that there were Lawes Morall contained vnder the Decalogue or ten Commandements perpetuall to all people and Nations though for a season the Gentiles were gouerned by another consenting Law therewith namely the Law of Nature Secondly that there were Lawes Politicall and Iudiciall peculiar to the Common-weale of Israell and lastly Lawes Ceremoniall which being meerely politicall also were temporall and to be abrogated by the perfecter namely by Christ by whom all the Ceremoniall and infantiue Lawes were disannuled and vtterly cancelled Moreouer it may not be forgotten that vnder that vnwritten Law of God is contained the Law of the spirit and of life which is peculiar to the Church of Christ that quickeneth the vnsanctified and weake Law of Nature inscribed in the hearts of men imprinting the will of God in their hearts whereby men by many degrees steppe forwarde in the true knowledge of God seruing of him at an instant as it were through the efficacie thereof more then euer by the Law of nature they are able to do These things thus briefly exposed vnto Trauailers let it not seeme tedious to any to consider well thereof For without an exact knowledge of the Law of God there can be no sound iudgement of the rest And as our Sauiour Christ soundly reproued Nicodemus the Pharisie for that he was a iudge in Israel and knewe not things of such excellencie and of so great importance so might a Trauailer bee censured for a shallow and ignorant person that trauiling into the lawes of Nations and peoples is neuerthelesse to be found ignorant in the Lawes of God of their deriuations which properly be the fountaines of all naturall and humane lawes that be good honest through the world But touching the Law of Nature there is some controuersie amongst the learned For the Lawyers define the Law of Nature to be that which teacheth all Animall liuing things But the Scholist Diuines say the law of Nature that to be which is common to all people and that by instinct not by constitution restraining the same only to men Wherefore to make the same more euident by fauourable interpretation of both wee distribute the Lawe of Nature into Common and Proper The Common is that which equally is common to other liuing Creatures aswell as vnto men that is to say to defend themselues against violēce to preserue and maintain their liues and States to propagate procreate nourish instruct their owne to eate drinke sleepe rest mooue and such like things euerie species according to his being and kinde The Proper is that lawe which is only peculiar vnto men being the will of God and diuine reason inscribed immediately by God in the hearts of all men wherby generally they know what is good and euill and consequently what is to be followed and auoyded the law of conscience by which the heathen and such as haue not the law of God written shall be iudged The effect of which law is displaied in the knowledge of God and in the worshippe of him and also in the conseruation of mutuall loue and societie betwixt mankinde From which not only the law of Nations hath a name of substance but the humane and positiue lawes their descent and speciall deriuation as from the spring of right and reason Moreouer this law is not equally or so effectually planted in the hearts of all men alike but in some more plentifully then in others according to the secret and wonderfull dispensation of the good pleasure of God in the gouernement of the world From whence there ariseth such strange worshipping of God amongst the Heathen almost euerie Nation in a variable sorte Thus wee may see furthermore that the law of Nature and of Nations strictly and in the proper sense taken may well bee confounded for one and the same concerning actions though after the common sense they are distinguishable For the law of Nations is a certaine right and equall reason that naturally bursteth out of men and Nations for the necessarie vse and conseruation of mankinde and for societie the which is also perpetuall and arguing the conscience if it dissent from the same From whence the Lawes of Armes concerning prisoners taken in the warres the entertainement of messengers and forraine Ambassadors as all manner of contractes twixt person and person State and State haue their authoritie and reason and doe in speciall manner giue a name to the law of Nations to the lawe of Nature which offereth to our Trauailer these three cōsiderations First that in the Courts of Princes as otherwhere hee obserue what order and manner of entertainement and respect is giuen to Ambassadors and Messengers of forraine States Secondly if such an one chance to arriue in the warres of other Princes and States to note the carriage of one aduersarie to another in matters of right and of Prisoners and Captiues especially as of Combattes In a word to get their discipline Lastly to note amongst heathen people what order in buying and selling exchanging lending borrowing mortgaging pawning and keeping of societie For happily from thence hee shall descrie a more equall carriage and behauiour in them by the law of Nature only guided then many of our Ciuile States do by all their meanes of knowledge in the laws of God of Nature and of men the which we might easily prooue But to our Point now concerning the Lawes Humane Those are called the Lawes Humane which frō the capacities of men are conceited by men are promulgated and authorised whether they depend vppon the Law of God and of Nature or vpon their owne fancies Wherof there are two rankes Honest and Iust or Tyrannicall and vniust The honest and iust do flow frō the general springs and Maximes of the diuine and naturall law ordained for the publike good of the Church and Cōmō-weale Wheras the