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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
nature_n	air_n	earth_n	element_n	2,483	5	9.5484	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A12461	The generall historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles with the names of the adventurers, planters, and governours from their first beginning. an⁰: 1584. to this present 1624. With the procedings of those severall colonies and the accidents that befell them in all their journyes and discoveries. Also the maps and descriptions of all those countryes, their commodities, people, government, customes, and religion yet knowne. Divided into sixe bookes. By Captaine Iohn Smith sometymes governour in those countryes & admirall of New England.	Smith, John, 1580-1631.; Barra, John, ca. 1574-1634, engraver.	1624 (1624)	STC 22790; ESTC S111882	354,881	269

burdens as your selues without whose assistance this Virginia Firmament in which some and I hope in short time will shine many more glorious Starres though there be many Italiannated and Spaniolized Englishmen enuies our prosperities and by all their ignominious scandals they can deuise seekes to dishearten what they can those that are willing to further this glorious enterprize to such I wish according to the decree of Darius that whosoeuer is an enemy to our peace and seeketh either by getting monipolicall patens or by forging vniust tales to hinder our welfare that his house were pulled downe and a paire of gallowes made of the wood and he hanged on them in the place As for those lasie seruants who had rather stand all day idle than worke though but an houre in this Vineyard and spend their substance riotously than cast the superfluity of their wealth into your Treasury I leaue them as they are to the eternall Iudge of the world But you right worthy that hath aduentured so freely I will not examine if it were for the glory of God or your desire of gaine which it may be you expect should flow vnto you with a full tide for the conuersion of the Saluages I wonder you vse not the meanes I confesse you say well to haue them conuerted by faire meanes but they scorne to acknowledge it as for the gifts bestowed on them they deuoure them and so they would the giuers if they could and though many haue endeuoured by all the meanes they could by kindnesse to conuert them they finde nothing from them but derision and ridiculous answers We haue sent boies amongst them to learne their Language but they returne worse than they went but I am no States-man nor loue I to meddle with any thing but my Bookes but I can finde no probability by this course to draw them to goodnesse I and am perswaded if Mars and Minerua goe hand in hand they will effect more good in an houre then those verball Mercurians in their liues and till their Priests and Ancients haue their throats cut there is no hope to bring them to conuersion The gouernment of Sir Francis Wyat. ABout October arriued Sir Francis Wyat with Master George Sands appointed Treasurer Master Dauison Secretary Doctor Pot the Physician and Master Cloyburne the Surgian but much prouision was very badly conditioned nay the Hogs would not eat that Corne they brought which was a great cause of their sicknesse and mortality and whatsoeuer is said against the Virginia Corne they finde it doth better nourish than any prouision is sent thither the Sailers still they complaine are much to blame for imbes●ing the prouisions sent to priuate men killing of Swine and disorderly trucking for which some order would be taken In them nine Ships that went with Sir Francis VVyat not one Passenger died at his arriuall he sent Master Thorpe to Opechancanough whom hee found much satisfied with his comming to confirme their leagues as he had done his Predecessors and so contented his people should coinhabit amongst them and hee found more motions of Religion in him than could be imagined euery man betaking himselfe to his quarter it was ordered that for euery head they should plant but 1000. Plants of Tobacco and vpon each plant nine leaues which will be about 100. weight the Corne being appointed but at two shillings six pence the bushell required such labour it caused most men neglect it and depend vpon trade where were it rated at ten shillings the bushell euery man would indeuour to haue plenty to sell to the new commers or any that wanted and seldome any is transported from England but it standeth in as much besides the hazard and other necessaries the Ships might transport of that burden The 22. of Nouember arriued Master Gookin out of Ireland with fifty men of his owne and thirty Passengers exceedingly well furnished with all sorts of prouision and cattle and planted himselfe at Nupors-newes the