the_o four_o book_n of_o flavius_n vegetius_n renatus_n brief_o contain_v a_o plain_a form_n and_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o martial_a policy_n feat_n of_o chivalry_n and_o whatsoever_o pertain_v to_o war_n translate_v out_o of_o latin_n into_o english_a by_o john_n sadler_n anno._n 1572._o ¶_o see_v and_o allow_v accord_v to_o the_o order_n appoint_v imprint_v at_o london_n in_o fletestreate_n near_o to_o saint_n dunston_n church_n by_o thomas_n marsh_n to_o the_o right_n honourable_a and_o his_o singular_a good_a lord_n the_o lord_n russell_n earl_n of_o bedforde_n one_o of_o the_o queen_n majesty_n most_o honourable_a privy_a counsel_n and_o knight_n of_o the_o honourable_a order_n of_o the_o garter_n john_n sadler_n wish_v perfect_v felicity_n after_o i_o have_v first_o take_v in_o hand_n right_a honourable_a and_o my_o singular_a good_a lord_n the_o translation_n of_o this_o worthy_a and_o famous_a writer_n flaviê°_n vegetius_n at_o the_o request_n of_o the_o right_n worshipful_a sir_n edmonde_fw-fr brudenell_n knight_n i_o think_v i_o shall_v have_v have_v no_o further_a labour_n but_o that_o the_o say_a translation_n be_v so_o diligent_o and_o plain_o handle_v according_a to_o the_o author_n meaning_n as_o my_o simple_a wit_n and_o knowledge_n can_v do_v it_o shall_v have_v content_v and_o satisfy_v the_o say_a sir_n edmonde_n only_o for_o his_o own_o private_a use_n and_o read_n but_o he_o be_v a_o man_n always_o studious_a not_o so_o much_o to_o pleasure_v himself_o as_o to_o benefit_n his_o country_n and_o also_o desirous_a to_o make_v all_o man_n partaker_n of_o such_o commodity_n as_o he_o himself_o alone_o or_o a_o few_o beside_o he_o may_v take_v by_o read_n of_o the_o same_o do_v afterward_o purpose_n to_o cause_v the_o say_a work_n to_o be_v print_v and_o although_o the_o rude_a and_o simple_a translation_n thereof_o may_v worthy_o have_v withdraw_v he_o from_o his_o say_a intent_n yet_o nevertheless_o consider_v what_o profitable_a thing_n be_v therein_o contain_v how_o wise_a and_o prudent_a counsel_n for_o all_o governor_n and_o captain_n be_v there_o declare_v how_o expedient_a and_o necessary_a the_o knowledge_n of_o these_o thing_n may_v be_v for_o all_o time_n and_o season_n and_o especial_o for_o this_o our_o time_n wherein_o we_o now_o do_v live_v he_o think_v it_o better_a to_o cause_v the_o say_a work_n to_o be_v open_o set_v forth_o and_o publish_v although_o in_o a_o very_a base_a and_o homely_a stile_n then_o that_o this_o worthy_a author_n who_o not_o only_o the_o italian_n almain_n and_o frenchman_n but_o also_o many_o other_o nation_n have_v most_o diligent_o translate_v in_o their_o own_o peculiar_a language_n shall_v any_o long_o be_v hide_v and_o keep_v from_o all_o his_o native_a country_n man_n gevinge_v thereby_o occasion_n to_o such_o as_o shall_v think_v the_o say_a work_n to_o homely_a and_o base_o handle_v be_v yet_o as_o it_o be_v but_o hew_v out_o of_o the_o rough_a to_o plane_n and_o polish_a the_o same_o if_o they_o will_v be_v dispose_v more_o curious_o and_o to_o set_v it_o forth_o with_o fine_a and_o pure_a eloquence_n which_o thing_n so_o much_o the_o better_a may_v be_v do_v that_o the_o ice_n be_v now_o cut_v up_o before_o and_o the_o way_n make_v open_a which_o at_o the_o first_o may_v seem_v more_o hard_a and_o dangerous_a to_o pass_v the_o weak_a that_o any_o thing_n do_v appear_v the_o more_o expedient_a and_o necessary_a it_o be_v to_o seek_v for_o help_n and_o succour_v for_o the_o same_o the_o more_o simple_a that_o this_o translation_n be_v the_o more_o need_v it_o have_v of_o sure_a protection_n and_o defence_n wherefore_o when_o as_o sir_n edmonde_n brudenell_n the_o chief_a causer_n and_o doer_n in_o set_v forth_o of_o this_o work_n have_v confer_v together_o with_o i_o as_o concern_v the_o publish_n hereof_o and_o have_v not_o yet_o determine_v to_o who_o chief_o it_o may_v most_o convenient_o be_v dedicate_v your_o honour_n amongst_o all_o other_o come_v to_o our_o remembrance_n for_o many_o and_o sundry_a cause_n as_o most_o worthy_a of_o so_o excellent_a and_o pass_v knowledge_n therein_o contain_v not_o that_o these_o thing_n may_v seem_v unknown_a to_o your_o honour_n but_o be_v oversee_v peruse_v and_o allow_v of_o the_o same_o may_v more_o safe_o come_v abroad_o and_o thereby_o deserve_v the_o better_a favour_n and_o acceptation_n of_o all_o the_o reader_n thereof_o as_o allow_v of_o he_o who_o noble_a act_n as_o well_o within_o the_o realm_n as_o with_o out_o on_o every_o side_n have_v always_o from_o time_n to_o time_n so_o well_o appear_v please_v it_o your_o honour_n therefore_o to_o accept_v in_o good_a part_n this_o homely_a and_o simple_a work_n offer_v by_o we_o of_o very_o true_a and_o hearty_a love_n on_o sir_n edmondes_n behalf_n as_o a_o declaration_n of_o the_o inward_a and_o unfeigned_a good_a will_n that_o he_o do_v bear_v towards_o your_o honour_n and_o on_o my_o behalf_n as_o a_o testimonial_a both_o of_o like_a good_a will_n and_o also_o of_o my_o very_a bind_a duty_n which_o now_o many_o year_n late_a pass_v have_v receive_v a_o liberal_a annuity_n or_o stipend_n of_o your_o honour_n whereby_o i_o have_v be_v the_o better_a able_a to_o express_v such_o poor_a knowledge_n as_o i_o have_v or_o at_o least_o my_o good_a will_n not_o only_o in_o set_v forth_o of_o this_o present_a work_n but_o also_o in_o that_o trade_n which_o i_o have_v profess_v a_o long_a time_n as_o i_o trust_v to_o the_o honour_n of_o almighty_a god_n and_o also_o to_o the_o benefit_n and_o profit_n of_o my_o country_n and_o whereas_o here_o i_o have_v communicate_v the_o set_v forth_o of_o this_o treatise_n with_o he_o that_o have_v be_v the_o only_a and_o chief_a occasion_n of_o first_o take_v the_o same_o in_o hand_n i_o think_v he_o may_v of_o very_o right_a challenge_n the_o great_a commendation_n thereof_o if_o any_o be_v who_o aid_v i_o not_o only_o with_o his_o good_a advice_n but_o also_o with_o book_n which_o else_o where_o i_o can_v not_o have_v have_v for_o the_o accomplishment_n of_o the_o say_a translation_n and_o to_o speak_v unfeigned_o my_o own_o labour_n and_o travail_n can_v look_v for_o no_o manner_n of_o praise_n at_o all_o except_o peradventure_o the_o only_o commendation_n of_o painful_a and_o faithful_a diligence_n which_o as_o vegetius_n say_v himself_o be_v hâ—re_o more_o requisite_a than_o elegancye_n and_o fineness_n of_o word_n â–ª_o not_o add_a thereunto_o any_o thing_n of_o my_o own_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o a_o paraphrast_n to_o dilate_v the_o matter_n more_o at_o large_a with_o a_o curious_a and_o eloquent_a stile_n but_o use_v only_o the_o office_n of_o a_o translator_n plain_o and_o compendious_o express_v so_o near_o as_o i_o can_v the_o true_a sense_n and_o meaning_n of_o the_o author_n wherefore_o if_o this_o my_o endeavour_n may_v be_v accept_v of_o your_o honour_n i_o think_v it_o a_o great_a commendation_n then_o either_o i_o can_v deserve_v or_o just_o look_v for_o as_o thereby_o much_o bolden_v and_o encourage_v to_o take_v like_o pain_n hereafter_o if_o good_a and_o meet_a occasion_n may_v serve_v thereunto_o from_o oundell_n the_o first_o day_n of_o october_n 1571._o your_o honour_n most_o humble_a faithful_a and_o continual_a orator_n john_n sadler_n a_o preface_n to_o the_o reader_n the_o difference_n of_o peace_n and_o war_n be_v apparent_a to_o all_o man_n how_o much_o the_o one_o be_v to_o be_v desire_v the_o other_o to_o be_v eschew_v except_o in_o some_o respect_n hereafter_o declare_v no_o man_n i_o think_v be_v ignorant_a