Tyrānical vniust issue out either of the vsurping breasts of vnlawfull authoritie that haue no power to make lawes or from such as hauing power do after their own carnall mindes make ordinances for their owne proper commoditie and behoofe whereunto the traditions of men yea and euery superstitious ordinance and euill custome may be referred Wherefore whensoeuer a Trauailer shall looke into the body of the lawes of any Countrie or people let his iudgement be neither partiall nor weake but grounded vpon the sound rules and eternall reason of the diuine and Naturall Law Moreouer by the word Lawes humane is meant in this place the written positiue and politicall Lawes For in substance they are all one and conuertible yea and for the profitte of each Nation commutable so as they neuer contrarie the lawes diuine or naturall By reason whereof we finde that some honest lawes in qualitie differ either in punishing or rewarding or in inciting to that which is good or restraining from that which is euill the which is meerely a politicall promulgation consonant to some States for a
reason why one tongue is esteemed aboue another Why men treat in the Latine tongue for the most part The cause why we esteem the Italian tongue so much What the speaking of a tongue is What the writing of a toung is Whether euery tongue be of equal importance for trauailers Those toungs are best that profit most Tongues most needfull for this State The nature of the people the second point Fiue discouerers of the nature of people The first discouerer of the peoples nature Two causes of ciuility or barbarousnesse Rules of policy touching the nature of people The priuate vse that Trauailers are to make Meanes to interpret the nature of people The difference of natures No nation but may be tainted with barbarous fashions The consideration thereof The place of Ciuilitie and Barbarousnes Touching the varietie of manners what trauailers are to obserue and follow The second discouerer of the peoples nature Freedome or seruilenesse politicall Freedome froÌ„ slauery and misery By prescriptioÌ„ By arrogation By policie Ciuilitie the meanes to obedience Seruitude two fold 1. By oppression By depression The markes of seruitude Rules of policy touching the same The third discouerer of the peoples nature Religiousnesse or Profanenesse What is ment by these words Religious in Idolatrie and superstition A consideratioÌ„ The fourth discouerer of the peoples nature A triple consideration of warlike or effeminatenes The fift discouerer of the peoples nature The peoples condition discernable in three things The peoples inclination discouered in foure points Foure bewrayers of mens affections to vice or vertue Exercises tripâ—e Diet triple A triple consideration of apparell Conuersation The third point of knowledge The suruay of the Country In sixe points principally 1. Name 2. Populousnes 3. Situation 4. Qâ—antity 5. Commodities Naturall commodities foure â— Temperate ayre 2 Fruitfulnesse of the soyle 3. Plenty of Riuers 4. Springs and Baths Artificial commodities two 1. Buildings triply considered Seuen obseruations in Cities and Townes How the secret of places fortified may bee discouered A consideratioÌ„ of the naturall and of the artificial strengths of fortifications 2 Trades Mechanick sciences sixe Husbandry discouâ—red in three points Clothing Masonrie Carpentrie Smitherie Engining 6. Discommodities The fourth point of knowledge Concerning Lawes Lawes diuine and humane The Law is triple 1. The law of God Note Note 2. The Law of Nature Lawe of Nations A consideratioÌ„ of moment Sed hoc non defectu legis sed sensus 3. The law Humaine Note Lawes positiue variable Lawes prerogatiue How to discern lawes prerogatiue Lawes positiue Politicall Ecclesiasticall Customes Generall Particular Regal Particular Customs Regall Quia scripsit contra LutheruÌ„ The foure markes of Souereigntie Customes of the Nobilitie The fift point of knowledge Concerning the gouermeÌ„t Three things remarkeable in the gouernmeÌ„t 1. The persons gouerning Three formes of gouerment 2. The gouerned 3. The policie or Instruments The meanes how to discern the policie The sixt point of knowledge concerning the secrets The Common secrets of two sorts 1. Forraine A consideratioÌ„ of friends to an estate Two sorts of friends politicall The strength of friends Religious friends Warlike frends Freedome of friends 2. The State at home discernable in foure points 1 Sufficiencie of people 2 Store of coÌ„modities 3 Munition plenty 4 The Treasurie Priuate and publicke Seuen meanes whereby treasures are gathered 1. Reuenue 2. Conquest 3. Gifts 4. Tribute 5. Trafficke 6. Merchandise 7. Taxations Ordinarie and extraordinary 6 Causes to exhaust treasures 1. Almeshouses 2. Housekeeping 3. Reparations and buildings needfull 4. Due payments 5. Gifts to straÌ„gers and offisers 6. Donatiues politicke Secrets Accidentall Where those secrets may be discerned 1. NegotiatioÌ„s and Contracts 2. Suâ—cessiâ—n by election and by inheritance Heires apparant infants of the State A due consideration of the person of the Prince that ruleth The consideration of the people gouerned in sixe points The instrumeÌ„tall secrets obserued in eight points 1 Dearth 2 Mortalitie 3 Lostes 4. Defect of Iustice. 5. Riot and expenses 6 Impositions 7 The good or euill of the State 8 Weaknesse of the State Their discretioÌ„ vpon returning Note Sixe points to be perpended of Trauailers being returned 1. Manifestation of sound Religion 2. Honestie before policie 3 To be known by vertuous indeuours 4 To be stored of a worthy friend 5 Constancie without ambition 6 Diligence trauailing at home for aduertisments
