of an Island called by Pomponius Mela Ptolemy and Iuvenal Iuverna by Strabo Claudian and the Inhabitants thereof Ierna That which some call the Nerian Promontory Strabo calls Ierne Iernus or Iern a River of Gallaecia Mela calls it Ierna Iernus is also a River of Ireland In Ptolemy 't is reckoned a River of Scotland falling into Tay. Another of the same Name glides through Murray the Country adjacent to both is called Ierna We read of the City Mediolanum in Ptolemy as one Insubrum of the Santones another of the Aulerci Eburaici another by the Loir i. e. Menu a fourth by Sequana or the Sein now as I think named Meulan or Melun another in High Germany called Alciburgum another by the Danow another in Britain of which mention is made in the Itinerary of Antoninus Also Marcolica a Town in Spain Macolica in Ireland Vaga a River in Portugal and another of Wales in England Avo in Mela Avus in Ptolemy a River of Galaecia as yet retains its Name In Argyle there is also a River of the same Name flowing out of the Lough Awe The Promontorium Sacrum one is in Spain another in Ireland Ocellum is a Promontory in Britain Ocellum is also in Gallaecia in the Luceâ—sian District Ocelli are Mountains in Scotland Ocellum is the last Town of Gallia Togata Caesar mentions Vxellum a Town in Britain perhaps for Ocellum for Martianus in explaining the Ancient Names of the Cities of Gallia says that the Word is variously writ Ocellum Oscela and Oscellium hence perhaps comes Vxellodunum which is also sometimes writ Vxellodurum So there is Tamar a River of Gallaecia Ptolemy Tamaris in Mela Tamarici a People of Gallaecia the River Tamarus Pliny and Tamara a Town in Britain Sars a River of Gallaecia Ptolemy Sarcus in Scotland Mela. Ebora a Town of Portugal called Lâ—bâ—ralitas Iulia in Pliny and Ptolemy Ebura that which is Cerealis in Boetica in Pliny is Ebora Ptolemy mentions Aulerci Eburaici in Gallia Celtica and also Eboracum i. e. York of the British Brigantes Deva now d ee a River of England and three in Scotland so called one in Galway another in Angus the third divides Merne from Marr. The Cornavii in England are in the farthest part of the West in Scotland they are the farthest North. Both of them are now called Kernici there seems also to have been a third sort of Kernici in Scotland at the Mouth of the River Avennus or Even which is the boundary between the Coasts of Lothian and Sterling For Bede makes the Monastery of Abercorn to be at the end of Severus his Wall where now the Ruins of the Castle of Abercorn do appear Aven is often read a River both of England and Scotland Aven in Scotish and Avon in Welsh signifies a River Of the Three Nations which first inhabited this Island after the coming of Caesar the Britains were Subject to the Emperors of Rome successively little less than Five Hundred years but the Scots and Picts were under the subjection of their own Kings At length when all the Neighbouring Nations did conspire for the Destruction of the Romans they recalled their Armies from their most remote Provinces to maintain their Empire at home And by this means the Britains being destitute of Foreign Aid were miserably vexed by the Scots and Picts insomuch that they craved Aid of the Saxons which then infested the Seas with a Pyratical Navy But that project cost them dear For the Saxons having repelled the Picts and Scots being tempted by the fertility of the Country and the weakness of the Inhabitants aspired to make themselves Masters of the Island But after various Successes in War seeing they could not arrive at what they aimed at by Force they resolved to accost the Britains by Fraud Their Stratagem was this There being a Conference or Treaty agreed upon at a set Day and Place between the Nobles of both Parties The Saxons having a sign given them by Hengist their Captain slew all the British Nobility and drove the common People into Rugged and Mountainous Places so that they themselves possessed all the Champain and divided the fruitfulest part of the Island between them into Seven Kingdoms This was the State of Affairs in Britain about the year of Christ 464. And whereas three German Nations did originally undertake Expeditions into Britain the other two by degrees passed into the Name of English-Men But the Peace made with the Brittons nor with the English amongst themselves was never faithfully observed About the year of our Lord 317 the Danes being powerful at Sea did first molest England with pyratical Incursions but being Valiantly repulsed about Thirty three years after they came with greater Forces and made a descent into the Country with a Land Army At the first conflict they were Victors but afterwards they contended with the English with various Successes till in the year 1012. Swain having wholly subdued the Britains by their publick Consent obtained the Kingdom which yet remain'd but a few years in his Family For the Saxons having again Created Kings of their own Nation about Twenty four years after were overcome by William the Norman most of their Nobility being Slain and their Lands divided among the Normans by which means the common People were kept in a miserable Slavery till Henry the Sevenths time who easing part of their burden made the condition of the Commonalty a little more Tolerable But those which are in favour with the King or would seem to be truly Illustrious and Noble derive their whole Sept from the Normans These are the discoveries which I have been able to make out of ancient Writings and other no obscure Indications concerning the Original Customs and Language of the Three Ancientest Nations in Britain all which do induce me to believe that the old Britains and the other Inhabitants of Britain were derived from the Gauls and did originally use the Gallick Speech of which many Footsteps do manifestly appear both in France and Britain Neither ought it to seem strange if in a Language which admits of a change each moment of our Life many things receive different Names in divers places especially in a such a Longinquity of time yeâ— we may rather admire that the same Foundations of a Language that I may so speak and the same manner of Declension and Derivation doth yet continue amongst a People so far remote one from another and so seldom agreeing together in converse of Life yea oft being at mortal fewds one with another Concerning the other Three Nations the Angles Danes and Normans we need make no solicitous Inquiry seeing the Times and Causes of their coming are known almost to all But I have entred upon this task that
before whereupon they forbad him to enter their Borders but sent him Word That they themselves without his Presence would gather Money for and send Souldiers to the Syrian War and indeed they sent Souldiers under the Command of the Earls of Carick and Athol Two of the Chief Nobility to Lâ—wis King of Franâ—e and to the Pope lest he might think himself altogether disesteemed they sent 1000 Marks of Silver The Year after Henry King of England died and his Son Edward the First succeeded him at whose Coronation Alexander and his Wife were present she returning died soon after yea David the Kings Son and also Alexander being newly Married to the Daughter of the Earl of Flanders followed her a little time after by their continued Funerals Margarite also the Kings Daughter departed this Life who left a Daughter behind her begot by Hangonanus King of Norwey Alexander being thus in a few years deprived both of his Wife and Children too took to Wife Ioleta the Daughter of the Earl of Dreux and within a Year he fell from his Horse and broke his Neck not far from Kinghorn in the Year of our Lord 1285. and the Fourteenth of the Calends of April he lived Forty Five years and Reigned Thirty Seven He was more missed than any King of Scotland had been before him not so much for the eminent Virtues of his Mind and the Accomplishments of his Body as that People foresaw what great Calamities would befal the Kingdom upon his Decease Those wholsome Laws which he made are antiquated by the Negligence of Men and the Length of Time and their Utility is rather celebrated by Report than experienced by Trial. He divided the Kingdom into Four Parts and almost every year he Travelled them all over staying well near Three Months in each of them to do Justice and to hear the complaints of the Poor who had free Access to him all that time Assoon as he went to an Assize or Sessions he Commanded the Prefect or Sheriff of that Precinct to meet him with a select number of Men and also to accompany him at his departure to the end of his Bailywick till the next Precinct where he was Guarded by another like Company By this means he became acquainted with all the Nobility and was as well known to them and the People as he went were not burthen'd with a Troop of Courtiers who are commonly Imperious and given to Avarice where they come He commanded the Magistrates to punish all Idle Persons who followed no Trade nor had any Estates to maintain them for his Opinion was That Idleness was the Source and Fountain of all Wickedness He reduced the Horse-Train of the Nobles when they travelled to a certain number because he thought that the Multitude of Horses which were unfit for War would spend too much Provision And whereas by reason of Unskilfulness in Navigation or else by Mens Avarice in committing themselves rashly to Sea many Shipwracks had happened and the Violence of Pyrates making an Accession thereto the Company of Merchants were almost undone he commanded they should Traffick no more by Sea That Order lasted about an Year but being accounted by many of a publick Prejudice at length so great a Quantity of Foreign Commodities were imported that in Scotland they were never in the Memory of Man more or less cheap In this Case that he might study the good of the Merchants-Company he forbad that any but Merchants should buy what was imported by whole Sale but what every Man wanted he was to buy it at second Hand or by Retail from them The Eighth BOOK ALEXANDER and his whole Lineage besides one 〈◊〉 by his Daughter being extinct a Convention of the Estates was held at Scone to Treat about Creating a new King and setling the State of the Kingdom whither when most of the Nobility were come in the first place they appointed Vicegerents to govern Matters at present so dividing the Provinces That Duncan Mackduff should preside over Fife of which he was Earl Iohn Cumins Earl of Buchan over Buchan William Frazer Archbishop of St. Andrews over that Part of the Kingdom which lay Northward And that Robert Bishop of Glascow Another Iohn Cumins and Iohn Stuart should Govern the Southern Countries and that the Boundary in the midst should be the River Forth Edward King of England knowing that his Sisters 〈◊〉 Daughter of the King of Norway was the only surviving Person of all the Posterity of Alexander and that She was the Lawful Heiress of the Kingdom of Scotland sent Ambassadors into Scotland to desire Her as a Wife for his Son The Embassadors in the Session discoursed much of the publick Utility like to accrue to both Kingdoms by this Marriage neither did they find the Scots averse therefrom For Edward was a Man of great Courage and Power yet he desired to increase it and his Valour highly appeared in the Holy War in his Fathers Life time and after his Death in his subduing of Wales neither were there ever more Endearments passed betwixt the Scots and the English than under the last Kings Yea the Ancient Hatred seemed no way more likely to be abolished than if both Nations on Just and Equal Terms might be united into One. For these Reasons the Marriage was easily assented to other Conditions were also added by the consent of both Parties as That the Scots should use their own Laws and Magistrates until Children were begot out of that Marriage which might Govern the Kingdom or if no such were begot or being born if they dyed before they came to the Crown then the Kingdom of Scotland was to pass to the next Kinsman of the Blood-Royal Matters being thus setled Embassadors were sent into Norway Michael or as others call him David Weems and Michael Scot Two eminent Knights of Fife and much Famed for their Prudence in those days But Margarite for that was the Name of the young Princess dyed before they came thither so that they returned home in a sorrowful posture without their errand By reason of the untimely death of this young Lady a Controversie arose concerning the Kingdom which mightily shook England but almost quite ruined Scotland The Competitors were Men of great Power Iohn Baliol and Robert Bruce of which Baliol had Lands in France Bruce in England but Both of them great Possessions and Allies in Scotland But before I enter upon their Disputes that all things may be more clear to the Reader I must fetch them down a little higher The Three last Kings of Scotland William and the Two Alexanders The Second and the Third and their whole Off-spring being extinct there remained none who could lawfully claim the Kingdom but the Posterity of David Earl of Huntington This David was Brother to King William and Great Uncle to Alexander the Third He Married Maud in England Daughter to the Earl of Chester by whom he had Three
Soldiers both English and Scots promiscuously to the Sword and that others might be deterred from the like Obstinacy by their Example he razed their Walls and filled up their Trenches The Terror of that Example caused Dumfriez Lanerick Air and Bote and many other weaker Forts to Surrender At the beginning of the Spring Roxburgh was taken by Iames Douglas when the Garison was intent upon their Sports and Pastimes in those Revels which were wont to be celebrated at the beginning of Lent And not long after Thomas Randolph recovered the Strong Castle of Edinburgh The Isle of Man was also surrendred and the Castles thereof demolished that they might not again be a Receptacle to the Enemy In the mean time Edward Bruce closely besieged the Castle of Sterlin scituate on a Rock steep every way but one where the Passage to it lay It was defended by Philip Mowbray a vigilant Commander who perceiving the Success of the Brucians in Scotland and foreseeing a Siege had mightily stored and fortified it with Arms and Provisions before hand And therefore when Edward had fruitlessly spent many days in besieging it and had no hopes to carry it by force That he might not seem to be repulsed without doing any thing he enters into Conditions with Mowbray That if he was not relieved in an Year to commence from that very Day by the English then the Castle was to be surrendred and the Garison should have Liberty Bag and Baggage to march whither they pleased These Conditions did much displease the King yet that he might not detract from his Brothers Credit he resolved to observe them Yet in regard he did not doubt but the English would come at the time appointed he prepares as much as in so great a scarcity of things he was able to manage his last Encounter with his potent Enemy And indeed Edward considering that he was not only dispossessed of Scotland whose People his Father had left to him conquered and broken but that England was also in danger had a desire to root out so Rebellious Disobedient and Unquiet a Nation In order whereunto he levied an Army not only of English and such Scots who adhered to them but he increased it by supplys from his Transmarine Dominions which then were many great and opulent so that his Army was bigger than ever any King of England had before Yea he received also an Accession of Force from his Allyes beyond the Seas especially from Flanders and Holland whom his Father had strenuously assisted against Philip King of France They say it consisted of above 100000 Fighting men There followed also his Army a Multitude of Baggagers Attendants and Sutlers who carries Provision both by Sea and Land because they were to come into a Country not very fruitful of it self and besides which had so many years before been harassed with all the Miseries of War Moreover there was a Multitude of Such as were to set out or describe Colonies and to receive Dividends of Land who brought their Wives and Children along with them so that the Force of so Rich Powerful and Flourishing a Kingdom as England was being thus as it were abridged and epitomized into one Army the Consideration thereof produced such a Confidence in them all That now all the Discourse was not of Fighting but rather of Dividing the Spoil Bruce hearing of this great Preparation of the Enemy prepares also his Forces far inferiour in Number to so great a Multitude as being Thirty Thousand only but such as were inured to Hardships and the Toyl of a Civil War and who now carried the Hopes of their Lives Fortunes and of all that is dear to Men as it were on the Point of their Swords With this Army he sate down on the left Bank of the River Bannock This River hath steep Banks on Both sides and it had but a few and those too narrow Passages or Fords it is about Two Miles from Sterlin Below the Hills before it makes its influxe into the Forth it passeth thrô a little leveller Ground yet here and there it is Marshy In the Winter it usually runs with a rapid Torrent but in that hot Time of the Year the Water was but Low and Fordable in many Places Bruce by how much the Weaker in Force was so much the more Circumspect and therefore he used Art and Policy to make the Passage over the River more difficult to the English who possessed the right-hand Bank thereof In order whereunto he caused deep Trenches to be dug in level Places wherein he fastened sharp Stakes or Spikes and covered them with some light Turffs a top that so his Stratagem might not be discovered and moreover he caused Calthrops of Iron to be thrown up and down on the Ground in Places most convenient Wherefore when Camp was almost joyned to Camp as being on different Hills only a small River between them Edward sent 800 Horse a little before to Sterlin who marched a little off from the Camp Robert imagining that they were sent to plunder in the Neighbourhood gave command to Thomas Randolph to follow them with 500 Horse either to prevent the stragglers in wasting the Country or if a fit Occasion were offered to fight them The English seeing them desisted from their intended March to Sterlin and faced about The Fight was sharp and continued long the Victory inclining for a time to neither Party so that Iames Douglas being concerned for the Scots who were the fewer in Number earnestly desired Bruce That he might go and relieve them Bruce peremptorily denied him whereupon tho' at present a Spectator only from an Hill yet he resolved if the Scots were further distressed to succour them but perceiving the English to give back and the Scots to get Ground he stopped his March that so he might detract nothing from another mans Praise The English having lost but those Few out of so numerous an Army were not discouraged in their Spirits and also the Scots prepared themselves for the Encounter the next day as if they had already received an Omen of a compleat Victory The Night thô very short for the Battel was fought on the 9 th of the Calends of Iuly yet seemed long to both Parties for the Eagerness they had to Fight All the Scots were divided into Three Brigades The King led the Middle or Main Battel His Brother Commanded the Right Wing and Randolf the Left The English besides a multitude of Archers which they placed on the outside of Both their Wings had also Curiassiers out of France They speeding towards Randolf who stood on the Lower Ground and endeavouring to fall obliquely on his Flank fell suddainly into the Diâ—ches made by Bruce where they tumbled one upon another with great Slaughter both of Man and Horse They that first fell in were Slain by the pressure of Those that fell upon them and the last Ranks being discouraged at the loss of the
the Male-Line fail'd it should return to the King in regard 't was a Male-Feo as Lawyers now speak This Young Man's Loss who was absent and also an Hostage did move many to Commiserate his Case but Robert his Tutor took it so heinously that it made him almost Mad. For he taking the Case of his Kinsman more impatiently than others did not cease to accuse the King openly of Injustice and being Summon'd to Answer for it in Law he appear'd not and thereupon was banish'd the Land This made his fierce mind more enrag'd for revenge as being irritated by a new Injury So that he joyn'd secret Counsels with those who had also their Estates confiscated or who took the punishments of their Friends tho' justly inflicted in great disdain or who accus'd the King as a Covetous man because he was so intent upon his gain that he had not rewarded them according to their Expectations And besides he bewailed That not only many noble Families were brought to ruin but that the Wardships of Young Nobles which were wont to be the Rewards of Valiant Men were now altogether in the Kings hands so that all the wealth of the Kingdom was almost in one hand and others might starve for misery and want under such an unjust Valuer of their labours Now that which he upbraided him concerning Wardships with is This 'T is the Custom in Scotland England some Countrys of France that Young Gentlemen or Nobles when their Parents dye should remain in the Tutelage of those whose Feudatarys they are till they arrive at the age of 21 Years and all the Profits of their Estates besides the Charges necessary for their Education and also the Dowry given with their Wives comes to such their Tutors and Guardians Now these Tutelages or as they are commonly call'd Wardships were wont to be Sold to the next of kin for a great Sum of Money or sometimes well deserving men were gratify'd with them So that they expected Benefit upon the Sale of such Wardships or Incomes for a reward by their keeping of them But now they were much vex'd that the King took them all to himself neither did they conceal their vexation and displeasure When the King heard of these Murmurings and Complaints he excus'd the thing as done by Necessity because the publick Revenue had been so lessen'd by former Kings and Governors that the King could not maintain his Family like himself nor be decently guarded and attended nor yet give Magnificent Entertainment to Ambassadors without them Besides he alleged that this Parsimony and Care of the King in providing Money in all just and honest Ways was not unprofitable to the Nobility themselves whose greatest damage was to have the Kings Exchequer low For then Kings were wont to extort by Force from the Rich what they could not be without yea sometimes they were forced to burden and vex the Commons too by exacting Taxes and Payments from them and that the Parsimony of the King was far less prejudicial to the Publick by imposing a Mean to immoderate Donations than his Profuseness was wont to be for then he was still forc'd to seize on other Mens Estates when his Own was consum'd This answer satisfy'd all those who were Moderate but those who were more Violent and who rather sought after occasions of complaint than were willing to hear any just Compurgation of an imputed Crime were more vehemently enraged by it This was the State of Scotland when Embassadors arrived out of France to fetch Margarit Iames his Daughter who had before been betrothed to Lewis Son of Charles the 7th home to her Husband That Embassy brought on another from the English For seeing that the Duke of Burgundy was alienated from their Friendship and meditated a revolt and that Paris and other transmarine Provinces were up in a Tumult lest when all the strength of the Kingdom was drawn out to the French War the Scots should invade them on the other side The English sent Embassadors into Scotland to hinder the Renovation of the League with France and the Consummation of the Marriage but rather to persuade a perpetual League with them who were born in the same Island and us'd the same Language And if they would do so and solemnly Swear That they would have the same Friends and Enemies with the English then they promis'd that their King would quit his claim to Berwick Roxburgh and other Places and Countrys which were before in Controversy betwixt the Nations Iames referr'd the Desire of the English to the Assembly of the Estates then met at Perth where after a long debate upon it the Ecclesiasticks were divided into two Factions but the Nobility cry'd out That they knew well enough the Fraud of the English who by this new League sought to break their old Band of Alliance with the French that so when the Scots had lost their Ancient Friend they might be more obnoxious to them if at any time they were freed from other Cares and could wholly intend a War with Scotland and that the liberal Promises of the English were for no other End but as for themselves they would stand to their old League and not violate their Faith once given The English being thus repuls'd turn from Petitions to Threats and seeing they refus'd to embrace their Friendships they denounc'd War telling the Scots that if their King sent over his betroth'd Daughter into France one that was an Enemy to the English The English would hinder their Passage if they could yea and take them Prisoners and their Retinue too having a Fleet ready fitted for that purpose This Commination of the Embassadors was so far from terrifying Iames that he rigg'd his Navy and Shipped a great Company of Noblemen and Ladies for her Train and so caus'd his Daughter to set Sail sooner than he had determin'd that he might prevent the designs of the Englâ—sh And yet notwithstanding all this precaution it was God's Providence rather than Man's Care that she came not into the Enemies hand for when they were not far from the Place where the English concealing themselves waited for their Coming behold upon a sudden a Fleet of Hollanders appear'd laden with Wine from Rochel to Flanders The English Fleet made after them with all their Sail because the Burgundian being a little before reconciled to the French did oppose their Enemies with all his might and being nimble Ships they quietly fetcht them up being heavy laden and unarm'd and as easily took them but before they could bring them into Port the Spaniards set upon them unawares and took away their Prey and sent the Flandrians safe home Amidst such changeable Fortune betwixt Three Nations the Scots landed at Rochel without seeing any Enemy They were met with many Nobles of the French Court and were brought to Tours where the Marriage was Celebrated to the great Joy and mutual Gratulation of Both Nations Upon this Occasion
that time he had retir'd to the House of his Brother the Earl of Arran which was near to the House where the King was slain Whereas before he always us'd to live in some Eminent part of the City where he might conveniently receive Visits and curry Favour with the People by Feasting them and besides Lights were seen in his House and a Watch all the Night from the upper part of the City and when the design'd Powder-Clap was then the Lights were put out and his Vassals many of whom watch'd in their Arms were forbidden to go out of Doors But the true Story of the matter of Fact which broke out after some Months gave occasion to People to look upon those things as certain Indications which before were but Suspicions only When the Murder was committed presently Messengers were sent into England who were to Report That the King of Scots was cruelly Murdered by his Subjects by the contrivance especially of Murray and Morton The News was presently brought to Court which so inflam'd all the English to the hatred of the whole Nation that for some days no Scots Man durst walk abroad without Danger of his Life and tho many Letters past to and fro discovering the secret Contrivances of the Design yet they could hardly be appeas'd The King's Body having been left a while as a Spectacle to be gaz'd upon and a great Concourse of People continually stockt thither the Queen order'd That it should be laid on a Form or Bier turn'd upside down and brought by Porters into the Palace There she her Self viewed the Body the fairest of that Age and yet her Countenance discover'd not the secrets of her Mind neither one way or other The Nobles there present Decreed that a Royal and Magnificent Funeral should be made for him But the Queen caus'd him to be carry'd forth by Bearers in the Night to be buried in no manner of State and that which increas'd the Indignity the more was that his Grave was made near David Rizes as if she design'd to Sacrifice the Life of her Husband to the Ghost of that filthy Varlet There were Two Prodigies hapning at that time which are worth the while to relate One of them a little preceded the Murder it was This One Iames Londin a Gentleman of Fife having been long Sick of a Feaver the day before the King was kill'd about Noon lifted up himself a little out of his Bed and as if he had been astonish'd cry'd out to those that stood by him with a loud Voice to go help the King for the Parricides was just now Murdering him and a while after he call'd out with a mournful Tone Now 't is too late to help he is already Slain and he himself lived not long after he had utter'd those Words The Other did accompany the Murder it self Three of the familiar Friends of the Earl of Athol's the King's Cousin Men of Reputation for Valour and Estate had their Lodgings not far from the King 's when they were asleep about Midnight there was a certain Man seem'd to come to Dugal Stuart who lay next the Wall and to draw his Hand gently over his Beard and Cheek so to awake him saying Arise they are off'ring Violence to us He presently awak'd and considering the Apparition within himself Another of them cries out presently in the same Bed Who kicks me Dugal answer'd perhaps 't is a Cat which us'd to walk about in the Night whereupon the 3 d which was not yet awake rose presently out of his Bed and was going to run away demanding Who it was that had given him a box on the Ear as soon as he had spoken it one seem'd to go out of the House by the Door not without some Noise Whilst they were descanting on what they had heard and seen The noise of the King's House that was blown up drove them all into a great Fright He that took the Murder most heinously was Iohn Stuart Earl of Athol as for other Reasons so because he was the chief Maker of the Match between the Queen and him The Night after the Murder arm'd Guards watch'd the Palace at Night as in such sudden Consternations is usual and they hearing the outside Wall of the Earl of Athols Lodging make a Noise or Crack as if some were gently digging at the Foundation they rais'd the Family which went no more to Bed that Night The day after the Earl went into the Town and a little after that went home for fear of his Life The Earl of Murray at his return to Court from St. Andrews was not without danger neither for arm'd Men walkt about his House at Night but he not being well and his Servants thereupon using to watch with him all Night the Villains could not attempt any thing privately against him and openly they durst not At length Bothwel who would willingly have been freed from such a trouble resolved to perform the wicked Fact with his own Hands And therefore about Midnight he askt his Domesticks how Murray did They told him he was grievously troubled with the Gout What said he if we should go see him and presently he rose up and was hastening to his House As he was going he was inform'd by his Domesticks that he was gone to his Brother Roberts to be at more Freedom and Ease out of the Noise of the Court whereupon he held his Peace stood still grieving that he had lost so fair an Opportunity and so return'd home The Queen mean while look'd very demurely and dissembling great Sorrow thought That way to reconcile the People to her but that speeded as ill with her as the rest of the Conspiracy For whereas it was the Custom time out of Mind for Queens after their Husbands Death to abstain several Days not only from the sight of Men but even from seeing the Light she indeed personated a fain'd Grief but her Joy did so exceed it that thô the Doors were shut yet the Windows were open and casting off her mourning Weeds in 4 days she could well enough bear the sight of the Sun and Air And before 12 days were over her Mind was harden'd against the talks of the People and she went to Seton about 7 Miles from the Town Bothwel never departing from her side there her Carriage was such that she seemed somewhat chang'd in the Apparel of her Body but nothing at all in the habit of her Mind The Place was full of the Nobility and she went daily abroad to the accustom'd Sports thô some of them were not so fit for the Female Sex But the coming of Mr. D'Crocke a French-Man who had often before been Embassador in Scotland did somewhat disturb their Measures for he telling them how infamous the Matter was amongst Strangers they returned to Edinburgh But Seton I perceive had so many Conveniencies that th◠with the further hazard of her Credit she must needs return thither again There
h Lagos i Inhabitants of the Kingdom of Leon in Spain k Cape of St. Vincent in Portugal l Langroiâ—a m Dwelling by the River Anas in Portugal n Laâ—sanne o Monâ—briga p Santâ—ago de Lacem q Maâ—abriga r Inhabiting the Country of La Mancha in New-Castile s Villa de Capilla t Esâ—â—remedâ—ra u Inhabiting part of Algâ—bâ—a and Meaâ—na 〈◊〉 x Vaâ— de Nâ—bro y Valera z Almunâ—a a Spaniards lying beyond the River â—â—erus in Arragon and Castile b Segorve as Clasius thinks c Talega or Talâ—ga in Portugal d Alcantara e Braganza as some or rather Bâ—gâ—a de Regoa f The Gallicians living near Braga in Portugal g Inhabitants in and about Spire in High Germany h Dwelling in and about â—rianzon i Bregentz * Or Bavarians k Monti de Brianza l Bodensée or Lake of Constance m Inhabitants of Galway Waterford and Tipperary n Brianzon o Capo de Finâ— terrae or Nerium in Gaâ—icia * Almeria * Words compounded of Dunum * Or Lugdunensis the Country about Lâ—ons in France * Highlanders or Islanders a Autun in Burgundy b Chasteaudun c Melun d Lyons e St. Bertrand de Comminges f Noyon * Or Alsatians g Cadâ—nac h Lodun or London i Dunâ—e Roy. k Tours l Rodez * Or Roverguâ—â—â—s m Some take it for Chasteau London n Sela. o Campredon in Catalonia p Almondbury in Yorkshire as Cambden but West Chester as some others * The old Inhabitants of Yorkshire Lancashire Durham Westmerland and Cumberland q Maldon in Essex r Dorchester called also Durnium and Durnovaria from the River Vare gliding by it which ariseth at a Town some few Miles distant called Evarsholt i. e. the head of Vare and passing by Dorchester runs into an Arm of the Sea at Varbam i. e. a Town on the Vare now Warham s Old Inhabitants of Pembroke Cardigan and Carmarthen-Shires formerly called West-Wales a Yverdon b Sedan * Which Anciently comprehended Austria Stiria Carniola c. c Baâ—ryon d Korburgh e Linez or as some Gastenâ—al f Iudenburgh as some Idenaw as others but Windisch Matray as Sanson g Neumarck h Partenkirck i Kâ—rburgh k Semendria or Zinderin l Neupurgh * Words declined from Dur. m Metz. n Inhabitants of Pâ—ïs Messin o Wyck te Duersteden p Briare q Constance r Laufenburgh s Martenach t People of Gallia Narbenensis near the Rhosne a Psullendorff as some but Beyerne Castle as Cluverius b Korburgh c Olmuâ—z d Câ—stenitz e Instat f Fermosello g Duero h Guadalaviar near Valentia i Ledung in the West of Ireland k Inhabitants of Redborn in Hertfordshire l Of Rochester in Kent m Of Leneham in Kent n Of Canterbury o Godmanchester by Huntington p Dorsetshire Men. q Cirencester in Gloucestershire r Laiton in Essâ—x s Dorchester in Dorsetshire t Lutterworth or as some Longborough in Liecestersh u Vald ' Osta x Issoir y Auxerre * Names of Places ending in Magus z Badajox a City in Spain where once the Romans had a Colony 'T is also called Pax Augusta a Noviomagus is a Proper Name for so many places that it is hard to distinguish Them severally in English for it signifies Odenheim Newenburgh Nâ—mmegen Spire Solac Bourg c. b Xuntâ—gners in France c Inhabitants at Lisieux a Town in Normandy and the Country there about called Le-Lieuvin d Nivernois e About Spire f Living at St. Paul de trois Chasteaux a City in Daulphin g Living in and about Berry h Angiers i L'Anjouans k Roven l Beauvois m Beauvoisins n Tournois o Wormes p Living in Armagnac q Argenton r Memmingen s Chelmesford t Thetford u Wood-Cote near Croydon x Inhabitants of Surry as Leland of Sussex as Camden y People about Sterling or as some of Murray in Scotland z Ashwel in Hertford-shire as some or Dunstable in Bedford-shire as others a Ireland hath several Names b Camden thinks it to be the River Maâ—re in Munster in the County of Desmond but why not Loch-Earn in the County of Fermanagh c Earn arising out of Loch-Earn d Strath-Earn e Millain f Xantoign g D'Eureux h Duesburgh or Asburgh i Metelew k Lancaster as Lud Lanvellin in Mongomery-shire as Camden others Midland l Malck on the River Shanon m Wye n Râ—o d' Aves * Awe o Cabo de S. Vincem p Ban in the County of Wexford q Spurnhead in York-shire r Fermosel s Ocel-Hills t Esilles or Exilles u Lestâ—thiel in Cornwal x Cadenac in France y Or Tambre z Tamerton by the River Tamar in Cornwall a Or Ars. b Sarck or Sars in Annandale c Evora d S. Lucar de Barameda * Of d' Eureux * d ee or Die * Cornish * Caâ—â—hness-Men * Three Nations besides the Brittons anciently inhabited this Isle * Saxons invited in by the Brittons * Where by Stratagem they and their General treacherously Murder the English Nobility * Danes invade and Conquer Engâ—and under Swain * William the Norman Conquers the Danâ—s and is Crowned King of England * Three other Nations came into Bâ—itaiâ— * The Authors Ingenuity * Lud fâ—rther câ—nfuted * Mamertinus * All the Inhabitants oâ— Iâ—â—land anciently called Scots * Marcellinus divides the Picts into Dicaledones and Vecturiones See p. 18. * Caledonians Picts and Scots are sometimes called Britains * Bâ—â—tians a People oâ— Magna Grecia in Italy heretofore possessing the two Calalaprâ—â—â— * Romans inhabiting the District abouâ— Rome * 〈…〉 Men. * Scutabrigantes for Scotobrigantes according to Ioseph Scaâ—iger * Hector Boâ—tius mistaken Iron * Ludd censured * Aestiones inhabiting Pâ—ussia Livâ—nia a Miâ—esian Fables o◠〈◊〉 For the Inhabitants of Mâ—â—tum in 〈◊〉 were infamous for telling Tales so far from being true that they had not the least shadow oâ— Truth in them a When Marius by Sylla's Faction was driven out of Rome he hid himself stark naked in the Mud Weeds of the River Liru now Garigliano in the Kingdom of Naples where being found out he was carried to prison at Minturnae a Town hard by whither a Gaul or Cimber being sent to kill him he saw such a Majesty in his Countenance that he return'd without perpetrating the Homicide b Switz â—â— c Iron d Sicambri or Westphaâ—sâ—â—â—s Irony e Brennus's Two f Hector Boâ—tius and Lud compared and Both of them censured for some Mistakes 〈◊〉 taken by Caesar. The description of Britain according to Tacitus b It doth not appear how this resemblance holds and therefore some think those Autâ—â—rs to be better Historians than Resemblancers and indeed â—f the whole Island were not conquered by the Romans as confessedly it was not I do not see how they could give us the perfect Form and Shape thereof a Later Aâ—thoâ—â— can haâ—dly reconcile this reason with the Principles of
Death * Bothwel outlawed †Ianuary 26. ‖ Lent observed on a Politick not Religious Account * Matthew Stuart Earl of Lennox returnâ— out of France after twenty two Years Exile †Henry Stuart his Son comes out of England and is in great Favour with the Queen ‖ The Story of David Rize * In Prâ—vence situated on the Mediterranean-Sea at the foot of the Alps which divides France from Italy near Villa-Franca †Rize his Politick Court to Henry Stuart Lord Darnly Bothwel avoids his Trial. Various Disputes concerning the Queen's marriage with Darnly * Viz. Reformed The Queen actually Marries Henry Lord Darnly Which disgusts many of the Nobility A Politic Maxim both Prudent and also Equitable * A Town standing on the West-side of Clyde 2 Miles above Bothwel-Bridg The Nobles that rose up in Arms are quelled Rize persuades the Queen to cut off some of the Scotish Nobility and to entertain Foreigners as a Guard to her Person The Queen after her hasty Marriage is assoon alienated from the King who at the instigation of Rize is plausibly dismist from Court * Or Pebils * A Castle on North-Esk two Miles above Dalkâ—ith in Mid-Lothian with the demesnes thereof The King being 〈…〉 made sensible of Rizes scandalous Familiarity with the Queen resolves to destroy him The Peremptoriness of Rize ‖ Or President Articles of Agreement betwixt the King and the Nobles for the destruction of Rize c. Rize haled from the Table as he was at Supper with the Queen and slain Damiot's warning to Rize to get him packing out of Scotland which he scornfully rejected Ruven's memorable Speech to the Queen on the occasion of Rize's Death The King takes Rize's Death upon himself †The banished Nobles offer themselves to their Trial. ‖ Rize's Body buried by the Queen's Order in the Sepulchres of the Kings of Scotland * A Proclamatiâ—â— against Rize's Murderers †The Queen delivered of King Iames the Sixth * The Queen disgusts her Husband and favours Bothwel †In Clackmannan-shire on the North side of the Forth below Sterlin ‖ Bothwel wounded by an High-way-Pad †In Liddisdale †A Castle in Mid-Lothian * The Queen falls sick yet continues to flight the Applications of her Husband to her * She meditates a Divorce Strange Disrespect to the King at the Baptism of his own Son Thereupon he withdraws from Court Is poisoned but overcomes 〈◊〉 by the Vigour of his Youth The Story of the Infernal Design to destroy Henry Stuart King of Scotland agitated and complotted with the Series of its Procedure The King strangled And then the House wherein he was blown up with Gunpowder ‖ The Bishop of St. Andrews shrewdly suspected about the King's Death The Assassiâ—â— do falsly impute the King's Murder to Murray and Morton The English inflamed against the Scots upon hearing the horrid Murder of their King Prodigies accompanying the King's death Bothwel designs to destroy Murray The Assassination of the Scots King odious to all Nations Bothwels Mock-Trial for the King's Murder before the Earl of Argyle A Proclamation published for a Blind to discover the King's Murderers The bold Speech of a Taylor The Queen solicitous to procure the Government of Edinburgh-Castle into her own Hands The Earl of Lennox first publickly accuses Bothwel of the King's Murder * April 15. Whereupon a Court is hastily summon'd By which Bothwel is acquitted tho but Conditionally Bothwel challenges his Accusers Bothwel procures a Schedule from some of the unwary Nobility incouraging his Marriage with the Queen Which some of them afterwards retract The Queen to be sâ—emingly surprized by Bothwel in order to her Marriage with him The Water of Almond divides Mid-lothian from West-lothian in Linlithgo-shire Bothwel actually surprizes the Queen And is divorc'd from his former Wife for Adultery Ecclesiasticks backward to publish the Bans or to celebrate the Marriage between the Queen and Bothwel Yet at last the Bishop of Orkney marries them The French Embassador refuses to come to the Wedding ☜ Even the Vulgar dislike the Queen's Marriage Politic Instructions to the Bishop of Dunblanâ— to excuse the Queen's hasty Marriage at the French Court. The Queen frames an Association for the Nobility to subscribe Which the Earl of Murray refus'd to do And therefore departs the Land A contrary Association entred into by several of the Nobility to preserve the young King The Queen escapes from the associated Nobles in Mans Apparel And arms against them A State Maxim irrefragably true Both Armies ready to ingage Monsieur Crock the French Embassador mediates for a Peace But not prevailing he withdraws himself Bothwel's daring Challenge answered But the Queen forbids the Duel The Queen's Army refuses to fight * In Fife Whereupon Bothwel flies and the Queen is taken Prisoner The Bishop of Dunblane chouzed in his Embassy to France Wondrous Discoveries concerning the King's Murder in Bothwels Cabinet of Letters The Queen pitied in her Distress The Hamiltons stir in her behalf Governours appoinetd for the young King by the Queen her self The Earl of Murray returns from Travel And is chosen Regent Iohn Knox preaches a Sermon at the Coronation of K. Iames the 6 th The Coronation-Oath taken by Proxies by reason of the King's Minority Bothwel flies to the Northern Isles and from thence to Denmark Where he is imprisoned and dies Distracted The Queen's Party of which the Hamiltons were the chief design Her Deliverance out of Durance * In Strath-â—arn The Regent remarkable Speech and Resoluâ—ioâ— An Embassador from France The Queen escapes out of Prison and gathers Forces against the Regent The French Embassador busy betwixt the Parties * Two Miles South of Glasgow A Fight between the Royalists and the Queen's Forces Wherein the Queen is overthrown and flies for England The French Embassador sculks away after the Fight In Clydsdalâ— Queen Elizabeth of England doth in part adopt the cause of the Scots Queen Whereupon the Regent with some others meet the Queen of England's Commissioners at York to debate Matters George Buchanan accompanies the Regent into England A Plot to cuâ— off the Regent in his Journy Disputes between the Commissioners of both Sides Upon their Disagreement Queen Elizabeth avokes the Cause to London Commissioners sent to London by the Regent Maitland not true to the Regent The Regent himself comes to London The Queen of Scots endeavours to raise Commotions in Scotland in the Regent's Absence The Regent manages his Accusation against the Queen and her Party To the convincement of the Queen of England and her Privy-Council 〈◊〉 acquitted from Guilt by the Queen of Scots's Commissioners themselves Iames Hamilton returns from France and labours to embroil things in Scotland hoping thereby to get the Regency from Mâ—rray The Queen of England tampered with by the Hamiltonians to make Hamiâ—ton Regent The Royalists answer their Reasons in a large discourse The Cruelty of Robert against his Brother's Children Laodice's Unnaturalness towards her own