it_o i_o shall_v but_o touch_v the_o gain_n &_o commodity_n of_o peace_n peace_n how_o quiet_o &_o pleasant_o man_n do_v live_v together_o how_o all_o thing_n on_o the_o earth_n do_v increase_v and_o multiply_v how_o wealth_n and_o riches_n do_v abound_v how_o all_o manner_n of_o science_n and_o good_a learning_n do_v flourish_v with_o other_o innumerable_a effect_n there_o of_o toil_a here_o now_o to_o be_v recite_v it_o will_v require_v a_o large_a and_o a_o great_a volume_n war_n not_o a_o short_a and_o compendious_a preface_n again_o how_o great-calamity_n and_o destruction_n through_o war_n have_v happen_v not_o only_o to_o city_n town_n and_o fortress_n but_o also_o to_o mighty_a prince_n with_o their_o army_n great_a multitude_n of_o people_n and_o whole_a nation_n &_o country_n a_o man_n may_v spend_v a_o good_a part_n of_o his_o time_n to_o read_v through_o the_o book_n that_o have_v be_v write_v thereof_o but_o the_o more_o commodious_a precious_a and_o necessary_a that_o pleasant_a and_o joyful_a name_n of_o peace_n be_v to_o be_v account_v so_o much_o more_o earnest_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v seek_v for_o obtain_v and_o preserve_v the_o great_a danger_n harm_n and_o loss_n that_o be_v by_o war_n sustain_v the_o great_a heed_n
and_o severity_n let_v he_o punish_v all_o the_o soldier_n fault_n by_o the_o law_n let_v he_o not_o be_v think_v to_o wink_v at_o any_o that_o offend_v let_v he_o understand_v and_o know_v the_o proof_n and_o trial_n of_o all_o in_o sundry_a place_n upon_o diverse_a occasion_n these_o thing_n as_o it_o behove_v be_v thus_o order_v and_o look_v to_o when_o the_o enemy_n do_v wander_v abroad_o careless_a disperse_v here_o and_o there_o for_o booty_n then_o let_v he_o send_v expert_a and_o try_a horseman_n or_o else_o footman_n with_o the_o young_a and_o mean_a soldier_n to_o the_o intent_n that_o if_o by_o occasion_n the_o enemy_n be_v foil_v they_o may_v be_v make_v more_o cunning_a and_o the_o other_o more_o bold_a and_o hardy_a let_v he_o place_v certain_a company_n very_o privy_o to_o come_v sudden_o on_o the_o enemy_n at_o the_o pass_v over_o of_o river_n at_o the_o steep_a or_o fall_v of_o mountain_n at_o the_o narrow_a straits_n of_o wood_n at_o the_o dangerous_a passage_n of_o fen_n and_o other_o way_n and_o let_v he_o order_v his_o own_o journey_n so_o that_o be_v ready_a and_o well_o furnish_v he_o may_v set_v upon_o they_o either_o when_o they_o be_v eat_v or_o sleep_v or_o be_v idle_a careless_a unarmed_a unshodde_a their_o horse_n be_v scatter_v abroad_o suspect_v nothing_o because_o in_o such_o skirmish_n his_o soldier_n may_v be_v bolden_v and_o encourage_v for_o they_o which_o before_o of_o a_o long_a time_n or_o never_o in_o their_o life_n have_v see_v man_n wound_v or_o â—layne_v at_o the_o first_o sight_n be_v so_o afraid_a that_o they_o quake_v and_o tremble_v and_o be_v amaze_v bring_v fear_n have_v more_o mind_n of_o fly_v they_o of_o fight_v furthermore_o if_o the_o enemy_n do_v range_v abroad_o to_o make_v invasion_n let_v he_o set_v upon_o they_o after_o they_o be_v weary_a with_o their_o long_a voyage_n and_o let_v he_o invade_v the_o hindermost_a even_o at_o unwares_o let_v he_o also_o sudden_o prevent_v with_o choose_a man_n such_o as_o either_o for_o forage_v or_o for_o a_o booty_n do_v tarry_v a_o great_a way_n from_o their_o company_n for_o these_o thing_n must_v be_v try_v first_o which_o if_o they_o have_v ill_a success_n it_o do_v small_a harm_n if_o they_o prosper_v well_o it_o do_v much_o avail_n it_o be_v the_o point_n of_o a_o good_a captain_n to_o minister_v and_o breed_v cause_n of_o discord_n amongst_o the_o enemy_n for_o no_o nation_n though_o it_o be_v very_o little_a can_v quick_o be_v destroy_v of_o the_o enemy_n except_o it_o be_v consume_v with_o private_a dissension_n and_o hatred_n within_o itself_o for_o civil_a discord_n and_o hatred_n be_v to_o hasty_a and_o rash_a in_o seek_v the_o destruction_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o to_o careless_a and_o unheedy_a of_o foresee_v of_o their_o own_o defence_n and_o safety_n and_o in_o this_o enterprise_n this_o one_o thing_n must_v be_v foretell_v that_o no_o man_n shall_v despair_v of_o the_o perform_v of_o those_o thing_n which_o have_v be_v do_v before_o but_o some_o man_n may_v say_v that_o no_o man_n in_o many_o year_n space_n do_v enuironne_fw-fr a_fw-fr army_n which_o be_v pitch_v in_o a_o place_n compass_v about_o with_o a_o ditch_n a_o rampire_n or_o trench_n i_o answer_n he_o thus_o that_o if_o this_o heed_n be_v take_v the_o sudden_a invasion_n of_o enemy_n neither_o by_o night_n nor_o day_n can_v do_v any_o hurt_n at_o al._n the_o persian_n follow_v the_o example_n of_o the_o roman_n do_v pitch_n their_o camp_n with_o ditche_n draw_v about_o and_o for_o as_o much_o as_o all_o place_n in_o a_o manner_n be_v sandy_a they_o fill_v sack_n which_o they_o carry_v empty_a with_o earth_n very_o dusty_a and_o dry_a which_o in_o those_o place_n be_v dig_v and_o with_o a_o heap_n of_o they_o they_o do_v make_v a_o rampire_n all_o the_o barbarous_a people_n have_v their_o cart_n join_v together_o in_o a_o round_a compass_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o a_o rampire_n do_v pass_v over_o the_o night_n quiet_o and_o out_o of_o danger_n of_o they_o that_o do_v invade_v they_o and_o do_v we_o fear_v that_o we_o can_v not_o learn_v those_o thing_n which_o other_o have_v learn_v of_o we_o these_o thing_n must_v be_v learn_v by_o experience_n and_o also_o by_o read_v of_o such_o thing_n as_o before_o time_n be_v observe_v but_o be_v leave_v of_o for_o a_o great_a while_n no_o man_n have_v seek_v they_o out_o because_o that_o as_o long_o as_o peace_n flourish_v the_o necessity_n of_o war_n be_v far_o out_o of_o mind_n but_o lest_o it_o may_v seem_v impossible_a to_o renew_v and_o restore_v the_o knowledge_n of_o marshall_z affair_n be_v long_o intermit_v and_o decay_v for_o lack_n of_o exercise_n example_n may_v sufficient_o teach_v we_o in_o this_o point_n the_o knowledge_n of_o warfare_n have_v oftentimes_o be_v forget_v with_o they_o of_o old_a but_o 〈◊〉_d have_v be_v seek_v out_o again_o in_o book_n and_o confirm_v by_o the_o skill_n and_o authority_n of_o good_a captain_n scipio_n aphricanus_fw-la do_v take_v the_o army_n which_o be_v in_o spain_n be_v oftentimes_o overcome_v under_o divers_a general_a captain_n and_o observe_v the_o order_n and_o precept_n of_o warfare_n he_o so_o diligent_o exercise_v they_o in_o cast_v of_o ditch_n &_o make_v trench_n that_o he_o will_v say_v common_o that_o digger_n must_v be_v defile_v with_o mire_n which_o will_v be_v wash_v with_o the_o blood_n of_o their_o enemy_n and_o at_o the_o length_n with_o those_o he_o so_o fire_v the_o numaintines_n that_o their_o city_n be_v take_v and_o never_o one_o escape_v metellus_n receive_v a_o army_n in_o aphâ—ike_a which_o be_v subdue_v under_o albinus_n their_o general_a captain_n which_o he_o do_v so_o repair_v with_o old_a precept_n and_o policy_n of_o the_o ancient_a warrior_n that_o afterward_o they_o overcome_v they_o of_o who_o they_o have_v be_v subdue_v before_o the_o german_n also_o in_o france_n destroy_v the_o legion_n which_o cepio_n manilius_n and_o sillanus_n lead_v the_o remnant_n whereof_o when_o caius_n marius_n have_v receive_v he_o so_o instruct_v they_o with_o knowledge_n and_o skill_n of_o fight_v that_o he_o destroy_v in_o open_a battle_n a_o innumerable_a multitude_n not_o only_o of_o zelander_n but_o also_o of_o german_n &_o hungarian_n for_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o