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Word A Word B Word C Word D Occurrence Frequency Band MI MI Band Prominent
nation_n law_n nature_n positive_a 2,085 5 11.0131 5 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A70290 Usury explain'd, or, Conscience quieted in the case of putting out mony at interest by Philopenes. J. D. (John Dormer), 1636-1700. 1695 (1695) Wing H3249; ESTC R12079 43,383 127

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it_o but_o also_o give_v it_o where_o there_o be_v none_o what_o better_a interpreter_n of_o statute-law_n than_o common_a law_n and_o equity_n this_o practice_n become_v law_n according_a to_o the_o decision_n l._n de_fw-fr quibus_fw-la 32._o ff_n de_fw-fr legibus_fw-la inveterata_fw-la consuetudo_fw-la pro_fw-la lege_fw-la non_fw-la immerito_fw-la custoditur_fw-la a_o ancient_a custom_n be_v deserve_o hold_v for_o law_n and_o lege_fw-la 35._o de_fw-la legibus_fw-la sed_fw-la &_o ea_fw-la quae_fw-la long_fw-mi consuetudine_fw-la approbata_fw-la sunt_fw-la &_o per_fw-la annos_fw-la plurimos_fw-la observata_fw-la velut_fw-la tacita_fw-la civium_fw-la conventio_fw-la non_fw-la minus_fw-la quam_fw-la ea_fw-la quae_fw-la scripta_fw-la sunt_fw-la servantur_fw-la but_o also_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v approve_v by_o long_a custom_n and_o have_v be_v observe_v for_o many_o year_n as_o a_o tacit_n convention_n of_o the_o people_n be_v no_o less_o to_o be_v observe_v than_o write_a law_n 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year_n i_o than_o think_v it_o safe_a in_o conscience_n and_o still_o do_v the_o more_o that_o i_o hear_v it_o be_v warrant_v by_o law_n for_o it_o contain_v the_o requisite_a of_o equality_n between_o the_o price_n and_o what_o be_v buy_v so_o that_o it_o be_v guilty_a of_o no_o injustice_n it_o be_v not_o pure_o for_o lend_v so_o that_o it_o be_v free_a from_o usury_n it_o be_v true_a the_o purchaser_n by_o put_v out_o the_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_o pay_v he_o in_o upon_o the_o expire_a of_o seven_o year_n reimburse_v his_o capital_n and_o come_v to_o gain_v 330_o l._n and_o somewhat_o more_o but_o this_o without_o the_o least_o oppression_n of_o the_o seller_n who_o i_o suppose_v take_v the_o principal_a in_o order_n to_o make_v a_o purchase_n or_o the_o pay_v a_o debt_n and_o not_o able_a to_o pay_v in_o the_o whole_a at_o once_o be_v ease_v by_o pay_v in_o yearly_a a_o hundred_o and_o the_o last_o two_o hundred_o pay_v in_o lieu_n of_o interest_n fall_v short_a by_o ten_o of_o 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himself_o presumptuous_a inflict_v that_o character_n upon_o three_o divine_n of_o know_a ability_n medicina_fw-la lessius_fw-la valentia_n pag._n 138._o where_o he_o abuse_v his_o reader_n by_o impose_v upon_o lessius_fw-la very_o gross_o as_o will_v appear_v to_o the_o examiner_n from_o whence_o i_o guess_v how_o he_o treat_v the_o other_o which_o i_o have_v not_o by_o i_o to_o what_o purpose_n pag._n 145._o do_v he_o unite_v opposite_n as_o lessius_fw-la and_o valentia_n with_o the_o author_n of_o the_o letter_n he_o impugn_v be_v itany_n wise_a astonish_n that_o opposite_n shall_v contradict_v one_o another_o his_o inference_n that_o the_o danger_n of_o the_o principal_a be_v great_a when_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o poor_a therefore_o more_o may_v be_v take_v from_o they_o than_o of_o the_o rich_a be_v