Pulses are either absolute or relative The differences of Pulses Absolute Respective absolute differences are when a Pulse hath any difference absolute and in its own nature when we consider it without comparing it with any other Respective are those which arise from comparing of the Pulses amongst themselves Absolute again are twofold simple and compound But seeing to the Pulse as also to every local motion Simple five things are required 1. The thing moving 2. The space through which the motion is made 3. Time 4. The rest between the two opposite motions 5. The instrument according to these also the simple differences of Pulses are constituted and every simple difference regards one of these and so there are ten simple Pulses a great and smal in respect of space swift and slow in respect of time thick and thin in respect of rest between vehement and weak in respect of moving hard and soft in respect of the instrument And if amongst the opposit motions we account a mediocrity or moderate in every kind there will arise 15. simple Pulses And if there may be added to these other differences either they are not comprehensible by the touch or they are unprofitable A great Pulse is that which exceeds the space A great and a small Pulse which by nature is granted for the motion of the Artery A little Pulse is that which doth not wholly keep that space A moderate Pulse is that which doth observe its definite space for its motion but whereas in space longitude latitude profunditude may be considered some divide a great and small Pulse into other differences to wit long and short high and deep narrow and broad to which if a moderate Pulse be added then there will be made five kinds all which kinds if they are joined together amongst themselves make twenty seven differences which comprehend eighty one Pulses of which Galen in the first of the differences of Pulses Cap. 5. A swift Pulse is when an Artery runs through his space in a short time A swift and slow a slow when in a long time moderate when in an indifferent time A thick Frequent and thin or frequent Pulse is performed little rest interposing between A thin when long an indifferent is performed in the middle of those extreams but that a frequent and thin Pulse may be rightly perceived The Pulses are to be divided into the stroak and the intervall the stroak is the motion of the Artery resisting the touch but the interval is the time interposed betwixt two stroaks whereby the Artery is contracted and dilated which by how much the shorter or longer it is by so much the Pulse is said to be more frequent or thin A vehement pulse is that which strikes the hand of him that feels it Vehement weak and resists it and as it were reverberates Weak is that which gently strikes the hand Moderate is the middle betwixt these two A hard Pulse is when the Artery is hard Hard. Soft and resisteth the touch A soft is when the Artery is soft and fainty and gives way to the touch CHAP. III. Of the compound differences of Pulses OUt of these differences of simple Pulses compound differences are easily to be found which although they are very many yet these are the chief Great Swift Frequent Vehement Soft Great Swift Moderate Moderate Moderate Great Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Swift Frequent Vehement Hard. Moderate Swift Thin Weak Soft Moderate Moderate Frequent Vehement Soft Moderate Moderate Moderate Vehement Hard. Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Weak Soft Moderate Moderate Thin Weak Soft Moderate Slow Thin Weak Soft Little Swift Frequent Vehement Hard. Little Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Little Slow Moderate Moderate Moderate Little Slow Thin Weak Hard. CHAP. IV. Of an equall and unequall Pulse REspectively or Relatively Respective differences of pulses equality and inequality for either respect is had to the equality and inequality or to order or to proportion or number equallity and inequality of the Pulse is nothing else but a congruity or difference of one thing in pulses when compared with another Equality and inequality is either simply and absolutely such or Secundum quid How manifold equall Absolutely equall Absolutely unequall and which is at least in a certaine kinde such Absolutely and simply a Pulse is said to be equall which neither changed in magnitude nor in swiftness nor in frequency nor in vehemency nor in swiftness and if equality be observed in neither of these it is called a Pulse absolutely and simply unequall but if a Pulse keeps not equallity in all these neither is made unequall in all these it is said according to something and in some respect to be unequall the denomination is to be taken from that wherein it observes not equality Moreover these unequalities againe are divided into systematicall or collective Systematique inequality An unequall pulse equally unequall which is observed in more stroaks and singular which is in one stroake collective againe is double unequality equally and unequality unequally unequall Pulses are equally when the first is so to the second as the second is to the third the third to the fourth and so forward unequall unequall unequally are those which are not alike in their change neither is the first so to the second as the second is to the third We call an unequal Pulse equally Myouron Myoures from the similitude of the tayle of a Mouse which as the taile of