instruct_v soldier_n of_o new_a unto_o prowess_n then_o to_o call_v again_o they_o that_o be_v thorough_o afraid_a ¶_o what_o thing_n shall_v be_v do_v the_o same_o day_n that_o the_o open_a or_o set_v battle_n shall_v be_v join_v chapter_n xj_o the_o more_o easy_a feat_n of_o war_n be_v declare_v before_o the_o order_n of_o the_o trade_n &_o knowledge_n of_o warfare_n do_v move_v i_o now_o to_o come_v to_o the_o doubtful_a day_n of_o the_o open_a fight_n and_o mortal_a day_n unto_o nation_n and_o people_n for_o the_o whole_a victory_n consist_v in_o the_o success_n of_o open_a battle_n then_o at_o this_o time_n so_o much_o more_o ought_v the_o captain_n to_o be_v diligent_a and_o careful_a in_o as_o much_o as_o great_a renown_n be_v hope_v for_o of_o they_o that_o be_v diligent_a and_o the_o great_a danger_n do_v follow_v they_o that_o be_v slothful_a and_o unexpert_a in_o which_o the_o use_n of_o skilfulness_n the_o knowledge_n and_o policy_n of_o fight_v incontinent_a do_v try_v and_o rule_v all_o the_o matter_n in_o old_a time_n they_o be_v wont_a to_o bring_v forth_o the_o soldier_n to_o fight_v refresh_v before_o with_o a_o small_a portion_n of_o meat_n to_o the_o intent_n that_o their_o meat_n receive_v may_v make_v they_o the_o quick_a and_o that_o in_o the_o long_o bicker_v they_o may_v not_o be_v weary_v with_o hunger_n great_a care_n also_o must_v be_v have_v if_o the_o enemy_n be_v present_a whether_o you_o bring_v forth_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o battle_n out_o of_o the_o camp_n or_o out_o of_o a_o city_n lest_o while_o the_o army_n go_v forth_o through_o the_o straight_a passage_n of_o the_o gate_n by_o small_a number_n it_o be_v discomfit_v of_o the_o enemy_n gather_v together_o in_o a_o readiness_n therefore_o this_o must_v be_v provide_v that_o all_o the_o soldier_n do_v issue_n forth_o of_o the_o gate_n and_o the_o army_n be_v set_v in_o array_n before_o the_o enemy_n come_v if_o â—o_o be_v that_o the_o enemy_n be_v ready_a come_v to_o they_o abide_v still_o in_o the_o city_n let_v their_o issue_v forth_o either_o be_v differ_v or_o at_o the_o least_o dissemble_v that_o when_o the_o adversary_n shall_v begin_v to_o advance_v and_o boast_n themselves_o against_o those_o who_o they_o think_v will_v not_o come_v forth_o of_o their_o city_n when_o as_o they_o shall_v retire_v and_o purpose_n to_o get_v some_o booty_n and_o so_o shall_v break_v their_o array_n than_o they_o be_v astonish_v let_v
have_v wrought_v leaselye_o and_o slouthfullye_o be_v therefore_o punish_v after_o this_o sort_n thenne_z the_o young_a soldier_n must_v be_v train_v that_o when_o need_n shall_v require_v he_o may_v by_o and_o by_o fortify_v the_o camp_n without_o trouble_n ¶_o how_o the_o young_a soldier_n may_v be_v train_v that_o in_o the_o battle_n they_o keep_v good_a order_n and_o their_o array_n and_o space_n between_o one_o and_o a_o other_o chap._n xxvi_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o profitable_a in_o fight_n than_o that_o soldier_n exercise_n daily_o themselves_o to_o go_v in_o battle_n in_o good_a order_n and_o array_n neither_o run_v on_o heap_n nor_o scatter_v abroad_o more_o than_o be_v expedient_a for_o true_o when_o they_o be_v thick_o throng_v together_o they_o lose_v their_o space_n they_o shall_v fight_v in_o and_o every_o one_o every_o where_o let_v another_o and_o when_o they_o stand_v thin_a that_o each_o may_v be_v see_v how_o he_o stand_v they_o show_v a_o way_n to_o the_o enemy_n to_o enter_v and_o go_v through_o the_o army_n and_o thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n shall_v cut_v and_o part_n the_o army_n &_o come_v to_o the_o back_n of_o they_o that_o fight_v very_a fear_n must_v needs_o bring_v all_o thing_n out_o of_o order_n therefore_o the_o young_a soldier_n must_v be_v bring_v forth_o always_o to_o the_o field_n &_o as_o they_o be_v by_o name_n bill_v they_o must_v be_v call_v to_o the_o battle_n so_o that_o the_o battle_n be_v long_o right_a out_o at_o the_o first_o and_o single_a that_o it_o be_v not_o hollow_a that_o it_o be_v not_o crooked_a y_fw-fr the_o soldier_n stand_n of_o like_a and_o convenient_a distance_n one_o from_o another_o then_o they_o must_v be_v charge_v of_o a_o sudden_a to_o double_v the_o front_n so_o that_o though_o they_o go_v as_o fast_a as_o even_o they_o be_v accustom_v in_o the_o field_n yet_o they_o may_v keep_v their_o array_n three_o commandment_n must_v be_v geeven_v that_o forthwith_o they_o bring_v themselves_o into_o a_o quadrangle_n form_n that_o do_v they_o must_v turn_v they_o into_o a_o triangle_n wedgewyse_o as_o they_o term_v it_o a'n_z be_v to_o say_v small_a before_o thick_a and_o broad_a afterward_o this_o good_a order_v of_o soldier_n have_v do_v very_o much_o good_a &_o be_v profitable_a in_o war_n they_o must_v also_o be_v warn_v to_o convey_v themselves_o into_o a_o round_a form_n whereby_o when_o as_o violent_o the_o enemy_n do_v break_v into_o the_o battle_n the_o soldier_n with_o this_o practice_n may_v be_v able_a to_o resist_v they_o lest_o all_o the_o whole_a multitude_n be_v compel_v to_o run_v away_o and_o by_o that_o mean_v grevous_a peril_n follow_v thereupon_o if_o the_o young_a sort_n can_v by_o daily_a exercise_v one_o perceive_v these_o thing_n they_o shall_v a_o great_a deal_n more_o easy_o save_v themselves_o when_o they_o fight_v ¶_o how_o much_o space_n the_o soldier_n must_v go_v and_o come_v when_o they_o be_v bring_v forth_o to_o march_v and_o how_o often_o they_o must_v be_v exercise_v in_o a_o month_n chapter_n xxvij_o moreover_o the_o custom_n have_v be_v and_o remain_v still_o and_o also_o be_v in_o the_o decree_n of_o worthy_a augustus_n and_o adrianus_n emperor_n it_o be_v provide_v in_o the_o same_o a'n_z thrice_o in_o the_o month_n as_o well_o horseman_n as_o footman_n shall_v be_v bring_v forth_o to_o march_v for_o so_o do_v they_o term_v this_o kind_n of_o exercise_n the_o footman_n arm_v &_o furnish_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o weapon_n be_v command_v to_o go_v and_o come_v in_o space_n of_o .10_o mile_n from_o the_o camp_n a_o march_v pace_n so_o that_o some_o part_n of_o the_o way_n they_o may_v run_v over_o merry_o the_o horseman_n divide_v by_o troop_n in_o armour_n likewise_o go_v even_o as_o long_o a_o journey_n and_o as_o such_o on_o horseback_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v for_o exercise_n sometime_o they_o follow_v sometime_o give_v back_o and_o force_v their_o horse_n run_v they_o out_o upon_o the_o 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quite_o go_v and_o decay_v in_o man_n nor_o yet_o land_n which_o bring_v forth_o the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o athenian_n marâ—ians_n samnite_n peligne_v yea_o &_o the_o very_a roman_n themselves_o be_v barren_a and_o unfruitful_a have_v not_o the_o people_n of_o epirus_n sometime_o prevail_v very_o much_o in_o arm_n have_v not_o the_o macedonian_n and_o thessalian_n by_o war_n conquer_v first_o in_o persian_n come_v as_o far_o as_o indie_n and_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o dane_n the_o people_n of_o media_n and_o thracia_n have_v always_o be_v such_o stout_a warrior_n y_fw-fr mars_n himself_o be_v feign_v to_o have_v be_v bear_v among_o they_o it_o be_v to_o long_o to_o reckon_v up_o the_o strength_n of_o all_o country_n when_o as_o they_o all_o consist_v in_o the_o empire_n of_o the_o roman_n but_o great_a security_n and_o long_a peace_n have_v make_v man_n part_o delight_n in_o idleness_n and_o part_o in_o service_n at_o home_n in_o the_o common_a