_o upward_o or_o downward_o to_o any_o considerable_a distance_n 5._o these_o trial_n as_o i_o be_v intimate_v may_v suggest_v some_o difficulty_n about_o the_o last_o of_o the_o two_o experiment_n transcribe_v out_o of_o my_o note_n but_o as_o it_o be_v evident_a these_o observation_n be_v make_v in_o the_o open_a air_n by_o the_o freeze_a of_o its_o rove_a vapour_n and_o the_o mention_a experiment_n be_v make_v under_o water_n so_o how_o much_o this_o difference_n of_o medium_n may_v alter_v the_o case_n as_o to_o the_o way_n of_o the_o diffusion_n of_o cold_a i_o dare_v not_o till_o further_a trial_n bold_o determine_v especial_o since_o one_o circumstance_n to_o be_v under_o the_o next_o title_n mention_v about_o the_o freeze_a of_o egg_n may_v pass_v for_o a_o addirional_a experiment_n as_o to_o our_o present_a enquiry_n for_o the_o case_n obtain_v by_o freeze_a egg_n suspend_v under_o water_n which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o the_o diffusion_n of_o their_o cold_n be_v make_v every_o way_n since_o they_o be_v quite_o enclose_v in_o the_o ice_n they_o have_v produce_v 6._o though_o the_o experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n by_o the_o intervention_n of_o salt_n and_o snow_n be_v not_o a_o new_a one_o for_o substance_n yet_o i_o hold_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o make_v a_o further_a mention_n of_o it_o on_o this_o occasion_n because_o that_o what_o i_o be_o to_o deliver_v about_o it_o be_v a_o paticular_a not_o take_v notice_n of_o that_o i_o know_v of_o by_o other_o the_o premise_a of_o which_o will_n according_a to_o what_o we_o late_o intimate_v much_o facilitate_v the_o trial_n of_o many_o of_o the_o experiment_n to_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o follow_a part_n of_o these_o paper_n and_o will_v indeed_o appear_v to_o be_v of_o no_o small_a moment_n in_o our_o whole_a attempt_n of_o frame_v a_o history_n of_o cold._a for_o it_o have_v long_o seem_v to_o i_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a thing_n that_o have_v hinder_v man_n from_o make_v any_o considerable_a progress_n in_o this_o matter_n that_o whereas_o glass-vessel_n be_v general_o much_o the_o most_o proper_a to_o freeze_v liquor_n in_o because_o their_o transparency_n allow_v we_o to_o see_v what_o change_v the_o cold_a make_v in_o the_o liquor_n expose_v to_o it_o the_o way_n of_o freeze_a with_o salt_n and_o snow_n as_o it_o have_v be_v hitherto_o use_v do_v almost_o as_o little_a as_o the_o common_a way_n of_o bare_o expose_v vessel_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n prevent_v the_o unseasonable_a break_n of_o the_o glass_n for_o in_o both_o these_o way_n the_o water_n or_o other_o liquor_n usual_o begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n and_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o glaciation_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v anon_o to_o distend_v the_o water_n and_o aqueous_a liquor_n it_o harden_v it_o be_v usual_o and_o natural_o consequent_a that_o when_o the_o upper_a crust_n of_o ice_n be_v grow_v thick_a and_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a liquor_n bear_v hard_a with_o its_o edge_n against_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n contiguous_a to_o it_o the_o include_v liquor_n that_o be_v by_o degree_n successive_o turn_v into_o ice_n require_v more_o room_n than_o before_o and_o forcible_o endeavour_v to_o expand_n itself_o every_o way_n find_v it_o less_o difficult_a to_o burst_v the_o glass_n then_o lift_v up_o the_o ice_n and_o
no_o pain_n save_v that_o when_o he_o come_v to_o himself_o again_o he_o feel_v such_o a_o prick_a all_o his_o body_n over_o as_o man_n be_v wont_a to_o find_v in_o a_o arm_n or_o leg_n benumb_v by_o have_v be_v long_o lean_v upon_o when_o i_o ask_v whether_o the_o sharpness_n of_o the_o cold_a do_v not_o work_v upon_o the_o stone_n he_o answer_v that_o as_o to_o flint_n he_o can_v not_o tell_v but_o as_o to_o other_o stone_n and_o such_o as_o be_v oftentimes_o use_v for_o building_n the_o violence_n of_o the_o cold_a make_v they_o frequent_o moulder_v into_o dust._n and_o to_o satisfy_v my_o curiosity_n about_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o wood_n he_o tell_v i_o that_o he_o have_v very_o often_o in_o the_o night_n especial_o when_o their_o keen_a frost_n be_v unaccompanied_a with_o snow_n hear_v the_o tree_n cleave_v and_o crack_v with_o very_o great_a and_o sometime_o frightful_a noise_n and_o that_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o fir-tree_n that_o be_v lay_v upon_o one_o another_o in_o their_o building_n and_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n will_v do_v the_o like_a and_o that_o he_o have_v often_o see_v the_o gape_a cleft_n sometime_o wide_a enough_o to_o put_v in_o his_o finger_n which_o will_v remain_v in_o the_o tree_n and_o in_o the_o fir-wood_n till_o the_o thaw_n after_o which_o they_o will_v pretty_o well_o close_o of_o themselves_o title_n vii_o experiment_n touch_v the_o expansion_n of_o water_n and_o aqueous_a liquor_n by_o freeze_a 1._o that_o water_n and_o other_o liquor_n be_v condense_v by_o cold_a and_o so_o much_o the_o more_o condense_a by_o how_o much_o the_o great_a the_o degree_n of_o cold_a be_v that_o condense_n they_o have_v be_v for_o many_o age_n general_o teach_v by_o the_o school_n and_o take_v for_o grant_v among_o man_n till_o of_o late_a some_o more_o speculative_a than_o the_o rest_n have_v call_v it_o in_o question_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o levity_n of_o ice_n since_o which_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o two_o modern_a writer_n that_o have_v incidental_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o ice_n be_v water_n not_o condense_v but_o rarefy_v by_o the_o intumescence_n of_o water_n expose_v to_o freeze_a in_o vessel_n fit_o shape_v these_o attempt_n of_o these_o learned_a man_n put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o what_o i_o have_v try_v to_o this_o purpose_n when_o i_o be_v scarce_o more_o than_o a_o boy_n invite_v i_o to_o consider_v that_o by_o the_o usual_a way_n of_o glaciation_n such_o as_o these_o ingenious_a man_n employ_v the_o experiment_n be_v wont_a to_o meet_v with_o a_o disaster_n by_o the_o break_n of_o the_o glass_n which_o not_o only_o make_v the_o event_n liable_a to_o some_o objection_n of_o they_o that_o befriend_v the_o common_a opinion_n but_o which_o be_v more_o considerable_a hinder_v they_o from_o judge_v what_o this_o expansion_n of_o water_n that_o be_v make_v by_o freeze_a may_v amount_v to_o wherefore_o we_o will_v now_o set_v down_o what_o we_o have_v do_v to_o ascertain_v and_o yet_o limit_v the_o experiment_n as_o also_o to_o advance_v it_o further_o 2._o whereas_o then_o these_o two_o cornaeus_fw-la learned_a man_n we_o have_v be_v mention_v do_v so_o expose_v the_o water_n to_o freeze_v that_o it_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n at_o the_o top_n as_o soon_o as_o elsewhere_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o which_o way_n we_o have_v already_o note_v we_o by_o freeze_a the_o water_n as_o we_o have_v former_o teach_v from_o the_o bottom_n upward_o can_v easy_o preserve_v our_o glass_n entire_a and_o yet_o turn_v