a Mouse from some thickness by little and little and equally tends to sharpness so these Pulses in magnitude are lessened by degrees and equally and the following stroake is alwayes less then the former which some call maimed Pulses These againe are either deficient Myourn which perpetually are lessoned till at length they plainly cease to strike any more or such as at length cease to be lesned Deficient Myouroi and do not plainly give off and rest and both of them againe are various for some keepe that pravity to which they are come others do not persevere therein but returne againe to magnitude Maimed reciprocall which the Greekes call maimed Pulses running again reciprocall shortned or running Pulses and these again either return to their former magnitude or to lesser or to a greater Unequally unequall Pulses also are various according to all the simple differences of Pulses but the chief and those which the Ancients gave names unto are the intermittent deficient the intercedent or intercurrent The name of intermittent is attributed to that inequality which is in pravity and rarity Intermitting or only rarity namely when the arterie is so hindered in cessation that one pulsation seems to have two or three between two which seeme to be deficient and after one or more stroakes Intercurrent the intermittent begins to beat againe Intercurrent or such as go between are opposite to intermittent and amongst
be yet remaining that is to be taken away by degrees and by helping and the principall parts are to be strengthned but if nothing of the vitious matter be present the body is carefully to be refreshed with moist aliment and that which is easie to be concocted namely the yolkes of eggs broathes with Bread Chickens Hens Capons Fish lastly Goates flesh Mutton Veale sleepe helps concoction unctions strengthen the stomach before meate are appointed frications also moderate walking Baths of fresh warme waâ—â—r lastly strengthening things are to be used and such as may resist the reliques of the causes of imbecility and of sickly disposition but those things which may call back the distemper which trouble sick these are to be avoided THE FIFTH BOOK PART 1. Of the Materialls for Cure SECT I. Of Medicines CHAP. I. What a Medicine is THere remains the last part of Physick which is the Therapeuticall which restores men that are fallen into diseases to their former health and expells those diseases from mens bodyes which torment them but that the Physitian may obtaine this end it is necessary that he be instructed in two things first a Method whereby he may find those things that are helpfull by Indications secondly Instruments or Materialls for cure whereby he may performe that which he found out by Indications The matter fit for cure is properly reduced to three heads Instruments of Physick dyet manuall operation and making up of Medicines First you are to be admonished that you are to distinguish cures from the materialls used in curing for cure is that whereby instruction is given from the Indicant to performe or act something and is alwayes one as to heate or make hot but the Matter of helpe is that whereby that is performed by the Physitian which the Indicant commands which may be manifold as whilst you are to heat it may be done with Pepper Ginger Wormewood c. But since that of Dieteticall matter is spoken sufficiently in the former book it remaines that wee speake of Medicines Medicine what is it and Manual operation and first as for Medicines by amedicine wee understand every thing that is a different thing from nature which may alter our bodies and reduce them to a naturall state from a preternaturall In which respect it differs from aliment and Poyson for Aliment as it is aliment is onely that which increaseth the substance or it renewes and increaseth our bodies a Medicince alters but doth not repaire but if any thing can together nourish and alter our bodies t is alimentall Medicine or medicinall aliment but poysons neither nourish nor alter our bodies but are destroyers of our bodies and have power to corrupt them CHAP. II. Of the faculties of Medicines in generall MEdicines are two-fold Medicines how manyfold Simple Compound some are simple other compound a simple is that which is such by nature onely and hath nothing mixt with it by art compound are when more naturall things are mingled by art into the forme of one medicine Simple Medicines are taken from Plants Simple how many fold Plants Animalls Mineralls and Plants are either taken whole or their parts Roots Woods Piths Barkes Leaves and Branches Flowers Seeds Fruits Juices Gumms Rosins Oiles and Liquors as Wine Animals also are used whole Living Creatures or their parts as Harts-Horn Marrow Flesh or those things that are generated in them as Milke Eggs or their workes as Hony Wax or their excrements as Gall Urine Under Mineralls are comprehended not onely those things which are properly called Mineralls Mineralls Vitriall Antimony Sulphure and Mettalls and the excrements but also divers kinds of earths as Uermillion Irish Slat Bole-Arminack as also all Stones and Gemms also divers kinds of Salts and concreted juices in the earth of which Naptha is one also bathing-waters in which ranke Manna may be put if there be no other place fit for it The faculties are various of so many different things The difference of Medicines Actuall and from hence the