wealth_n by_o such_o mean_n therefore_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o the_o care_n of_o warrelye_o exercise_n be_v at_o the_o first_o negligent_o handle_v afterward_o dissemble_v last_o of_o all_o bring_v into_o oblivion_n &_o quite_o forget_v neither_o let_v any_o man_n marvel_v that_o this_o have_v chance_v in_o the_o time_n late_o pass_v when_o as_o after_o the_o first_o war_n between_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o carthagiens_fw-la when_o 24._o year_n be_v come_v and_o go_v peace_n so_o weaken_v the_o roman_n through_o idleness_n and_o disuse_n of_o armour_n which_o before_o have_v be_v every_o where_o conqueror_n that_o in_o the_o second_o war_n of_o carthage_n they_o be_v by_o no_o mean_n comparable_a to_o hannibal_n after_o so_o many_o consul_n lose_v so_o many_o captain_n be_v slay_v so_o many_o army_n cast_v away_o find_v a_o mean_n to_o learn_v the_o use_n and_o exercise_v of_o warfare_n they_o come_v at_o the_o length_n to_o be_v conqueror_n again_o at_o all_o time_n therefore_o shall_v young_a man_n be_v choose_v and_o exercise_v for_o cheap_a certain_a it_o be_v to_o instruct_v a_o man_n own_o soldier_n in_o arm_n then_o to_o hire_v stranger_n for_o money_n the_o second_o book_n of_o flavius_n vegetius_n renatus_n of_o the_o institution_n of_o war_n the_o prologue_n continual_a conquest_n and_o triumph_n do_v declare_v that_o your_o grace_n do_v chief_o and_o most_o skilful_o keep_v in_o remembrance_n the_o ancient_a ordinance_n of_o the_o elder_n as_o touch_v the_o knowledge_n and_o feat_n of_o arm_n for_o the_o effect_n of_o thing_n be_v always_o the_o most_o certain_a proof_n of_o any_o science_n but_o your_o rest_n and_o quietness_n most_o victorious_a emperor_n do_v require_v the_o old_a and_o ancient_a thing_n out_o of_o book_n with_o a_o deep_a judgement_n than_o any_o earthly_a mind_n be_v able_a to_o conceive_v when_o as_o with_o new_a and_o fresh_a noble_a act_n it_o pass_v antiquity_n itself_o be_v therefore_o command_v to_o comprehend_v brief_o in_o write_v these_o thing_n not_o therein_o to_o teach_v or_o instruct_v your_o majesty_n but_o only_o to_o put_v you_o in_o remembrance_n thereof_o my_o due_a obedience_n and_o solemn_a promise_n have_v oftentimes_o strive_v with_o shamefastness_n for_o what_o great_a boldness_n can_v there_o be_v then_o to_o the_o lord_n and_o prince_n of_o the_o whole_a world_n the_o vanquisher_n of_o all_o barbarous_a and_o foreign_a nation_n to_o write_v of_o the_o knowledge_n and_o use_n of_o war_n except_o peradventure_o you_o command_v that_o to_o be_v do_v which_o you_o yourself_o have_v perform_v and_o again_o it_o seem_v a_o very_a heinous_a and_o dangerous_a thing_n not_o to_o obey_v the_o commandment_n of_o so_o great_a and_o mighty_a a_o emperor_n therefore_o in_o obey_v i_o be_o become_v very_o bold_o while_o for_o fear_n
attend_v to_o their_o name_n and_o to_o their_o ensign_n let_v they_o practice_v daily_a the_o run_v of_o the_o field_n as_o they_o term_v it_o and_o the_o diligent_a behold_v of_o the_o handle_n of_o armour_n and_o weapon_n they_o must_v be_v hold_v very_o often_o to_o these_o exercise_n and_o that_o most_o part_n of_o the_o day_n even_o till_o they_o sweat_v again_o to_o shoot_v and_o to_o throw_v stone_n either_o with_o a_o sting_n or_o with_o the_o hand_n to_o wear_v armour_n that_o they_o may_v wield_v themselves_o in_o it_o to_o pitch_v the_o bar_n and_o with_o waster_n as_o though_o they_o shall_v fight_v with_o sword_n now_o with_o the_o point_n now_o with_o the_o edge_n to_o strike_v one_o at_o another_o also_o they_o must_v with_o like_a diligence_n be_v train_v in_o run_v &_o leap_v that_o they_o may_v skip_v over_o ditch_n if_o the_o sea_n or_o a_o river_n be_v nigh_o to_o their_o tent_n in_o summer_n time_n all_o tâ—e_z soldier_n shall_v be_v constrain_v to_o swim_v moreover_o to_o cut_v down_o wood_n to_o journey_n through_o bushy_a and_o shrubbye_v place_n to_o square_a timber_n to_o scour_v the_o trench_n to_o take_v and_o keep_v some_o place_n and_o to_o endeavour_n themselves_o with_o shield_n violent_o meet_v one_o â—nother_n that_o they_o be_v not_o beat_v from_o it_o by_o their_o own_o company_n in_o such_o wise_n the_o soldier_n of_o the_o roman_n be_v exercise_v and_o train_v at_o home_n whether_o they_o be_v of_o the_o legion_n or_o of_o y_fw-fr aid_n or_o of_o the_o horseman_n when_o they_o shall_v come_v from_o diverse_a place_n to_o take_v a_o voyage_n they_o must_v needs_o through_o a_o ambitious_a desire_n to_o try_v their_o manhood_n rather_o wish_v for_o war_n then_o for_o peace_n no_o man_n do_v take_v any_o thought_n for_o seditious_a stir_v which_o have_v any_o confidence_n in_o his_o cunning_a and_o strength_n but_o the_o captain_n ought_v to_o be_v circumspect_a if_o there_o shall_v be_v any_o troublesome_a or_o seditious_a soldier_n among_o all_o the_o legion_n or_o aid_n or_o troop_n of_o horseman_n that_o he_o may_v know_v they_o by_o the_o tribune_n deputye_n &_o principal_a man_n not_o for_o the_o ill_a will_n of_o the_o informer_n but_o for_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o matter_n and_o the_o same_o to_o be_v separate_v from_o the_o camp_n by_o some_o witty_a devise_n to_o do_v and_o accomplish_v some_o thing_n which_o even_o unto_o themselves_o may_v seem_v such_o as_o in_o a_o manner_n they_o will_v wish_v for_o or_o else_o let_v them*_n fortify_v and_o keep_v some_o hold_n and_o city_n *_o with_o such_o a_o preetye_n subtlety_n that_o whereas_o in_o deed_n they_o be_v reject_v and_o despise_v they_o may_v seem_v to_o be_v choose_v of_o purpose_n for_o a_o multitude_n do_v never_o burst_v out_o to_o disobedient_a stubborness_n with_o like_a agreement_n but_o they_o be_v stir_v up_o by_o a_o few_o which_o hope_v they_o may_v with_o a_o number_n offend_v free_o without_o punishment_n for_o their_o vice_n and_o wickedness_n if_o so_o be_v that_o extreme_a necessity_n shall_v require_v a_o remedy_n to_o be_v have_v therein_o the_o best_a way_n be_v after_o the_o manner_n of_o our_o forefather_n to_o punish_v only_o the_o author_n and_o beginner_n of_o such_o fault_n that_o fear_n may_v come_v to_o all_o punishment_n to_o a_o few_o notwithstanding_o those_o captain_n be_v more_o worthy_a of_o praise_n who_o army_n labour_n and_o use_n have_v instruct_v to_o soberness_n and_o humility_n than_o they_o who_o soldier_n the_o fear_n of_o punishment_n do_v constrain_v to_o obedience_n ¶_o how_o many_o kind_n there_o be_v of_o ensign_n of_o war_n chapter_n .v._o many_o thing_n ought_v to_o be_v well_o learned_a and_o mark_v of_o they_o that_o fight_n for_o why_o negligence_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v pardon_v where_o as_o they_o fight_n for_o life_n and_o death_n but_o amongst_o other_o thing_n nothing_o be_v more_o profitable_a to_o the_o victory_n then_o to_o obey_v the_o warning_n of_o the_o ensign_n for_o when_o as_o in_o the_o hurly_a burly_a of_o battle_n a_o great_a number_n can_v be_v rule_v with_o one_o voice_n only_o and_o when_o as_o of_o very_a necessity_n many_o thing_n forthwith_o must_v be_v command_v and_o do_v the_o ancient_a use_n and_o experience_n of_o all_o nation_n have_v invent_v how_o the_o whole_a army_n by_o the_o ensign_n shall_v know_v and_o follow_v that_o which_o the_o only_o captain_n judge_v to_o be_v profitable_a and_o expedient_a there_o be_v therefore_o as_o it_o be_v manifest_a three_o kind_n of_o ensign_n one_o sort_n have_v voice_n which_o be_v call_v vocalia_fw-la another_o part_o have_v voice_n and_o part_o not_o which_o they_o call_v semiâ—ocalia_n