who_o come_v in_o their_o place_n and_o be_v nominate_v of_o the_o estate_n of_o parliament_n ambulatory_a and_o the_o senator_n of_o the_o college_n of_o justice_n be_v invest_v with_o the_o power_n of_o both_o and_o their_o person_n and_o the_o place_n of_o judicature_n become_v fix_v and_o have_v so_o continue_v near_o the_o space_n of_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o year_n this_o court_n be_v much_o improven_v by_o your_o majesty_n royal_a grandfather_n who_o delight_v exceed_o in_o it_o and_o honouredit_v frequent_o with_o his_o presence_n while_o he_o be_v in_o scotland_n so_o do_v your_o royal_a father_n when_o he_o come_v to_o scotland_n to_o be_v crown_v and_o your_o majesty_n have_v own_v and_o encourage_v it_o more_o than_o any_o your_o majesty_n do_v not_o demand_n or_o expect_v great_a revenue_n from_o this_o kingdom_n that_o which_o we_o can_v be_v useful_a in_o to_o your_o majesty_n be_v our_o personal_a service_n and_o our_o firm_a adherence_n to_o your_o crown_n and_o monarchy_n and_o to_o your_o royal_a family_n in_o which_o we_o have_v a_o peculiar_a interest_n and_o which_o no_o time_n can_v communicate_v to_o any_o of_o your_o other_o dominion_n which_o they_o neither_o can_v claim_v nor_o shall_v invy_v that_o you_o be_v of_o our_o nation_n and_o have_v govern_v we_o during_o twenty_o century_n and_o more_o and_o by_o we_o you_o be_v the_o most_o ancient_a king_n in_o the_o world_n which_o be_v the_o most_o noble_a and_o resplendent_a jewel_n in_o your_o crown_n what_o family_n on_o earth_n can_v parallel_v that_o motto_n which_o a_o hundred_o year_n ago_o be_v write_v about_o your_o royal_a ensign_n upon_o your_o palace_n nobis_fw-la haec_fw-la invicta_fw-la miserunt_fw-la centum_fw-la sex_n proavi_fw-la therefore_o your_o royal_a family_n have_v be_v betroth_v to_o a_o virgin_n crown_n which_o never_o know_v another_o husband_n and_o though_o it_o have_v be_v darken_v with_o cloud_n and_o recess_n yet_o never_o be_v and_o i_o hope_v never_o shall_v be_v in_o widuity_n the_o mutual_a affection_n betwixt_o your_o majesty_n royal_a family_n and_o this_o nation_n be_v a_o prime_a interest_n to_o both_o which_o shall_v be_v much_o encourage_v and_o improven_v your_o majesty_n without_o just_a ground_n of_o jealousy_n to_o your_o other_o kingdom_n may_v own_o a_o peculiar_a care_n of_o we_o and_o weought_v to_o 〈◊〉_d a_o singular_a kindness_n to_o and_o confidence_n in_o your_o majesty_n and_o your_o royal_a successor_n this_o may_v he_o so_o promove_v that_o your_o majesty_n may_v by_o treaty_n have_v army_n of_o this_o nation_n abroad_o entertain_v without_o your_o charge_n and_o ready_a at_o your_o call_n as_o you_o have_v dowglas_n regiment_n in_o france_n which_o may_v secure_v your_o peace_n at_o home_n and_o make_v you_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o less_o aid_n from_o your_o people_n you_o may_v also_o have_v thrive_a plantation_n abroad_o if_o these_o who_o every_o year_n go_v from_o this_o nation_n to_o seek_v their_o fortune_n abroad_o be_v direct_v and_o encourage_v and_o it_o be_v certain_o a_o great_a interest_n to_o keep_v the_o nation_n at_o home_n in_o constant_a affection_n index_n of_o the_o title_n of_o the_o whole_a book_n with_o the_o summary_n subjoin_v part_n i._n title_n i._n common_a principle_n of_o law_n 1_o description_n of_o law_n 2_o description_n and_o division_n of_o justice_n 3_o divine_a law_n 4_o reason_n 5_o conscience_n 6_o equity_n 7_o moral_a law_n 8_o positive_a law_n of_o god_n 9_o judicial_a law_n 10_o law_n of_o nation_n 11_o civil_a law_n 12_o feudal_n law_n 13_o canon_n law_n 14_o the_o reason_n of_o humane_a law_n 15_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n 16_o whether_o law_n may_v be_v handle_v as_o a_o rational_a discipline_n 17_o three_o common_a principle_n of_o equity_n and_o three_o of_o positive_a law_n 18_o obedience_n 19_o freedom_n 20_o engagement_n 21_o description_n and_o division_n of_o right_n 22_o method_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o method_n here_o propose_v title_n ii_o of_o liberty_n 1_o liberty_n describe_v 2_o liberty_n 〈◊〉_d from_o dominion_n and_o obligation_n 3_o the_o principle_n whence_o liberty_n arise_v 4_o restraint_n and_o constraint_n 5_o liberty_n be_v bound_v by_o obedience_n 6_o it_o be_v diminish_v by_o delinquence_n 7_o by_o engagement_n 8_o by_o subjection_n 9_o liberty_n be_v lose_v by_o bondage_n 10_o bondage_n introduce_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n 11_o bondage_n lawful_a 12_o manrent_n 13_o manumission_n 14_o patronage_n 15_o the_o condition_n of_o our_o servant_n 16_o injury_n agaio_v liberty_n how_o obviat_fw-la title_n iii_o of_o obligation_n 1_o personal_n right_n and_o obligation_n describe_v 2_o kind_n of_o obligation_n 3_o obediential_a obligation_n describe_v 4_o divide_v 5_o enumerat_fw-la 6_o obligation_n natural_a and_o civil_a 7_o obligation_n principal_a and_o accessary_n 8_o obligation_n pure_a conditional_a and_o to_o a_o day_n title_n iu._n conjugal_a obligation_n 1_o marriage_n a_o divine_a contract_n 2_o whereby_o marriage_n be_v formal_o constitute_v 3_o dissolution_n of_o marriage_n by_o death_n 4_o desertion_n and_o adherence_n 5_o jus_fw-la mariti_fw-la 6_o the_o husband_n obligation_n 7_o the_o power_n of_o the_o husband_n by_o the_o civil_a law_n 8_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o neighbour_n nation_n 9_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o scotland_n 10_o the_o wife_n escheat_n 11_o the_o husband_n be_v concourse_n 12_o a_o wife_n obligation_n null_a 13_o a_o communion_n of_o good_n and_o debt_n 14_o donation_n betwixt_o man_n and_o wife_n revocable_a 15_o dissolution_n of_o marriage_n within_o the_o year_n 16_o divorce_n 17_o right_n arise_v from_o the_o dissolution_n of_o marriage_n 18_o privilege_n of_o wife_n title_n v._o obligation_n between_o parent_n and_o child_n 1_o obligation_n betwixt_o parent_n and_o child_n be_v divine_a by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n 2_o the_o power_n of_o parent_n over_o their_o child_n 3_o in_o infancy_n 4_o in_o minority_n 5_o in_o majority_n 6_o oeconomical_a government_n 7_o provision_n of_o child_n 8_o obligation_n of_o child_n to_o their_o parent_n 9_o aliment_n due_a to_o parent_n 10_o obligation_n mutual_a of_o child_n 11_o patria_fw-la potestas_fw-la among_o the_o roman_n 12_o among_o other_o nation_n especial_o as_o lawful_a administration_n 13_o forissawiliation_n and_o emancipation_n title_n vi_o obligation_n of_o tutor_n and_o curator_n pupil_n minor_n and_o person_n interdict_v 1_o the_o rise_n of_o tutory_a in_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n 2_o order_n of_o tutory_a by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n 3_o the_o natural_a obligation_n of_o tutor_n 4_o pupil_n obligation_n to_o their_o tutor_n 5_o kind_n of_o tutor_n by_o the_o common_a law_n 6_o tutor_n testamentar_n 7_o tutor_n testamentar_n exclude_v all_o other_o 8_o tutor_n of_o law_n who_o 9_o how_o tutor_n of_o law_n be_v enter_v 10_o the_o time_n within_o which_o they_o must_v enter_v 11_o tutor_n dative_n 12_o pre-tutor_n 13_o factor_n for_o tutor_n 14_o contutor_n 15_o tutor_n custody_n of_o the_o pupil_n person_n 16_o tutor_n authorise_v their_o pupil_n 17_o tutor_n or_o their_o factor_n rightsrelate_v to_o the_o pupil_n accresce_fw-it to_o they_o 18_o tutor_n can_v only_o do_v necessary_a not_o free_a arbitrary_a deed_n but_o may_v not_o sell_v land_n sine_fw-la authoritate_fw-la judicis_fw-la 19_o tutor_n be_v liable_a for_o annualrent_a for_o their_o pupil_n mean_n 20_o tutor_n be_v conveenable_a with_o their_o pupil_n and_o liable_a in_o quantum_fw-la intus_fw-la babent_fw-la 21_o tutor_n account_n 22_o tutor_n be_v liable_a for_o exact_a diligence_n both_o for_o intromission_n and_o omission_n 23_o tutor_n be_v liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la 24_o tutory_a how_v finish_v 25_o tutor_n of_o idiot_n &_o furious_a person_n 26_o gesta_fw-la tutarum_fw-la accrescunt_fw-la pupillis_fw-la 27_o remove_v or_o suspect_v tutor_n 28_o duty_n of_o pupil_n to_o their_o tutor_n 29_o rise_v of_o curator_n 30_o curator_n ad_fw-la light_n &_o negotia_fw-la 31_o minor_n may_v at_o their_o option_n choose_v or_o not_o choose_v their_o curator_n 32_o minor_n deed_n have_v curator_n without_o their_o consent_n be_v ipso_fw-la jure_fw-la null_n nisi_fw-la in_o quantum_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 33_o curator_n consent_v not_o requisite_a to_o later-will_n 34_o restitution_n of_o minor_n upon_o enorm_a lesion_n 35_o minor_n non_fw-la tenetur_fw-la placuare_fw-la super_fw-la 〈◊〉_d paternam_fw-la 36_o difference_n betwixt_o tutor_n and_o curator_n 37_o duty_n of_o curator_n 38_o curator_n or_o interdictor_n for_o prodigal_n or_o lavish_a person_n 39_o interdictor_n constitute_v causâ_fw-la cognitâ_fw-la 40_o interdiction_n by_o parent_n consent_v 41_o publication_n and_o registration_n of_o interdiction_n 42_o interdiction_n extend_v only_o to_o heritable_a right_n not_o movable_n nor_o to_o personal_a execution_n 43_o interdiction_n be_v only_o competent_a by_o way_n of_o reduction_n 44_o interdiction_n can_v be_v take_v off_o but_o by_o authority_n of_o a_o judge_n title_n vii_o restitution_n 1_o restitution_n of_o other_o
the_o virtuous_a and_o punishment_n to_o the_o vicious_a proportion_v to_o their_o act_n which_o be_v now_o almost_o whole_o devolve_v upon_o public_a authority_n little_a remain_v but_o encouragement_n and_o praise_n to_o the_o virtuous_a and_o discouragement_n and_o discountenance_n to_o the_o vicious_a commutative_a justice_n be_v the_o inclination_n to_o give_v every_o man_n his_o right_n and_o though_o the_o name_n be_v take_v from_o the_o interchange_n of_o private_a right_n yet_o it_o reach_v to_o all_o prestation_n which_o be_v not_o by_o way_n of_o reward_n or_o punishment_n there_o be_v nothing_o here_o propose_v but_o the_o private_a right_n of_o man_n it_o be_v only_o requisite_a to_o consider_v the_o law_n by_o which_o private_a right_n be_v constitute_v convey_v or_o destitute_a and_o these_o be_v either_o divine_a or_o humane_a 3._o divine_a law_n be_v that_o main_o which_o be_v write_v in_o man_n heart_n according_a to_o that_o of_o the_o apostle_n for_o when_o the_o gentile_n who_o have_v not_o the_o law_n to_o wit_n write_v in_o the_o word_n do_v by_o nature_n the_o thing_n contain_v in_o the_o law_n these_o be_v a_o law_n unto_o themselves_o which_o show_v the_o work_n of_o the_o law_n write_v in_o their_o heart_n their_o conscience_n also_o bear_v they_o witness_n and_o their_o thought_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n accuse_v or_o excuse_v one_o another_o this_o be_v call_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n because_o it_o be_v know_v natural_o either_o immediate_o like_v unto_o these_o instinct_n which_o be_v in_o the_o other_o creature_n whereby_o they_o know_v what_o be_v necessary_a for_o their_o preservation_n so_o the_o first_o principle_n of_o this_o natural_a law_n be_v know_v to_o man_n without_o reason_v or_o experience_n without_o art_n industry_n or_o education_n and_o so_o be_v know_v to_o man_n every_o where_o through_o the_o world_n though_o they_o keep_v no_o communion_n nor_o intercourse_n together_o which_o be_v a_o unanswerable_a demonstration_n of_o the_o be_v of_o this_o law_n of_o nature_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v write_v in_o the_o heart_n of_o man_n because_o law_n use_v to_o be_v write_v on_o pillar_n or_o table_n for_o certainty_n or_o conservation_n so_o this_o law_n be_v write_v by_o the_o finger_n of_o god_n upon_o man_n heart_n there_o to_o remain_v for_o ever_o such_o be_v the_o common_a practical_a principle_n that_o god_n be_v to_o be_v obey_v parent_n honour_v ourselves_o defend_v violence_n repulse_v child_n to_o be_v love_v educate_v and_o provide_v for_o 4._o with_o these_o common_a principle_n with_o which_o god_n have_v send_v man_n into_o the_o world_n he_o give_v they_o also_o reason_n that_o thence_o they_o may_v by_o consequence_n deduce_v his_o law_n in_o more_o particular_a case_n and_o this_o part_n of_o the_o natural_a law_n be_v call_v the_o light_n or_o law_n of_o reason_n it_o be_v call_v by_o solomon_n the_o candle_n of_o the_o lord_n search_v the_o inward_a part_n proverb_n 20._o verse_n 27._o 5._o this_o law_n be_v also_o call_v conscience_n which_o be_v say_v in_o the_o forecited_a place_n to_o bear_v witness_n and_o thereby_o our_o thought_n do_v either_o accuse_v or_o excuse_v one_o another_o according_a to_o the_o judgement_n or_o testimony_n we_o have_v of_o our_o own_o thought_n as_o good_a or_o evil_n consonant_a to_o or_o dissonant_n from_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n shine_v in_o the_o heart_n this_o natural_a law_n as_o it_o be_v derive_v from_o these_o principle_n the_o near_a it_o be_v thereto_o it_o be_v the_o clear_a and_o by_o the_o more_o immediate_a consequence_n it_o be_v derive_v it_o be_v the_o sure_a for_o as_o the_o body_n in_o its_o progressive_a motion_n from_o one_o step_n to_o another_o walk_v sure_a by_o the_o short_a step_n so_o do_v the_o mind_n in_o deduce_v this_o divine_a law_n whence_o it_o be_v that_o this_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v not_o equal_o evident_a to_o all_o man_n but_o the_o more_o of_o reason_n they_o have_v the_o more_o clearness_n they_o have_v of_o it_o which_o have_v make_v man_n of_o reason_n especial_o these_o who_o have_v exercise_v themselves_o in_o the_o inquiry_n of_o right_n to_o be_v have_v in_o high_a esteem_n and_o admiration_n among_o man_n who_o though_o their_o invention_n be_v not_o so_o eminent_a yet_o their_o judgement_n close_v and_o go_v along_o with_o that_o as_o have_v a_o native_a obligation_n in_o it_o and_o so_o many_o time_n these_o responsa_fw-la prudentium_fw-la have_v be_v receive_v with_o as_o much_o authority_n and_o more_o heartiness_n for_o law_n than_o the_o dictate_v of_o sovereign_n cicero_n in_o his_o oration_n pro_fw-la milone_n do_v excellent_o set_v forth_o and_o distinguish_v this_o natural_a law_n from_o positive_a law_n for_o say_v he_o hac_fw-la non_fw-la scripta_fw-la sed_fw-la nata_fw-la lex_fw-la quam_fw-la non_fw-la didicimus_fw-la accepimus_fw-la legimus_fw-la verum_fw-la ex_fw-la natura_fw-la ipsa_fw-la arripuimus_fw-la hausimus_fw-la expressimus_fw-la ad_fw-la quam_fw-la non_fw-la docti_fw-la sed_fw-la facti_fw-la non_fw-la instituti_fw-la sed_fw-la imbuti_fw-la sumus_fw-la ut_fw-la si_fw-la vita_fw-la nostra_fw-la in_o aliquas_fw-la insidias_fw-la si_fw-la in_o vim_o aut_fw-la in_o tela_fw-la aut_fw-la inimicorum_fw-la aut_fw-la latronum_fw-la inciderit_fw-la omnis_fw-la honesta_fw-la ratio_fw-la esset_fw-la expediendae_fw-la salutis_fw-la 6._o this_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v also_o call_v equity_n from_o that_o equality_n it_o keep_v in_o all_o person_n and_o be_v not_o frame_v or_o fit_v for_o the_o interest_n of_o any_o as_o many_o law_n of_o man_n choice_n be_v from_o the_o rigour_n whereof_o recourse_n ought_v to_o be_v have_v to_o this_o natural_a equity_n for_o though_o man_n law_n may_v be_v profitable_a and_o ne_o cessar_n for_o the_o most_o part_n yet_o be_v the_o invention_n of_o frail_a man_n there_o occur_v many_o casus_fw-la incogitati_fw-la wherein_o they_o serve_v not_o but_o equity_n take_v place_n and_o the_o limitation_n and_o fallancy_n extension_n and_o ampliation_n of_o