divisions of Medicines are various for first some Medicines are said to bee such in action others in power to be such things as are said to be such in action which in them containe that which they are said to be the act being as it were present and absolved and so the operation is in a readinesse and can affect our bodies at the first touch with that quality wherewith they are endued so Water and Ice are cold in action because after what manner soever they are applyed to a body they can presently coole the same but those things are such in potentia Potentiall whose force is not perceived at the first touch but lyeth hid and as it were asleep nor doth it discover it selfe by action untill it be some way changed by our heat and be burnt and reduced into action so Pepper and Wine although to the touch they are cold yet neverthelesse they heate But although the force of Medicines are various Facultiei of Medicines manifest yet they may conveniently be divided into manifest and occult those are called manifest which affect our senses or which excite qualities in the patient which are discerned by our senses and whereof a manifest cause may be rendred But occult are such which doe not produce qualities in a Patient obvious to sence Occult but performe something by a hidden propriety to wit they purge a certaine humor they strengthen a certaine member they resist poyson or being hung or carried externally worke upon the body the manifest causes whereof cannot be explained and no other reason can be given then that such a power or force is in them by a peculiar propriety of nature although there are some who reject hidden qualities yet I. C. Scaliger rightly thinks that t is a high peice of impudence to reduce all things to manifest qualities in the 218. of his exercises Sect. 8. and those which endeavour this bring foolish and ridiculous reasons or deny those things which are confirmed by experience and these faculties and actions are different from those in their whole kinde as also from others which are spoken of before in the 2. Booke 2. Part. Cap. 12. both from hence in the first place because the strength of these qualities are far greater then theirs of the primary qualities and their efficacy is great oftentimes in the smallest body But both of them The first the second the manifest and occult faculties and actions of Medicines are various of manifest qualities some are primary others secondary others of a third kind The third kind of qualities the first have power of heating cooling moistning and drying the second to soften to harden condense rarify resolve attenuate thicken to draw to repel the third to provoke Urine to cause and stay courses to move vomit generate flesh and to breake stones although the power of breaking stones may more fittly be attributed to the propriety of
if a part be a principall one or performes a publick Office no Medicine is to be given which can much hurt it and disturbe its Office and Duty for then losse would redound to the whole body so to the mouth and chops poysons and things ungratefull to the taste and sordid are not to be exhibited nor stinking things to the Nostrills nor gnawing and biting things to the eyes nor those things to be applyed to nervous parts affected that cause paine The same rules which we have now even propounded in the right use of remedies Quantity of matter ate to be observed also in choice of matter the quantity of matter regards the measure waâ—ght thereof which was indicated by the Indicant and is propper for the performing of the Indication the quantity of the matter is found two wayes first in what quantity any medicine whatsoever is to be given and what are those bounds betwixt which if it be given it performes that which it ought and no way hurteth is manifest by experience only but in what dose whether in the highest lowest or middle the medicine be to be given to this or that sick person what the quantity is of the matter to be administred that is known from the magnitude or extent of the Indicant and if the quantity of the Indicant be great the quantity of the medicine ought to be great likewise in which matter the condition is to be weighed and the strength of the whole and of every part for if a part to be altered is more remote in place a greater quantity of the remedie altering is required namely that it may come with its full force to the part affected But the time of Administring of matter is taken not simply from the presence of the Indicant Time but is that when it can helpe but this time is known and the knowledge of the matter to be administred and the nature of the part to which it ought to be Administered for some things worke presently others after some space between the action of of some things continues long of others it ceaseth presently The part as it is open or placed deepe so it regards the action of the Agent presently the Administration of the matter is to be prohibited when it doth more hurt then good but it may doe hurt when it may preserve any thing contrary to nature which ought to be taken away or when it may take away that which ought to be preserved The place of Administration of matter is that place where the matter is to be given may helpe and performe that which t is required to do for since every action is performed by contact the Physitian ought allwayes to endeavour that the matter which he â—seth might