the agreeing impudence of some few For they write of those times in which all things were dubious and uncertain with so much positiveness and confidence as if their design were rather to court the Readers Ear than to respect the Faithness of their Narrations For in those first times seeing the use of Tillage was not common neither among the Britains nor many other Nations but all their Wealth consisted in Cattle Men had no regard to their substance which was very small because they were either expelled from their Habitations by such as were more powerful than themselves or they themselves did drive out the weaker ones or else they sought out better Pasture for their Cattle in Wild and Desert places Upon one or other of these Grounds they easily changed their Dwellings and the Places they removed to with new Masters soon got new Names Besides the Ambition of the wealthier sort added much to the difficulty who to perpetuate their Memory to Posterity called Countrys Provinces and Towns by their own Names Almost all the Cities in Spain had two Names The Names of the Inhabitants in It and also the Names of the Cities and Countries therein received frequent alterations Not to speak of Egypt Greece and other remote Countries Saepius nomen posuit Saturnia tellus Fair Italy says Fame Full oft hath chang'd her Nameâ— Add hereunto that those Nations who live in the same Country have not always the same Names That which the Latins call Hispania The Greeks Iberia The Poets Hesperia St. Paul in his Epistle Theodoret and Sozomen in Their History call Spania i. e. Spain The Name of the Greeks so celebrated by the Latins and all Nations of Europe is more obscure than the Greeks themselves The Hebrews and Arabians keep their Old Words almost in all Nations which were not so much as heard of by other People Scot and English are the common Names of the British Nations which at this day are almost unknown to the Ancient Scots and Britains for they call the one Albines the other Saxons And therefore 't is no wonder if in so great an uncertainty of Human Affairs as to the Names of Men and Places Writers who were born at several times far distant one from another and having different Languages and Manners too do not always agree amongst themselves Though these things have occasioned difficulties great enough in searching out the first Original of Nations yet some of the Moderns too being acted by a Principle of Ambition have involved all things in more thick and palpable darkness For whilst every one would fetch the Original of his Nation as high as he could and so endeavour to enoble it by devised Fables by this immoderate Licence of coyning Fictions What do they but obscure That which they ought to Illustrate And if at any time they speak Truth yet by their frequent and ridiculous Untruths at other times they detract from their own Credit And are so far from obtaining that Esteem which they hoped for that by reason of their Falshoods they are laughed at even by those whom they endeavour'd to cajole into an Assent To make this plain I will first begin as with the Ancientest Nation so from the most notorious and impudent Falshood They who compiled a New History of the Ancient Britains having interpolated the Fable of the Danaides proceed further to feign That one Diocletian King of Syria begat 33 Daughters on his Wife Labana who killing their Husbands on their Wedding night their Father crouded them all together into one Ship without any Master or Pilot who arriving in Britain then but a Desert did not only live solitarily in that cold Country and not very full of Fruits growing of their own accord neither but also by the Compression of Cacodaemons forsooth they brought forth Giants whose Race continued till the arrival of Brutus They say the Island was called Albion from Albine and that Brutus was the Nephews Son of Aeneas the Trojan and the Son of Aeneas Sylvius This Brutus having accidentally killed his Father with a Dart it was looked upon as a lamentable and piteous Fact by all Men yet because it was not done on purpose the punishment of Death was remitted and Banishment either enjoyned or voluntarily undertaken by him This Parricide having consulted the Oracle of Diana and having run various hazards through so many Lands and Seas after 10 years arrived in Britain with a great number of Followers and by many Combats having conquered the terrible Giants in Albion he gain'd the Empire of the whole Island He had three Sons as they proceed to Fable Locrinus Albanactus and Camber between whom the Island was divided Albanactus ruled over the Albans afterwards called Scots Camber over the Cambrians i. e. the Welsh They did both Govern their several Precincts as Vice-roys yet so as that Locrinus had supreme Dominion who being Ruler of the rest of the Britans gave the Name of Loegria to his part Later Writers that they might also propagate this Fabulous Empire as much as they could do make this Addition to it That Vendelina succeeded her Father Locrinus Madanus Vendelina Menpricius Madanus and Ebrancus Menpricius which later of Twenty Wives begat as many Sons of which Nineteen passed into Germany and by force of Arms conquered that Country being assisted by the Forces of their Kinsman Alba Sylvius and from those Brothers the Country was called Germany These are the things which the Brittons and after them some of the English have delivered concerning the first Inhabitants of Britain Here I cannot but stand amazed at their design who might easily and without any reflection at all have imitated the Athenians Arcadians and other famous Nations and have called themselve Indigenae seeing it would have been no disgrace to them to own that Origin which the Noblest and wisest City in the whole World counted her Glory especially since that Opinion could not be refuted out of Ancient Writers and had no mean Assertors besides yet that they had rather forge Ancestors to themselves from the Refuse of all Nations whom the very Series of the Narration itself did make suspected even to the unskilful Vulgar and also none of the Ancients no not by the meanest suspition did confirm Besides if that had not pleased them seeing it was free for them as some of the Poets have Writ to have assumed Honourable Ancestors to themselves out of any old Books I wonder in my heart what was in their Minds to make choice of such of whom all their posterity might justly be ashamed For what great folly is it to think nothing Illustrious or Magnificent but what is Profligat and Flagitious or at least but a size below it yet some there are that value themselves among the ignorant upon the score of such Trifles as for Iohn Annius a Man I grant not unlearned I think he may
with the former they had less acquaintance and very rare Commerce And if the English called them Valli in reproach would the Brittons think we who for so many Ages were the deadly Enemies of the English and now made more obnoxious to them by this affront own that Name Which they do not unwillingly calling themselves in their own Tongue Cumbri Besides the Word Walsh doth not primarily signifie a Stranger or Barbarian but in its first and proper acceptation a Gaul And therefore in my Judgment the Word Vallia is changed by the English from Gallia they agreeing with other Neighbour Nations in the Name but observing the propriety of the German Tongue in pronouncing the first Letter by W viz. Wallia The Ancient Inhabitants of that Peninsula were called Silures as appears out of Pliny which Name in some part of Wales was long retained even in succeeding Ages But Leland a Britain by Birth and a Man very diligent in discovering the Monuments of his own Country doth affirm That some part of Wales was somtime called Ross which Word in Scotland signifies a Peninsule But the Neighbour Nations seem in Speaking to have used a Name or Word which held forth the Original of the Nation rather than One that demonstrated the site and form of the Country The same hath happened in the Name Scots For whereas they call themselves Albini a Name derived from Albium Yet their Neighbours call them Scoti by which Name their Original is declared to be from the Irish or Hibernians On the same side and Western Shore follows Gallovidia i. e. Galway which word 't is evident both with Scots and Welch signifieth a Gaul as being made up of Gallus and Wallus part imposed by the one and part by the other For the Valli or Welch call it Wallowithia This Country yet useth for the most part its ancient Language These three Nations comprehend all that Tract and side of Britanny which bends towards Ireland and they as yet retain no mean indications but rather deeply imprinted Marks of their Gallick Speech and Affinity of which the cheif is that the Ancient Scots did divide all the Nations inhabiting Britain into two Sorts the one they call Gael the other Galle or Gald i. e. according to my Interpretation Gallaeci and Galli Moreover the Gallaecians do please themselves with that Title Gael and they call their Language as I said before Gallaecian and do glory in it as the more refin'd and elegant undervaluing the Galli as Barbarians in respect of themselves And though originally the Scots called the Britains i. e. the most Ancient Inhabitants of the Island Galli yet custom of speaking hath by degrees obtained that they called all the Nations which afterwards fixed their Seats in Britain by that Name which they used rather as a Contumelious than a National one For the Word Galle or Gald signifies That amongst them which Barbarian doth amongst the Greeks and Latins and Walsch among the Germans Now at last we are come to this point i. e. That we are to demonstrate the Community of Speech and thereupon an ancient Affinity between the Gauls and the Britains from the Names of Towns Rivers Countries and such other Evidences A Ticklish Subject and to be warily handled for I have formerly proved that a publick Speech or Language may be altered for many Causes for though it be not changed altogether and at once yet it is in a perpetual Flux and doth easily follow the inconstancy of the alterers by reason of a certain Flexibility which it hath in its own Nature The Truth whereof doth appear chiefly in those Ranks of things which are subject not only to the Alterations of Time but are also obnoxious to every Man's Pleasure or Arbitrement such as are all particular things invented for the daily use of Mans Life whose Names either grow obsolete or are made new and refined for very light and trivial Causes But the Case is far different in those things which are time-proof and so after a sort are Perpetual or Eternal As the Heavens the Sea the Earth Fire Mountains Countries Rivers and also in those which by their Diuturnity as far as the infirmity of Nature will permit do in some sort imitate those perpetual and uncorrupted Bodies such are Towns which are built as if they were to be Sempiternal So that a Man cannot easily give Names to or change the old of Nations and Cities for they were not rashly imposed at the beginning but in a manner by general and deep advice and consent by their Founders whom Antiquity did greatly Reverence ascribing Divine Honour to them and as much as they could making them Immortal And therefore these Names are deservedly continued and receive no alteration without a mighty Perturbation of the whole Oeconomy of things so that if the rest of a Language be changed yet these are pertinaciously retained and are never supplanted by other Names but as it were with unwillingness and regret And the cause of their imposing at first contributes much to their continuance For those who in their Peregrinations either were forced from their old Seats or of their own accord sought new when they had lost their own Country yet retained the Name thereof and were willing to enjoy a Sound most pleasing to their Ears and by this umbrage of a Name such as it was the want of their Native Soil was somewhat alleviated and addule'd softned unto them so that thereupon they judged themselves not altogether Exiles or Travellers far from Home And besides there were not wanting some Persons who being superstitiously inclined did conceive an Holier and more August Representation in their Minds than could be seen in Walls and Houses and did sweetly hug that Image and delightful Pledge of their own former Country with a love more than Native And therefore a surer Argument of Affinity is taken from This sort of Words than from Those which on Trivial Causes and oft on none at all are given to or taken away from ordinary and changeable Things For though it may casually happen that the same Word may be used in divers Countries yet it is not credible that so many Nations living so far asunder should fortuitously agree in the frequent imposing of the same Name In the next place Those Names succeed which are derived from or compounded of the former Primitives For oft-times the Similitude of Declination and Composition doth more certainly declare the Affinity of a Language than the very Primitive words thereof do for these are many times casually given But the Other being declined after one certain Mode and Form are directed by one fixed Example which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And therefore this certain and perpetual manner of Nominal Affinity as Varro speaks doth after a sort lead us to an Affinity of Stock and old Communion of Language Moreover there is a certain Observation to be made in all Primogenious
Neighbour Island Albium which was large and fruitful and in many places then uninhabited and also by reason of the Condition of those Inhabitants that were in it who were under several Kings at fewd one with another and consequently very weak That amidst those Discords 't were easy for them by supporting the weaker side to make themselves Masters of that large Country and that in this matter they would afford them their assistance The Narrowness of the Aebudae and the Lowness of their own Condition for so it then was made them give ear to this Counsel So that these Germans which were afterwards both by the Romans and their Neighbor-Nations called Picts Landing upon the Coasts of the Island bordering on the German Sea having expelled the Inhabitants which were but few and those at mutual Discord amongst themselves they brought a great part of that District under their Subjection and soon after in prosecution of the Friendship with the Scots so happily begun they took Wives from amongst them and so were in a manner compacted into one Nation with them By this mutual Intercourse betwixt them a great many Scots being either detained by their Allies who were yet but weak or else driven by Want and Penury or for loss of their Relations fixed their Habitations amongst the Picts The Picts at first were glad of their coming but when they grew numerous by degrees they began to fear lest if the Scots increased in strength they would become their Masters So that First in their secret Assemblings and afterward in their publick Councils they muttered That Care was to be taken That no stranger should hereafter be intermixed amongst them And some Way was to be found that the number of those who were already admitted might be lessened A Rumor also was spread abroad that it was revealed from Heaven to the Picts That their Nation should in time be extirpated by the Scots These Suspitions caused the Two Nations which before were very amicable to part companies The Scots betook themselves to the Mountainous places which were less fit for Culture in regard they were more addicted to Pasturage and Hunting And the Picts possessed the Low-lands which were more fertile and fit for Tillage situate near the German Sea Thus their Friendship before contracted by so many mutual Kindnesses did soon break forth into a terrible Civil War For the Seeds of a deadly hatred were sown between those Two Nations both of them being of fierce Dispositions thô the occasion at first was but trivial as some little Pets Chidings and some few Injuries sustained The Brittons being Enemies to both Nations having gotten this opportunity fomented the Dissensions and did freely offer Aid to the Picts even before they desired it against the Scots When the Scots perceived That these things were in Agitation against them they sent elsewhere for Aid and procured a Foreign King to assist them against so imminent a Danger The Commanders of the Islanders being almost all of equal Authority and scorning to stoop one to the other Fergusius the Son of Ferâ—hard was sent for with Forces out of Ireland being counted the most eminent Person among the Scots both for Advice and Action He by the publick Consent of the People was chosen King and charged to prepare his Army to undergo the Shock of a Battle if need required Just about the same time a Rumour was dispers'd abroad which came to the Ears both of the Scots and Picts That the Brittons were managing some ambiguous Counsels equally pernicious both Nations and That they would set upon the Conquered and Conquerors together with their Arms and destroying both or else driving them out of the Island they Themselves would enjoy the Whole This Report made both Armies doubtful What course to take and for a time kept them both within their Trenches At length they came to a Treaty and perceiving the secret Fraud of the Brittons they inclined to make Peace one with another which being confirmed the Three different Armies Returned home The Brittons having failed in their first Project attempt another Wile They privily sent in Robbers amongst the Picts who drove away their Cattle when the Picts demanded Restitution they answered That they should seek it from the Scots who were accustomed to Thieving and Plundering rather than from Them Thus they eluded the Ambassy and sent away their Ambassadors without their Errands so that the Matter did appear to be a plain Mockery Their fraudulent Counsels being thus more and more discover'd the late reproach did incense the Hearts of Both Nations against them more than the Relicks of their Anger for their former Injuries and therefore Levying as great an Army as they could both Kings Two several ways invaded the Coasts of the Brittons and destroying the Country with Fire and Sword returned home with a great Booty To revenge this Loss the Brittons enter Scotland and came as far as the River Don and having ravaged the Country thereabouts with greater Terror than Loss to the Inhabitants they pitched their Tents upon the Bank of the River Fergus having sent their Wives and Children and other portable things into the Mountains and Places inaccessible for Armies secured all the Avenues till the coming of the Picts with whom he at length joyned his Forces and communicating Counsels one with another they resolved to make a Diversion and lengthen the War by making an Incursion with vast Forces into their Enemies Country and so to weary them out But Coilus that was the name of the King of the Brittons understanding by his Spies the cause of their delay sends Five Thousand Men before to lye in ambush in the upper grounds and he determined to lead forth the rest of his Army directly against the Enemy When the Picts knew this they again consulted with the Scots and by way of Prevention they agreed to assault the Camp of the Brittons by night and accordingly drawing out their Forces the Scots in the Pront the Picts in the Rear attack their Enemies before day and by this means they made a great slaughter of the Brittons being as it were halfe asleep whom the former delays of their Enemies had made secure and confident In this Battel Coilus himself fell with the greatest part of his Army and made the Place in which it was fought Famous from his Name Fergus returning home a Conqueror the Scots setled the Regal Government upon Him and his Posterity by the Solemnity of an Oath Afterwards having quieted Matters in Scotland he returned back into Ireland to quell Seditions there where having composed all things as he was returning home a Tempest arising suddainly he was drowned not far from the Port called from him Fergus his Rock i. e. Knock-Fergus or Carrick-Fergus in the Twenty fifth Year of his Reign Historians say That his coming into Albium was at the time when Alexander the Great took Babylon about
immediately after Congallus but there are More who insert Kinnatellus betwixt Them Aidanus The Forty Ninth King AIdanus being Nominated King by Kinnatellus and confirmed by the People received the Royal Habiliments from Columba For the Authority of that Man was so great in those days that neither Prince nor People would undertake any thing without his Advice And at that time after he had in a long Speech persuaded the King to rule Equitably over the People and the People to be Loyal to their King he earnestly pressed them Both to persist in the pure Worship of God for then Both of them would prosper but if they forsook it they must expect Destruction as the reward of their Offences Having perform'd this Service he returned into his own Country The first Expedition of Aidanus was against the Robbers who infested Galway coming thither he put their Commanders to Death and Fear restrain'd the rest but a greater Storm encountred him at at his Return For after he had had three Conventions of the Estates in Galway Abria or Loch-abyr and Caithness and thought all things were settled there there was a Tumult arose amongst them in Hunting that much Blood was spilt and the Kings Officers who came to punish the Offenders were repulsed and beaten The Authors for fear of Punishment fled into Lothian to Brudeus King of the Picts when Ambassadors were sent to him to deliver them up according to the League betwixt them they were refused whereupon a feirce War commenced betwixt the Scots and Picts but it was quickly ended by the means of Columba who was according to his Merit highly esteemed by both Nations In the mean time England was again divided into Seven Kingdoms and the Brittons were driven into the Peninsula of Wales but the Saxons not contented with such large Dominions stirred up a new War betwixt the Scots and Picts The Author and Kindler thereof was Ethelfrid King of Northumberland a Covetous Man and who was weary of Peace out of the desire he had to enlarge his Dominions He persuaded the Picts but with difficulty Brudeus hardly consenting thereto That they should drive away Preys out of the Scots Territories and so give an occasion to a War Aidanus understanding the Treachery of the Saxons that he might also strengthen himself with Foreign Aid renewed the ancient League with Malgo the Britton He sent his Son Grifinus and his Sisters Son Brendinus King of Eubonia now called Man a Military Man with Forces who joyning with the Brittons entred Northumberland and after Three days march came to the Enemy but the English refused to engage them because they expected new Succors which were reported to be neer at hand for indeed Ceulinus King of the East Saxons a very Warlike Man was coming to them with great Forces the Scots and Brittons fell upon him in his March and wholly destroyed the Front of his Army which was a long way before the rest together with his Son Cutha but they were afraid to engage the rest lest they should be circumvented by Ethelfrid who was not far distant The two Kings of the Saxons being joined together again renewed the Fight with much Slaughter on both sides wherein the Scots and Brittons were put to flight There were slain of the Scots Nobles Grifinus and Brendinus in the opposite Army Ethelfrid lost one of his Eyes and Brudeus was carried wounded out of the Field to the great Astonishment of his Party The next Summer after Ethelfrid uniting his Forces with the Picts marched into Gallway supposing he should find all things there in great Consternation by reason of their ill Success the last Year But Aidanus coming with his Forces thither sooner than his Enemies thought set upon the straggling Plunderers and drave them with great trepidation to their Camp Thus having chastized their Temerity supposing now they would be more quiet the Night after he passed by their Camp and joyned himself with the Brittons Both Armies having thus united their forces pitch'd their Tents in a narrow Valley of Annandale and their Enemies as now Cock-sure of their Destruction beset the passages entring into it But they having fortify'd their Camp as if they intended there to abide in the Night when the Tide was out marched thro' the Ford which was known to them amidst the quavering Sands into Cumberland and afterward into Northumberland making great Havock whithersoever they came The Enemie followed them at their Heels and when they came in fight of one another both Armies prepare themselves for the Fight The Scots and Britains added Four Commanders to those they had before who were noble Persons of great experience in Warlike affairs that so the rash-Headed Common Soldiers might be commanded by a greater Number of Captains of the Brittons there were added Constantine and Mencrinus of the Scots Calenus and Murdacus By their Conduct and Incouragement the Soldiers fell upon the Enemy with so great Violence that he was presently broken and put to flight There goes a Report that Columb being then in the Isle Icolumbkil told his Companions of this Victory the very same hour in which it was obtained Of the Saxon Nobles there were slain in this fight Cialinus and Vitellius both great Warriors and highly descended about Eleven years after this Victory the Saxons and Picts infested the adjacent Country whereupon a Day was appointed wherein the Brittons and Scots should meet and with their united Forces set upon the Saxons Aidanus tho' very old came to the place at the appointed time and staid for the Brittons but in vain for they came not yet he drove Preys out of his Enemies Country Ethelfrid having now gotten a fair Opportunity to act something in set upon the dispersed Scots and made a great slaughter amongst them Aidanus having lost many of his Men fled for his Life yet the Victory was not unbloody to the Saxons for they lost Ethelfrid's Brother and some of those Squadrons that followed him were almost wholly cut off Aidanus having received this overthrow and being also informed of the death of Columb that Holy Man whom he so highly honoured foreseeing to what Cruelty the Remainder of the Christians were likely to be exposed being worn out with Age and Grief did not long survive he Reigned 34 years and died in the Year of our Lord 604. In his Reign it was That a certain Monk Named Austin came into Britain being sent by Gregory Pope of Rome who by his Ambition in Preaching a New Religion mightily disturbed the Old for he did not so much Preach the Christian Religion as the Ceremonies of the Roman Church Yea the Brittons before his coming were Converted to and taught the Principles of the Christian Religion by the Disciples of Iohn the Evangelist and were instituted in the same by the Monks who were Learned and Pious in that Age. As for Austin He laboured to reduce all things to the
of the Estates he was by a General Suffrage named Heir Presumptive of the Crown But this was done some Years after The King spent the next Five Years in appeasing the Discords at home in which time there happened Two great Calamities One reached but to a few by an Inundation of Water for the Heavens sent down so much Rain that Lothian seemed to be all a Float yea the force of the Water was such that it carried away Bridges Water-Mills Country Houses with their Owners and Cattle into the Sea it rooted up Trees and almost quite destroyed the Towns which stood near the Banks of Rivers This Misery was seconded by Another namely a grievous Pestilence which consumed many of all Ranks and Ages In the Year 1363. the state of things grew Calmer and then in the Assembly of the Estates the King propounded to the Lords of the Articles That the King of England or else his Son might be sent for into Scotland to undertake the Kingdom if he should chance to Die This he did either by his weariness of War or foreseeing That it would be for the Good of both Kingdoms or as others think because of his Oath which the English had made him to Swear but his Speech was so Unacceptable and Offensive to them all that before every ones Vote could be asked in order they all confusedly cried out upon it as an abominable Propose and it was almost come to That that they who had most freely spoken against it fearing his Displeasure were meditating a Revolt But he understanding their Fears abated his Anger and received them into Favour When he had quieted all things elsewhere yet the Highlanders continued still in Arms and did not only commit Outrages upon one another but also made Havock of the adjacent Countries The King tried all probable Means to bring them to a mutual Concord but being not able to do it his next Plot was To suborn some Crafty Fellows to foment and heighten their Dissensions that so when the feircest of them had destroyed one another the rest might become more Tractable and Pliant The King having performed these Exploits both at home and abroad departed this Life in the Castle of Edinburgh on the Seventh Day of Iune in the Forty Seventh Year of his Age about the Thirty Ninth of his Reign and of our Lord 1370. He was certainly a Man eminent in all kind of Virtue but especially in Justice and Clemency and though he had been exercised with Good and Bad Events alternately yet still his Fortune seemed rather to fail him than his Industry Robert II. The Hundredth King AFter David's Decease the Nobles met together at Linlithgo to Congratulate Robert at the beginning of his Reign who had before been designed King by his Uncle but here the Ambition of William Douglas had almost cast things into a Sedition and Uproar For he demanded the Kingdom as his Hereditary Right in regard he was descended from Baliol and the Cumins's But finding that his Suit was unacceptable to them all and especially to his most intimate Friends as the Two Brothers George and Iohn Dunbars of which one was Earl of Merch and the other of Murray as also to Robert Erskin Governor of the Three well-fortified Castles of Dunbarton Sterling and Edinburgh he desisted and promised to obey Robert as his Liege King and the King to oblige him in a more strict Bond of Friendship espoused his Daughter to Earl William's Son This year the Truce made for Fourteen years was broken by the English There was a great Fair usually kept the Third of the Ideâ— of August whether huge Numbers of both Nations even from very remote Places used to resort thither came the Inhabitants of Merch and it happened that one of Dunbar's Familiar Friends was slain there George according to the Law which was observed among the Borderers sent Heralds to demand the Murderers to be given up to him or else That they would Punish them Themselves but perceiving that Favour did outvy Equity he dissembles the Affront and against the next day appointed for the Fair he secretly prepared a Band of Men and setting upon the Town unexpectedly he slew all the Youngsters burnt the Houses and returned home with a great Booty The English to revenge this Injury did with like Cruelty ravage over all the Lands of Iohn Gordon a Noble Knight and not long after Gordon entred England and took away a great Prey of Men and Cattle but as he was returning home Iohn Lilburn met him with a far greater Force than he had A terrible Fight began betwixt them and Victory seemed a long time to flutter over both Parties with doubtful Wings but at last she inclined to the Scots The Commander of the English Forces was taken Prisoner with many of his Allies and Tenants Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland a Man of a great Spirit being then Lord Warden or Governour of the Eastern Marches or Borders took this Overthrow of his Countrymen in great Disdain and thereupon gathered together a Body of above 7000 Men and encamped at a Village called Duns remarkable for being the Birth Place of Iohn Scotus Sirnamed Subtilis rather than for any thing else There the Countrymen and Shepherds gathered themselves together having no other Arms but such Rattles and Gimcracks wherewith they frighten Stags and other Cattle which do pasture there up and down without any Keeper and so by night they placed themselves on some Risings of the Lamormore Hills which were near to the said Village of Duns The Form of the Gimcrack is This On the top of a long Spear or Pole they fasten some Staves or Hoops of Wood made crooked and bent into a Semicircle all over them they stretched a Skin after the same Form as the Lanterns which the Vulgar Parisians call Falots are made into these Lanterns or Concavities they put small Stones but very hard ones which when they are stirred and tumbled up and down make such a rattling noise as drives away the Beasts and Cattle from the Corn. With these Rattling Instruments they made a mighty Noise on the Hills hanging over Duns wherewith the English Horse were so affrighted that they broke the Headstalls they were tied with and ran up and down the Fields and so were taken by the Countrymen And in the whole Army there was such a Tumultuous Bustle that they cried out Arm Arm and thinking the Enemy had been at their Heels they passed that night without sleep But in the morning perceiving their mistake in regard they had lost many of their Baggage Horses as well as those for Service they retreated six Miles for that Place is so far distant from England on Foot leaving their Baggage behind them almost in the Posture of such as Fly away The same day that Percy retired back from Duns Thomas Musgrave Governor of Berwick had issued out of his Garison
of fifteen Men who were to have a perpetual Power and even a Tyrannical Government for their Wills were their Laws In favour of the Pope they were very severe against the Lutherans and the Pope on the contrary to gratify a King so well deserving at his Hands gave him the Tithes of all Parsonages for the next Year following This Year the English perceived that the State of Affairs in Scotland grew every day more quiet than other but yet that they were destitute of foreign Aid because they themselves had joined with the French against Charles the Emperor Hereupon they sought out an occasion for a War In April they made an Expedition out of Berwick and spoiled Coldingham Douglas and many other neighbouring Towns and drove away great Booty They had no apparent Provocation neither did they denounce War before-hand How eager they were upon War appears by that King's Proclamation soon after publish'd wherein 't was said that the Garison of Berwick was provoked by some licentious and contumelious Words which the Scots had let fall But the Words mentioned in the Proclamation carry no Contumely in them at all But this Cause not seeming just enough for a War they demanded Canabie a small Village in the Borders with a poor Monastery in it as if it belonged to them which they never pretended to before and likewise that the Douglasses might be restor'd For the King of England perceiving that his Aid was absolutely necessary to the French King so that he could by no means want it and also knowing that he had him fast in a League wherein the Interest of Scotland was not considered hereupon he thought it no hard Matter to bring the Scots to what Conditions he pleased Moreover because the Emperor was alienated from him by the Peace with France and the Divorce with his Aunt and the Pope of Rome did raise up Wars amongst all Christian Princes he thought he should omit a great opportunity at home for innovating of things if he neglected That The King of Scots that he might not be unprovided against this Storm by a publick Proclamation made all over the Kingdom appointed his Brother the Earl of Murray to be his Vicegerent and because the Borderers of themselves were not able to cope with the English who had also a great number of Auxiliaries with them he divided the Kingdom into four Parts and commanded each of them to send out the ablest Men amongst them with their Clans and Provision for fourty Days These Forces thus succeeding one another by turns made great Havock in the Towns and Castles in those Parts so that the King of England was frustrated in his Expectation seeing the War was likely to be drawn out in length and other Concerns were also to be cared for by him and therefore he was willing to hearken to a Peace but would have it fought for at his Hands for he thought it was not for his Honour either to offer it or to seek it of himself And therefore it seem'd most convenient to transact the Matter by the King of France the common Friend to both Nations Whereupon the French King sent his Embassador Stephen D'Aix into Scotland to enquire by whose Default such a War was commenced between the two neighbour-Neighbour-Kings The King of Scots clearly acquitted himself from being any Cause of the War he also made a Complaint to him how long his Ambassadors had been detained in France without Hearing And at the Ambassador's Departure he sent Letters by him to his Master desiring him to observe the ancient League which was renewed by Iohn the Regent at Roan he also sent David Beton into France to answer the Calumnies of the English and besides to treat concerning the keeping of the old League and to contract a new Affinity between France and Scotland He also sent Letters by him to the Parliament of Paris very bitter and full of Complaints concerning those matters which had been transacted and agreed between Francis their King and Iohn Regent of Scotland how that ancient Friendships Pacts and Agreements were slighted in behalf of Those who were once their common Enemies His Ambassador Beton was commanded if he saw that the things he had in Command did not succeed well in France to deliver those Letters to the Council of the Judges and presently to withdraw himself into Flanders with an Intent as it might be conjectured to make a League Agreement and Affinity with the Emperor In the mean time War was waged in Britain and Disputes were manag'd at New-castle concerning the Lawfulness thereof when the Embassadors sent from both Nations could not agree on terms of Peace Monsieur Guy Flower was sent over by the King of France to compose matters The Scotish King told him that he would gratify his Master as far as ever he was able and also he had some Communication with him as much as was seasonable at that time concerning the conjugal Affinity about which he had sent Embassadors before which were then in France Flory or Flower being thus the Umpire for Peace the Garisons were withdrawn on both sides from the Borders and a Truce was made which was afterwards followed with a Peace When the Peace was settled the King having for some Years last past transacted Business with the King of France and with the Emperor by his Embassadors about a matrimonial Contract now being freed from other cares his Thoughts were more intent that way than ever For besides the common causes which might incline him to some potent Alliance he was thoughtful how to perpetuate his Family by Issue of his Body he himself being the last Male that was left alive insomuch that his next Heirs had already conceived a firm hope in their Minds of the Kingdom which did not a little trouble Him who was otherwise suspicious enough of himself And indeed things did very much concur to raise them up to that hope as for instance their own domestick Power the Kings being a Batchelor his Venturousness in slighting all Danger so that he would not only stoutly undergo all Hazards but often court and invite Them for with a small party he would march against the fiercest Thieves and tho they were superior in number yet he would either prevent them by his Speed or else fright them by the Reverence of his Name and so force them to a Surrender he would sit Night and Day on Horse-back in this Employment and if he did take any Refreshment or Food 't was that which he lighted on by chance and but little of that neither These Circumstances made the Hamiltons almost confident of the Succession yet it seem'd to them a long way about to stay for either fortuitous or natural Dangers and therefore they studied to hasten his Death by Treachery A fair Opportunity was offer'd them to effect it by his Night-Walkings to his Misses having but one or two in his Company But all these things not answering
Cardinal That he needed not to march to Glasgow to fight him for he would give him opportunity so to do any Day when he pleas'd in the Fields between Leith and Edinburgh The Cardinal who had drawn the Regent to his Party imagined that the Power of the adverse Party was so weakned thereby that he hoped none durst look him in the Face now unexpectedly seeing himself challenged by a greater Army than he had to defend him in words did not refuse the Combate but only deferr'd the Day of Fight upon several Pretences and Interposals well knowing that Lennox could not long keep an Army together consisting of Volunteers without Pay or Provision made for any long time in the mean time he endeavoured by Intreaties and Promises to work over the Minds of those who were most inclinable to his Party Lennox seeing that the Design was to lengthen out the War and by no means to hazard a Fight and being in no posture to begin a Siege for want of Conveniencies necessary thereto and also perceiving that some of his Men had secret Conferences by Night with the Enemy To deliver himself out of these Straits his Friends who had made secret Provision for themselves urging him also thereunto was forced to capitulate with the Regent And thereupon he went to Edinburgh to him and they transacted Matters some Days together as if they had forgot their old Hatred and Animosity At length when he came to Linlithgo Lennox was advised by his Friends that some hidden Mischief was brewing against him so that in the Night-time he went privily to Glasgow and having fortified the Bishop's Castle with a Garison and Sufficiency of Provisions he went to Dunbarton there he received more certain Information That the Douglasses and the Hamiltons were agreed And because some Suspicions and Relicks of old Grudges were left betwixt the Factions George Douglas and Alexander Cuningham were given as Hostages the one for the Father the other for the Brother though this was done for a pretence and disguise of a firmer Concord and a Promise made that they should speedily be released yet notwithstanding they were detain'd till the coming in of the English Army For the Hamiltons never thought themselves secure until those Nobles who had any Interest or Courage were removed that so by the Terror of their Punishment others might be restrained from Risings Besides about the same time Lennox was informed that the King of France was alienated from him by the malicious Practices of his Enemies In the mean time Archibald Douglas Earl of Angus and Robert Maxwel Chief of a noble Family came to Glasgow to accommodate Matters if it were possible between the Regent and Lennox But the Regent's Council persuaded him to apprehend the very Mediators for Peace and thus by a back-way to avoid the Tumult of the People they were carried out and sent Prisoners to Hamilton Castle In this posture of Affairs in Scotland when not only the English but the Chief of the Scots also were angry with the Regent Henry of England thought it a fit opportunity for him to punish the Violators not only of the League but of the Law of Nations too yet before he would attack the Scots by force he sent Letters full of just Complaints and Threats to Edinburgh blaming them for refusing his Alliance which he had so freely and generously offer'd so arrogantly as they did yea that they had not only rejected that Alliance but though he had been kind to them they scattered the Seeds of War and had enforc'd him to arm against his Will These Letters did no good whereupon he caused those Naval Forces which he had ready with the first opportunity to waft over against the Boulognois to set Sail for Scotland and to infest Edinburgh and Leith both which Towns had most affronted his Ambassadors and the Country round about them with the Miseries of War The Ships arriving there landed ten thousand Foot May the 4 th a little above Leith who without any Resistance enter the Town for most of the Towns-men were absent upon the account of Merchandizing The King and Cardinal being then at Edinburgh and unprovided of all things knew not what to do but were so surprized that they presently set at Liberty those four eminent Persons which they had in durance as aforesaid not for any regard to the publick Safety but partly fearing lest otherwise their Kinsmen and Tenants should refuse to fight if not join themselves to the Enemy and partly also that they might redeem the Good-will of the People who they knew were alienated from them upon many accounts but they not daring to commit themselves to the Hatred of the Citizens and of their Enemies too fled to Linlithgo The English staid three days at Leith to land their Ordnance and Baggage and so prepar'd themselves for the Encounter Having setled other matters they march to Edinburgh pillag'd and burnt the City and then disperst themselves to spoil the neighbouring Parts they ruin'd many Villages with some Castles and Seats of Noblemen From Edinburgh they return'd to Leith and having a fair Wind set fire to the Houses and hoist Sail and away About that Time Lennox was certainly inform'd That Francis King of France was wholly alienated from him For the contrary Faction by their frequent Letters and Messages had persuaded him That 't was Lennox alone who by reason of his old Enmity against his Fathers Enemies did hinder the publick Concord of all Scotland and that he was the Head of the Faction against the Regent and a Favourer of the English and one who did rather indulge his own private Animosities than promote the common Cause and that if the King would recal him into France Peace would easily be made up amongst the rest When Lennox had received Intelligence by his Friends what his Enemies had inform'd against him he also writ to Francis informing him in what case he found the Affairs of Scotland and how he and his Friends had with a great deal of pains vindicated both Queens to their Liberty and had put them into a posture and capacity to rule having broken the Power of the adverse Party and out of a turbulent Tempest had brought things to a great Tranquillity and that nothing would be more acceptable to him than to return into France where he had lived well nigh longer than in Scotland and so to enjoy the sweet Society of his beloved Friends But that he returned into his own Country not of his own accord but sent by the King and that he had done nothing there whereof his Majesty or himself need to be ashamed and if he would not abridge him of his former Favour he would shortly answer yea perhaps exceed the hope he had conceived of him but if he should call him away in the midst of the carreer of his Designs then he must not only leave the Things he had so excellently began unfinish'd but
the Lives Fortunes and good Names of the honestest Men all the Steeples of Churches and Towers round about the Walls had their Windows shut up and their Gates and Doors fortified being design'd for Prisons Criminal Judges were call'd together out of the whole Kingdom The manner of Punishment was thus design'd That as soon as the Frost broke and the River Loir was navigable the King should go to Chinon in Poictou at the Mouth of the River Vien and then the Guises with a few of their Partizans at the Command of the Court-Cabal of which They were the chief should perform the Execution Mean while Sandeland came to Court not so much humbly to desire Pardon for what was past as to excuse his Country-Men laying all the blame of the Tumults upon the French The Guises receiv'd him very coursly blaming him that he being a Man dedicated to the Holy War had undertaken to manage the Commands of the Rebels upon the Account of that execrable Heresy which the Consent of all Nations had highly condemn'd in the Council of Trent yea many of them did admire not at the Folly but even Madness of the Scots that they being but a few and disagreeing amongst themselves and besides destitute of Mony and other Warlike Preparations should dare to provoke so potent a King who was now at quiet from any foreign Enemy Between these fretful Indignations and Threatnings the King fell suddenly Sick The Embassador was dismiss'd without any Answer but the Message of the Kings Death reach'd him at Paris in the Nones of December whence he made haste home hoping for better things for future The News of the King's Death being divulg'd did not so much erect the Minds of the Scots being in great Suspence by reason of their imminent Dangers as it fill'd all France with Faction and the Poison of domestick Discords Iames the Queen's Brother Scotland being now freed from the Domination of the French by the Death of Francis made what haste he could to the Queen who when her Husband was dead went to Lorrain to her Uncles either as a Recess to her Grief or else out of womanly Emulation that she might not be near her Mother-in-Law who by reason of the Slothfulness of Anthony Burbon King of Navar did by degrees derive the whole Administration of Affairs into her own Hands There Iames the Queen's Brother having setled things in Scotland for a Season found her and after much Discourse the Queen told him she had a mind to return to Scotland and fix'd a Day by which they might expect her her Uncles being also of the same Opinion For before Iames's Coming there had been great Consultation about the Matter some alleging the Difficulty of the Voyage especially the Queen of England being nothing favourable besides she was to go to a barbarous People and naturally seditious who were hardly kept in quiet by the Government of Men. Moreover she had fresh Examples before her Eyes of her Father and Mother whom when they could not or durst not openly oppress by sundry Artifices they drove them to Despair so that she would be in daily peril either of her Honour or of her Life amongst them On the other side they who were skill'd in the Affairs of Scotland did urge that the Seditions arising there were occasion'd oftner by default of the Princes than the People in that they endeavour'd to reduce that Kingdom to an Arbitrary and boundless Rule which time out of mind had been circumscrib'd and manag'd within due Bounds of Law and That such a Nation which was more warlike than opulent could never endure But all those Kings who never attempted to infringe the Liberties of the People were not only free from private Enemies and popular Tumults but also reigned much beloved of their Subjects famous Abroad and unconquered by their Enemies But the best and almost only Way at present to quiet things was to attempt no Alteration in the State of Religion as then establish'd These were the Debates as publickly bruited on both sides But there were other more prevailing Causes with her Uncles for they in the Troubles of France cherishing rather great than honest Hopes thought if the Queen were absent she would be more in their Power than if she staid in France and that Neighbour-Princes in hopes to carry her for a Wife would seek their Friendships and use them as Mediators In the mean time one or other of their Faction would preside over the Management of Affairs in Scotland Besides the Queen's Resolution swayed much in the Case who was determined to return into her own Country for her Husband was dead and her Mother-in-Law who manag'd Matters of State being something alienated from her she saw she should be cheap at that Court and tho she had been but a little used to Government yet a Woman young of a flourishing Age and a lofty Spirit too could not endure to truckle under another she had rather have any Fortune in a Kingdom than the richest without one neither could she hope that her Condition would be very honourable the Power of the Guises being weakned by the adverse Party at the first brush Besides the Persuasions and Promises of her Brother Iames serv'd much to weigh down the Ballance for he assur'd her she would find all Quiet at home especially seeing he was a Man to whose Faith she might safely commit her self being her natural Brother and who from his Youth had performed many noble and brave Exploits and so had got great Credit and Renown amongst all Men. Whilst the Queen was intent on these Matters Noal a Senator of Bourdeaux who was sent out of France came into Scotland a little after the end of the publick Convention and was put off till the next Assembly which in order to the setling publick Matters was Indicted to be held at Edinburgh May the 21 st yet the Nobles who met there at the time in great abundance did not sit because they were as yet uncertain of the Queen's Will and Pleasure In the mean time Iames Stuart returned from France and brought a Commission from the Queen giving them Liberty to sit and enact Laws for the Good of the Publick Then the French Embassador had Audience the Heads of his Embassy were That the ancient League with the French should be renewed and the new one with the English broke That Priests should be restor'd to their Estates and Dignities whence they had been ejected To which Answer was given As to the French League that they were not conscious to themselves that they had broken it in the least but that it had been many ways infring'd by the French themselves and especially of late in their opposing the publick Liberty and indeavouring to bring a miserable Yoke of Bondage upon a People which were their Allies and giving no occasion on their part As for the League with England they could not dissolve it without a brand of