humane_a law_n be_v bring_v from_o equity_n though_o equity_n be_v take_v some_o time_n for_o the_o moderation_n of_o the_o extremity_n of_o humane_a law_n yet_o it_o do_v true_o comprehend_v the_o whole_a law_n of_o nature_n otherwise_o it_o can_v not_o possible_o give_v remeid_v to_o the_o rigour_n and_o extremity_n of_o positive_a law_n in_o all_o case_n 7._o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v also_o term_v the_o moral_a law_n be_v the_o absolute_a and_o adequat_fw-la rule_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o man_n for_o all_o time_n place_n and_o person_n and_o this_o denomination_n it_o have_v common_o in_o opposition_n to_o the_o judicial_a and_o ceremonial_a law_n the_o roman_a law_n do_v sometime_o take_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n in_o a_o most_o strict_a sense_n as_o it_o exclude_v the_o law_n of_o reason_n and_o as_o it_o be_v found_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o man_n in_o so_o far_o as_o be_v common_a with_o other_o animal_n and_o therefore_o they_o define_v it_o to_o be_v quod_fw-la natura_fw-la omne_fw-la animalia_fw-la docuit_fw-la as_o the_o conjunction_n of_o male_a and_o female_a or_o marriage_n the_o procreation_n or_o education_n of_o child_n etc._n etc._n but_o even_o in_o that_o law_n the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v extend_v and_o distinguish_v into_o the_o original_a and_o primitive_a law_n and_o that_o which_o be_v derive_v thence_o such_o as_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o there_o be_v no_o doubt_n but_o there_o be_v more_o of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n found_v in_o the_o rational_a nature_n of_o man_n as_o he_o be_v a_o rational_a and_o sociable_a creature_n and_o even_o that_o which_o appear_v to_o be_v in_o the_o sensitive_a nature_n be_v true_o found_v in_o the_o rational_a nature_n and_o therefore_o be_v not_o proper_o communicable_a unto_o the_o beast_n who_o have_v no_o law_n but_o their_o natural_a instinct_n have_v only_o some_o resemblance_n to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o it_o be_v impress_v in_o our_o heart_n so_o in_o the_o goodness_n of_o god_n it_o be_v express_v in_o his_o word_n wherein_o he_o have_v not_o only_o hold_v forth_o these_o sacred_a mystery_n which_o can_v only_o be_v know_v by_o revelation_n as_o have_v no_o principle_n in_o nature_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v deducible_a but_o also_o because_o through_o sin_n and_o evil_a custom_n the_o natural_a law_n in_o man_n heart_n be_v much_o deface_v disorder_a and_o erroneous_o deduce_v he_o have_v therefore_o reprint_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n in_o a_o viver_n character_n in_o the_o scripture_n not_o only_o have_v the_o moral_a principle_n but_o many_o conclusion_n thence_o flow_v particular_o set_v forth_o this_o analogy_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n even_o in_o the_o heart_n of_o heathen_n and_o as_o it_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o law_n of_o god_n evidence_v sufficient_o that_o both_o of_o they_o proceed_v
from_o the_o same_o omniscient_a author_n 8._o beside_o this_o natural_a necessary_a and_o perpetual_a law_n god_n have_v also_o give_v to_o man_n voluntar_n and_o positive_a law_n which_o though_o not_o at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o man_n yet_o in_o themselves_o be_v mutable_a and_o as_o they_o have_v a_o beginning_n so_o some_o of_o they_o have_v and_o other_o of_o they_o shall_v have_v a_o end_n when_o the_o occasion_n exigence_n and_o utility_n for_o which_o they_o be_v constitute_v shall_v cease_v such_o be_v the_o ceremonial_a law_n which_o contain_v a_o figurative_a and_o typical_a administration_n of_o the_o worship_n of_o god_n shadow_v forth_o christ_n and_o his_o propitiatory_a sacrifice_n of_o himself_o now_o when_o the_o sun_n of_o righteousness_n have_v arisen_a these_o shadow_n have_v fly_v away_o and_o be_v in_o the_o scripture_n repeal_v in_o lieu_n whereof_o be_v the_o outward_a order_n of_o the_o worship_n and_o government_n of_o the_o christian_a church_n and_o the_o law_n of_o god_n relate_v thereto_o though_o we_o be_v to_o expect_v no_o change_n of_o they_o while_o time_n be_v and_o be_v as_o bind_v to_o all_o to_o who_o their_o line_n be_v go_v as_o the_o natural_a law_n yet_o be_v they_o no_o part_n of_o it_o for_o they_o be_v not_o write_v in_o the_o heart_n of_o man_n nor_o deducible_a by_o reason_n from_o any_o such_o principle_n such_o be_v the_o sabbath_n on_o the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o week_n the_o particular_a office_n in_o the_o church_n their_o authority_n and_o maintenance_n for_o though_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n do_v teach_v that_o god_n be_v to_o be_v acknowledge_v and_o adore_v yet_o the_o impower_a of_o some_o certain_a person_n to_o be_v leader_n in_o the_o public_a adoration_n and_o the_o fix_a time_n thereof_o either_o as_o it_o be_v under_o the_o law_n or_o as_o it_o be_v under_o the_o gospel_n can_v be_v reach_v thence_o but_o have_v its_o beginning_n and_o have_v be_v alter_v some_o also_o do_v account_n marriage_n and_o the_o degree_n forbid_v in_o levit._n to_o be_v a_o positive_a law_n of_o god_n though_o they_o acknowledge_v it_o not_o only_o to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o jew_n but_o to_o all_o man_n yet_o the_o natural_a and_o universal_a aversion_n of_o marriage_n in_o these_o degree_n and_o abhorrence_n of_o that_o brutish_a commixtion_n without_o discretion_n of_o degree_n which_o be_v observe_v in_o all_o nation_n who_o corrupt_a custom_n have_v not_o so_o far_o deprave_v as_o to_o forget_v not_o only_o this_o but_o most_o of_o the_o uncontroverted_a law_n of_o nature_n do_v sufficient_o evince_v the_o contrair_a for_o if_o parent_n and_o posterity_n be_v all_o account_v as_o one_o degree_n there_o be_v nothing_o prohibit_v by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n but_o the_o very_a next_o degree_n of_o these_o who_o be_v in_o the_o place_n of_o parent_n as_o uncle_n and_o aunt_n or_o in_o the_o place_n of_o child_n as_o nephew_n neices_n or_o brethren_n and_o sister_n so_o that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o doubt_n but_o the_o prohibition_n of_o commixtion_n of_o ascendant_n and_o descendants_n be_v pure_o natural_a 9_o the_o prime_a positive_a law_n of_o god_n be_v the_o judicial_a law_n which_o god_n by_o the_o ministry_n of_o moses_n prescribe_v to_o the_o people_n of_o israel_n wherein_o the_o lord_n be_v please_v to_o be_v the_o particular_a lawgiver_n and_o judge_n of_o that_o people_n who_o he_o have_v choose_v from_o among_o all_o nation_n for_o a_o peculiar_a people_n to_o himself_o and_o to_o who_o inclination_n it_o be_v befit_v there_o be_v not_o a_o few_o who_o esteem_v the_o judicial_a law_n obliege_v to_o all_o nation_n main_o because_o it_o do_v not_o appear_v in_o the_o gospel_n to_o be_v abolish_v as_o the_o ceremonial_a law_n be_v and_o because_o of_o its_o excellency_n beyond_o the_o law_n of_o heathen_n or_o other_o man_n who_o may_v not_o only_o err_v in_o expediency_n render_v their_o law_n unprofitable_a but_o also_o may_v make_v they_o unjust_a and_o inconsistent_a with_o the_o immutable_a moral_a law_n of_o nature_n which_o reason_n do_v sufficient_o infer_v that_o in_o the_o constitution_n of_o humane_a law_n chief_a respect_n ought_v to_o be_v have_v to_o the_o judicial_a law_n of_o god_n and_o they_o assume_v where_o the_o inclination_n of_o the_o people_n and_o their_o condition_n do_v not_o render_v they_o inconvenient_a but_o that_o these_o law_n be_v accommodate_v unto_o their_o proper_a temper_n be_v evident_a in_o the_o law_n concern_v the_o bill_n of_o divorcement_n which_o bear_v to_o be_v permit_v for_o the_o hardness_n of_o their_o heart_n which_o be_v natural_a and_o peculiar_a to_o they_o of_o jealousy_n and_o bitterness_n against_o their_o wife_n therefore_o the_o lord_n not_o only_o appoint_v trial_n neither_o natural_a necessary_a nor_o accustom_v elsewhere_o by_o those_o token_n of_o virginity_n for_o evidence_v the_o wife_n faithfulness_n in_o not_o give_v a_o pollute_a woman_n for_o a_o chaste_a but_o also_o the_o extraordinar_n and_o miraculous_a trial_n by_o the_o water_n of_o jealousy_n and_o therefore_o christ_n do_v express_o abrogate_v that_o law_n and_o show_v we_o that_o moses_n do_v not_o command_v to_o divorce_n but_o for_o the_o hardness_n of_o their_o heart_n only_o permit_v it_o and_o do_v command_v that_o when_o the_o husband_n will_v put_v away_o his_o wife_n he_o shall_v give_v she_o a_o bill_n of_o divorce_n but_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o judicial_a law_n be_v in_o itself_o a_o law_n to_o all_o nation_n or_o that_o the_o lord_n purpose_v it_o so_o to_o be_v but_o on_o the_o contrar_n it_o appear_v that_o his_o purpose_n be_v only_o to_o deliver_v it_o for_o a_o peculiar_a law_n to_o israel_n when_o he_o say_v what_o nation_n be_v so_o great_a that_o have_v statute_n and_o judgement_n sorighteous_a as_o be_v all_o this_o law_n which_o i_o set_v before_o you_o this_o day_n deut._n 4._o vers_fw-la 8._o and_o again_o he_o show_v his_o word_n unto_o jacob_n his_o statute_n and_o judgement_n to_o israel_n he_o have_v not_o deal_v so_o with_o every_o nation_n and_o as_o for_o his_o judgement_n they_o have_v not_o know_v they_o psal._n 147._o vers_fw-la 19_o and_o therefore_o the_o same_o law_n be_v not_o to_o israelite_n and_o to_o stranger_n even_o to_o proselyte_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o matter_n of_o usury_n and_o bondage_n which_o be_v allow_v as_o to_o stranger_n but_o the_o former_a simple_o forbid_v and_o the_o latter_a limit_v as_o to_o israelit_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o necessity_n of_o a_o abolition_n express_v of_o this_o law_n in_o the_o gospel_n see_v it_o be_v not_o give_v to_o all_o nation_n and_o it_o do_v yet_o bind_v the_o jew_n so_o far_o as_o it_o do_v not_o build_v upon_o the_o ceremonial_a law_n and_o therefore_o that_o part_n of_o the_o judicial_a law_n which_o be_v found_v upon_o or_o conducible_a to_o the_o moral_a law_n may_v be_v well_o receive_v by_o other_o nation_n to_o who_o inclination_n the_o same_o expediency_n will_v agree_v as_o most_o of_o the_o criminal_a law_n be_v and_o though_o they_o can_v suit_v with_o the_o frame_n and_o current_n of_o the_o law_n already_o establish_v yet_o will_v they_o be_v far_o from_o make_v up_o a_o law_n to_o rule_v any_o nation_n now_o after_o man_n pravity_n have_v so_o much_o increase_v vice_n and_o deceit_n that_o which_o be_v sufficient_a in_o the_o simplicity_n of_o these_o time_n will_v come_v far_o short_a 10._o humane_a law_n be_v that_o which_o for_o utility_n sake_n be_v introduce_v by_o man_n which_o be_v either_o by_o tacit_n consent_n by_o consuetude_n or_o custom_n or_o by_o express_a will_n or_o command_n of_o these_o in_o authority_n have_v the_o legislative_a power_n and_o these_o be_v ofttimes_o write_v though_o sometime_o also_o they_o be_v not_o write_v as_o be_v lycurgus_n law_n which_o not_o only_o be_v not_o write_v but_o a_o law_n against_o it_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v write_v hence_o be_v the_o distinction_n of_o law_n in_o write_v and_o unwritten_a because_o of_o their_o original_a for_o ex_fw-la post_fw-la facto_fw-la custom_n or_o other_o unwritten_a law_n may_v be_v write_v by_o private_a person_n but_o they_o be_v not_o at_o first_o write_v by_o the_o law_n giver_n it_o be_v true_a the_o law_n be_v sometime_o strict_o take_v in_o opposition_n to_o custom_n as_o it_o comprehend_v equity_n or_o the_o natural_a law_n and_o the_o edict_n and_o statute_n of_o nation_n and_o their_o law_n giver_n and_o sometime_o more_o strict_o as_o in_o the_o vulgar_a distinction_n of_o law_n statute_n and_o custom_n in_o which_o law_n signify_v equity_n or_o the_o common_a law_n as_o statute_n and_o custom_n do_v the_o peculiar_a recent_a law_n of_o several_a nation_n and_o though_o that_o be_v only_o the_o law_n of_o man_n which_o be_v voluntar_n and_o positive_a constitute_v by_o
man_n yet_o equity_n and_o the_o natural_a law_n in_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v allow_v declare_v and_o make_v effectual_a by_o man_n be_v in_o so_o far_o account_v among_o the_o law_n of_o man_n the_o law_n of_o man_n be_v either_o common_a to_o many_o nation_n or_o proper_a to_o one_o nation_n or_o peculiar_a to_o some_o place_n or_o incorporation_n in_o the_o same_o nation_n as_o be_v the_o municipal_a law_n in_o the_o roman_a republic_n and_o such_o be_v still_o in_o most_o nation_n not_o only_o in_o matter_n of_o lesser_a moment_n but_o in_o the_o high_a matter_n of_o private_a right_n as_o in_o succession_n which_o be_v diversify_v in_o many_o province_n in_o france_n germany_n and_o the_o netherlands_o and_o england_n as_o may_v be_v instance_a in_o the_o gavil_n kind_n of_o kent_n the_o law_n common_a to_o many_o nation_n be_v that_o which_o be_v common_o call_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n which_o stand_v in_o the_o custom_n own_v and_o acknowledge_v by_o all_o or_o at_o least_o the_o most_o civil_a nation_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o equity_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o reason_n though_o in_o part_n also_o there_o be_v positive_a law_n introduce_v by_o common_a consent_n of_o nation_n and_o which_o do_v no_o less_o oblige_v these_o nation_n as_o import_v their_o obligatory_a consent_n then_o do_v the_o custom_n of_o particular_a nation_n and_o incorporation_n such_o be_v the_o law_n of_o captivity_n and_o bondage_n of_o these_o take_v in_o war_n the_o safety_n of_o ambassador_n though_o more_o guilty_a of_o the_o common_a quarrel_n than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o nation_n from_o who_o they_o be_v send_v yet_o for_o common_a utility_n sake_n while_o they_o act_v in_o and_o conform_v to_o that_o capacity_n they_o be_v safe_a otherways_o there_o can_v be_v no_o commerce_n orderly_a indiction_n of_o war_n or_o pacification_n and_o therefore_o the_o roman_n when_o they_o have_v to_o do_v with_o barbarous_a nation_n who_o do_v not_o acknowledge_v this_o law_n do_v send_v their_o ambassador_n to_o their_o border_n and_o there_o do_v require_v reparation_n and_o denunce_v war_n because_o they_o can_v safe_o go_v no_o further_o and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n though_o slavery_n be_v against_o the_o natural_a law_n of_o liberty_n yet_o it_o be_v receive_v for_o conveniency_n by_o the_o nation_n be_v more_o willing_a to_o lose_v liberty_n than_o life_n such_o also_o be_v the_o law_n of_o hospitality_n or_o the_o mutual_a trust_n betwixt_o the_o host_n and_o the_o guest_n who_o he_o have_v willing_o receive_v in_o his_o house_n whereby_o neither_o of_o they_o can_v act_v any_o thing_n prejudicial_a to_o the_o life_n or_o liberty_n of_o the_o other_o while_o in_o that_o relation_n though_o otherwise_o they_o have_v just_a reason_n and_o may_v do_v the_o same_o yet_o the_o do_v of_o it_o then_o be_v a_o violate_v of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o law_n of_o nation_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o equity_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o reason_n which_o stand_v as_o the_o common_a rule_n among_o man_n appoint_v of_o god_n by_o which_o they_o may_v know_v and_o crave_v each_o