penetrate to the place where the Indicant is and may touch the Indicant but some parts are Externall others Internall in Externall the matter is plaine for there the matter of the medicine is to be applyed where it is to worke or where the Indicant is since the Externall parts may be immediatly touched with the medicines but medicines cannot be so immediatly applyed to the Internall parts and therefore when we are willing to evacuate common wayes are to be chosen and the next through which the matter may be evacuated if we are to alter in the interior parts either manifest wayes are to be found â—ut or occult passages through which the matter that is given may penetrate and indeed as for manifest passages the widest and nearest are allwayes to be chosen But concerning the measure Manner or manner shall be shewn hereafter part the 3 d. Sect. 3 d. where various formes of medicines both simple and compound shall be proposed CHAP. V. What Morbifique causes indicate and peculiarly of purging of a juice in the body which causeth ill digestion FOrasmuch as hitherto we have explained the universall Method of healing now peculiarly we will propound the Method of taking away of Morbifique causes removing diseases and preserving strength and will begin from the causes What the differences of causes are is spoken before in the 2 d. Booke part the 1. Chap. the 3 d. for of what kind soever they are whether begotten in the body or externally or admitted into the body and become as it were internall or stirring up cherishing and increasing a disease without they all require removall But whereas causes offend either in the whole substance or quantity Causes what they shew or quality or motion or place first all things which put on the nature of a cause as in their whole kind they are contrary to nature they indicate an absolute ablation of them out of the body or as latter Physitians say an Eradication But that here we may treate only of humours What things shew in their whole nature preternatural severall wayes there are of rooting out and evacuating corrupt humours out of the body for sometimes they are purged through the paunch sometimes they are ejected by vomit sometimes discussed by sweates sometimes cast out by urine of which we will now speake in their order and first of purgation Purgation taken in the largest sense is indicated from a Cacochymie What shews when to purge or juice which causeth ill digestion and bad nourishment and a purging medicine taken in the largest signification is the matter of remedie indicated for a Cachochymie but that this doctrine of purgation may be more evident in the first place tis to be observed that Physitians in respect of purging medicines divide the body into three common Regions into the first which is without the liver and is extended from the stomach through the middle part home to the liver the second which is dilated from the middle of the liver through the greater veines to the outside of the body the third which comprehends the habit of the body with the lesser veines private parts also have their excrements and peculiat wayes to void them and hence one evacuation is called universall Vniversall evacuation another particular universall is that which evacuates humours from the common Regions of the body such is evacuation of blood after what manner soever purging by the paunch vomitting voiding of uâ—ine sweate Particular insensible transpiration particular is that which evacuates some private part as the braines lungs wombe As for universall purgation which evacuates the common Regions of the body Cacochymie consists of what Indicates it either on this side or beyond the liver Cacochymie which consists in the first Region of the body by its selfe and properly indicates those medicines which have power without any manifest agitation of evacuating superfluous humours through the paunch which stick in the first Region of the body although sometimes if the matter have an inclination upwards and the sick can easily endure a vomit by vomit also humours may be purged out of the first Region of the body so that those things which cause
making water is to be observed those Vrines which are made presently after eating and drinking When Vrine is to be received signifie nothing certainly especially if much drink be taken since the decoction is not performed Vrine is rather to be lookt upon after a perfect concoction and about the morning In Fevers regard is to be had of the fits because in time of the Paroxism the morbifique matter is expelled another way Secondly it is to be weighed whether any meat drink or medicine be taken which may change the Vrine Thirdly The whole Vrine to be taken It should first settle In what place should be kept Inspection of troubled Vrines the whole Urine made at once is to be be taken not to be mingled with waters made at several times Fourthly judgment is not to be given of Urine before it hath setled and the Contents enjoy their proper place Fifthly you must beware least the Urine by cold air or winds especially in an open vessel being exposed thereunto should be changed or corrupted yet it may be changed no less by too much heat then by too much cold Sixthly if the Urines are troubled they are to be setled by the heat of fire or rather warm water that they may return to their former state yet it is convenient to look upon troubled Urines before they become