learned Man to interpret it yet if there were any eminent Scholars there as there were oft Many and such were still well respected by him he would ask their Opinions which he did not out of a vain Ambition but out of a desire to conform himself to the Rule thereof He was in a manner too liberal he gave to Many and often too and his Alacrity in giving commended the Gift To a great many who were modest in receiving he presented privately with his own Hand In a word He was honest and plain-hearted to his Friends and Domesticks for if any of them did amiss he reprov'd them more sharply than he did Strangers By these his Manners Deportment and Innocency of Life he was dear and venerable not only to his Country-Men but even to Foreigners especially to the English to whom in all the vicissitudes of Providence in his Life his Virtues were more known than to any other Nation The Twentieth BOOK ALL that Time which immediately followed the Death of the last Regent although it were free from Blood-shed yet was embroyled with the various Attempts of the Factions Before the Murder the Hamiltons in great Numbers had met at Edinburgh under the Pretence of prevailing with the Regent to release Iames Hamilton the Head of their Kin or Tribe who was yet kept Prisoner in the Castle But after the Murder was perpetrated they sent some from amongst them to the rest of the Hamiltons who were to dissuade the other Clans for so they would have made People believe from joining with or protecting the publick Parricides But as very many suspected it was to bid them be prepared and ready for all Occasions For the next Night after the Murder Walter Scot and Thomas Carr of Farnihest entring into England did ravage over all Places with Fire and Sword and that with somewhat more Cruelty than was used in former times Neither was it so much the Desire of Prey or Revenge which mov'd them to this unusual Crueltie as that it was long before resolved by the Bishop of Saint Andrews and the rest of the Heads of the Faction to incense the English against the Scots And if they could provoke them no other way to take up Arms then by Injuries to draw them tho unwillingly into a War The Governour of the Castle although convinced by many Evidences so that all Mens Eyes and Discourse were upon him by way of Reflection as yet continued in his former counterfeited Loyalty to the King 'T was upon his account that William Maitland was delivered out of Prison For when he had in many Words pleaded his Innocency before the Council the Nobles then present attesting That it did not with any certainty appear to them That he was guilty of those Crimes which were laid to his Charge for he was accused to have been privy to the King 's and Regent's Murders and also to be the Author of the Civil War that was lately raised in England he was at last dismissed yet so that the Matter seem'd to be deferred till Another time rather than absolutely to be decided at That He also protesting his Innocency upon Oath did promise to appear whensoever the King's Kindred would set a Day for his Trial. Afterwards when upon consulting about the State of the Kingdom they had almost agreed That of those whom the Queen before she abjured her Government had nominated Tutors to the King he that would undertake it provided he had not afterwards revolted to the adverse Faction should have the chief Administration of Affairs Maitland now contriving the Disturbance of Matters brought it so about that it should be again signified to the absent Lords that they might if they pleased be present in the Parliament of the Regent to be assembled at a set Day lest they might afterwards complain That so great an Affair was hastily rash'd up in their Absence Athol with a few others consented neither did the rest refuse it more that they would take away all occasion of Detraction and Calumny from their Adversaries than that they had any Hopes that this Delay of the Parliament would bring any Profit to the Publick After these Things Thomas Randolph the English Embassador had Audience for That Queen the Regent being yet alive had sent her Embassadors to demand those English Exiles who after Howard's Conspiracy was detected and he punished for fear of Punishment had escaped thither The Regent giving these Embassadors Audience at Sterlin put them off till his Arrival at Edinburgh and after his Death Things being in Confusion they departed without an Answer But when they conven'd about choosing a Regent Randolph who for some years had been in Scotland for that he was thought to be well read in the Affairs and in the Men of that Nation and that his former Embassies had been also advantagious to both Nations was in dear Esteem of all that were good like himself He being introduc'd into the Council having declared How great his Queen 's Good-will had always been towards the Scots That as she had not formerly been wanting to them in their Disturbances so she would not fail them now Then he rehearsed their Incursions into England the Slaughters Rapines Burnings of late Days committed Adding That she knew well enough That none of these Things were acted by the Publick Council therefore that at present her Kindness and Friendship towards them was the same it ever was So that although she had been grievously and without any Cause provoked yet she did not as she might justly do repeat Matters nor publickly require Reparation nor for the Fault of a Few seek Punishment of All That indeed she was not ignorant what a great Disturbance in Affairs was risen of late yet she was not doubtful of the Good-will of honest Men towards her That in Favour of them she did not only free the Publick from any Guilt but if by reason of domestick Troubles they could not compel the Disturbers of the Peace to resettle Matters that she would join her Forces with theirs that so by common Consent they might exact Punishment of those Violators of Leagues and Truces But if they were not able to do That that then she would revenge their Injuries with her own Souldiers That her Army should pass peaceably through the Country without the least Damage to it That none that had not been guilty of the Crimes should be concerned in the Punishment The remaining Heads of his Embassy contained Admonitions ever profitable in all Legal Assemblies but now as the present Posture of Affairs was very necessary viz. That they should first of all with all Care and Vigilance have regard to Religion which alone teaches us our Duty both towards God and towards Man That seeing no Common-wealth at Discord within itself can long subsist they should bend their chiefest Endeavours and strive with their utmost Force that at Home among Fellow-Subjects and Country-Men Peace and Concord might be religiously observed
by the Legal Way of the Country for that would occasion some though not much Delay But these Interposals were over-ruled it being alleged That there was no need of any new Process in the Arch-Bishops case for it had been already judg'd in the Parliament Wherefore he being plainly convicted as guilty of the King's Murder and of the last Regents also was hang'd at Sterlin There was then new Evidence brought in against him for the greatest Part thereof had been discovered but lately The Arch-Bishop of St. Andrews who lodg'd in the next House when the Proposition of killing the King was made to him willingly undertook it both by Reason of old Feuds between their Families and also an Hope thereby to bring the Kingdom nearer to his Family whereupon he chuses out six or eight of the most flagitious of his Vassals and commended the Matter to them giving them the Keyes of the King's Lodgings they then enter very silently into his Chamber and strangle him when he was asleep and when they had so done they carried out his Body through a little Gate of which I spake before into an Orchard adjoining to the Walls and then a Sign was given to blow up the House The Discovery of this Wickedness was made by Iohn Hamilton who was a chief Actor therein upon this Occasion He was much troubled in his Mind Day and Night his Conscience tormenting him for the Guilt of the Fact and not only so but as if the Contagion reach'd to his Body too That also was miserably pained and consumed by degrees endeavouring all ways to ease himself at last he remembred That there was a School-Master at Pasley no bad Man who was yet a Papist to him he confesses the whole Plot and the Names of those who joined with him in perpetrating the Murder The Priest comforted him what he could and put him in mind of the Mercy of God yet because the Disease had taken deeper root than to be expiable by such slight Remedies within a few days he was overwhelmed with Grief and died The Priest was not so silent in the thing but that some inkling of it came to the King's Friends They many Months after the Murder was committed when Matthew Earl of Lennox was Regent and when Dunbarton was taken and the Bishop brought to Sterlin caused the Priest to be sent for thither He then justified what he had spoken before about the King's Murder whereupon being ask'd by Hamilton How he came to know it Whether 't were revealed to him in Auricular Confession He told him Yes then said Hamilton You are not ignorant of the Punishment due to those who reveal the Secrets of Confessions and made no other Answer to the Crime After fifteen Months or more the same Priest was taken saying Mass the third time and as the Law appointed was led out to suffer then also he publickly declared all that he had before affirm'd in the thing in plainer and fuller words which were so openly divulged that now Hamilton's Vassals fell out amongst themselves and one of them charged another with the King's Death In the mean while the Rebels had procured some small matter of Mony from France by means of the Brother of him who commanded Edinburgh-Castle And moreover Morton was returned from his English Embassy and in a Convention of the Nobles held at Sterlin declar'd the Effect thereof in these Words When we came to London February 20. we were put over to a Council chosen out for that purpose who after much Dispute betwixt us at last insisted upon two Points First That we would produce the clearest and best Arguments we had to evidence the Justness of those Actions which had pass'd in Scotland both formerly and now that so the Queen might be satisfied in the Equity of them and thereby know how to answer those who demanded a Reason for them If we could not do That yet the Queen would omit nothing which might conduce to our Safety In Answer to which we gave in a Memorial to Them to this effect The Crimes wherewith at first our King's Mother alleged that she was falsly charged with have been so clearly prov'd by the Earl of Murray and his Associates in that Embassy That both the Queen her self and those who were delegated by her to hear the Cause could not be ignorant of the Author of the King's Murder which was the Source of all our other Miseries To repeat them again before the Queen who we doubt not is therein sufficiently satisfied already we think it not necessary and besides we our selves are unwillingly drawn into the Task of repeating the Memory of so great a Wickedness But they who cannot deny that this Fact was cruelly and flagitiously perpetrated yet do calumniate the Resignation of the Kingdom and the Translation of the Government from the Mother to the Son to be a new and grievous thing extorted from her by mere Force First as for the Matter of Fact in punishing our Princes the old Custom of our Ancestors will not suffer it to be called new neither can the Moderateness of the Punishment make it invidious 'T is not needful for us to reckon up the many Kings whom our Forefathers have chastis'd by Imprisonment Banishment yea Death it self much less need we confirm our Practice by foreign Examples of which there are abundance in old Histories The Nation of the Scots being at first free by the common Suffrage of the People set up Kings over them conditionally That if need were they might take away the Government by the same Suffrages that gave it The Footsteps of this Law remain to this very Day for in the circumjacent Islands and in many Places of the Continent too which have retained the ancient Speech and Customs of our Fore-fathers to this Day the same Course is yet observed in creating their Magistrates Moreover those Ceremonies which are used in the Inauguration of our Kings themselves have an express Representation of this Law by which it easily appears That Kingly Government is nothing else but a mutual Stipulation betwixt King and People and the same is most clearly evidenced by the inoffensive Tenor of the Old Law which hath been observed ever since there was a King in Scotland even unto this present time no Man having ever attempted to abrogate abate or diminish this Law in the least 'T is too long to enumerate How many Kings our Ancestors have put by their Kingdoms have banish'd have imprison'd have put to Death neither is there the least mention made of the Severity of this Law or the abrogating thereof and that on good Grounds For 't is not of the Nature of such Sanctions which are subject to the Mutations of Time but in the very Original of Mankind 't was ingraven in Mens Hearts approv'd by the mutual Consent of almost all Nations and together with Nature it self was to remain inviolate and sempiternal so that these Laws are not
271 And receives an Affront thereupon ibid. A Conspiracy discovered against him ibid. He agrees with Baliol then in France 274 His Army enters England 275 His last Will and Testament 279 His three Counsels to his Nobles ibid. He would have his Heart buried at Jerusalem 280 His Death and Praise 281 Brudeus King of the Picts 156 Brudus King of the Picts slain 166 167 Brutus his Story 41 to 44 Buchan 19 Its Etymology 139 Buchan the Earl thereof made Lord High-Constable of France 335 Bull 's Head put upon a Man's heretofore a sign of Death in Scotland 370 Burgundus from Burgus 63 Bullock an English Man turns to the Scots 298 Put to Death 301 Burgh a Danish Name 201 Burra Isle 35 36 37 Buthroti Who 46 Buiia Isles great and small 29 30 70 C CAdvallus made Vice-King 105 He dies of Grief 106 Caithness 21 133 Caithness Men cruel against their Bishop and are punished for it 239 Calaman Isle 26 Calden in Scotch is an Hasel 56 Caledonia a Town i. e. Dunkel 18 Caledones Who ibid. Caledonian Woods whence so called 56 Caledonians Picts and Scots sometimes all called Britains 74 Calen Cambel with two others chosen Governour of the King and Kingdom 47 He is sent against the Douglasses 56 Calfa Isle 27 Calthrops politick Engines in War what 266 Camber Son of Brute 42 Cambri ibid. Why so called 61 Camus the Dane slain by the Scots 202 Caâ—a Isle 26 28 Cantire Promontory 17 Canutus a Danish General in Scotland 202 Makes Peace with the Scots 203 Caprary or Goat Isle 25 Cara Isle 25 Carail Town 18 Purged from Monuments of Idolatry 131 Caratacus King of Scotland 107 The Orcades not subdued by Claudius Caesar in his Time 108 Carausius a Roman composes the Differences betwixt Scots and Picts 124 He seizes on Britain for himself ibid. Carausius Brother of King Findocus causes him to be slain 122 Cardorus unjustly put to death by Dardanus 188 Carick 14 Carniburgh's two Islands 27 Carron-water 15 Carron why sirnamed Schrimger 218 Cave an unusual one turning Water into Stone 20 Cassivelannus his Town i. e. Verulam taken by Caesar 82 Cecily Edward of England's Daughter promised in Marriage to the Son of James III. 422 The intended Marriage null'd and the Dowry repaid 427 Celestine Pope sends Palladius into Scotland 145 Cells so the ancient Scots called their Temples 125 Celts Who 58 Celtiberi so called from the Celts and Iberians 49 Celuinus or Cialine King of the East-Saxons 156 Slain by the Scots 157 Charles the Dolphin of France seeks Aid of the Scots 334 Charles of Burgundy slain at Nants 420 He lays the Foundation of Tyranny in his Country 434 Charles the Fifth sends to Scotland to join in Affinity with them 63 Why his Mother was committed to perpetual Imprisonment 269 Charles Guise Cardinal Guarantee for the Kingdom of Scotland 114 Charn Islands 27 Chourna Isle ibid. Childeric a Saxon Commander wounded 152 Christian Religion promoted in Scotland 125 Christ's Birth-day prophaned 151 Christians join in League against the Danes 176 Christiern of Denmark with all his Male-Stock cast out of the Kingdom 269 Chualsa Isle 73 Cicero quoted about Britain 86 Church its woful State 417 Cimbri so the French and Germans call Thieves 77 78 Cities Names in Bria Brica Briga 63 64 65 In Dunum 65 66 67 In Durum 68 In Magus 69 Clacman Prefecture or Stewarty 18 Clarence Duke of it slain in France by the Scots 335 Clarshacks What 24 Claudian a Verse in him corrected by Joseph Scaliger 76 Cleirach Isle 31 Cloich Isle 25 Clydsdale 13 14 Cluyth 92 Cnapdale 17 Cockburn Forest or Path 13 Cockrane one of King James the IIId's Evil Counsellors put to Death 425 Coemeteries for the Kings of three Nations 27 Coilus King of the Britains slain by the Scots 96 Colca a rare kind of Bird 32 Colgernus a Saxon Commander killed 152 Coll Isle 27 Collonsa Isle 26 Colman an holy Bishop 160 Columb the Saint his Monastery 26 His great Authority 155 He tells of a Victory at a very great distance 155 156 His Death 157 Columb Isle see Icolumbkill Colvansa Isle 27 Colurn i. e. Chourna or Hasel Isle 26 Comes Stabuli Who 247 Commodus the Emperor in Britain 117 Commonâ—lty usually comply with the Humour of their Prince 188 Affect Innovations 413 Competitors for the Crown of Scotland with their several Pretensions 248 The Controversy not decided in Scotland but referred to Edward of England ibid. The Case as stated by Edward and propounded to Lawyers 249 Bruce refuses the Kingdom offered him on ignoble Terms 250 Edward decides for Baliol ibid. Competitors for the Regency 283 Conanus elected Vice-Roy 101 Conanus perswades to Peace but is seditiously slain by the Britains his Country-men 141 Conarus King of Scotland joins in a Conspiracy against his Father 113 He demands large Subsidies but is denied 114 He wars against the Britains 113 Ends his Life in Prison 115 Confidence sometimes praised for Constancy 358 Congal I. King of Scotland 147 Congal II. enriches Priests 159 Congal III. 166 Conscience guilty gives no Rest 195 Constantine Chlorus in Britain 124 Chosen General by the Brittons 125 Made their King 143 Slain by Vortigern ibid. Constantine the Emperour born 124 Constantine I. King of Scots 145 Reigns wickedly ibid. His violent Death 146 Constantine II. 174 Renews publick Discipline ibid. Slain by the Picts 175 Constantine III. 179 Makes a League with the Danes ibid. Invades the Subjects Right ibid. Abjures the Kingly Office 172 And retires into a Monastery 180 Constantine IV. sirnamed Calvus 196 Canvasses for the Crown ibid. Inveighs against the Law of Kenneth about Hereditary Succession 197 〈◊〉 the Decree of its Council seasonable for Perjured Persons 77 Controversy between the Baliols and the Bruces concerning the Crown of Scotland 245 c. Convention of the Nobles to choose a Regent after Murray's Death 251 Cony Isle 25 30 See Sigrama Corbred I. King of Scots 108 Corbred II. sirnamed Galdus 109 He first fought with the Romans ibid. And beat them out of Caledonia 111 Cornavii 22 They are in Scotland and England too 60 Cornish rise against Henry VII of Enggland 10 11 Cornovallia or Cornuvallia whence derived 60 Corshera Isle 26 Coval 17 Covihaslop see Round Isle Council of Constance send Embassadors to Scotland 334 They deny Faith to be kept with those they call Hereticks 77 Count of Rothes committed to Prison 92 Coupins-oy 36 Courtesy to Prisoners 319 Courts many times prefer Honour before Honesty 333 Cowper a Town 18 Cracoviac see Kirkwal Craford Earl of it takes part with the Douglasses 384 But afterwards deserts them 389 And is received into Pavour by the King ibid. Crackles i. e. little jangling Bells terrify Horses 307 Crathilinthus King of Scots 123 Much addicted to hunting 124 Crathilinthus kils his Grandfather 192 He rises in Arms but is suppressed 193 Cree River 14 Cressingham an English General slain by the Scots 255 Creighton sent
the King's Tutor made Chancellour 54 Gawin Douglas called Archbishop of St. Andrews 29 Committed to Prison 164 Genrach Isle 26 Geoffry of Monmouth a Writer of British Affairs 8 Geldrians come to help the English against the Scots 295 Geloni painted their Bodies 53 Genistery or Broom Isle 25 George Buchanan imprisoned for Religion escapes out of his Chamber-Window whilst his Keepers were asleep 67 He is sent in Embassy with others into England 224 His ingenuous Speech concerning Himself 71 George Brother to the Earl of Douglas made Earl of Ormond 377 Commands the Forces against England 378 Extolled for his Victory over them 380 Declared a publick Enemy 387 Beheaded 390 George Douglas Earl of Angus 377 His memorable Fact 398 He is against the Queen Mother 399 His bold and unworthy Speech to the King 50 George Douglas the Regent's youngest Brother 217 Delivers the Queen out of Prison 218 George Dunbar Earl of Merch espouses his Daughter to David King Robert's Son 325 Which Marriage not taking effect he joins with Percy of England against the Scots 326 Proclaimed a publick Enemy ibid. Percy and he overthrow the Scots 307 Takes Douglas Prisoner in Fight 327 Ioins with Percy against the King of England is wounded and taken Prisoner 329 Being reconciled to the Regent returns into Scotland 332 George Gordon sent with an Army against England 70 The King's Hatred against him 71 Accused and imprisoned 115 Released 116 Studies to raise Commotions 154 Privy to the Conspiracy against Murray 168 Condemned for Treason 170 Restored by the Queen to his former Dignity 173 Chief of the Queen's Faction 209 George Lesly Earl of Rothes sent Embassador into France 121 There poisoned as 't was believed 122 George Ruven slain 282 George Wiseheart Preacher of the Gospel 93 Persecuted by Cardinal Beton against the Regent's Mind 94 Foretels the Death of Cardinal Beton 97 His pious and Christian Deportment before and at his Martyrdom 95 96 97 Gerlock Isle 28 Gerlock Bay See Loch-ger 17 Gersa or Gress-oy Isle 37 Gernich or Gaxnico 22 Germany whence so called 42 Germâ—nâ— their fabulous Original 45 Ingenious in relating the Origin of their Nation 38 39 German Navy lands on the Coast of Scotland 94 Gessoriaci i. e. People living about Calais 10 Getes painted their Bodies 53 Gethus King of the Picts 97 Slain 100 Getini and Getae whence 49 Geurasdil Isle 25 Gigaia or Gega Isle ibid. Gigamena Isle ibid. Giles Tutelary God of Edinburgh his Show affronted 124 Gilbert Kennedy slain by the Command of James Douglas 57 A Man of a great Spirit ibid. Kennedy's Constancy in keeping his Word â—77 Gilbert Kennedy Earl of Cassils sent Embassador into France 121 He dies there not without the suspicion of Poison 127 Gilbert his Son chosen Iudg in Bothwelâ—s â—s Case but excuses himself 195 Gilchrist kils his Wife the King's Sister for her Adultery 234 King William's General 230 Banished but received again into Favour 234 Gilcolumb slain 164 Gildas quoted concerning Britain 93 He wrote 400 Years after Tacitus 38 Favoured by Aurelius Ambrosius 148 A good Man and died at Glastenbury in Somersetshire the Prophecies that go under his Name not genuine ibid. Gildominick and the Murray Men suppressed 230 Gilespy Cambel an Actor in the Reformation 129 Recalled by threatning Letters by the Queen Regent 130 Gilespy Earl of Argyle banished 175 His Levity 206 Privy to the Queen's Wickedness 216 General of her Army 220 Refuses to own himself a Subject to the King 234 The Regent receives him into Favour and he is in great Authority 235 251 Gillan Isle 30 Gillo Commander of the exiled Scots 129 Gillus the Bastard King of Scots 104 Flies into Ireland 105 Slain by Cadvallus 106 Glascow 14 The Bishop thereof frightned by a Voice from Heaven 376 Glass Isle 28 Glenluce 14 Glotta River i. e. Clyde 14 Glottiana see Clydsdale Goat Isle 25 God's Favour attends the Good 213 Gomâ—dra Isle 27 Goran King of Scots 148 Persuades the Kings of the Picts and Brittons to join with the Scots against the Saxons 148 He is treacherously slain by his Subjects 154 His Wife and Children fly into Ireland ibid. But are recalled by Congal II. 155 Gordons at Feud with the Forbes's 284 Gordon an Enemy to Murray 162 He labours to destroy him 164 166 His Design against him at one time wonderfully prevented 168 169 Gordon's bold Attempt against the Queen her self 167 Gorlois wickedly slain by Uter 149 Goropius reproved 10 Goths Who 33 Gothunni and Gothini who 49 Grafton censured 252 Graham or Grame 135 Appointed Tutor to Eugenius 137 Recals Christian Pastors into Scotland 140 Graham's Dike 138 Grampian Hills or Mountains 17 Gramry Isle 25 Granisa Isle 36 Gray hath the chief Command in Scotland against the French 146 Gregory King of Scots his famous Atchievements against the Picts Danes and Brittons 175 176 He takes several Cities in Ireland 177 Green Isle 25 28 Grevan River 14 Gria Isle 30 Griffin slain in Fight 156 Grime King of Scotland 198 Makes an Agreement with Malcolm ibid. Which he afterwards breaks is overthrown and made Prisoner 199 And dies 200 Groom in a Stable his bold Attempt on James Hamilton in revenge of his Master's Death 52 For which he is put to Death ibid. Gruinorta Isle 31 Guidi 15 92 Guises their Desire to hasten the Marriage of Mary with the Dolphin 221 Their over-great Power suspected 122 They design Scotland as a Peculiar for their Family 151 They seek to destroy James Earl of Murray as an Enemy to Popery 165 Gun Isle 27 Guns i. e. Great Ordnance of Iron when first began to be used in Scotland 394 H HAdington 13 Deserted by the English 111 Hago a Danish Admiral 181 Haie or Hea Isle 30 Hakerset Isle 29 Hamiltons the Original of their Family 273 Hamilton leaves the Party of the Douglasses 390 Hamiltonians willing to free the Queen out of Prison 216 Overthrown in Battel and some of them taken Prisoners 221 222 They meet at Edinburgh in behalf of Queen Mary 252 Hara Isle 37 Harald Earl of Caithness punished for his Cruelty 235 Haraya or Harray Isle 31 Harpers of old used to lie in the Bedchamber of the King and of the Nobles in Scotland 116 Harrick Isle 30 31 Havatere or Havere Isle 30 Havelschire Isle 29 Haura Isles the great and the less 31 Hay and his two Sons fight for their Country 191 Hath a Coat of Arms assigned to his Family 192 The Name almost extinguished 286 Heath Isle 21 Heath its Nature 23 Good to make Beds to lie on ibid. Hebrides Isles see Aebudae Hector Boetius blamed 13 Mistaken 76 Compared with Lud 80 Helena Mother of Constantine 124 Hellisay Isle 29 Helscher vetularum Isle ibid. Helricus a Danish Admiral 181 Hengist Captain of Pirates hath Lands given to him in Britain by Voâ—tigern 144 Henry I. of England never laughed after the drâ—wning of most of his Children 224 He settles the Succession on his Daughter Maud ibid. Henry
the Wiser sort but on the pleasure of the Vulgar who for the most part are rude and incult and therefore anxiously to inquire after their Judgments is a piece of needless Curiosity and if you should find out what they mean it would not be worth your Labour For as in the Generation of all other Things which either grow naturally of themselves or else are invented by Men for the use of Life the First Embryo's are very imperfect and come forth less acceptable not only for Use but even for Sight yet afterward by Culture they wax gentle and are made amiable by due Treatment ' â—is so in Language which taking its first Rise from Men rude and impolite came forth harsh rugged and uncouth then by use it gradually puts off its natural Horror and Unpleasantness becoming more gentle and sweeter to the Ear and more easily insinuating into the mind of Man And therefore in this case if in any case at all I think something is to be indulged to the Custom of Men more polite than others and that such a pleasure which is neither uncomely nor ungraceful as far as it is not hurtful to Mens Manners is not to be despised But if any one be born under such an ill Constellation that he rather affects the Language of Cato and Ennius than of Cicero and Terence and when Corn is found out yet had rather feed on Mast still my Vote is Much good may it do him But this our present dispute is not concerning the Purity and Elegancy of the Latin Tongue for it nothing affects It to know how the Britains did heretofore sound forth their Letters or Words My whole endeavour is to shew how the Latins pronounced the British not how the British pronounced the Latin Tongue For my part I had rather be ignorant of the doting Fables of the old Britains than to forget that little of the Latin Tongue which I imbibed when I was a Youth And there is no other cause why I take it less in disdain that the old Scotish Language doth by degrees decay than that thereby I joyfully perceive those barbarous Sounds by little and little to vanish away and in their place the sweetness of Latin Words to succeed And in this Transmigration of Languages if one must needs yield to another Good-now of the Two let us pass from Rusticity and Barbarism to Culture and Humanity and by our Choice and Judgment let us put off that uncouthness which accrued to us by the Infelicity of our Birth And if our Pains and Industry can avail any thing in this case let us bestow them all this way viz. To polish as much as we can the Greek and Latin Tongues which the better part of the World hath publickly received and if there be any Soloecisms or Flaws sticking thereto from the Contagion of Barbarous Languages let us do what we can to purge them away Besides this over-anxious diligence about Foreign Names especicially in transferring them into another Language can never be kept neither is it expedient that it should For what Language hath not these Letters and Sounds which cannot fully be expressed by the Characters of another Tongue What Nation besides the German can pronounce the Letter W Who can give that sound to the Letters D. G. P. T. X. and Z. in Latin which the Spaniards the Britains and part of the Scots do Because of this absurdity of Sound as I suppose it is that Pliny reckoning up the Cities of Spain denies that some of them can be well pronounced in the Latin Tongue Some he calls Ignoble and of Barbarous Appellation Others he says cannot be so much as named without grating the Ear. What I beseech you would Lud do in this case if he were to write the History of Britain in Latin With all his rust of Barbarism I believe he would scarce know how to pronouce the Genuine Names of the Brittons For seeing he vexes himself so much how he should write Lud either Lhuyd or Llud or else bare Ludd neither of which can be writ pronounced or heard amongst Latinists without regret If he retains the true Sound he will make not a Latin but a Semi-Barbarous Oration But if he bend Foreign Words to the sound of the Latin he will commit as great a Trespass as Caesar is said to have done in the Word Britannus What then shall we do to please so captious and so morose a Person as Llud Shall we call the Island Prudania rather than Britannia Lud himself who is so severe a Censor of others will not exact this of us He will permit it to be called Prudania from Pruda But if any one dare to pronounce and call it Britannia or Brettannia he 'll lay about him and accuse him presently of violating Sacred Antiquity of corrupting and contaminating the Ancient and Sincere Language and from a Robust and Masculine sound of turning it into an Effeminate and soft Pronunciation What shall we do in this case Is it lawful for us to change or cleanse any Word from the uncouthness of its ancient Deformity Or if we may not change yet pray may we not polish some rough Words and incline them a little from their incult Barbarity that they may become more acceptable to Mens Ears As we see our Ancestors have done in the Words Morini Moremarusa and Armorici so that if we cannot make those Words Latin-Denizons yet at least we may imitate the Garb and Similitude of the Latin in them But I see Lud will not allow us that Liberty He calls us back to the August Antiquity of the Prudany's and forbids us to divert in the least from Bards and Sanachys But the Ancient Greeks and Latins were never so strait-laced For after that the rigor of their Ancient Speech began a little to remit there was none amongst them who had rather pronounce Famul and Volup than the Words which were substituted in their rooms and they used a very great Liberty in Translating Latin Words from Greek and Greek from Latin Whoever blamed the Latins for turning Polydences into Pollux Heracleis into Hercules Asclepios into Aesculapius Or who hath reproved the Greeks for calling Catulus Catlus and Remus Romus Nay What did the Greeks do in Translating Barbarous Words into their own Language Did they ever make any scruple to turn Al a Punick Termination into As in the end of Words If a Man pronounce Annibas for Annibal must he forsooth presently tread under foot the Majesty of all History Must he be said to corrupt the Truth or to do a Notorious Injury to the Punick Language See how the desire of Humanity and Culture which was amongst the Ancient Saxons and the Danes who passed over later into Britain doth differ from this Immanity and affected Slovenliness of Lud They being rude and ignorant of all Learning when they came to Men barbarous and of a stammering Speech were so far from suffering themselves to be
Gothish Language signifies a Stag. Two Miles distant from Iura lies Scarba in length from East to West four Miles in breadth one 't is Inhabited but in few places The Tide is so violent between It and Iura that there is no passage neither with Sails nor Oars but at certain Seasons only After This there are many Islands of less note spread up and down as Bâ—llach or Genisteria Gewrasdil Lunga both the Fiola's or Findlass's also the three Garvillans distinguished by their respective Sirnames then Culbrenin Dunconnel Luparia Belhac Whoker Gavin Luing Seil and Suin these Three last named are fruitful enough in Corn and Cattle and are under the Jurisdiction of the Earls of Argyle The next to these is Slata or Sleach so called because out of a Rock therein Tyles named Slats are cut and extracted Then follow Naosg Easdale Schanni and the Isle called Tyan from an Herb which is prejudicial to Fruits not unlike Guild or Loose-strife but that 't is of a more dilute Colour then Vridich and the Rye Island Then Dow i. e. the black Island and the Island Eglish or of the Church and Triarach after these follow the Islands Ard or High Ishol Green Heath as also Coney-Isles and that which is called the Island of the Otiost and Eris-bach as also Lismore in which heretofore there was the Bishop of Argyle's See it is eight Miles in length two in bredth in it there are found Metals besides the Commodities common to other Isles Then succeed Ovilia and Siuna Ilan na Port and Geirach as also Falda the Isle of Cloich Gramry the Islands More Ardiescara Musadil and Bernera heretofore called the Holy Sanctuary the Noble Yew-Isle Molochasgar and Drinacha which is all covered over with Thorns Elder and the Ruins of great Houses then another Isle Drinâ—ch which is full of Wood also Ramsay and Kâ—rrera The greatest Island of the Western ones next to Iura is Yla which is Twenty four Miles long and Sixteen broad it is extended from South to North and is very fruitful in Cattel Corn Deer and Lead there is a River of fresh Water in it called Avonlaggan as also a Bay of Salt Water in which are sundry Islands besides it hath a Lough of fresh Water in which there is an Island called Finlagan which heretofore was the chief of all the Islands in which the Prince of the Islanders assuming the Name of King was wont to dwell Neer to that but lesser is the Island called Ilan na-Covihaslop called also the Island of Council for there was a Court in it wherein Fourteen of the cheif Men did daily sit for the Administration of Justice and Determining matters of Controversie whose great Equity and Moderation procured Peace both Foreign and Domestick and as a concomitant of Peace the affluence of all things Between Ila and Iura there is seated a small Island called Rock Isle taking its Name from an heap of Stones therein moreover on the South side of Ila lie these Islands Chourna Maalmori Osrim Bridi Corshera the Island Ishol Immersi Bethick Texa Gearach Naosg Rinard Cana Tarskeir Achnar the Isle More the Island resembling the Figure of a Man the Island Iean and Stachabadda at the West corner of Yla stands Oversa there also the Sea is very raging not passable for Ships but at certain Hours The Island Channard and toward the North-West are situate Vsabrast and Tanast Naomph and the Island Banni Eight Miles from Yla more toward the North lies Oversa next to it Porcaria and half a Mile from Oversa lies Collonsa Beyond Collonsa to the North lies Mull twelve Miles distant from Yla This Island is Twenty four Miles in length and as many in breadth 't is Craggy yet not wholly devoid of Corn. It hath many Woods in it and great Herds of Deer and a Port safe enough for Ships over against Icolumkill it hath two large Rivers full of Salmon besides other lesser Rivers not without Fish it hath also two Loughs in each of which are several Islands and Castles in them all The Sea breaking into it in divers places makes four Bays all abounding with Herrings On the South-West is seated Calaman or the Island of Doves on the North-East stands Erra both these Islands are Commodious for Cattle Corn and Fishing The Island of Icolumkill is distant from them two Miles it is Two Miles long and above a Mile broad fruitful in all things which that Climate can produce and famed for as many ancient Monuments as could be well expected in such a Country but it was made yet more famous by the severe Discipline and Holiness of St. Columbus It was beautified with two Monasteries one of Monks the other of Nuns with one Curia or as they call it a Parish Church and with many Chapels some of them built by the Magnificence of the Kings of Scotland and others by the Petty Kings of the Islands in the old Monastery of St. Columbus the Bishops of the Islanders placed their See their ancient Mansion House which was before in the Isle of Man being taken by the English There remains as yet among the ancient Ruins a Church-yard or Burying place common to all the Noble Families which dwelt in the Western Islands There are three Tombs in it more eminent than the rest at a small distance one from another having little Shrines looking toward the East built over them In the West part of each of them there is a Stone with an Inscription declaring whose Tombs they are the middlemost of them hath this Inscription The Tombs of the Kings of Scotland for it is reported that Forty four of the Scotish Kings were there buried In the Right-Hand one there is this Title Carved The Tombs of the Kings of Ireland for Four Kings of Ireland are said to be interred there that on the Left side is inscribed The Tombs of the Kings of Norway for Report says That Eight Kings of that Nation were inhum'd there In the rest of the Coemetery the Eminent Families of the Islands have each their Tombs apart There are Six Islands adjacent to it small indeed yet not unfruitful which have been given by ancient Kings and by the Princes of the Islanders to the Nunnery of St. Columb The Island Soa though it hath convenient Pasturage for Sheep yet its greatest Revenue is from the Sitting and Hatching of Sea-Fowl and especially from their Eggs. The next to that is Nuns-Island Then Rudana after that Reringa after which follows Skanny distant half a Mile from Mull it hath one Parish in it but the Parishioners live mostly in Mull The Shore abounds with Coneys A Mile from Skanny stands Eorsa All these are under the Jurisdiction of the Monks of St. Columbus his Monastery Two Miles from Eorsa stands Vlva which is five Miles long and for its bigness fruitful in Corn and
that plainly enough For besides the vain promises on both sides the Rythms say That the Island was not then inhabited but desolate but that it was inhabited before But where I pray then were those Portentous Figments of Gogmagog and Tentagol and other frightful Names of Men invented for Terrour shall I say or for Laughter rather What will become of those doughty Combates of Corineus and others the Companions of Brutus against not the Earth-born but Hell-born Giants Thus far concerning Brutus and his Oracle Though these be so great Fictions yet Posterity is so little ashamed of them that but a few years ago no mean Writer amongst them hath impudently feigned That the Trojans spake the British Language Homer and Dionysius Halicarnasseus do easily refel the vanity of this shameless Opinion For the one gives Greek Names to all the Trojans the other in a long and serious Disputation doth contend that the Trojans were Originally Greeks I pass by this consideration that when Brute arrived in England with no great Train how within the space of Twenty years he could establish Three Kingdoms and how they who all of them put together aâ— first could scarce make up the number of one mean Colony should in so short a time People an Island the biggest in the whole World and furnish it not only with Villages and Cities but set up in it Three large Kingdoms also yea who a while after it seems grew so numerous that Britain could not contain them but they were forced to Transport themselves into the large Country of Germany where overcoming the Inhabitants they compelled them to assume their own Name which was not a British but a Latin one and so from those Nineteen Brothers forsooth which indeed were not properly own Brothers as we say for almost each of them had a several Mother that the Country should be called Germany I have related this Fable as absurd as it is not to take the pains to refute it but to leave it to the Germans themselves for Sport and Ridicule This in General concerning the Fables of the Brittons But the intent of those who devised them seems not very obscure to me for that Monstrous Fiction of Devils lying with Virgins seems to tend hereto viz. That they might either prove an Alliance between their Brutus and two of the greatest Neighbouring Nations or else that they might vye with them in the Nobleness of their Original For the Gauls affirmed as Caesar hath it that they were descended from Father Pluto and so did the Germans according to Tacitus The cause of devising this Figment concerning Brutus seems to be alike For seeing the Buthrotii in Epirus other People in Sicily The Romans Campanians and Sulmonenses in Italy The Arvâ—rni Hedui Sequani and last of all the Francs in Gaul did celebrate I know not what Trojans as their Founders The Writers of British Affairs also thought it very conducive to the advancement of the Nobility of their Nation if they derived its Original too from the very Archives of Antiquity and especially from the Trojans either because of the famousness of that City which was praised by almost all Nations or else by reason of its Alliance with so many Nations which are said to have started up as it were out of the same common Shipwrack of that one Town Neither did they think themselves guilty of any effrontery in the Falshood if they did somewhat participate of the feigned Nobility which upon the same account was common to so many Nations besides themselves Hence arose as I judge the Fiction of Brutus and other Fables of an older date as impudently devised as foolishly received it will perhaps be enough to shew the vanity of all those things to put the Reader in mind that they were unknown to Ancient Writers that when Learning flourished they dared not peep abroad that they were coyned in its decay recorded by unlearned Flatterers and entertain'd by ignorant and too credulous Persons who did not understand the Fraud of such Cheaters For such is the disposition of those Impostors who do not seek the publick good by a true History but some private advantage by Flattery that when they seem highly to Praise theâ— they most of all deride and jeer For what do they else who pretending to advance the Nobility of a People for its greater splendor do fetch it from the Skum and Riffraff of Nature And yet credulous shall I say or not rather sottish Persons do Pride themselves with a pretended Eminency of an Original which none of their Neighbours will envy them for They also who have wrote of Scotish Affairs have delivered down to us a more Creditable and Noble Origin as they think but no less Fabulous than That of the Britains For they have adopted Ancestors to us not from the Trojan Fugitives but from those Greek Hero's whose Posterity Conquered Troy For seeing in those Ancient times two Nations of the Greeks were most of all celebrated the Dores and the Iones and the Princes of the Dores were the Argivi and of the Iones the Athenians The Scots make one Gathelus to be the chief Founder of their Nation but whether he were the Son of Argus or of Cecrops that they leave in doubt and that they may not be inferior on this accompt to the eminency of the Romans they added to him a strong Band of Robbers with which he going into Egypt perform'd gallant Exploits and after the departure would you think it of Moses was made General of the Kings Forces in that Land And that afterwards with his Wife Scota the Daughter of the King of Egypt he sailed about the whole shore of Europe adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea and having passed through so many Countries which were desolate in that Age or else inhabited but by few and in few places as Greece Italy France not to mention the numerous Islands of the Mediterranean Sea some will have him to Land at the River Iberus but leaving that Country which he could not keep they draw him on further to Galaecia a Country much more Barren Some Land him at the Mouth of the River Durius being the first of all Men as I suppose who adventured into the Ocean with a Navy of Ships and that there he built a brave Town which is now called from his Name Portus Gatheli or Port a Port whence the whole Country which from Lusus and Lusa the Children of Bacchus was a long time called Lusitania began to be called Portugal and afterwards being forced to pass into Gallaecia he there built Brigantia now called Compostella also that Braga in Portugal was built by him at the Mouth of the River Munda These are the things which the Scots have fabulously wrote concerning the Original of their Nation In feigning of which how uncircumspect they were we may gather from hence that they did not give a