a_o pure_a inference_n of_o his_o own_o brain_n without_o premise_n who_o commit_v any_o considerable_a sum_n to_o the_o poor_a and_o know_v he_o not_o that_o interest_n tax_v by_o law_n can_v be_v exceed_v and_o that_o this_o only_a increase_v as_o the_o sum_n put_v out_o do_v less_o for_o little_a sum_n and_o more_o for_o great_a the_o law_n therefore_o be_v favourable_a to_o the_o poor_a where_o the_o danger_n of_o the_o principal_a be_v great_a who_o will_v not_o smile_v at_o the_o man_n be_v eloquent_a simplicity_n pag._n 144_o where_o after_o pretension_n to_o universality_n after_o have_v in_o one_o leaf_n no_o less_o than_o thrice_o rally_v up_o father_n pope_n and_o council_n by_o way_n of_o crown_v all_o he_o tell_v you_o that_o many_o learned_a doctor_n of_o sorbon_n and_o of_o the_o faculty_n of_o divinity_n of_o paris_n among_o which_o be_v the_o most_o illustrious_a curate_n of_o that_o great_a city_n have_v sign_v the_o common_a sentiment_n of_o the_o church_n in_o the_o matter_n of_o usury_n i_o suppose_v in_o condemn_v the_o common_a practice_n answ_n be_v it_o their_o sign_v that_o make_v it_o common_a or_o if_o common_a before_o what_o need_v of_o their_o sign_v they_o sign_v then_o what_o be_v not_o common_a to_o all_o and_o what_o he_o will_v make_v common_a but_o how_o by_o the_o sign_v of_o many_o he_o say_v not_o by_o the_o sign_v of_o all_o he_o say_v not_o of_o the_o great_a part_n the_o opposite_a then_o may_v be_v as_o common_a as_o what_o they_o sign_v many_o doctor_n therefore_o and_o they_o doctor_n of_o the_o sorbon_n too_o many_o curate_n and_o they_o curate_n of_o paris_n too_o with_o whole_a town_n and_o province_n in_o france_n practise_v what_o he_o abusive_o style_v usury_n be_v of_o poise_n enough_o not_o only_o to_o counter_a balance_n but_o so_o outweigh_v the_o authority_n of_o his_o many_o doctor_n and_o curate_n as_o to_o the_o common_a sense_n of_o the_o church_n and_o the_o bishop_n of_o france_n be_v they_o to_o be_v slight_v because_o silent_a lover_n of_o peace_n and_o enemy_n of_o novelty_n can_v they_o be_v think_v to_o be_v less_o concern_v for_o the_o good_a of_o soul_n or_o less_o know_v than_o some_o curate_n of_o paris_n and_o their_o silence_n be_v it_o not_o a_o loud_a rebuke_n to_o his_o many_o and_o the_o divine_n of_o other_o nation_n be_v they_o to_o pass_v for_o shadow_n with_o all_o respect_n due_a to_o the_o sorbon_n be_v it_o say_v other_o country_n have_v give_v and_o daily_o afford_v to_o the_o world_n man_n as_o eminent_a for_o learning_n why_o not_o then_o to_o be_v rely_v on_o as_o well_o as_o his_o many_o for_o which_o we_o have_v his_o bare_a word_n england_n alone_o have_v often_o give_v master_n to_o the_o sorbon_n than_o the_o sorbon_n to_o england_n perchance_o du_n tertre_n may_v have_v insist_v as_o some_o of_o late_o have_v do_v upon_o the_o proposition_n condemn_v by_o innocent_a the_o 11_o anno._n 1679._o i_o therefore_o set_v they_o down_o leave_v to_o the_o reader_n to_o judge_v how_o far_o they_o affect_v our_o case_n the_o 24_o proposition_n run_v thus_o vsura_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la dum_fw-la aliquid_fw-la ultra_fw-la sortem_fw-la exigitur_fw-la tanquam_fw-la ex_fw-la benevolentia_fw-la &_o gratitudine_fw-la debitum_fw-la sed_fw-la tantum_fw-la si_fw-la exigatur_fw-la tanquam_fw-la debitum_fw-la ex_fw-la justitia_fw-la it_o be_v no_o usury_n if_o something_o above_o the_o principal_n be_v