the_o whole_a contain_v water_n into_o ice_n so_o that_o if_o according_a to_o this_o way_n you_o so_o place_v a_o bolthead_n or_o a_o glass-egg_n in_o who_o cavity_n the_o water_n ascend_v to_o the_o height_n of_o a_o inch_n or_o thereabouts_o within_o the_o stem_n or_o shank_n in_o a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o salt_n as_o that_o the_o water_n be_v first_o turn_v into_o ice_n at_o the_o bottom_n and_o side_n and_o not_o till_o the_o very_a last_o at_o the_o top_n you_o shall_v manifest_o see_v that_o the_o ice_n will_v reach_v a_o good_a way_n high_o in_o the_o neck_n than_o the_o fluid_a water_n do_v and_o that_o upon_o a_o gentle_a thaw_n of_o the_o ice_n the_o water_n it_o return_v to_o will_v rest_v at_o the_o same_o height_n in_o the_o stem_n to_o which_o it_o reach_v before_o it_o be_v expose_v to_o be_v freeze_v 3._o we_o have_v likewise_o use_v other_o way_n unspoken_a of_o by_o the_o late_o mention_v writer_n to_o evince_v that_o water_n be_v expanded_a by_o be_v freeze_v as_o first_o that_o we_o take_v a_o strong_a earthen_a vessel_n of_o a_o cylindrical_a form_n and_o fill_v it_o with_o water_n to_o a_o certain_a height_n we_o expose_v it_o unstop_v both_o to_o the_o open_a air_n in_o frosty_a night_n and_o to_o the_o operation_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n and_o find_v that_o the_o ice_n do_v manifest_o reach_v high_o than_o the_o water_n do_v before_o it_o be_v congeal_v beside_o if_o a_o hollow_a pipe_n or_o cylinder_n make_v of_o some_o compact_a matter_n be_v stop_v at_o one_o end_n with_o wax_n or_o some_o thing_n else_o which_o it_o may_v be_v more_o easy_a to_o drive_v out_o then_o to_o burst_v the_o cylinder_n and_o if_o at_o the_o other_o end_v it_o be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o that_o orifice_n also_o be_v stop_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n this_o pipe_n suspend_v in_o a_o sufficient_o cold_a air_n will_v have_v the_o include_v water_n freeze_v and_o by_o that_o change_n if_o the_o experiment_n have_v be_v right_o make_v the_o water_n will_v upon_o congelation_n take_v up_o so_o much_o more_o room_n than_o it_o do_v before_o that_o the_o above_o mention_v stoppel_n or_o at_o least_o one_o of_o they_o will_v be_v thrust_v out_o and_o there_o will_v be_v produce_v a_o rod_n of_o ice_n a_o good_a deal_n long_o than_o the_o pipe_n at_o each_o of_o who_o end_n or_o at_o least_o at_o one_o of_o they_o a_o cylindrical_a piece_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o pretty_a length_n may_v be_v break_v off_o without_o meddle_v with_o the_o pipe_n or_o the_o ice_n that_o fill_v it_o divers_a other_o way_n of_o prove_v the_o same_o truth_n may_v be_v here_o allege_v but_o that_o though_o these_o be_v not_o 〈◊〉_d they_o be_v sufficient_a the_o matter_n will_v yet_o be_v abundant_o confirm_v by_o divers_a of_o the_o experiment_n that_o will_v here_o and_o there_o come_v in_o more_o opportune_o in_o the_o follow_a part_n of_o this_o treatise_n 4._o but_o here_o it_o will_v not_o be_v altogether_o impertinent_a or_o unseasonable_a to_o take_v notice_n that_o not_o only_o those_o school_n philosopher_n who_o have_v consider_v the_o break_n of_o well_o 〈◊〉_d glass_n in_o frosty_a weather_n a_o accident_n but_o too_o frequent_a in_o apothecary_n shop_n and_o laboratory_n but_o divers_a modern_a virtuoso_n be_v wont_a to_o ascribe_v the_o phaenomenon_n to_o this_o that_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a air_n contract_v the_o air_n and_o liquor_n within_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n must_v break_v the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o fill_v that_o space_n which_o be_v desert_v upon_o the_o condensation_n of_o the_o include_v air_n the_o liquor_n will_v otherwise_o leave_v a_o vacuum_n abhor_v by_o nature_n and_o even_o those_o few_o modern_n that_o be_v loath_a to_o ascribe_v this_o phaenomenon_n to_o nature_n abhorrency_n of_o a_o vacuum_n either_o not_o be_v acquaint_v with_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o air_n know_v not_o what_o probable_a account_n to_o give_v of_o it_o or_o if_o they_o acknowledge_v that_o weight_n be_v wont_a to_o ascribe_v it_o to_o that_o and_o to_o the_o great_a contraction_n of_o the_o internal_a air_n make_v by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_n 5._o but_o as_o for_o the_o peripatetic_n the_o above_o mention_v experiment_n sufficient_o evince_v that_o in_o many_o case_n it_o be_v not_o the_o shrink_n but_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o liquor_n contain_v in_o the_o stop_v vessel_n that_o occasion_n their_o burst_n and_o therefore_o in_o these_o case_n we_o need_v not_o nor_o can_v fly_v to_o i_o know_v not_o what_o fuga_fw-la vacui_fw-la for_o a_o account_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n and_o whereas_o it_o may_v be_v object_v that_o even_o glass_n not_o half_o full_a of_o distil_a water_n if_o they_o be_v exact_o stop_v be_v often_o break_v by_o the_o frost_n in_o apothecary_n shop_n i_o answer_v that_o neither_o in_o this_o case_n do_v i_o see_v any_o need_n of_o have_v any_o recourse_n either_o to_o the_o fuga_fw-la vacui_fw-la or_o to_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o external_a air_n for_o even_o here_o the_o expansion_n of_o the_o freeze_a liquor_n may_v serve_v the_o turn_n for_o in_o such_o inartificial_a glaciation_n the_o liquor_n begin_v to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n and_o the_o ice_n there_o
generate_v fasten_v itself_o as_o on_o other_o occasion_n we_o declare_v very_o strong_o to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n contiguous_a to_o its_o edge_n as_o the_o liquor_n freeze_v deep_a and_o deep_o this_o crust_n of_o ice_n increase_v in_o thickness_n and_o strength_n so_o that_o the_o water_n be_v include_v as_o in_o a_o vessel_n hermetical_o seal_v betwixt_o this_o ice_n at_o the_o upper_a part_n and_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n every_o where_o else_o and_o consequent_o the_o remain_a water_n be_v uncapable_a of_o congelation_n without_o expansion_n when_o the_o ice_n be_v grow_v strong_a enough_o at_o the_o top_n to_o make_v it_o easy_a for_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n of_o the_o freeze_a water_n to_o crack_v the_o side_n or_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n then_o to_o force_v up_o that_o thick_a cake_n of_o ice_n the_o vessel_n will_v be_v break_v how_o much_o soever_o there_o be_v of_o it_o empty_a above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o this_o conjecture_n may_v be_v confirm_v by_o these_o two_o particular_n the_o one_o that_o when_o water_n be_v freeze_v in_o a_o broad_a vessel_n which_o be_v too_o strong_a to_o be_v break_v or_o stretch_v by_o the_o frost_n the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n will_v be_v convex_a or_o protuberant_a because_o that_o though_o the_o glaciation_n begin_v at_o the_o top_n the_o thickness_n and_o compactness_n of_o the_o vessel_n make_v it_o easy_o for_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n to_o thrust_v up_o that_o cake_n of_o ice_n in_o those_o part_n of_o it_o that_o be_v the_o remote_a from_o the_o side_n whereunto_o they_o be_v strong_o fasten_v then_o to_o