season and verie needefull in speciall cases Neuerthelesse there bee many verie pertinax in this opinion that Though a State shall inflict for good causes a greater punishment on malefactors for such and such crimes then the lawes of God or of Nature doo yet they are ignorāt by what warrāt of like policie any State may abbridge the rigor of the law of God in capitall offenses For such lawes say they are both iudiciall and eternal by which policie no doubt States may bee best gouerned for proofe whereof the abbridgers say they of such laws are by the heathē people that haue not the written law of God conuinced taught how to rule in like cases Of humane and positiue lawes there is a variable consideration according to the vse and titles that euery Countrie and State holdeth peculiarly almost As generally heere in England wee tearme our law by the name of Common law it being a peculiar law to this State and members So the Romans in times past called their law the Ciuile law Though indeed all good lawes as Iustinian himselfe confesseth may wel enough be tearmed Ciuile lawes yet for distinction sake let it bee taken heere whensoeuer wee shal name Ciuile lawes for those that were refined by the Emperor Iustinian and set foorth by him the which at this day are vsed in most of the ciuile States and Nations of Europe either in part or altogether From whence let Trauailers make this obseruation Whether the lawes of the Countrie wherein they trauaile be lawes prerogatiue or positiue For there are some Countries gouerned by lawes meerely prerogatiue of which wee will first expound to such as intende for to trauaile These kinde of Lawes be for the most part vnwritten and therefore require the more care to be searched out and into for their vncertaintie Moreouer let Trauailers obserue how farre the prerogatiue of Princes and States doth stretch ouer their Subiects For there are some so absolute and sole tyrannous that all things are gouerned according to the will of the Prince and euerie commoditie of the Countrie stands at the Princes pleasure Such is the Tartarian and great Cam. Others there are halfe tyrannous whose displeasure and will hath no law to curbe the vnrulinesse thereof such is the Turke the Muscouian and the Pope Others there are according as they are religious and fearers of the true God and Princes of ciuile and religious States whose prerogatiue is much but yet in ciuile and honest actions being free themselues from punishment of their lawes in some sorte and may from time to time dispense with and chaunge their lawes constituting new as is expedient for the good of the Common-weale Neuerthelesse some there are that haue of these also greater prerogatiue then others according to their gouernment and state of policie For better discouerie the law prerogatiue is to be searched either in the person of the Prince or in the Magistracie which hath his power from the Prince on State The Prince or State if it bee an Aristocracie hath absolute power not controulable to command anything action or person whatsoeuer carrieth semblance of good to the State or that cōtrarieth not the law of God of Nature Moreouer to forbid controule anything persō or actiō whatsoeuer of like nature whether by word of mouth whether by letters proclamatiōs edictes or such like means as Princes or States vse And lastly by cōmission to authorize other to reward and punish according to the offence done euerie fault that is not encountred by the Law positiue alreadie perseruing the life members and speciall liuelyhood of the delinquents The prerogatiue of the Magistracie may be discerned as in our Countrie in the high Court of Parliament in the authoritie of the Councell in that of the Starre Chamber in the Lord Chancellor Lorde Treasurer Lord high Counstable Lord Mareschall Lord Admirall in the principal Secretarie in the chiefe Iustices and iudges of the Land in each Maior and Towne Corporate and lastly in euerie high Commissioner and speciall Officer that the Prince of this Land deputeth to vndergoe any charge at home or abroad So is it in all other States and Countries The which being cōsidered by Trauailers they shal be able to discerne the authoritie royall of the Prince and State as well in Politicall as in Ecclesiasticall giuing making of Lawes Touching the lawes Positiue they bee either Political or Ecclesiastical The Political are either ancient Maximes of perpetuall obseruāce or Modern mutable The ancient are such as the Romanes called the Ciuile lawes in speciall such as the French their law Salique such as we the Common law The Moderne are all those lawes which goe vnder the name of Statutes Decrees Ordinances Edicts and such like being in all Ciuile States put into print the which are by so much the easier to bee attained vnto by Trauailers wherin they may at leasure discouer euerie thing as in a glasse either cōcerning the nature of the people or the State of the Countrie The Politicall lawes are changeable according to the standing of things that the State may grow to perfection The Ecclesiasticall are tradicions lawfull or vnlawfull The vnlawfull bee such as are contrarie to the lawe of God and tha◠in no sort tend vnto edification of which crue a Trauailer shall meete within most States But let him bee carefull to collect the best wheresoeuer the which hee shall discerne by their coates namely if they crosse not Gods word or destroy not more then they edifie The lawfull tradicions be rules or Canons of doctrine of manners of rites and Ceremonies pertaining to godlines that consent with the holy word of God and tend to edification Touching the rules of doctrin the Apostles inspired with the holy Ghost haue left many the generall and prouinciall Synodes of godly and honest minded men haue set foorth