the_o third_o without_o voice_n and_o they_o be_v call_v muta_fw-la of_o the_o which_o they_o that_o have_v voice_n and_o they_o that_o part_o have_v voice_n be_v perceive_v and_o know_v by_o the_o ear_n but_o the_o dumb_a without_o voice_n be_v refer_v to_o the_o eye_n vocalia_fw-la be_v say_v to_o be_v they_o which_o be_v pronounce_v with_o the_o voice_n of_o a_o man_n so_o that_o in_o the_o watcheâ—_n or_o in_o the_o battle_n it_o be_v account_v for_o a_o token_n as_o for_o example_n victory_n reward_n virtue_n god_n be_v with_o we_o the_o triumph_n of_o the_o emperor_n &_o such_o other_o whatsoever_o they_o will_v give_v which_o have_v the_o great_a authority_n and_o power_n in_o the_o army_n yet_o we_o must_v know_v that_o these_o word_n must_v every_o day_n be_v alter_v lest_o by_o use_v the_o enemy_n may_v know_v our_o token_n or_o watcheworde_n and_o searcher_n or_o spy_n may_v be_v amongst_o our_o man_n without_o danger_n and_o punishment_n simiâ—ocalia_n be_v call_v which_o be_v give_v by_o the_o trumpette_fw-it or_o the_o horn_n or_o the_o shawme_n the_o trumpet_n which_o be_v straight_o be_v call_v buccina_fw-la which_o be_v bow_v towards_o itself_o with_o a_o brassen_a circle_n the_o horn_n of_o the_o wild_a bull_n be_v bind_v with_o silver_n be_v best_a hear_v when_o it_o be_v moderate_v with_o art_n &_o the_o breath_n of_o he_o that_o blow_v it_o for_o by_o these_o with_o most_o certain_a &_o undoubted_a sound_n the_o army_n do_v know_v whether_o they_o ought_v to_o stay_v or_o go_v forward_o or_o certain_o to_o retire_v whether_o they_o shall_v follow_v the_o chase_n any_o long_a way_n or_o sound_v the_o retreat_n muta_fw-la signa_fw-la be_v the_o eagle_n dragon_n banner_n red_a penoâ—celles_v red_a scarf_n feather_n crest_n of_o helmet_n for_o whether_o soever_o the_o leader_n shall_v command_v these_o to_o be_v carry_v thither_o of_o necessity_n must_v all_o the_o soldier_n go_v follow_v and_o wait_v upon_o their_o own_o ensign_n there_o be_v also_o dumb_a sign_n which_o the_o captain_n of_o the_o war_n do_v command_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o horse_n in_o garment_n and_o also_o in_o the_o very_a armour_n to_o the_o intent_n the_o enemy_n may_v be_v know_v from_o their_o own_o company_n moreover_o he_o signify_v some_o thing_n with_o his_o hand_n or_o after_o the_o cruel_a manner_n of_o rude_a and_o strange_a people_n with_o a_o whip_n or_o else_o with_o move_a or_o stir_v his_o apparel_n which_o he_o have_v on_o all_o which_o thing_n all_o the_o soldier_n shall_v acknowledge_v both_o to_o follow_v and_o understand_v in_o their_o place_n in_o journey_n in_o all_o manner_n exercise_v of_o the_o camp_n for_o continual_a use_n of_o that_o thing_n be_v necessary_a in_o time_n of_o peace_n which_o in_o the_o confusion_n and_o trouble_n of_o y_fw-es battle_n shall_v be_v keep_v also_o there_o be_v a_o dumb_a and_o common_a â—igne_n as_o often_o as_o in_o the_o go_a of_o a_o multitude_n the_o dust_n stir_v up_o rise_v like_o cloud_n and_o do_v bewray_v the_o come_n of_o the_o enemy_n likewise_o if_o army_n be_v divide_v the_o flame_n of_o fire_n in_o the_o night_n and_o in_o the_o day_n time_n the_o smoke_n do_v signify_v unto_o their_o fellow_n that_o which_o by_o no_o other_o mean_n can_v be_v show_v sometime_o they_o do_v hang_v out_o beam_n in_o the_o turrettes_n of_o city_n which_o other_o while_n be_v raise_v up_o and_o other_o while_n let_v down_o do_v declare_v what_o thing_n be_v do_v ¶_o how_o great_a subtlety_n ought_v to_o be_v use_v when_o a_o army_n be_v remove_v the_o enemy_n be_v nigh_o chapter_n uj_o they_o which_o with_o great_a diligence_n have_v learn_v the_o feat_n of_o war_n do_v affirm_v that_o more_o peril_n be_v wont_v to_o happen_v in_o journey_n then_o in_o y_fw-fr very_o battle_n itself_o for_o in_o join_v together_o of_o the_o battle_n all_o the_o soldier_n be_v arm_v and_o see_v the_o enemy_n in_o the_o face_n and_o come_v with_o courage_n to_o fight_v against_o he_o but_o in_o the_o journey_n a_o soldier_n be_v
ambush_n lay_v for_o they_o can_v allege_v nothing_o to_o excuse_v his_o salt_n because_o he_o may_v have_v avoid_v it_o and_o know_v before_o by_o scout_n and_o spy_n meet_v for_o the_o purpose_n whensoever_o any_o army_n or_o company_n do_v retire_v this_o subtlety_n be_v common_o use_v a_o few_o horseman_n do_v follow_v after_o with_o a_o straight_a journey_n a_o strong_a power_n be_v secret_o send_v by_o other_o place_n or_o way_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o horseman_n come_v to_o the_o enemy_n they_o try_v and_o assay_v light_o what_o they_o can_v do_v and_o so_o depart_v the_o enemy_n think_v straight_o in_o whatsoever_o lie_v in_o wait_n have_v be_v that_o be_v go_v and_o pass_v and_o so_o wax_v careless_a &_o negligentâ—_n then_o that_o power_n which_o be_v appoint_v by_o a_o secret_a way_n come_n on_o they_o sudden_o do_v oppress_v they_o at_o unwares_o many_o when_o they_o depart_v away_o from_o the_o enemy_n if_o they_o go_v through_o any_o wood_n do_v prevent_v and_o take_v rock_n or_o straight_a place_n lest_o their_o enemy_n shall_v there_o lie_v in_o wait_n for_o they_o and_o again_o they_o stop_v the_o way_n behind_o they_o with_o tree_n cut_v down_o which_o they_o call_v compedes_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v fetters_n or_o gyve_n to_o the_o intent_n they_o may_v let_v their_o enemy_n in_o pursue_v they_o and_o in_o such_o way_n there_o be_v occasion_n for_o both_o the_o party_n as_o well_o the_o one_o as_o the_o other_o to_o lie_v in_o wait_n for_o he_o that_o go_v before_o do_v leave_v ambushmente_n as_o it_o be_v behind_o he_o in_o valley_n meet_v for_o the_o purpose_n or_o mountain_n full_a of_o wood_n into_o the_o which_o when_o the_o enemy_n shall_v fall_v he_o return_v quick_o and_o help_v his_o own_o company_n but_o he_o that_o follow_v by_o back_n way_n do_v send_v light_a harness_a man_n a_o good_a way_n before_o and_o get_v before_o do_v keep_v his_o enemy_n from_o pass_v over_o to_o the_o end_n that_o he_o may_v encclose_v he_o be_v deceive_v both_o behind_o and_o before_o and_o as_o well_o he_o that_o go_v before_o may_v return_v back_o as_o also_o he_o that_o follow_v though_o it_o be_v far_o of_o may_v sudden_o come_v upon_o they_o that_o be_v a_o sleep_v in_o the_o night_n by_o some_o deceit_n or_o policy_n in_o the_o pass_v over_o of_o river_n he_o that_o go_v before_o do_v assay_v to_o oppress_v that_o part_n which_o be_v send_v before_o to_o pass_v over_o while_o the_o residue_n be_v scatter_v in_o the_o river_n but_o heâ—_z that_o follow_v in_o haste_n do_v trouble_v those_o that_o can_v not_o pass_v over_o before_o ¶_o of_o camel_n and_o man_n of_o arm_n upon_o barded_a horse_n chap._n xxiii_o some_o nation_n have_v use_v in_o time_n paste_v to_o bring_v forth_o camel_n in_o the_o forebattell_v as_o the_o people_n call_v vrciliani_n in_o africa_n &_o they_o that_o be_v call_v macetes_n at_o this_o day_n do_v bring_v forth_o the_o same_o but_o this_o kind_n of_o beast_n be_v apt_a for_o sandy_a and_o dry_a place_n and_o to_o abide_v thirst_n be_v report_v to_o go_v in_o straight_o way_n without_o wander_v yea_o though_o they_o be_v trouble_v with_o dust_n through_o the_o wound_n but_o save_v for_o the_o strangeness_n if_o it_o be_v put_v away_o from_o the_o thing_n that_o it_o have_v be_v accustom_v with_o it_o be_v of_o no_o force_n in_o the_o war_n the_o barded_a horseman_n for_o the_o munition_n of_o armour_n which_o they_o bear_v be_v in_o deed_n safe_a from_o wound_n but_o for_o the_o hindrance_n and_o weightiness_n