clear again since often times in troubled Vrines the substance of the Vrine is more manifest then in clear and often times Vrines which be not troubled seem to be alike when troubled they differ exceedingly and in troubled Vrines oftentimes that matter of the Vrine shews it self which scarce any one could believe had been contained in it when 't was clear Seventhly the Vrinal in Inspection ought to be quiet and not to be stirred only after Inspection it may be lawful to stir the contents Eighthly the Glass wherein the Vrine is to be viewed ought to be clear perspicuous and void of all colour Ninthly the Urine is to be cast neither in a place too shady nor too light yet the colours in a small shade so not too dark may be discerned best but the Contents in a lighter place CHAP. XII What may be discerned and foretold by a Vrine ALL diseases and affects cannot be discerned by Vrine only since there are diseases of many parts which alter not the Vrine What can be known by Urine but without dispute the Vrine may shew that disposition which is in the Liver and Vrines since the Vrine is an Excrement of the Veins of the Reins also and passages through which the Vrine flows and the diseases of the Bladder and Yard without controversie the Vrine may shew for if any thing be contained in the ways through which the Vrine passeth contrary to nature 't is easily mingled with the Vrine moreover the diseases of those parts which send matter to the Veins may be dscerned by the Vrine Whence if any peculiar part be affected and the Vrine changed also if in the part affected there be also made any peculiar change it is a token that such matter is transmitted from that part to the Reins and Bladder On the contrary also when the matter which is contained in the Veins is carried sometimes to other part s and causeth various Symptomes the diseases of those parts may also be known by the Vrines especially if other Symptomes agree with those of the Vrine Lastly when Fevers and venemous diseases may be joined with the diseases of many parts although the Vrines then do not first indicate that very disease of the private part yet 't is not unprofitable then to consider the Vrines and to observe the signs from thence of life and death And thus what may be known and foretold of every Vrine is manifest from those things which are spoken of the causes of all the differences which happen unto Vrine Book III. PART I. SECT IV. OF PULSES CHAP. I. What a Pulse is A Pulse which the Greeks call Sphugmos and Sphuxis A Pulse what is a motion of the Heart and Arteries proceeding from the vital faculty consisting of dilatation and contraction and is appointed for the preservation of the Harmony of the native heat Instruments of a Pulse Instruments of the Pulse are the Heart and Arteries and the Heart is the Fountain Chimny and Elaboratory of heat and vital Spirits but the Arteires are the Channels through which this vivifying heat is derived from the heart as from a Fountain and disperst through the whole body which work that they may rightly perform power is given to them by nature whereby they can dilate and contract them selves by perpetual motion Efficient cause by which means Arteries Blood with the vital Spirits is diffused through the whole body the vapors are expelled and cold air is drawn in neither is the motion of the Heart and Arteries made only by the fervent heat of the Blood and Spirits nor is this motion to be accounted accidental Vital faculty and as it were violent but the heart by a peculiar faculty which it hath in its self which they call Vital and Pulsisique is moved neither are the Heart and Arteries dilated because they are filled but they are filled because dilated Neither is this faculty denied to the Arteries although in its own manner it depends on the heart The vse of the Heart and Arteries The use of the motion of the heart and arteries and the end of their motion is the preservation of the native heat the generation of vital spirits and the distribution of them through the whole boby but the native heat is preserved as being hotter whilest 't is cooled and fanned and the matter fit for the generating of spirits is drawn but the fuligenous vapors are expelled The motion of the Heart and Pulse performs these duties by that double motion out of the which as of parts it is composed namely by Sistole and Dyastole or dilatation and contraction But because these two motions are opposite and a thing cannot be moved against its opposite unless first it be quiet It is necessary that these two motions admit of two cessations between the one is that which follows the Systole the other the Dyastole And indeed attraction is made by dilatation for the cooling and fanning of the heat and the generation of spirits But contraction is made for expulsion for the heart when it is dilated attracts blood the matter of vital spirits and arterious blood and air from the Lungs through the arterious veins But the Arteries draw some of the thinner blood from the Veins especially they draw aire through their small orifices opening to the Pores of the Skin by contraction the Heart expels fuliginous vapors and together emits arterious Blood and Spirits into the Arteries but the Arteries expel fuligenous excrements and together communicate some Spirits and arterial blood to all the parts CHAP. 2. Of the simple differences of Pulses THe differences of