exact_v as_o due_a by_o way_n of_o benevolency_n and_o gratitude_n but_o only_o as_o exact_v by_o way_n of_o justice_n answ_n the_o proposition_n be_v deserve_o condemn_v and_o condemn_v itself_o for_o a_o benevolence_n or_o spontaneous_a act_n of_o gratitude_n can_v be_v say_v proper_o to_o be_v due_a and_o therefore_o to_o exact_v it_o as_o due_a be_v injustice_n and_o if_o for_o the_o use_v of_o a_o principal_a lent_n it_o be_v usury_n to_o receive_v a_o benevolence_n or_o gift_n by_o way_n of_o gratitude_n be_v not_o condemn_v nay_o to_o exact_a a_o gift_n once_o make_v be_v not_o even_a injustice_n it_o be_v his_o to_o who_o it_o be_v give_v now_o by_o the_o general_a agreement_n this_o gift_n be_v make_v antecedent_o to_o the_o put_v out_o money_n it_o may_v therefore_o be_v require_v beside_o the_o proposition_n reach_v none_o of_o the_o forementioned_a way_n or_o title_n for_o which_o interest_n be_v due_a by_o way_n of_o justice_n the_o 41._o proposition_n be_v cum_fw-la mutuata_fw-la pecunia_fw-la sit_fw-la preciosior_fw-la numeranda_fw-la &_o nullus_fw-la sit_fw-la qui_fw-la non_fw-la majoris_fw-la faciat_fw-la pecuniam_fw-la presentem_fw-la quam_fw-la futuram_fw-la potest_fw-la creditor_n aliquid_fw-la ultra_fw-la sortem_fw-la a_o mutuatario_fw-la exigere_fw-la &_o eo_fw-la titulo_fw-la excusari_fw-la since_o money_n lent_n be_v better_a than_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v and_o that_o there_o be_v no_o body_n who_o do_v not_o esteem_v present_a money_n more_o than_o future_a the_o creditor_n upon_o that_o account_n may_v require_v something_o above_o the_o principal_a from_o the_o borrower_n and_o so_o be_v excuse_v from_o usury_n answ_n condemnations_n being_n stricti_fw-la juris_fw-la fall_v upon_o proposition_n precise_o as_o they_o lie_v now_o this_o proposition_n take_v as_o it_o be_v word_v be_v both_o scandalous_a and_o false_a for_o one_o that_o lend_v part_n with_o present_a money_n upon_o future_a repayment_n a_o token_n they_o be_v equal_a at_o least_o in_o his_o esteem_n be_v he_o no_o body_n beside_o difference_n of_o time_n alter_v not_o the_o worth_n of_o money_n whence_o it_o ensue_v that_o to_o ground_v a_o title_n of_o receive_v interest_n upon_o so_o clear_a a_o untruth_n and_o futurity_n of_o repayment_n essential_a to_o lend_v be_v to_o excuse_v take_v interest_n for_o lend_v which_o be_v scandalous_a and_o therefore_o just_o condemn_v to_o the_o aforesaid_a proposition_n may_v be_v add_v the_o 47th_o among_o those_o condemn_a by_o alex._n the_o seven_o licitum_fw-la est_fw-la mutuanti_fw-la aliquid_fw-la ultra_fw-la sortem_fw-la exigere_fw-la si_fw-la se_fw-la obliget_fw-la ad_fw-la non_fw-la repetendam_fw-la sortem_fw-la usque_fw-la ad_fw-la certum_fw-la tempus_fw-la it_o be_v lawful_a for_o a_o lender_n to_o exact_a something_o above_o the_o principal_a provide_v he_o oblige_v himself_o not_o to_o call_v it_o back_o for_o a_o set_a time_n answ_n who_o see_v not_o that_o such_o a_o lender_n will_v have_v interest_n for_o a_o pure_a forbearance_n which_o be_v flat_a usury_n as_o we_o have_v often_o affirm_v and_o follow_v from_o its_o definition_n so_o that_o the_o proposition_n condemn_v by_o the_o late_a pope_n leave_v our_o case_n untouched_a and_o no_o way_n oppose_v what_o have_v be_v say_v for_o the_o lawfulness_n of_o put_v out_o money_n consider_v as_o be_v promise_v as_o to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n scripture_n and_o