from_o other_o their_o right_n and_o in_o case_n of_o refusal_n may_v vindicate_v the_o same_o by_o force_n wherein_o they_o be_v still_o regulate_v by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o reason_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n keep_v a_o just_a proportion_n betwixt_o the_o wrong_n and_o reparation_n though_o take_v by_o force_n and_o not_o like_o draco_n who_o make_v the_o punishment_n of_o all_o his_o law_n death_n and_o therefore_o be_v say_v to_o be_v write_v in_o blood_n so_o by_o make_v the_o issue_n of_o every_o quarrel_n to_o be_v the_o conquest_n of_o the_o debel_v and_o the_o swallow_v up_o of_o all_o their_o right_n as_o if_o they_o have_v pactioned_a to_o put_v they_o all_o upon_o the_o issue_n of_o that_o war_n whereas_o there_o be_v nothing_o in_o question_n by_o either_o party_n but_o the_o strive_n for_o reparation_n of_o that_o injury_n which_o the_o one_o ow_v and_o the_o other_o deny_v to_o acknowledge_v as_o a_o injury_n or_o refuse_v reparation_n thereof_o this_o law_n be_v chief_o understand_v when_o the_o common_a law_n be_v name_v among_o we_o though_o the_o english_a so_o name_v the_o common_a current_n of_o their_o civil_a law_n as_o opposite_a to_o statute_n and_o their_o late_a custom_n which_o be_v sometime_o so_o take_v with_o we_o and_o ofttimes_o by_o the_o common_a law_n we_o understand_v the_o roman_a law_n which_o in_o some_o sort_n be_v common_a to_o many_o nation_n 11._o the_o law_n of_o each_o society_n of_o people_n under_o the_o same_o sovereign_a authority_n be_v call_v the_o civil_a law_n or_o the_o law_n of_o the_o citizen_n of_o that_o commonwealth_n though_o that_o now_o be_v appropriate_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n of_o the_o roman_a commonwealth_n or_o 〈◊〉_d as_o the_o most_o excellent_a and_o because_o of_o that_o assinity_n that_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n have_v with_o it_o as_o have_v also_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o chief_a nation_n to_o which_o the_o victorious_a arm_n of_o the_o roman_n do_v propagat_v it_o and_o its_o own_o worth_n even_o after_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n which_o have_v so_o commend_v it_o that_o though_o it_o be_v not_o acknowledge_v as_o a_o law_n bind_v for_o its_o authority_n yet_o as_o a_o rule_n follow_v for_o its_o equity_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o say_v something_o here_o of_o it_o the_o roman_n be_v first_o govern_v by_o king_n who_o give_v they_o law_n which_o be_v collect_v by_o papirius_n in_o the_o time_n of_o tarqvinius_n superbus_n be_v therefore_o call_v the_o papirian_a law_n tarqvinius_n and_o monarchy_n be_v throw_v out_o the_o papirian_a law_n collect_v in_o his_o time_n and_o name_n be_v partaker_n of_o his_o hatred_n and_o contempt_n of_o the_o people_n and_o there_o be_v no_o fix_v nor_o write_a law_n among_o the_o roman_n till_o they_o send_v the_o triumvir_n posthumus_fw-la maulius_n and_o sulpitius_n to_o the_o greek_a republic_n to_o understand_v the_o law_n of_o these_o commonwealth_n and_o thence_o to_o frame_v a_o model_n of_o government_n and_o law_n for_o the_o roman_a state_n which_o they_o do_v and_o make_v up_o the_o law_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n which_o be_v comprehend_v in_o few_o word_n and_o marrowy_a sentence_n all_o write_a upon_o twelve_o table_n be_v fix_v upon_o the_o most_o public_a mercat_n place_n at_o rome_n that_o they_o may_v be_v easy_o know_v and_o keep_v in_o mind_n by_o all_o the_o citizen_n these_o be_v so_o acceptable_a and_o satisfactory_a to_o the_o roman_n that_o they_o have_v be_v the_o foundation_n and_o principle_n of_o all_o that_o great_a body_n of_o law_n which_o afterward_o they_o have_v all_o which_o be_v order_v to_o that_o ancient_a law_n as_o extension_n and_o limitation_n of_o it_o which_o be_v do_v at_o first_o by_o part_n by_o the_o plebiscita_fw-la law_n enact_v by_o the_o suffrage_n of_o the_o people_n or_o by_o the_o senatus_n consulta_fw-la or_o by_o the_o edict_n of_o the_o praetor_n or_o by_o the_o response_n of_o the_o jurisprudents_n who_o be_v authorize_v to_o give_v answer_n in_o dubious_a case_n as_o cornelius_n nasica_n fabauf_n cato_n gallus_z ariciusidius_fw-la manlius_n scevola_n crassus_n juventius_n ulpianus_n paulus_n julianus_n and_o other_o and_o when_o the_o sovereign_a power_n be_v devolve_v upon_o the_o emperor_n by_o their_o edict_n rescript_n and_o decree_n until_o the_o roman_a law_n increase_v unto_o so_o great_a a_o bulk_n that_o there_o be_v thousand_o of_o book_n of_o law_n in_o which_o the_o brevity_n and_o perspicuity_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n be_v then_o lose_v as_o now_o the_o body_n of_o they_o through_o the_o injury_n of_o time_n have_v perish_v but_o at_o last_o the_o emperor_n justinian_n do_v by_o the_o pain_n of_o seventeen_o select_a jurisconsult_v pick_v out_o the_o marrow_n of_o all_o the_o ancient_a law_n and_o digest_v they_o into_o some_o method_n into_o the_o fifty_o book_n of_o the_o digest_v or_o pandect_n which_o therefore_o have_v the_o author_n of_o every_o law_n prefix_v to_o it_o he_o do_v also_o by_o tribonian_a and_o other_o collect_v the_o rescript_n decree_n and_o all_o the_o edict_n of_o the_o emperor_n which_o before_o be_v more_o imperfect_o compile_v in_o their_o theodosian_a codex_fw-la and_o which_o thereafter_o he_o perfeit_v and_o name_v the_o justinian_n codex_fw-la as_o posterior_n constitution_n of_o the_o emperor_n be_v gather_v together_o in_o nine_o collation_n which_o be_v call_v the_o novel_a constitution_n justinian_n do_v also_o cause_n frame_v the_o four_o book_n of_o the_o institutes_n as_o the_o sum_n and_o element_n of_o the_o whole_a law_n but_o as_o nothing_o humane_a be_v stable_n
be_v not_o look_v on_o by_o the_o contracter_n as_o a_o uncertain_a event_n in_o his_o choice_n and_o therefore_o though_o frequent_o such_o obligation_n in_o mutual_a contract_n be_v conceive_v by_o way_n of_o provision_n or_o condition_n and_o so_o may_v stop_v the_o effect_n or_o execution_n of_o such_o obligation_n till_o the_o creditor_n part_v be_v perform_v yet_o that_o be_v rather_o as_o the_o failzie_a or_o delay_v of_o the_o mutual_a cause_n of_o the_o obligation_n then_o as_o the_o nonexistence_n of_o the_o condition_n and_o therefore_o such_o contract_n may_v and_o ordinary_o do_v reserve_v execution_n by_o poind_v and_o apprise_v before_o the_o performance_n of_o these_o provision_n which_o execution_n be_v not_o null_a but_o will_v be_v prefer_v by_o their_o date_n to_o other_o proceed_v upon_o pure_a obligation_n or_o to_o a_o day_n after_o the_o day_n be_v past_a yea_o the_o other_o creditor_n can_v object_v the_o non-implement_n of_o the_o provision_n except_o they_o have_v interest_n in_o so_o far_o as_o the_o fulfil_n thereof_o will_v be_v to_o their_o behoove_v which_o certain_o they_o can_v do_v if_o they_o be_v proper_a condition_n as_o they_o can_v do_v when_o the_o condition_n be_v casual_a or_o when_o it_o be_v voluntar_n not_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o creditor_n mutual_a obligement_n in_o like_a manner_n the_o end_n and_o intent_n of_o a_o obligation_n or_o the_o manner_n of_o performance_n thereof_o be_v ordinary_o express_v as_o a_o condition_n though_o these_o be_v not_o real_a condition_n render_v the_o obligation_n uncertain_a a_o condition_n be_v ofttimes_o employ_v in_o a_o obligation_n though_o it_o be_v not_o express_v as_o when_o a_o tocher_n be_v promise_v this_o tacit_n condition_n be_v employ_v if_o the_o marriage_n hold_v and_o the_o condition_n may_v either_o be_v express_v or_o employ_v as_o relate_v to_o the_o contract_n or_o to_o the_o perform_n of_o the_o obligation_n as_o if_o the_o debtor_n say_v on_o such_o condition_n i_o shall_v become_v oblige_v which_o differ_v from_o this_o that_o i_o oblige_v myself_o to_o pay_v or_o perform_v when_o or_o upon_o condition_n that_o such_o thing_n shall_v exist_v for_o in_o this_o case_n there_o be_v a_o present_a contract_n though_o the_o effect_n be_v uncertain_a and_o therefore_o arrestment_n and_o inhibition_n may_v be_v use_v thereupon_o but_o in_o the_o former_a the_o very_a engagement_n be_v uncertain_a as_o if_o one_o shall_v promise_v to_o titius_n if_o he_o marry_v maevia_n that_o he_o shall_v contract_v with_o he_o for_o such_o a_o tocher_n before_o such_o a_o marriage_n contract_v or_o solemnize_v neither_o arrestment_n nor_o inhibition_n will_v be_v grant_v thereupon_o a_o offer_n have_v the_o like_a employ_v condition_n of_o the_o other_o party_n acceptance_n and_o in_o that_o it_o differ_v from_o a_o absolute_a promise_n so_o that_o if_o the_o acceptance_n be_v not_o adhibit_v present_o or_o within_o the_o time_n express_v in_o the_o offer_n in_o which_o the_o other_o party_n have_v liberty_n to_o accept_v there_o arise_v no_o obligation_n as_o be_v find_v june_n 25._o 1664._o alexander_n allan_n contra_fw-la mr._n john_n collier_n and_o in_o mutual_a contract_n the_o one_o party_n subscrybe_a be_v not_o oblige_v till_o the_o other_o subscribe_v as_o be_v his_o acceptance_n and_o a_o cautioner_n subscribe_v be_v not_o oblige_v unless_o the_o principal_a party_n subscribe_v that_o be_v employ_v as_o a_o tacit_n contradiction_n of_o his_o be_v cautioner_n title_n iu._n conjugal_a obligation_n 1._o marriage_n a_o divine_a contract_n 2._o whereby_o marriage_n be_v formal_o constitute_v 3._o dissolution_n of_o marriage_n by_o death_n 4._o desertion_n and_o adherence_n 5._o jus_fw-la mariti_fw-la 6._o the_o husband_n obligation_n 7._o the_o power_n of_o the_o husband_n by_o the_o civil_a law_n 8._o by_o the_o custom_n of_o neighbour-nation_n 9_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o scotland_n 10._o the_o wife_n escheat_n 11._o the_o husband_n concourse_n 12._o a_o wife_n obligation_n null_n 13._o a_o communion_n of_o good_n and_o debt_n 14._o donation_n betwixt_o man_n and_o wife_n revocable_a 15._o dissolution_n of_o marriage_n within_o the_o year_n 16._o divorce_n 17._o right_n arise_v from_o the_o dissolution_n of_o marriage_n 18._o privilege_n of_o wife_n the_o first_o obligation_n god_n put_v upon_o man_n towards_o man_n be_v the_o conjugal_a obligation_n which_o arise_v from_o the_o constitution_n of_o marriage_n before_o the_o fall_n from_o whence_o have_v arisen_a right_n of_o the_o great_a consequence_n as_o of_o the_o husband_n power_n over_o the_o wife_n and_o her_o good_n the_o mutual_a society_n of_o family_n which_o be_v the_o only_a society_n immediate_o institute_n of_o god_n in_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o from_o whence_o be_v the_o power_n of_o parent_n over_o child_n and_o oeconomical_a government_n of_o family_n which_o of_o all_o other_o be_v the_o most_o absolute_a and_o full_a extend_v not_o only_a to_o the_o determination_n of_o civil_a right_n but_o to_o the_o punishment_n of_o all_o crime_n till_o by_o the_o union_n of_o great_a civil_a society_n many_o of_o these_o power_n have_v be_v devolve_v upon_o the_o common_a authority_n of_o the_o society_n and_o therefore_o these_o obligation_n do_v deserve_v the_o first_o consideration_n 1._o though_o marriage_n seem_v to_o be_v a_o voluntar_n contract_n by_o engagement_n because_o the_o application_n of_o it_o be_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v of_o the_o most_o free_a consent_n and_o because_o in_o matter_n circumstantial_a it_o be_v voluntary_a as_o in_o the_o succession_n of_o the_o issue_n and_o the_o provision_n of_o the_o wife_n and_o child_n yet_o that_o marriage_n itself_o and_o the_o obligation_n thence_o arise_v be_v jure_fw-la divino_fw-la it_o appear_v thus_o first_o obligation_n arise_v from_o voluntar_n engagement_n take_v their_o rule_n and_o substance_n from_o the_o will_n of_o man_n and_o may_v be_v frame_v and_o compose_v at_o his_o pleasure_n but_o so_o can_v marriage_n wherein_o it_o be_v not_o in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o party_n though_o of_o common_a consent_n to_o alter_v any_o substantial_a as_o to_o make_v the_o marriage_n for_o a_o time_n or_o take_v the_o power_n over_o the_o wife_n from_o the_o husband_n and_o place_n it_o in_o she_o or_o any_o other_o or_o the_o right_n of_o provision_n or_o protection_n of_o the_o wife_n from_o the_o husband_n and_o so_o of_o all_o the_o rest_n which_o evident_o demonstrate_v that_o it_o â—s_v not_o a_o humane_a but_o a_o divine_a contract_n 2._o that_o marriage_n arise_v even_o from_o the_o primitive_a law_n of_o nature_n and_o that_o as_o it_o be_v the_o conjunction_n of_o two_o single_a person_n be_v evident_a not_o only_o from_o that_o natural_a affection_n which_o all_o sort_n of_o man_n in_o all_o place_n of_o the_o world_n where_o no_o common_a example_n nor_o consent_n can_v reach_v have_v unto_o a_o marry_a estate_n but_o as_o the_o lawyer_n say_v that_o it_o be_v found_v in_o the_o common_a nature_n of_o man_n with_o other_o creature_n who_o have_v a_o resemblance_n of_o it_o in_o themselves_o and_o it_o be_v give_v for_o the_o very_a example_n of_o the_o natural_a law_n as_o contradistinct_a from_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n and_o law_n of_o nation_n for_o most_o part_n of_o the_o live_a creature_n live_v and_o converse_v in_o pair_n and_o keep_v the_o common_a interest_n of_o their_o offspring_n as_o be_v clear_a in_o all_o fowl_n who_o wing_n have_v free_v they_o from_o man_n comptrol_n and_o many_o of_o the_o beast_n of_o the_o field_n and_o it_o be_v like_a all_o of_o they_o will_v be_v so_o incline_v if_o their_o natural_a liberty_n be_v not_o restrain_v by_o man_n by_o pursue_v such_o as_o be_v wild_a and_o make_v use_n of_o the_o tame_a as_o they_o may_v be_v most_o profitable_a preserve_v most_o of_o the_o female_a for_o increase_n and_o destroy_v the_o male._n 3._o the_o affection_n of_o the_o property_n and_o chastity_n of_o woman_n and_o animosity_n and_o jealousy_n that_o arise_v in_o man_n natural_o upon_o the_o breach_n thereof_o do_v evince_n that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n every_o man_n ought_v to_o content_v himself_o with_o his_o own_o wife_n and_o woman_n not_o be_v common_a for_o as_o no_o man_n can_v endure_v the_o communication_n of_o his_o own_o so_o it_o must_v necessary_o follow_v that_o he_o shall_v not_o encroach_v upon_o other_o property_n and_o see_v nature_n hold_v not_o out_o a_o proportion_n betwixt_o the_o male_a and_o the_o female_a whereby_o every_o man_n may_v appropriate_v more_o it_o must_v therefore_o subsist_v in_o one_o and_o so_o be_v the_o first_o institution_n by_o god_n and_o all_o the_o posterior_n direction_n in_o his_o word_n be_v for_o a_o man_n and_o his_o wife_n not_o his_o wife_n and_o as_o the_o man_n have_v not_o power_n over_o his_o body_n but_o the_o wife_n so_o it_o be_v a_o absurd_a