therefore that the Tectosages possessed the most fruitful part of Germany about the Hercynian Forest and the Bohemians as the other affirms do declare by their Names that their Founders were the Boii And sometimes the Helvetians possessed the nearer places between the Rivers Main and Rhene also the Decumates beyond the Rhene were of Gallick Original and the Gothini neer the Danow whom Claudian calls Gothunni Arrianus in the Life of Alexander calls them Getini and Flavius Vopiscus in the Life of Probus Gautunni But Claudian reckons even the Gothunni amongst the Getae and Stephanus is of Opinion that the Getes are called Getini by Ammianus so that perhaps the Getes themselves may acknowledge a Gallick Original seeing it is certain that many Gallick Nations passed over into Thrace and there resided in that Circuit thereof which the Getes are said to have possessed Tacitus also writes that in his time the Gothini used the Gallick Language besides the Cimbri as Philemon says and if we believe Tacitus the Aestâ—ones dwelling by the Swedish Sea where they gather Amber did speak British which Language was then the same with the Gallâ—ck or not much different from it There are many Footsteps of Gallick Colonies through all Germany which I would willingly recite but that what I have already alleged is enough for my purpose viz. To shew how widely France did extend her Colonies round about Brittain What then shall we say of Britain it self which did equal those Nations neither in greatness strength nor skill in Military Affairs What did she that was so neer to the Valiantest of the Gauls and not inferiour to the neighbour Nations either in the mildness of the Air or the fruitfulness of the Soil did she I say entertain no Foreign Colonies Yes many as Caesar and Tacitus affirm and as I hold all her 〈◊〉 Inhabitants came from thence For 't is manifest that three Nations did anciently possess the whole Island the Brittons Picts and Scots of which I will speak hereafter To begin then with the Brittons whose Dominion was of largest extent in Albium The first that I know who hath discovered any certainty concerning them was C. Iulius Caesar. He thinks that the inmost Inhabitants were Indigenae because after diligent enquiry he could find nothing of their first comming thither neither had they any Monuments of Learning whence he might be informed He says that the Maritime parts of the Island were possessed by the Belgae whom hopes of Prey had allured thither and the fruitfulness of the Soil and mildness of the Air had detained there He thinks this a sufficient argument to confirm his Opinion that many did retain the Names of the Cities whence they came and that their Buildings were like those of the Gauls Cornelius Tacitus a grave Author adds that their Manners are not unlike and that they are equally bold in running into Dangers and as fearful how to get out of them that there were great Factions and Sidings among them Both. And lastly that Britain in his time was in the same State as Gaul was before the coming of the Romans Pomponius Mela adds further That the Brittons used to Fight on Horseback in Chariots and Coaches being harnessed in French Armour Add hereto that Bede who lived before all those who have wrote such Fabulous things of the Origin of the Britons and is of greater Authority than them all affirms That the first Inhabitants of the Island came out of the Tract of Armorica Some Grammatists of the Greeks differ much from the above mentioned Authors for they say that the Brittons received their Names from Britannus the Son of Celto They assuredly agree in this that they would derive their Original from the Gauls of the later Authors Robertus Caenalis and Pomponius Laetus in the Life of Dioclesian an Author not to be despised do subscribe to this Opinion both of them as I suppose being convinced by the Power of Truth Yet Both seem to me to mistake in this point that they deduce them from the Peninsula of the Brittons which is now called Britany to the River Loir especially since the Maritime Colonies of Britain as Caesar observes do testifie by their very Names whence their Transportation was It follows that we speak of the Gallick Colonies sent into Ireland I shewed before that all the North side of Spain was possessed by Gallick Colonies And there are many reasons assignable why they might pass out of Spain into Ireland for either the easie passage might be a great inducement or else the Spaniards might be expelled out of their Habitations by the excessive Power and Domination of the Persians Phaenicians and Graecians who having overcome the Spaniards rendred them Weak and Obnoxious to their Oppression and Violence Moreover there were Causes amongst the Spaniards themselves for they being a People cemented and made up of many Nations and not well agreeing among themselves the desire of Liberty and the avoiding of Servitude in the midst of Civil Wars and new Tumults arising amongst a People that was greedy of War might make them willing to depart He that weighs these causes of Transmigration will not wonder if many of them did prefer a mean condition abroad conjoyned with Liberty before a Domestick and bitter Servitude and when they were once arrived there the State of Spain growing daily more and more Turbulent made them willing there to abide for sometimes the Carthaginians and sometimes the Romans did exercise all the Miseries of Servility upon the Conquered Spaniards and so compelled them to avoid those Evils by a flight into Ireland there being no other neighbour Nation into which either in their Prosperity they might so well transport their over-abounding Multitudes or else wherein in adversity they might find a shelter against their Calamities Besides the Clemency of the Air did retain them there for as Caesar says the Air of Britain is more temperate than That of France And Ireland exceeds Both in goodness of Soil and also in an equal Temperature of the Air and Climate Besides Men born and educated in a barren Soil and given to Laziness besides as all Spaniards are being transported almost into the richest Pastures of all Europe no marvail if they willingly withdrew themselves from homebred Tumults into the bosome of a Peace beyond Sea Notwithstanding all that I have said yet I would not refuse the Opinion of any Nation concerning their Ancestors provided it were supported by probable Conjectures and ancient Testimony For Tacitus upon sure Conjectures as he thinks doth affirm that the West side of Britain or Albium was inhabited by the Posterity of the Spaniards But it is not probable that the Spaniards should leave Ireland behind them being a Country nearer and of a milder Air and Soil and first Land in Albium but rather that they first arrived in Ireland and from thence emitted their Colonies
into Britain And that the same thing happen'd to the Scots all their Annals do testifie and Bede Lib. 1. doth affirm For all the Inhabitants of Ireland were first of all called Scots as Orosius shews and our Annals relate that the Scots passed more than once out of Ireland into Albium First of all Fergusius the Son of Ferchard being their Captain and after some Ages being expelled from their Habitations they returned into Ireland and again under their General Reutharus they return'd into Britain And afterwards in the Reign of Fergusius the Second great aid of Irish-Scots were sent who had their Quarters assigned in Gallaway And Claudian in his time shews That Auxiliaries were transmitted thence against the Romans for he says Totam cùm Scotus Iernam Movit insesto spumavit Sanguine Tethys The Scot all Ireland did excite To cross the Seas 'gainst Rome to Fight And in another place Scotorum tumulos flevit glacialis Ierne Whole heaps of Scots cold Ireland did lament But in the beginning when both People i. e. the Inhabitants of Ireland and their Colonies sent into Albium were called Scots that there might be some distinguishment betwixt them some Scots were called Irish-Scots others Albin-Scots and by degrees their Sirnames came to be their Names so that the ancient Name of Scots was almost forgotten and not to be retrieved from common Speech but only from Books and Annals As for the Name of Picts I judge it not their Antient and Country Name but occasionally given them by the Romans because their Bodies were indented as it were with Scars which the Verses of Claudian do shew Ille leves Mauros nec falso nomine Pictos Edomuit Scotumque vago mucrone secutus Fregit Hyperboreas remis audacibus undas He nimble Moors and painted Picts did tame With far-stretch'd Sword the Scots he overcame And with bold Oars the Northern Seas did Furrow And elsewhere Venit extremis Legio praetenta Britannis Quae Scoto dat froena truci ferroque notatas Perlegit exanimes Picto moriente figuras The Legion came the outmost Britains Guard Which the fierce Scot did curb with Bridle hard And Read the Marks i' th' Skins of dying Picts Insculp'd with Iron Herodian also makes mention of the same Nation but concealing its Name and says plainly That they did paint their Bodies but he doth not affirm That they did it with Iron Neither says he are they acquainted with the use of Apparel but they surround their Belly and their Neck with Iron as thinking that Metal to be an Ornament and sign of Riches as the other Barbarians do Gold And moreover they mark their Bodies with sundry Pictures and with Animals of all shapes and therefore they will put on no Garments lest they should hide their Paint With what Name they call themselves the thing is so ancient that it is hard to determine 'T is certain their neighbour-Neighbour-Nations do not agree concerning their Name for the Brittons call them Pictiades The English Pichti The old Scots Peachti And besides the Names of some places which were heretofore under the Jurisdiction of the Picts but are now possessed by the Scots seem to have a different Appellation from them all For the Hills called Pentland-Hills and the Pentland-Bay or Firth seems to be derived from Penthus not from Pictus But I verily believe those Names were imposed in after-times either by the English or else by the Scots who used the English Tongue for the Ancient Scots did neither understand nor use them As for the Name of Picts whether the Romans Translated a Barbarous Word into a Latin one of a near sound or whether the Barbarians applyed a Latin Word every one to his own Country Tone and Declension 't is all a case to me Well then being agreed of the Name and it being confest by all Writers That they came from the Eastern Parts into Britain from Scythia say some from Germany say others it remains that tracing their Footsteps by Conjectures we come as near the Truth as we can Neither do I perceive any surer Foundation of my Disquisition than by painting their Bodies so did the Arii in Germany and the Agathrrsi but it was only that they might appear more terrible to the Enemy in War and they did it only with the Juyce of Herbs But seeing the Picts mark'd their Skins with Iron and stigmatized them with the Pictures of divers Animals The better way will be to inquire What Nations either in Scythia Germany or the Neighbor-Countries did use that Custom of painting their Bodies not for Terror but Ornament And First we meet with the Geloni according to Virgil of whom Claudian speaks in his first Book against Ruffinus Membraque qui ferro gaudet pinxisse Gelonus The Geloni love to Print Their Limbs with Iron Instrument We meet also with the Getae in Thrace mentioned by the same Poet Crinigeri sedere patres pellita Getarum Curia quas plagis decorat numerosa cicatrix Skin-wearing Getes consult with Hair unshorn Whose marked Bodies num'rous Scars adorn Therefore seeing the Geloni as Virgil writes are Neighbors to the Getes and either the Gothunni or Getini according to Arrâ—anus are number'd amongst the Getes and seeing the Gothunni as Tacitus says speak the Gallick Language what hinders but that we may believe the Picts had their Original from thence But from whatsoever Province of Germany they came I think it very probable that they were of the ancient Colonies of the Gauls who seated themselves either on the Swedish Sea or on the Danow For the Men of a Gallick Descent being counted Foreigners by the Germans as indeed they were I judge their Name was used in a way of reproach so that one word i. e. Walsch with them signifies a Gaul a Stranger and a Barbarian too So that it is very credible That the Ancestors of the Picts either being expell'd by their Neighbors or driven up and down by Tempests were easily reconciled to the Scots yea were befriended and aided as 't is reported by them as a People allyed to Them almost of the samâ— Language with them and their Religious Customs not unlike So that it might easily come to pass that thereupon they might mix their Blood and by Marriages make a Coalition as it were into one Nation For otherwise I do not see how the Scots which then possessed Ireland being a fierce and rough-hewn People should so easily enter into an Affinity and compleat Friendship with Strangers who were necessitous and destitute of all things which they never saw before and with whom they had no Commerce in point of Laws Religion or Language But here the Authority of Bede the Anglo-Saxon doth somewhat obstruct my passage who is the only Writer that I know of that affirms That the Picts used a different Language from the Scots For speaking of Britain he says That It did
search after and profess the Knowledge of the highest Truth and the sublimest Science in five Languages the English British Scotish Pictish and Latin But I suppose Bede calls five Dialects of one and the same Tongue Five Tongues as we see the Greeks do in the like case And as Caesar doth in the beginning of his Commentaries of the Gallâ—ck War For he says That Three parts of Gaul did use different Languages and Customs But Strabo though he grants that the Aquitans used a different Language from the other Gauls yet he affirms That all the rest of the Gauls used the same Language but with a little Variation The Scots also do not differ from the Britains in their whole Language but in Dialect rather as I shall shew hereafter seeing their Speech at present doth so far agree that it seems of old to have been the same for they differ less than some Gallick Provinces do which yet are all said to speak Gaulish And therefore other Writers give not the least suspition of a different Language and They as long as Both Kingdoms were distinct as if they had been People of one Nation did always contract Marriages one with another and as they were mixed in the beginning so afterwards they carried themselves as Neighbors and oftentimes as Friends until the Destruction of the Picts Neither did the remainder of them who when their Military Race was extinct yet must needs be many in any degree corrupt the Scotish Tongue Nor indeed are there any Footsteps of a Foreign Language in the Places and Habitations which they left For all the Countries of the Picts and many particular Places therein too do yet retain Scotish Appellations except a very few who upon the Saxon-Tongu's prevailing over our Country-Language had German Names imposed upon them Neither is This to be omitted That before the coming of the Saxons into Britain none of the British Nations used Interpreters to understand one another Wherefore seeing the Scotish English and German Writers do unanimously accord That the Original of the Picts was from Germany and it is also manifest That the Gothunni or Getini were Colonies of the Gauls whose Language they spoke and that the Aestii spake British by the Swedish or Baltick Sea Whence may we rather fetch the Descent of the Picts Or They being expell'd from their Native Habitations Whither should they go but to their own Kindred Or Where were they likely to obtain Marriage-Unions but amongst a People of Affinity with them in Blood Language and Manners But if any one deny That the Picts were descended from the Gothunni or Aestii or Getae being induc'd to that Persuasion by the great distance of those Countries from Britain Let him but consider How many and How great Migrations of People were made even in all parts of the World in those Times wherein the coming of the Picts into Britain is recorded to have been and also for many Ages after and then he may easily grant that such things might not only be done but be done with great facility too The Gauls did then possess a great part of Spain Italy Germany and Britain by their Colonies They proceeded so far as Palus Maeotis and the Cimmerian Bosphorus by their Depredations and after they had wasted Thrace Macedonia and Greece they fixed their Seats in Asia The Cimbri Ambrones and Teutones having wasted Gaul pierced into Italy The Geloni whom Virgil places in Thrace are by other Writers said to dwell near to the Agathyrsi in Scythia The Gothâ— for a great while an obscure Nation yet in a short time like a Flood over-ran Europe Asia and Africa And therefore seeing for many Ages after Those who were Grandees and more powerful than others challeng'd to themselves the Seats of their Inferiours the Weak being obnoxious to the Injuries of the Strong left their Country which they could not keep so that it s no great Wonder amongst the Wise if Men having long conflicted with adverse Fortune and being tossed up and down by many Peregrinations having besides no certain Habitation did at length betake themselves to remote or far distant Countries Besides we see That the Roman Writers do place Two Ancient Nations within those Limits which did bound the Kingdoms of the Scots and Picts the Mayatae and Aâ—tacottae Of these I suppose the Mayatae whom Dion alone of all the Authors that I know doth mention were of the Picts Race seeing he places them in the Countries nearest to the t Caledonian Sea and it is certain that the Picts did inhabit those Provinces As for the Attacottae it appears out of Marcellinus That they were the Progeny of those who sometimes being excluded by Aâ—rian's Wall afterwards enlarging their Dominions unto the Wall of Severus were comprehended within the Roman Province because I find in a Book of the Romans concerning Camp Discipline through their Provinces that among the Foreign Auxiliaries there were some Troops of the Attacottae as well as of the Britains Which makes me hesitate Whether of the Two to admire in Lud his Boldness or his Stupidity His Boldness who affirms That the Attacottae were Scots but without any certain Author or probable Conjecture His Stupidity that in the very place of Marcellinus cited by him he sees not that the Scots are plainly distinguished from the Attacottae For Marcellinus says The Picts Saxons Scots and Attacottae vexed the Britains with perpetual Miseries Of the same Stupidity is he guilty when he affirms That the Caledonii were of the Nation of the Britains whereas 't is plain they were Picts which Lud himself doth clearly demonstrate by a Testimony out of a Panegyrick dedicated to Constantius which he produces against himself For says the Author of that Oration The Woods of the Caledones and of other Picts That Testimony such was his Folly he produces for himself not observing such was his Stupidity that it makes against him If we look to the Word it self 't is Scotish for Calden in Scotch is that Tree called the Hasel whence I judge came the Name of the Caledonian Woods and the Town of the Caledonians situate by the River Tay which is yet called Dancalden i. e. the Hasel-Hill-Town And if I dared to indulge my self so much Liberty as to disagree from all the Books of Ptolemy for the Deucaledonian I would write the Duncaledonian Sea and for the Dicaledones in Marcellinus Duncaledones Both the Sea and the Nation being Sirnamed from the Town Duncalden What I have written may satisfie any favourable Reader yet I shall add other Testimonies which C. Plinius thinks to be manifest Signs of the Originals of Nations viz. Religion Language and Names of Towns First of all it is manifest That the Bond of Religion and the Identity of Sentiment as to the supposed Gods hath been always held the strictest tye of Obligation and Allyance amongst Nations Now the Britains and
the Gauls maintain'd the same Divine Worship they had the same Priests the Druydes amongst them who were in no Nation else whose Superstition had so besotted the Minds of both Nations that many have doubted which of the two first learn'd that sort of Philosophy one from the other Tacitus also says that they had the same Sacred Rites and Superstitious Observations And that Tomb erected neaâ— New Carthage called Mâ—rcurius Teutates as Livy writes doth shew that the Spaniards the greatest part of whom drew their Original from the Gauls were not free from those Rites Also the same kind of Priests or Sacrists called by both of them Bards were in great Honour both amongst the Gauls and Britains Their Function and Name doth yet remain among all thâ—se Nâ—â—ions which use the old British Tongue and so much Honour is given to them in many places that their Persons are accounted Sacred and their Houses Sanctuaries Yea in the height of their Enmities when they manage the cruellest Wars one against another and use their Victories as severely yet these Bards and their retinue have free liberty to pass and repass at their pleasure The Nobles when they come to them receive them honourably and dismiss them with Gifts They make Canto's not unelegant which Rhapsodists recite either to the better sort or else to the vulgar who are very desirous to hear them and sometimes they sing them to Musical Tunes and Instruments Many of their Ancient Customs yet remain yea there is almost nothing changed of them in Ireland but only in Ceremonies and Rites of Religion This for the present concerning their Religion It remains now that we speak concerning their Ancient Language and the Names of the Towns and of their People But these Parts thô several for the most part shall yet be promiscuously handled by me because that many times one depends upon another as its foundation especially sithence a proper Name either by its Origination or Declination doth assert or indicate the Country whence a Man comes Yet thô these things are intwisted and do mutually confirm one another for the Reader 's Instruction I will sometime handle them severally as much as I can First of all Tacitus in the Life of his Father-in-law Agricola doth affirm That the Gaulish Tongue did not much differ from the British whence I gather that they were sometimes the same but by little and little either by Commerce with Foreign Nations or by the Importation of new Commodities unknown before to the Natives or by the Invention of new Arts or by the frequent change of the Form of Garments Arms and other Furniture A Speech or Language that was very flexible of itself might be much alter'd sometimes augmented sometimes adulterated many new words being found out and many old ones corrupted Let a Man but think with himself how much the Inconstancy and Humourousness of the Vulgar doth assume to it self in this particular and how ready Men are and always were to loath present things and to study Innovations he will find the judgment of the best of Poets and the only Censor in these Cases to be most true Vt Sylvae foliis pronos mutantur in annos Prima cadunt it a verborum vetus interit aetas Et juvenum ritu florent modò nata vigentque As withered Leaves fall off from Trees And new supply their plaâ—es So Languages decay and cease New Speech brings in new Grace's And a little after Multa renascentur quae jam cecidere cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula si volet usus Quem penes arbitrium est jus norma loquendi Many Words shall fall Which now we highly prize And Words which now have fallen Shall hereafter Rise Vse or Custom Rules this thing And governs Language as a King 'T is true he spake this of the Latin Tongue which by the great care of the Romans was kept uncorrupted and which all the Nations contained within the large bounds of their Empire did diligently Learn And therefore 't is no wonder if a Language even before Colonies were sent into all parts out of Gaul which already had different Dialects at home and also was afterwards corrupted by the mixture of divers Nations being in it self too barbarous at first and almost neglected by those themselves that used it and after it again re-enter'd from a Foreign Soil into Britain which was then divided into Kingdoms for the most part obnoxious to Strangers 't is no wonder I say if upon all these prejudices it was not always consistent with it self For at first the Celtae and the Belgae did use a different Dialect as Strabo thinks Afterwards when the Celtae sent abroad great Colonies into Spain as the Names of Celtiberi and Celtici do declare And the Belgae made their descent into the Maritime parts of Britain as may be collected from the Names of Venta Belgarum of the Atrebates and Iceni it must needs follow that on the one side the Spaniards and on the other the Romans the English the Danes and the Normans must bring in many strange Words with them and so corrupt the Country Speech Yea I rather judge it more worthy of Admiration that the Languages of neighbouring Nations having been adulterated by the coming in of so many strange People and in great part chang'd by the Speech of neighbour Counties that yet so long time after the Britains should not differ in their whole Language but only in certain Idioms and Dialects only For if any one of them though of another Nations do hear a Man speak British yet he may acknowledge the sound of his own Language and may understand many Words though he do not comprehend his whole Discourse Neither ought it to seem strange to us if the same Words do not signifie the same things in all Nations if we consider what alterations Commerce with neighbouring Countries doth daily make in the Speech of all Nations and how much change is made by daily Conversation with Foreigners how many new Words are coined to express things newly invented how many are imported with Wares and Traffick even from the furthest parts of the World how many old obsolete Words are difus'd how many are lengthned by the addition of Letters or Syllables and how many are shortned by contrary Decurtations and some also new pargeted as it were by mutation or transposition of Letters I will not inquire in how short a time and how much the Ionick Speech did degenerate from the Attick and how much the other Greeks differ'd from them both Let us but observe the Speech of the noblest Nations in Europe how soon did the French Italick and Latin Tongues all derived from the same Root degenerate from the purity of the Latin yet in the mean time they differ no less amongst themselves than the old Scotish and the British Tongues do Yea if we look
over all the Provinces of France I mean those who are judg'd to speak true Gallick or French what a great difference shall we find between the Inhabitants of Gallia Narbonensis and the Gascoigners And how vastly the Limosins the Perigordins and the Auvergnians though neighbours to both yet differ from both in their Speech And how much the rest of the Provinces of France do differ even from all of them And to come nearer home the English Laws of William the Norman established Five Hundred years ago and wrote in French yet now no French Man can understand them without an Interpreter Nay if those old Men who have lived long in the World can remember that many Words are grown obsolete which were in use when they were Children and what Words unheard of by our Ancestors have succeeded in their places they will not at all wonder that the same Original Language in length of time should be changed and seem wholly different from it self especially amongst Nations far remote and also often warring one against another On the other side when I see that concord lasting so many Ages rather than years in the British Language and that even amongst Nations either very distant one from another or else maintaining mutual Animosities against one another such a concord as is hardly to be found amongst many Tribes and People of the Gauls who yet have long lived under the same Kings and Laws I say when I ponder within my self such an agreement in Speech which as yet preserves its ancient Affinity of Words and no obscure markes of its Original I am easily induc'd to believe that before the coming in of the Saxons all the Britains used a Language not much different from each other and it is probable that the Nations adjoyning to the Gallick shore used the Belgick Tongue from whose limits a good part of the Britans bordering on France had made a Transmigration as Caesar informs us But the Irish and the Colonies sent from them being derived from the Celtae Inhabitants of Spain 't is probable they spake the Celtick Tongue I suppose that these Nations returning as it were from a long Pilgrimage and possessing themselves of the neighbour-Seats and almost coalescing into one People did confound the Idioms of their several Tongues respectively so that it was neither wholly Belgick nor wholly Celtick nor yet wholly unlike to either of them Such a mixture we may observe in those Nations which are thought to speak the German Tongue and yet have much declined from the ancient Phrase thereof I mean the Danes the Maritime Saxons those of Freâ—sland those of Flanders and the English amongst all which 't is easie to find some Letters Sounds and Inflections which are proper to the Germans only and not common to any other Nation besides I suppose that a surer symptom of the Affinity of a Language may be gathered from this Sound of Letters from the familiar way of each Nation in pronouncing certain Letters and from the judgment of the Ear thereupon and also from the Composition and Declension of Words than from the signification of single or particular Words Examples hereof we find in the German Letter W in the composition of the Words More-Marusa and Armoricus of which I have spoken before And in the Declension of those Words which amongst the Gauls end in Ac of which there is a vast number which Form amongst the Scots is Hypocoristical i. e. Diminutive and so it was amongst the ancient Gauls From Drix which amongst the Scots signifies a Briar is derived Drissac i. e. a Briarling or little Briar bush And from Brix which signifies a Rupture or Cleft Brixac which now the French pronounce Brisac For what the Scots pronounce Brix that the French call Bresche even to this very day there being no difference at all in the signification of the Words The Cause of the different Writing is that the ancient Scots and all the Spaniards to this very day do use the Letter X for double SS And therefore the old Gauls from Brix have called a Town of the Caenomani Brixia and again from Brixia Brixiacum now commonly Brisac After the like Form Aureliacum i. e. Orilhach is derived from Aurelia i. e. Orleans and from Evora which is called Cerealis or Ebora Sirnam'd by the Spaniards Foelicitas Iulia Eboracum i. e. York is derived as the Brigantes have declined it who had their Origin from the Spaniards retaining in the Declension thereof the propriety of the French Tongue Furthermore besides those things which I have mentioned all that Coast of Britain which is extended to the South-West retains the sure and manifest Footsteps of a Gallick Speech and Original according to the clear testimony even of Foreigners themselves First in that Coast there is Cornuvallia i. e. Cornwal as many call it but by the Ancients 't was called Cornavia and by the Vulgar Kernico even as in Scotland the Cornavii placed by Ptolemy in the most Northern District of that Country are commonly called Kernicks so that Cornuvallia is derived from Kernick and Valli as if you should say Kernico-Galli i. e. Cornish Gauls Moreover Vallia i. e. Wales another Peninsula in the same side doth avouch its Ancestors both in Name and Speech They who come near in Language to the Sound of the German Tongue pronounce it by W a Letter proper to the Germans only which the rest of their neighbours who use the old Tone can by no means pronounce Yea if you should Torture them to make them pronounce it aright yet the Cornish the Irish or Highland-Scots could never do it But the French who call it Vallia do always prefix G before it and not in that Word alone but they have many others also which begin with G for they who by reason of the Propinquity of the Countries do Germanize do call the French Tongue Walla and besides in a multitude of other Words they use this change of Letters On the other side that Country which the English call Wales and North-Wales the French call Gales and North-Gales as yet pertinaciously insisting on the footsteps of their ancient Tongue But Polydore Virgil pleaseth himself with a new fancy which he thinks he was the first inventer of whereas no Man though but meanly skilled in the German Tongue is ignorant that the Word Walsch signifies a Stranger or Foreigner and that therefore the Valli were call'd Foreigners by them but he reckons as we say without his Host For if that Name were derived from Strangership I think it would agree better to the Angles or English as an adventitious People rather than to Those whom by reason of their Antiquity many of the ancients have thought to be Indigenous Or if that name were imposed upon them by the English they might with better reason have given it to the Scots and Picts than to the Britains because
Words from whence we may know which are foreinly introduced and which are Patriots For as the Words Philosophia Geometria and Dialectica though oft used by Latin Writers yet have scarce any Latin Word of kin to them or derived from them from whence they may seem to draw their Original so on the other side the Words Paradisus and Gaza are used by the Greeks and yet it appears by this That they are Inquiline or Forein because they can't shew any Original nor any Progeny derived from them in the Genuin Greek Tongue The same Observation may be also made in other Tongues which will help us to judge what Words are Domestick and what are Adventitious or Forein Let it suffice to have spoken thus much in General Let us now propound Examples concerning every Particular part Where First we meet with those Words which end in Bria Briga and Brica Strabo in his Seventh Book with whose Opinion Stephanus concurs says That Bria signifies a City to confirm their Opinion they produce these Names derived therefrom Pultobria Brutobria Mesembria and Selimbria But the place by them called Brutobria by others is named Brutobrica and the places which Ptolemy makes to end in Briga Pliny closes with Brica so that 't is probable That Bria Briga and Brica signifie the same thing But that they all have their Original from Gaul appears by this That the Gauls are reported anciently to have sent forth Colonies into Thrace and Spain and not They into Gaul and therefore amongst proper Classick Authors we usually read the Words following Abobrica in Pliny in the Circuit of Braga Amalo-brica in the Itinerary of the Emperor Antoninus Arabrica Pliny in the Bracarensâ—an Circuit also Arabrica another Ptolemy in Lusitania or Portugal Arcobrica Ptolemy amongst the Celtiberians i. e. New-Castillians Arcobrica another Ptolemy amongst the Lusitanian-Celticks Arcobrica a Third in the * Caesar-Augustan-Province Artobrica Ptolemy in the Vindilici's Country Augustobrica Pliny and Ptolemy in Portugal Augustobrica another Ptolemy in the Vecton's Country Augustobrica a Third Ptolemy in the Pelendon's Country Axabrica Pliny of the Lusitanicks Bodobrica in the Itinerary of Antoninus and in the Book of the Knowledge of the Roman Empire in High-Germany Brige in the Itinerary of Antoninus in Britany Brige in Strabo a Town by the Cottian Alps. Bruto-brica in Strabo between the Turduli and the River Boetis Caeliobrica Ptolemy of the Celerini i. e. People in Portugal Caesarobrica Pliny in Portugal also Catobrica of the Turduli in the Itinerary of the Emperor Antoninus Corimbrica Pliny in Portugal if I mistake not corruptly for Conimbrica of which mention is made in the Itinerary of Antoninus which City as yet keeps it ancient Name by the River Munda in Portugal Cotteobria Ptolemy in the Vecton's Country Deobrica Ptolemy among the Vecton's also Deobrica another Ptolemy of the Autrigones Deobricula Ptolemy of the Morbogi Dessobrica not far distant from Lacobrica in the Itinerary of Antoninus Flavio-Brica Pliny at the Port Amanus Ptolemy in the Autrigons calls it Magnus but I know not whether Magnus ought to be writ in Pliny or no. Serabrica in the Scalabitan Province which Pliny writes Ierabrica Iuliobrica in Pliny and in the Itinerary of Antoninus of the Cantabrians or Biscainers heretofore called Brigantia Lacobrica in the Vaccaeans Country in Pliny Ptolemy and Festus Pompeius Lacobrica at the Sacred Promontory in Mela. Lancobrica of the Lusitanick Celts Ptolemy Latobrigi near to the Svitzers Caesar. Medubrica Sirnamed Plumbaria by Pliny in Portugal this if I mistake not is called Mundobrica in the Itinerary of Antoninus Merobrica Sirnamed Celtica in Portugal Pliny and Ptolemy Mirobrica in the Country of the Oretani Mirobrica another in Beturia or in the Country of the Turditani Boetici Pliny and Ptolemy Nemetobrica in the Country of the Lusitanick Celts Ptolemy Nertobrica in the Turduli's Country of Boetica Ptolemy Nertobrica another in the Celtiberians Country Ptolemy which in the Itinerary of Antoninus is called Nitobrica Segobrica in the Celtiberians Country Pliny but Ptolemy counts it the Head City of Celtiberia Talabrica in Lusitania Pliny and Ptolemy Turobrica in the Celts Country of Boetica Pliny Tuntobrica amongst the Bracarean Gallaeci Ptolemy Vertobrica Sirnamed Concordia Iulia Pliny in the Celt-Beticks Country Volobrica of the Nemetes Ptolomy Very many Names of Towns and Nations seem to belong to this Class in all the Provinces into which the Gauls distributed Colonies For as Burgundus and Burgundio seem to be derived from Burgo so doth Brigantes from Briga The Nominative Case of this word in Stephanus is Brigas whence we decline Brigantes as we do Gigantes from Gigas The Brigantes according to Strabo are situate by the Cottian Alps and in the same Tract is the Village or Town Brige And the Brigiani in the Trophy of Augustus are reckoned amongst the Alpin Nations Brigantium is an Alpine Town and the Brigantii are in the Country of the Vindelici according to Strabo and Brigantia in the Itinerary of Antoninus And the Mountain Briga Ptolemy is near the Fountains of the Rohsne and the Danow Also Brigantium in Rhaetia Ptolemy is the same Town I suppose which in the Book of the Knowledge of the Provinces of the People of Rome is called Brecantia and the Brigantine Lake And in Ireland are the Brigantes Ptolemy The Brigantes also are in Albium Ptolemy Tacitus and Seneca And the Town Brige or Brage and Isobrigantium in the Itinerary of Antoninus And the Town Brigantium in Orosius by the Celtick Promontory and Flaviobrigantium or Besanzon in Ptolemy in the Great Port And a later Brigantia i. e. Braganza now in the Kingdom of Portugal There is also another Class or Rank of Words which do either begin in Dunum or end therewith which is a Gallick Word as appears by those Heaps of Sand of the Morini as yet called Duni or the Downs and those other Heaps of Sand in the Sea over against them in the English Shore which retain the same Name of Downs Yea Plutarch I mean He who wrote the Book of Rivers in declaring the Original of Lugdunum i. e. Lions acknowledges Dunum to be a Gallick Word And indeed in expressing the Names of Villages and Towns there is scarce any one Word or Termination more frequent than That amongst the Nations who yet preserve the old Gallick Tongue almost intire I mean the Brittons in Gallia Celtica and the Ancient Scots in Ireland and Albium and the Valli or Welch the Kernicovalli or Cornish in England for there is none of
those Nations which do not challenge that Word or Termination for their own only here is the difference That the old Gauls did end their Compound Words with Dunum but the Scots ordinarily place it in the beginning of Words of this sort there are found In France Augustodunum of the Aedui or Burgundians Castellodunum of the Carnotensian Province i. e. of Chartres Melodunum by the River Sequana or Sein Lugdunum at the Confluence of the Rivers Arar and Rhosne Augustodunum another Autun of the Arverni or Anvergneois and Clermontians Ptolemy Lugdunum of the Conveni or Comingeois near the River Garon Ptolemy Novidunum in the Tribocci's Country Ptolemy Vxellodunum in Caesar. Iuliodunum in the Pictons Country i. e. Poictiers Isodunum and Regiodunum of the Bituriges i. e. Inhabitants of Berry Laodunum or Laudunum in the County of Rhemes Caesarodunum Ptolomy of the Turones i. e. Tourenois Segodunum of the Ruthenians Ptolemy Velannodunum or St. Flour in Caesar. In Spain Caladunum Ptolomy of the Bracari or Braganzians Sebendunum Ptolemy In Britain Camulodunum of the Brigantes Country Ptolemy Camulodunum a Roman Colony Tacitus Dunum a Town of the Durotriges or Dorsetshire Men. Ptolemy Maridunum i. e. Carmarthen of the Demetae Ptolemy and the Itinerary of Antoninus Rigodunum of the Brigantes Ptolemy i. e. Ribchester in Lancashire Cambodunum in the Itinerary of Antoninus i. e. Râ—ines near Almonbury in Yorkshire Margidunum in the same Itinerary i. e. Margâ—doverton in Leicestershire near Belvoir Castle or as some Leicâ—stâ—r it self Sorviodunum or Sorbiodunum in the same Itinerary i. e. Old Sarum in Wiltshire Segodunum i. e. Seton in Northumberland and Axelodunum i. e. Hexam in Northumberland also in the Book of the Notitia Romanâ— Imperii or Knowledge of the Roman Empire c. Later Towns in England Venantodunum i. e. Huntingdon Dunelmum i. e. Durham In Scotland Duncaledon called also Caledonia i. e. Dunkelden Deidunum i. e. Dundee or rather Taodunum by the River Tay. Edinodunum which Word the Ancient Scots do yet retain but they who Germanize had rather call it Edinburgh Dunum a Town in Ireland called Down Noviodunum or New Down i. e. Dunmoore Castle in Coval Brittannodunum i. e. Dumbritton or Dumbarton at the Confluence of the Clyde and Levin And at this day there are abundance of Names of Castles Villages and Hills derived therefrom In Germany these Names are read in Ptolemy Lugdunum i. e. Leyden Segodunum i. e. Nurinburgh Tarodunum i. e. Friburgh Robodunum i. e. Brin Carrodunum i. e. Crainburgh In the Alps Country Ebrodunum and Sedunum In the Vindelici or Bavarians Country in Rhaetia the Grisons Country and Noricum Cambodunum Corrodunum Gesodunum Idunum and Noviodunum and in the Book of knowledge of the Roman Empire Parrodunum In Sarmatia and Dacia according to Ptolemy Corrodunum Singindunum by the Danow Noviodunum at the Mouth of the Danow also another Noviodunum And there are in the same Provinces not a few words declined from Dur which among the old Gauls and Brittons signifies Water and as yet retains the same signification amongst some as there are In France Durocotti in the Rhemish Circuit Ptolemy we read them also called Durocorti Moreover Caesar makes mention of Divodurum of the Mediomatrices Tacitus Divodurum near Paris in the Itinerary of Antoninus Batavodurum amongst the Batavi Ptolemy Tacitus Breviodurum in the Itinerary of the Emperor Antoninus Gannodurum in Ptolemy near the Rhine Gannodurum in the Helvetians Country Ptolemy Octodurum or Octodorus amongst the Veragri Caesar. In Rhaetia the Vindelicis's Country and Noricum Bragodurum Carrodurum Ebodurum Gannodurum and Octodurum Ptolemy Venaxamodurum and Bododurum in the Book of the Knowledge of the Provinces In Spain Octodurum and Ocellodurum Ptolemy The River Durius flowing into the Ocean and Duria into the Mediterranean Sea and in Ireland the River Dur Ptolemy In Britain Durocobrivae Duroprovae Durolenum Durovernum Durolipont Durotriges Durocornovium Durolitum Duronovaria Lactodurum Perhaps the two Alpine Rivers Doria the Greater and the Less the one running into the Po by the Salassians Country the other by the Piemonteis do belong to the same Original And also Issidorus and Altissidorus Cities of France so called as I judge from their situation near Rivers To which Dureta may be referred which word in Spanish signifies a Wooden Throne as Suetonius writes in the Life of Augustus The like may be said of Domnacus the proper Name of a Man in Caesar which seems to be corrupted from Dunacus For Dunach may signifie Dunan and Dunensis both as Romach doth Romanus Dunacus or rather Dunachus is yet used for the proper Name of a Man which those who are ignorant of both Tongues the Latin and the British do render but amiss sometimes Duncan sometimes Donat. The word Magus also in all the Provinces in which the Publick use of the Gallick Tongue obtained is very frequent in expressing the Names of Cities which shews that it was of a Gallick Original But of the Derivatives from it we may rather guess than affirm for certain that they were wont to signifie a House City or such like Building We read in the Book of Knowledge of the Empire of the People of Rome the Prefect of the Pacensian Levies in Garison at Magi and also in the same Book the Tribune of the second Cohort placed at Magni We read also of Magni in the Itinerary of Antoninus I dare not positively assert whether it be one Town or many But I incline of the Two rather to think that they were sundry Towns Towns ending in Magus are These Noviomagus in Ptolemy amongst the Santons Noviomagus of the Lexovi Noviomagus of the Vadecassii Noviomagus of the Nemetes Noviomagus of the Tricassini Noviomagus of the Bituriges Iuliomagus of the Andegavi Rotomagus of the Venclocassi Caesaromagus of the Bellovaci Rotomagus of the Nervii Borbetomagus of the Vangiones in High Germany Vindomagus of the Volci Arecomici Also in the Itinerary of Antoninus Argentomagus and in High Germany Noviomagus In the Book of the Knowledge of the Roman Empire Noviomagus of Belgica Secunda in Rhaetia Drusomagus Ptolemy In Britain in the Itinerary of Antoninus Caesaâ—omagus Sitomagus Noviomagus of the Regni Vacomagi Magiovinium Vicomagi part of the Picts Country Ptolemy There are also other Names of Places common to many of these Nations but not so frequently used nor so much dispersed as the former such as are Hibernia i. e. Ireland amongst the Romans the Name
I might restore Us to our Ancestors and our Ancestors to Us if I have performed this well I have no reason to Repent of a little Labour though spent in none of the greatest concerns if not yet they who concur not with me in Opinion cannot I beleive disallow or blame my Good-Will And I am so far from grudging or taking it ill to have what I have Written refuted that if any Man can discover greater certainty and reduce me from my mistake I shall return him great Thanks for his Pains I had resolved to put an end to this disquisition concerning the Original of the Nations of Britain if Lud had not called me back even against my Will who maintains That the Scots and the Picts came but lately into Albium Though I might without any Offence pass by the empty vanity of the Man joyned with his Ignorance yet lest the Faction of Unlearned ones should too much Pride themselves with such a Patron I thought fit in a few Words to convince the obstinacy of the Man and that principally from those Arguments and Witnesses which he himself produceth against us First I will speak concerning his manner of Reasoning and afterwards of the Matter it self Iulius Caesar says he and Cornelius Tacitus Writers of so great diligence as also Suetonius Herodian and other Romans who have wrote of British Affairs have in no part of their Works made mention of Scots or Picts and therefore doubtless they had no Seats in Britain in that Age. Wilt thou accept of this condition Lud that what Nation no Ancient Writer hath mentioned never any such Nation was If you embrace this Motion see how many Nations you will exclude from their Beings in one or two lines How great a Table of Proscriptions will you make Yea What great Persons will you proscribe Brutus Albanactus and Camber What Nations will you wholly eradicate the Loegri the Cambri the Albani according to thy Postulatum who art a Tyrant in History and Grammar both as declining Albanus from Albanactus But if that Condition proffered do not please Quia tu Gallinae Filius albae Nos viles pulli nati infaelicibus ovis Because you are the Favorite of Fate But we 're condemn'd to a low base State I will propound another to you and such an one too as you ought not and I think dare not refuse There is a certain kind of probation out of Fragments out of which if you a little harden your Forehead you may prove any thing I am the more inclined to make use of this way of Proof because you seem to love it most of all as proving forsooth out of a Fragment known I beleive to thy self alone that an innumerable Multitude of the Cimbri went forth to destroy the Roman Empire I will therefore shew you out of a Fragment that the Scots and Picts were in Britain before Vespasian's Reign which you deny In that Book to which you have given the Title of Fragmentum Britannicae Descriptionis i. e. A Fragment of the Description of Britain I think especially for this Reason because you thought your self to have sufficiently proved out of one of the two Fragments that the Island was rather to be called Pritania than Britannia and out of the other that you had disgorged such a multitude of Cimbri as were enough to Conquer all Britain For this cause you thought that your Fragment would get credit enough on that single account In that Book you write that the Name of Scots and Picts together with the Franks and English or Angles were well known to the Roman World and as a Witness of this Opinion a meet one indeed he produced Mamertinus in the Panegyrick dedicated to Maximinianus which witness if I understand him a right makes against Lud. For Mamertinus speaking of the first coming of Iulius Caesar into Britain hath these Words Moreover the Nation as yet rude and dwelling in Britain accustomed to none but the Arms of the Picts and the Hiberns or Irish their half naked Enemies did easily yeild to the Arms and Ensigns of the Romans See I pray what Lud would infer out of this Testimony First that the Brittons alone did then inhabite the Island Next that the People there Named Hiberni or Irish were afterward called Scots but the Author of the Panegyrick doth assert neither of the two For he affirms that before the coming in of Caesar the Britons waged War against the Scots and Picts of the British Soil i. e. Enemies dwelling in the British Soil so that Soli Britanni is the Genitive not Nominative Case the other he falsly assumes to himself for I think I have sufficiently demonstrated out of Paulus Orosius a Spaniard and Bede an English Man that all the Inhabitants of Ireland were anciently called Scots and then at length when they sent Colonies into Albium the Name of Scots was almost extinguished at home and began to grow famous abroad In another place he contends that the Caledonii were called Britons grounding his assertion on no other Argument than that he finds they were called Britains which is a Name common to all who inhabit the same Island But I have shewed before out of the place of the Panegyrick quoted by him that the Caledonians were Picts Marcellinus affirms the same thing who says that there are two sorts of Picts the Dicaledones or as I think it ought to be writ the Duncalecones and the Vecturiones But the Caledonii or Caledones dwelt in Britain before the Reign of Vespasian neither were they unknown to the Romans as Lucan plainly shews who died in Nero's time Aut vaga cùm Tethys Rutupinaque littora fervent Vnda Caledonios fallit turbata Britannnos When raging Seas on Sandwich shores do beat The troubled Waves do British Caledons cheat But why do I trouble my self to procure Foreign Testimonies seeing we have a clear and nicking one at home I mean Bede the Writer of the Ecclesiastical History of England for he takes notice of the Order and almost of the very Moments of time wherein Foreign Nations passed over into Britain These are his Words in his First Book First of all the Island was inhabited by Brittons whence it hath its Name who from the Armorick Tract as it is reported being wafted over into Britain possessed the South-parts thereof and having seized upon the greatest part of the Island beginning from the South it hapned that the Nation of the Picts coming as 't is reported out of Scythia and entring into the Ocean with long Ships or Gallies but not many by stress of Wind and Weather were driven beyond all the bounds of Britany into Ireland and a little after Wherefore the Picts coming into Britain begun to seat themselves in the North parts of the Island The Southern being possessed by the Brittons And at length after a few lines interposed he adds In process of time Britany after the Brittons and the Picts took in a third