break_v so_o solid_a a_o vessel_n 6._o the_o other_o particular_a be_v afford_v we_o by_o that_o experiment_n of_o we_o mention_v in_o the_o vth_z title_n forego_v wherein_o if_o a_o vessel_n half_n full_a of_o water_n be_v make_v to_o freeze_v not_o first_o at_o the_o top_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n that_o liquor_n may_v be_v turn_v into_o ice_n without_o danger_n to_o the_o glass_n but_o we_o will_v now_o add_v a_o experiment_n on_o who_o occasion_n we_o have_v set_v down_o these_o consideration_n for_o be_v incline_v to_o think_v that_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o air_n shut_v up_o in_o a_o vessel_n stop_v will_v preserve_v it_o expanded_a or_o at_o least_o keep_v it_o from_o considerable_o shrink_v notwithstanding_o a_o very_a great_a degree_n of_o cold_a in_o case_n the_o vessel_n be_v strong_a and_o close_o enough_o to_o fence_v it_o from_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o external_a air_n we_o conjecture_v that_o the_o bare_a weight_n of_o the_o outward_a air_n add_v to_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o include_v air_n will_v not_o be_v sufficient_a to_o break_v much_o weak_a glass_n than_o those_o we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o and_o therefore_o partly_o to_o satisfy_v some_o ingenious_a man_n that_o this_o conjecture_n make_v i_o dissent_v from_o and_o partly_o to_o show_v the_o peripatetic_n and_o those_o that_o adhere_v to_o they_o in_o the_o question_n under_o consideration_n that_o either_o the_o cold_a alone_n can_v always_o as_o they_o teach_v we_o contract_v the_o air_n or_o that_o if_o it_o do_v the_o break_n of_o well_o stop_v glass_n in_o frosty_a weather_n be_v much_o fit_a to_o evince_v that_o there_o may_v be_v a_o vacuum_n then_o that_o there_o can_v be_v none_o we_o make_v the_o follow_a experiment_n 7._o we_o take_v three_o glass-bubble_n of_o differ_v shape_n and_o size_n which_o we_o cause_v to_o be_v blow_v with_o a_o lamp_n that_o to_o make_v the_o experiment_n very_o favourable_a for_o our_o adversary_n we_o may_v have_v they_o much_o thin_a and_o consequent_o weak_a than_o those_o glass_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o to_o keep_v liquor_n in_o and_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v break_v though_o they_o be_v not_o full_a by_o the_o frost_n these_o bubble_n when_o the_o air_n be_v at_o a_o convenient_a temper_n within_o be_v as_o easy_o they_o may_v be_v nimble_o seal_v up_o with_o care_n to_o avoid_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n in_o they_o and_o be_v afterward_o expose_v sometime_o to_o the_o air_n it_o self_n in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n and_o sometime_o to_o that_o great_a cold_a which_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o place_v they_o in_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n we_o can_v not_o nevertheless_o find_v that_o any_o one_o of_o the_o three_o be_v at_o all_o break_a or_o crack_v so_o that_o in_o case_n the_o include_v air_n be_v condense_v into_o a_o lesser_a room_n the_o space_n it_o desert_v may_v be_v conclude_v empty_a or_o else_o it_o will_v hardly_o appear_v what_o 〈◊〉_d there_o can_v be_v that_o nature_n shall_v break_v as_o the_o peripatetic_n pretend_v very_o much_o strong_a glass_n in_o apothecary_n shop_n to_o prevent_v a_o vacuum_n 8._o have_v show_v that_o water_n itself_o acquire_v a_o considerable_a expansion_n by_o cold_a we_o will_v next_o show_v that_o aqueous_a body_n or_o those_o that_o abound_v with_o waterish_a part_n do_v divers_a if_o not_o 〈◊〉_d of_o they_o the_o like_a we_o take_v egg_n and_o expose_v they_o to_o a_o sufficient_a degree_n of_o cold_a we_o observe_v that_o when_o the_o contain_v liquor_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n they_o burst_v the_o shell_n asunder_o so_o that_o divers_a gape_a crack_n be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o they_o as_o long_o as_o they_o continue_v freeze_v 9_o milk_n urine_n rhenish-wine_n and_o good_a spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v set_v to_o freeze_v in_o distinct_a glass_n egg_n neither_o of_o the_o three_o former_a liquor_n 〈◊〉_d observe_v to_o subside_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o rise_v the_o event_n in_o sum_n be_v that_o the_o urine_n be_v much_o long_o then_o either_o of_o the_o two_o other_o liquor_n before_o it_o begin_v to_o swell_v but_o rise_v to_o a_o far_o great_a height_n than_o they_o afterward_o the_o wine_n do_v not_o leave_v the_o mark_n above_o a_o inch_n beneath_o the_o milk_n ascend_v about_o two_o inch_n and_o the_o urine_n by_o guess_n six_o or_o seven_o 10._o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o 〈◊〉_d vitriol_n be_v put_v into_o a_o cylindrical_a pipe_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n so_o that_o the_o liquor_n fill_v the_o pipe_n to_o the_o height_n of_o about_o six_o or_o eight_o inch_n be_v freeze_v with_o snow_n and_o salt_n the_o congeal_a liquor_n grow_v very_o opacous_a and_o look_v as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v turn_v or_o shoot_v into_o vitriol_n save_o a_o little_a that_o remain_v fluid_a and_o transparent_a near_o the_o bottom_n and_o this_o ice_n as_o appear_v rise_v considerable_o high_a than_o the_o liquor_n do_v before_o congelation_n it_o be_v perhaps_o worth_a try_v whether_o or_o no_o even_o several_a body_n of_o a_o stable_a consistence_n and_o durable_a texture_n may_v not_o be_v find_v to_o receive_v some_o though_o less_o manifest_a dilatation_n by_o excessive_a cold._n and_o methinks_v those_o who_o attribute_n glaciation_n to_o the_o plentiful_a ingress_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n into_o body_n shall_v by_o their_o hypothesis_n have_v be_v invite_v to_o make_v some_o trial_n of_o this_o kind_n since_o we_o see_v that_o the_o invisible_a moisture_n of_o the_o air_n against_o rainy_a weather_n do_v seem_v manifest_o enough_o to_o alter_v the_o dimension_n of_o door_n window-shuts_a and_o other_o such_o work_v make_v of_o wood_n not_o well_o season_v and_o even_o without_o suppose_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o epicurean_a hypothesis_n if_o we_o consider_v that_o in_o bread_n though_o we_o be_v sure_a that_o much_o more_o water_n be_v add_v to_o the_o meal_n or_o flower_n than_o be_v exhale_a in_o the_o oven_n yet_o there_o appear_v not_o the_o least_o drop_n of_o water_n distinct_a in_o the_o concrete_a and_o that_o hartshorn_n sponge_n and_o many_o other_o body_n that_o seem_v very_o dry_a will_v afford_v by_o distillation_n good_a store_n of_o phlegm_n or_o water_n and_o more_o than_o can_v probable_o be_v ascribe_v to_o any_o transmute_v operation_n of_o the_o fire_n if_o i_o say_v we_o consider_v these_o and_o the_o like_a thing_n it_o may_v seem_v worth_a while_n to_o try_v which_o i_o want_v the_o conveniency_n to_o do_v by_o accurate_a measure_n whether_o the_o invisible_a and_o interspersed_a water_n its_o comminution_n notwithstanding_o will_v not_o upon_o freeze_a swell_v the_o body_n that_o harbour_v it_o and_o i_o will_v the_o more_o glad_o have_v be_v satisfy_v in_o this_o because_o i_o hope_v it_o may_v help_v i_o to_o unriddle_v a_o strange_a 〈◊〉_d afford_v we_o by_o the_o narrative_a of_o the_o dutchman_n voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n wherein_o they_o relate_v that_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o great_a that_o their_o clock_n be_v freeze_v and_o will_v not_o go_v though_o they_o hang_v more_o weight_n upon_o it_o then_o before_o so_o that_o they_o be_v