others the which are for the vnderstanding of the holy Scriptures verie profitable And lastly euerie lawfull State and Church hath absolute power without the consent of the Pope or any other forraine approbation to doe the like gathering euermore their constitutions rules form the word of God Touching those of manners and of Ceremonies euerie lawfull State and Church hath absolute power to decree that which shall be most agreeable with the nature of the State yet so as all those Constitutions tend to edification and bee so neerely drawen from the holy Scriptures and the best discipline of other Churches as neere may be These bee the exacte rules for to make discouerie wherby three commodities shall redound to Trauailers First they shall be able to iudge whether the Countries leane by their lawes to this or that religion Secondly whether the people be nourished in the right or wrong and lastly they may gather thereby the most sincere and vpright orders for the perfecting of their owne Countrie and informing themselues For when such are well seene
our purpose Let such trauailers first hauing libertie to trauaile suruey the best places where those Arts are to be learned as in Germanie all manner of Formers Potters or figulists are to be found in perfection In Italy Architecture Limming Painting Engrauing Imagerie Textorie and weauing and Artes ingenious may be learned So according to euerie Countries seuerall commodities seuerall and peculiar Artes do flourish Lastly let them spend their times so diligently as commoditie and estimation be their reward The Nobilitie as was said were generall or speciall The special were of fower sorts Diuines Souldiers Ciuil Lawyers Physiciās which are so called special Trauailers not in regard such be more excellent or honorable thē others but for that such prescribe vnto thē a speciall thing to be attaind vnto as wel for perfectiō as satisfactiō Of these in order First the Diuines be such as make profession of Diuinitie outwardly in the State wherby they may be imployed in the Ministrie and seruice of God And although all men must account it a chiefe honour vnto them contemplatiuely to make profession thereof yet such may not trauaile but in speciall cases as before hath been alleadged on the pretence of knowledge the same being to be attained vnto within their own Countrie wheras the outward professors that haue the calling of Ministers haue in some cases better warrant Howbeit by our pofitiue law Clearkes are forbid to trauaile for this pretence For in case such may be satisfied and endoctrined in the points they doubt of within their owne Princes Dominions of godly and learned professors I see not how their Trauailes can be lawfull But in case where the Gospel and truth is not preached I iudge it a most happy thing for any whosoeuer to serch the word in other nations but not without licence of the State For no man ought to dispose of himselfe so as his Prince should lose the benefit of his person the which is dispensable in the case of God onely and in case of persecution wherein God is interessed Moreouer it is from the office of Ministers that haue the cure of soules to goe into voluntarie Trauaile for any ordinarie pretense and leaue the same without a right good shepheard and in many cases not then though he leaue in his roome a carefull pastor For this function and vocation is more to be respected then others it being singularly dedicated to the seruice of God Then of such Diuines as may trauaile we obserue foure pretenses two generall and two speciall The generall are either of a generall Councell or Nationall or of some famous Librarie But in case such Councels bee not compounded of worthie and knowen men of learning and iudgement approued by the State whereof men are the profit will be so little as the pretence must cease So is it of the other generall pretence namely the view of some famous Librarie which containeth such famous printed bookes or manuscripts as faithfully discusse of points not yet concluded nor to bee had and procured other where For in case by transscripts or any assured collections men may attaine vnto the pith of those points this pretense should also cease The two pretences are either to haue conference with such famous men whose learning may satisfie endoctrine or else with those naturall Iewes and Grecians whose learning may for the furtherāce of those diuine tongues giue much helpe to the vnderstanding of the Scriptures Yet if so the Gospell flourish already in their owne Countrie and that there be learned men to bee reuerenced in all things to be doubted of if such choose rather to trauaile then to conferre and aske to be resolued of those their Countriemen the pretence of them must also cease For it is a contempt to the Church whereof they are members to trauaile for instruction when men may be well instructed at home without inconuenience especially where there are Vniuersities publike professors of thē It is needlesse to prescribe rules for these in trauailing for the most are sage and prudent men and therefore we will passe to the second sort to weet Ciuilians Ciuile Lawyers haue a lawfull pretence so be it the Ciuile Law be in request in the State whereof such are and cannot be attained in so singular a manner as in those Vniuersities that wholly consist therof and where that law flowrisheth most And although the Law may in some sort by reading and conference in the Vniuersities be for Theorie and iudgement sufficiently gotten in ones owne Countrie yet the liuely expression and Elocution thereof I iudge in other Nations for the common vse may adorne counsaile in the best manner Wherefore as it is the office of Diuines aboue all things to take heed in