Nation of the Scots as part of the Picts Then after many passages he subjoins But the same Britanny was â—â—accessible and unknown to the Romans until the time of C. Julius Caesar. Whosoever thou art who readest these passages observe I pray Whence at What time and in What order this Authoâ— much more ancient and grave than Lud doth affiâ—m that these Nations entred Britain to wit that the Brittons from the Armorick Tract entred first but the time not certain That the Picts out of Scythia came next into those parts of Britain which were yet void of Inhabitants and that not long after the entrance of the Brittons who were not as yet increased into such a multitude as to be able to inhabit the whole Island What then becomes of the Scots When came they into Britain In process of time says he viz. The Picts granting them the uninhabited Seats in their Districts they came last to the former two So the Brittons as Bede affirms came into this Island out of Armorica in France and not long after the Picts out of Scythia both of them seized on the vacant and uninhabited places at last the Island being divided betwixt them the Scots entred not by force but were admitted into the Portion and Lot of the Picts and that long before Britain was known to the Romans Here How will you deal with Lud Who produces Gildas and Bâ—de as witnesses to his Fables viz. That the Scots and the Picts did first of all fix their Habitations in Britain in the Reign of the Roman Emperor Honorius in the year of Christâ—20 â—20 of which two Gildas makes nothing for him and Bede doth evidently convince him of Falshood But let the Reader beleive neither Lud nor Mâ— but his own Eyes and let him diligently weigh the Places of each Writer but says he Dion calls the Caledonians Britanni I grant he doth so so doth Lucan and also Martial in that Verse Quinte Caledonios Ovidi visure Britannos The Caledonians which in Britain be Quintus Ovidius is about to see But none of them therefore deny them to be Picts yet they have good reason to call them Britains For as the whole Island is called Britanny so all its Inhabitants are deservedly called Britains For all the Inhabitants of the Isle of Sicily are generally called by the Romans Sicilians without any difference though they themselves call one another some Sicilians other Siciliotes so the possessors of Britany are by Foreigners all called Britains but they themselves oft call the ancient Inhabitants Brittons and the other Nations living therein sometime by the private Names of the Countries whence they came and sometimes by the common Name of Britains Wherefore the Caledonians Picts and Scots are sometimes called each Nation by its own Name yet all of them not seldom by the general term Britains But Brittons of which I have spoken no Man ever gave them that appellation There is also another difference amongst them to be observed in the Word Britannia as there is amongst the Greeks and Latins in the Word Asia For Asia sometimes denotes the third part of the Habitable World and sometimes it is taken for that part of the Greater Asia which is situate on this side the Mountain Taurus and is wont to be called Asia the Less So Britanny is sometimes used for the Name of the whole Island in general and otherwhiles only for that part of it which was subjected to the Romans which part was bounded sometimes by the River Humber and sometimes by the Wall of Adrian and sometimes by the Wall of Severus and the Inhabitants of this part are by British Writers more usually called Britton than Britans but the other dwellers in the Island i. e. the Scots and the Picts Bede sometimes calls Britains and sometimes Strangers and Foreigners we may also find the same observable difference in Geoffry of Monmouth and William of Malmesbury And therefore the Caledonians will be counted Brittons never a jot the more for being styled Britains by Dion Martial Lucan or any other good Author than the Brutians will be Romans though both of them are Italians If Lud had taken notice of these things he had never involved himself in such dark Labyrinths nor had he so rashly and inconsiderately made a positive determination in a point so obscure nor had denied the Caledonians to have been Picts because they are termed by Dion Britains Neither hath Lud any just cause to wonder that no Writer more ancient than Ammianus Marcellinus and Claudian hath made mention of the Scots and Picts though they dwelt so many I will not say years but ages in Britain For not to speak of the Valli Cambri Loegri Names lately known to the World I may ask him why seeing so many Greek and Latin Writers have written of the Affairs of Greece yet no Graecian once Names his Country-men Graeci nor no Latin Author calls them Hellenes Why did the Names of the Nations which I mentioned but now creep so late into the History of Britain which that Cambro-Britain makes to be so ancient If you ask any Englishâ—man of what Country he is none will answer that he is a Saxon yet the Scots Picts Irish both the Brittons i. e. those that inhabit Britain and those who dwell in France do still unanimously call them Saxons Why do not the old Scots even to this very day acknowledge and own the Name of Scots It ought not then to seem absurd to any Man if when the Romans asked their Captives of what Nation they were one said a Mâ—atian another an Attacottian a third a Caledonian and the Names which Foreign Nations received from them they still retained and used in their common publick Discourse neither as I judge will it seem incredible that some Names are more known to Historians and Strangers and others to the Inhabitants of the Country Though the Premises do make it sufficiently appear that the coming of Scots and Picts into Britain is not only more ancient than Lud will grant it to be yea that it was but a little later than the Britains themselves coming into it yet I shall add other and those no contemptible Conjectures The Brigantes a great and powerful Nation were seated beyond the River Humber about York and did possess the whole bredth of the Island between the two Seas it is probable that they came not from the Tract of France which was nearest for no Brigantes are said to have inhabited there but out of Spain First into Ireland and from Ireland into Britain as being a Neighbour Island to it neither doth this differ from the conjecture of Cornelius Tacitus which he makes concerning the Ancient Inhabitants of the Isle If the Brigantes came from Ireland then they must be of Scotish Race as all the rest of the Inhabitants of Ireland were Seneca also seems to confirm this Opinion in that Elegant Satyr of his concerning the Death of Claudius in these
That Germany had so shakt of the Yoke having no Ocean Sea but only a River for their Defence That their cause of taking Arms was Urgent and Just their Wives and Children their Parents and Country that the Romans had nothing to move them to War but their own Covetousness and wanton Lust And that they would doubtless depart as Iulius Caesar had done if the Britains would imitate the Virtues of their Progenitors and not be dismayed with the doubtful event of one Skirmish or two That Men in Misery had more courage and vehemency to attempt more constancy to continue And now even the Gods seem'd to pity the Poor Britains Estate having sent the Roman Captain out of the way and confined the Army as it were into another Island That now being assembled to advise and deliberate together they had attained the hardest point in an action of that Nature wherein without question it were more danger to be taken consulting than doing With these and the like Speeches inciting one another by common consent they resolve to take Arms under the Conduct of Voadicea a Lady of the Blood of their Kings For in matter of governing in Chief they make no distinction of Sex And first pursuing the Soldiers which lay divided in Garisons and winning the Forts they invaded anon the Colony it self as being the Seat of their Slavery In Sacking whereof no kind of Cruelty was omitted which either Anger or the Rage of Victory might induce a barbarous People to practise And unless upon knowledge had of the Revolt Paulinus had come to succour with speed Britany had then been lost which with one prosperous Battel he restored to her former Obedience and patient bearing the Yoke some few keeping out and remaining in Arms whom the guilt of the Rebellion excluded from all hope of Pardon and some fear also of the Lieutenants private Displeasure Who though otherwise a singular Man yet seemed to shew too much haughty and hard dealing toward those which yielded themselves and to revenge in a sort his own Injury Whereupon Petronius Turpilianus was sent in his place as a more intreateable Person and a Stranger to their Faultâ— and therefore more ready to receive their repentance who having composed former Troubles and daring no further deliver'd to Trebellius Maximus the Charge Trebellius a Man unfit for Action and altogether unexpert in Service by a kind of courteous and mild Regiment kept the Country in quiet For now the Britains also had learned the good Manners not rudely to repulse the sugred assaults and flattr'ings of Vices and the disturbances of civil Dissensions ministred a lawful excuse for his doing nothing But the Soldier accustomed to warfare wax'd wanton with Ease and grew to be mutinous Trebellius by flying away and hiding himself eschewed their first indignation and anon resuming his place without Majesty without Authority he Ruled by way of Intreaty and at his Soldiers discretion And so coming as it were to a Capitulation the Army for Licence to do what them listed the Captain for safety of his own life the Mutiny ended without any Blood-shed Vectius Bolanus succeeded him in Place and in the same loosness of Discipline the Civil Wars continuing still like default against the Enemy like License in the Camp saving that Bolanus a good honest Man not odious for any crime instead of Obedience had gotten Good-will But when as Vespasian with the rest of the World recovered Britanny also Great Captains Good Soldiers were sent and the hope of the Enemy was greatly abated For straightways Petilius Cerealis struck a terror into them by invading upon his first Entry the Brigantes the most populous State of the whole Province Many Battels were fought and some bloody and the greatest part of the Brigantes were either conquered or wasted And whereas Cerealis would doubtless have eclipsed the Diligence and Fame of another Successor Iulius Frontinus a Great Man as he might well be called after that Predecessor sustained the Charge with Reputation and Credit subduing the puissant and warlike People of the Silures Where he had beside the valour of the Enemy to struggle with the straights and difficulties of the Places themselves Cicero in his Epistle to Trebatius in the 7th Book of his Familiar Epistles I Hear that in Britain there is neither Gold nor Silver If that be so yet I persuade thee to catch what thou canst and return speedily to us But if we can attain our desire without the help of Britain do thou act so that thou mayst be reckoned amongst my Familiar Friends Paulus Orosius speaking of Ireland hath these words THis Ireland being the nearest Island to Britain is narrower in circuit or space of ground than It but more commodious for temper of Soil and Air It is inhabited by the Nations of the Scots The Isle of Anglesey or rather Man is also near to it an Island not very large but of a good Soil which is also inhabited by the Scots The same Author says THe Conqueror Severus was drawn into Britain by the revolt of almost all his Allies after he had fought many great and notable Battels he judged it best to separate and divide that part of the Island which he had regained from the other unconquered Nations by a Wall And for this end he made a great Trench and a strong Wall fortified at the top with many Towers for the space of 130 mile from Sea to Sea Ado the Archbishop of Vienna speaks the same things almost word for word The mistake of both in the number of miles is to be corrected by writing 32 for 132. Out of the 35th Chapter of Solinus IT i. e. Britain is environed with many Isles and those not unrenowned whereof Ireland draweth nearest to it in bigness it is an uncivil Country by reason of the savage Manners of the Inhabitants but otherwise so full of Pasturage and Cattle that if their Herds in Summer time be not now and then restrained from feeding they would run a great danger of Over-eating themselves There are no Snakes there and but few Birds the People are inhospitable and warlike When they have overcome their Enemies they first besmear their Faces with the Blood of the slain Right and Wrong Good and Evil all is one to them If a Woman be delivered of a Man-child she lays his first Meat upon her Husbands Sword and putting it softly into his Mouth giveth him the first handsel of his Food upon the very point of the weapon praying according to the manner of the Country that he may not otherwise come to his end than in Battel and amongst Arms. They that love to be fine do trim the hilts of their Swords with the Teeth of Sea-calves for they make them as white and as clear as Ivory The Men do chiefly glory in the beauty of their Armour There is not a Bee amongst them and if a Man bring of the
Dust or the little Stones from thence and strow them among Bee-hives the Swarms forsake their Combs The Sea that is between Ireland and Britain is stormy and rough most part of the year so that it can hardly be sailed over but a few days in Summer time They Sail in Keels of Wicker done over with Neats-Leather How long soever their passage continueth the Passengers abstain from Meat all the while such as have throughly examined it have esteemed the bredth of that narrow Sea to be 120 Miles A tempestuous Sea also divided the Islands of the Silures from the Coast that the Britains inhabited the Men of which Island keep their old customs even to this day They utterly refuse Buying and Selling for Money but barter one Commodity for another providing things necessary rather by exchange than ready Money They worship the Gods very devoutly As well the Women as the Men boast of their Knowledge of Fore-telling things to come The Isle of Thanet is beaten upon by the French Sea and is divided from Britain with a very narrow Strait it is happy in Corn Fields and a fat Soil and healthful not only to its Inhabitants but to others also Forasmuch as there is no Snake bred there the Earth thereof to what place soever it is carried from thence killeth that Vermin Out of the Third Book of Herodian Translated into Latin by Politian BUt Severus made delays on purpose that he might not make his entrance into Rome Poorly for being desirous of Victory and of the Sirname of Britannicus he sends the Ambassadors home before he had done his Business whilst he himself in the mean time with great diligence prepared all things necessary for War His first and chief Care was to erect Bridges on the Marish Grounds that so his Soldiers might stand safely and fight as upon firm ground for many places in Britain are Marishy because of the frequent Inwashings of the Ocean The Barbarians themselves do swim through these Moors or Marishes and run up to the Groins in them not regarding the Mud with their naked Bodies For they are ignorant of the use of Garments to cloath them but do girt their Belly and their Neck with Iron thinking that to be an ornament and sign of Riches as other Barbarians do Gold And besides they mark their Bodies with various Pictures and with the shapes of all manner of Animals and therefore they cloath not themselves lest they should hide the painted outside of their Bodyes But they are a very warlike Nation and greedy of slaughter being contented only with a narrow Shield and a Lance. And moreover they wear a Sword hanging down from their naked Bodies and are wholly ignorant of the use of Coats of Male or Helmets as judging them to be an hindrance and a luggage to them in passing over the Marishes whose Vapors being exhaled by heat make the Air there always dark and misty Out of the 10th Book of Ammianus Marcellinus THis was the state of Affairs throughout Illyricum and the Eastern Parts But in the Consulship of Constantius when matters were very often disturb'd in Britanny by the inroads of those barbarous Nations the Scots and Picts and thereby Peace was broken and the places near to their Borders being wasted which caused a fear to seize on the Provinces already tired with their many past slaughters Caesar then being in his Winter Quarters at Paris was distracted with divers Cares for he feared to assist those Transmarine People as I related before thô Constantius did lest he should leave Gaul without a Governor in the mean time The Almaius or Germans also then being very eager on Cruelty and War And therefore he was pleased to send Lupicinus thither to compose matters who was as a Commissary-General of the Army at that time a stout Man and very skilful in Military Affairs and prided himself much therein so that he was very supercilious and haughty and to speak Proverbially as proud as a Peacock It was a great doubt whether he was more Covetous or more Cruel He having caused the Vanguard to march viz. The Lombards The Hollanders and many of the Moesâ—ci came to Bolongne in the depth of Winter And embarking all his Soldiers in those Ships which he had provided taking advantage of a favourable Wind he was wafted over to Sandwich and so went to London that there he might advise and be in readiness to act according to emergencies Out of his 26th Book THe Picts Saxons Scots and Attacotti vex the Britains with perpetual Miseries Out of this 27th Book IT 's sufficient for me to say That at that time the Picts being divided into Two Nations the Dicalidones and the Vecturiones and also the Attacotti a warlike People and the Scots ranging several ways spoiled many Shires and Countries The Franks and Saxons as they had opportunity to make inroads by Land or Sea plundered the Gallican Tracts near to them and carried from thence mighty Booties firing all before them and killing those which they took Captive To hinder this Fortune favouring him our warlike Commander came into these extreme parts from Bolongne which is divided from the Land he was to make by the Streights of the Sea which is wont to be raised by high Tides and again levell'd in a Calm like a Plain without any prejudice to the Mariners from thence he gently passed over to Richburrow a safe Harbor over against it whence being followed by the Batavi Heruli and Iovii trusting to their conquering Numbers he came to the old Town of London since called Augusta where dividing his Troops he set upon the praedatory Bands of his Enemies and they being loaden with spoils he quickly overcame them and took away their prey both of Prisoners and Plunder to their great damage He restored all to the losers except a small part bestowed on his wearied Soldiers thus he re-entred the City in Triumph before forelorn but now relieved by him Being lifted up by his prosperous success he designed greater matters and intended to follow safe Counsels for he had learned both by Prisoners and Deserters that such scattered Troops of sundry Nations and those fierce ones too could not be conquered but by Treachery or suddain Assault So that he made Edicts and propos'd Impunity and by that means called in all Stragglers and Deserters Hereupon many returning he being moved thereby and anxiously careful required Civilis to be sent to him to Govern Britain a Man of a sharp Wit and very Just and Honest too and also Dulcitius a Commander very skilful in Warlike Affairs Out of the 39th Book of Dion CAesar First of all the Romans having passed the Rhene afterward was wafted over into Britanny in the Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus The Island itself is extended 45 Stadia at least beyond the Morini And it is stretched out beyond the rest of Gaul and almost all Spain reaching out into
the Sea It was unknown to the Ancient Greeks and Romans And their Posterity did doubt whether it were a Continent or an Island and many Writers who were ignorant of the Truth as having not seen it themselves nor had any Information from the Inhabitants but spoke only by Conjectures in their Records as their Leisures and Humours were some counted it One some the Other But in process of time when Agricola was Chief Commander and afterwards in the time of Severus the Emperor it was clearly found out to be an Island Caesar when he had setled things in France and subdued the Morini desired to pass over thither and accordingly he transported his Foot where it was most convenient but he Landed not where he ought to Land For the Fame of his coming being noised abroad all the Britains had prepossessed the passages of the Continent But he sailing beyond a Prominent Rock made his descent elsewhere and repulsing those who first hindred his Landing he put his Men on Shore before many of the Britains could unite to impede him and afterwards he repelled their Aids too which came in conquered their Garisons and mastered the Island Yet not many of the Barbarians were slain for they fighting on Horseback and out of Chariots did easily avoid the Romans who had then no Horse Forces But being amazed at those things which were related concerning them out of the Continent and that they were so bold as to transport themselves and make their descent into their Island they sent some of the Nation of the Morini their Friends and Allies in Embassy to Caesar. First of all Caesar demandded Hostages and they promised it But afterward perceiving that the Naval Force of the Romans both those near at hand and farther off were shattered by Tempest they changed their Minds yet they did not openly set upon them for their Camp was well guarded but having surprized some of them who were sent in a peaceable manner to provide things necessary they put them almost all to the Sword excepting some whom Caesar speedily sending forth other Forces relieved and presently they make an onset on his Camp but were shamefully repulsed without effecting any thing yet they came not to Terms with Caesar till they had been often worsted by him and on the other side Caesar had no great mind to make a League with them But the Winter being now at hand and his Forces not then sufficient to carry on the War many of those which he brought over being dead or slain and besides the Gauls in his absence were attempting alterations he clapt up a Peace with them in a manner against his Will demanding many Hostages but receiving a few only Thus was he waâ—ted back into the Continent where he quelled the Mutineers and settled Affairs neither reaped he any publick or private advantage from Britain worth his Labour but that he had assaulted it by Arms. For this very reason he was much pleased in himself and his Friends did mightily extol him at Rome For when they saw that Places before unknown were now brought to light and being before never heard of were now discovered they embraced their Hopes as if they had been Enjoyments and antedating their success they rejoyced as if they had already obtained their desired Conquest and therefore they decreed Supplications to the Gods for Twenty days Out of the First Chapter of the first Book of Bede THe Islanders do profess one and the same Theology and that in Five Tongues viz. Of the Angles Brittons Scots Picts and Latins which by the Meditation of the Scriptures is made common to all the rest But in the first place the Brittons only inhabited the Island from whom it took its Name who coming over into Britain as it is reported from the Armorick Tract seized upon the Southern parts thereof And they having possessed a great part of the Island beginning from the South it happened that the Nation of the Picts venturing to Sea with a few Gallies as is reported from Scythia made their Descent in Ireland the Winds hurrying them beyond all the Coasts of Britain and having Landed there and peirced even to the Northern parts thereof where finding the Nation of the Scots they desired part of their Allotment for their Habitation but could not obtain it Out of the Fifth Chapter of the first Book of the same Author SEverus an African born at Lebeda near Tripoli the Fourteenth from Augustus Caesar obtained the Empire which he held Seventeen years He being of a fierce Disposition as always vexed with continual Wars governed the Common-Wealth with great Valour indeed but with equal Toil. And being a Conqueror in the Civil Wars which were very greivous in his Time he was enforced to pass over into Britain upon the Revolt of almost all his Allies where after many great and cruel Battels he gained part of the Island and divided it from the Un-conquered part not with a Wall as some think but with a Trench only For a Wall is made of Stones but a Trench wherewith Camps are Fortified to repel the force of Enemies is made of Turf cut out of the Earth yet as a Wall it is built high above the Ground so that there is a Ditch before it out of which the Turfs are digged and heaved up above which Pallisadoes made of strong Wood are prefixed and hung out Wherefore Severus drew a great Ditch and a firm Graff or Work fortified with many Towers above from Sea to Sea and then he died at York Out of his Twelfth Chapter of the same Book AFterwards Britain being despoiled of all her Armed Souldiery and of her chief florid Youth which were carried away Captive by the severity of Tyrants and never returned again was laid open to be preyed upon and plundred as being wholly ignorant of the Art of War At last it was suddenly harassed by Two Transmarine Nations the Scots from the South and the Picts from the North under whose yoke she groaned many years I call them Transmarine Nations not because they had their Habitations out of Britain but because they were remote from the Allotment of the Britains two Creeks of the Sea running betwixt them one of them from the East Sea and the other from the West running far into Land though they reach not one to the other The Oriental one hath in the midst of it the City Guidi The Occidental one above it i. e. on the right Hand of it hath the City Alcluyth which in their Tongue signifieth a Rock for Cluyth is situate by a River of the same Name By reason of the Incursions of these Nations the Brittons send Ambassadors to Rome with complaining Missives craving Aid of them with mournful Supplications and promising perpetual Subjection to them if they would drive away those Enemies that were at their very Doors hereupon an Armed Legion was designed for their Assistance which being transported into the Island and
their Ranks and ran away Neither was the Battel unbloody to the Picts Their King and all his Valiant Warriors being slain therein The Loss being in a manner equal on both sides occasioned a Peace between them for some short time Angusianus reigned little above an Year Fethelmachus The Thirty Eighth King FEthelmachus was made King in the room of Angusianus when he had fearce Reigned 2 years he levied an Army and made foul havock of the Picts Country As soon as the Enemy could meet him they fought with a great slaughter on either side For the main Battel of the Picts they having lost both their wings was almost all encompassed round and taken yet they died not unrevenged The King of the Picts three days after died of his wound The Scots making use of their Victory having no Army at all to withstand them made a great spoil all over the Picts Country For the Picts having received so great a blow never durst oppose them with their whole force only they appointed some small Partys of their Men in sit time and place to withstand the straggling Troops of their Enemy that so they might not plunder far from home In the mean time one Hergustus a crafty man having undertaken the Command of the Picts inasmuch as he was inferior in Force he applied himself to Fraud for he sent two Picts who pretending themselves to be Scots were to kill the King They according to their Instructions treated with a certain Musician about the Murder of the King For those sort of Creatures are wont to lodge in the Chambers of Princes and Noblemen to relieve them whilst awake and also to procure sleep Which custom still continues in all the British Isles amongst the old Scots so that on a Night agreed upon between them the Picts were introduced by this Minstrel and so slew the King as privately as they could yet they could not carry it so secretly but that the Kings Attendants were awaken'd at the hearing of his Death-groans and so pursued the Authors of the Villany and when they could fly no further the Kings Officers took them tho' they threw Stones at them to defend themselves from a steep Rock and brought them back to Execution Eugenius or Evenus I. The Thirty Ninth King FEthelmachus being thus slain in the third year of his Reign Eugenius or rather Evenus the Son of Fincormachus succeeded him About that time Maximus the Roman General being in hopes to conquer the whole Island if he could destroy the Scots and Picts both first of all he pretends many favourable respects to the Picts who were then the weaker Party and therefore by consequence more ready to treat with him Them he filled with vain promises That if they would persevere in their Alliance with the Romans besides many other innumerable advantages they should have the Scots Land to be divided amongst them The Picts were catched with this bait being blinded by Anger desirous of Revenge allured by Promises and regardless of future Events Hereupon they joyned their Forces with the Romans and spoiled the Scots Country Their first fight with them was at Cree a River of Galway the Scots being few in number were easily overcome by a more numerous Army and being thus put to slight the Romans pursued them every way without any order as being sure of the Victory In the mean time the Argyle Men and some other Forces of the remote Parts who were coming up to joyn with their vanquished Friends fell in good order upon the scatter'd Troops of the Romans and made a great Slaughter amongst their Enemies Eugenius gather'd up those whom he could recal from flight and calling a Council of War was advised That seeing his forces were not sufficient to carry on the War he should return back to Carrick But as Maximus was prosecuting his victory word was brought him That all was in a flame in the inner parts of Britain The Scots were glad of his departure as being eased of a great part of their Enemies and though they were scarce able to defend their own yet between Anger and Hope they resolved before the Summer was past to perform some great Exploit against their adjacent Enemies and thereupon they poured in the remainders of their Force upon the Picts As they marched they slew all they met without distinction and made all desolate with Fire and Sword Maximus tho' he threatned and spake contumeliously of the Scots yet being equally joyful at the destruction of both Nations as soon as he found an opportunity marched against the Scots upon pretence to revenge the Wrongs done by them to the Picts The Scots on the other side being now to fight not for Glory Empire or Booty but for their Country Fortune Lives and whatsoever else is wont to be dear to Men drew forth all that were able to bear Arms not the Men only but Women also according to the Custom of the Nation prepare themselves for their last encounter and pitched their Tents not far from the River Down and near their Enemies Camp Both Armies being set in order of Battel first of all the Auxiliaries set upon the Scots where some fighting in hope others incited by despair there was a very sharp tho' short encounter The Picts and Britains were repulsed with great loss and had been certainly wholly routed and put to flight if seasonable relief had not come to them from the Romans But Maximus bringing on his Legions the Scots being inferior in Number in the Nature of their Arms and in their Military Discipline were driven back and almost quite ruined King Eugenius himself fell in this Fight as not being willing to survive his Soldiers and the greatest part of his Nobles fell with him as loath to forsake their King Maximus having obtained this great Victory sooner than he hoped and scarce finding any on whom he might wreck his hatred mercifully returned to his former Clemency for marching over many Provinces of the Scots he took those that yielded themselves to Mercy and caused them to till the Land withal adding his Commands That they should be contented with their Own and not be offensive to their Neighbours The Picts taking this his Clemency in evil part did allege That the Romans and their Allys would never obtain a firm solid peace as long as the Nation of the Scots which were always unquiet and took all opportunities to plunder did remain alive adding further That Britanny would never be secure whilst any of the Scotish Blood remain'd in it That they were like wild Beasts who would be sweetned by no Offices of Love nor would they be quiet though they received never so many Losses so that there would be no end of War till the whole Nation was extinct Maximus replied many things in bar to such severities as That 't was the ancient Custom of the Romans if they overcame any Nation to be so far from extirpating them that they
made by the Senate and People but by Military Election and Favour considering also That he had conquered Britain which none ever did before him and thereby had got great Fame by his Military Exploits and had an Army for the number of it strong enough in this posture of Affairs he determined if Fortune offred him an Opportunity to seize on the Empire not to be wanting thereunto Being prompted by this hope he treated his Souldiers with great Affability and bestowed on them many Largesses he took advice in all his important Affairs of the Noblest of the Britains he recruited his Army with Picts Soldiers and committed several Garisons in divers places to be kept by them The Lands of the Scots he divided betwixt Them and the Britains To the Picts he left their ancient Possessions free only he exacted a small Tribute from the utmost Angle of the Scotish Kingdom which he had given to them as a Testimony for so he gave it out himself that all Britain was partly overcome and partly setled on Conditions of Peace by him And by these Artifices he strangely won the Affections of the common Soldiers So that all things being in readiness according to his conceived hope he assumed the Diadem as if he had been compelled so to do by his Soldiers After him Constantine was chosen General by the Britains being recommended only upon the accompt of his Name for otherwise he was but a common Soldier at first he being also slain Gratian a Person descended of British Blood ruled over the Island But Maximus being slain in Italy and Gratian in Britain Victorinus was sent from Rome to rule Brittain as a Governor He pretending to inlarge the Empire during his Administration commanded the Picts who were reduced into the form of a Province to use the Roman Laws denouncing a great Penalty on those who should dare to do otherwise And whereas Hergustus their King died whilst these things were in Agitation he forbad them to choose another King or set up any other Magistrate but what was sent them from Rome Thus the Picts looked upon as a mere Slavery Whereupon they begun tho' too late and to no purpose to resent him and complain they had been basely and unworthily betrayed by a Nation allied to them and in amity with them and though sometimes they were Tumultuous yet they were partakers with them of all Hazards against a Foreign Enemy So that now they suffered according to their Demerits who had deprived themselves not only of all Aid but of all Mercy and Pity also For now who would be sorry for their Calamity who called to Mind into what Miseries and Necessities they had reduced their ancient Friends And that the Oracle was applicable here which foretold That the Picts in time should be extirpated by the Scots So that nâ—w they were punished for betraying the Scots Yea their own Punishment was the greater of the Two in regard Banishment is more tolerable than Servitude For Banished Men are free let their Fortune be what it will but they Themselves were encountred with the bitterest of all Evils which were so much the more intolerable because they fell into them by their own demerit Whereupon That they might have One to whom to resort in order to a publick Consultation for the remedying of these Calamities they create Durstus the Son of Hergustus King The Nobles being Assembled about him to provide Remedy for their Miseries their Complaints did express the Severity of their Bondage They alleged That they were now not in an imaginary but real Slavery That they were shut up within the Walls of Severus as wild Beasts severed from all human Commerce and that all their Soldiery under the splendid Name of War were indeed drawn out for the Shambles That besides the hatred of their Neighbour Nations they were bitterly reproached by the Monks too who cryed out That God did justly despise and reject their Prayers who had so cruelly persecuted his Ministers though they were their Brethren and of the same Religion with themselves in that they would not suffer them by whom God might been appeased or exorated to live in the same Country with them These Things did grievously pinch their Consciences so that Adversity infusing some sparks of Religion into their Minds and also some ease from their Miseries being obtained they at last pitched upon This as the only Way to recover their Liberty That after they had reconciled themselves to the Scots they would also endeavour to appease the Wrath of God who was an Enemy to them for their Perfidiousness Whereupon understanding that young Fergusius of the Blood Royal was an Exile in Scandia they thought if he were recalled that the rest also might be induced by his Authority to return To effect which they sent an Embassy to him but secretly for fear of the Romans to found his Inclination as to the Return into his own Country The Fifth BOOK AFter Eugenius was slain by the Romans as hath been related before and all the Scots banished from their Country the King's Brother named Echadius or Ethodius for fear of the Treachery of the Picts and also diffident of his own Affairs hired Shipping and committed himself to the Winds and to Fortune and so Sailed into Scandia together with his Son Erthus and his Nephew Fergusius As soon as he arrived there and came to Court the King of the Country being informed Who he was from whence he came and what adverse Fortune he had met withal his Language and also his Habit and Beauty soon procuring Credit to his Allegation he was admitted into near Familiarity with him Fergusius lived there till he grew up to be a Man his Father and Grandfather being dead he addicted himself wholly to Military Studies at which time many Expeditions were made by the United Forces of the North against the Roman Empire Some of the Forces fell upon Hungary some upon Gallia and Fergusius both out of his love to Arms and his hatred to the Romans followed the Francs in their War against the Gauls But that Expedition proved not very prosperous so that he returned into Scandia with greater Glory than Success And when his Name began to be famous not only there but also amongst the neighbor-Neighbor-Nations his Fame also reaching to the Scots and Picts both gave the former hope to recover their own Country again and also the later to obtain their ancient Liberty if laying aside their old Grudges they should chuse him General and try their Fortune against the Romans And indeed at that time the Affairs of the Romans were brought to so low an Ebb by reason of the Successes of the Neighboring-Nations against them that the Opportunity it self was Bait enough to excite old Enemies to revenge the former Injuries they had received from them For their Emperors besides their being weakned by Civil Wars were so vexed on every side by the Gauls Vandals Franks and Africans who
the Father in Law of King Fergusius I am most inclined to be of this last Opinion The Wall then being thus Razed the Scots and Picts did Rage with most inhuman Cruelties over the Brittons without distinction of Age or Sex For as Matters then stood the Brittons were weak and unaccustomed to War so that they sent a lamentable Embassy to Rome complaining of the unspeakable Calamities they endured and with great humility and earnestness supplicating for Aid farther alleging That if they were not moved at the Destruction of the Brittons and the loss of a Province lately so splendid an one yet it became the Romans to maintain their own Dignity lest their Names should grow contemptible amongst those Barbarous Nations Hereupon another Legion was again sent for their Relief who coming as Bede says in Autumn an unexpected Season of the Year made great Slaughter of their Enemies The Confederate Kings gathered what Force they could together to beat them back and being encouraged by their Success in former Times and also by the Friendship and Alliance of Dionethus a Britton they drew forth towards the Enemy This Dionethus was well descended in his own Country but always an Adviser of his Countrymen to shake off the Roman Yoke and then especially when so fair an Opportunity was offered and the whole Strength of the Empire was engaged in other Wars whereupon he was suspected by his own Men as an Affector of Novelty and was hated of the Romans but was a Friend to the Scots and Picts who understanding That the Design of the Romans was first to destroy Dionethus as an Enemy near at hand and in their very Bowels to obviate their purpose made great Marches towards them and joyning their Forces with Those of Dionethus's began a a sharp Encounter with the Romans who over-powered by Numbers both in Front and Reer were put to Flight When the Ranks of the Legionary Soldiers were thus broken and gave Ground the Confederate King being too eager in pursuit fell amongst the Reserves of the Romans and the rest of their Army who stood in good Order and were repulsed by them with great Slaughter So that if the Romans being conscious of the smalness of their Number had not forbore any farther pursuit they had doubtless received a mighty Overthrow that Day but because the loss of some Soldiers in but a small Army was most sensible therefore they were less joyous at the Victory Maximianus so our Writers call him who commanded the Roman Legion being dismayed at this Check retired into the midst of his Province And the Opposite Kings returned each to his own Dominion Hereupon Dionethus took the Supreme Authority upon him and being clothed in Purple after the manner of the Romans carries himself as King of the Brittons When the Romans understood that their Enemies were dispersed they gathered what Force they could together and encreased them with British Auxiliaries and so marched against Dionethus who infested the Provinces adjoyning to him for they thought to subdue him from whom their Danger was nearest before his Allies could come to his relief But the Three Kings united their Forces sooner than he imagined and joyning all their Forces together they encouraged their Soldiers as well as they could and without delay drew forth their Armies to the Onset The Roman General placed the Brittons in the Front and the Romans in the Reserves The Fight was fierce and the Front giving Ground Maximianus brought on his Legion and stopt the Brittons in their flight and then sending about some Troops to fall on the Rear some Brigades of Scots being incompassed by them drew themselves into a Ring where they bravely defended themselves till the greatest part of their Enemies Army falling upon them they were every Man slain Yet their loss gave Opportunity to the rest to escape There fell in that Fight Fergus King of the Scots and Durstus King of the Picts Dionethus being wounded was with great difficulty carried off to the Sea and in a Skiff returned home This Victory struck such a Terrour to all that it recalled the memory of Ancient Times in so much that many consulted whither to betake themselves for their Place of Exile Fergusius died when he had Reigned Sixteen Years a Man of an Heroick Spirit and who may deservedly be called The Second Founder of the Scotish Kingdom yea perhaps he may be said to exceed the former Fergusius in this That he came into a void Country and that by the Concession of the Picts neither had he the unconquered Forces of the Romans to deal with but with the Brittons who though somewhat yet not much Superiour to them in Accoutrements and Provisions for War were yet their Inferiours in enduring the Hardships of the Field But this later Fergusius when almost all were slain who were able to bear Arms being also brought up in a Foreign Country and after the 27th Year of his Banishment from his Own being sent for as an unknown King by those Subjects who were as unknown to him marched with a mixed Army packed up of several Nations against the Brittons who were sometimes also assisted by the Forces of the Romans so that if God had not manifestly favoured his Designs he might seem to have undertaken a very Temerarious Attempt and bordering upon Madness it self When he was slain he left three Sons behind him very young Eugenius Dongardus and Constantius Graham their Uncle by the Mother's side was by Universal Consent appointed Guardian over them and in the mean time till they came to be of Age he was to manage the Government as Regent He was a Person of that Virtuous Temper that even in the most Turbulent Times and amidst a most fierce Nation who were not always obedient no not to Kings of their own Nation yet there hapned no Home-bred Sedition in his time though he himself were a Foreigner Eugenius or Evenus II The Forty First King EVgenius or Evenus the Eldest Son of Fergusias had the Name of King but the Power was in the Hands of Graham he caused a Muster to be made of the Soldiers all over the Land and when he found that his Militia was weakned by former Fights beyond what he thought he saw that nothing then was to be done and so ceased from making any Levies But the Roman Legion having releived their Allies and as they were Commanded being about to return into the Continent spoiled all their Enemies Country within the Wall of Severus and slew the Inhabitants 't is true they restored the Lands to the Brittons but they kept the Prey for themselves So that the Remainders of the Scots and Picts who supervived their late loss were again shut up between the two Firthâ— of the Sea Matters being reduced to this pass the Romans declared to the Brittons with how great and strong Armies they were beset who had conspired to destroy the Roman Name and Empire so that they were not