but_o the_o interspersion_n of_o such_o bubble_n the_o observation_n i_o have_v be_v mention_v i_o find_v thus_o set_v down_o among_o my_o note_n a_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o to_o the_o eye_n look_v clear_a like_o crystal_n be_v put_v into_o the_o great_a microscope_n appear_v even_o there_o free_a from_o bubble_n and_o yet_o the_o same_o piece_n of_o ice_n be_v present_o remove_v and_o cast_v into_o common_a water_n will_v swim_v at_o the_o top_n and_o if_o it_o be_v forcible_o duck_v will_v swift_o enough_o emerge_n another_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o to_o the_o naked_a eye_n be_v not_o so_o clear_a as_o the_o former_a appear_v in_o the_o same_o microscope_n to_o have_v store_n of_o bubble_n some_o of_o they_o appear_v there_o no_o big_a than_o a_o small_a pin_n head_n and_o some_o of_o they_o be_v yet_o lesser_a and_o scarce_o visible_a in_o the_o microscope_n itself_o and_o here_o because_o it_o seem_v a_o considerable_a doubt_n and_o well_o worth_a the_o examine_n whether_o or_o no_o water_n when_o freeze_a into_o ice_n grow_v heavy_a or_o light_a not_o in_o reference_n to_o such_o water_n as_o it_o be_v generate_v of_o since_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o upon_o that_o it_o will_v float_v but_o more_o absolute_o speak_v we_o judge_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o examine_v this_o matter_n by_o a_o experiment_n but_o we_o can_v not_o discover_v any_o difference_n between_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o same_o parcel_n of_o water_n fluid_a and_o freeze_v as_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o nine_o paragraph_n of_o the_o experiment_n to_o be_v a_o little_a beneath_o recite_v but_o since_o that_o whether_o or_o no_o we_o allow_v any_o other_o cause_n together_o with_o the_o bubble_n to_o the_o levity_n of_o ice_n it_o seem_v a_o thing_n not_o to_o be_v doubt_v that_o its_o expansion_n and_o lightness_n be_v main_o if_o not_o only_o due_a to_o the_o interspersion_n of_o bubble_n the_o generation_n of_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o considerabl_a phaenomena_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o investigate_a by_o what_o cause_n those_o cavity_n be_v produce_v and_o in_o case_n they_o be_v perfect_o full_a what_o substance_n it_o be_v that_o fill_v they_o be_v none_o of_o the_o mean_a inquiry_n that_o shall_v exercise_v the_o industry_n of_o a_o searcher_n into_o the_o nature_n of_o cold._n 4._o mr._n hobbs_n and_o some_o other_o seem_v to_o think_v that_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n by_o congelation_n be_v cause_v by_o the_o intrusion_n of_o air_n which_o constitute_v those_o numerous_a bubble_n wont_a to_o be_v observe_v in_o ice_n we_o may_v here_o demand_v why_o in_o case_n that_o upon_o freeze_a there_o must_v be_v a_o considerable_a accession_n of_o air_n from_o without_o when_o oil_n be_v freeze_v it_o be_v notwithstanding_o the_o ingress_n of_o this_o air_n not_o expanded_a but_o condense_v but_o because_o these_o conjecturer_n do_v not_o allow_v glass_n to_o be_v pervious_a to_o common_a air_n we_o shall_v at_o present_a press_v they_o with_o this_o experiment_n which_o we_o have_v divers_a time_n make_v we_o take_v a_o glass-egg_n with_o a_o long_a stem_n and_o fill_v it_o almost_o with_o water_n we_o seal_v it_o hermetical_o up_o to_o exclude_v the_o pretence_n that_o some_o adventitious_a air_n may_v get_v in_o and_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o water_n and_o yet_o such_o a_o egg_n be_v expose_v to_o congelation_n the_o freeze_a water_n will_v be_v manifest_o expanded_a and_o swell_v by_o numerous_a bubble_n which_o oftentimes_o give_v it_o a_o whitish_a opacity_n to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v that_o new_a metalline_a vessel_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o careful_o stop_v the_o liquor_n will_v nevertheless_o when_o expose_v to_o the_o cold_a be_v thereby_o expanded_a and_o turn_v into_o ice_n furnish_v with_o bubble_n 5._o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o in_o the_o experiment_n of_o the_o hermetical_o seal_a glass_n the_o produce_v bubble_n may_v come_v from_o the_o air_n which_o be_v seal_v up_o together_o with_o the_o 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in_o this_o experiment_n we_o usual_o begin_v to_o produce_v ice_n and_o bubble_n in_o the_o water_n contiguous_a to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n that_o part_n be_v by_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n first_o refrigerated_a in_o which_o case_n there_o appear_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o air_n which_o be_v a_o thousand_o time_n light_a than_o the_o water_n shall_v against_o its_o nature_n dive_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n and_o if_o it_o be_v dispose_v to_o dive_v why_o shall_v we_o not_o see_v it_o break_v through_o the_o water_n in_o bubble_n as_o be_v usual_a in_o other_o case_n where_o air_n penetrate_v water_n 4._o in_o metalline_a vessel_n and_o in_o glass_n quite_o fill_v with_o water_n before_o they_o be_v stop_v there_o be_v no_o pretence_n of_o the_o dive_v of_o the_o air_n from_o the_o top_n there_o have_v be_v none_o leave_v there_o 5._o and_o last_o if_o all_o the_o bubble_n of_o ice_n be_v make_v by_o and_o fill_v with_o true_a air_n descend_v from_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o only_o disperse_v through_o the_o water_n then_o upon_o the_o thaw_v of_o this_o ice_n the_o air_n will_v emerge_n and_o we_o may_v recover_v as_o much_o of_o real_a air_n as_o will_v fill_v the_o space_n acquire_v by_o the_o water_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o its_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n which_o be_v contrary_a to_o our_o experience_n and_o this_o argument_n may_v also_o be_v urge_v against_o any_o that_o shall_v pretend_v for_o i_o expect_v not_o to_o see_v he_o prove_v it_o that_o though_o air_n as_o numerous_a experiment_n evince_v can_v get_v out_o of_o a_o seal_a glass_n yet_o it_o may_v in_o such_o a_o case_n as_o this_o get_v into_o it_o but_o we_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o the_o cavity_n of_o these_o bubble_n be_v not_o any_o thing_n near_o fill_v with_o air_n if_o they_o have_v in_o they_o any_o more_o air_n at_o all_o than_o that_o little_a which_o be_v wont_a as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v to_o lurk_v in_o the_o particle_n of_o water_n and_o other_o liquor_n and_o the_o make_v good_a of_o this_o lead_v we_o to_o the_o second_o enquiry_n we_o be_v propose_v about_o these_o bubble_n namely_o whether_o or_o no_o their_o cavity_n be_v fill_v and_o fill_v with_o air._n 6._o the_o full_a resolution_n of_o this_o whole_a difficulty_n will_v be_v no_o easy_a matter_n nor_o well_o to_o be_v dispatch_v with_o so_o much_o brevity_n as_o my_o occasion_n exact_v for_o it_o will_v