inconsistency_n if_o that_o power_n be_v in_o many_o and_o so_o behove_v to_o resolve_v in_o a_o management_n by_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o the_o wife_n 4._o the_o degree_n in_o which_o marriage_n be_v allow_v or_o forbid_v be_v by_o divine_a institution_n for_o the_o next_o degree_n collateral_a be_v only_o forbid_v for_o of_o asscendents_n and_o descendants_n there_o be_v proper_o no_o degree_n the_o great_a grandmother_n be_v in_o that_o regard_n as_o near_o as_o the_o mother_n and_o so_o the_o next_o collateral_a to_o all_o ascendant_n and_o descendants_n be_v in_o the_o same_o degree_n with_o brother_n and_o sister_n and_o uncle_n and_o aunt_n nephew_n and_o niece_n be_v alike_o in_o the_o propinquity_n of_o blood_n with_o these_o and_o the_o great_a grandmother_n sister_n with_o the_o mother_n sister_n else_o if_o these_o be_v different_a degree_n there_o will_v many_o degree_n intervene_v betwixt_o a_o person_n and_o his_o great_a grand_a aunt_n but_o that_o there_o be_v a_o natural_a abhorrence_n of_o that_o promiscuous_a commixtion_n of_o blood_n it_o be_v common_o acknowledge_v over_o all_o the_o world_n as_o to_o all_o ascendant_n and_o descendants_n and_o as_o to_o the_o next_o collateral_n the_o word_n of_o god_n clear_v it_o not_o to_o have_v be_v a_o positive_a law_n give_v to_o the_o jew_n but_o to_o have_v be_v a_o common_a law_n to_o the_o gentile_n also_o and_o therefore_o leu._n 18._o where_o the_o degree_n of_o marriage_n be_v express_v and_o unlawful_a commixtion_n forbid_v it_o be_v subjoin_v v_o 24_o 25._o defile_v not_o yourselves_o in_o any_o of_o these_o thing_n for_o in_o all_o these_o the_o nation_n be_v defile_v which_o i_o cast_v out_o before_o you_o and_o the_o land_n be_v defile_v therefore_o do_v i_o visit_v the_o iniquity_n thereof_o upon_o it_o but_o unless_o these_o degree_n of_o prohibit_v marriage_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n write_v in_o man_n heart_n or_o a_o common_a positive_a law_n know_v to_o the_o nation_n the_o lord_n who_o have_v declare_v that_o he_o will_v judge_v man_n by_o that_o law_n which_o be_v know_v will_v not_o so_o have_v judge_v the_o caananite_n 5._o the_o perpetuity_n of_o marriage_n be_v also_o evident_a by_o our_o saviour_n sentence_n against_o arbitrary_a divorce_n which_o be_v permit_v by_o the_o law_n of_o moses_n for_o the_o hardness_n of_o that_o people_n heart_n but_o the_o lord_n clear_v up_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o nature_n from_o the_o beginning_n it_o be_v not_o so_o which_o show_v the_o perpetuity_n of_o that_o law_n and_o that_o it_o be_v before_o the_o judicial_a law_n and_o therefore_o he_o conclude_v that_o whosoever_o put_v away_o his_o wife_n except_o for_o fornication_n be_v a_o adulterer_n 11._o for_o understanding_n of_o these_o conjugal_a right_n it_o will_v be_v necessary_a 1._o to_o consider_v the_o constitution_n of_o marriage_n 2._o the_o dissolution_n of_o it_o 3._o the_o right_n and_o interest_n thence_o arise_v for_o the_o first_o marriage_n be_v define_v by_o modestinus_n to_o be_v the_o conjunction_n of_o man_n and_o woman_n to_o be_v consort_n for_o all_o their_o life_n with_o a_o communication_n of_o right_n divine_a and_o humane_a l._n 1._o ff_n de_fw-fr ritu_fw-la nuptiarum_fw-la so_o the_o essence_n of_o it_o consist_v in_o the_o conjugal_a society_n the_o special_a nature_n of_o which_o society_n appear_v by_o the_o state_n interest_n and_o term_n that_o the_o marry_a person_n have_v thereby_o it_o may_v be_v question_v whether_o the_o conjunction_n wherein_o marriage_n consist_v be_v a_o conjunction_n of_o mind_n by_o mutual_a consent_n to_o the_o marry_a state_n and_o that_o whether_o private_o or_o in_o the_o public_a solemnity_n or_o whether_o rather_o it_o be_v a_o conjunction_n or_o commixtion_n of_o body_n for_o clear_v whereof_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v not_o every_o consent_n to_o the_o marry_a state_n that_o make_v matrimony_n but_o a_o consent_n de_fw-fr presenti_fw-la and_o not_o a_o promise_n de_fw-fr futuro_fw-la matrimonio_fw-la for_o this_o promise_n be_v only_o the_o espousal_n which_o be_v premise_v to_o marriage_n and_o that_o so_o solemn_a a_o act_n may_v be_v with_o due_a deliberation_n and_o therefore_o though_o as_o other_o promise_n and_o paction_n espousal_n be_v natural_o obligatorie_n and_o effectual_a also_o by_o the_o canon_n law_n whereby_o the_o espouse_a person_n may_v be_v compel_v to_o perfect_v the_o marriage_n unless_o there_o arise_v some_o eminent_a discovery_n of_o the_o corruption_n or_o pollution_n of_o either_o party_n or_o defect_n or_o deformity_n through_o sickness_n or_o some_o other_o accident_n c._n de_fw-fr literis_fw-la extravag_n de_fw-fr sponsalibus_fw-la &_o cap._n 2._o eodem_fw-la c._n ult_n de_fw-fr conjug_n yet_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n there_o be_v place_n for_o either_o party_n to_o repent_v and_o renunce_v the_o espousal_n l._n 1._o cod._n de_fw-fr sponsalibus_fw-la which_o be_v also_o the_o custom_n of_o this_o nation_n for_o marriage_n use_v not_o to_o be_v pursue_v before_o solemnization_n râ—_n integris_fw-la so_o that_o the_o matter_n itself_o consist_v not_o in_o the_o promise_n but_o in_o the_o present_a consent_n whereby_o they_o accept_v each_o other_o as_o husband_n and_o wife_n whether_o that_o be_v by_o word_n express_o or_o tacit_o by_o marital_a cohabitation_n or_o acknowledgement_n or_o by_o natural_a commixtion_n where_o there_o have_v be_v a_o promise_n or_o espousal_n proceed_v for_o therein_o be_v presume_v a_o conjugal_a consent_n the_o present_v the_o public_a solemnity_n be_v a_o matter_n of_o order_n just_o introduce_v by_o positive_a law_n for_o the_o certainty_n ofso_o important_a a_o contract_n but_o not_o essential_a to_o marriage_n thence_o arise_v only_o the_o distinction_n of_o public_a and_o solemn_a private_a or_o clandestine_v marriage_n and_o though_o the_o contraveener_n may_v be_v just_o punish_v as_o in_o some_o nation_n by_o the_o exclusion_n of_o the_o issue_n of_o such_o marriage_n from_o succession_n yet_o the_o marriage_n can_v be_v declare_v void_a and_o annul_v and_o such_o exclusion_n seem_v very_o unequal_a against_o the_o innocent_a child_n but_o by_o our_o custom_n cohabitation_n and_o be_v common_o repute_v man_n and_o wife_n validats_fw-fr the_o marriage_n and_o give_v the_o wife_n right_a to_o her_o terce_n who_o can_v be_v exclude_v therefrom_o if_o she_o be_v repute_v a_o lawful_a wife_n and_o not_o question_v during_o the_o husband_n life_n till_o the_o contrary_n be_v clear_o decern_v par._n 1503._o cap._n 77._o so_o also_o a_o contract_n of_o marriage_n be_v find_v valid_a against_o the_o husband_n heir_n though_o the_o marriage_n be_v never_o solemnize_v in_o kirk_n nor_o congregation_n hope_n t._n husband_n etc._n etc._n william_n barklay_n contra_fw-la anna_n naper_n the_o like_a find_v to_o exclude_v the_o bastardy_n of_o the_o child_n by_o the_o father_n and_o mother_n be_v repute_n marry_v and_o keep_v house_n and_o society_n together_o for_o several_a year_n nicolson_n de_fw-fr agnoscendis_fw-la liberis_fw-la brok_n contra_fw-la but_o the_o contrair_n be_v find_v where_o it_o be_v positive_o prove_v that_o the_o defunct_a have_v another_o wife_n ibid._n archibald_n chirnside_n contra_fw-la isobel_n grieve_n and_o john_n williamson_n so_o likewise_o in_o the_o former_a case_n a_o contract_n of_o marriage_n be_v find_v valid_a and_o the_o man_n thereby_o oblige_v to_o solemnize_v the_o marriage_n see_v he_o have_v procreate_v child_n with_o the_o woman_n and_o by_o his_o missive_n have_v acknowledge_v he_o have_v marry_v she_o though_o by_o a_o contract_n posterior_n to_o the_o contract_n of_o marriage_n she_o have_v renunce_v the_o same_o nicol._n de_fw-fr sponsalibus_fw-la barclay_n contra_fw-la janet_n kelly_n but_o where_o a_o man_n by_o his_o write_n have_v acknowledge_v that_o such_o a_o child_n be_v get_v under_o promise_n of_o marriage_n and_o promise_v to_o solemnize_v the_o same_o yet_o the_o lord_n on_o the_o man_n alledgance_n that_o the_o woman_n have_v bear_v a_o child_n to_o another_o and_o her_o answer_n that_o it_o behove_v to_o be_v presume_v he_o will_v not_o sustain_v that_o presumption_n without_o instruct_v their_o converse_v together_o medio_fw-la tempore_fw-la january_n 31._o 1665._o christian_n barclay_n contra_fw-la george_n baptie_a it_o be_v also_o find_v late_o relevant_a for_o validate_v a_o contract_n of_o marriage_n sixteen_o year_n cohabitation_n and_o be_v repute_n man_n and_o wife_n elizabeth_n grierson_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o craigdarroch_n as_o to_o the_o other_o point_n though_o the_o commixtion_n of_o body_n seem_v necessary_a for_o the_o constitution_n of_o affinity_n arise_v from_o marriage_n yet_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o canon_n law_n be_v true_a consensus_fw-la non_fw-la coitus_fw-la facit_fw-la matrimonium_fw-la but_o this_o consent_n must_v special_o relate_v to_o that_o conjunction_n of_o body_n as_o be_v then_o in_o the_o consenter_n capacity_n otherwise_o it_o be_v void_a so_o the_o consent_n of_o person_n natural_o impotent_a or_o
death_n yea_o a_o wife_n be_v find_v to_o have_v right_a to_o the_o expense_n of_o childbed_n of_o a_o posthumus_fw-la child_n bear_v after_o the_o next_o term_n against_o the_o elder_a son_n though_o he_o be_v not_o heir_n but_o have_v a_o universal_a disposition_n of_o his_o father_n mean_n which_o be_v very_o considerable_a which_o disposition_n be_v grant_v after_o the_o posthumus_z child_n conception_n november_n 10._o 1671._o thomas_n hastie_n and_o barbara_n ker_n his_o mother_n contra_fw-la william_n hastie_n a_o wife_n have_v also_o her_o mourning_n if_o her_o quality_n require_v it_o out_o of_o her_o husband_n executry_n november_n 12._o 1664._o nicolas_n murray_n lady_n craigaffie_n contra_fw-la cornelius_n neilson_n july_n 7._o 1675._o agnes_n wilkie_n contra_fw-la christian_n morison_n and_o likewise_o if_o the_o wife_n predecease_n her_o executour_n have_v the_o half_a or_o three_o of_o her_o husband_n movable_n the_o best_a of_o every_o kind_n be_v set_v aside_o as_o heirship_v movable_n though_o there_o can_v be_v no_o heir_n for_o the_o time_n the_o husband_n be_v alive_a december_n 8._o 1668._o agnes_n guidlet_n contra_fw-la george_n nairn_n title_n v._o obligation_n between_o parent_n and_o child_n 1._o obligation_n betwixt_o parent_n and_o child_n be_v divine_a by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n 2._o the_o power_n of_o parent_n over_o their_o child_n 3._o in_o infancy_n 4._o in_o minority_n 5._o in_o majority_n 6._o oeconomical_a government_n 7._o provision_n of_o child_n 8._o obligation_n of_o child_n to_o their_o parent_n 9_o aliment_n due_a to_o parent_n 10._o obligation_n mutual_a of_o child_n 11._o patria_fw-la potestas_fw-la among_o the_o roman_n 12._o among_o other_o nation_n especial_o as_o lawful_a administration_n 13._o forisfamiliation_n and_o emancipation_n that_o there_o be_v natural_a obligation_n betwixt_o parent_n and_o child_n not_o proceed_v from_o the_o consent_n of_o either_o party_n or_o from_o the_o constitution_n of_o any_o humane_a law_n but_o from_o the_o obedience_n man_n owe_v to_o his_o maker_n who_o have_v write_v this_o law_n in_o the_o heart_n of_o parent_n and_o child_n as_o to_o their_o interest_n and_o duty_n with_o capital_a letter_n be_v evident_a by_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o all_o the_o nation_n of_o the_o world_n how_o barbarous_a soever_o though_o evil_a custom_n have_v put_v out_o the_o eye_n of_o natural_a light_n in_o other_o thing_n yet_o in_o this_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n of_o righteousness_n be_v so_o direct_a that_o their_o illumination_n can_v be_v extinguish_v these_o obligation_n be_v so_o firm_a that_o in_o most_o thing_n they_o can_v be_v take_v off_o nor_o discharge_v by_o man_n though_o child_n will_v discharge_v their_o parent_n of_o natural_a affection_n education_n provision_n etc._n etc._n or_o parent_n will_v free_v their_o child_n of_o reverence_n obsequiousness_n and_o of_o entertainment_n of_o parent_n not_o able_a to_o entertain_v themselves_o yet_o will_v these_o obligation_n still_o be_v bind_v upon_o either_o these_o obligation_n be_v place_v in_o the_o common_a nature_n that_o man_n have_v with_o other_o animal_n and_o so_o be_v give_v as_o a_o evident_a instance_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n l._n 2._o ff_n de_fw-fr justitia_fw-la &_o jure_fw-la we_o shall_v then_o consider_v what_o these_o be_v and_o first_o what_o interest_n the_o parent_n have_v in_o the_o person_n of_o their_o child_n second_o in_o what_o they_o be_v natural_o boundto_a to_o their_o child_n three_o what_o interest_n the_o child_n have_v in_o the_o good_n of_o parent_n four_o what_o they_o natural_o do_v owe_v to_o their_o parent_n five_o what_o they_o be_v bind_v in_o to_o each_o other_o 2._o for_o the_o first_o ere_o we_o can_v distinct_o know_v the_o power_n parent_n have_v over_o their_o child_n we_o must_v distinguish_v the_o capacity_n and_o age_n of_o the_o child_n whereof_o there_o be_v three_o infancy_n or_o pupilarity_n minority_n or_o less_o age_n and_o majority_n or_o full_a age_n so_o do_v aristotle_n distinguish_v polit._n 1._o cap._n ult_n ethic._n l._n 4._o cap._n 3._o l._n 5._o cap._n 10._o and_o after_o he_o grotius_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la belli_fw-la &_o pacis_fw-la l._n 2._o cap._n 5._o 3._o infancy_n be_v when_o the_o child_n be_v without_o discretion_n and_o then_o be_v whole_o in_o the_o power_n of_o their_o parent_n who_o not_o only_o may_v but_o must_v carry_v they_o whither_o and_o keep_v they_o where_o they_o will_v and_o must_v also_o breed_v and_o order_v they_o according_a to_o their_o capacity_n mean_n and_o quality_n and_o this_o be_v rather_o a_o act_n of_o dominion_n in_o the_o parent_n the_o child_n be_v then_o capable_a of_o no_o obligation_n and_o therefore_o it_o can_v be_v receive_v by_o they_o from_o the_o parent_n as_o a_o obligation_n as_o it_o may_v thereafter_o be_v do_v during_o the_o child_n minority_n wherein_o there_o be_v a_o natural_a levity_n for_o want_v of_o fixedness_n and_o experience_n while_o the_o light_n of_o reason_n be_v but_o draw_v towards_o its_o meridian_n clearness_n 4._o it_o will_v not_o much_o be_v debate_v but_o the_o direction_n of_o child_n in_o their_o minority_n be_v natural_o state_v in_o their_o parent_n but_o the_o great_a question_n will_v remain_v of_o their_o full_a age_n when_o the_o child_n become_v able_a to_o govern_v themselves_o and_o their_o own_o affair_n and_o as_o to_o that_o it_o be_v the_o opinion_n of_o some_o that_o it_o stand_v alone_o inpietate_fw-la &_o reverentia_fw-la steph._n oeco.juris_fw-la civilis_fw-la cap._n 7._o and_o vinnius_n partitionum_fw-la l._n 1._o cap._n 7._o in_o principio_fw-la show_v that_o the_o custom_n of_o holland_n dissolve_v the_o power_n of_o father_n by_o the_o child_n age_n of_o 25._o 5._o whatsoever_o may_v arise_v from_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n whereby_o the_o power_n of_o parent_n over_o their_o child_n in_o their_o full_a age_n be_v much_o diminish_v yet_o by_o the_o original_a and_o pure_a law_n of_o nature_n not_o only_o the_o tutory_a and_o protection_n of_o child_n infancy_n with_o the_o cure_n and_o direction_n of_o their_o minority_n be_v in_o their_o parent_n but_o there_o be_v also_o a_o oeconomick_a authority_n in_o the_o father_n of_o the_o family_n over_o all_o his_o child_n and_o descendant_n remain_v in_o his_o family_n who_o he_o have_v not_o elocat_fw-la by_o marriage_n which_o be_v also_o a_o natural_a bond_n unto_o other_o family_n whereby_o the_o female_n do_v natural_o change_v their_o family_n and_o become_v under_o the_o power_n of_o another_o family_n 6._o this_o be_v the_o only_a natural_a authority_n and_o government_n which_o have_v in_o itself_o all_o authority_n public_a private_a civil_a and_o criminal_a till_o by_o humane_a constitution_n and_o divine_a approbation_n most_o of_o that_o power_n be_v now_o devolve_v into_o magistracy_n this_o power_n be_v not_o only_o before_o magistracy_n but_o even_o thereafter_o remain_v with_o subordination_n thereto_o in_o most_o nation_n as_o caesar_n de_fw-fr bello_fw-la gallico_n lib._n 2._o write_v that_o among_o the_o gaul_n and_o belgae_n parent_n have_v the_o power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n the_o like_a power_n have_v the_o roman_n ancient_o l._n in_o suis_fw-la haredibus_fw-la 11._o ff_n de_fw-fr liberis_fw-la &_o posthumis_fw-la l._n libertati_fw-la 10._o cod._n de_fw-fr patria_fw-la potestate_fw-la aristotle_n testify_v the_o like_a of_o the_o persian_n lib._n 8._o ethic._n cap._n 12._o and_o by_o the_o judicial_a law_n deut._n 21._o vers_fw-la 18._o the_o rebellious_a son_n who_o obeje_v not_o the_o voice_n of_o his_o father_n and_o mother_n be_v to_o be_v bring_v forth_o before_o the_o elder_n of_o that_o place_n and_o stone_v to_o death_n without_o other_o proof_n than_o the_o parent_n testimony_n so_o that_o the_o sentence_n be_v the_o parent_n though_o the_o execution_n be_v to_o be_v public_a such_o authority_n be_v that_o of_o the_o patriarch_n abraham_n isaac_n and_o jacob_n who_o with_o divine_a approbation_n make_v war_n peace_n and_o confederacy_n which_o be_v the_o public_a and_o proper_a right_n of_o magistracy_n and_o govern_v their_o own_o family_n without_o any_o authority_n derive_v from_o any_o other_o and_o though_o jacob_n family_n arise_v to_o that_o greatness_n that_o in_o it_o be_v many_o family_n yet_o he_o remain_v the_o father_n and_o prince_n of_o they_o all_o so_o that_o the_o several_a subordinat_a family_n have_v their_o subordinat_a authority_n over_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o so_o their_o child_n be_v bind_v in_o obedience_n to_o they_o but_o with_o the_o exception_n of_o their_o superior_a parent_n to_o who_o the_o first_o obedience_n be_v due_a this_o native_a authority_n reach_v all_o child_n whether_o procreate_v of_o lawful_a marriage_n or_o not_o so_o that_o they_o be_v true_o know_v to_o be_v child_n because_o the_o same_o foundation_n and_o common_a principle_n and_o duty_n be_v in_o both_o though_o they_o have_v not_o the_o same_o interest_n