their trauaile they be not corrupted with false doctrine wherwith other people of other Nations striue to tempt Schollers at this day so let it be the first office of these Ciuilians men for the most part indued with great vnderstanding faculties to be well grounded in their Religion before and consequently faithfull secret honest to their Coūtrie hauing a vigdant eye that they be not misseled by the subtilties of other Nations many of their vnsound positiōs in their law Canon frō the sinceritie of their Religiō the Gospell the which shall adorne them when they returne more then all their learning and obseruations For by how much men of wit and vnderstanding stand firme in the truth puritie of Religion by so much shal their learnings and honesties be had in recommendation with whom they conuerse afterwards the same in Trauailers voluntarie being a rare matter Moreouer let them be careful to make obseruance for the rights customes statutes ordinances proclamations decrees particular lawes and priuiledges liberties prerogatiues of places and persons where happily they shal come Lastly whensoeuer they trauaile into forreine States where there are Vniuersities and where there are degrees to be taken let them labour to attaine to the same For to men of desert it is reputed a dishonor to returne without them in case they freely may be attained vnto For otherwise the pretence of their trauaile wil in the mindes of men cease the degree being the Crowne of their vocatiō which to professors is most necessarie For other things we referre them to such obseruations as to the generall Voluntaries are prescribed afterwards The Souldiers follow The profession of these voluntarie Trauailers is armes and warrefare athing much approued of euerie Common weale And although none should so binde himself to that vocation as all his life time to liue by the same but rather in peace and tranquillitie afterwardes yet the pretence of young men of able bodies to endure hardnesse for the aduancement of their Countries weale and discipline is honorable carying a more sensible le liking of the State thē the former two And although by
into the lawes of other Countries and expert in those of their owne Nation they haue well purchased a goodly Mannor and trench of Land to build policies vpon Moreouer it is verie expedient for Trauailers to marke not only how many distinct kinds of Lawes the Countrie vseth to gouerne their people by but in speciall what are geâ—â—â—â—ll what particular lawes pertaining to seuerall diuisions of the Countrey as those of shires and Seigniories of townes places and persons c. And lastly if in regard of the time of trauailing such be able to take degrees for the approbation of their knowledge in the Vniuersities no doubt the honour and the commodity wil be very great For the title of a degree so atchieued wil celebrate more their worth than any other meanes by getting credite to their learning and iudgement and making them capable of preferment hauing authoritie to be imployed in the seruice of the Common-weale Thus much concerning the lawes the which a Trauailer may referre vnto three heads if he please To Things to Persons to Actions The Customes now follow Customes they are certaine vses of the Prince State or people of the countrie vnwritteÌ„ for the most part that doe prescribe or stand in force as lawes chiefly if they bee good and profitable for the Common-weale whereof there are three â—â—nkes that Trauailers must consider them in Generall Particular and Regall By the Generall Customes are meant the ancient vse and ordering of all things according to the ancient nature thereof Of which let Trauailers first note their alterations These may be discerned in the giuing of Lawes in ensample whereof wee haue at this day a more exact and ful order of the three states concerning forme than in former times Secondly in the Princes priuate State and houshold Lastly in Religion in diet in apparell and in the externall order of things and persons In all which Customes most Common-weales differ Whereof we will ensample onely to our Trauailer the Princes priuate estate and houshold which we cal the Court Wherein what ordinary attendants and dependants and what ceremonies orders and customes are appertaining to the person of the Prince or to the place it selfe wheresoeuer the Court shal be or to the Nobility are the rather to be learned of Trauailers that they may not be ignoraÌ„t of the proper cariage of euery Court to enforme themselues of behauiour In Tartarie this custome is vsed that no stranger of what quality or degree soeuer dare put himselfe in the Kings presence to negotiate with him before hee hath beene purged with their fire Neither is it permitted to any stranger to set his foote on the threshold of the Cams lodging or where any of his Princes or Lieutenants dwell on paine of death And in our ciuill States we see no forreiner dare present himselfe to the presence of the Prince but by permission or in speciall cases and at special times Hence moreouer ariseth our great respect to our Princes in honouring and saluting them whereas the French are little vncouered and nothing so respectiue Some countrey people do kneele in the presence of their Prince others gaze in their faces onely others cast downe their heads and lookes and some as the inhabitants of Baccalaos or of the new Land fish haue a custome when they reuerence their King in his presence to rub their noses and stroking their forehead with their hand vnto the necke the which the King accepteth as an honest and due office and seruice turning his head eftsoones to his left shoulder which is a note of singular fauour and gratefulnesse of the King to honour his Subiect The