require_v satisfactory_a answer_n to_o more_o than_o one_o or_o two_o question_n since_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v it_o may_v lead_v we_o to_o the_o debate_n of_o those_o two_o grand_a query_n whether_o or_o no_o nature_n admit_v a_o vacuum_n and_o whether_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o universe_n consist_v of_o a_o certain_a ethereal_a matter_n subtle_a enough_o to_o pass_v through_o the_o pore_n not_o only_o of_o liquor_n but_o of_o compact_a body_n and_o even_o of_o glass_n itself_o we_o shall_v also_o be_v oblige_v to_o inquire_v whether_o or_o no_o air_n i_o mean_v true_a and_o permanent_a air_n can_v be_v generate_v anew_o as_o well_o out_o of_o common_a water_n as_o many_o other_o liquor_n and_o whether_o it_o may_v be_v generate_v by_o cold_a itself_o and_o perhaps_o we_o shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o inquire_v into_o the_o modus_fw-la of_o this_o production_n and_o engage_v ourselves_o in_o divers_a other_o difficulty_n who_o full_a prosecution_n beside_o that_o they_o will_v as_o much_o exceed_v our_o present_a leisure_n as_o ability_n seem_v more_o proper_o to_o belong_v to_o the_o more_o general_a part_n of_o physics_n where_o such_o kind_n of_o general_a question_n be_v fit_a to_o be_v handle_v wherefore_o we_o will_v now_o only_o consider_v this_o particular_a question_n whether_o or_o no_o the_o cavity_n of_o
and_o spoil_v the_o other_o liquor_n be_v indeed_o sweet_a like_o rain_n water_n but_o so_o very_o little_a as_o well_o as_o so_o slow_o generate_v that_o it_o amount_v not_o any_o thing_n near_o to_o that_o which_o the_o snow_n employ_v and_o spoil_v to_o make_v it_o will_v have_v afford_v so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v question_v whether_o some_o cool_a liquor_n which_o can_v as_o well_o as_o this_o mixture_n condense_a the_o vapid_a air_n into_o water_n and_o who_o texture_n be_v not_o destroy_v in_o this_o operation_n as_o that_o of_o the_o snow_n be_v may_v not_o be_v more_o hopeful_o employ_v to_o obtain_v water_n from_o the_o air_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o add_v this_o one_o thing_n that_o the_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n do_v turn_v the_o vapour_n that_o fasten_v themselves_o to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n first_o into_o ice_n before_o they_o drop_v down_o in_o the_o form_n of_o water_n in_o almost_o all_o our_o trial_n of_o this_o nature_n as_o well_o in_o thick_a funnel_n as_o in_o other_o and_o thin_a glass_n 5._o that_o in_o hermetical_o seal_v glass_n a_o include_v mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v freeze_v the_o vapour_n of_o the_o air_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n divers_a of_o the_o experiment_n of_o the_o present_a treatise_n do_v manifest_o evince_v which_o argue_v that_o even_o so_o extreme_o close_v a_o medium_fw-la as_o glass_n be_v not_o able_a to_o hinder_v the_o transmission_n of_o cold._n and_o this_o be_v not_o superfluous_o add_v because_o in_o vessel_n not_o hermetical_o seal_v it_o may_v be_v pretend_v that_o it_o be_v the_o internal_a air_n that_o communicate_v its_o coldness_n by_o some_o unheeded_a but_o immediate_a intercourse_n with_o the_o external_a after_o this_o we_o think_v it_o worth_a a_o experiment_n to_o try_v whether_o or_o how_o cold_n will_v be_v diffuse_v through_o a_o medium_fw-la that_o some_o will_v think_v a_o vacuum_n and_o which_o to_o other_o will_v seem_v much_o less_o dispose_v to_o assist_v the_o diffusion_n of_o cold_a then_o common_a air_n itself_o to_o compass_v this_o the_o expedient_a we_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o be_v to_o suspend_v a_o slender_a glass_n full_a of_o water_n in_o one_o of_o the_o small_a receiver_n belong_v to_o our_o pneumatical_a engine_n and_o when_o the_o air_n be_v very_o careful_o pump_v out_o to_o bury_v the_o exhaust_a receiver_n in_o a_o copious_a and_o ready_a prepare_v mixture_n of_o ice_n and_o salt_n to_o see_v whether_o notwithstanding_o the_o withdraw_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la the_o water_n suspend_v in_o a_o kind_n of_o vacuum_n as_o to_o air_n or_o gross_a substance_n will_v yet_o be_v freeze_v by_o the_o cold._n that_o event_n of_o our_o trial_n which_o alone_o i_o find_v among_o my_o note_n be_v register_v in_o these_o term_n 6._o a_fw-la small_a pipe_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v at_o the_o other_o fill_v almost_o with_o water_n and_o be_v put_v into_o a_o receiver_n consist_v of_o a_o somewhat_o long_a 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to_o have_v any_o considerable_a number_n of_o bubble_n 7._o there_o be_v one_o experiment_n i_o have_v make_v about_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o indispose_a medium_n which_o may_v not_o be_v unworthy_a to_o be_v here_o insert_v for_o i_o have_v once_o a_o mind_n to_o try_v whether_o a_o cold_a body_n can_v operate_v through_o a_o medium_fw-la that_o be_v as_o to_o touch_v actual_o hot_a and_o have_v its_o heat_n continual_o renew_v by_o a_o sountain_n as_o it_o be_v of_o heat_n that_o perpetual_o diffuse_v through_o it_o new_a supply_n of_o warm_a liquor_n so_o that_o the_o cold_a body_n can_v not_o here_o as_o in_o other_o case_n first_o allay_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la and_o then_o lessen_v it_o more_o and_o more_o till_o it_o have_v quite_o extinguish_v it_o to_o compass_v this_o i_o have_v soon_o after_o a_o opportunity_n of_o make_v some_o trial_n present_v i_o for_o be_v at_o the_o mineral_n spring_v at_o tunbridge_n to_o drink_v those_o wholesome_a 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multiplicaret_fw-la as_o our_o author_n be_v descend_v into_o the_o golden_a mine_n at_o cremnitz_n he_o find_v in_o one_o place_n the_o heat_n to_o increase_v as_o he_o descend_v more_o and_o more_o which_o seem_v not_o to_o agree_v with_o a_o passage_n we_o late_o mention_v out_o of_o he_o and_o to_o exceed_v any_o he_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o mine_n and_o afterward_o the_o overseer_n bring_v he_o into_o a_o room_n that_o abound_v with_o smaragdine_n vitriol_n the_o mineral_n whence_o this_o heat_n proceed_v though_o the_o room_n be_v spacious_a he_o find_v there_o beside_o a_o sharp_a spirit_n very_o offensive_a to_o his_o throat_n so_o troublesome_a a_o heat_n that_o he_o be_v ready_a to_o faint_v away_o with_o sweat_v and_o very_o much_o wonder_v how_o the_o digger_n be_v able_a to_o work_v there_o and_o elsewhere_o the_o author_n himself_o note_n that_o such_o hot_a mine_n of_o vitriol_n or_o sulphur_n may_v be_v find_v even_o in_o the_o first_o region_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o he_o call_v that_o which_o be_v somewhat_o near_o the_o surface_n and_o which_o he_o think_v 〈◊〉_d to_o name_v the_o cold_a region_n and_o within_o a_o large_a sphere_n of_o activity_n make_v it_o perpetual_o hot_a but_o this_o as_o i_o be_v intimate_v i_o mention_v but_o as_o a_o suspicion_n or_o a_o conjecture_n and_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o degree_n of_o heat_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v in_o these_o mine_n by_o the_o concurrence_n of_o accidental_a cause_n in_o case_n the_o