of_o armour_n it_o be_v a_o easy_a thing_n to_o take_v they_o and_o many_o time_n they_o be_v in_o danger_n to_o giâ—â—es_n and_o share_n they_o be_v better_o against_o footman_n scatter_v abroad_o then_o against_o horseman_n in_o fight_n nevertheless_o be_v set_v either_o before_o the_o legion_n or_o else_o join_v with_o the_o legionaryes_n what_o time_n as_o they_o join_v together_o in_o fight_n that_o be_v to_o say_v hand_n to_o hand_n oftentimes_o they_o break_v and_o invade_v the_o forebattell_v of_o the_o enemy_n ¶_o after_o what_o manner_n we_o may_v withstand_v chariot_n arm_v with_o hook_n and_o also_o elephant_n in_o the_o battle_n chap._n xxiiii_o king_n antiochus_n and_o king_n mithridates_n have_v chariot_n in_o the_o war_n arm_v with_o hook_n which_o as_o at_o the_o first_o bring_v great_a fear_n in_o the_o battle_n so_o afterward_o they_o be_v laugh_v to_o scorn_v for_o the_o arm_a chariot_n do_v hard_o find_v a_o plain_a and_o even_o field_n at_o all_o time_n and_o with_o a_o small_a let_v it_o be_v hold_v back_o &_o one_o horse_n be_v vex_v or_o wound_v it_o be_v disappoint_v but_o these_o thing_n have_v perish_v and_o decay_a chief_o through_o the_o policy_n of_o the_o roman_n soldier_n after_o they_o come_v to_o fight_v the_o roman_n sudden_o thorough_a out_o the_o field_n do_v cast_v caltroppe_n on_o the_o which_o when_o as_z the_o chariot_n fall_v in_o their_o run_n they_o be_v destroy_v this_o same_o tribulus_fw-la or_o caltroppe_n be_v a_o instrument_n of_o defence_n fasten_v together_o with_o four_o iron_n pinâ—es_n the_o which_o whatsoever_o way_n you_o will_v cast_v it_o do_v stand_v with_o three_o corner_n or_o prick_v and_o with_o the_o four_o stand_v up_o right_o be_v very_o dangerous_a the_o elephant_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o greatness_n of_o their_o body_n the_o fearfulness_n of_o their_o cry_n or_o bray_a the_o strangeness_n of_o their_o form_n and_o shape_n do_v trouble_v both_o man_n &_o horse_n in_o the_o battle_n king_n pyrrhus_n bring_v these_o first_o against_o the_o roman_n in_o lucania_n afterwards_o hannibal_n in_o africa_n king_n antiochus_n in_o the_o east_n part_n jugurtha_n in_o numidia_n have_v many_o of_o they_o against_o the_o which_o they_o invent_v sundry_a kind_n of_o armour_n and_o weapon_n to_o withstand_v they_o for_o a_o certain_a centurion_n in_o lucania_n with_o a_o sword_n cut_v away_o from_o one_o of_o they_o the_o hand_n or_o long_a snout_n which_o they_o call_v promnistiden_n and_o two_o barded_a horse_n be_v join_v to_o the_o chariot_n upon_o who_o such_o as_o be_v call_v clibanarij_fw-la sit_v do_v directe_v against_o the_o elephant_n long_o spear_n call_v sarissas_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o long_a pole_n they_o can_v get_v for_o be_v fence_v with_o iron_n armour_n neither_o be_v they_o hurt_v of_o the_o archer_n which_o the_o beast_n do_v carry_v &_o they_o shun_v the_o violence_n of_o the_o elephant_n through_o the_o swiftness_n of_o the_o horse_n some_o other_o have_v send_v out_o against_o the_o elephant_n soldier_n in_o complete_a armour_n so_o that_o in_o their_o arm_n and_o helmet_n or_o shoulder_n be_v set_v great_a sharp_a prick_v of_o iron_n lest_o the_o elephant_n with_o his_o hand_n or_o long_a snout_n may_v lay_v hold_n of_o the_o man_n that_o come_v to_o fight_v against_o he_o yet_o the_o old_a man_n of_o war_n chief_o appoint_v light_o harness_v man_n call_v velite_n against_o the_o elephant_n velite_n be_v young_a man_n with_o light_n armour_n of_o a_o lusty_a and_o lively_a body_n which_o shot_n and_o cast_v dart_n very_o well_o on_o horseback_n these_o when_o they_o run_v besides_o the_o elephant_n with_o broad_a spear_n and_o great_a dart_n than_o they_o be_v wont_a kill_v the_o beast_n but_o when_o hardiness_n and_o boldness_n grow_v afterward_o many_o soldier_n together_o cast_v all_o at_o once_o their_o dart_n that_o be_v to_o say_v their_o shot_n against_o the_o elephant_n &_o so_o wound_v they_o yet_o this_o also_o they_o use_v to_o do_v y_fw-mi slinger_n with_o slingstave_n &_o round_a stone_n level_v out_o of_o their_o sling_n do_v overthrow_v and_o kill_v the_o man_n of_o ind_n which_o rule_v the_o elephant_n with_o you_o tower_n also_o and_o there_o be_v no_o safe_a way_n to_o destroy_v they_o invent_v then_o this_o moreover_o the_o soldier_n make_v room_n for_o the_o come_n of_o the_o beast_n where_o they_o may_v break_v into_o the_o battle_n which_o when_o as_o they_o come_v so_o far_o as_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o host_n the_o troop_n of_o arm_a man_n compass_v they_o about_o on_o every_o side_n and_o take_v both_o the_o beast_n and_o their_o ruler_n not_o hurt_v nor_o wound_v it_o be_v very_o good_a also_o to_o set_v certain_a field_n piece_n behind_o the_o forebattel_n of_o a_o great_a bigness_n than_o the_o residue_n lay_v upon_o cart_n with_o two_o horse_n or_o mule_n for_o such_o do_v shoot_v level_a their_o pellet_n far_o and_o with_o great_a violence_n and_o when_o the_o elephant_n come_v within_o y_fw-fr reach_v of_o the_o dart_n the_o beast_n be_v strike_v through_o with_o the_o shot_n of_o the_o gunner_n notwithstanding_o the_o iron_n be_v thrust_v brother_n and_o more_o sure_o into_o they_o
ordinance_n city_n may_v be_v defend_v chap._n xxix_o all_o kind_n of_o shot_n either_o pellet_n of_o lead_n or_o javeline_n short_a dart_n or_o long_a dart_n the_o high_a that_o they_o come_v down_o so_o much_o more_o violent_o they_o fall_v upon_o those_o that_o be_v under_o they_o arrow_n also_o shoot_v with_o bow_n and_o stone_n throw_v with_o hand_n sling_n or_o slingstave_n from_o how_o much_o the_o high_a place_n they_o be_v cast_v so_o much_o the_o deep_a do_v they_o pierce_v but_o balâ—stae_n and_o onagri_fw-la two_o kind_n of_o ordinance_n if_o they_o be_v wary_o discharge_v by_o such_o as_o be_v skilful_a and_o cunning_a they_o do_v cut_v in_o sunder_o every_o thing_n they_o meet_v with_o and_o against_o this_o kind_n of_o ordinance_n can_v nothing_o be_v a_o sufficient_a defence_n â–ª_o for_o whatsoever_o it_o strike_v in_o manner_n of_o thunder_n it_o undo_v it_o &_o go_v through_o it_o ¶_o how_o you_o may_v know_v what_o height_n your_o ladder_n and_o other_o engine_n aught_o to_o be_v of_o chap._n xxx_o ladder_n and_o other_o engine_n do_v very_o much_o avail_v for_o the_o take_n of_o town_n wall_n if_o they_o be_v make_v of_o such_o height_n that_o they_o over_o reach_v the_o town_n the_o height_n of_o the_o town_n you_o may_v take_v two_o manner_n of_o way_n for_o either_o may_v you_o tie_v a_o slender_a line_n to_o the_o one_o end_n of_o a_o arrow_n and_o so_o shoot_v it_o when_o it_o shall_v come_v to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o wall_n by_o the_o length_n of_o the_o line_n you_o may_v know_v the_o height_n of_o the_o wall_n or_o else_o when_o the_o son_n either_o set_v or_o rise_v do_v cast_v a_o shadow_n from_o the_o tower_n and_o wall_n to_o the_o earth_n then_o measure_v the_o length_n of_o that_o shadow_n thine_o enemy_n not_o know_v thereof_o and_o afterward_o stick_v up_o a_o pool_n ten_o foot_n high_a above_o the_o ground_n and_o measure_v likewise_o the_o shadow_n thereof_o the_o which_o be_v do_v you_o may_v easy_o know_v the_o height_n of_o the_o wall_n or_o town_n by_o proportion_n of_o the_o pool_n see_v that_o a_o body_n of_o this_o height_n cast_v a_o shadow_n of_o this_o or_o that_o length_n and_o thus_o have_v i_o set_v forth_o for_o the_o common_a commodity_n and_o profit_n as_o i_o suppose_v of_o those_o thing_n which_o ancient_a writer_n of_o chivalry_n