which customes or the like though they be strange and not regular yet doe they become well enough the bounds of euery nation In like sort the customary phrase of writing and speaking of action of body of reuerencing and such such like are so to be pondered of Trauailers that they introduce not them into their owne Country vnlesse those customes be of a more ciuill carriage then such as their Countrey vseth For that is a fowle and irregular tricke of common Trauailers to innouate new fangles of fashions in their Countrey when they returne though they iudge theÌ„ to be of better esteem This is a common staine and delight of Ilands But as it is a shame for ciuill States to be variable in the custome of diuersitie of fashions wondring at the customes of other lesse ciuill graces and behauiours so as needes those must bee put in practise by them so a Trauailer that innouateth forreine peculiar customs of other Courts in his Countrey where either more ciuill or as good are vsed swarueth from the guise of completenesse in Trauailers requirable The Particular Customes concerne the members of the State as Countreys Dukedomes Principalities Counties Seigniories Domaines Cities Towns Corporations Castles Cittadels Fortes and such like which require also in regard of their excellencie to bee looked into so farre foorth as by discourse and discreete wayes may bee of Trauailers followed after The third and last Customes are Regall which properly are the maiesticke prerogatiue of the Countrey of the Prince and Nobilitie aswell within their precinct as in and vnder the iurisdiction of another power Whereof first let it bee regarded what preeminence the Countrey claimes to haue in and ouer other Countreys not tributary or subiect to the same Secondly as concerning the Prince let it be noted what titles of Custome he is inuested with as the French King to be the most Christian King which in those dayes was well arrogated from other nations As the King of Spaine to bee called the most Catholike King which title in those dayes was proper to him I speake as a Romist for he was Maximus bellator professor Romanae Catholicae ecclesiae And as our Souereigne King of Great Britaine by like custome now and with better title may most rightfully challenge to be the greatest and sincerest Defender of the faith of Christ thorow the world euen so was it a title in those dayes when it was reassumed and acknowledged of his Ancestor of proper attribution though the Pope had another slie and slouenly meaning and fetch of policie in the bequest For within a little after that most vndanted King Henry the eight whom for perpetuall honor sake I thought good to name by the good pleasure of God became the onely stout Defender of the faith of Christ singularly in shaking off the Popes supremacie and withstanding his displeasure Whereunto also let a Trauailer learne what place of Custome the Prince hath amongst other Princes and how farre the souereigntie of Princes stretcheth and of States The which souereignty is discernable in foure points The first is to haue power absolute to giue lawes to al in generall and in particular without controlment as Priuiledges Liberties Franchisedomes Honors and such like regalities to places or persons The second note of Souereigntie is
to decree warre or peace or to enter into treaties concerning them The third is to institute and ordaine principal officers The fourth is to haue the last Appeale which is one of the true markes of Souereigntie vnder which dependeth the power to grant pardon to the condemned by course of law in fauour to redresse the rigor of the lawe and formall proceedings of Magistrates whether concerning life goods honor banishment or libertie In all which Trauailers shal find in most States great defect in fewe all absolutely For concerning the first what honourable Prince not naming the Pope the Turke the Tartarian and such like tyrants of himself without associates decreeth lawes And not without good cause for it noteth iustice and desire to gouerne aright knitting the Subiects to their Prince Neuerthelesse we see that in former times the Princes of this Land and of France as of òther States did constitute of themselues many good lawes in force at this day So touching the second there be some States that by custome and willingnes to complease their subiects will seldome make warre or entertain peace without priuate consent of their Councell or general debating of the Parliament Likewise of the third there is amongst States and gouernements a great diuersitie in the instituting and ratifying of principall officers which custome hath been brought from the Prince or State no doubt for the shew of the Common-weales good so the same be not transported to forraine States as the Pope arrogateth in Ecclesiasticall promotions And touching the last point we see also how great Princes are stripped of their Souereignty reigntie by the Pope in matters of appeale of giuing pardons and such like regalities to subiects and great offenders against their Prince and countrey Thus in these let Trauailers euerie where make obseruation how of custome either the States doe hold their Souereigntie or howe by like Custome they haue abbridged or lost their marks of absolutenesse Lastly let it be considered of the customes and prerogatiues of the Nobilitie of a nation the chiefe whereof resteth in their superioritie and preheminence in sitting going talking eating washing subscribing arrogating peculiar phrases and order of stile in writing and such like All which are to be considered by times places and persons that thus and by a customarie dutie and respect honour each other Wherein if Trauailers wil be verie iudiciall they had neede to