conjecture_n be_v admit_v yet_o since_o the_o frequency_n of_o a_o sensible_a degree_n of_o heat_n in_o very_o deep_a place_n do_v very_o little_a favour_n their_o opinion_n that_o will_v allow_v the_o earth_n to_o have_v no_o other_o heat_n but_o what_o it_o receive_v from_o the_o sun_n beam_n or_o by_o the_o manifest_a fire_n of_o burn_a hill_n as_o aetna_n and_o vesuvius_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v object_v that_o this_o subterraneal_a heat_n be_v adventitious_a to_o the_o 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the_o hollander_n be_v intercept_v by_o icy_a school_n in_o the_o strait_a of_o weigat_n and_o meet_v with_o certain_a muscovite_n demand_v of_o they_o whether_o those_o sea_n be_v always_o freeze_v and_o be_v answer_v that_o neither_o the_o northern_a sea_n nor_o that_o of_o tartary_n do_v ever_o freeze_v and_o that_o it_o be_v only_o that_o strait_a with_o the_o sea_n contiguous_a to_o the_o shore_n of_o some_o bay_n and_o gulf_n that_o be_v freeze_v and_o our_o judicious_a author_n not_o only_o add_v that_o in_o effect_n all_o those_o that_o sail_n into_o those_o part_n relate_v that_o all_o those_o lump_n of_o ice_n be_v such_o as_o have_v be_v loosen_v and_o sever_v from_o the_o island_n and_o the_o river_n of_o the_o samojed_n and_o tartar_n but_o adventure_n to_o affirm_v in_o general_a term_n that_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o main_a sea_n never_o freeze_v and_o that_o it_o be_v but_o the_o confine_n and_o shore_n of_o some_o of_o they_o that_o be_v freeze_v 13._o that_o the_o 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disapprove_v because_o it_o be_v likely_a and_o indeed_o we_o find_v it_o so_o by_o experience_n that_o the_o external_a air_n will_v first_o freeze_v the_o uppermost_a part_n of_o the_o water_n contain_v in_o the_o stem_n and_o thereby_o hinder_v its_o ascent_n and_o perhaps_o occasion_v the_o burst_n of_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o say_a stem_n 8._o wherefore_o though_o for_o want_n of_o a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o some_o liquor_n that_o will_v neither_o freeze_v like_o water_n and_o aqueous_a body_n nor_o congeal_v like_o common_a oil_n and_o the_o like_a unctuous_a juice_n we_o find_v it_o for_o a_o while_n somewhat_o difficult_a to_o practice_v the_o experiment_n yet_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o the_o indisposition_n that_o brine_n have_v to_o congelation_n we_o make_v so_o strong_a a_o brine_n with_o common_a salt_n that_o with_o it_o and_o as_o i_o remember_v with_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n also_o of_o which_o we_o chance_v to_o have_v some_o quantity_n by_o we_o we_o 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many_o sharp_a winter_n unimpaired_a it_o seem_v to_o i_o worth_n try_v whether_o during_o their_o insolation_n if_o that_o term_n may_v be_v allow_v i_o there_o do_v not_o by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o heat_n and_o air_n upon_o they_o exhale_v a_o certain_a unripe_a mineral_n sap_n or_o moisture_n who_o recess_n may_v perhaps_o be_v discover_v by_o weight_n which_o if_o it_o remain_v in_o the_o stone_n may_v by_o very_a pierce_a frost_n be_v congeal_v almost_o like_o the_o sap_n in_o timber-tree_n and_o shatter_v the_o texture_n of_o the_o stone_n which_o agree_v well_o with_o what_o be_v tell_v i_o by_o a_o understand_a person_n that_o be_v master_n of_o a_o great_a glass-house_n of_o who_o have_v purposely_o inquire_v whether_o he_o do_v
take_v notice_n of_o be_v able_a to_o vary_v their_o success_n in_o confirmation_n of_o what_o be_v deliver_v in_o the_o vii_o section_n about_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n by_o freeze_a i_o shall_v add_v that_o have_v cause_v some_o strong_a glass-bottle_n of_o a_o not_o inconsiderable_a bignéss_n to_o be_v fill_v with_o a_o congealable_a liquor_n except_v the_o neck_n which_o be_v fill_v with_o salad_n oil_n i_o observe_v that_o in_o a_o somewhat_o long_o and_o very_o sharp_a frost_n the_o contain_v water_n be_v so_o far_o expanded_a by_o congelation_n that_o it_o not_o only_o thrust_v up_o the_o cork_n but_o the_o cold_a have_v take_v away_o the_o defluency_n of_o the_o oil_n that_o liquor_n together_o with_o the_o water_n that_o can_v no_o long_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v as_o it_o seem_v freeze_v as_o fast_o as_o it_o be_v thrust_v out_o of_o the_o neck_n there_o appear_v quite_o above_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o bottle_n cylinder_n of_o divers_a inch_n in_o height_n consist_v partly_o of_o concrete_v oil_n and_o partly_o of_o congeal_a water_n have_v on_o their_o top_n the_o cork_n that_o have_v be_v raise_v by_o they_o it_o be_v a_o tradition_n very_a currant_n among_o we_o that_o when_o pond_n or_o river_n be_v freeze_v over_o unless_o the_o ice_n be_v seasonable_o break_v in_o several_a place_n the_o fish_n will_v die_v for_o want_v of_o air._n and_o i_o find_v this_o tradition_n to_o be_v 20._o more_o general_a then_o before_o i_o make_v particular_a inquiry_n into_o it_o i_o know_v of_o for_o olaus_n magnus_n mention_n it_o more_o than_o once_o without_o at_o all_o question_v the_o truth_n of_o it_o but_o rather_o as_o if_o the_o general_a practice_n of_o the_o northern_a nation_n to_o break_v in_o divers_a place_n their_o freeze_a pond_n and_o river_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o certainty_n of_o it_o in_o the_o twenty_o book_n which_o treat_v of_o fish_n after_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o northern_a fisherman_n employ_v so_o much_o pain_n and_o industry_n to_o fish_n under_o the_o ice_n and_o have_v say_v among_o other_o thing_n that_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o fish_n exact_v it_o he_o add_v this_o reason_n that_o nisi_fw-la glacie_n perforata_fw-la respiracula_fw-la moriuntur_fw-la susciperent_fw-la quotquot_fw-la in_o flumine_fw-la vel_fw-la stagno_fw-la versantur_fw-la subito_fw-la morerentur_fw-la another_o passage_n of_o the_o same_o author_n and_o take_v likewise_o out_o of_o the_o same_o 20._o book_n you_o may_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o margin_n though_o in_o another_o place_n he_o seem_v to_o intimate_v another_o and_o not_o a_o absurd_a reason_n of_o the_o death_n of_o fish_n in_o winter_n where_o advertise_v the_o reader_n that_o pond_n and_o lake_n do_v general_o begin_v to_o freeze_v in_o etc._n october_n he_o add_v that_o fish_n be_v usual_o find_v suffocate_v when_o the_o thaw_v come_v where_o vein_n or_o spring_n of_o live_v water_n do_v not_o enter_v by_o which_o passage_n he_o seem_v to_o make_v the_o want_n of_o shift_a water_n cooperate_v to_o the_o suffocation_n of_o the_o fish_n and_o to_o the_o same_o purpose_n i_o shall_v now_o add_v that_o have_v inquire_v of_o a_o learned_a native_a that_o have_v have_v about_o cracovia_n who_o territory_n be_v say_v to_o abound_v much_o in_o pond_n whether_o the_o polander_n also_o use_v the_o same_o custom_n he_o answer_v i_o that_o they_o do_v and_o that_o sometime_o in_o large_a pond_n they_o be_v careful_a to_o break_v the_o ice_n in_o eight_o or_o ten_o several_a place_n to_o make_v so_o many_o either_o vent_v or_o air-hole_n for_o the_o