water_n rise_v in_o fountain_n there_o dry_v of_o net_n erect_v of_o tent_n and_o the_o like_a yet_o do_v the_o shoar_n remain_v proper_a not_o only_o as_o to_o jurisdiction_n but_o as_o to_o house_n or_o work_v build_v thereupon_o and_o as_o to_o mineral_n coal_n or_o the_o like_a find_v there_o and_o so_o be_v not_o in_o whole_a common_a but_o some_o use_n thereof_o only_o nor_o do_v it_o follow_v that_o these_o use_n be_v not_o common_a to_o all_o man_n because_o they_o be_v deny_v to_o enemy_n for_o as_o for_o these_o we_o may_v take_v away_o that_o which_o be_v in_o their_o power_n in_o some_o case_n so_o much_o more_o may_v we_o detain_v from_o they_o that_o which_o be_v we_o and_o as_o we_o pursue_v their_o person_n and_o good_n in_o their_o own_o much_o more_o in_o our_o bound_n the_o shoar_n in_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v define_v to_o be_v so_o far_o as_o the_o great_a winter_n tide_n do_v run_v inst._n de_fw-fr rerum_fw-la divisione_n §_o 11._o which_o must_v be_v understand_v of_o ordinary_a tide_n and_o not_o of_o extraordinary_a spring_n tide_n but_o the_o use_n of_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o sea_n or_o river_n to_o cast_v anchor_n or_o lay_v good_n thereon_o or_o to_o tie_v cable_n to_o tree_n grow_v thereon_o or_o the_o use_n of_o port_n which_o be_v industrial_a or_o station_n make_v by_o art_n or_o fortify_v for_o security_n be_v not_o common_a to_o all_o man_n but_o public_a to_o their_o own_o people_n or_o allow_v to_o other_o free_o for_o commerce_n or_o in_o some_o case_n be_v grant_v for_o a_o reasonable_a satisfaction_n of_o anchorage_n portage_n or_o other_o shoar_n due_n which_o ofttimes_o belong_v to_o private_a person_n by_o their_o proper_a right_n or_o custom_n or_o by_o public_a grant_n so_o also_o way_n or_o passage_n in_o the_o land_n be_v common_a to_o all_o and_o may_v not_o be_v just_o refuse_v by_o one_o nation_n to_o another_o and_o be_v refuse_v have_v always_o be_v account_v lawful_a to_o be_v force_v as_o plutarch_n relate_v of_o simon_n who_o go_v to_o lacedaemon_n force_v his_o passage_n through_o corinth_n and_o agesilaus_n return_v from_o asia_n crave_v passage_n through_o macedon_n and_o while_o they_o crave_v time_n to_o consult_v of_o a_o answer_n he_o conceive_v delay_n to_o be_v a_o denial_n say_v consult_v you_o but_o i_o will_v pass_v but_o to_o take_v away_o all_o question_n whether_o these_o be_v by_o might_n or_o right_a we_o have_v a_o divine_a example_n of_o moses_n number_n 20._o verse_n 17_o and_o 19_o where_o israel_n in_o their_o way_n to_o canaan_n crave_v passage_n of_o edom_n by_o the_o high_a way_n and_o offer_v payment_n even_o for_o their_o water_n which_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o their_o stand_a water_n as_o well_n which_o be_v rare_a and_o precious_a there_o and_o do_v the_o like_a with_o the_o ammonite_n and_o upon_o refusal_n force_v it_o by_o war._n there_o be_v also_o in_o property_n employ_v a_o obligation_n of_o commerce_n or_o exchange_n in_o case_n of_o necessity_n for_o without_o this_o property_n can_v not_o consist_v see_v by_o the_o division_n infer_v there_o through_o every_o man_n can_v have_v actual_o all_o necessar_n without_o exchange_n which_o be_v deny_v in_o case_n of_o necessity_n or_o where_o there_o be_v no_o common_a authority_n may_v be_v take_v by_o force_n as_o these_o who_o pass_v through_o the_o territory_n of_o other_o if_o by_o their_o opposition_n or_o otherways_o they_o be_v short_a of_o provision_n they_o may_v lawful_o take_v the_o same_o for_o money_n as_o be_v employ_v in_o moses_n offer_v to_o edom_n yea_o there_o be_v employ_v in_o property_n a_o obligation_n to_o give_v in_o case_n of_o necessity_n to_o these_o who_o have_v not_o wherewith_o to_o exchange_v and_o can_v otherways_o preserve_v their_o life_n but_o with_o the_o obligation_n of_o recompense_n when_o they_o be_v able_a for_o humane_a necessity_n do_v also_o infer_v this_o but_o it_o must_v be_v a_o real_a and_o not_o a_o pretend_a and_o feign_a necessity_n so_o david_n be_v hungry_a eat_v the_o shewbread_n though_o appropriate_a to_o god_n and_o the_o disciple_n be_v hungry_a eat_v the_o ear_n of_o corn_n and_o this_o be_v the_o ground_n of_o the_o obligation_n to_o aliment_v the_o poor_a which_o though_o it_o also_o flow_v from_o the_o obligation_n of_o charity_n yet_o as_o have_v be_v speak_v before_o that_o obligation_n have_v no_o determinat_fw-la bound_n but_o be_v leave_v to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o giver_n not_o of_o the_o demander_n and_o so_o can_v be_v no_o warrant_n for_o take_v by_o force_n and_o without_o consent_n 7._o the_o community_n that_o be_v of_o grass_n and_o fruit_n grow_v upon_o the_o highway_n follow_v the_o community_n of_o the_o way_n themselves_o but_o the_o common_a use_n of_o natural_a fruit_n bring_v forth_o without_o industry_n even_o in_o proper_a field_n as_o of_o nut_n berry_n or_o the_o like_a or_o the_o promiscuous_a use_n of_o pasturage_n in_o the_o winter_n time_n accustom_v in_o many_o place_n of_o scotland_n be_v no_o part_n of_o this_o community_n but_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n permit_v as_o of_o little_a moment_n or_o disadvantage_n and_o therefore_o may_v be_v deny_v without_o injury_n 8._o the_o second_o step_n of_o real_a right_n be_v possession_n which_o as_o it_o be_v the_o way_n to_o property_n and_o in_o 〈◊〉_d case_n do_v full_o accomplish_v it_o so_o it_o have_v in_o it_o a_o distinct_a lesser_a right_a than_o property_n which_o have_v no_o other_o name_n then_o possession_n though_o it_o be_v more_o facti_fw-la then_o juris_fw-la and_o see_v possession_n be_v a_o common_a precognit_fw-la to_o the_o most_o of_o real_a right_n it_o fit_o fall_v in_o here_o to_o be_v consider_v both_o as_o it_o be_v a_o fact_n and_o as_o it_o be_v a_o right_n for_o as_o it_o be_v a_o fact_n it_o be_v not_o only_o requisite_a to_o constitute_v real_a right_n but_o be_v also_o a_o effect_n thereof_o when_o constitute_v 9_o possession_n have_v its_o name_n from_o its_o special_a kind_n for_o it_o be_v as_o much_o as_o positio_fw-la sedium_fw-la express_v the_o way_n of_o possession_n of_o the_o earth_n at_o first_o common_n by_o family_n nation_n or_o person_n by_o fix_v or_o settle_v their_o seat_n or_o habitation_n there_o evidence_v their_o affection_n and_o purpose_n to_o appropriate_v these_o seat_n which_o therefore_o be_v not_o understand_v by_o their_o pass_v through_o it_o but_o by_o fix_v in_o it_o and_o therefore_o territory_n of_o old_a be_v call_v possession_n that_o we_o may_v take_v up_o aright_o the_o nature_n of_o possession_n wherein_o it_o do_v consist_v and_o how_o it_o be_v begin_v continue_v interrupt_a and_o lose_v we_o must_v first_o distinguish_v the_o several_a kind_n of_o possession_n and_o second_o collect_v the_o common_a nature_n wherein_o they_o agree_v and_o three_o the_o point_n of_o right_o thence_o arise_v as_o to_o the_o first_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o kind_n and_o distinction_n of_o possession_n be_v so_o much_o multiply_v be_v because_o by_o positive_a law_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n property_n and_o servitude_n can_v by_o constitute_v but_o by_o possession_n though_o it_o be_v not_o natural_a or_o necessary_a to_o these_o right_n but_o by_o the_o will_n and_o constitution_n of_o man_n therefore_o it_o receive_v diversification_n at_o their_o pleasure_n 10._o so_o what_o man_n think_v fit_a to_o call_v or_o esteem_v possession_n be_v enough_o to_o constitute_v property_n see_v without_o any_o thing_n such_o it_o may_v be_v constitute_v as_o afterward_o appear_v hence_o arise_v the_o distinction_n of_o possession_n in_o natural_a and_o civil_a the_o former_a be_v that_o which_o be_v and_o the_o latter_a that_o which_o be_v hold_v or_o repute_v such_o under_o which_o there_o be_v degree_n as_o it_o come_v near_a to_o the_o natural_a possession_n we_o shall_v proceed_v in_o order_n from_o the_o more_o plenary_a and_o plain_a possession_n to_o these_o which_o be_v less_o clear_a 11._o first_o then_o the_o clear_a possession_n be_v of_o movable_n and_o it_o be_v the_o first_o possession_n that_o be_v among_o man_n for_o so_o do_v the_o fruit_n of_o thing_n become_v proper_a and_o thereafter_o ornament_n clothes_n instrument_n and_o cattle_n become_v proper_a the_o possession_n whereof_o be_v simple_a and_o plain_a hold_v and_o detain_v they_o for_o our_o proper_a use_n and_o debar_v other_o from_o they_o either_o by_o detain_v they_o in_o our_o hand_n or_o upon_o our_o body_n or_o keep_v they_o under_o our_o view_n or_o power_n and_o make_v use_n of_o they_o or_o have_v they_o in_o fast_a place_n to_o which_o other_o have_v no_o easy_a access_n this_o possession_n of_o movable_n be_v so_o begin_v and_o continue_v and_o by_o contrary_a act_n interrupt_v and_o lose_v when_o other_o exercise_v the_o same_o
and_o measure_n whereof_o the_o law_n do_v determine_v so_o that_o if_o the_o child_n be_v pass_v by_o in_o silence_n and_o neither_o institute_n nor_o exhaeridat_n the_o law_n declare_v the_o testament_n void_a and_o if_o they_o be_v exhaeridat_n without_o a_o due_a and_o true_a offence_n it_o do_v allow_v the_o child_n querelam_fw-la inofficiosi_fw-la testamenti_fw-la that_o be_v complaint_n against_o the_o testament_n make_v contra_fw-la officium_fw-la which_o be_v the_o natural_a obligation_n or_o duty_n of_o parent_n to_o provide_v their_o child_n for_o the_o like_a reason_n the_o same_o complaint_n be_v competent_a to_o the_o father_n against_o the_o testament_n of_o their_o child_n but_o because_o that_o remeid_v may_v have_v be_v eleided_a by_o exhaust_v the_o heritage_n by_o legacy_n whereby_o the_o institution_n of_o the_o child_n may_v prove_v ineffectual_a for_o their_o provision_n therefore_o the_o law_n allow_v child_n a_o legittime_n portion_n be_v the_o sourth_fw-mi part_n of_o the_o heritage_n which_o that_o it_o may_v extend_v to_o all_o heir_n falcidius_n be_v the_o author_n of_o that_o noble_a law_n restrain_v legacy_n so_o that_o there_o may_v remain_v a_o portion_n to_o the_o defunct_n heir_n which_o law_n and_o portion_n in_o honour_n of_o his_o name_n be_v call_v the_o falcidian_a law_n and_o portio_fw-la falcidia_fw-la whereby_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o free_a good_n of_o the_o testator_n remain_v always_o secure_a against_o legacy_n and_o when_o a_o new_a subtlety_n be_v invent_v to_o frustrate_v the_o falcidian_a law_n by_o take_v away_o the_o heritage_n not_o direct_o by_o legacy_n but_o indirect_o by_o trust_n or_o fidei-comisses_a trebellianus_n procure_v that_o ordinance_n of_o the_o senate_n call_v senatus-consultum_fw-la trebellianum_fw-la whereby_o that_o portion_n call_v also_o trebelliarica_fw-la shall_v remain_v safe_a against_o fideicommissarie_n trust_n and_o though_o it_o be_v the_o common_a opinion_n of_o the_o doctor_n that_o if_o the_o defunct_a express_o prohibit_v the_o heir_n to_o take_v the_o benefit_n of_o his_o falcidia_fw-la or_o trebellianica_fw-la they_o will_v be_v thereby_o exclude_v yet_o the_o common_a opinion_n be_v that_o it_o can_v be_v extend_v to_o child_n as_o to_o their_o legittime_n who_o the_o law_n have_v full_o secure_v either_o by_o ordain_v they_o to_o be_v institute_v heir_n in_o whole_a or_o at_o least_o in_o a_o four_o part_n which_o be_v their_o natural_a or_o legittime_o portion_n and_o if_o they_o be_v institute_n in_o less_o they_o have_v right_o to_o the_o supplement_n of_o their_o legittime_n portion_n or_o otherwise_o they_o must_v be_v express_o and_o just_o exheredat_fw-la and_o they_o have_v the_o common_a benefit_n of_o other_o heir_n of_o their_o falcidia_n or_o trebellian_n which_o the_o testator_n can_v frustrate_v with_o out_o express_a prohibition_n 16._o if_o there_o be_v no_o lawful_a testament_n by_o thelaw_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n which_o be_v the_o ancient_a roman_a law_n and_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o praetorian_a or_o imperial_a law_n be_v only_o call_v the_o law_n or_o the_o civil_a law_n the_o succession_n of_o defunct_a fall_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o the_o defunct_n child_n or_o near_a descendants_n without_o distinction_n of_o any_o lawful_a child_n though_o adopt_a or_o posthumus_n or_o though_o of_o diverse_a lawful_a marriage_n whether_o male_a or_o female_a so_o that_o they_o remain_v in_o the_o defunct_n family_n and_o in_o his_o paternal_a power_n for_o these_o who_o be_v emancipat_v and_o demit_v from_o the_o family_n and_o from_o under_o the_o paternal_a power_n they_o be_v either_o real_o or_o presumptive_o provide_v and_o so_o have_v no_o share_n of_o the_o succession_n of_o this_o paternal_a power_n and_o emancipation_n see_v before_o tit._n obligation_n of_o parent_n these_o in_o the_o family_n be_v call_v haredes_n svi_fw-la &_o necessarij_fw-la because_o they_o be_v ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la heir_n without_o solemnity_n or_o entry_n among_o these_o the_o right_a of_o representation_n have_v place_n so_o that_o for_o example_n the_o grand_a child_n succeed_v with_o thechildren_n but_o not_o equal_o et_fw-la per_fw-la capita_fw-la but_o per_fw-la