other Reserves into Service he drew on also the Squadrons left to guard the Baggage into the Fight They being intire routed the Brittons which stood against them so that the Victory began on that side whence the fear of a Total overthrow did proceed The rest of the Brittons following the Fortune of the other Brigade ran away too and flying into the Woods and Marishes near to the place where the Battel was fought as they were thus straggling dispersed and unarmed their Enemies Baggage-men and Attendants slew abundance of them There fell of the Brittons in this Fight 14000 of their Enemies 4000. After this Fight the Brittons having lost almost all their Infantry send Ambassadors to the Scots and Picts Commissioning them to refuse no Conditions of Peace whatsoever The Confederate Kings seeing they had All in their Power were somewhat inclined to Mercy and therefore Terms of Peace were offered which were hard indeed but not the severest which in such their afflicted State they might have propounded The Conditions were That the Brittons should not send for any Roman or other Forein Army to assist them That they should not admit them if they came of their own accord nor give them Liberty to march thrâ— their Country That the Enemies of the Scots and Picts should be Theirs also vice versâ and That without their Permission they should not make Peace or War nor send Aid to any who desired it That the Limits of their Kingdom should be the River Humber That they should also make present Payment of a certain sum of Money by way of Mâ—lâ—t to be divided amongst the Soldiers which also was to be paid yearly by them That they should give an hundred Hostages such as the Confederate Kings should approve of These Conditions were entertained by the Brittons grudingly by some but necessarily by all and the same necessity which procured it made them keep the Peace for some years The Brittons being left weak and forsaken of Foreigners that they might have an Head to resort to for publick Advice made Constantine their Countryman a Nobleman of high descent and of great repute whom they had sent for out of Gallick Britanny King He perceiving that the Forces of the Brittons were broken both abroad by Wars and at home by Fewds Robberies and Discords thought fit to attempt nothing by Arms but during the Ten years he reigned he maintained Peace with his Neighbours at last he was Slain by the Treachery of Vortigern a Potent and Ambitious man He left Three Sons behind him of which Two were under Age the Third and Eldest as unfit for Government was thrust into a Monastery yet he was made King principally by the Assistance of Vortigern who sought to obtain Wealth and Power to himself under the Envy of another mans Name The Fields which were now tilled in time of Peace after a most grievous Famine yielded such a plentiful Crop of Grain that the like was never heard of in Britain before And from hence those Vices did arise which usually accompany Peace as Luxury Cruelty Whoredom Drunkenness which are more pernicious than all the Mischiefs of War There was no Truth or Sincerity to be found and that not only amongst the Vulgar but even the Monks and the Professors of an Holier Life made a mock at Equity Faithfulness and constant Piety of Life of which Bede the Anglo-Saxon and Gildas the Britton do make an heavy Complaint In the mean time the Ambassadors who returned from Aetius brought word That no relief could be expected from him for the Brittons had sent Letters to Aetius some Clauses whereof as they are mentioned by Bede I shall here recite both because they are a succinct History of the Miseries of that Nation and also because they demonstrate How much many Writers are mistaken in their Memoirs The Words are these To Aetius the third time Consul the Complaints of the Brittons And a little after The Barbarians drive us to the Sea the Sea beats us back again upon the Barbarians between These two kinds of Deaths we are either Killed or Drowned Now Aetius was joyned in his Third Consulship with Symmachus in the 450th year after Christ. Neither could there any Aid be obtained from him who was then principally intent upon the observing the Motions of Attila The rest of the Brittons being driven to this desperate point only Vortigern was glad of the publick Calamity and in such a general hurly-burly he thought he might with greater Impunity perpetrate that Wickedness which he had long before designed in his mind which was to cause the King to be Slain by those Guards which he had appointed about him and afterwards to avert the suspition of so foul a Parricide from himself in a pretended Fit of Anger as if he were impatient of delay in Executing Revenge he caused the Guards also to be put to death without suffering them to plead for themselves Thus having obtained the Kingdom by the highest degree of Villany he managed it with as little Sanctity For suspecting the Faithfulness of the People towards him and not confiding in his own strength which was but small he engaged the Saxons to take his part who then exercised Pyracy at Sea and infested all the shores far and near He procured their Captain Hengist with a strong Band of Soldiers to come to him with three Galleys and he assigned Lands to him in Britain so that now he was to fight not as for a strange Country but as for his own Demeasne and Estate and therefore was likely to do it with greater Alacrity When this was noised abroad such large Numbers of Three Nations the Iutes the Saxons and the Angles are reported to have flocked out of Germany into Britain that they became formidable even to the Inhabitants of the Isle First of all about the year of our Lord 449. Vortigern being strengthned by those Auxiliaries joyned Battel with the Scots and Picts whom he Conquered and drove beyond the Wall of Adrian As touching Eugenius the King of the Scots there goes a double Report of him some say he was slain in fight beyond the River Humber others that he died a natural Death However he came by his end this is certain he governed the Scots with such Equity that he may deservedly be reckoned amongst the Best of their Kings For tho' he spent the first Part of his Life almost from his Childhood in War yet he so profited under the Discipline of his Grandfather and his Mind was so established thereby that neither Military Freedom as it usually doth did draw him to Vice neither did it make him more negligent in conforming his Manners to the Rule of Piety nor did his prosperous Success make him more arrogant And on the other side the Peace and Calm he enjoyed did not abate the sharpness of his Understanding nor break his Martial Spirit but he managed his Life with such an equal and
Disposition as usually Kings have many such Parasites did often persuade him to take Arms yet he would never be induced thereunto First then he applied himself to correct the publick Manners neither did he attempt to reduce the Ancient Discipline till he had Created new Magistrates and by their means had abridged Suits and Controversies and restrained Thefts and Robberies Peace being setled at home he endeavoured to reclaim others to a civiller course of Life first of all by his own Example and if any took no Copy from him but persisted obstinately in their Evil Courses Such he either gently chastized and punished or else sleighted them as despicable and worthless Persons and thus he quickly reduced all things to their former state Seeing as I said before at the beginning of his Reign he gave up himself wholly to the study of Peace the Brittons began to persuade Aurelius Ambrosius to recover Westmorland from the Scots which they had possessed many years Hereupon several Embassys being sent to and fro betwixt them the Matter was like to be decided by the Sword if fear of the Common Enemy had not put an end to the Dispute so that the League made by Constantine was renewed and no Alteration made in reference to Westmorland Congallus had War with the Saxons all the time of his Reign but it was a slow and intermittent one as Parties fortuitously met in driving of their respective Preys in which kind of Fighting the Scots being nimble light and most Horsemen accounted themselves Superior to their Enemies but they never came to a pitch'd Battel For Congallus was of opinion That it was best to commit as few things as we could to the Arbitrement of Fortune and therefore he sent Part of his Forces to help Aurelius Ambrosius and with the rest he wearied his Enemy and never suffered him to rest Night nor Day Merlin and Gildas lived in the days of these and the next Kings They were both Brittons and obtained great Fame amongst Posterity for the Opinion conceived of them concerning Prophecies and Divinations Merlin was a little the Ancienter of the Two a Cheat and Impostor rather than a Prophet His Vaticinations are scattered up and down but they are obscure and contain no Certainty at all to encourage any ones hopes before their fulfilling or to satisfy them when they are so that upon neither account can you affirm them to be True And besides they are so framed that you may accommodate or apply them to different or contrary Events as you will your self Yet tho' they are dayly furbished up and also augmented by new Additions such is the Folly oâ— credulous men That what they understand not they are yet bold to affirm to be as True as Gospel and tho' they be taken in a notorious I â—e yet they will not suffer themselves to be convinced thereof Gildas was later than he a Learned and Good Man and one who was had in great Veneration both Alive and Dead for his Excellent Learning accompanied with Sanctity of Life The Prophecies which go under his Name are such Ridiculous Sentences and so course and ill-framed in Wording and also in the whole Series of their Composure that no Wise Man can esteem them to be His Yet each Prophet as you call them had a Patron suitable to his own Disposition Merlin had Vortigern for his Patron and after him Vter to whom he was a Pander for his Lust. Gildas had Aurelius Ambrosius a Person no less admirable for the Probity of his Life than for his Victories in War after whose Death Gildas retired unto Glastonbury in Sommerset-shire where he lived and died very devoutly Our Books of the Life of Aurelius Ambrosius do make mention of him After his Death Vter the youngest of Constantines Three Sons succeeded him in the Year of our Lord Five Hundred And the next year after Congallus King of Scotland departed this Natural Life in the Twenty Second year of his Reign Goranus The Forty Fifth King GORANVS his Brother Succeeded him who after his Example governed Scotland with great Piety and Justice as much as Foreign Wars would suffer him so to do for he not only travelled all over the Kingdom as the good Kings of old were wont to do to punish Offenders but also to prevent the Injuries which great Men did offer to the Poor who in such Cases dared not to complain and to curb their oppressive Domination over them he appointed Informers who were to find out such Miscarriages write them down and bring them to him a Remedy necessary perhaps for those times but in our days a very hazardous one He was the chief Means and Occasion that the Picts deserting the Saxons made a joint League with the Scots and Britains At that time Lothus was King of the Picts a Person who excelled the Princes of his time in all accomplishments both of Body and Mind Goranus dealt earnestly with him to break his Alliance with those Barbarous Nations alleging That he ought to remember his own Country in which they were all born and especially their common Religion That he was much deceived if he imagined that the Peace betwixt him and the Saxons would be faithfully kept when once the Brittons and Scots were overthrown seeing he had to do with Men of inhuman Cruelty and insatiable Avarice That they had given sufficient proofs how little they esteemed Leagues or any other thing when they wickedly slew the Nobility of the Brittons who had so well deserved of them upon Pretence of calling them out to a Conference That the Son in Law was saved alive by the Father in Law not for any releif of his Calamity but for upbraiding of the Enemy he added That the Sacredness of Leagues which amongst other Nations are accounted the firmest bonds of Union was amongst them as a Snare or Bait to catch the simple and unwary in To what purpose was it to run so many hazards to free themselves from the Tyranny of the Romans if they must spontaneously give themselves up to the much harder and baâ—er Servitude of the Saxons This were not to make a change of their Condition but of their Masters only Yea it was to prefer a Truculent and Barbarous One before One that was mild and gentle What a Foolish and Wild a thing was it to take away Lands from the Scots and Brittons and to deliver them to the Germans And so to despoil those who were but lately their Friends and endeared to them by many ancient Courtesies and Respects that they might enrich Pirates the common Enemies of Mankind even to their own Destruction That it ought to be esteemed the most grievous thing of all by one who was a true Christian to consent to that League whereby Christian Religion must be extinguished profane Rites renewed and wicked Tyrants Enemies of Piety and Humanity armed with Power against God and his Law Lothus knew all this to be true
caused himself to be carried abroad in a Litter meanly Apparrel'd and there he made a publick Confession of his Wickedness and so dyed in the Year of our â—edmption 668. Scotland groaned under this Monster 18 Years Maldvinus The LV King MAldvinus the Son of Donald succeeded him who that he might strengthen those Parts of the Kingdom which were weakned by the Tyranny of the former King made Peace with all his Neighbors Having quieted things without he was disturbed by a Sedition at home arising between the Argyle and Lennox Men. Maldvinus drew forth against the Authors of this Tumult that so he might punish them without prejudicing the Commonalty They to avoid the King's Wrath composed their private jars and fled into the Aebudae Isles The King sent for them to have them punished and the Islanders not daring to retain them delivered them up Their punishment kept the rest in their Duties About this time it was That when the Scotish Monks had spread the Doctrine of Christ very far over England and had so instructed the English Youth that now they seemed able of themselves to Preach the Gospel plainly even to their own Countrymen together with their Institution and Learning they also entertained and suck'd in some Envy against their Teachers so that by reason of this Prejudice the Scots-Monks were forced to return into their own Country Which Contumely as it cut off the Concord between both Kingdoms so the Modesty of Those who had received the wrong kept both Nations from open Hostility only frequent Incursions were made and Skirmishes hapned in divers places There fell out at this time a terrible Plague over all Europe such as was never Recorded by any Writer before Only the Scots and Picts were free therefrom By reason of the frequent Injuries mutually offered and Preys driven away on both sides Both Nations were like to break forth into an open War if the death of Maldvinus had not prevented it After he had Reigned 20 years his Wife suspecting that he had been naught with an Harlot Strangled him and Four Days after She herself was punished for the Fact by being burnt alive Eugenius V. The LVI King AFter him Eugenius the 5th Son of King Dongard undertook the Kingdom Egfrid the King of Northumberland with whom he principally desired to be at Peace sought to deceive him by fained Truces and he again assaulted Egfrid by the same Art Thus when Both made shew of Peace in Words they each secretly prepare for War When the Truce was ended Egfrid thô his Friends dissuaded him from it joyned Forces with the Picts and entring into Scotland he foraged Galway But he was overthrown by Eugenius the Picts giving ground in the Fight and lost almost all his Army so that he hardly escaped wounded and with a few Followers home The next Year his Friends then also Dissuading him he drew forth his Army against the Picts who pretending to run away drew him into an Ambush and cut him off with all his Men. The Picts laying hold of This so fair an Opportunity recovered those large Territories which had been taken from them in former Wars And the Brittons who freed themselves from the Government of the Angli or English together with the Scots entred Northumberland and made such an Havock there that it never recovered itself since Soon after Eugenius dyed in the 4th Year of his Reign Eugenius VI. The LVII King EVGENIVS the VI the Son of Ferchard succeeded Eugenius the V As did Alfrid Brother to Egfrid succeed him in Northumberland Both Kings were very Learned especially in Theology according to the rate of those times And also friendly one to the other on the account of their common Studies So that the Peace was faithfully maintain'd betwixt them Alfrid made use of this Tranquillity to settle the bounds of his Kingdom thô in narrower Limits than before But the Scots had neither an Establish'd Peace nor yet a Declared War with the Picts Excursions were frequently made with different and interchangable Successes thô Cutberectus an English Bishop and Adamannus a Scotish Bishop did in vain labour to reconcile them Yet This they effected that they never fought a pitched Battel In the mean time Eugenius being inflamed with an inexpiable Hatred against the Perfidiousness of the Picts was stopped in the midst of his Career to Revenge for he dyed having Reigned 10 Years In his Reign it is reported That it Reigned Blood all over Britain for 7 days and that the Milk Cheese and Butter were also turned into Blood Amberkelethus The LVIII King AFter him Amberkelethus the Son of Findanus and Nephew of Eugenius the 5th obtained the Kingdom At the beginning of his Reign he counterfeited Temperance but soon returned to his Natural Disposition and broke forth into all manner of Wickedness Garnard King of the Picts laying hold of this Opportunity gathered a great Army together and invaded the Scots Amberkelethus could hardly be excited to take Arms without much Importunity but at last he did as he was going forth in the Night to ease himself with Two Servants he was slain with an Arrow it was not known who shot it when he had not Reigned full Two Years some say That when he pressed upon the Enemy in a thick Wood that he was hurt with an Arrow by them and so dyed 10 days after Eugenius VII The LIX King EVGENIVS the 7 th Brother of the former King was Declared King by the Suffrage of the Soldiers in the Field that so the Army might not disband nor be without an Head He putting little confidence in an Army Levyed by a slothful King lengthened out the War by Truces and at last concluded it by Marrying Spondana Daughter of Garnardus She not long after was slain in her Bed by Two Athol-men who had conspired to destroy the King The King himself was accused of the Murder but falsly and before he was brought to Judgment the Murderers were found out Whereupon he was freed The Offenders were most exquisitely punished When Matters were composed abroad the King turned himself to the Affairs of Peace delighting much in Hunting But his chief Care was for Religion It was his Design and Appointment That the Noble Acts and Enterprizes of Kings should be Registred in Monasteries He maintain'd a continued Peace 17 Years with all his Neighbours and then dyed at Abernethy Mordacus The LX King EVGENIVS a little before his Death commended Mordacus the Son of Amberkelethus to the Nobility to be his Successor There was Peace all over Britain during his Reign as Bede says about the end of his History He did imitate Eugenius not only in maintaining Peace but in endowing of Monasteries also He Repaired the Convent of White-horn which was demolished He dyed at the Entrance into the 16th Year of his Reign Etfinus The LXI King IN the Year of our Lord 730 Etfinus the Son of Eugenius the 7 th
thereupon He nevertheless persisted in his slothful kind of Life which gave opportunity to the Remainders of the Picts as if an hopeful Alarm had been given them even from the very bottom of Despair to address themselves to Osbreth and Ella Two of the most potent and prevalent Kings of the English for then England was divided into many Kingdoms They bewail'd their misfortune to them and craved earnestly their Assistance promising That they and all their Posterity would become Feudataries to the English in case they obtained the Victory over the Scots which they prejudg'd would be an easy one by reason of the slothful Nature of Donald The English were easily persuaded and having setled things at home they led out their Army into Merch from whence they sent Heralds to Donaldus requiring that the Lands which the Scots had forceably taken away from the Picts their Friends and Allies might be restored which unless he would do they would not neglect their old Confederates who had now also newly cast themselves upon them Donaldus by the advice of the Estates which in this time of imminent Danger he had thô unwillingly convened Levied an Army and met with the Enemy at Iedd a River of Teviotdale where he joyned Battel and overthrew Osbreth enforcing him to fly to the next Mountains From thence he marched on by Tweed unto the Sea side recovered Berwick which had been taken by the English and again deserted by them upon the ill news of the success of the Battel where he took all the Ships riding in the Mouth of the River and seized upon all the Enemies Provisions therein There he got an opportunity to renew his interrupted Pleasures and as if his Enemies had been wholly overthrown he drowned himself in all kind of Voluptuousness Whereupon the English who in the last Fight were rather scatter'd than subdued understanding by their Spies the Carelesness and Security of the Scots gathered together what Force they could out of the Neighborhood and by night set upon the Scots who were laden with Wine and fast asleep making a great slaughter amongst them but they took the King who was between sleeping and waking Prisoner From thence they followed the Course of their Victory and to make their Ravage more compleat they divided their Army into Two Parts and so marched into the Enemies Country Part of them when they came to the Forth got Vessels and essayed to pass over by Water into Fife but a great Number of them were Shipwrackt and drowned and the rest by the violence of the Storm were forced back to the Shore where they embarked from whence marching to Sterling and joyning with the rest of their Army they pass over the Forth on a Bridge The Scots after their flight gathered themselves into a Body thereabouts having the bare show rather than the strength of an Army and sent Ambassadors to the English for Peace which they did not refuse because their strength was weakened by the unsuccessful Battel of Iedd and also by their own Shipwrack The English propounded hard Conditions yet such as the present State of Affairs made to seem tolerable As that The Scots should yield up all the Land which was within the Wall of Severus That their Bounds should be beneath Sterling the Forth beneath Dunbarton the Clyd and between the Two Rivers the Wall of Severus Amidst such hard Terms of Peace yet this happened as joyous so unexpected to the Scots That no mention was made concerning the Reduction of the Picts For the English and Britains divided the Lands surrendred up betwixt them the River being a Boundary betwixt them both There are some who think the Money yet called Sterling was then Coined there The Lands being thus divided the Picts who thought to recover their own being eluded of their hopes passed over to the Cimbrians and Scandians i. e. as we now speak to Denmark and Norway Those few of them that staid in England were all put to death by them upon pretence that they would attempt Innovations by their soliciting of Forein Aid Donaldus after he had made Peace upon his Return was Honourably received partly out of Respect to his Ancestors and partly in hopes of his Repentance But he persevering in his wonted Slothfulness the Nobles fearing that so filthy and sluggish a Person who would neither hearken to the Counsels of his Friends nor be reclaimed by his own Calamities would lose that part of the Kingdom which remained cast him into Prison where either for Grief in having his Pleasure restrained or for Fear to be made a Publick Spectacle of Scorn he laid violent hands on himself in the Sixth Year of his Reign Others report that This Donaldus performed many Noble Exploits both at home and abroad and that he dyed a natural death at Scone in the Year of our Lord 858. Constantinus II. The Seventy First King COnstantinus the Son of Kennethus undertook the Kingdom after him at Scone he was a Prince of a great Spirit and highly Valorous He was desirous to obliterate the Ignominy received under Donaldus and to enlarge his Kingdom unto the Bounds left by his Father but he was otherwise advised by his Nobles because the greatest part of the Soldiery were slain under Donaldus and the remainder was grown so Corrupt that it was not fit to put Arms into their hands And thereupon the King first bent his care to amend the Publick Discipline and so he reduced the Order of Priests to their Ancient Parsimony by severe Laws in regard they had left off Preaching and had given up themselves to Luxury Hunting Hawking and to Courtly-Pomp He caused the Young Soldiers who were effeminated with Pleasures to lye on the Ground and to Eat but once a day Drunkards he punished with Death He forbad all sports but those who served to harden both Body and Mind for the Wars By these Laws the Soldiery of the Kingdom were reduced to a better pass And presently upon a certain Islander named Evenus whom he himself had made Governour of Loch-Abyr a Man of an unquiet Spirit and Ambitious of Dominion rose up in Arms who knowing That the Youthful Fry of Soldiers could not well bear the Severity of these New Laws First gathered together a small Number and then a greater complaining of the present State of Things And when he found his Discourse was acceptable to them he easily persuaded them to conspire for the Destruction of Constantine But being more active than cautelous in gathering strength to their Faction they were betrayed by some of their Own and slain before they knew any Forces were gathered together against them Evenus the head of the Conspiracy was hanged About this time it was That the Danes then the most Potent and Flourishing Nation amongst the Germans were solicited by the Picts against the Scots and also by one Buernus or as others write Verna whose Wife Osbreth had forceably
after them and in a short time they were brought to the King and punished according to Law Whereupon the Nobles were dismissed having received some Gifts and many large Promises from the King and the Commonalty also pray'd heartily for their King Matters being thus composed at home he faithfully observed the League made by some former Kings with the English But this great Tranquillity of all Britain was soon disturbed by the Danes who appeared with a great Fleet and Anchored near the Red-Promontory a Place in Aeneia or Angus They there staid some days in Consultation Whether they should Land there or direct their Course towards England as they intended at first Many of them were of Opinion That it was most adviseable to make for England an opulent Country where they might have both Provision enough for their Army and also some hopes of Auxiliaries and Recruits in regard that there many of the Danish stock were yet alive amongst them and many others stood obliged to them for old Courtesys and Friendships and that These upon the first notice of their Arrival would presently flock in to them as of old they used always to do But as for the Scots they were a fierce Nation and very hardy as Those use to be who are bred in Barren and Hungry Soiles That they never attempted them without some great and remarkable loss and in the present case if they overcame them it would hardly be worth their Labour But if they were overcome by them they must endure the utmost Extremity and Rigour Others were of a different Opinion alleging That if they made their Descent on the Coasts of England then they should be obliged to Fight Both Nations at once but if the Scots were First overcome the War against the English would be easy when they were bereft of Foâ—â—ign Aid and also terrified with the Loss of their Friends They further urged That it was not the part of Great and Magnanimous Spirits to be intent on Prey and Booty only they should rather call to mind the Blood of their Kindred and Ancestors who had been so often cruelly slain in Scotland And that now especially having a Great Army and being furnished also with things necessary for War they ought to take That Revenge which might punish the Savage Cruelty of the Scots according to their Deserts and might also carry the terror of the Danish Name to all the Neighbouring Nations After this Battel Peace seemed to have been settled for many Years when behold some troublesome matters at home did disturb this Calm As for the Commotion of the Islanders who in a Plundering way ranged over all Ross That was quickly suppressed some of the Robbers being slain in â—ight some taken in pursuit and after Executed But Crathilinthus the Son of Fenella or as some call her Finabella gave far greater disturbance He was then the chief of all Mern both in Descent and Wealth Crathilinthus his Grandfather by the Mothers side was made Governor by the King over that part of Angus which lies between the Two Rivers each of them having the Name of Eske where he gathered up the Kings Taxes and Revenues his Nephew coming with a great Train to visit him a sudden Quarrel arose amongst their Servants so that two of Crathilinthus's Friends were slain He complained thereof to his Grandfather who laid the blame of the Tumult upon his Nephews rude Retinue and Company and after a sharp Reproof he was dismissed by him but not without Contumelies from his Servants and Domesticks So that returning home he in great Wrath complained of the Affront to his Mother who was so far from endeavouring to allay his Rage and quiet the Mind of the incensed Youth by grave and wholesome Counsel that she importuned him to Revenge himself by force of Arms even upon her own Father and his Grandfather too Hereupon not long after Crathilinthus having gathered an armed Company together fit for his purpose comes by Night into Angus to his Grandfathers Castle He with some few Followers were admitted in without Suspicion and being once entred he gave the Word to the rest who lay in Ambush and let in them also so that he slew his Grandfather with his whole Family plundered the Castle depopulated the Country adjacent and as if he had done a Famous Exploit he returned pompously with a great Booty into Mern But the Angusians did not suffer this Injury to pass long Unrevenged For soon after gathering a great many of their Faction together they made great Havock in the District of Mern From that time forward Slaughters and Rapines were occasionally committed on both sides Kennethus hearing of it published a Proclamation That the Chief of either Faction should appear at Scone within Fifteen Days to answer What should be objected against them for he feared that if a greater number should resort to the Factions further Tumults might arise some few being terrified by this minatory Edict made their appearance accordingly but the greatest part of whom Crathilinthus was Chief being conscious of their own Demerits fled away as every one thought most convenient The King made diligent search after them the greatest part of them were taken in Loch-Abyr and some elsewhere Crathilinthus and the Cheif of the Faction were punished with Death others according to the Degree of their Crimes had lesser Punishments and those who were but a little Guilty had none at all inflicted on them This Moderation and Temperament procured to the King Fear from the bad but great Love from others and settled Peace in all his Kingdom till the Twenty first year of his Reign Insomuch That if he had persisted in that course of Life which he had begun he might well have been reckoned amongst the Best of Princes for he so performed all the Offices both of Peace and War that he got great Renown upon the account of his Equity Impartiality and Valour But the Excellency of his former Life was blurred by one Wicked Fact that he committed which seemed too more aggravated in him in regard it was incredible and unexpected to proceed from his Disposition who had before so severely punished Grand Offenders The Occasion of it was This The King being now grown somewhat ancient had a Son named Malcolm a Prince of great Ingenuity but in point of Age not yet mature to Govern so fierce a People if his Father should die Further the Custom of our Ancestors was then against it that he should Reign next after his Father For They were wont to choose not the next but the fittest of the deceased Kings Relations provided he were descended from Fergus the First King of the Scots Besides the Favour of the Nobility was another Obstacle which did incline to another Malcolm the Son of King Duffus the most Praise-Worthy Prince of all the Scotish Royal Race Moreover he was then Governor of Cumberland which County the Scots did hold as Feudataries of the Kings of
of the Enemies Numbers promised to devote the Village whither he was going to St. Andrew the Apostle the Tutelary Saint of Scotland if he returned Victor from that Expedition After a few Removes he came to the River Spey the violentest Current in all Scotland where he beheld a greater number of Soldiers than he thought could have been levied out of those Countries standing on the other side of the River to hinder his Passage Whereupon the Standard Bearer making an Halt and delaying to enter the River he snatch'd the Standard out of his Hand and gave it to one Alexander Carron a Knight of known Valour whose Posterity had ever afterwards the Honour of carrying the Kings Standard in the Wars and in stead of Carron the Name of Scrimger was given him because he being full of true Valour though ignorant of the Modes and Niceties of War had out-done One who was a Master in handling of Arms and who valued himself highly upon that Account As the King was entring the River the Mitred Priests with their Mitres on their Heads prevented him who by his Permission having passed over to the Enemy before had ended the War without Blood The Nobles surrendred themselves upon Quarter for Life Those who were the most Seditious and and the Authors of the Rising were Tryed had their Goods Confiscated and themselves Condemned to perpetual Imprisonment Peace being thus by his great Industry obtained both at home and abroad he converted his pains to amend the publick Manners for he lived Devoutly and Piously himself and provoked others by his Example to a Modest Just and Sober Life It is thought that he was assisted herein by the Counsel and Monitions of his Wife a choice Woman and eminently Pious She omitted no Office of Humanity towards the Poor or the Priests neither did Agatha the Mother or Christiana the Sister come behind the Queen in any Religious Duty For because a Nuns Life was then accounted the great Nourisher and Maintainer of Piety Both of them leaving the toilsome Cares of the World shut themselves up in a Monastery appointed for Virgins Then the King to the Four former Bishopricks of St. Andrews Gasgow Whithorn and Murthlack where the old Discipline by the Bishops Sloth and Default was either remitted or laid quite aside added That of Murray and Caithness procuring Men Pious and Learned according to the rate of those times to fill the Sees And whereas also Luxury began to abound in those days in regard many English came in and great Commerce was had with Foreign Nations and also many English Exiles were entertained and scatt'red almost all over the Kingdom he laboured though to little purpose to restrain it But he had the hardest Task of all with the Nobles whom he endeavoured to reclaim to the Practice of their ancient Parsimony for they having once swallowed the bait of Pleasure did not only grow worse and worse but even ran headlong into Debauchery yea they laboured to cover that foul Vice under the false Name of Neatness Bravery and Gallantry Malcolm forseeing that such courses would be the Ruin not only of Religion but also of Military Discipline did first of all Reform his own Family very exactly afterwards he made most severe Sumptuary Laws denouncing great Punishment against the Violators of them Yet by those Remedies he rather stopp'd than cured the Disease nevertheless as long as he lived he employed all his endeavours to work a thorough Reform therein It is also Reported That his Wife obtained of him That whereas the Nobles had gradually obtained a Priviledge to lye the first Night with any Married Bride by the Law of Eugenius That Custom should be altered and the Husband have Liberty to Redeem it by paying half a Mark of Silver which Payment is yet called Marcheta Mulierum Whilst Malcolm was thus busied in reforming the publick Manners William King of England dies His Son William Rufus succeeded him Peace could not long be continued between two Kings of such â—ifferent Dispositions For the King of Scots chose that Time to Build two Temples or Cathedrals in one at Durham in England the other at Dumferling in Scotland upon Both which Piles he bestowed great Cost so that he endeavoured to retrieve Church-Affairs which then began to flag and decay And withal he translated Turgot Abbat of the Monks at Durham to the Bishoprick of St. Andrews This he did whilst Rufus was plucking down Towns and Monasteries and making Forests that he might have the more room to hunt in And when Anselme the Norman then Arch-Bishop of Canterbury did with freedom rebuke him for the same he Banished him the Land He also sought for an Occasion of War against the Scots And thereupon he surprized the Castle of Alnwick in Northumberland having slain the Garison which was therein Malcolm having demanded Restitution but in vain Besieged the Castle with a great Army They within being reduced to great extremity and want talk'd of surrendring it and desired the King to come and receive the Keys with his own Hand which as he was a doing being tendred to him on the point of a Spear the Soldier run him into the Eye and killed him And his Son Edward also being forward to revenge his Fathers Death and thereupon more negligent of his own safety made an unwary assault upon the Enemy wherein he received a Wound of which he died soon after The Scots being afflicted and troubled at this double Slaughter of Two of their Kings broke up the Siege and returned home Margaret did not long survive her Husband and Son but died of Grief The Bodies of the Kings which at first were buried at Tinmouth a Monastery at the mouth of Tine were afterwards brought back to Dumferling Malcolm held the Kingdom Thirty and three years being noted for no Vice but famous to Posterity for his great and many Virtues he had six Sons by his Wife Margaret of whom Edward was slain by the English in the Siege of Alnwick Castle Edmond and Etheldred were Banished into England by their Uncle Donald where they died The other Three Edgar Atheldred and David succeeded in the Kingdom one after another He also had Two Daughters the Elder Maud Sirnamed the Good Married Henry King of England the younger named Mary had Eustace Earl of Bologn for her Husband Several Prodigies hapned in those days and in particular there was such a mighty and unusual an Inundation of the German Ocean that it did not only drown the Fields and Country and choked them up with Sand but also overthrew Villages Towns and Castles And besides there were great and terrible Thunders and more were killed with Thunderbolts than were ever Recorded to have perished by that Death in Britain before Donaldus VII Sirnamed Banus The Eighty Seventh King UPon the Death of Malcolm Donaldus Banus i. e. The White his Brother who for
those that rashly went before or that loitered after or that in Plundering straggled too far from their Fellows neither did he suffer them to Stray far from their Colours Edward sought by great Promises to bring him over to his Party but his constant â—one was That he had Devoted his Life to his Country to which it was due and if he could do it no other Service yet he would dye in its Defence There were some Castles yet remaining not surrendred to 〈◊〉 English as Vrchart in Murray which was taken by Storm and all the Defendants put to the Sword whereupon the rest surrendred themselves for fear After these Exploits the English King joyned his Son Edward whom he had left at Perth and by the Accession of his Forces he besieged Sterling which after a Months Siege he took the Garison therein being reduced to the want of all things the Conditions were only Life and Liberty And yet William Oliver against the tenor of his Articles of Surrender was detain'd and sent Prisoner into England When all Scotland was reduced an Assembly of the States was Indicted by Edward to be held at St. Andrews where all out of Fear took an Oath of Allegiance to him except Wallis alone and fearing he should be given up by the Nobility who were much disgusted at him to Edward his Mortal Enemy he retired himself into his old Fastnesses and Lurking holes Edward having appointed Governours and Magistrates over all Scotland returned into England but at his departure he shewed an evident Demonstration of his great Hatred against the Scotish Race for he was not content only with the taking with him all those whom he feared would raise new Seditions but he endeavoured as much as he could to abolish the very Memory of the Nation For he repealed their Old Laws and set up the Ecclesiastical State and Ceremonies according to the Manner of England He caused all Histories Leagues and Ancient Monuments either left by the Romans or erected by the Scots to be destroyed He carried all the Books and all that were Teachers of Learning into England He sent also to London an un-polished Marble Stone wherein it was vulgarly Reported and Believed that the Fate of the Kingdom was contained neither did he leave any thing behind him which either upon the account of its Memory might excite Generous Spirits to the Remembrance of their Ancient Fortune and Condition or indeed which could excite them to any True Greatness of Mind so that having broken their Spirits as he thought as well as their Force and cast them into a servile Dejection he promised himself a perpetual Peace from Scotland At his Return he left Ailmer Valentine as his Regent or Vice-King who was to nip all Seditious Attempts if any did break forth in the very Bud. Yet a new War sprang up against him from whence he little thought There were some of the Prime Nobility in Scotland with Edward as Robert Bruce the Son of him who contended with Baliol for the Kingdom and Iohn Cumins Sirnamed Red from the colour of his Face Cousin German to Iohn Baliol the last King of Scotland Edward called them often to him a-part and put them severally in a vain hope of the Kingdom and so he made use of their Assistance in the Conquering of Scotland But at the last they discovered the Mockery and Cheat so that each of them desired nothing more than a fit Occasion to Revenge the Perfidiousness of that King But in regard they were Corrivals their mutual Suspicion kept them back from Communicating their Counsels one to another At last Cumins perceiving that Matters as managed by Edward were distrastful to Bruce he spake to him and taking his Rise from the Beginning of their Miseries deplored much the lamentable Condition of their Country and greatly inveighed against the Falsâ—ness of Edward withal grievously accusing himself and Bruce too that they had by their Labour and Assistance helped to cast their Country-Men into this Abyss of Misery After this first Discourse they proceeded further and each of them promising Silence they agreed That Bruce should enjoy the Kingdom and Cumins should wave his Right thereto but instead thereof that he should enjoy all those large and fruitful Possessions which Bruce had in Scotland and in a Word that he should be the Second Man in the Kingdom Those Covenants were Writ down Sealed and Sworn betwixt Themselves Hereupon Bruce watching an Opportunity to rise in Arms left his Wife and Children in Scotland and went to the Court in England After his Departure Cumins as 't is reported either repenting himself of his Agreement or else endeavouring fraudulently to remove his Corrival and so obtain an easier Way to the Kingdom betrayed their secret Combination to Edward and in verification thereof he sent him the Covenants signed by them Both. Hereupon Bruce was impleaded as Guilty of High Treason he was forbid to depart the Court and a Privy Guard set over him to inspect his Words and Actions The Kings delay to punish him in a Crime so manifest proceeded from a Desire he had to take his Brethren too before they had heard any bruit of his Execution In the mean time Bruce was informed by the Earl of Mountgomery his Grandfathers old Friend of his sudden Danger who dared not to commit his Advice for his Flight to Writing being discouraged by Bruce his Example but he sent him a pair of Guilt Spurs and some Pieces of Gold as if he had borrowed them of him the day before Robert upon the Receipt of the Gift as Dangers make Men sagacious soon smelt out what his Meaning was so that he sent for a Smith in the Night and commanded him to set on Shoos on Three Horses the backward way that so his Flight might not be traced by the Mark of the Horses Feet and the same Night he and Two other Companions began their Journy and Man and Horse being extreamly tired in Seven days he came to his Castle scituate by Lâ—ch Maban There he joyned David his Brother and Robert Fleming to whom he had scarce declared the Cause of his Flight before he lighted upon a flying Post who was conveighing Letters from Cumins to Edward The Contents were That Robert should speedily be put to Death that there was danger in delay lest a Man so Nobly Descended and so Popular as He adding Boldness to his Wisdom too should raise New Commotions The Perfidiousness of Cumins being thus as well as otherwise plainly detected Robert was inflamed with Anger and rode presently to Dumfreiz where his Adversary Iohn Cumins was in the Franciscans Church whom he confronted with his own Letters which he then shewed him he very impudently denied them to be His but Robert no longer able to bridle his Wrath run him into the Belly with his Dagger and so left him for Dead As he was Mounting his Horse Iames Lindsay and Roger