preservation_n as_o they_o suppose_v of_o the_o fish_n and_o when_o i_o inquire_v of_o the_o often_o mention_a russian_a emperor_n physician_n whether_o in_o muscovy_n the_o frost_n kill_v the_o fish_n in_o the_o pond_n in_o case_n the_o ice_n be_v not_o break_v to_o give_v they_o air_n he_o answer_v that_o in_o ordinary_a pond_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o in_o great_a lake_n he_o can_v not_o tell_v because_o the_o fisherman_n use_v to_o break_v many_o great_a hole_n in_o the_o ice_n for_o the_o take_n of_o the_o fish_n for_o at_o each_o of_o these_o hole_n they_o thrust_v in_o a_o net_n and_o all_o these_o net_n be_v draw_v up_o together_o in_o one_o great_a breach_n make_v insome_a convenient_a place_n near_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o rest_n it_o appear_v then_o that_o the_o tradition_n be_v general_a enough_o but_o whether_o it_o be_v well_o ground_v i_o dare_v not_o determine_v either_o affirmative_o or_o negative_o till_o trial_n have_v be_v make_v in_o pond_n with_o more_o of_o design_n or_o of_o curiosity_n and_o watchfulness_n than_o i_o have_v know_v hitherto_o do_v man_n seem_v to_o have_v acquiesce_v in_o the_o tradition_n without_o examine_v it_o and_o to_o have_v be_v more_o careful_a not_o to_o omit_v what_o be_v general_o believe_v necessary_a to_o the_o preservation_n of_o their_o fish_n then_o to_o try_v whether_o they_o will_v escape_v without_o it_o wherefore_o though_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v the_o tradition_n may_v prove_v true_a yet_o to_o induce_v man_n not_o to_o think_v it_o certain_a till_o experience_n have_v due_o convince_v they_o of_o it_o i_o shall_v represent_v that_o as_o much_o as_o i_o have_v in_o other_o treatise_n manifest_v how_o necessary_a air_n be_v to_o animal_n yet_o whether_o fish_n may_v not_o live_v either_o without_o air_n or_o without_o any_o more_o of_o it_o than_o they_o may_v find_v intersperse_v in_o the_o water_n they_o swim_v in_o have_v not_o yet_o that_o i_o know_v of_o be_v sufficient_o prove_v for_o what_o we_o have_v attempt_v of_o that_o nature_n in_o our_o pneumatical_a engine_n whether_o it_o be_v satisfactory_a or_o not_o be_v not_o yet_o divulge_v and_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v hitherto_o meet_v with_o any_o writer_n except_o olaus_n be_v construe_v to_o intimate_v so_o much_o that_o affirm_v upon_o his_o own_o observation_n that_o the_o want_n of_o break_v ice_n in_o pond_n have_v destroy_v all_o the_o fish_n beside_o that_o possible_o in_o freeze_a pond_n there_o may_v be_v other_o reason_n of_o the_o death_n of_o the_o fish_n that_o be_v kill_v if_o any_o store_n of_o they_o be_v so_o by_o very_o sharp_a frost_n for_o who_o know_v what_o the_o lock_v up_o of_o some_o kind_n of_o subterraneal_a steam_n that_o be_v wont_n free_o to_o ascend_v through_o water_n unfrozen_a may_v do_v to_o vitiate_v and_o infect_v the_o unventulate_v water_n and_o make_v it_o noxious_a to_o the_o fish_n that_o live_v in_o it_o perhaps_o also_o the_o excrementitious_a steam_n that_o insensible_o issue_n out_o of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o fish_n themselves_o may_v by_o be_v pen_v up_o by_o the_o ice_n contribute_v in_o some_o case_n to_o the_o vitiate_a of_o the_o water_n at_o least_o in_o reference_n to_o some_o sort_n of_o fish_n for_o be_v desirous_a to_o learn_v from_o a_o person_n curious_a of_o the_o way_n of_o preserve_v and_o transport_v fish_n whether_o some_o fish_n will_v not_o quick_o languish_v grow_v sick_a and_o sometime_o die_v outright_o if_o the_o water_n they_o swim_v in_o be_v not_o often_o shift_v he_o assure_v i_o that_o some_o kind_n of_o they_o will_v and_o it_o have_v not_o yet_o that_o i_o hear_v of_o be_v try_v whether_o or_o no_o though_o pond_n seldom_o freeze_v to_o the_o bottom_n yet_o the_o water_n that_o remain_v under_o the_o ice_n in_o which_o itself_o some_o fish_n may_v be_v now_o and_o then_o intercept_v may_v not_o even_o while_o it_o continue_v uncongeal_v admit_v a_o degree_n of_o cold_a that_o though_o not_o great_a enough_o to_o turn_v water_n into_o ice_n may_v yet_o be_v great_a enough_o when_o it_o continue_v very_o long_o to_o destroy_v fish_n though_o not_o immediate_o yet_o within_o a_o less_o space_n of_o time_n then_o that_o during_o which_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o pond_n continue_v freeze_v but_o it_o be_v not_o worth_a while_n to_o be_v solicitous_a about_o conjecture_n of_o cause_n till_o we_o be_v sure_a of_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n and_o these_o thing_n be_v propose_v not_o so_o much_o to_o confute_v the_o tradition_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o as_o to_o bring_v it_o to_o a_o trial_n which_o have_v no_o opportunity_n to_o make_v in_o pond_n i_o endeavour_v as_o well_o this_o winter_n as_o former_o to_o obtain_v what_o information_n i_o can_v from_o trial_n make_v in_o small_a vessel_n with_o the_o few_o fish_n i_o be_v able_a to_o procure_v and_o i_o shall_v subjoin_v most_o of_o these_o trial_n not_o because_o i_o think_v they_o very_o considerable_a but_o because_o they_o be_v for_o aught_o i_o know_v the_o only_a attempt_n of_o the_o kind_n that_o have_v yet_o be_v make_v to_o satisfy_v myself_o whether_o the_o ice_n deny_v
18._o title_n where_o i_o recite_v the_o experiment_n of_o the_o infrigidating_a wind_n i_o shall_v more_o express_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o this_o circumstance_n that_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o bare_a wind_n as_o such_o who_o operation_n upon_o the_o air_n include_v in_o the_o ball_n of_o a_o weatherglass_n make_v the_o liquor_n to_o ascend_v we_o put_v a_o mark_n upon_o the_o height_n it_o stand_v at_o when_o we_o have_v a_o pretty_a while_n blow_v upon_o it_o and_o then_o without_o remove_v the_o bellows_o put_v ice_n and_o salt_n about_o the_o iron_n pipe_n of_o it_o by_o which_o mixture_n the_o air_n that_o be_v afterward_o blow_v through_o that_o pipe_n be_v so_o cool_v in_o its_o passage_n as_o to_o make_v the_o liquor_n very_o manifest_o to_o ascend_v even_o in_o a_o weatherglass_n where_o i_o do_v employ_v as_o i_o have_v elsewhere_o declare_v that_o i_o often_o do_v quicksilver_n instead_o of_o water_n or_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o lest_o the_o vicinity_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n shall_v be_v suspect_v to_o have_v cause_v this_o contraction_n of_o the_o include_v air_n we_o do_v sometime_o purposely_o intermit_v the_o move_n of_o the_o bellows_o without_o remove_v the_o weatherglass_n and_o though_o notwithstanding_o that_o vicinity_n the_o liquor_n will_v begin_v a_o little_a to_o subside_o yet_o when_o ever_o the_o cold_a spirit_n or_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o the_o high_o refrigerated_a air_n be_v by_o the_o play_v of_o the_o bellows_o anew_o approach_v to_o or_o rather_o bring_v to_o touch_v in_o swarm_n the_o globular_a part_n of_o the_o instrument_n the_o mercury_n will_v manifest_o ascend_v and_o since_o we_o be_v speak_v of_o weather-glass_n i_o shall_v on_o this_o occasion_n subjoin_v that_o certain_a circumstance_n may_v also_o vary_v the_o success_n of_o another_o experiment_n somewhat_o of_o kin_n to_o that_o