be good heralds and studious in the customarie lawe and discipline of Armes of that nation Hitherto concerning the lawes and customes of a nation so briefly as we could to the vnexpert in the affaires of the countrey The fift point of knowledge now offereth it selfe which is concerning the gouernment of the countrey 5 The Gouernment hath a twofold managing therof the one exterior and discernable the other interior secret and priuate onely in a wise State to the Counsel thereof or onely lodged in the breast of the Prince which to a wise Prince is a high pointe of politicke gouernment Of this interior we will giue Trauailers a secret taste in the last part namely in the Secrets For the obiect of a Trauailer is properly the publike and reuealed gouernment In this Gouernment three things concurre First the persons gouerning secondly the people gouerned lastly the common and speciall policie or instruments that subsist for the establishing of a cōmon good towards all men by the vertue wherof life health peace prosperitie and happinesse without interruption is conueyed vnto the bodie politick Wheras the defect and vicious ordering of things soon corrodeth or putteth the same into a consumptiō irreuocable Concerning the persons gouerning we obiect to Trauailers a triple consideration according to the three-fold diuersitie of Cōmon-weales For by the persons gouerning we meane also those simple variable three formes of gouernment namely the Monarchial which is when the Soueraignty and supreme authority without controlment resteth in one person or Prince as in our King of Great Britaine The Aristocraticall is when as the lesser part of the people or of the Nobilitie haue the Souereigntie in body giuing lawes to the rest of people in generall and particular as the Seigniorie of Venice and the State of the vnited Prouinces in the Lowe Countreys And the Democraticall or popular Estate which is when as the whole people or greater part thereof in bodie hath the Souereigne authoritie Which had neede to bee well considered of Trauailers by so much the more as they see great learned men confounded or deceiued in the iudgements of them For neither the qualities of persons can change the nature or number of them nor can there bee any mixt State of forme and continuance but either by Graunt Permission Communication Association or Assignation of the Souereigne power to the members subiect But lest Trauailers might be misseled by the opinions of others let them obserue diligently in what persons and in which of these those foure markes of Souereigntie before spoken of in the Customes of the Countrey doe reigne which here for breuitie I omit especially the ordering of officers the decreeing of peace and warre and taking of Appeales But for the publishing of lawes the most ciuill States for the better securitie of them and content of the people are euer assisted in Monarchies with the three Estates And in some States also for the better dispatch of things many of the other three markes are committed but yet restrictiuely and vnder controulement Wherefore let Trauailers consider now these things aright and proue the censures of other men by those markes of Souereigntie which inuest the formes with supreme power Moreouer in the second place let Trauailers note what principall officers are in the commitment ordained to helpe the motion and gouernment of the helme of the State And lastly how farre their seuerall offices doe extend For the better insight into which there may bee gathered a triple consideration of officers namely first such as stand by ancient right and Custome as those which we cal Officers at the Common Lawe Secondly such as haue their authoritie by Commission and that from the prerogatiues of the Prince or State Souereigne Lastly such as are ordained by the positiue lawes of the land to vndergo any businesse for the good of the Common-weale Finally let Trauailers be carefull to obserue the maner and order of making publishing of lawes there vsed the course of entertaining warres the ordinarie policie vsed in time of peace concerning preparation for warres defensiue and offensiue the common course of proceeding in iustice and iudgement the places and times and ministers the fashion of punishing rewarding of all sorts of people acording to their deserts and such like appurtenances appendices of the gouernment Let these suffice for the persons gouerning The People gouerned wee cast into sixe moulds namely into that of Husbandmen of Handicrafts men and Labourers of Marchants of the Nobilitie and Gentrie of stipendarie
is displayed in wood Caruers Ioyners Carpenters or builders of houses shipwrights and in all other dependances The fift to wit Smitherie is as variable as any of the former to bee sought into whether for varietie of metals to bee wrought vpon as Gold and Siluer-smithes Copper-smiths Brasiers Tinkers Pewterers Founders blacke and white smithes all such like or for infinite kind of tooles and Vtensils for the necessaries of man the which are more excellent in some places than other euen by so much as the matter and the Arts-men tend to perfection The sixt and last is Engining which being an extract from the grounds of Mathematicall knowledge is also much the more to bee considered well of Trauailers in how much there may arise many singular commodities to ones Countrey both in times of peace warre Wherin let Trauailers make obseruatiō who be the most famous workers what admirable things they worke bring to passe either by conueyance of water by scrues by pullies by weights by causing vacuums or reinforcing of spirits together in narrowe straights and Cylinders and by such other draughts of nature kept secret from the vulgar sort