Foreigners to aid them and that in such a conjuncture of Time when the French Themselves designed also to Land a vast Army in England whereupon he gathered a very puissant Army together consisting as the English Writers say of 60000 Foot and 8000 Horse with this Force he resolved so to tame the Scots that they should not in many Years after be able to Levy any considerable Army Besides he Rigged out a great Navy which were to bring Provisions into the Forth For he knew That part of Scotland wherein he was to make his Descent had been harassed for many Years by continual Wars And if any Provisions were left in it that the Inhabitants would convey them away into the neighbouring or other remote Places Add hereto he was secure of the French for he knew that they would not put to Sea in a Stormy Winter With those Forces he entred Scotland sparing no Place neither Sacred nor Profane no nor any Age nor Degrees of Men if they were capable to bear Arms. In the mean time Monsieur Vien being more mindful of his Kings Commands to him at his parting from him than of the present posture of Affairs in Scotland was earnest with Douglas to come to a Battel He still answered him That the Scots forbore to engage not out of any Alienation of Mind from the French but being Conscious of their own Weakness and thereupon he took him up into an high Place from whence he might safely take a view of the Enemy He then perceiving the long Train of the English in their March quickly turned to be of his Opinion Whereupon they both concluded That in the present circumstances the best and only Way for them to incommode the Enemy was to gather together what Force they could and so to invade England Thereupon they entred far from the Kings Army into Cumberland and made a great Havock therein and in the neighbouring Counties The English Winter being now at hand and the Country of Lothian being spoiled by the War for they durst not gâ—â—ar from their Ships lest Provisions should fail them consulted about their Return Some were of Opinion that it was best to follow after the Scots in the Rear and in their Return to compel them to Fight whether they would or no. But those who knew the Ways better through which they were to march replyed on the contrary That there would be great difficulty in passing over such Marshes and Mountains and sometimes narrow Places wherein there was also so much want of all things that a very few Men and those nimble ones too could carry Provisions enough with them thô but for a few days to finish the March and besides if they should overcome those Difficulties yet the next Country which was to receive them was not over-fruitful of itself and also it had been wasted by the War Again if they should wade through all those Inconveniencies yet they had to do with a nimble and shifting Enemy whom it would be more difficult to find and to bring to a Battel than to overcome and if they could find him out yet he would not be compelled to Fight but in his own Places of Advantage That Edward the Third his Grandfather had Experience hereof to the great Damage of his Own and little Inconvenience of the Scots Army Upon Hearing of this as also casting in their Minds what Miseries they might suffer in an Enemies Country in a cold Winter and in the mean time leave their Wives Children and what else was dear to them desolate at home they changed their Minds and marched back directly the same way that they came Thus both Armies had a free Time of plundering in their Enemies Country and each of them returned home again without seeing any Enemy The Scots well knowing That the English could not attempt another Expedition till the next Summer resolved to attack Roxburgh a Neighbour Town and the Garison there which was greatly annoyous to the Country thereabout When they were â—ome thither a dissension arose betwixt the Scots and the French about the Town even before it was taken The French alleging That seeing by a large Experience in Wars at home they were more skilled in the Methods of taking Towns than the Scots and moreover that they had spent a great deal of Mony in the War They therefore thought it but just That if the Town were carried it should be Theirs and remain under the Jurisdiction of France On the contrary the Scots urged That it was very unjust That Auxiliaries should reap the Reward and Benefit of the whole War and for what Expences they had been at it had been spent rather on Themselves than the Scots it being in order to distract and divide the Forces of England and so to avert Part of the War from France and if the Friendly Offices on Both sides were put in the Ballance the Scots might upon juster grounds demand the Charge of the whole War of the French than the French could challenge any Reward for their Assistance especially such a Reward as no History in the Memory of Man doth relate either to have been demanded or given by Allys one to or amongst another Yea The Unjustness of their Demand appeared by This That the Scots might have sate still in Peace without being prejudiced by the English and so might have been Spectators only of the Wars betwixt Two potent Kings but the French could not have Obtained the same Quiet unless they would have yielded up a good Part of their Country Neither could they see of what use that Town would be to the French if they had it save only to be as a Bridle that so the Arbitrement of War or Peace might be at their dispose and if That were their intent it were more for the Profit yea and for the Credit too of the Kings of Scotland to be without the Town than on a Trivial occasion to give up Themselves to a voluntary Servitude But if by so unequal a Postulation they thought to excuse their Return home which they sometime before attempted there was no need at all of such a Blind for as they freely came so they had Liberty always at their pleasure freely to depart neither was it adviseable in the Scots to stay Them in regard they might easily foresee their Service would be but small if they were detained against their Wills Hereupon They retreated from Roxburgh without attaquing it and whereas there had grievous Complaints been made betwixt Both Parties before so if matters should still continue at that Pass open Enmity did seem likely to arise The Original of the Dissension arose from the different Custom and Carriage of either Nation in managing of a War For the Scots and English Soldiers pay honestly for what they take at their Quarters and carry it amongst their Countrymen as moderately and soberly in War as in Peace But the French otherwise where-ever they march All 's their
there were Ten thousand Horse and Foot from the Neighbouring Places a promiscuous multitude which came in They encouraged the Bishop to march the nearest way to the Enemy and to give him Battel alleging That He was so wearied with his yesterdays Fight and so many were wounded and the rest secure by reason of their late Victory that he might obtain an easie Conquest over them The Earl of Murray upon whom the Eyes of all were fixed when Douglas was gone was advertised of his coming by his Scouts whereupon he consulted with his Chief Commanders about the Prisoners To kill them in cold Blood after they had given them Quarter seemed cruel and to save alive a number of Enemies almost equal with their own seemed dangerous The Resolve was That they should all Swear not to stir whilst the Battel was fought and though their Friends might relieve them yet they should continue and own themselves as Prisoners still Upon these Terms they were left in the Camp with a small Guard who were commanded to fall upon them all if any one did stir This Matter thus setled the Scots being full of Courage by reason of their Former Victory marched out with their Army being fortified and secured in the Rear with Marshes and on the Right and Left with Trees which they cut down and moreover the Word of Command was given That as soon as the Enemy drew near every Man should blow his Horn which he carried behind him at his Back which would make such a mighty Noise and Sound as was terrible of it self but being multiplied by the Repercussion and Eccho of the Neighbouring Hills gave forth the Representation of a Greater Force than indeed they were The English had marched very fast and moreover were to fight amongst the dead Bodies of their own Men being astonished at that horrible Noise and also at the Alacrity of their Enemies who stood in good Order over against them and besides having no Skilful Commander over so tumultuary a Body and also the Commander not much confiding on such a Raw Soldiery they presently turned their Colours and marched back as they came In the mean time Lindsay who as I have said was taken Prisoner and left at Newcastle being seen and known by Redman was courteously treated by him and set at Liberty without Ransom The Scots having passed over this sudden Brunt so easily resolved to return home but before they dismissed Ralfe Percy who was much wounded so that he could not endure the Jogging of an Horse and sent him to Newcastle to be healed of his Wounds upon his Promise That as soon as ever he was able to ride he would wait on the Earl of Murray where he pleased to appoint and engaging his Faith thereto as the manner is he departed Seven hundred other Prisoners followed his example and were released on their Parol upon the same Terms Many of the Common Soldiers who were like to be more burdensom than beneficial was dismissed gratis Of the Nobler sort Henry Percy and almost 400 more were detained and carried into Scotland and shortly after upon Payment of a Ransom set upon their Heads they were all set at Liberty so that in that Age as Ennius says Men did not huckster out a War but fought it out as contending mainly for Liberty and Glory Three days after the Bodies of Douglas and the other Great Commanders that fell were carried to Mulross and there magnificently interred When the Tidings of these Matters were brought to the other Army which was wasting Cumberland it disturbed all their Mirth so that the Joy conceived for their good Success was turned into bitter Mourning The Loss of Douglas did so affect all Military Men that not only that Army which followed him but this Other also returned home in Silence and Sadness as if they had not been Conquerors but Conquered The Publick Sentiment was also further increased That he died without Children and in the Flower of his Age and that almost He alone was deprived of the Fruit of the Victory which he had gotten His Estate fell to Archibald Earl of Galway Sirnamed the Austere who also was a brave Cavalier in his days This is that memorable Fight of Otterborn remarkable not only for the Magnanimity and Hardiness of the Commanders and Soldiers therein and their Modesty in Victory but also for the various and changeable event of it That the Conqueror in the highest expectation of his Glory was taken off by Death and could not enjoy the Fruit of his own Labour And the Conquered General though then discomfited and made a Prisoner yet outlived this Battel many years in great Glory and Splendour It was Fought the 12th of the Calends of August in the year of our Lord 1388. By this Victory Matters were more composed and quiet both at home and abroad but in regard the King by Reason of his Age was not fit to manage Business and withal understanding of the Reflection that was made upon him by reason of the late Expedition which was undertaken without him and his eldest Son Iohn was of a slow nature and addicted more to Ease than to difficult Enterprizes he therefore Indicted an Assembly of the Estates and made Robert Earl of Fife Deputy of the Kingdom by the name of Governor yet they who managed that Office before him were usually called Custodes i. e. Keepers When Henry Percy eminent for Stock and Prowess was Prisoner in Scotland the Earl of Merch commonly called Earl Mareschal a Man fiercer in his Words than Actions was put in his Place He undervaluing the Scots Valour in the Fight of Otterborn and also grievously blaming the Cowardize of the English did thereby incur the Hatred of Both Nations And indeed Robert Vice-King of Scotland was so offended at his boasting Insolence That he thought it a just Cause to make an Expedition against him Hereupon he entred the Enemies Country and with Archibald Douglas then Earl of Douglas marches directly towards the Enemy who was reported to stay for him with a great Army when he came near him he gave him opportunity to engage which he declining he sent a Trumpeter to him to desire him to try it out in a plain Field but the Mareschal kept himself in his Fastnesses and Places unaccessible so that Robert after he had shewed his Army some hours to the Enemy sent them forth to pillage in the Neighbourhood and he ransacked those Places especially which the Mareschal was wont to have his Residence in and afterwards he marched them back laden with Booty without any Fight at all This Expedition though undertaken upon slight grounds yet was very pleasing both to the English and the Scots who Both rejoyced to see the vanity of the Man so to be confuted but he to excuse the Matter as often as Mention was made of it did allege That he did it for the Love of his Countrymen as being
Lewd Persons yet Innocent of that Particular Fact for which they suffered In the interim the King advised with his Friends how he might preserve Iames his Youngest Son for whose safety he was very solicitous and whom he had left in the custody of Walter Wardiloe Arch-Bishop of St. Andrews an honest man and faithful to him They gave their Opinion in the case that he could not be safe in any part of Scotland and that therefore it was best to send him over to Charles the IV. King of France the old Ally and only Friend of the Scotish Nation for he could be Educated no where more safely and honourably than there The fresh Example of David Bruce stuck yet in their Minds who in dubious and troublesome times at home had there for some years an Honourable retreat and Entertainment Hereupon a Vessel was prepared and he put on bord at the Basâ— a Rock rather than an Island Henry Sinclare Earl of the Oreades was sent with him as his Guide or Rector whilst they were compassing the shore he Landed at the Promontory of Flamburgh either driven in by Tempest or else to refresh himself on shore from his Sâ—â—-Vomit and Nauseation There he was detained by the English till they sent to their King who commanded that he should be brought up to Court So that neither the Law of the Truce which was made a little before for 8 years nor the supplicating Letters of his Father did prevail but he was kept as a Lawful Prisoner For his Father at his departure had sent Letters by him to the King of England if possibly he should be necessitated to land there wherein he made complaining and lamentable discourses both of his own and also of the common fortune of all Mankind But tho' the King of England were not ignorant of the Inconstancy of human affairs yet the old grudge against the Nation of the Scots more prevailed with him than either the respect of the Youth 's Innocent Age or the Tears of his grieved Father or the dignity of the Kingly Name or the Faith of the Pacification and Truce For having referred the matter to his Council how he should treat the Son of the King of Scots being arrived in his Dominions Those who had any regard to Equity and were weary of the present War inclined to the milder Opinion viz. That the Royal Youth who fled from the Cruelty of his own Countrymen and was now their Suppliant should be hospitably and Friendly Entertained That so a feirce Nation and unconquer'd by the War of so many Ages might be won and wrought over to a Reconciliation by Courtesie For this they thought was the most solid and firm victory not when Liberty was taken away by force but when Minds are united by the indissoluble bond of Amity Others were of contrary Opinion That he might be lawfully detained as a Prisoner either because many of the Scots Nobility had Personally assisted Percy in the Insurrection which he made against the King or because his Father had Entertained and Relieved Percy the Elder when he was Banished and Condemned as a Traitor in England This Opinion as commonly the worst things do prevailed thâ— they that were present at the Consult knew well enough that those Scots who fought against the English King in Percy 's Insurrection were not sent by any Publick Commission from the King but came out of their private Affection to Douglas who was then also in Percy 's Power They might also have remembred what Henry himself had answered to the Scots a few Years before when they demanded George Dunbar to be given up yet notwithstanding they stuck to this last Opinion as commonly in the Courts of Princes a false preâ—ence of Advantage doth weigh down Honest and Righteous Counsels Yet in one thing Henry dealt Nobly and Royally with his Captive That he caused him to be Educated in Learning and Good Discipline This Calamity of the Son was brought to his Fathers Ears whilst he was at Supper and did so overwhelm him with Grief that he was almost ready to give up the Ghost in the Hands of his Servants that attended him but being carried to his Bed-chamber he abstained from all Food and in 3 Days dyed for Hunger and Grief at Rothesay which is a Town in the Island Bote in the 16th Year of his Reign in the Calends of April and Year of Christ 1406. He was Buried at the Abby of Pasley This Robert for tallness of Stature and for the Beauty and Composition of his whole Body was inferior to none of his Contemporaries His Life was very harmless and there was no Virtuous Accomplishment fit for a private Man wanting in him so that it may be truly said of him That he was a better Man than a King After the King's death the Government of the Kingdom was setled upon Robert his Brother by the Decree of all the Estates who had many things in him worthy of that Office and Dignity if out of a blind Ambition to Rule he had not used unjust Courses to hasten to the Throne He was Valiant in War Prudent in Counsel Just in Judgment Liberal to the Nobles and Tender in Levying Taxes on the Commons The same Year Percy the Elder again entred into a Conspiracy against the King to revenge upon him the deaths of his Brother and Two Sons who had been slain but his Design was discovered many of his Accomplices taken and put to death and he himself for fear fled into Scotland that from thence he might pals over into Flanders and France to procure Auxiliaries to renew the War In the mean time Henry the King of Englands Son made great Incursions into Scotland both by Land and Sea when he was returned home with a great Booâ—y the Castle of Iedburgh which the Enemy had kept from the Fight in Darham to that day was taken by the Commons of Teviotdale Pillaged and then by the Governors Order wholly demolished And George Earl of Merch who had done much damage to his Countrymen in behalfe of the English being not able to procure from them Aid to recover his Own nor an honest Maintenance amongst them neither pacified the Governor by his Friends and so returned home yet he lost part of his Patrimony viz. his Castles in the Loch-Maban and Annandale which were given to Douglas for the Losses he had sustained and thus all Offences were forgiven on both sides and he passed the rest of his Life in great Concord with his Neighbours and faithful Subjection to his King The next Year Percy after he had made a vain and fruitless Peregrination over France and Flanders returned into Scotland to his old Friend the Earl of Merch by whom he was courteously Entertained and Accommodated according to his Estate There he Transacted by private Messengers about returning into his own Country and amongst the rest he wrot to Ralph Rokesby his Ancient
ridiculous and incredible things were Objected against him and amongst the rest this was One That he had said Mass Thrice in one Day whereas in that Age there was hardly a Bishop who did the same in Three Months Hereupon his Enemy being Judge and Witnesses being hired against him he was Ejected out of his Bishoprick And Sivez who carried the Decree to the Pope was made Bishop in his room Neither were his Enemies contented with this Mischief they had done him but perceiving that he bore all their Contumelies with much Greatness of Spirit They took order that he should be shut up in some desolate Monast'ry under Four Keepers Inch Colm was chosen to be the Place a Rock rather than an Island from whence Three Years after he was remov'd to Dunferlin for fear of the English Fleet betwixt whom and the Scots a War had then broke forth and from thence he was again carried to the Castle which lies in Loch Leven where being worn out with Age and Miseries he departed this Life He was a Man guilty of no known Vice and in Learning and Virtue inferior to none of his Age. The other Good Men being terrify'd by his Calamity and perceiving no hopes of any Church-Reformation went all about their own private Affairs In the Court Church-Preferments were either Sold or else given away to Flatterers and Panders as a Reward for their filthy Service Tho' these things were acted at several times yet I have put them altogether in my Discourse that so the Thread of my History might not be too often interrupted and also that by one memorable Example we might have an entire View of the Miseries of those Times For one may easily imagin how vitious the ordinary sort of Men were seeing a Man that was so Eminent for all kind of Virtue and besides had the Advantage to be Allyed to the King and to many Noble Families besides was by a few Scoundrels of the Lowest-sort expos'd to the Reproach and Cruelty of his Enemies But to return to the other Occurrences of those Times In the Year 1476. there was a Publick Decree made against Iohn Lord of the Islands who had seiz'd upon some Provinces and had done great spoil on the Maritime Coasts insomuch that the King resolv'd to march against him by Land and Commanded the Earl of Craford his Admiral to meet him by Sea Hereupon Iohn perceiving that he was too weak to withstand such great Preparations by the Advice of the Earl of Athole the King's Uncle came in an Humble manner to Court and surrendred up himself to the King's Mercy The Provinces which he had forcibly enter'd upon were taken from him as Ross Kintire Cnapdale but the Command of the Islands was still permitted to him The same Year the Controversie with the English which was just about to break forth into a War was ended and decided The Occasion was this Iames Kennedy had built a Ship the biggest that ever Sailed on the Ocean at that time She being at Sea was by a Tempest cast upon the English Shore and her Lading rifled by the English Restitution was often sought for but in vain This bred a disgust betwixt the Nations for some Years at last the English sent Embassadors into Scotland The Chief of which were the Bishop of Durham and Scroop a Nobleman by whom Edward having been tost by the Inconstancy of Fortune and his Exchequer drain'd by continual Wars desir'd a Pacification which was easily renew'd upon Condition That the value of the Ship rifled and its Lading might be estimated by indifferent Persons and just Satisfaction made The same Year Embassadors were sent to Charles Duke of Burgundy in behalf of the Merchants who were disturb'd in their Trades When they came into Flanders they were Honourably receiv'd by him But one Andrews a Physician and a great Astrologer too being occasionally invited by them to Supper understanding the Cause of their coming took them aside and told them That they should not make too much haste in their Embassy for in a very few Days they should hear other News of the Duke And accordingly his Prediction was fulfilled for within Three Days after his Army was overthrown by the Switzers at the City of Nants in Lorain where he was slain Hereupon the Embassadors return'd without effecting their Business and when they came to the King and told him how highly skilled that Andrews was in Predicting Things to come they persuaded him who of himself was inclinable to those Arts to send for the Man upon promises of a good Reward and accordingly he came was well receiv'd and gratify'd with a rich Parsonage and other Boons He as 't is reported told the King That he should speedily be Destroy'd by his own Subjects and that Speech agreed with the Vaticinations of some wizardly Women to which the King was immoderately addicted who had Prophecy'd That a Lyon should be killed by his Whelps Hereupon from a Prince at first of great Ingenuity and good Hopes and as yet not wholly depraved he degenerated into a fierce and cruel Tyrant for when his Mind had entertain'd and was stuft with Suspicions he accounted even his nearest Kindred and all the Best of the Nobility as his Enemies and the Nobles were also disgusted at him partly by reason of his Familiarity with that Rascally sort of People but chiefly because he slighted the Nobility and chose mean Persons to be his Counsellors and Advisers The Chief of them were Thomas Preston One of a good Family but who was resolv'd to humor the King in all things Robert Cockrain a Man endued with great strength of Body and equal Audacity of Mind he came to be known by the King by a Duel which he fought with another and presently of a Tradesman was made a Courtier and that in a fair way of rising to some greater Advancement for having perform'd some lighter Matters intrusted to him with Diligence and also applying himself to the King's Humor he was soon admitted to advise concerning the Grand Affairs of the Kingdom insomuch that Preston chose him out to be his Son-in-law The Third was William Rogers an English Singing Man or Musician who coming into Scotland with the English Embassadors after the King had heard him once or twice in a cast of his Offence he was so taken with him That he would not suffer him to return but advanced him to wealth and honour soon after making him a Knight The rest of his Intimates were the most despicable sort of the meanest Tradesmen who were only known by their Improbity and Audaciousness Whereupon the Nobility had a Meeting wherein the Kings Brothers were the Chief to purge the Court from this sort of Cattle and some notice of it being divulg'd abroad Iohn the Youngest of the Brothers more unwary than the rest speaking a little too boldly and rashly concerning the State of the Kingdom was seiz'd upon by the
of all things and afterwards a Famine for the Sellers had rather suffer their Commodities to be spoil'd at Home than under a pretence of Sale to give them away to the Buyers But that all Commerce might not wholly cease amongst the People this one Remedy was found out for Bargainers and Chapmen That they should mention in their Contracts in what sort of Money the Payment should be made 'T is true some of our former Kings had Coin'd that kind of Money but 't was more for the necessary use of the Poor than for their own Gain and also Provision was made by a Law beyond what Sum Sellers might not be compell'd to take it in payment And thus the Buyers of small Commodities had a Benefit and also it seem'd sufficiently caution'd by the Law that the Richer Sort should have no Damage by this way of Change or Sale It was also objected against them That they had alienated the King's Heart from the Nobility and had set him a-gog upon Magick and had hurried him on to the Destruction of his own Kindred But that which made Cockran most envy'd was his Earldom of Merch which Country and Title the King had given to him or else had committed to his Trust upon the Death of the Youngest Brother When those Evil Counsellors were remov'd out of the way The King had no great Confidence in the Souldiery nor the Souldiery in him so that the Army was dismist and return'd Home and the King though for the present he supprest his Anger and made many large and fair Promises to the Nobility yet his Heart inwardly boiled with Blood Slaughter and Revenge And therefore as soon as he thought himself at Liberty he retired with some few of his Confidents into the Castle of Edinburgh and the Nobility not knowing what to think of it had also their Consultations apart The King of England gather'd Forces in the Winter-Season by the persuasion of Alâ—xander chiefly who inform'd him of the Dissension betwixt the King and his Nobles in Scotland and also assur'd him That as soon as ever he entred Scotland great Numbers of Horse and Foot would come in to him whereupon he made Richard his Brother Duke of Glocester General and commanded him to march into Scotland He began his March when it was about Midsummer and understanding in what Condition the Scotish Affairs were he turn'd aside to Berwick He was receiv'd immediately into the Town and left 4000 Men to besiege the Castle and with the rest of his Army he march'd directly to Edinburgh making a foul Devastation in all Places where he came But Alexander leading them on they entred the City without committing any Rapine and by a Publick Proclamation made in the Market-Place he advis'd Iames seeing he could not come to speak with him First to perform what he had promis'd to Edward and then that he would cause Satisfaction to be made for all the Wrongs and Injuries he had offered to the English and unless he would so do Richard Duke of Glocester would persecute him and his Country with Fire and Sword But Iames perceiving at present that he was not able to perform what was requir'd and on the other side that he was as unable to withstand the Power of the Enemy return'd no Answer at all either by Writing or Message But the Nobles of Scotland being thus forsaken of their King that they might not be wholly wanting to the Publick Safety Levy'd another Army and form'd a Camp at Hadington and that they might somewhat alleviate the imminent Danger and Pressure and stop the Enemy in his Career of Victory they sent Agents to the Duke of Glocester to desire That the Marriage so long promis'd might be consummate they were also to declare That it should not be their Fault if the Agreements made between the Nations were not punctually perform'd The English General knew That the Scots would not put things to the Hazard of a Battel in regard part of their Strength was with him upon the account of Alexander a popular Man and that the rest were divided into several Factions and therefore he made this Answer That he did not know what his King did resolve in reference to that Marriage but he thought it fit that the Money paid to Iames upon the account of the Dowry should be presently repaid to him and if they would have Peace they should promise to surrender up the Castle of Berwick or if they could not do that then to make a solemn Promise That they would not attempt to relieve the Besieged nor to hinder the Besiegers until it was either taken by Storm or surrendred upon Conditions The Scots return'd Answer by their Embassadors That 't was not their Fault the Marriage was not consummated but it happen'd because both Bride and Bridegroom were under Age That the Money was not yet due because the Day of Payment was not come and if there were not sufficient Security given for the payment thereof they would give more but the Castle of Berwick as being built by the Scots and that in the Scotish Soil and was and for many Ages had been under their Jurisdiction they could not part with and though the English had possest it sometimes by Force yet their Injury did not prejudice the Scots ancient Right but Glocester who was Superior in Strength resolv'd to carry the Point and to admit of no legal Dispute in the case The same Day Calen Cambel Earl of Argyle Andrew Stuart and the Bishops of St. Andrews and Dunblane sent to Alexander who was in the English Camp at Lethington a Chart sign'd with their Hands and Seals promising him if he would be Loyal to the King in the next Assembly they would take care that his Estate should be restor'd and an Amnesty given for what was past for the performance whereof they solemnly interpos'd their Faith Alexander acquainted Glocester with the thing who was very friendly and did dismiss him thereupon and so he return'd into his own Country where in the next Assembly of Estates he was made Regent by an unanimous Consent and presently a Proposition was made concerning raising the Siege of Berwick The wiser sort were of Opinion that in so dangerous a time when things were thus unsetled by reason of Domestick Seditions that if the Enemy were quiet yet Storms would rise amongst themselves that it was best to clap up a Peace upon any Terms for they saw plainly that if they should have the better of so powerful an Enemy yet it would rather provoke than dishearten him but if they themselves were overcome it was uncertain how an Enemy fierce by Nature and further elevated by Success would use his Victory Some that were more hot-spirited than they had then any Reason for did oppose this Opinion yet it was carry'd in the Parliament After many Conditions were canvast to and fro at length 't was agreed That on
them saying that now was the time to free their young King who was almost of Age from the Bondage of a Stranger and also to deliver themselves from the same Yoke for the Queen now laboured to strengthen her Party against her Husband whom she long before began to disgust Besides the King of England sent frequent Letters stuft with large Promises to the Nobles of Scotland desiring them to promote his Sisters Designs He told them it was not his Fault that there was not a perpetual Amity between the two neighbouring Kingdoms and that he with others did much desire it at this time not for any private end of his own but to make it appear that he bore a respect to his Sister's Son whom he was resolved to support and gratify as much as ever he was able And if the Scots would be persuaded to break their League with France and to strike in with England they should quickly find his aim was not Ambition but Love and Concord only That Mary his only Daughter being married to Iames by that Affinity the Scots would not come over to the Government of the English but the English to That of the Scots That Enmities as great as theirs had intervened betwixt Nations heretofore which yet by Alliances mutual Commerce and interchangeable Kindnesses had been wholly abolish'd and extinct Moreover he reckon'd up the Advantages or Inconveniencies which might accrue to either Nation by this Union with each other rather than with the French as that they were one People born in the same Island brought up under the same Climate agreeable one to another in their Language Manners Laws Customs Countenance Colour and in the very Lineaments of their Bodies so that they seemed rather to be one Nation than two But as for the French they differed from them not only in Climate and Soil but also in the whole course of their Conversations Besides if France were an Enemy she could do no great damage to Scotland and if a Friend yet she could not be highly advantageous as for the Assistance of England That was near at Hand but French Aid was much more remote there was no Passage for it but by Sea and therefore it might be prevented by Enemies or else hindered by Storms They were therfore desired to consider how inconvenient it was for the management of Affairs and how unsafe for the Publick to hang the hopes of their and the Kingdoms Safety upon so unconstant and variable a thing as a blast of Wind. How much they might expect from absent Friends against present Dangers may be easily perceived by the Actions of the last Summer wherein the Scots not only felt but even saw with their Eyes how the English did baffle them being forsaken by their Friends and came upon them with all their Strength ready to devour them but the French Aid so long looked for was kept back by the English Navy in their own Harbours These were the Allegations for a Peace with England And not a few being convinced thereby inclined thereunto but Others argued to the contrary for there were Many in that Assembly whom the French had brib'd and some who had got great Estates out of the publick Losses for fear they should lose them did abhor the thoughts of Peace There were others who suspected the readiness and facility of the English in making such large Promises especially since matters in England were manag'd for the most part at the will and pleasure of Thomas Woolsey a Cardinal a Man wicked and ambitious who referr'd all his Designs to his own private Advantage and the inlargement of his Power and Authority and therefore he accommodated them to every turn of the Wheel of Fortune as men say All these did equally favour a League with France tho induced thereunto on different Grounds They alleged that the sudden Liberality of the English was not free and gratuitous but done out of Design and that This was not the first time that they had us'd such Arts to intrap the unwary Scots For Edward the First said they when he had sworn and obliged himself by all the Bonds of Law and Equity to decide the thing in Dispute and therefore was chosen Arbitrator by the Scots had most injuriously made himself King of Scotland and of late Edward the 4 th had betrothed his Daughter Cicely to the Son of Iames the 3 d but when the young Lady grew up to be marriageable and the day of Consummation thereof almost appointed he took the opportunity of a War which arose upon the account of our private Discords and so broke off the Match And that the English King aim'd at nothing else now but to cast the tempting bait of Rule before them that so he might make them really Slaves and when they were destitute of Foreign Aid might subdue them at his Pleasure and unawares with all his force Neither was that Position a true one wherein the contrary party did pride themselves That an Allyance near at hand was better than one farther off For causes of Dissension would never be wanting among those which were near which were oftentimes produc'd even by sudden chances and sometimes great Men would promote them upon every light occasion and then the Laws of Concord will be prescrib'd by him who hath the longest Sword That there was never such a firm and sacred Bond of Friendship between Neighbouring Kingdoms which upon occasions offer'd or fought for was not often violated neither could we hope that the English would more refrain now from violating such a League than they formerly did against so many Kings of their own Blood 't is true the Sanctity of Leagues and the Religion of an Oath for the faithful Performance of Pacts and Agreements are firm Bonds and Ingagements to good Men but amongst those which are bad they are but as so many Snares and Gins and give only opportunity to deceive and such an Opportunity is most visible in a Propinquity of Borders and Habitations in the Sameness of a Language and in a Similitude of Conversation But if all these things were otherwise yet proceeded they there are Two things to be regarded and provided for First that we reject not our old Friends even without an hearing who have so oft well deserv'd of us The other that we do not here spend our time in Quarrels and Disputes especially about a Business wherein nothing can be determin'd but in an Assembly of all the Estates of the Kingdom Thus stood the Inclinations of those of the French Faction and so they obtain'd that no Determination should be made till they receiv'd certain News of the French Supplies When the return of the Regent was made known it mightily rejoiced his Friends strengthned the wavering and kept back many who favour'd the League with England from complying with it He sent his Warlike Provisions up the River Clyde to Glasgoe and there muster'd his Army He also publish'd a Proclamation that
up was because some were willing to curry favour with him as the next Heir of the Crown Others foresaw so long before the Cruelty of the Cardinal in matters of Religion and therefore provided against it by lessening his Power Their Fear was increas'd upon this ground that there was found amongst the King's Papers after his Death a List wherein the Names of above 300 of the Nobility were contained as Criminals and amongst them He now chosen Regent was first to have been questioned Whereupon his Election was very grateful to the most because it seem'd the most probable Medium to ease the Grievances of many and to curb the Pride of the Priests Besides he himself did willingly read the Books that contained Controversies about Religion and the Quietness and Retirement of his former Life far remote from Court-Ambition made many hope that he would be sober and moderate in his Government Besides being out of the Magistracy he had not yet discovered any Unactiveness or Sluggishness of Mind In a Parliament which was held in May Sir Ralph Sadler came Embassador from England in order to a Marriage and setling a Peace Some of the Nobility he put in Mind of their Promise Others as Report goes he tempted with Mony The Queen Cardinal and the whole Faction of Priests were not only agâ—inst this Peace but by disturbing some Members and Counsellors and corrupting others they would not suffer it so much as to be put to the Vote so that by the general consent of almost the whole Parliament the Cardinal was confin'd to his Chamber till the Question was put when he was removed out of the way the Agreement was easily made as to the Queen's Marriage and other Articles and Hostages were promised to Henry to ratify the Agreement The Cardinal at the Instance of the Queen-Mother was kept in a loose kind of Custody by Seton who was persuaded for a certain Sum of Mony a while after to let him go When Peace seemed thus to be setled to the great Advantage of both Kingdoms after so great a fear of an imminent War every Body thought it would be a lasting One and therefore the Merchants who for some Years before had been hindred from trading went thick and threefold to Sea and laded very many Ships with the best Commodities they could procure for the time allotted them so to do Edinburgh sent out twelve Ships other Cities of that Circuit which is the richest part of Scotland rigg'd out Ships each according to their respective Abilities This Fleet in Confidence of the Peace with England some of them drew nearer the Shores than they needed to have done and when the Wind was calm there they lay at Anchor Others entred into the Ports open to the Injuries of the English if any Tumult of War should arise About the same time Iohn Hamilton Abbat of Pasley and David Painter returned out of France These Men now cast off the Vizard wherewith before they had disguised themselves for many Years and returned to their true Manners for as if they had been educated not in the School of Piety but of Profaneness they were the Ring-leaders at Court to all manner of Flagitiousness The Cardinal being restor'd to his Liberty unexpectedly being also of a proud Disposition which was aggravated by the affront he had receiv'd and by the Ignominy accruing on the Detection of his Fraud sought out all occasions whatsoever to disturb this Concord First of all he communicated the matter to the Queen Dowager and they Both took it in great Indignation That the Douglasses who for the many Benefits they had received from the English must needs be their fast Friends should immediately after so many Years Banishment be admitted into the Parliament-House to debate the weightiest Affairs of the Kingdom Besides they all jointly feared a Change of the Establish'd Religion the Consequent whereof must needs be a Breach of the League with France Hereupon the Cardinal by the consent of the Queen summon'd a Convocation of Priests and extorted from them a great Sum of Mony as fearing the universal Ruin of the whole Papal Church Part of this Mony was paid to some of the Nobles of the adverse Party and many large Promises were made them besides to persuade them not to give any Hostages to the English and as for those who were newly return'd from their Imprisonment and had left their Children or Kindred as Hostages for their Return he desired them not to prefer those otherwise dear Pledges before the Laws the publick Safety and their ancient Religion whose Preservation was turn'd upon this Hinge alone and that they would not run willingly into a perpetual Bondage Besides he caused the Ecclesiasticks to carry it proudly and disrespectfully towards the English Embassador insomuch that the very Rabble did reproach and abuse his Retinue and what he said or did was all taken in the worst Sense But the Embassador resolv'd to bear all Affronts and to tide it out till the day for delivering the Hostages did approach that so he might give no occasion of a Rupture on his part And when that Day was come he went to the Regent and complained of the Affronts which had been offered not so much to himself as to his King whom he represented and how that the Law of Nations was violated thereby and moreover he desired him to give Hostages according to the Tenor of the League newly made that so the Amity might be kept sacred and inviolate to the mutual Advantage of both Nations The Regent as to the Affronts offered excused himself and said he was sorry for them and that he would speedily search into the matter that so the Punishment of such petulant Offenders should be a suffient Testimony of the Love and Veneration he had for the English Nation But as to Hostages he answered that he could not obtain them with the good Will of the States neither was he able to compel them without publick consent For the Government which he bore was such that he received as much Law as he gave and therefore all his Measures were disturb'd by the great Sedition which he saw the Cardinal had raised that he was as it were carried down in the Stream of popular Fury and could scarce maintain his own Station and Dignity The new Hostages being thus deny'd there was another thing as weighty as That which fell under Debate and that was concerning the Nobles lately taken Prisoners of War who upon their Releasement had given Hostages and made solemn Asseverations That if there were not a Peace concluded as Henry desired upon just and fair Terms they would surrender themselves Prisoners again As for Them the Cardinal's Faction and the rest of the Ecclesiastical Order dealt with them partly by Reasons and partly by Examples not to prefer their Estates Kindred Children or any other thing which might be dear to them before the Love of their Country And moreover he threatned them
with Auxiliaries from France and that all Europe did conspire for the Defence of their ancient Rites and Religion and if they acted contrary they would betray theiâ— Country and thereby the Ruin of their ancient Families would be imminent and at hand They also desired them in so dangerous a time not to forsake their Country for if That were safe they might hope for more Kindred and Children but if That were overthrown then all was gone Moreover they discoursed much concerning the inexpiable Hatred betwixt the Nations and of the Cruelty of the King into whose Hands they were to come thus blending Truths and Falshoods together Moreover they alleged the Decree of the Council of Constance That all Pacts Contracts Promises and Oaths made with Hereticks ought to be rescinded and made void The greatest part of those who were concerned in this matter were willing to hearken to any colourable pretence for their Fault only there was One of them who for no pecuniary Consideration whatever could be persuaded no nor by any Threats deterred from keeping his Word and that was Gilbert Kennedy Earl of Cassils he had left two of his Brothers Hostages in England and he openly profess'd that neither for Fear nor Favour he would redeem his own Life with the Loss of his Brothers but whatever came of it he would surrender himself back a Prisoner and so against the Will of many he undertook his Journy straight to London Henry very much commended the resolute Faithfulness of the Young-Man and to the intent that all might know he had an Esteem for Vertue he richly rewarded him and sent him back with his two Brothers into Scotland But Henry's Mind was not more pacified towards Gilbert than his Anger was implacable against the rest of the Scots and thereupon he laid an Embargo upon the Scots Ships in all English Ports and Harbours of which there were a great Number as I said before and so presently denounced War His Threatnings were great as against the Violators not only of Leagues but even of the Law of Nations And yet though Scotland stood in so dangerous a State the Memory of Alliances the common Love to their Country and the respect of the publick Safety were so far laid aside that the Brands of Sedition were kindled more fiercely than ever For the Faction of the Cardinal and of the Queen Dowager who were all for the French sent over Ambassadors thither to tell them That unless they sent in Assistance the Matter was upon the very Point That England and Scotland would make a Coalition into one Government and how such a Conjunction would concern France the Experience of former Ages had shewn But they made it their chief Request to the French that they would send back Matthew Stuart Earl of Lennox into his own Country who did not only emulate the Family of the Hamiltons but was also their deadly Enemie being they had slain his Father at Linlithgoe This young Man was greatly beloved not only for his extraordinary Beauty and stately Garb in the very Flower of his Youth but chiefly upon the account of the memory of his Father who was so popular a Man and also because he was a single Man and the Extinction of such a noble Family now reduced to a few was in great Hazard besides he had many Clanships at home and had also Affinity with many other great Families Furthermore the former King had design'd him to be his next Heir and Successor if he himself died without Issue Male and he would have confirmed that his Intention by a Decree of the States who have the Sovereign Power to order such publick Affairs if his Life had been prolonged Yea there were some Flatterers which did elevate his generous Mind already rais'd up with the expectation of great things but not so well fortified against fraudulent Adulation to larger Hopes for besides the Supreme Rule for about twenty Years and the Domination over his old Enemies they promised him that he should marry the Queen Dowager and if the young Queen who had the Name only of Supreme Governess should miscarry then without doubt he would be the next King and not only so but also the lawful Heir of Iames Hamilton lately deceased seeing the Regent was a Bastard and was so far from any just expectation of the Kingdom that he could not lawfully claim the Inheritance of his own Family Besides they urged the Promises of the French King who gave hopes of great Assistance in due time When the plain-hearted and credulous young Man was thus persuaded he provided for his Voyage into Scotland Hamilton was not ignorant of any of these things and to the intent that he might gain an Accession of Strength to his own Party by the Advice of those Friends whom he most trusted he resolved to take away the young Queen from Linlithgo where she yet was under the Power of her Mother for if he once got Her then not only the Shadow of the Royal Name which is an attractive thing amongst the Vulgar would be of his Side but also he should have the Power to bestow her in Marriage and so make himself Arbiter of the Kingdom to transfer it whithersoever he pleased which if he could obtain then the King of England might be persuaded if need were to join with him This Design was much approved but as is usual in Civil Discords there are Spies on both sides who being informed thereof acquainted the Cardinal therewith He gathering together some of the Nobility whom he had corrupted with Mony came to Linlithgo and to the great Burden of the Inhabitants staid there some days as a Guard to the Queen In the mean time Lennox arrived out of France and was kindly received by the Regent each of them dissembling their Hate then he went to Linlithgo there he addressed the Cardinal and then went to his own House where in a Meeting of Friends he discours'd at large Why he came over at Whose Command by Whom sent for and upon What hopes That he was promised not only the chief Magistracy but also that the Heads of the Faction with the Queen Dowager's Consent had assured him that he should marry Her And that in order to the effecting thereof the King of France had encouraged him to expect Aid and Assistance from thence they all assented to his Speech and advised him not to be wanting to the Occasion which so freely had offer'd it self and thus with above four thousand Men he came to the Queen Hamilton who had levied and mustered his Men and with his Kinsmen about him was resolved to issue out of Edinburgh and break thorow to the Queen now perceiving that his Forces were too weak by the Advice of his Friends and out of his own Disposition also which was inclinable to Peace began to treat of an Accommodation whereupon some prudent Persons were chosen on both sides who met at the Town of