church_n i_o shall_v not_o have_v concern_v myself_o in_o a_o answer_n to_o mounseur_fw-fr du_n tertre_n book_n long_o since_o print_v and_o i_o question_v not_o but_o already_o answer_v by_o some_o of_o his_o own_o nation_n have_v not_o his_o genius_n pass_v the_o sea_n and_o appear_v with_o no_o other_o weapon_n than_o he_o to_o the_o terror_n of_o timorous_a soul_n and_o perplex_v of_o conscience_n chap._n xvii_o the_o conclusion_n to_o conclude_v as_o i_o prefaced_a have_v present_v the_o reader_n according_a to_o promise_n with_o what_o your_o reformer_n in_o the_o point_n of_o put_v out_o money_n have_v to_o say_v to_o we_o and_o we_o in_o answer_n to_o they_o let_v he_o call_v a_o jury_n of_o his_o impartial_a thought_n to_o the_o case_n of_o put_v out_o money_n and_o upon_o evidence_n bring_v in_o against_o it_o let_v he_o condemn_v it_o of_o usury_n but_o if_o no_o evidence_n appear_v possession_n of_o its_o innocency_n still_o hold_v ground_v in_o agreement_n and_o custom_n uphold_v by_o judge_n justify_v by_o divine_n upon_o several_a title_n and_o general_o practise_v if_o scripture_n church_n and_o father_n in_o veigh_v against_o usury_n reflect_v not_o upon_o it_o if_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n disallow_v it_o not_o let_v it_o be_v clear_v at_o the_o bar_n of_o unbiased_a
tie_n of_o have_v as_o much_o restore_v and_o of_o equal_a worth_n though_o not_o the_o very_a self_n same_o be_v what_o imply_v the_o latin_a mutare_fw-la between_o these_o two_o lend_n this_o diversity_n intercede_v in_o the_o first_o the_o lender_n dispose_v only_o of_o the_o use_n of_o what_o he_o lend_v not_o to_o be_v consume_v in_o the_o second_o use_v be_v inseparable_a from_o consumption_n the_o lender_n grant_v both_o use_n and_o consumption_n of_o the_o thing_n the_o first_o ground_n a_o action_n to_o the_o thing_n lnet_n the_o second_o ground_n a_o action_n to_o as_o much_o and_o as_o good_a in_o the_o same_o kind_n as_o to_o the_o first_o what_o may_v be_v lend_v may_v be_v let_n whether_o money_n or_o good_n which_o perish_v in_o the_o use_n may_v be_v let_n shall_v be_v discuss_v plautus_n apply_v locare_fw-la to_o let_v money_n and_o place_v one_o money_n be_v the_o common_a expression_n but_o before_o i_o proceed_v to_o examine_v this_o point_n i_o shall_v lay_v down_o some_o truth_n very_o matterial_a to_o the_o main_a truth_n i_o think_v not_o to_o be_v shake_v as_o be_v root_v in_o the_o very_a definition_n of_o usury_n chap._n iu._n position_n draw_v from_o the_o definition_n of_o vsury_n first_o gain_n upon_o any_o account_n but_o lend_v be_v no_o usury_n the_o proof_n usury_n be_v a_o gain_n for_o a_o thing_n lend_v as_o lent_n but_o gain_n upon_o any_o account_n but_o that_o of_o lend_v be_v no_o gain_n for_o a_o thing_n lend_v as_o lend_v therefore_o no_o usury_n second_o usury_n be_v a_o sin_n against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n thus_o s._n thomas_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o divine_n the_o proof_n a_o lender_n by_o give_v the_o use_n of_o what_o he_o lend_v make_v the_o say_v use_v no_o more_o his_o own_o but_o to_o exact_a payment_n for_o what_o be_v no_o more_o one_o own_o be_v a_o injustice_n visible_a by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n therefore_o to_o receive_v payment_n of_o what_o be_v lent_n as_o lent_n in_o which_o usury_n consist_v be_v against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o