stirpes_fw-la for_o thegrand_n child_n have_v but_o the_o share_n of_o their_o defunct_a parent_n equal_o among_o they_o and_o so_o of_o all_o other_o descendants_n be_v in_o the_o family_n the_o praetor_n do_v in_o a_o part_n alter_v this_o and_o bring_v in_o the_o child_n or_o issue_n emancipat_v with_o those_o in_o the_o family_n without_o distinction_n provide_v the_o emancipat_v bring_v in_o their_o good_n and_o adject_v the_o same_o to_o the_o inheritance_n per_fw-la collationem_fw-la bonorum_fw-la yet_o because_o only_o the_o law_n that_o be_v the_o ancient_a law_n can_v make_v heir_n the_o emancipat_v be_v not_o call_v heir_n but_o bonorum_fw-la possessores_fw-la the_o praetorian_a law_n do_v also_o take_v off_o the_o necessity_n and_o damage_n of_o the_o succession_n that_o none_o may_v be_v necessitate_v to_o be_v heir_n yea_o all_o heir_n have_v the_o benefit_n of_o a_o inventar_n be_v timeouslyand_n du_o make_v beyond_o which_o they_o be_v not_o liable_a for_o the_o defunct_n debt_n 17._o the_o next_o degree_n of_o succession_n by_o the_o ancient_a roman_a law_n be_v fail_v descendants_n in_o the_o family_n the_o near_a agnat_n of_o the_o same_o degree_n succeed_v but_o there_o be_v no_o succession_n ofparent_n nor_o of_o cognat_n relate_v by_o the_o mother_n side_n here_o mother_n comprehend_v grandmother_n and_o all_o other_o ascendentsof_n that_o kind_a so_o the_o next_o degree_n be_v of_o brethren_n and_o sister_n etc._n etc._n 18._o the_o praetorian_a law_n do_v also_o emendat_fw-la this_o and_o first_o bring_v in_o the_o father_n with_o the_o brother_n and_o sistersgerman_n or_o of_o both_o blood_n and_o thereafter_o the_o tertullian_n senatus-consult_a faill_v the_o father_n bring_v 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spouse_n to_o be_v heir_n each_o to_o other_o the_o husband_n to_o the_o wife_n and_o the_o wife_n to_o the_o husband_n and_o last_o the_o fisk_n take_v place_n as_o last_o heir_n 19_o but_o the._n emperor_n justinian_n by_o the_o novel_a constitution_n 118._o cap._n 4._o take_v off_o all_o distinction_n of_o agnat_n and_o cognat_n and_o bring_v in_o the_o mother_n equal_o with_o the_o father_n with_o what_o reason_n or_o approbation_n we_o have_v touch_v before_o this_o be_v the_o sum_n of_o succession_n by_o the_o roman_a law_n wherein_o there_o be_v no_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d oveable_n or_o immovables_n and_o which_o take_v up_o no_o small_a part_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o law_n and_o write_n of_o the_o lawyer_n wherein_o to_o insist_v particular_o will_v raise_v a_o great_a bulk_n unnecessar_n for_o our_o purpose_n whereunto_o we_o conceive_v this_o summarie_n may_v suffice_v but_o while_o the_o roman_a empire_n and_o law_n be_v trample_v down_o by_o the_o northern_a nation_n the_o 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person_n be_v choose_v by_o the_o superior_a and_o a_o special_a
the_o institution_n of_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n deduce_v from_o its_o original_n and_o collate_v with_o the_o civil_a canon_n and_o feudal-law_n and_o with_o the_o custom_n of_o neighbour_a nation_n the_o first_o part_n by_o sir_n james_n dalrymple_n of_o stair_n precedent_n of_o the_o session_n edinburgh_n print_v by_o the_o heir_n of_o andrew_n anderson_n printer_n to_o his_o most_o sacred_a majesty_n anno_fw-la dom._n 1681._o to_z the_o king_n may_v it_o please_v your_o majesty_n i_o do_v humble_o present_a to_o your_o majesty_n a_o summary_n of_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o your_o ancient_a kingdom_n of_o scotland_n which_o can_v be_v no_o where_o so_o fit_o place_v as_o under_o the_o ray_n of_o your_o royal_a protection_n i_o be_o confident_a it_o will_v tend_v to_o the_o honour_n and_o renoun_n of_o your_o majesty_n and_o your_o princely_a progenitor_n that_o you_o have_v govern_v this_o nation_n so_o long_o and_o so_o happy_o by_o such_o just_a and_o convenient_a law_n which_o be_v here_o offer_v to_o the_o view_n of_o the_o world_n in_o a_o plain_a rational_a and_o natural_a method_n in_o which_o material_a justice_n the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o world_n be_v in_o the_o first_o place_n orderly_o deduce_v from_o self_n evident_a principle_n through_o all_o the_o several_a private_a right_n thence_o arise_v and_o in_o the_o next_o place_n the_o expedient_n of_o the_o most_o polite_a nation_n for_o ascertain_v and_o expede_v the_o right_n and_o interest_n of_o mankind_n be_v apply_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n especial_o these_o which_o have_v be_v invent_v or_o follow_v by_o this_o nation_n so_o that_o a_o great_a part_n of_o what_o be_v here_o offer_v be_v common_a to_o most_o civil_a nation_n and_o be_v not_o like_a to_o be_v displease_v to_o the_o judicious_a and_o sober_a any_o where_o who_o dote_v not_o so_o much_o upon_o their_o own_o custom_n as_o to_o think_v that_o none_o else_o be_v worthy_a of_o their_o notice_n there_o be_v not_o 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judicial_a law_n contain_v therein_o the_o civil_a canon_n and_o feudal_n law_n and_o many_o custom_n of_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n digest_v as_o they_o fall_v in_o with_o the_o common_a rule_n of_o justice_n may_v probable_o be_v acceptable_a to_o these_o who_o may_v and_o will_v allow_v time_n for_o their_o perusal_n a_o quaint_a and_o glide_a style_n much_o less_o the_o flourish_v of_o eloquence_n the_o ordinary_a condiment_n and_o varnish_n which_o qualify_v the_o pain_n of_o read_v can_v not_o just_o be_v expect_v in_o a_o treatise_n of_o law_n which_o of_o all_o subject_n do_v require_v the_o most_o plain_a and_o accurate_a expression_n to_o balance_v which_o the_o nausiate_a burden_n of_o citation_n be_v as_o much_o as_o can_v be_v leave_v out_o we_o do_v not_o pretend_v to_o be_v among_o the_o great_a and_o rich_a kingdom_n of_o the_o earth_n yet_o we_o know_v not_o who_o can_v claim_v preference_n in_o antiquity_n and_o integrity_n be_v of_o one_o blood_n and_o lineage_n without_o mixture_n of_o any_o other_o people_n and_o have_v so_o continue_v above_o two_o thousand_o year_n during_o all_o which_o no_o foreign_a power_n be_v ever_o able_a to_o settle_v the_o dominion_n of_o a_o strange_a lord_n over_o we_o or_o to_o make_v we_o forsake_v our_o allegiance_n to_o your_o majesty_n royal_a ancestor_n our_o native_a and_o kind_o king_n whereas_o most_o of_o the_o other_o kingdom_n be_v compond_n of_o diverse_a nation_n and_o have_v be_v subjugate_v to_o prince_n of_o different_a and_o opposite_a family_n and_o ofttimes_o foreigner_n the_o great_a monarchy_n which_o do_v design_n universality_n be_v all_o break_a in_o piece_n and_o there_o be_v no_o family_n that_o can_v claim_v a_o just_a title_n to_o redintegrat_fw-la any_o of_o they_o there_o be_v no_o emperor_n nor_o king_n except_o yourself_o but_o know_v to_o what_o other_o family_n their_o predecessor_n do_v succeed_v and_o when_o and_o by_o what_o mean_v it_o be_v evident_a what_o a_o mixture_n have_v be_v in_o greece_n and_o italy_n in_o france_n and_o spain_n in_o england_n and_o elsewhere_o this_o nation_n have_v not_o be_v obscure_a and_o unknown_a to_o the_o world_n but_o the_o most_o famous_a nation_n have_v make_v use_n of_o our_o arm_n and_o have_v still_o in_o grateful_a remembrance_n retain_v trophy_n and_o monument_n of_o our_o courage_n and_o constancy_n there_o be_v few_o war_n in_o christendom_n wherein_o we_o have_v not_o have_v considerable_a body_n of_o soldier_n regimented_a and_o command_v by_o themselves_o and_o ofttimes_o general_a officer_n command_v they_o and_o whole_a army_n of_o stranger_n with_o great_a reputation_n and_o gallantry_n which_o do_v advance_v they_o above_o the_o native_n of_o these_o country_n where_o they_o serve_v neither_o have_v we_o want_v the_o fame_n of_o learning_n at_o home_n and_o abroad_o in_o the_o most_o eminent_a profession_n divine_a or_o humane_a and_o as_o every_o where_o the_o most_o pregnant_a and_o active_a spirit_n apply_v themselves_o to_o the_o study_n and_o practice_n of_o law_n so_o these_o that_o apply_v themselves_o to_o that_o profession_n among_o we_o have_v give_v great_a evidence_n of_o sharp_a and_o pierce_a spirit_n with_o much_o readiness_n of_o conception_n and_o dexterity_n of_o expression_n which_o be_v necessary_a qualification_n both_o of_o the_o bench_n and_o bar_n whereby_o the_o law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n have_v attain_v to_o so_o great_a perfection_n that_o it_o may_v without_o arrogance_n be_v compare_v with_o the_o law_n of_o any_o of_o our_o neighbour_a nation_n for_o we_o be_v happy_a in_o have_v so_o few_o and_o so_o clear_a statute_n our_o law_n be_v most_o part_n consuetudinary_a whereby_o what_o be_v find_v inconvenient_a be_v obliterat_fw-la and_o forget_v our_o form_n be_v plain_a and_o prompt_a whereby_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o judicious_a have_v with_o little_a pain_n much_o insight_n in_o our_o law_n and_o do_v with_o the_o more_o security_n enjoy_v their_o right_n and_o possession_n which_o by_o our_o public_a record_n be_v better_o know_v then_o any_o where_o by_o which_o we_o may_v with_o the_o great_a assurance_n trust_v our_o purchase_n see_v no_o land-right_a be_v effectual_a against_o purchaser_n by_o consent_n or_o by_o law_n but_o where_o the_o ultimate_a perfection_n thereof_o by_o seize_v or_o other_o evident_a be_v upon_o record_n in_o register_n set_v apart_o for_o the_o several_a right_n without_o mixture_n of_o any_o other_o whereof_o there_o be_v authentic_a minute-book_n keep_v with_o the_o record_n in_o each_o shire_n and_o jurisdiction_n whereby_o with_o the_o least_o pain_n or_o expense_n all_o the_o right_n affect_v any_o land_n within_o the_o course_n of_o prescription_n can_v easy_o be_v find_v we_o be_v not_o involve_v in_o the_o labyrinth_n of_o many_o and_o large_a statute_n whereof_o the_o posterior_n do_v ordinary_o abrogate_v or_o derogate_v from_o the_o prio_fw-la that_o it_o require_v a_o great_a part_n of_o a_o life_n to_o be_v prompt_a in_o all_o these_o wind_n without_o which_o no_o man_n with_o sincerity_n and_o confidence_n can_v consult_v or_o plead_v much_o less_o can_v the_o subject_n by_o their_o own_o industry_n know_v where_o to_o rest_v but_o must_v give_v more_o implicit_a faith_n to_o their_o judge_n and_o lawyer_n than_o they_o need_v or_o aught_o to_o give_v to_o their_o divine_n and_o we_o do_v always_o prefer_v the_o sense_n to_o the_o subtlety_n of_o law_n and_o do_v seldom_o trip_v by_o niecity_n or_o formality_n the_o great_a fixation_n and_o improvement_n of_o our_o law_n have_v be_v by_o the_o establishment_n of_o the_o supreme_a civil_a judicature_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o king_n james_n the_o five_o in_o the_o institution_n of_o the_o college_n of_o justice_n consist_v of_o fifteen_o ordinary_a senator_n in_o place_n of_o the_o king_n daily_a council_n which_o follow_v his_o residence_n and_o court_n and_o of_o the_o lord_n of_o session_n
creditor_n have_v only_a repetition_n against_o these_o 71_o executor_n after_o obtain_v bond_n or_o decreet_a be_v not_o in_o pleno_fw-la dominio_fw-la of_o the_o defunct_n good_n not_o do_v they_o fall_v under_o the_o executor_n escheat_n but_o the_o defunct_n creditor_n be_v preferable_a to_o the_o executor_n proper_a creditor_n 72_o executor_n may_v pay_v privilege_v debt_n at_o any_o time_n 73_o arrestment_n hinder_v the_o executor_n to_o prefer_v any_o creditor_n 74_o compensation_n be_v not_o competent_a to_o the_o defunct_n debtor_n upon_o debt_n due_a by_o the_o defunct_a assign_v after_o the_o defunct_n death_n 75_o exoneration_n of_o executor_n 76_o exhaust_v of_o executor_n how_o competent_a 77_o the_o diligence_n necessary_a to_o liberat_fw-la executor_n executor_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o depone_v upon_o their_o knowledge_n of_o the_o defunct_n debt_n except_o as_o to_o their_o own_o share_n 78_o how_o far_o co-executor_n be_v conveenable_a several_o 80_o executor_n survive_v be_v not_o liable_a for_o the_o share_n of_o the_o decease_a in_o so_o far_o as_o they_o execute_v the_o testament_n and_o lift_v their_o part_n 81_o executor_n be_v liable_a for_o the_o inventary_a without_o prove_v their_o intromission_n 82_o where_o testament_n be_v to_o be_v confirm_v title_n xxxi_o vicious_a intromission_n 1_o vicious_a intromission_n only_o a_o passive_a and_o no_o active_a title_n even_o against_o other_o vicious_a intrometter_n without_o assignation_n from_o the_o creditor_n 2_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v the_o most_o extensive_a palsive_a title_n reach_v not_o only_o those_o who_o may_v represent_v the_o defunct_a but_o all_o other_o intromet_n ter_n 3_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o large_a extent_n of_o this_o title_n 4_o all_o vicious_a intrometter_n be_v liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la and_o conveenable_a several_o 5_o whether_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v competent_a by_o exception_n 6_o vicious_a intromission_n sustain_v general_o without_o the_o pursuer_n condescendence_n 7_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v only_o competent_a to_o creditor_n 8_o how_o far_o vicious_a intromission_n must_v be_v universal_a 9_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v exclude_v if_o executor_n be_v confirm_v before_o citation_n though_o after_o the_o intromission_n whether_o executor_n creditor_n be_v confirm_v exclude_v vicious_a intromission_n pursue_v thereafter_o 11_o how_o far_o confirmation_n of_o executor_n although_o after_o citation_n exclude_v vicious_a intromission_n 12_o superintromission_a 13_o vicious_a intromission_n how_o far_o exclude_v by_o gift_n of_o escheat_n and_o declarator_n 14_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v exclude_v by_o any_o colourable_a title_n though_o defective_a 15_o the_o custom_n of_o england_n as_o to_o intromission_n 16_o vicious_a intromission_n sapit_fw-la delictum_fw-la and_o be_v only_o competent_a against_o intrometter_n themselves_o during_o their_o life_n 17_o how_o far_o vicious_a intromission_n be_v exclude_v by_o acquire_v bona_fw-la fide_fw-la title_n i._n common_a principle_n of_o law_n 1._o description_n of_o law_n 2._o description_n and_o division_n of_o justice_n 3._o divine_a law_n 4._o reason_n 5._o conscience_n 6._o equity_n 7._o moral_a law_n 8._o positive_a law_n of_o god_n 9_o judicial_a law_n 10._o law_n of_o nation_n 11._o civil_a law_n 12._o feudal_n law_n 13._o cannon_n law_n 14._o the_o reason_n of_o humane_a law_n 15._o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n 16._o whether_o law_n may_v be_v handle_v as_o a_o rational_a discipline_n 17._o three_o common_a principle_n of_o equity_n and_o three_o of_o positive_a law_n 18._o obedience_n 19_o freedom_n 20._o engagement_n 21._o description_n and_o division_n of_o right_n 22._o method_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o method_n here_o propose_v my_o design_n be_v to_o give_v a_o description_n of_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o scotland_n such_o as_o may_v not_o only_o be_v profitable_a for_o judge_n and_o lawyer_n but_o may_v be_v pleasant_a and_o useful_a to_o all_o person_n of_o honour_n and_o discretion_n i_o do_v resolve_v to_o raise_v my_o thought_n and_o they_o to_o a_o distinct_a