late_o repeat_v about_o the_o pendulous_a drop_n which_o be_v brief_o mention_v not_o far_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o first_o praeliminary_n discourse_n for_o though_o the_o common_a thermometer_n that_o be_v here_o wont_a to_o be_v sell_v in_o shop_n have_v usual_o the_o pipe_n of_o the_o bolthead_n very_o large_a in_o proportion_n to_o the_o ball_n and_o therefore_o be_v in_o that_o place_n say_v to_o be_v weather-glass_n not_o nice_a and_o though_o on_o such_o instrument_n in_o certain_a temperature_n of_o the_o air_n intimate_v by_o the_o word_n sometime_o employ_v in_o that_o passage_n the_o air_n blow_v out_o of_o a_o pair_n of_o bellows_o against_o some_o part_n of_o the_o include_v air_n will_v not_o especial_o at_o the_o beginning_n make_v the_o air_n sensible_o contract_v itself_o and_o the_o liquor_n ascend_v though_o at_o the_o very_a first_o and_o second_o blast_n the_o coldness_n of_o this_o artificial_a wind_n may_v be_v very_o sensible_a to_o the_o touch_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n intend_v to_o be_v teach_v in_o that_o passage_n yet_o have_v the_o curiosity_n with_o other_o bellows_o at_o another_o season_n of_o the_o year_n to_o blow_v long_o upon_o the_o ball_n of_o a_o not_o common_a but_o nice_a weatherglass_n of_o my_o own_o make_n furnish_v with_o a_o pipe_n that_o be_v very_o slender_a i_o divers_a time_n but_o not_o always_o find_v the_o tinct_a liquor_n manifest_o enough_o to_o ascend_v as_o if_o the_o wind_n consist_v of_o a_o more_o compress_v air_n do_v by_o contain_v a_o great_a number_n of_o cold_a particle_n in_o the_o same_o room_n more_o affect_v the_o internal_a air_n than_o the_o contact_n of_o the_o calm_a and_o lax_v outward_a air_n do_v before_o which_o disparity_n of_o event_n have_v give_v i_o the_o design_n of_o make_v further_a trial_n with_o differ_v thermoscope_n at_o other_o season_n of_o the_o year_n to_o see_v if_o i_o can_v bring_v the_o matter_n to_o some_o certainty_n by_o discover_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o contingency_n in_o which_o i_o afterward_o suspect_v that_o some_o light_a degree_n of_o warmth_n or_o coolness_n in_o the_o bellows_o themselves_o which_o as_o be_v unmanife_a to_o the_o sense_n escape_v unheeded_a may_v have_v a_o interest_n when_o i_o be_v about_o some_o of_o the_o former_a experiment_n i_o will_v willing_o have_v have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o try_v with_o a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n what_o difference_n there_o will_v be_v betwixt_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n in_o a_o frosty_a night_n in_o place_n where_o the_o air_n be_v keep_v calm_a by_o be_v shelter_v from_o the_o wind_n not_o by_o inhabit_a building_n but_o by_o some_o wall_n or_o other_o body_n whence_o any_o warm_a effluvium_n be_v least_o to_o be_v expect_v and_o betwixt_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o same_o air_n in_o place_n where_o cold_a wind_n especial_o northerly_a or_o easterly_a do_v free_o and_o strong_o blow_v but_o my_o occasion_n then_o confine_v i_o to_o a_o town_n i_o have_v not_o conveniency_n to_o make_v any_o secure_a observation_n of_o that_o nature_n and_o even_o in_o a_o more_o commodious_a place_n unless_o it_o be_v determine_v whether_o there_o be_v corpuscle_n proper_o and_o constant_o frigorifick_a upon_o who_o account_n some_o wind_n be_v so_o much_o cold_a than_o other_o there_o may_v arise_v more_o scruple_n about_o this_o matter_n than_o i_o must_v now_o stay_v to_o discuss_v there_o be_v one_o thing_n more_o that_o it_o may_v be_v be_v not_o impertinent_a to_o mention_v before_o i_o take_v leave_n of_o the_o xviii_o title_n for_o in_o confirmation_n of_o what_o be_v there_o deliver_v concern_v the_o vicissitude_n of_o these_o troublesome_a degree_n of_o cold_a and_o heat_n within_o the_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o same_o natural_a day_n complain_v of_o by_o the_o patriarch_n jacob_n and_o by_o olearius_n i_o shall_v add_v that_o have_v since_o have_v opportunity_n to_o inquire_v about_o such_o matter_n of_o a_o learned_a physician_n late_o come_v from_o the_o indies_n he_o assure_v i_o that_o notwithstanding_o the_o violent_a heat_n of_o the_o day_n he_o usual_o observe_v the_o night_n to_o be_v so_o very_o cold_a that_o he_o be_v persuade_v some_o positive_o frigorifick_a steam_n do_v in_o the_o night_n ascend_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n and_o make_v it_o very_o expedient_a if_o not_o necessary_a for_o those_o english_a that_o live_v in_o the_o warm_a part_n of_o america_n to_o imitate_v the_o native_n in_o keep_v fire_n under_o their_o hammack_n or_o hang_v bed_n i_o think_v it_o may_v be_v a_o luciferous_a experiment_n in_o relation_n to_o a_o hypothesis_n that_o may_v be_v propose_v about_o cold_a to_o try_v whether_o if_o two_o such_o liquor_n be_v provide_v as_o by_o be_v mix_v together_o will_v so_o far_o forth_o lose_v their_o fluidity_n as_o to_o obtain_v at_o least_o the_o consistence_n of_o a_o unguent_n this_o impediment_n put_v to_o the_o former_a confuse_a and_o great_a agitation_n of_o their_o part_n will_v produce_v any_o sensible_a degree_n of_o cold_a this_o i_o think_v fit_a to_o try_v by_o immerse_v for_o a_o competent_a time_n the_o ball_n of_o a_o tender_a seal_a weatherglass_n into_o each_o of_o the_o liquor_n apart_o and_o then_o into_o the_o soft_a mixture_n their_o coalition_n will_v compose_v to_o produce_v such_o a_o mixture_n more_o way_n than_o one_o it_o be_v not_o difficult_a for_o i_o by_o the_o help_n of_o some_o experiment_n i_o have_v provide_v to_o add_v to_o my_o history_n of_o fluidity_n and_o sirmness_n but_o though_o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o minium_n or_o calcine_v lead_n in_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n or_o a_o very_a strong_a infusion_n of_o good_a quicklime_n in_o water_n will_v either_o of_o they_o and_o one_o of_o they_o i_o do_v make_v use_n of_o though_o i_o have_v forget_v which_o coagulate_v a_o just_a proportion_n of_o good_a salad_n oil_n to_o name_n no_o other_o make_v by_o expression_n into_o such_o a_o consistence_n as_o i_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o yet_o for_o want_v of_o a_o seal_a thermoscope_n tender_a enough_o i_o can_v now_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n and_o till_o i_o do_v i_o dare_v not_o draw_v any_o conclusion_n from_o it_o though_o if_o i_o much_o misremember_v not_o when_o i_o show_v it_o a_o ingenious_a person_n neither_o he_o nor_o i_o can_v perceive_v that_o the_o liquor_n by_o be_v deprive_v of_o their_o fluidity_n have_v acquire_v any_o thing_n of_o coldness_n discoverable_a by_o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n it_o be_v much_o controvert_v among_o the_o curious_a whether_o water_n be_v capable_a of_o compression_n and_o divers_a have_v of_o late_o incline_v to_o the_o negative_a upon_o observe_v a_o want_n of_o cogency_n in_o the_o experiment_n that_o have_v be_v bring_v to_o evince_v the_o affirmative_a what_o trial_n and_o observation_n we_o long_o since_o make_v about_o this_o matter_n may_v be_v meet_v with_o in_o some_o of_o our_o other_o treatise_n wherefore_o i_o shall_v now_o subjoin_v that_o