Argadius Regent 115 Being accused he repents and supplicates for Pardon ibid. Whereupon he is continued in his Government ibid. And prevails against the Islanders 116 Argyle Country 17 Argyle Earl joins with the Reformers 131 Arren see Arran Arrii painted their Bodies 53 Arrogance the usual Companion of Power 412 Uterson's begotten in Adultery King of the Britains 150 His Character 154 He overcomes the Saxons and takes London and York from them ibid. He is slain 151 152 Arthur the Son of Henry VIII of England marries Katherine the Infanta of Spain 11 14 Arthur Forbes slain 284 Arveâ—ni Who 46 Asclepiodotus a Roman Lieutenant-General kills Allectus in Britain 124 Askerme Isle 29 Assassination of King Henry odious to all Nations 192 Assassins of King Henry labour to impute the Parricide to Murray and Morton 191 Astrological Predictions Courtiers much addicted to them 418 Asyle Isle See Flavannae 30 Athelstan King of England fights the Picts 165 He is slain at a Place since called Athelstan's Ford 165 Athelstan base Son of Edward King of England overcomes the Danes and Scots in Battel 179 180 Recovers Dunbritton from the Scots ibid. Athircus or Athirco King of Scotland 119 He reigns vitiously and kills himself 120 Athol a fruitful Country 18 It abounds with Witches 357 Atrebates Who 56 Aven 15 Aven and Avon What they signify 70 Avon Laggan 26 Avona Isle its Etymology 25 Auresius Ambrosius his Original 146 147 Aureliacum i. e. Orilhach 60 Austin a Monk comes into England and calls himself Archbishop of all Britain 157 He promotes Superstition rather than true Religion ibid. Authority got by good Arts is lost by bad 208 Avus or Aw a Loch or River 17 Auxerre see Altissidorus B BACA Isle 27 Badenach County 19 Balta Isle 37 Baliol Edward lands in Scotland 285 Overthrows Seton and the Regent ibid. Declared King 286 Worsted in Scotland 287 Edward of England espouses his Cause 288 Bandying betwixt him the Nobles 291 292 Ball a Priest stirs up the Commons of England to an Insurrection 309 Bancho a Scots General 208 Overthrows the Danes 210 Slain by Mackbeth 211 Baptism celebrated but once a Year and sometimes by Parents themselves 30 Bards Who 39 57 They committed nothing to writing 35 Barnera Island 29 30 Barodunum or Dunbar whence so called 170 Baronia i. e. Renfrew 14 Barra Isle 29 Bas-Alpin the Place where Alpin was slain 167 Bassianus a Roman General in Britain 124 Slain there by Allectus ibid. Bassinets or Monk-Fishes ominous 175 Batavians or Hollanders their Fleet returning from Dantzick spoiled by Alexander Earl of Marr 349 Beath Island 25 Beatrix leaving her Husband James Douglas asks Pardon of the King 391 She marries John Earl of Athol the King 's Natural Brother ibid. Bedford the Earl thereof King Henry's General in France carries James of Scotland along with him thither 336 Bede quoted 91 92 93 Beds made of Heath 23 Bei what it signifies 22 Belhac Isles 25 Bellach Isles 25 Belus King of the Orcades kils himself 106 Bergh in German signifies High 12 Bergion the Name of a Giant 11 Berlings What 32 Bernera an Island 25 The Great and the Small 29 30 Berth a great Part of it destroyed by an Inundation 236 Berton for Breton 5 Berwick taken from the English by Robert Bruce 269 Besieged by Edward of England 370 Rendred to the English 397 Its Castle taken by Ramsay but regained by Percy 308 Bethic Isle 26 Betubium or Dungisby Head a Promontory 21 Bigga Isle 37 Bishops of England not true to Maud their Queen 224 Bishops in Scotland holy Monks 165 Chosen heretofore by their Canons 417 Anciently not Diocesans 171 Bishop of Dunblane sent into France to excuse the Queen's Marriage with Bothwel 200 c. He is chouzed in his Embassy 209 Bishopricks six in Scotland 218 Four others added to them and endowed 223 Bishop of Caithness had his Eyes and Tongue plucked out 235 Another burnt 236 Bishop of Caledonia or Dunkel commanded when the English Navy was worsted in the Forth 270 Whereupon called the King's Bishop ibid. Bishop of Dunkel commended 40 Bishop of Durham comes too late to assist Percy 317 319 His Army terrified with the Noise of Horses 320 Bishop of St. Davids sent by the English King to the Scots 63 Bishop of the Orcades prefers Court-Favour before Truth 199 Bizets a Family in Ireland anciently from Scotland 240 Blackmoney What 425 Blackness betrayed to the Hamiltons 286 Blandium an old Drink amongst the Scots 23 Blair of Athol 18 Blood rained for seven days over all Britain 261 Also Milk c. turned into Blood ibid. Bogia or Strabogy 140 Boadicea see Voadicea Bodotria i. e. the Scotish Sea 100 Boids creep into Favour at Court 409 Their Faction against the Kennedies 410 They carry the King to Edinburgh and strengthen themselves by getting the King's Pardon 411 Their Greatness occasions their Ruin 412 Boin Country 20 Bote or Boot Isle 24 Bracara or Braga 47 Braid Albin 17 Brasa Isle 37 Brecantia a Town 65 Bredius overthrown by Ederus 106 Brendinus slain in Battel 156 Brennus's Two 79 Brettish Isles 4 Bria Brica Briga signify a City with the Names of several Cities so ending 63 64 65 Bridi Isle 26 Brien-Loch 31 Brigantes and Brigiani 65 Brigantium ibid. Brigidan Isle 26 Brigids or Brides Church burnt 408 Britanny its Description 1 c. Several Islands anciently so called ibid. Mentioned by Aristotle and Lucretius 3 It hath divers Acceptations 8 It s Original and Description out of Caesar Tacitus c. 81 82 Inhabited by three Nations 70 71 Several Limits of it anciently 180 Britains their fabulous Original 41 They praised God in five Tongues 33 Britains and Gauls of one Religion 56 They painted their Bodies 76 Made no difference of Sex in Government 85 Vexed by the Scots and Picts 139 They ask Aid of the Romans 93 135 136 Make Peace with Scots and Picts 139 Enter Scotland 100 Foment Divisions betwixt Scots and Picts 95 Overthrown by Scots and Picts 142 Their woful Complaints to Aetius 93 143 Have hard Conditions of Peace imposed upon them 141 What sort of Weapons they used in War 50 They were five hundred Years under the Roman Government 70 Overthrown by Scots and Picts 156 Subdued by the Saxons 70 Revolt from the Romans and after twelve Years return to their Obedience 124 Britton and Britain all one 9 Their Origin 50 Britto with a double t 5 First mentioned by Martial 9 Brix a diminutive Word in Scotch Brixac 60 Bruce and Cumins formally agree 259 Like to suffer for Treason in England but escapes by shooing his Horse backward 260 Kils Cumins for betraying of him ibid. Bruce David sent for France 286 Bruce Edward drives the English out of Ulster in Ireland 270 He is afterwards overthrown there by the English ibid. Bruce Robert the Kingdom confirmed to him 269 He is desired to accept the Crown of Ireland also ibid. He calls for the Deeds of Mens Lands
II. Son of Stephen King of England seeks occasion for a War against Scotland 224 Malcolm of Scotland acknowledges himself his Feudatary ibid. Henry IV. of England 326 His Death 333 Succeeded by Henry V. ibid. Henry V. takes James I. King of Scots with him into France 336 Henry VI. undervalues the Nobility and advances Vpstarts 392 A Conspiracy against him by the Nobles of England ibid. He is taken by the Duke of York and brought to London 396 He flies into Scotland 397 Ioins Battel with Edward IV. and is overcome 398 Returns privately to England and is taken ib. Henry VII succeeds Richard III. who was slain in Battel 429 He denounces War against France 16 Desires to make a perpetual League with the Scots 430 Marries his Daughter Margarite to James IV. 14 War denounced against him by James as he was besieging Tournay 20 His Magnanimous and Kingly Answer to the Heraulds ibid. He eases the Commonalty of some old Burdens 71 Henry VIII desires the exiled Douglasses may be restored 60 By the French Embassador he desires a Peace with the Scots ibid. He sends Controversal Books of Divinity to James V. 62 Complains the Scots had violated the Law of Nations wars upon them takes Leith and burns Edinburgh 82 83 His Forces are worsted 89 His General persuades the Scots to Peace 102 Gives the Scots a great Overthrow 104 Henry of France sends some German Foot into Scotland 106 He displaces the Regent by Subtilty 113 Henry Percy invades Scotland 306 His Horse affrightned with rattling Instruments 307 His Duel with James Douglas 317 Henry Percy the younger overthrows the Scots at Homeldon 327 Conspires against his own King 329 Henry Stuart comes out of England into Scotland 171 Made Duke of Rothsay and Earl of Ross by the Queen of Scots 174 At which many of the Nobles are disgusted 175 He marries the Queen ibid. Strangely disrespected at the Baptism of his own Son 186 He withdraws from Court ibid. Is poisoned but overcomes it by the strength of his Youth 186 187 A Design to destroy him 187 188 Is actually murdered 190 Heraulds slain against the Law of Arms 230 Hergustus King of the Picts 127 131 Hepburn John insinuates himself into the new Regent 32 Heris hanged by James Douglas 384 Hâ—rmodra Isle 30 Herodian quoted 76 Heruli who 89 Hethland Isles see Schetland High Isle 25 Hirta Isle 30 Historians their flattering Dispositions 46 Hoia Promontory 21 Hollanders Fleet spoiled by Alexander Earl of Marr 349 Holland Horse sent for over into England 275 Holmes i. e. Plains full of Grass 35 Holy Isle or Lindisfarm 398 Honnega Isle 37 Horestia 18 Parted between two Brothers 170 Horses Isle or Naich 28 Hugh Kennedy his couragious Answer 51 Huilin Isle 30 Hulmena 31 Humber River 13 Humble Isle or Ishol 25 Hume Castle surprized by the Scots 107 Hungus the Pict fights prosperously against Athelstan 165 He prays to God and is encouraged by a Vision ibid. He offers Tithes to St. Andrew ibid. His Death 166 Hunting Laws made by King Dornadilla 89 And by King Ethodius 116 Huntly overthrown by James Earl of Murray taken and pardoned 235 237 Hypoconistical i. e. Diminutive 6 I JAmes I. Son of Robert III. sailing for France is taken by the English 330 Where he is educated and married 331 338 His Return to Scotland upon a Ransom 398 Crowned King ibid. Renews a League with France 340 352 Punishes the Captains of Thieves 341 343 Twins born to him 344 He rectifies Weights and Measures ibid. Reforms the Ecclesiastical Estate and erects publick Schools 345 Invites Tradesmen from beyond the Seas 347 Perfidiousness imputed to him answered 353 354 Is cruelly murdered 356 His Character 356 357 James II. King of Scots 359 Carried out of the Castle of Edinburgh in a Chest by his Mother 361 Taken again by the Chancellour and brought to Edinburgh 365 Enters on the Government 371 Marries Mary Daughter to the Duke of Guelderland 380 He kils William Douglas 386 Marches to assist the English Nobles 391 392 Deceived by a counterfeit Embassador from Rome suborned by the English 393 Takes Roxburgh Town ibid. His casual Death in his Camp 394 His Queen encourages the Souldiers and takes Roxburgh Castle ibid. His Character 395 James III. begins his Reign at seven Years old 396 Six Regents of the Kingdom in his Minority 407 His Mother's Death ibid. In his Time a Truce made with England for five Years 407 Marries Margarite the King of Denmark's Daughter 413 415 His Death foretold 420 He degenerates into Tyranny ibid. Addicts himself to Evil Counsellours 231 The Nobles arm against him 432 Is slain by them in Fight 433 His Character 434 James IV. 1 Chosen General by the Nobles against his Father 432 His first Parliament which justifies taking Arms against his Father 5 His Clemency and sorrowful Resentment for his Father's Death 6 He leads an Army into England 11 Marries Margarite Henry VII of Enggland's Daughter 14 Builds a vast Ship and is profâ—se in other Buildings ibid. Resolves to go to Jerusalem but prevented 15 Sends Forman into England to pick a Quarrel 16 Denounces War against England 20 Resolute in his Opinion 22 Fights with the English at Flodden where he is overthrown and slain 24 25 Doubtful Reports concerning his Death 26 Some Aspersions cast upon him indeavoured to be wiped off 27 His Character 27 28 James V. 28 Enters upon the Government 46 He and his Mother in the Power of the Douglasses 47 He frees himself from them 53 He is an Enemy to their Faction 50 Inclinable to a French Alliance 65 Three Maries offered to him 62 Treats with the Emperour about a Match 61 Visits the Orcades 62 And other Isles of Scotland ibid. Receives Controversal Books of Divinity from Henry of England 63 Agrees to an Interview with Henry which is disappointed 64 Sails to France and marries Magdalen Daughter to their King Francis who soon dies 65 He accuses his Nobility as Dastards 70 He marries Mary of the House of Guise 66 67 His presaging Dream 69 He dies with Grief for the Loss of his Army 71 His Character 71 72 James VI. his Birth 183 His Mother endeavours to get him under the Power of Bothwel 205 Enters on the Government 214 215 James Abernethy a skilful Physician 186 James Earl of Arran Son to James returning from France sides with the Reformers 135 Goes to his Sister Mary the Queen 151 Hardly persuaded to allow the admission of the Mass in the Queen's Chappel 159 Made Earl of Marr and afterwards of Murray 161 James Balfure Governour of Edinburgh Castle for the Queen 206 207 He raises Insurrections 226 James Culen taken and executed for his Crimes 279 James the first Earl of Douglas 308 James Douglas joins with Bruce 263 He marches with great Forces into England 275 James sirnamed Crassus the Douglasses being dead succeeds to the Right of the Earldom 370 He dies ibid. James Douglas marries Eufemia Daughter to Robert
Lustanici * Neâ—ium Prâ—mâ—ntorium (a) People of Piemont (b) People about Brâ—xia and Verona (c) The Salassii of Pâ—emoâ—â— also (d) Insubres of Gallâ—a-Transpadana about Millan (e) Of Main or rather Normandy (f) Boâ—â— People of Acquâ—tain (g) Senones were a Warlike People of Gaul inhabiting the Country now called Le Sennois (h) Galatia (i) Colonies of Gauls sent into Germany (k) A Colony from Languedock in France to the Neecar in Germany and the Country about that River (l) Aquitanians in Gaul (m) Swissers (n) Decumates People of Wirtenburg (o) Gothini on the River Oder (p) The Getes were a People of Dacia about Moldavia (q) Danes (r) Prussians or Livonians (a) Colonies of Gauls sent into Britain (b) Three Nations anciently inhabited Britain the Britons Picts and Scots (c) Indigenous i. e. born in the same Country (d) In Caesar's time Belgium was accounted part of France Britany in France * Robertus Caenalis * Pomponius Laetus (f) Vâ—z From the Belgians (g) Colonies of Gauls sent into Ireland (h) Inhabitants of Ireland anciently called Scots Irish-Scots and Albin-Scots Claudian (a) Hâ—rodian (b) Pictiades Picti and Peachti old Names for Picâ—s (c) Pentland-Hills in Lothian (d) Pentland-Firth the Firth between Caâ—â—hness and Oâ—kny (e) Aâ—ii a People oâ— Poland but formerly accounted part of Germany * People of Euâ—opâ—a Sarmatia and Scythia now under the Moscovite (f) Geloni Inhabitants of Scythia Europea upon the River Boristhenes (g) People of 〈◊〉 * People of Sarmatia Europaea so called because compounded of Goths and Huns whence Claudian calls them Mixti Gothunni (h) The Baltick or rather the Bothnick Sea or Gulph (i) The River Danulius arising in the Alps and running through Germany Hungary c. at last dischargeth it self by six Mouths into the Euxin Sea (k) Walsch hath several Acceptations Aquitans i e. the Guâ—ennoâ— in France (m) The British and the Scots anciently used one Language but a different way of pronunciaâ—ion (n) Picts had their Origin from Germany * People of Prussia and Lâ—vonia (o) Danes * People of Swisserland (p) People of Germany near the Baltick Sea (q) Of Vâ—logna in Moscovy which was then called Scythia or Sarmatia Europaea * Mayatae * Aâ—tacottae A Nation of the Picts that lived North of 〈◊〉 Wall in 〈◊〉 and the Meâ—ss (s) One of the 〈◊〉 of the Picts living near the Sâ—â—ts on the East Sea betwixt Tweeâ— and Tâ—â—e in 〈…〉 mixt People of Picts and Sâ—oâ—â— that inhabited the 〈◊〉 man 〈◊〉 Or Dunkâ—â—den in Perthshire (w) Duncaledones * The Sameness of Religion Language Names of Places are Characters of one and the same Nation The Britains and Gauls of one Religion * 〈◊〉 on the 〈…〉 * Bards were the Heâ—â—lds Poets and Mâ—siâ—ians of the Ancient Gaulâ— and Britains Bâ—rds pâ—sâ—'d 〈◊〉 bâ—tween the Aâ—mies of 〈◊〉 greeting Nations * Rhapsodists 〈◊〉 Reheaâ—â—eâ— or Iâ—terpâ—eâ—e◠〈◊〉 Verses by piece-meal Tacitus Horat. de â—ree Poeticâ (a) The Celts were a numerous People Inhabiting principally about Lyons from whom one part of France was called Gallia Celtica (b) Inhabitants of Belgium now the Low Countries or the Netherlands in Caesar's time counted a third part of France by the Name of Gallia Belgica (c) Winchester (d) Inhabitants of Berkshire so called from the Atrebates of Gallia Belgica who transported themselves thither (e) Living in Norfolk Suffolk Cambridge and Huntingtonshire transplanted from the Iceni in Belgium (f) The Iones were a Colony of the Greeks which Inhabited Iâ—nia on the Medâ—terranean Sea in Asia (g) The Attick Dialect was used in and about Athens and was the smoothest and purest Greek (h) Containing the Provinces of Savoy Province and Languedock (i) Formerly inhabiting the Kingdom of Navar but now the Country called Gascoign (k) Inhabiting Limosin Pericord and Auvergn (k) Inhabiting Limosin Pericord and Auvergn (k) Inhabiting Limosin Pericord and Auvergn * Hypocoristical i. e. diminutive as Thingling from Thing (a) A well fortified Town in Alsatia built on an Hill and a strong pass on the Rhene (b) People of Le-Main in France (c) Now Bressia (d) A Town of Auâ—â—gn in France In Portugal (f) Cornavii in Scotland and England too in the one the Caâ—thness-Men In the other the Cornish-Men are so called (g) Etymology oâ— Cornwal (a) The French Tongue by some called Walla (b) The French pronounce Gales and North-Gales for Wales and North-Wales (c) Polâ—dore Vâ—rgiâ— mistaken * Oâ— Cumbri 〈◊〉 their King Camber as some * The Inhabitants of South-Wales * Leland * Galloway whence derived * Ancient Sâ—â—ts i. e the Highlanders divide the Nations inhabiting Britain into Two the first Gael the second Galle or Gaâ—d i. e. Gallaeâ—i and Galâ—i * Another Argument of Affinity between the Gauls and Britains from the Names of Towns Rivers c. a Derivative Words shew the Affinity of a Language more than their Primitives b Or Brutobrica a City of Thrace on the Coast of the Aegaean Sea now called by the Greeks Aenos or 〈◊〉 and by the Turks Ygnos c Aâ— Ancient Town in Spain d A City of Bulgaria situate on the â—uxien Sea e Selivre a City of Thrace situate upon the Propontu 15 Miles West from Constantinople f Bria Briga and Brica are synonymous all signifying a City or 〈◊〉 with words compounded of them g Braga in Portâ—gal h Arrabida i Castanheira in Portugal k Arcos l Azvaga in Portugal m Alcasor near Saragossa in Spain which being at fâ—â—st called Salduba from the Salt-Pits there was afterwards rebuilt by Caesar Augustus and called Caesarea Augusta some Footsteps of which Name do yet remain in the word Saragossa n Atzburgh * People of Bavaria and Suabâ—â— in Germany so called from the Rivers Vâ—ndis Werd and Lâ—â—us Leck near which they lived o Villar del Pedroso p Puente del Arcobispo * People of Extremadura in Spain q Ardea ol Muro * Part of old Casâ—â—le in Spain r Boppart in the Bishoprick of Tâ—eves or Tâ—â—ers s Broughton in Hampshire as Cumden Quaere Whether not Stockbridge which though a mean place now yet was formerly a noted Town as appears by its sending Burgesses to Parliament at this Day It is yet a considerable Pass between Winchester and Salisbury (1) Which divide France from Italy or rather Piemâ—nt from Dauphine (2) Inhabitants of Extremadura or Andalusia in the Kingdom of Corduba in Spain (3) Guadalquivar a famous River in Spain u Barcelos a Town now of Portugal formerly of Spain near the River Celand Inhabited heretofore by the Celerini x People of Hispania Boetica y In Extra-medura in Spain z Miranda de Ebro a Bâ—scamers b People of Burgos in Spain c Lagos in Portugal d Bermeo as some Bilbao in Spain as others d Bermeo as some Bilbao in Spain as others e Alanguera in Portugal f Province of Santaren in that Kingdom g Fuente d'Ivero as some or else Braganza as others say
did severally make In-rodes upon them each from his own Coast that omitting the care of Foreign Affairs they called back their Armies into Italy to defend Rome it self the Seat of their Empire In the midst of these Commotions they who commanded the British Legions esteeming the Roman Affairs as desperate did each study their own Advantages and severally to establish their distinct Tyrannies Neither were they content to vex the Islanders with all kind of Cruelty and Avarice but they also harassed one another by Mutual Incursions So the Number of the Legionary Soldiers did daily decrease and the hatred of the Provincials against them did increase So that all Britanny would have rebelled against them if they had had Forces answerable to their Desires But above all their Miseries That was most prejudicial to the Britains which the Emperor Constantine the last General of the Roman Army caused them to endure For when he was made Emperor he withdrew not only the Roman Army but even the British Soldiers too and so left the whole Island disarmed and exposed to all Violence if they had had any Foreign Enemy to invade them This was the chief occasion which did mightily hasten the combination of the Scots When Affairs stood in this posture secret Messengers were sent betwixt the Scots and the Picts and a Peace struck up between them Whereupon they Both sent Ambassadors to call home Fergusius to undertake the Kingly Government as descending to him from his Ancestors Fergusius being a Military Man desirous of Honour and besides not so well pleased with his present Estate but encouraged with hopes of a better easily accepted the Terms When his return was noised abroad many of the Exiled Scots yea several of the Danes also his acquaintance and fellow-Soldiers being encouraged by the same hopes accompanied him also home They all landed in Argyle Thither all those Exiles which were in Ireland and the Circumjacent Islands having notice given them before of his coming resorted speedily to him and they also drew along with them a considerable number of their Clans and Relations and also several young Soldiers who were desirous of Innovation Fergusius II. The Fortieth King FErgusius having got these Forces together was Created the 40 th King of Scotland being Inaugurated according to the manner of the Country The Black Book of Pasley casts his return on the 6th Year of Honorius and Arcadius Emperours Others upon the 8th of their Reign that is according to the account of Marianus Scotus 403 according to Funccius 404 Years after the Incarnation of Christ and about 27 Years after the death of his Grand-Father Eugenius They who contend out of Bede That this was the First coming of the Scots into Britain may be convinced of a manifest untruth by his very History When the Assembly of the Estates was Dissolved Fergusius being born and bred to Feats of War and Arms judging it convenient to make use of the Favourableness of Fortune and the Forwardness of his Men and withal designing to prevent the Report of his coming demolished all the Neighbor-Garisons having not Soldiers enough to keep them and having recovered his own Kingdom as soon as the season of the Year would permit he prepared for an Expedition against his Enemy In the mean time the Brittons were divided into Two Factions some of them desirous of Liberty and weary of a Foreign Yoke were glad of their Arrival others preferred their present Ease thô attended with so many and great Inconveniencies before an uncertain Liberty and a certain War And therefore out of fear of the Danger hanging over their heads and withal being Conscious of their own Weakness they agreed upon a double Embassy one to the Picts another to the Romans That to the Picts was to advise them not to desert their old Allies the Romans and Brittons nor to take part with their ancient Enemies who were a company of poor hopeless and despicable Creatures They farther gave them grave Admonitions and made them many promises and added many Threats from the Romans whom said they they could never equal in Number or overcome though the whole strength of both Nations did jointly make Head against them much less could they noâ— Cope with them seeing one of them was exhausted by Draughts and Detachements of Souldiâ—rs and the other worn out with all manner of Miseries The Minutes of their Instructions to their Ambassadors sent to the Romans were these That they should send Aid to them in time whilst there was any thing left to defend against the rage of a Cruel Enemy which if they would do then Britain would still remain firm under their Obedience if not it were better for them to leave their Country than to endure a Servitude worse than Death under Savage Nations Hereupon the Romans though pressed upon by War on every side yet sent one Legion out of Gaul to defend their Province giving them Command to return assoon as they had settled matters in Britanny The Brittons having received such Aid did suddainly assault the plundring Troops of their Enemies who were carelesâ—ly struggling up and down and repelled them with great Slaughter The Confederate Kings having an Army well-appointed came to the Wall of Severus and meeting their Enemies by the River Carron a bloody Battel was fought between them Great Slaughter was made on both sides but the Victory fell to the Romans who being in a little time to return into Gallia were content only to have driven back their Enemies and to repair the Wall of Severus which in many places was demolished which when they had done and had Garisoned it with Brittons they departed The Confederate Kings though they were Superior to their Enemies in swift Marchings and enduring of Hardships yet being inferiour in Number and Force resolved not to Fight pitched Battels any more but rather to weary their Enemies by frequent Inrodes and not to put all at a venture in one Fight seeing they were not as yet of Force sufficient so to do But when they heard That the Romans were returned out of Britain they altered their Resolutions and gathering all their Forces together they demolished the Wall of Severus which was slightly repaired only by the Hands of Souldiers and but negligently guarded neither by the Brittons So that by this means having a larger Scope to Forage in they made the Country beyond the Wall which they were not able to keep for want of Men useless to the Brittons for many Miles It is reported that one Graham was the principal Man in demolishing that Fortification who transporting his Soldiers in Ships landed beyond the Wall and slew the Guards unawares and unprovided and so made a passage for his Men. 'T is not certain amongst Writers Whether this Graham were a Scot or a Britton but most think That he was a Britton descended of the Fulgentian Sept a Prime and Noble Family in that Nation as also That he was
on the Trial hereupon the Names of the Judges or Jury were according to Custom which I have elsewhere mentioned impannell'd and none of them were excepted against by the adverse Party yet by all their Votes he was acquitted From thence they marched to the Castle of Langham from thence they drove out the English and as they resolved to attempt other Forts they were call'd back by a sudden Message For News were brought them that a French Fleet was seen not far from the Promontory of St. Ebb wherein were one and twenty Ships The Regent imagining what the matter was that they were come to besiege the Castle of St. Andrews as had been agreed between them march'd joyfully home there he discoursed Leon Strozy Admiral of the French Fleet and they both agreed to lay close Siege to the Castle which they did with so much Celerity that many of the Garison-Souldiers which were abroad could not come in and many Country-men which had no hand in the Conspiracy but occasionally came into the Castle about their private Affairs could not get out They planted their Brass Guns upon the Towers of two Churches which stood near on both sides the Castle which did so annoy the whole Court within the Castle-Walls that the Defenders could hardly stir in or out And afterwards they brought bigger pieces of Ordnance and play'd upon part of the Wall which stood between two Towers which was soon batter'd down because the later Buildings were not at all compacted with the former and so it fell down with a mighty Noise Hereupon they within who before trusted to their Fortifications and were ready to expose themselves to stop any Breach now began to be afraid and calling together a Council of War because they fear'd the Cruelty of the Regent in revenging the Death of his Kinsman such Sentiments making deep Impressions on infirm Minds they surrendred the Castle and themselves to Leon Strozy only upon Quarter for Life Leon hereupon sent in his Men to pillage the Castle wherein was found besides a great Quantity of Provisions of all sorts all the Cardinal's Mony and Houshold-stuff and all the Wealth of the Garison-Souldiers and of many others also who had laid up their Goods there as in a place of Refuge there also they found the Regent's Son who was before given in Hostage by his Father to the Cardinal and when he was slain was detain'd there The Castle was demolish'd by Advice and Order of the Council and a few days after Leon set Sail with his Prisoners for France These things fell out in August 1547. About the same time News was brought that the English had prepared great Forces both by Land and Sea to invade Scotland and to demand the Performance of the Treaty which was made four Years before with the Regent concerning the Marriage of the Queen of Scotland to the King of England's Son This sudden Report mightily affected the Regent who was faint-hearted enough of himself for he had then no foreign Aid neither did he much confide in his own forces For the Papal Faction were offended at his Levity and the Friends of exil'd Lennox having been cruelly intreated by him retained the Seeds of their old Hatred against him yet upon his Proclamation there came in great numbers to Edinburgh from thence they march'd to the Mouth of the River Esk which runs through Lothian and there waited for the coming of the English In the mean time the Scotish Horse rode up towards the Enemy in their March and challenged them to fight by this means creating some trouble to them in their Passage But the English General who knew that the Scots were better than his own Men at such tumultuary Skirmishes had given Command that none of his Troops should march out to encounter them At last upon the Importunity of Grey Commander of the Horse he was persuaded to send out some Troops of Horse well-armed and of Curiasiers which should suddenly rush in upon them unprepared for Resistance The Scots being grown fearless of the Enemy but now astonish'd at the sudden Onset brake their Ranks and fled for their Lives and about 800 of them were either slain or taken of the English also who prest too eagerly on the pursuit several were taken Prisoners amongst which were some eminent Horse-Commanders From that day forward there was no memorable Action performed by the Scotish Horse The English had their Camp at the Town of Preston a little more than a Mile from Them From thence they might behold the number of the Scotish Army from the high Ground and perceiving them to be more than they thought they advised what course to take and resolved to send Letters to the Scots that so if just and equal Conditions might be agreed on the matter might be compos'd rather by Treaty than by Force The Contents of the Letters were They earnestly desired the Scots to remember that both Armies profess'd the Christian Religion to whom unless they did renounce their Profession nothing ought to be more dear than Peace and Tranquillity and nothing more to be abhorr'd than unjust Arms and War that the cause of the present War was not Covetousness Hatred or Envy but a Desire of perpetual Peace which could no ways so firmly coalesce as by a Marriage which had been already promised by the publick Decree and Consent of all the Estates and ratified by a League and that on such Conditions as were more advantageous to the Scots than the English not to reduce them into an Estate of Servitude but to a joint Society of Life and Participation and Communion of all their Fortunes which Marriage would be so much the more beneficial to the Scots than English because the Weaker might expect Advantage from the Stronger as being possess'd with a greater Fear lest he might be wrong'd by him And at the present in casting up accounts of things you are first to consider the Case that it is very necessary your Queen should marry that necessity was inevitable and that it was a difficult thing to moderate it and that the sole Power of chusing her an Husband was left to the Estates If they would chuse a Family upon the account of Dignity and publick Advantage whom could they pitch upon better than a Neighbour King born in the same Island ally'd in Blood instituted in the same Laws educated in the same Manners and Language and superior not in Power alone but in all external Ornaments and Accessions of Dignity And besides this Marriage would bring with it a perpetual Concord and an Oblivion of all old Grudges But if they had Thoughts to bring in a Stranger amonst them to undertake the Kingdom that differ'd from them in Language Laws and Customs they should consider how many Inconveniences lodg'd in the Belly of that Design which they might easily foresee by the Examples of other Nations and 't were better so to do than to learn it
by Trial and feeling the Smart thereof As for themselves if they found the Spirits of the Scots not wholly averse from an Agreement they were ready to remit something of the Rigour of Law and Right and that they would be content the young Queen should be educated under Scotish Supervisors till she came to be marriagable and fit by the Advice of the Nobles to chuse an Husband for her self and till that time came both sides should abstain from War and Rapine and that the Queen should not be transported beyond Sea nor that any Treaty should be intertain'd by the Scots concerning her Marriage with the French or any other foreign Prince If the Scots would faithfully promise this they would presently depart and withdraw their Forces and as for what Damage they had done since they entred Scotland they would make Restitution as indifferent Men should award These Letters were brought to the Regent who communicated them to his Brother Iohn Archbishop of St. Andrews whom he had assum'd into the Place and Authority of the Cardinal and to some few others They in hopes of a sure Victory gave him advice to suppress them for they were afraid that if the Equity of the Proposals were made known the Scots would be taken off and hearken to terms of Peace and therefore they gave out through the whole Army that the English were come on purpose to take away their Queen by force and to reduce the Land to their own Subjection And the Regent being naturally unactive had chosen four no more versed in Military Affairs than himself who did turn and wind all things at their Pleasure those were his three Kinsmen and Allies Iohn his Brother Archbishop of St. Andrews and Abbat of Dumfermlin George Dury Alexander Beton and the 4 th was Hugh Riggs a Lawyer noted more for his big Body Corpulency and bulky Strength than for any Military Skill These Men did so puff up the Regent with a vain hope of Victory that being of himself inconstant and variable in his Designs at every blast of Wind he shut his Ears against the advice of all others Hereupon when the Regent's Privadoes had caus'd the Report which they themselves had raised to be spred all over the Army they all ran hastily to their Arms. Archibald Douglas Earl of Angus led the Van George Gordon Earl of Huntly brought up the Rear each of them had 10000 fighting Men and the Regent had about the same number in the main Battel In this Posture a Report was suddenly rais'd that the English were fled away and it was not altogether without ground for they wanting Provision and not being able to fetch it from far nor to forage for it in the Neighbour-hood which was so unfurnish'd afore thought it the best way to preserve themselves if they left their Baggage behind them and march'd long Marches backward but having so many arm'd Men ready to ingage seeing they durst not come down into the Campagn nor could deceive the Enemy by going about they waited his coming on the higher ground On the other side the Regent was impatient of Delay and sent one to Douglas to march on with speed but he knowing that the English could not long keep that ground for want of Provision and so waited to fall on the Rear made no great haste till he was stirr'd up by another Messenger from the Regent then and not before he past over the River The main Battel and the Rear following at a great Distance after The English who were about to depart perceiving Douglas to draw towards them upon the Speed sent out Grey Commander of the Horse with his whole Body to meet him and stop his Carreer till the Foot had possess'd themselves of a Neighbour-hill or if he saw cause he was to disturb them in their ranks for seeing the major part of them were arm'd after the French mode they thought the Scots would never be able to bear the brunt of their charge But a Brigade of the Scots marching in close order together holding forth their Stand of long Pikes before them as a Fence received the Assault there the Van of the English running in upon and intangling themselves amongst the Pikes the rest thought themselves ambuscado'd and so returned to their Body telling them that the Scots Ranks could no more be broken than if they charg'd against a Wall Hereupon the English Horse were about to leave the Foot and fly but by the Persuasion of their Commanders and their mutual encouraging one another and withall all hoping for a more advantagious Ground to fight in they were retain'd and renew'd their Ranks The Scots were held from marching forward to the opposite Hill chiefly upon this account because they perceived Iambo a Spaniard with some Troops of his Country-men Harquebuisiers to come down obliquely from the Hill as if he would fall on their Flank and therefore that no sudden Emergency might cause them to divide their Brigade and also that they might not be attack'd on their Flanks they wheeled about leisurely from the right ascent of the Hill The main Battel when they saw the Van to leave their Station thought that they were running away so that they also broke their Ranks and betook themselves to their Heels The English seeing this from the high Grounds sent out their Horse and trod many of them under foot in the pursuit During all this March from Esk to the English Camp the English Navy plaid upon the Flank of the Scots out of their Ships and did them much Mischief All the Ways were strow'd with Arms by reason of the great Slaughter which was made and many also were drown'd in the River The English were most severe against the Priests and the Monks for those of that Tribe who were lusty and able to bear Arms came into the Field and there were many who imputed the loss of the Day to them who had arrogantly refused honest Conditions of Peace and who if they had the Victory would have used it as cruelly towards their own Country-men as their Enemies In the first Charge the English lost about 200 Horse but of the Scots there fell the prime of all the noblest Families with their Relations and Tenants who counted it a flagitious thing to desert them many were taken in the Pursuit The High-landers gathered themselves together in a round Body kept their Ranks and returned safe home for at first they march'd through craggy places and inconvenient for Horse and if they were sometimes necessitated to descend into the Plains yet the English Horse who followed the Pursuit scatter'dly durst not attack them This Battel amongst a few others was very calamitous to the Scots it was fought the 10 th of September in the Year 1547. The English having got the Victory which was so much the more joyful because it was unexpected march'd five Miles further with all their Forces and there they staid eight days sending out
Allegiance of his Subjects ibid. First settles Itinerary Iudges in Scotland ibid. Evenus II. 105 Overthrows the Orkney Men 106 Evenus III. noted for Obscenity 107 He makes a Law for Polygamy ibid. Is slain ibid. Eugenius I. or Evenus King of Scots 127 Slain by the Romans 128 Evenus an Islander put to Death 174 Eugenius II. 138 His Character 144 In his time the Romans leave Britain ibid. Eugenius III. Brother of Congal King of Scots 154 Assists against the Saxons ibid. Eugenius IV. Brother of Aidanus 158 Brought up under Columb ibid. He harbours the fugitive Saxons ibid. Eugenius V. 161 Eugenius VI. ibid. Learned in Theology ibid. In his Time it rained Blood ibid. Eugenius VII causes the memorable Facts of Kings to be recorded 162 He is suspected for the Murder of his Queen but causlesly ibid. Eugenius VIII slain in an Assembly of the Nobles 163 Evonia Castle 20 Eusdale County so called from the River Ewes 13 140 Examples of Princes more influential on Subjects than their Laws 155 Exchequer Officers defend sometimes most unjust Laws 113 Exchequer Profits sometimes Disprofits 35 Excommunication unjustly pronounced affects not the Excommunicated 272 Exile more tolerable than Servitude 132 F FAbilla or Fable Isle 30 Fair or Fara Isle 36 Faith or Fidelity towards wicked Persons unsteadfast 105 107 Sacred among Souldiers 319 330 Not to be kept with Hereticks as Papists say 130 Falamgal Isle see Finlagan Falcons in the Isle of Muick 28 Famine breaks stout Spirits 140 Famine and Pestilence in Scotland 388 Fara Isle 29 Farrow-head 21 Faunus's Oracle 43 Fenella commands Kenneth to be slain 169 Feraia Isle 29 Ferchard I. King of Scots 158 Endeavours to introduce Tyranny ibid. Maliciously nourisheth Factions amongst his Nobles and is guilty of the Pelagian Heresy 159 He kils himself ibid. Ferchard II. wickedly kils his Wife and abuseth his Daughters 160 He is excommunicated reproved by Coleman and repouts at his Death ibid. Feredeth King of the Picts 166 Ferelay Island 30 Fergus I. King of Scots sent for out of Ireland 95 The Kingdom settled on him by Common Consent 96 Drowned at Carickfergus in Ireland 97 Came first into Albium when Alexander the Great took Babylon ibid. Fergus II. whilst a Child flies by Sea with his Parents into Scandia is recalled from thence and made King 133 134 He is slain in Fight 137 His Praise with a Comparison between him and Fergus I. ibid. He is deservedly called The second Founder of the Scotish Kingdom ibid. Fergus III. poisoned by his Wife for his Adulteries 163 She owns the Fact and kils her self 164 Fergus of Galway's Children disagree after his Death 246 Feritharis King of Scots 97 An old Law concerning Succession to the Crown made in his Time ibid. Ferlegus Son of Fergus conspires against his Vncle for which he is condemned 97 98 Fethelmach King of Scots 127 Fidler or Harper One kils King Ethodius I. 116 Another assists to destroy Fethelmach 127 Fifteen Iudges appointed in Scotland but soon disused 59 Fife County 18 So called from Fifus 170 Fights memorable between Scots and English 355 At Bannock 267 At Otterborn 317 318 319 Fish shapeless 29 A strange sort ibid. Fincormachus King of Scots 125 Findochus King of Scots 121 Overcomes Donald ibid. Is slain by means of his Brother Caransius 122 Finelaw or Finlaw Bishop Author of ill Counsels 339 Finlagan Isle 26 Finnanus King of Scots 102 Fiole Isle 25 Flada Isle 24 28 29 30 Flanders Artificers sent for from thence into Scotland 347 Flata Island 36 Flattery the Pest of great Families 363 380 Flavanae Isles 30 Fordun 19 Forestia ibid. Forth or Scotish Sea 13 Fortune an Example of its Inconstancy 375 Fotlar Isle 37 Francs Who 46 Francis I. King of France by the help of the King of England restored to liberty out of the Hands of the Spaniards 62 He sends the Earl of Lennox into Scotland 78 Is alienated from Lennox 83 Sends Montgomery into Scotland 91 Francis II. of France sends La'bross into Scotland 136 He is influenced by and is under the Power of the Guises 150 His Death ibid. Francis Duke of Guise Curator of the Kingdom of Scotland 114 Appointed General of the Popish Faction 153 174 Franciscans or begging Friars their Wealth 128 France its miserable State 151 It s King Francis promises to aid the Scots of the Queen's Faction 254 And the Scots Rebels 279 280 Vpon what Grounds he did it ibid. Frazer's Family almost extinct 89 Frederethuâ— slain 166 Friend betrays Friend 332 Their Injuries the most grievous 314 Our Father's Friends not to be neglected 101 Friendship with Princes far off sometimes safer than with Those nearer home 44 French Gauls Franâ—s their Original 46 They receive Characters of Letters from the Massilian Greeks 38 Their Communion with the Brittons 61 When French and Scots Alliance first began 165 They send Aid to the Scots 90 106 Their Souldiers very licentious 313 Their Army leaves Scotland 314 Their unjust Demand 312 What Good the Scots got by their Alliance 322 Their King distracted 334 They ask Aid of the Scots ibid. They renew their League with the Scots 240 251 273 French and Scots Souldiers mutiny 109 Their Auxiliaries in Scotland cannot forbear their wonted Plundering 314 They hinder an Alliance with England by Bribes as much as they can 43 44 Assault Werk Castle 45 Their Souldiers kill the Governour of Edinburgh with some of the Citizens 209 They design to surprize Hadington ibid. They are disgusted by the Scots 110 French and English in Scotland agree 111 French transported into their own Country 112 French King sends Auxiliaries to strengthen the Queen Regent 135 143 French Embassadors Demands from the Reformed 136 152 French their contumelious Pride against some of the Scots 143 144 Their Design to establish Tyranny ibid. French Embassador busy between the Queen and the Royalists 218 219 Vpon the Queen's Overthrow he sculks away 221 French to leave Scotland by Consent 149 French Ship sent with Provision and Ammunition into Scotland taken by the Royalists 279 French Tongue heretofore not much different from the British 58 Friars Mendicants Mercenaries to Parish-Priests and Curats 345 346 Their Opinions and why Manducants rather than Mendicants 129 Fuda Isle 29 G GA Letter commonly used by the French for V 60 61 Gaga Isle 25 Gald Gael Galle 62 Galdus the Sir-name of Corbred what it signifies 109 Galeatius Sforza slain by his Vncle 231 Gallovid in Old Scotish signifies a Gaul 14 Galo Cardinal the Pope's Legat in England 237 He excommunicates the Scots 238 A wicked and avaritious Man ibid. Galvinus Son of Lothus 151 Galway why so called 14 61 139 Garalinga Isle 29 Garaard King of the Picts 162 Garvae Isles three 25 Garvillan Isles 30 Gavin Isle 25 Gauls sent Colonies into Spain 48 Into Italy 49 Into Germany ibid. Into Britain 50 Into Ireland 51 Gathelus a Prince feigned by some to be the Founder of the Scots Nation 46 Gawin Dunbar