consideration_n of_o the_o fountain_n and_o foundation_n of_o the_o peculiar_a law_n of_o all_o nation_n which_o common_a reason_n make_v intelligible_a to_o the_o judicious_a when_o plain_o and_o orderly_o propose_v and_o therefore_o have_v always_o in_o the_o first_o place_n set_v forth_o that_o common_a rule_n of_o material_a justice_n by_o which_o mankind_n ought_v to_o govern_v themselves_o though_o they_o have_v no_o positive_a statute_n or_o custom_n and_o then_o show_v how_o these_o be_v thence_o introduce_v i_o have_v therefore_o choose_v the_o method_n i_o think_v fit_a for_o this_o purpose_n and_o the_o term_n most_o intelligible_a in_o common_a use_n and_o have_v as_o much_o as_o i_o can_v forbear_v the_o term_n of_o art_n no_o man_n can_v be_v a_o know_v lawer_fw-we in_o any_o nation_n who_o have_v not_o well_o ponder_v and_o digest_v in_o his_o mind_n the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o world_n from_o whence_o the_o interpretation_n extension_n and_o limitation_n of_o all_o statute_n and_o custom_n must_v be_v bring_v i_o have_v therefore_o begin_v with_o the_o common_a principle_n of_o law_n and_o thence_o have_v lay_v down_o the_o method_n i_o follow_v and_o have_v explain_v the_o general_a term_n common_o make_v use_n of_o in_o law_n there_o be_v no_o term_n of_o which_o man_n have_v a_o more_o common_a but_o confuse_v apprehension_n than_o what_o law_n be_v and_o yet_o there_o be_v few_o term_n hard_a to_o be_v distinct_o conceive_v or_o describe_v the_o clear_a conception_n of_o it_o i_o can_v find_v be_v thus_o 1._o law_n be_v the_o dictat_fw-la of_o reason_n determine_v every_o rational_a be_v to_o that_o which_o be_v congruous_a and_o convenient_a for_o its_o nature_n and_o condition_n this_o will_v extend_v to_o the_o determination_n of_o indifferency_n of_o all_o rational_a being_n god_n almighty_a though_o he_o be_v accountable_a to_o and_o controllable_a by_o none_o and_o so_o have_v the_o absolute_a freedom_n of_o his_o choice_n yet_o do_v he_o unchangeable_o determine_v himself_o by_o his_o goodness_n righteousness_n and_o truth_n which_o therefore_o make_v the_o absolute_a sovereign_a divine_a law_n the_o same_o be_v also_o the_o law_n of_o all_o rational_a creature_n by_o which_o they_o ought_v to_o determine_v and_o rule_v their_o free_a action_n but_o the_o congruity_n and_o conveniency_n of_o their_o nature_n afford_v they_o other_o dictate_v of_o their_o reason_n which_o quadrat_fw-la not_o with_o the_o divine_a nature_n such_o as_o adoration_n obedience_n common_a to_o angel_n and_o men._n and_o reason_n do_v determine_v mankind_n yet_o further_o from_o the_o conveniency_n of_o his_o nature_n and_o state_n to_o be_v humble_a penitent_a careful_a and_o diligent_a for_o the_o preservation_n of_o himself_o and_o his_o kind_n and_o therefore_o to_o be_v sociable_a and_o helpful_a and_o to_o do_v only_o that_o which_o be_v convenient_a for_o mankind_n to_o be_v do_v by_o every_o one_o in_o the_o same_o condition_n whereof_o the_o rule_n in_o the_o gospel_n be_v a_o excellent_a test_n quodtibi_fw-la fierinon_fw-la vis_fw-la alteri_fw-la ne_fw-la feceris_fw-la thence_o also_o be_v the_o three_o common_a precept_n in_o the_o roman_a law_n honest_a vivere_fw-la alterum_fw-la non_fw-la ledere_fw-la suum_fw-la cuique_fw-la tribuere_fw-la all_o which_o be_v evident_o the_o common_a interest_n and_o advantage_n of_o mankind_n this_o be_v that_o eternal_a law_n which_o can_v be_v alter_v be_v found_v upon_o a_o unchangeable_a ground_n the_o congruity_n to_o the_o nature_n of_o god_n angel_n and_o man_n and_o therefore_o god_n can_v deny_v himself_o or_o act_v unsuitable_o to_o his_o divine_a perfection_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v say_v shall_v not_o the_o judge_n of_o all_o the_o earth_n do_v just_o and_o that_o it_o be_v impossible_a for_o god_n to_o lie_v not_o by_o any_o fatal_a necessity_n as_o if_o he_o have_v not_o power_n and_o freedom_n enough_o but_o because_o his_o goodness_n justice_n and_o truth_n be_v as_o certain_a by_o his_o free_a choice_n as_o be_v his_o omnipotency_n and_o sovereignty_n this_o be_v also_o call_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n because_o it_o arise_v from_o the_o congruity_n or_o conveniency_n of_o nature_n and_o thence_o be_v know_v by_o the_o light_n of_o nature_n 2._o correspondent_n to_o these_o dictate_v of_o reason_n wherein_o law_n consist_v which_o be_v in_o the_o understanding_n there_o be_v a_o inclination_n in_o the_o will_n to_o observe_v and_o follow_v these_o dictate_v which_o be_v justice_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v describe_v constans_n &_o perpetua_fw-la voluntas_fw-la suum_fw-la cuique_fw-la tribuendi_fw-la where_o by_o the_o will_n be_v not_o understand_v the_o faculty_n but_o the_o inclination_n thereof_o determine_v by_o the_o law_n to_o give_v every_o one_o that_o which_o the_o law_n declare_v to_o be_v due_a and_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o distributive_a and_o commutative_a justice_n distributive_a justice_n be_v the_o inclination_n to_o retribute_v reward_n to_o
contrary_a act_n of_o injury_n by_o do_v evil_a in_o stead_n of_o good_a three_o for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o people_n and_o anticipation_n of_o error_n and_o fraud_n and_o that_o evident_a probation_n may_v be_v have_v man_n do_v most_o profitable_o order_v deed_n to_o be_v do_v in_o such_o a_o palpable_a and_o plain_a form_n as_o may_v easy_o appear_v in_o which_o there_o can_v be_v no_o injury_n see_v the_o manner_n of_o do_v these_o deed_n be_v free_a and_o in_o our_o power_n thus_o though_o the_o dispositive_a will_n of_o the_o proprietar_n be_v sufficient_a to_o alienate_v any_o thing_n that_o be_v he_o and_o to_o constitute_v the_o right_n thereof_o in_o another_o yet_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o custom_n of_o most_o nation_n delivery_n or_o apprehension_n of_o possession_n for_o convey_v the_o right_n of_o good_n and_o seize_v be_v necessary_a for_o convey_v of_o the_o right_n of_o land_n by_o the_o feudal_n law_n and_o so_o by_o our_o custom_n assignation_n be_v not_o effectual_a to_o transfer_v personal_a right_n till_o intimation_n follow_v our_o custom_n also_o appoint_v write_v to_o be_v make_v where_o it_o be_v easy_a and_o ordinar_n to_o be_v do_v and_o therefore_o as_o the_o penalty_n of_o the_o neglect_n or_o contempt_n thereof_o do_v exclude_v witness_n in_o matter_n of_o importance_n and_o admit_v only_o write_v or_o oath_n of_o party_n in_o case_n where_o write_n be_v accustom_v so_o the_o roman_n ordain_v that_o because_o the_o agreement_n of_o the_o people_n when_o they_o stand_v in_o mere_a conference_n that_o word_n be_v easy_a to_o be_v mistake_v by_o themselves_o or_o witness_n that_o therefore_o the_o party_n shall_v perfeit_v such_o contract_n by_o a_o solemn_a stipulation_n wherein_o the_o one_o party_n do_v interrogat_n if_o the_o other_o do_v agree_v to_o such_o term_n as_o he_o express_v and_o the_o other_o immediate_o repeat_v his_o answer_n close_v with_o he_o in_o term_n and_o therefore_o if_o they_o do_v not_o so_o stipulate_v they_o refuse_v they_o action_n upon_o naked_a paction_n four_o nation_n for_o the_o flourish_a of_o their_o family_n do_v otherwise_o dispose_v of_o their_o estate_n and_o possession_n and_o their_o law_n do_v order_n they_o otherways_o than_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n do_v for_o in_o the_o most_o part_n the_o heretage_n and_o succession_n in_o the_o whole_a land-rights_a belong_v to_o the_o elder_a son_n as_o stem_n and_o line_n of_o the_o family_n and_o the_o parent_n be_v presume_v to_o provide_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o child_n with_o competent_a portion_n though_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o right_a of_o succession_n do_v belong_v to_o all_o and_o even_o in_o this_o positive_a law_n alter_v the_o course_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n have_v its_o example_n from_o the_o judicial_a law_n of_o god_n by_o which_o the_o male_n exclude_v the_o female_n and_o the_o elder_a have_v a_o double_a portion_n five_o according_a to_o the_o humour_n and_o inclination_n of_o people_n man_n do_v lay_v the_o heavy_a penalty_n upon_o the_o transgression_n of_o such_o law_n as_o stand_v in_o opposition_n thereunto_o which_o may_v be_v alter_v when_o these_o inclination_n alter_v and_o so_o the_o lord_n do_v frame_v the_o law_n of_o moses_n for_o the_o humour_n of_o that_o people_n in_o some_o thing_n permit_v without_o punish_v the_o transgression_n of_o the_o most_o palpable_a and_o weighty_a law_n of_o nature_n as_o in_o polygamy_n and_o divorce_n and_o also_o extend_v the_o proportion_n of_o equality_n observe_v in_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n in_o restitution_n and_o retribution_n as_o in_o theft_n hence_o it_o appear_v how_o necessary_a the_o law_n of_o man_n be_v yetsure_o they_o be_v most_o happy_a who_o law_n be_v near_a to_o equity_n and_o most_o declaratory_a of_o it_o and_o lest_o alter_v of_o the_o effect_n thereof_o except_o in_o case_n eminent_o profitable_a like_a unto_o these_o now_o point_v at_o yea_o and_o the_o nation_n be_v more_o happy_a who_o law_n have_v enter_v by_o long_a custom_n wring_v out_o from_o the_o debate_n upon_o particular_a cause_n until_o it_o come_v to_o the_o consistence_n of_o a_o fix_a and_o know_v custom_n for_o thereby_o the_o conveniency_n and_o inconvenience_n through_o a_o tract_n of_o time_n be_v experimental_o see_v so_o that_o which_o be_v find_v in_o some_o case_n convenient_a if_o in_o other_o case_n afterward_o it_o be_v find_v inconvenient_a it_o prove_v abortive_a in_o the_o womb_n of_o time_n before_o it_o attain_v the_o maturity_n of_o a_o law_n but_o in_o statute_n the_o lawgiver_n must_v at_o once_o balance_v the_o conveniency_n and_o inconvenience_n wherein_o he_o may_v and_o often_o do_v fall_v short_a and_o there_o do_v arise_v casus_fw-la incogitati_fw-la wherein_o the_o statute_n be_v out_o and_o recourse_n must_v be_v have_v to_o equity_n but_o these_o be_v best_a which_o be_v approbatory_n or_o correctory_n of_o experience_a custom_n and_o in_o a_o customary_a law_n though_o the_o people_n run_v some_o hazard_n at_o first_o of_o their_o judge_n arbitrament_n yet_o when_o that_o law_n be_v come_v to_o a_o fullness_n and_o consistence_n they_o have_v by_o much_o the_o advantage_n in_o this_o that_o what_o custom_n have_v change_v be_v throw_v away_o and_o obliterat_fw-la without_o memory_n or_o mention_v of_o it_o but_o in_o statutory_a write_a law_n the_o vestige_n of_o all_o the_o alteration_n remain_v and_o ordinary_o increase_v to_o such_o a_o mass_n that_o they_o cease_v to_o be_v evidence_n and_o security_n to_o the_o people_n and_o become_v labyrinth_n wherein_o they_o be_v fair_a to_o lose_v their_o right_n if_o not_o themselves_o and_o must_v have_v a_o implicit_a faith_n in_o these_o who_o can_v comprehend_v they_o without_o make_v it_o the_o work_n of_o their_o life_n 15._o our_o custom_n as_o they_o have_v arisen_a main_o from_o equity_n so_o they_o be_v also_o from_o the_o civil_a canon_n and_o feudal_n law_n from_o which_o the_o term_n tenor_n and_o form_n of_o they_o be_v much_o borrow_v and_o therefore_o these_o especial_o the_o civil_a law_n have_v great_a weight_n namely_o in_o case_n where_o a_o custom_n be_v not_o yet_o form_v but_o none_o of_o these_o have_v with_o we_o the_o authority_n of_o law_n and_o therefore_o be_v only_o receive_v according_a to_o their_o equity_n and_o expediency_n secundum_fw-la bonum_fw-la &_o equum_fw-la and_o though_o it_o may_v appear_v from_o some_o narrative_n of_o our_o statute_n that_o the_o parliament_n do_v own_o the_o civil_a and_o canon_n law_n to_o be_v our_o law_n as_o in_o the_o revocation_n of_o king_n james_n the_o four_o parliament_z 1493._o c._n 51._o where_o it_o be_v say_v and_o since_o it_o be_v permit_v by_o the_o constitution_n of_o law_n civil_a and_o canon_n that_o minor_n may_v revoke_v par._n 1540_o cap._n 80._o so_o likewise_o nottar_n forger_n of_o false_a writ_n be_v ordain_v to_o be_v punish_v after_o the_o disposition_n of_o common_a law_n par._n 1551._o cap._n 22._o and_o in_o the_o act_n establish_v religion_n all_o act_n contrair_a or_o constitution_n canon_n civil_a or_o municipal_a be_v abrogate_a par._n 1567._o cap._n 31._o yet_o these_o amount_v to_o no_o more_o then_o that_o these_o law_n be_v a_o example_n after_o the_o similitude_n whereof_o the_o parliament_n proceed_v and_o though_o in_o the_o case_n of_o falsehood_n the_o punishment_n be_v assume_v as_o in_o the_o civil_a law_n which_o will_v make_v that_o a_o part_n of_o our_o law_n it_o will_v not_o infer_v that_o in_o so_o far_o it_o be_v our_o law_n before_o much_o less_o in_o the_o whole_a and_o there_o be_v reason_n for_o the_o abrogation_n of_o the_o canon_n law_n at_o the_o establish_n of_o the_o protestant_a religion_n because_o in_o the_o popish_a church_n it_o be_v hold_v as_o a_o authoritative_a law_n but_o since_o it_o be_v only_o a_o law_n as_o to_o these_o case_n that_o be_v act_v by_o it_o when_o it_o be_v in_o vigour_n and_o in_o the_o rest_n only_o as_o our_o custom_n assume_v some_o particular_n thereof_o according_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o matter_n but_o for_o the_o full_a evidence_n of_o the_o contrair_a there_o be_v a_o express_a and_o special_a statute_n declare_v this_o kingdom_n subject_n only_o to_o the_o king_n law_n and_o no_o other_o sovereign_n law_n par._n 1425._o cap._n 48._o par._n 1503._o cap._n 79._o yea_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n regulat_v the_o succession_n and_o right_n of_o scottish_a man_n in_o scotland_n though_o die_v abroad_o be_v resident_a there_o as_o be_v find_v in_o the_o case_n of_o colonel_n henderson_n child_n who_o have_v die_v in_o holland_n legat_v upon_o heritable_a bond_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n there_o yet_o they_o be_v find_v not_o to_o be_v convey_v by_o testament_n but_o belong_v to_o his_o heir_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n dury_n 9_o decemb._n 1623._o the_o