have_v leave_v behind_o they_o and_o the_o latter_a age_n by_o experience_n have_v necessary_o find_v out_o touch_v the_o assault_n aâ—d_z defend_v of_o city_n marry_o this_o one_o thing_n i_o can_v to_o much_o warn_v you_o of_o that_o you_o provide_v diligent_o that_o there_o be_v neither_o scarcity_n of_o meat_n nor_o drink_v in_o your_o city_n besiege_v for_o that_o can_v by_o any_o mean_n be_v remedy_v therefore_o the_o long_a time_n that_o you_o suppose_v y_fw-mi siege_n will_v endure_v so_o much_o the_o more_o victual_n must_v you_o lie_v up_o in_o your_o town_n ⸪_o and_o thus_o much_o the_o manner_n of_o war_n on_o land_n be_v declare_v sufficient_o with_o the_o mean_n of_o defend_v and_o assault_v of_o town_n i_o will_v consequent_o treat_v of_o war_n hold_v on_o the_o sea_n and_o of_o ship_n and_o galley_n and_o first_o of_o y_fw-fr liburnian_a galley_n precept_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o make_v war_n upon_o the_o sea._n chapter_n xxxj_o the_o manner_n of_o make_v war_n upon_o the_o land_n sufficient_o declare_v at_o your_o majesty_n commandment_n most_o mighty_a and_o worthy_a emperor_n the_o portion_n yet_o not_o speak_v of_o as_o i_o trow_v be_v of_o war_n upon_o the_o sea._n of_o the_o feat_n and_o cunning_a whereof_o the_o less_o therefore_o remain_v to_o be_v speak_v for_o that_o the_o sea_n be_v quiet_v now_o this_o good_a while_n we_o keep_v war_n with_o other_o strange_a nation_n upon_o the_o land_n notwithstanding_o that_o the_o people_n of_o rome_n for_o the_o worship_n and_o commodity_n of_o their_o great_a renown_n and_o not_o for_o any_o necessity_n grow_v by_o sudden_a commotion_n but_o least_o at_o any_o time_n it_o may_v suffer_v danger_n always_o have_v a_o army_n in_o readiness_n for_o no_o man_n dare_v geve_v occasion_n of_o war_n or_o do_v or_o offer_v any_o wrong_n to_o that_o kingdom_n or_o people_n who_o he_o know_v well_o provide_v and_o ready_o to_o withstand_v and_o to_o revenge_v the_o same_o therefore_o at_o misenun_n and_o ravenna_n city_n of_o italy_n at_o each_o there_o abide_v a_o legion_n of_o roman_n with_o you_o navy_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o leave_v the_o city_n undefended_a and_o when_o as_o occasion_v serve_v without_o delay_n or_o fetch_v much_o compass_n they_o may_v pass_v to_o all_o part_n of_o the_o world_n for_o the_o misenates_n have_v lie_v hard_a upon_o they_o france_n spain_n the_o moor_n africa_n egipte_n sardine_n and_o cycil_n the_o ravennate_v use_v to_o pass_v with_o a_o straight_o course_n into_o epyrus_n macedonia_n achaia_n propontis_n pontis_fw-la east_n asia_n creta_n and_o cyprus_n and_o to_o these_o with_o most_o speed_n because_o in_o warrelye_o affair_n speediâ—es_n and_o swiftness_n do_v more_o avail_n than_o manhood_n ¶_o the_o name_n of_o the_o judge_n which_o govern_v the_o navye_n chap._n xxxii_o the_o chief_a captain_n of_o the_o navye_n of_o the_o misenate_n do_v govern_v the_o ship_n or_o galley_n which_o lie_v in_o campania_n on_o the_o west_n side_n of_o italy_n but_o the_o captain_n of_o the_o navye_n of_o the_o ravennate_v do_v keep_v they_o that_o rest_v in_o the_o sea_n call_v lonium_n on_o the_o east_n side_n of_o italy_n under_o the_o which_o there_o be_v appoint_v .10_o tribune_n in_o every_o band_n one_o but_o every_o gallye_o have_v such_o a_o one_o as_o be_v call_v navaâ—chus_n that_o be_v the_o master_n or_o governor_n of_o the_o ship_n who_o they_o call_v also_o navicularium_n a_o pilot_n or_o conductor_n of_o ship_n which_o beside_o other_o duty_n of_o mariner_n do_v careful_o and_o diligent_o every_o day_n help_v the_o governor_n and_o rower_n and_o further_a also_o with_o all_o possible_a industry_n all_o manner_n of_o exercise_n of_o the_o soldier_n ¶_o why_o the_o lyburnian_a galley_n be_v so_o call_v chap._n xxxiii_o diverse_a country_n at_o diverse_a and_o sundry_a time_n have_v be_v able_a to_o do_v much_o upon_o the_o sea_n and_o therefore_o have_v have_v diverse_a and_o sundry_a kind_n of_o ship_n but_o what_o time_n as_o augustus_n fight_v the_o battle_n at_o actium_n whereas_o antonye_n by_o the_o aid_n of_o the_o people_n of_o liburnia_n be_v chief_o overcome_v it_o appear_v by_o the_o experiment_n of_o so_o great_a a_o conflict_n that_o the_o liburnian_a ship_n be_v more_o fit_a for_o the_o war_n than_o other_o and_o according_a to_o the_o fashion_n of_o they_o do_v the_o roman_n emperor_n afterward_o build_v their_o navye_n borrow_v of_o they_o both_o their_o name_n and_o their_o likeness_n for_o liburnia_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o country_n call_v dalmatia_n lie_v nigh_o to_o the_o city_n call_v â—adera_fw-mi after_o who_o example_n now_o the_o ship_n of_o war_n be_v build_v &_o be_v name_v liburnae_fw-la ¶_o with_o what_o diligence_n the_o galley_n or_o ship_n call_v liburnae_fw-la be_v make_v chap._n xxxiiii_o like_a as_o in_o build_v of_o house_n man_n seek_v diligent_o for_o good_a mortar_n and_o stone_n even_o so_o ought_v good_a stuff_n be_v seek_v for_o the_o frame_n and_o make_v of_o ship_n and_o so_o much_o rather_o because_o the_o danger_n be_v great_a if_o a_o ship_n be_v faltye_n than_o a_o house_n therefore_o if_o you_o will_v build_v a_o liburnian_a vessel_n choose_v chief_o to_o make_v it_o of_o cyprysse_n and_o pine_n tree_n larche_n &_o fir_n than_o any_o other_o timber_n and_o for_o your_o nail_n it_o be_v more_o profitable_a to_o have_v they_o of_o brass_n than_o iron_n although_o the_o cost_n be_v great_a for_o iron_n nail_n will_v soon_o be_v rusty_a with_o water_n and_o so_o consume_v but_o brazen_a nail_n for_o all_o the_o water_n do_v keep_v their_o natural_a substance_n still_o ¶_o what_o heed_n must_v be_v take_v in_o cut_v down_o of_o timber_n chap._n xxxv_o the_o timber_n whereof_o galley_n must_v be_v make_v ought_v to_o be_v cut_v down_o between_o the_o xv_o and_o the_o xxiii_o day_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o this_o must_v especial_o be_v observe_v for_o none_o other_o but_o only_o that_o which_o be_v cut_v in_o these_o eight_o day_n will_v be_v free_a from_o worm_n and_o rot_v that_o which_o be_v upon_o any_o other_o day_n hew_v down_o within_o a_o year_n space_n will_v be_v worm_n eat_v and_o turn_v to_o dust_n and_o this_o do_v all_o carpenter_n know_v to_o be_v true_a by_o their_o skill_n and_o daily_a experience_n ¶_o in_o what_o month_n timber_n shall_v be_v cut_v down_o chap._n xxxvi_o it_o be_v good_a cut_n of_o