the which in the warres are so necessary as in the citie for ciuill and necessarie vses Insomuch as if any man trauailing shal grow therby excellent he is worthy the name of honor estimation though in other points he be found a weake obseruer This thing being of such singular proofe and vse euerie where may seeme to priuiledge Trauailers aboue any one point of knowledge besides About the consideration of which although wee could not dwell too long for of it selfe it requireth a volume yet other manifould points vntouched doe craue our discourse now Only for discouerie let this be added that whatsoeuer by naturall conclusions and as wee say by sleight with small adoe effecteth great things as to moue bodies contrarie to nature violently and swiftly to make powerfull any weake thing and to discouer things vnto the senses afar off out of their kēning or to penetrate any thing resistable may be contained vnder the arte or science of Engining Hitherto concerning the commodities of the Countrie The Discommodities now may easily be ex opposito collected from the former to enlighten the sixt and last point concerning the Countrie Notwithstanding we wil for better vnderstanding to some as it were make repetition The discommodities then of Countries are either imperfectious or wants The imperfections naturall are either intemperatenesse and vnholesome aire or extream barennesse of the Soile yeelding little or no commodities or aboundance of cruel beastes of which our Trauailer must haue a care to vnderstand whether the same be not for want of good husbandrie in the people of the Countrie The artificiall discommodities are likewise two Buildings and trades The defect of the one hindereth a Countrie from well peopling of the other from well and orderly liuing For it is a maxime in policie that no Countrie can be euer ciuile and orderly where there be not good trades planted for setting the Commons to worke for the husbanding all such commodities as their Countrie yeelds and of such as are brought vnto the same frō forrain parts the which to a Countrie much peopled is most needfull also Thus much concerning imperfections The wants are of those things properly that other Countries abound with which necessarily ciuill Estates doe want daiely must expect them from other places to furnish them For though there bee many Ilands in the World that content themselues and liue without the commodities of other places neither haue they other then a certaine naturall kinde of prouision distributed well and orderly alike to all Nations for the naturall support thereof Yet being once brought vnto ciuilitie and to the taste of the World either to be equall with others or to be engreatned there is no Natiō or Countrie but standeth in necessarie neede and want of forraine things the which being once tasted of generally it is almost impossible to be left and forgotten The conclusion then of this point for our Trauailer may be That he obserue what speciall thing the Countrie standeth in neede of the which is either of clothing or of victuall For these two a Nation that is ciuile and well ordered cannot long want As concerning clothing let it be sufficient which we haue touched alreadie in the Commodities for out of the same may be gathered the discommodities è conuerso In like sort may it be saide forvictuals Only let a Trauailer make obseruation what liuing Creatures hee shall finde that cannot liue or bee found in the Countrie As our Theodore Zuingerus reporteth of Africk that neuer Hart or wilde Boare was found there And Plinie mentioneth that in Arabia no Swine liueth So in the Ilands of Nea there are bred no Patridges nor being thither brought will liue So some report of Ireland that in it liueth no venemous beast for the Climate worketh all vpon the people a strange Constellation for want of of good Religion Let these things suffice touching the 3 generall points of knowledge respecting the Countrie The fourth now offereth it selfe to our consideration which is of the Lawes and Customes that be vsed in the Countrey the knowledge whereof may well reforme the weedy affections of Trauailers and redresse distemperatures growen in their Countrie and lastly open the doore of many policies into which a Politician wil soone enter But first concerning the word Law in the intendiment there is a double respect to be had thereof For all honest lawes haue their deriuation and spring-head from the eternall fountaine of reason of the will of God in which respect they in substance are all diuine Notwithstanding in regard of the diuersitie of people as of sundrie causes for which they haue beene reuealed and promulgated they are also humane and multiplex Wherefore in the first respect the Lawe is an opening of the Diuine and eternall will whereby GOD teacheth and commaundeth what shall bee done and left vndone of men ordained for his owne glorie chiefly then for the publike priuate vse of men Now since the reuelation of that diuine will of God hath not beene manifested in one and the same manner alwaies to all people therefore in this respect the lawe is distributed into three kinds properly Into the Law of GOD into the Law of NATVRE and into the Humane or Lawe of Men. Touching the law of God wee obserue the same either written or not written The not written the learned call that which before the fall and afterwards was exercised till the Law by Moses was deliuered to the people of Israell inscribed in Tables of stone and since of Christ himselfe the Prophets Apostles enlarged expounded confirmed set forth the which was either Morall and perpetuall or Iudicial and politicall But as concerning the written Law cōmitted wholly to the Israelites lette it bee obserued first