Cotten trees in a yeere grew so thicke as ones arme and so high as a man here any thing that is planted doth prosper so well as in no place better For the mortality of the people accuse not the place for of the old Planters and the families scarce one of twenty miscarries onely the want of necessaries are the occasions of those diseases And so wee will conclude this yeere with the shipping and numbers sent Out of the Councels Letters from Virginia This yeere was sent one and twenty saile of Ships that imployed more than 400. sailers and 1300. men women and children of diuers faculties with foure-score cattle the Tiger fell in the Turkes hands yet safely escaped and by the returne of their letters from thence the company is assured there can bee no fitter places of Mines Wood and Water for Iron than there and the French men affirme no Country is more proper for Vines Oliues Sike Rice and Salt c. of which the next yeere they promise a good quantity GIFTS THe Gentlemen and Mariners that came in the Royall Iames from the East-Indies gaue towards the building of a free Schoole 70 pound eight shillings and six pence and an vnknowne person to further it sent thirtie pounds and another in like manner fiue twentie pounds another refusing to be made knowne gaue fortie shillings yeerely for a Sermon before the Virginia companie also another that would not be knowne sent for the College at Henrico many excellent good religious bookes worth ten pound a most curious Map of al that coast of America Master Thomas Bargaue their Preacher there deceased gaue a Librarie valued at one hundred Markes and the Inhabitants hath made a contribution of one thousand and fiue hundred pounds to build a house for the entertaining of strangers This yeere also there was much suing for Patents for Plantations who promised to transport such great multitudes of people there was much disputing concerning those diuisions as though the whole land had beene too little for them six and twentie obtained their desires but as yet not past six hath sent thither a man notwithstanding many of them would haue more and are not well contented whom I would intreat and all other wranglers to peruse this saying of honest Claudius See'st not the world of Natures worke the fairest well I wot How it it selfe tog●t●er ties as in a true-loues knot Nor seest how th' Elements ayre combin'd maintaine one constant plea H●w midst of heauen contents the Sunne and shore containes the sea And how the aire both compasseth and carrieth still earths frame Yet neither pressing burden● it nor parting leaues the same The obseruations of Master Iohn Pory Secretarie of Virginia in his trauels HAuing but ten men meanly prouided to plant the Secretaries land on the Easterne shore nee●e d●●mack Captaine Wilcocks plantation the better to secure and ass●●t each other Sir George Yearley intending to visit Smiths Iles fell so sicke

blacke wings Herons Geese Brants Ducke Wigeon Dotterell Oxeies Parrats and Pigeons Of all those sorts great abundance and some other strange kinds to vs vnknowne by name But in Sommer not any or a very few to be seene Of fish we were best acquainted with Sturgeon Grampus Porpus Seales Stingraies whose tailes are very dangerous Bretts Mullets white Salmonds Trowts Soles Plaice Herrings Conyfish Rockfish Eeles Lampreys●punc Catfish Shades●punc P●arch of three sorts Crabs Shrimps Crevises Oysters Cocles and M●scles But the most strange fish is a small one so like the picture of St George his Dragon as possible can be except his legs and wings and the Toadefish which will swell till it be like to burst when it commeth into the ayre Concerning the entrailes of the earth little can be said for certaintie There wanted good Refiners for those that tooke vpon them to haue skill this way tooke vp the washings from the mountaines and some moskered shining stones and spangles which the waters brought downe flattering themselues in their owne vaine conceits to haue beene supposed what they were not by the meanes of that ore if it proued as their arts and iudgements expected Onely this is certaine that many regions lying in the same latitude afford Mines very rich of divers natures The crust also of these rockes would easily perswade a man to beleeue there are other Mines then yron and steele if there were but meanes and men of experience that knew the Mine from Spar. Of their Planted fruits in Virginia and how they vse them THey divide the yeare into fiue seasons Their winter some call Popanow the spring Cattapeuk the sommer Cohattayough the earing of their Corne Nepinough the harvest and fall of leafe Taquitock From September vntill the midst of November are the chiefe feasts sacrifice Then haue they plentie of fruits as well planted as naturall