timber_n in_o july_a and_o august_n and_o so_o till_o the_o first_o of_o january_n for_o then_o be_v tree_n most_o without_o sap_n and_o therefore_o the_o timber_n both_o dry_a and_o strong_a but_o you_o must_v beware_v that_o straight_o upon_o the_o cut_n down_o your_o timber_n you_o square_v it_o not_o nor_o make_v your_o ship_n of_o it_o as_o soon_o as_o you_o have_v square_v it_o for_o timber_n ask_v a_o double_a dry_a time_n one_o before_o it_o be_v sawen_z and_o another_o after_o and_o so_o shall_v it_o be_v thorough_o dry_a and_o fit_v for_o your_o use_n whereas_o if_o you_o put_v green_a timber_n or_o board_n into_o a_o ship_n within_o a_o while_n after_o when_o it_o wax_v dry_a it_o will_v shrink_v and_o make_v wide_a rift_n which_o be_v most_o perilous_a for_o those_o that_o be_v in_o the_o ship_n ¶_o of_o the_o bigness_n and_o fashion_n of_o galley_n call_v liburnae_fw-la chap._n xxxvij_o as_o touch_v the_o quantity_n or_o greatness_n of_o the_o galley_n name_v liburnae_fw-la the_o least_o of_o all_o have_v every_o one_o one_o row_n or_o bench_n of_o oar_n they_o that_o be_v somewhat_o great_a have_v then_o they_o that_o be_v of_o a_o convenient_a bigness_n have_v three_o or_o four_o or_o else_o sometime_o five_o neither_o let_v this_o thing_n seem_v strange_a to_o any_o man_n see_v that_o in_o the_o battle_n at_o actium_n there_o be_v much_o great_a galley_n than_o i_o have_v speak_v of_o so_o that_o some_o have_v six_o rank_n of_o oar_n and_o above_o but_o small_a boat_n that_o serve_v for_o scout_n and_o go_v always_o with_o the_o great_a galley_n have_v almost_o twenty_o rower_n in_o each_o side_n the_o old_a briton_n term_v these_o kind_n of_o boat_n pictas_fw-la their_o use_n be_v sudden_o to_o steal_v upon_o the_o enemy_n ship_n and_o to_o meet_v with_o their_o provision_n by_o the_o way_n and_o to_o spy_v out_o their_o counsel_n and_o to_o geve_v warn_v of_o their_o come_n and_o if_o you_o will_v not_o have_v they_o descry_v by_o their_o whiteness_n you_o may_v colour_n their_o sail_n and_o tacklinge_n with_o a_o light_n blue_a because_o that_o be_v like_o the_o sea_n colour_n and_o with_o the_o same_o likewise_o stain_v your_o pitch_n wherewith_o you_o dress_v your_o ship_n and_o let_v your_o soldier_n and_o mariner_n apparel_n be_v likewise_o colour_v with_o the_o same_o that_o neither_o in_o the_o night_n nor_o day_n time_n they_o may_v well_o be_v espy_v in_o their_o scout_n ¶_o the_o name_n and_o number_n of_o the_o wind_n chap._n xxxviij_o vuhosoever_o carry_v a_o army_n with_o his_o navye_n aught_o to_o foreknow_v the_o sign_n of_o storm_n and_o whirlwind_n for_o galley_n have_v more_o often_o be_v take_v away_o with_o tempest_n and_o surge_n then_o with_o the_o force_n of_o enemy_n in_o the_o which_o behalf_n the_o whole_a cunning_n and_o knowledge_n of_o natural_a philosophy_n be_v to_o be_v use_v by_o the_o which_o we_o learn_v you_o nature_n of_o wind_n and_o tempest_n by_o a_o certain_a divine_a kind_n or_o mean_a and_o in_o a_o rough_a and_o rage_a sea_n even_o as_o heed_n take_v do_v defend_v and_o save_v they_o that_o be_v ware_n and_o cyrcunspecte_v so_o negligence_n do_v cast_v they_o a_o way_n that_o lie_v reckless_a &_o careless_a therefore_o he_o that_o will_v be_v skilful_a in_o sail_v ought_v first_o to_o consider_v the_o number_n and_o also_o the_o name_n of_o wind_n old_a warrior_n persuade_v themselves_o that_o accord_v to_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o four_o coast_n of_o heaven_n that_o only_o four_o principal_a wind_n do_v usual_o blow_v from_o every_o part_n thereof_o but_o a_o latter_a time_n find_v out_o twelve_o wind_n by_o experience_n we_o have_v set_v forth_o the_o name_n of_o the_o same_o to_o put_v all_o manner_n of_o doubt_n clean_o away_o so_o that_o the_o principal_a wind_n be_v declare_v we_o may_v show_v those_o also_o which_o be_v join_v to_o the_o same_o both_o on_o the_o right_a side_n and_o on_o the_o left_a therefore_o from_o the_o place_n where_o the_o son_n stay_v in_o the_o spring_n time_n that_o be_v to_o say_v from_o the_o chief_a and_o middle_a point_n of_o the_o east_n come_v the_o plain_a eastwind_n unto_o this_o be_v keep_v the_o middle_a point_n of_o the_o south_n unto_o this_o be_v join_v on_o the_o right_a side_n the_o south_n southeast_n wind_n on_o the_o left_a side_n the_o south_n south-west_n wind_n the_o plain_a west_n wind_n keep_v the_o middle_a point_n of_o the_o west_n unto_o this_o on_o the_o right_a side_n be_v join_v the_o west_n northwest_o wind_n on_o the_o left_a side_n y_fw-fr west_n southwest_n wind_n the_o plain_a northwynd_n do_v keep_v the_o middle_a point_n of_o the_o north_n â–ª_o unto_o which_o be_v join_v on_o the_o right_a side_n the_o north_n north-east_n wind_n &_o on_o the_o left_a side_n y_fw-fr northnorthwest_n wind_n of_o these_o oftentimes_o blow_v one_o at_o once_o sometime_o two_o at_o once_o but_o in_o great_a tempest_n yea_o three_o be_v wont_a to_o blow_v together_o the_o sea_n which_o of_o their_o own_o nature_n be_v still_o and_o quiet_a through_o the_o vehemency_n of_o these_o wind_n wax_v rough_a with_o rage_v and_o troublesome_a wave_n as_o these_o wind_n blow_n accord_v to_o the_o nature_n of_o time_n or_o place_n so_o tempest_n be_v turn_v into_o calm_a weather_n contrariwise_o calm_a weather_n into_o tempest_n and_o â—_o lucky_a wind_n bring_v a_o navy_n to_o the_o most_o desire_a haven_n thâ—_z contrary_a wind_n compelle_n a_o man_n to_o lie_v a_o loof_o go_v back_o again_o â–ª_o or_o else_o to_o sustain_v peril_n and_o that_o man_n therefore_o dotâ—_n seldom_o suffer_v shipwreck_n which_o have_v diligent_o considereâ—_n the_o nature_n and_o reason_n of_o the_o wind_n ¶_o in_o what_o month_n man_n may_v sail_v more_o safe_o than_o other_o chap._n thirty-nine_o now_o it_o follow_v to_o speak_v of_o month_n and_o dayeâ—_n for_o neither_o do_v the_o violence_n or_o rage_a of_o the_o sea_n suffer_v man_n to_o sail_v all_o the_o year_n long_o but_o some_o month_n be_v most_o convenient_a to_o sail_v in_o some_o be_v uncertain_a &_o doubtful_a and_o other_o not_o to_o be_v use_v at_o all_o during_o the_o course_n of_o y_fw-es clear_a and_o lightsome_a time_n of_o summer_n that_o be_v to_o say_v after_o the_o rise_v of_o the_o pleyade_n in_o latin_a vergilie_n in_o english_a the_o seven_o star_n from_o the_o xxvii_o day_n of_o may_n unto_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o star_n call_v arcturus_n otherwise_o in_o greek_a boâ—tes_n that_o be_v to_o say_v unto_o the_o xiiii_o day_n of_o september_n sail_v be_v think_v good_a and_o safe_a because_o through_o the_o benefit_n of_o summer_n the_o rage_n of_o the_o wind_n be_v assuage_v â–ª_o after_o this_o time_n unto_o the_o vi_fw-la day_n of_o november_n sail_v be_v more_o uncertain_a and_o more_o dangerous_a because_o after_o the_o xiii_o day_n of_o september_n arcturus_n do_v rise_v the_o most_o vehement_n star_n of_o all_o other_o the_o xxiiii_o day_n of_o september_n come_v in_o the_o rage_a time_n of_o the_o equinoctial_a about_o the_o seven_o day_n of_o october_n do_v arise_v certain_a star_n call_v haedâ—â—pluuâ—ales_n betoken_v rain_n the_o xi_o â–ª_o of_o october_n do_v rise_v the_o star_n call_v taurus_n but_o from_o the_o month_n of_o november_n the_o go_v down_o of_o the_o seven_o star_n which_o be_v in_o winter_n do_v trouble_v the_o ship_n with_o many_o tempest_n therefore_o from_o the_o xi_o day_n of_o november_n unto_o the_o x._o day_n of_o march_n the_o sea_n be_v shut_v up_o for_o why_o the_o very_a short_a day_n the_o long_a night_n â–ª_o the_o thickness_n of_o cloud_n the_o darkness_n of_o the_o air_n the_o double_a rage_v of_o the_o wind_n shower_n and_o snow_n do_v much_o trouble_n and_o drive_v away_o not_o only_o navye_v from_o the_o sea_n but_o also_o goer_n by_o the_o way_n or_o traveller_n from_o a_o journey_n on_o the_o land_n but_o after_o the_o birth_n day_n of_o sail_v as_o i_o may_v term_v it_o or_o first_o set_v forth_o of_o ship_n to_o the_o sea_n which_o be_v keep_v solemn_a with_o yearly_a game_n and_o common_a shoe_n or_o spectaâ—les_n of_o many_o nation_n the_o sea_n be_v dangerous_a to_o prove_v unto_o the_o xv_o day_n of_o may_n by_o reason_n of_o many_o star_n raygninge_v and_o also_o of_o the_o time_n itself_o not_o that_o the_o travail_n of_o merchant_n shall_v cease_v but_o because_o there_o be_v more_o heed_n to_o be_v take_v when_o a_o army_n do_v fail_v with_o galley_n then_o when_o the_o foolish_a &_o greedy_a hardiness_n for_o private_a merchandise_n do_v make_v haste_n thereunto_o ¶_o after_o what_o manner_n the_o sign_n and_o token_n of_o tempest_n may_v be_v observe_v chap._n xl_o moreover_o the_o rise_n and_o go_v down_o of_o certain_a star_n do_v