therefore_o as_o such_o it_o be_v reduce_v to_o stealth_n forbid_v in_o the_o seven_o commandment_n three_o not_o only_o extortion_n or_o exaction_n upon_o the_o poor_a be_v usury_n the_o proof_n increase_v for_o money_n lent_n as_o lent_n may_v be_v require_v of_o the_o rich_a and_o this_o be_v usury_n but_o in_o this_o no_o opression_n of_o the_o poor_a therefore_o usury_n consist_v not_o only_o in_o exact_v upon_o the_o poor_a as_o our_o two_o knight_n hold_v and_o the_o author_n of_o the_o letter_n impugn_a by_o du_n tertre_n seem_v to_o affirm_v four_o whatever_o be_v not_o reducible_a to_o stealth_n and_o against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n can_v be_v no_o usury_n this_o be_v but_o a_o sequel_n of_o the_o second_o assertion_n the_o proof_n if_o all_o usury_n he_o reducible_a to_o stealth_n and_o against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n nothing_o can_v be_v usury_n which_o be_v not_o against_o the_o same_o law_n otherwise_o this_o contradiction_n will_v ensue_v that_o all_o usury_n be_v against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o that_o some_o usury_n be_v not_o now_o to_o make_v near_o our_o case_n five_o a_o joint-agreement_n in_o a_o body_n politic_a for_o the_o put_v out_o of_o money_n at_o use_n can_v be_v against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n proof_n such_o a_o agreement_n will_v render_v it_o no_o more_o stealth_n or_o injurious_a to_o any_o volenti_fw-la non_fw-la fit_a injuria_fw-la it_o will_v accord_v with_o the_o first_o rule_n of_o equity_n do_v as_o you_o will_v be_v do_v by_o it_o can_v therefore_o oppose_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v so_o conformable_a to_o it_o conclusion_n the_o say_a agreement_n pass_v into_o custom_n or_o law_n for_o the_o take_a interest_n for_o money_n put_v out_o make_v it_o to_o be_v no_o usury_n the_o proof_n it_o make_v it_o neither_o to_o be_v stealth_n nor_o against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n but_o what_o be_v not_o against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n or_o stealth_n be_v no_o usury_n therefore_o it_o make_v it_o no_o usury_n if_o in_o rhe_n proof_n of_o any_o of_o these_o truth_n fallacy_n impose_v upon_o i_o i_o shall_v be_v grateful_a to_o the_o discoverer_n i_o be_o no_o stranger_n to_o the_o virtue_n of_o law_n as_o to_o temporal_a concern_v it_o be_v not_o only_o lawful_a but_o conscience_n to_o submit_v one_o private_a judgement_n to_o the_o public_a law_n regulate_v all_o contract_n as_o to_o meum_fw-la and_o tuum_fw-la in_o so_o much_o as_o property_n or_o domain_a by_o divine_n as_o well_o as_o lawyer_n be_v define_v with_o deference_n to_o law_n property_n they_o say_v be_v a_o right_a in_o a_o thing_n extend_v its_o self_n to_o all_o use_v and_o disposition_n of_o the_o say_a thing_n not_o forbid_v by_o law_n one_o may_v object_n it_o be_v not_o in_o the_o power_n of_o any_o legislative_a authority_n to_o make_v usury_n no_o usury_n or_o stealth_n no_o more_o stealth_n and_o to_o take_v interest_n for_o money_n put_v out_o be_v both_o stealth_n and_o usury_n answ_n though_o it_o be_v not_o within_o the_o verge_n of_o human_a jurisdiction_n to_o make_v usury_n no_o usury_n or_o stealth_n no_o more_o stealth_n yet_o it_o lie_v in_o the_o compass_n of_o that_o power_n and_o even_o of_o a_o particular_n power_n to_o prevent_v from_o be_v usury_n or_o stealth_n what_o otherwise_o