as corne greene and ripe fish fowle and wilde beasts exceeding fat The greatest labour they take is in planting their corne for the Country naturally is overgrowne with wood To prepare the ground they bruise the barke of the trees neare the root then doe they scortch the roots with fire that they grow no more The next yeare with a crooked peece of wood they beat vp the weeds by the rootes and in that mould they plant their Corne. Their manner is this They make a hole in the earth with a sticke and into it they put foure graines of wheate and two of beanes These hol●s they make foure foote one from another Their women and children do continually keepe it with weeding and when it is growne middle high they hill it about like a hop-yard In Aprill they begin to plant but their chiefe plantation is in May and so they continue till the midst of Iune What they plant in Aprill they reape in August for May in September for Iune in October Every stalke of their corne commonly beareth two eares some three seldome any foure many but one and some none Every care ordinarily hath betwixt 200 and 500 graines The stalke being greene hath a sweet iuice in it somewhat like a sugar Cane which is the cause that when they gather their corne greene they sucke the stalkes for as we gather greene pease so doe they their corne being greene which excelleth their old They plant also pease they call Assentamen● which are the same they call in Italy Fag●h Their Beanes are the same the Turkes call Garnanses but these they much esteeme for dainties Their corne they rost in the eare greene and bruising it in a morter of wood with a Polt lap it in rowles in the leaues of their corne and so boyle it for a daintie They also reserue that corne late planted that will not ripe by roasting it in hot ashes the heat thereof drying it In winter they esteeme it being boyled with beanes for a rare dish they call Pausarowmena Their old wheat they first steepe a night in hot water in the morning pounding it in a morter They vse a small basket for their Temmes then pound againe the great and so separating by dashing their hand in the basket receiue the flower in a platter made of wood scraped to that forme with burning and shels Tempering this flower with water they make it either in cakes covering them with ashes till they be baked and then washing them in faire water they drie presently with their owne heat or else boyle them in water eating the broth with the bread which they call Ponap The grouces and peeces of the cornes remaining by fanning in a Platter or in the wind away the branne they boyle 3 or 4 houres with water which is an ordinary food they call Vstatahamen But some more thriftie then cleanly doe burne the core of the eare to powder which they call Pungnough mingling that in their meale but it never tasted well in bread nor broth Their fish flesh they boyle either very tenderly or boyle it so long on hurdles over the fire or else after the Spanish fashion putting it on a spit they turne first the one side then the other till it be as drie as their ierkin Beefe in the west Indies that they may keepe it a moneth or more without putrifying The broth of fish or flesh they eat as commonly as the meat In May also amongst their corne they plant Pumpeons and a fruit like vnto a muske mellon but lesse and worse which they call Macocks These increase exceedingly and ripen in the beginning of Iuly and continue vntill September They plant also Maracocks a wild fruit like a Lemmon which also increase infinitely They begin to ripe in September and continue till the end of October When all their fruits be gathered little els they plant and this is done by their women and children neither doth this long suffice them for neare three parts of the yeare they onely obserue times and seasons and liue of what the Country naturally affordeth from hand to mouth c. The Commodities in Virginia or that may be had by Industrie THe mildnesse of the ayre the fertilitie of the soyle and situation of the rivers are so propitious to the nature and vse of man as no place is more convenient for pleasure profit and mans sustenance vnder that latitude or climat Here will liue any beasts as horses goats sheepe asses hens c. as appeared by them that were carried thether The waters Isles and shoales are full of safe harbours for ships of warre or marchandize for boats of all sorts for transportation or fishing c. The Bay and rivers haue much marchantable fish and places fit for Salt coats building of ships making of Iron c. Muscovia and Polonia doe yearely receiue many thousands for pitch tarre sope-ashes Rosen Flax Cordage Sturgeon Masts Yards Wainscot Firres Glasse and such like also Swethland for Iron and Copper France in like manner for Wine Canvas and