will_v be_v so_o not_o by_o alter_v the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o nature_n against_o steal_v and_o usury_n but_o by_o a_o voluntary_a change_n or_o abatement_n of_o property_n and_o right_n for_o example_n one_o bestow_v a_o parcel_n of_o ground_n to_o be_v a_o common_a for_o the_o poor_a have_v the_o poor_a turn_v in_o their_o good_n before_o its_o be_v make_v common_a they_o have_v be_v guilty_a of_o trespass_n and_o stealth_n which_o they_o incur_v not_o after_o the_o right_n of_o common_a grant_v they_o the_o case_n if_o i_o mistake_v not_o be_v we_o if_o a_o person_n will_v free_o give_v five_o per_fw-mi cent._n and_o security_n for_o the_o principal_a you_o may_v take_v it_o as_o his_o gift_n stand_v good_a in_o law_n without_o usury_n this_o be_v what_o the_o nation_n agree_v to_o including_z each_o particular_n consent_n perhaps_o in_o recompense_n of_o the_o good_a accrue_v to_o the_o general_a ease_n and_o public_a profit_n and_o perchance_o by_o way_n of_o penalty_n for_o prodigal_n and_o spendal_n so_o that_o what_o exclude_v this_o general_a consent_n and_o accord_n may_v have_v be_v usury_n in_o virtue_n of_o the_o say_a agreement_n cease_v to_o be_v such_o for_o he_o that_o take_v 5_o per_fw-mi cent._n take_v it_o as_o grant_v by_o law_n and_o custom_n for_o money_n put_v out_o and_o not_o as_o covenant_v by_o himself_o for_o money_n as_o lent_n custom_n be_v previous_a to_o the_o put_v out_o of_o money_n and_o include_v a_o general_a concurrence_n which_o make_v the_o interest_n allow_v spontaneous_a and_o free_o give_v nor_o do_v this_o procedure_n entrench_v upon_o any_o but_o equal_o provide_v for_o all_o since_o as_o a_o person_n put_v out_o money_n must_v receive_v so_o take_v up_o he_o pay_v as_o much_o and_o it_o often_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o person_n who_o have_v money_n out_o be_v force_v to_o take_v up_o suppose_v then_o he_o pay_v as_o much_o as_o he_o receive_v where_o be_v the_o gain_n this_o discourse_n not_o manage_v as_o i_o find_v by_o other_o i_o think_v fit_a to_o promote_v by_o the_o follow_a enquiry_n chap._n v._o whether_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n render_v the_o taking_z 5_o per_fw-la cent._n safe_a in_o conscience_n exception_n may_v be_v make_v against_o the_o question_n as_o ground_v on_o a_o false_a supposition_n and_o that_o we_o have_v no_o positive_a law_n for_o the_o put_v out_o money_n at_o use_n but_o that_o it_o be_v pure_o permissive_a that_o law_n may_v even_o permit_v usury_n to_o avoid_v great_a evil_n as_o divine_n affirm_v yet_o not_o justify_v it_o as_o to_o conscience_n answ_n that_o we_o have_v no_o positive_a statute_n law_n which_o as_o sir_n robert_n filmer_n pag._n 92._o inform_v we_o vary_v as_o to_o the_o case_n it_o matter_n not_o for_o it_o be_v enough_o we_o have_v law_n but_o we_o have_v even_o statute-law_n for_o the_o statute_n against_o interest_n for_o loan_n may_v be_v understand_v of_o interest_n for_o pure_a lend_v and_o not_o only_o may_v but_o must_v be_v so_o interpret_v all_o gain_n not_o pure_o for_o lend_v be_v no_o usury_n as_o have_v be_v make_v out_o from_o its_o definition_n much_o more_o since_o the_o constant_a practice_n as_o the_o same_o sir_n robert_n tell_v we_o of_o the_o common_a law_n of_o this_o land_n and_o also_o chancery_n in_o point_n of_o equity_n do_v not_o only_o allow_v interest_n where_o there_o be_v a_o contract_n for_o