like_a betwixt_o melvil_n and_o drummond_n dury_n 3._o july_n 1634._o and_o late_o in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o executor_n of_o williami_n schaw_n factor_n at_o london_n die_v there_o it_o be_v find_v that_o a_o nuncupative_a testament_n confirm_v in_o england_n be_v contrair_a to_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n which_o admit_v of_o none_o such_o be_v null_n and_o the_o near_a of_o kin_n prefer_v to_o the_o executor_n and_o universal_a legatar_n name_v there_o january_n the_o 19_o 1665._o schaw_n contra_fw-la lewens_n but_o as_o to_o the_o manner_n of_o probation_n or_o subscription_n the_o law_n of_o the_o place_n regulate_v dury_n 11._o decemb._n 1627._o falconer_n contra_fw-la the_o heir_n of_o beatty_n and_o the_o 27._o july_n 1623._o gordoun_n contra_fw-la morley_n 15._o feb._n 1630._o harper_n contra_fw-la jaffray_n so_o a_o bond_n by_o a_o english_a man_n to_o a_o scottish_a man_n reside_v there_o be_v after_o the_o style_n of_o england_n payment_n thereof_o be_v find_v probable_a by_o witness_n and_o by_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o cedent_fw-la against_o the_o assignay_n 28._o june_n 1666._o mcmorlan_n contra_fw-la melvil_n yet_o a_o bond_n grant_v by_o scottish_a man_n to_o a_o english_a man_n in_o england_n find_v regulate_v by_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n and_o not_o to_o be_v take_v away_o by_o witness_n be_v after_o the_o style_n of_o scotland_n and_o registrable_a in_o scotland_n decemb._n 8._o 1664._o scot_n contra_fw-la henderson_n and_o wilson_n but_o the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o other_o foreign_a nation_n be_v matter_n of_o fact_n to_o we_o probable_a by_o the_o declaration_n of_o the_o judge_n there_o january_n 18._o 1676._o cunningham_n contra_fw-la brown_n the_o law_n of_o scotland_n as_o of_o all_o other_o nation_n at_o first_o can_v be_v no_o other_o than_o equum_fw-la &_o bonum_fw-la equity_n and_o expediency_n for_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v suppose_v that_o any_o nation_n at_o their_o first_o association_n and_o own_n of_o a_o government_n do_v appoint_v positive_a law_n nor_o can_v they_o have_v custom_n anterior_a to_o their_o constitution_n and_o yet_o it_o be_v necessary_o employ_v that_o they_o must_v submit_v to_o and_o be_v govern_v by_o a_o law_n which_o can_v be_v understand_v no_o other_o than_o what_o their_o sovereign_a authority_n shall_v find_v just_a and_o convenient_a it_o may_v be_v some_o city_n at_o their_o first_o constitution_n may_v have_v enact_v law_n but_o it_o can_v be_v find_v in_o all_o the_o record_n of_o antiquity_n that_o ever_o any_o nation_n or_o country_n do_v so_o whatsoever_o be_v say_v of_o the_o salic_a law_n of_o the_o french_a which_o they_o hold_v so_o ancient_a and_o fundamental_a it_o be_v either_o fictious_a or_o long_a posterior_n to_o their_o constitution_n into_o a_o nation_n and_o therefore_o as_o in_o arbitriment_n party_n be_v understand_v to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o arbiter_n secundum_fw-la arbitrium_fw-la boni_fw-la viri_fw-la so_o nation_n of_o old_a submit_v to_o their_o prince_n choose_v rather_o to_o refer_v their_o interest_n and_o difference_n to_o the_o determination_n of_o their_o sovereign_n than_o that_o every_o one_o shall_v be_v a_o judge_n to_o himself_o and_o shall_v take_v and_o hold_v by_o force_n what_o he_o conceive_v to_o be_v his_o right_n without_o any_o superior_a judge_n than_o himself_o to_o appeal_v to_o and_o thereby_o live_v in_o perpetual_a war_n whence_o government_n necessary_o imply_v in_o the_o very_o be_v thereof_o a_o yield_a and_o submit_v to_o the_o determination_n of_o the_o sovereign_a authority_n in_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o people_n though_o one_o or_o either_o party_n shall_v conceive_v themselves_o injure_v that_o thereby_o private_a opinion_n may_v give_v place_n to_o public_a authority_n although_o they_o have_v natural_a power_n sufficient_a to_o withstand_v the_o same_o otherways_o they_o behoove_v to_o dissolve_v authority_n and_o society_n and_o return_v to_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o their_o private_a judgement_n and_o their_o natural_a force_n from_o which_o they_o do_v fly_v unto_o the_o sanctuary_n of_o government_n which_o though_o it_o may_v sometime_o err_v yet_o can_v be_v nothing_o like_o to_o these_o continual_a error_n when_o every_o one_o own_v himself_o as_o sovereign_a judge_n in_o his_o own_o cause_n next_o unto_o equity_n nation_n be_v rule_v by_o consuetude_n which_o declare_v equity_n and_o constitute_v expediency_n in_o the_o three_o place_n positive_a law_n of_o sovereign_n become_v to_o be_v accustom_v custom_n always_o continue_v and_o proceed_v so_o that_o every_o nation_n under_o the_o name_n of_o law_n understand_v their_o ancient_a and_o uncontroverted_a custom_n time_n out_o of_o mind_n or_o their_o first_o and_o fundamental_a law_n so_o the_o roman_n account_v their_o law_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n and_o when_o they_o do_v express_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v ipso_fw-la jure_fw-la they_o mean_v it_o to_o be_v such_o by_o that_o ancient_a law_n in_o opposition_n to_o their_o recent_a custom_n introduce_v by_o their_o praetor_n and_o constitution_n of_o their_o people_n senate_n and_o prince_n the_o english_a also_o by_o their_o common_a law_n in_o opposition_n to_o statute_n and_o recent_a custom_n mean_v their_o ancient_a and_o unquestionable_a custom_n in_o like_a manner_n we_o be_v rule_v in_o the_o first_o place_n by_o our_o ancient_n and_o immemorial_n custom_n which_o may_v be_v call_v our_o common_a law_n though_o sometime_o by_o that_o name_n be_v understand_v equity_n which_o be_v common_a to_o all_o nation_n or_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n which_o in_o some_o fort_n be_v common_a to_o very_a many_o by_o this_o law_n be_v our_o primogenitur_fw-la and_o all_o degree_n of_o succession_n our_o legittime_n portion_n of_o child_n communion_n of_o good_n betwixt_o man_n and_o wife_n and_o the_o division_n thereof_o at_o their_o death_n the_o succession_n of_o the_o near_a agnat_n the_o terce_n of_o relic_n the_o life-rent_a of_o husband_n by_o the_o courtesy_n the_o exclusion_n of_o deed_n on_o deathbed_n which_o be_v anterior_a to_o any_o statute_n and_o not_o comprehend_v in_o any_o as_o be_v more_o solemn_a and_o sure_a than_o these_o in_o the_o next_o place_n be_v our_o statute_n or_o our_o act_n of_o parliament_n which_o in_o this_o be_v inferior_a to_o our_o ancient_a law_n that_o they_o be_v liable_a to_o defuetude_n which_o never_o incroach_v on_o the_o other_o in_o this_o we_o differ_v from_o the_o english_a who_o statute_n of_o parliament_n of_o whatsoever_o antiquity_n remain_v ever_o in_o force_n till_o they_o be_v repeal_v which_o occasion_n to_o they_o many_o sad_a debate_n public_a and_o private_a upon_o old_a forget_a statute_n but_o with_o we_o the_o lord_n of_o session_n be_v by_o their_o institution_n authorize_v with_o power_n to_o make_v rule_n and_o statute_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o manner_n and_o order_n of_o proceed_v and_o administration_n of_o justice_n par._n 1537._o cap._n 43._o par._n 1540_o cap_n 93._o their_o decision_n be_v final_a and_o irrevocable_a when_o solenm_o do_v in_o foro_fw-la contradictorio_fw-la and_o thereby_o recent_a custom_n or_o practic_n be_v establish_v both_o by_o their_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la and_o decision_n which_o extend_v not_o only_o to_o the_o interpretation_n of_o act_n of_o parliament_n but_o to_o the_o derogation_n thereof_o especial_o so_o far_o as_o concern_v the_o administration_n of_o justice_n which_o be_v special_o commit_v to_o they_o whereby_o all_o the_o old_a act_n of_o parliament_n concern_v the_o form_n of_o process_n be_v in_o desuetude_n and_o in_o several_a point_n more_o recent_a statute_n for_o instance_n albeit_o by_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n 1621._o cap._n 81._o reduction_n of_o infeftment_n be_v appoint_v to_o be_v sustain_v by_o exception_n or_o reply_n yet_o the_o lord_n see_v that_o this_o be_v inconsistent_a with_o the_o necessary_a and_o ordinar_n form_n of_o process_n whereby_o right_n can_v be_v annul_v or_o reduce_v till_o the_o party_n and_o their_o author_n be_v call_v that_o the_o same_o maybe_o first_o produce_v therefore_o they_o do_v not_o take_v away_o infeftment_n by_o exception_n or_o reply_n notwithstanding_o of_o the_o say_a statute_n but_o there_o be_v much_o difference_n to_o be_v make_v betwixt_o a_o custom_n by_o frequent_a decision_n and_o a_o simple_a decision_n which_o have_v not_o like_a force_n especial_o if_o it_o be_v invest_v with_o many_o circumstance_n of_o fact_n but_o such_o be_v more_o effectual_a if_o they_o be_v in_o any_o abstract_n point_n of_o law_n yet_o frequent_a agree_v decision_n be_v more_o effectual_a than_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la themselves_o which_o do_v easy_o go_v into_o desuetude_n where_o our_o ancient_a law_n statute_n and_o our_o recent_a custom_n and_o practic_n be_v defective_a recourse_n be_v have_v to_o equity_n as_o the_o first_o and_o universal_a law_n and_o to_o expediency_n whereby_o law_n be_v draw_v in_o consequence_n ad_fw-la simile_n casus_fw-la but_o if_o it_o
appear_v that_o such_o case_n have_v be_v of_o purpose_n omit_v by_o the_o parliament_n the_o lord_n will_v not_o extend_v the_o same_o as_o albeit_o by_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n 1621._o cap._n 6._o composition_n to_o superior_n for_o receive_v appriser_n be_v appoint_v and_o the_o same_o in_o the_o next_o act_n omit_v as_o to_o adjudger_n therefore_o the_o lord_n presume_v thence_o from_o the_o propinquity_n of_o these_o act_n that_o such_o composition_n be_v omit_v of_o purpose_n they_o will_v not_o extend_v the_o benefit_n of_o the_o superior_a to_o a_o composition_n in_o adjudication_n dury_n 21._o of_o july_n 1636._o greirson_n contra_fw-la closburn_n but_o now_o it_o be_v extend_v to_o adjudication_n that_o in_o these_o superior_a have_v a_o composition_n by_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n 23._o decemb._n 1669._o how_o far_o the_o civil_a common_a or_o feudal_n law_n have_v place_n with_o we_o have_v be_v already_o say_v but_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v think_v that_o the_o feudal_n law_n be_v our_o proper_a law_n as_o craig_n relate_v lib._n 1._o dig_v 8._o sect_n per._n there_o be_v scarce_o any_o thing_n as_o a_o common_a feudal_n law_n but_o it_o be_v local_a and_o customary_a to_o every_o place_n and_o do_v not_o extend_v to_o the_o half_a of_o our_o right_n craig_n do_v very_o well_o observe_v near_o that_o place_n that_o these_o book_n call_v regiam_fw-la majestatem_fw-la be_v no_o part_n of_o our_o law_n but_o be_v compile_v for_o the_o custom_n of_o england_n in_o 13._o book_n by_o the_o earl_n of_o chester_n and_o by_o some_o unknown_a and_o inconsiderate_a hand_n steal_v thence_o and_o resarcinate_v into_o these_o four_o book_n which_o pass_v among_o we_o which_o though_o they_o be_v mention_v to_o be_v revise_v and_o reform_v with_o our_o former_a ancient_a law_n par._n 1425._o cap._n 54._o par._n 1487._o cap._n 115._o yet_o these_o do_v not_o acknowledge_v they_o as_o already_o become_v our_o law_n but_o as_o such_o as_o by_o alteration_n thereof_o may_v become_v our_o law_n the_o law_n of_o scotland_n in_o its_o nearness_n to_o equity_n plainness_n and_o facility_n in_o its_o custom_n tenor_n and_o form_n and_o in_o its_o celerity_n and_o dispatch_n in_o the_o administration_n and_o execution_n of_o it_o may_v be_v well_o parrallele_v with_o the_o best_a law_n in_o christendom_n which_o will_v more_o plain_o appear_v when_o the_o proportion_n and_o propinquity_n of_o it_o to_o equity_n shall_v be_v see_v 16._o before_o we_o come_v to_o the_o common_a principle_n of_o law_n this_o question_n will_v be_v resolve_v whether_o law_n may_v or_o shall_v be_v handle_v as_o a_o rational_a discipline_n have_v principle_n from_o whence_o its_o conclusion_n may_v be_v deduce_v most_n lawyer_n be_v for_o the_o negative_a part_n common_o esteem_v law_n especial_o the_o positive_a and_o proper_a law_n of_o any_o nation_n incapable_a of_o such_o a_o deduction_n as_o be_v dependent_a upon_o the_o will_n and_o pleasure_n of_o lawgiver_n and_o introduce_v for_o utility_n sake_n and_o so_o frequent_o alterable_a that_o they_o can_v be_v draw_v from_o prior_n common_a principle_n and_o keep_v the_o artificial_a method_n of_o rational_a discipline_n and_o therefore_o they_o rest_v satisfy_v with_o any_o order_n whereby_o the_o particular_a head_n and_o title_n may_v be_v find_v whereunto_o the_o confuse_a order_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n which_o be_v the_o great_a blemish_n in_o it_o have_v be_v instrumental_a for_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o ordinar_n for_o learned_a man_n than_o to_o maintain_v their_o author_n and_o through_o their_o respect_n to_o they_o not_o to_o be_v sensible_a of_o their_o tolerable_a error_n there_o be_v little_a to_o be_v find_v among_o the_o commentars_n and_o treatise_n upon_o the_o civil_a law_n argue_v from_o any_o know_a principle_n of_o right_a but_o all_o their_o debate_n be_v a_o congestion_n of_o the_o context_n of_o the_o law_n which_o exceed_o nauseate_v delicate_a engine_n find_v much_o more_o work_n for_o their_o memory_n than_o judgement_n in_o take_v up_o and_o retain_v the_o lawgiver_n will_v rather_o than_o search_v into_o his_o reason_n yet_o there_o be_v not_o want_v of_o late_a of_o the_o learnede_a lawyer_n who_o have_v think_v it_o both_o feasible_a and_o fit_a that_o the_o law_n shall_v be_v form_v as_o a_o rational_a discipline_n and_o have_v much_o regret_v that_o it_o have_v not_o be_v effectuate_v yea_o scarce_o attempt_v by_o any_o as_o duarrenus_fw-la de_fw-la ratione_fw-la discendi_fw-la docendique_fw-la juris_fw-la and_o grotius_n in_o his_o prologue_n to_o his_o learned_a treatise_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la belli_fw-la &_o pacis_fw-la for_o which_o there_o be_v many_o peregnant_a reason_n first_o as_o we_o have_v hint_v before_o equity_n or_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n stand_v whole_o in_o these_o practical_a principle_n which_o be_v create_v in_o and_o with_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n and_o arise_v in_o he_o without_o reason_v or_o debate_n as_o natural_o as_o the_o heat_n do_v from_o the_o fire_n or_o the_o light_n from_o the_o sun_n and_o in_o these_o rule_n of_o righteousness_n which_o be_v deduce_v thence_o by_o evident_a reason_n so_o that_o law_n be_v reason_n itself_o as_o it_o be_v versant_a about_o the_o right_n of_o man_n and_o therefore_o call_v the_o law_n of_o reason_n and_o can_v there_o be_v any_o thing_n more_o congruous_a to_o a_o natural_a discipline_n than_o reason_n itself_o and_o its_o principle_n second_o god_n in_o his_o goodness_n have_v give_v man_n more_o radiant_a ray_n of_o reason_n and_o preserve_v it_o more_o after_o his_o fall_n about_o his_o right_n meum_fw-la &_o tuum_fw-la than_o in_o any_o other_o science_n or_o knowledge_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v dubious_a and_o conjectural_a and_o attainable_a only_a with_o great_a pain_n but_o in_o the_o matter_n of_o right_a a_o man_n of_o reason_n though_o without_o education_n if_o not_o blind_v or_o bias_v with_o affection_n or_o interest_n or_o mar_v with_o the_o statute_n and_o custom_n of_o man_n which_o be_v but_o as_o their_o contract_n and_o matter_n of_o fact_n to_o he_o will_v be_v able_a to_o discern_v right_a from_o wrong_n though_o he_o can_v be_v so_o distinct_a as_o by_o reflect_v on_o his_o own_o knowledge_n to_o take_v up_o and_o hold_v forth_o the_o ground_n upon_o which_o he_o do_v proceed_v or_o to_o reach_v matter_n of_o intricacy_n or_o difficulty_n which_o require_v 〈◊〉_d judgement_n and_o long_a experience_n three_o 〈◊〉_d expostulate_v and_o argue_v with_o man_n even_o for_o moral_a duty_n from_o their_o common_a principle_n of_o righteousness_n which_o their_o conscience_n can_v reject_v as_o be_v evident_a every_o where_o in_o his_o word_n and_o therefore_o see_v the_o law_n have_v such_o principle_n it_o may_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v hold_v forth_o as_o it_o be_v deduce_v from_o they_o as_o to_o the_o difficulty_n which_o seem_v to_o arise_v from_o the_o variety_n and_o multiplication_n of_o positive_a law_n it_o will_v say_v nothing_o for_o see_v positive_a law_n be_v only_o to_o declare_v equity_n or_o make_v it_o effectual_a and_o in_o some_o case_n to_o lay_v aside_o the_o effect_n of_o it_o for_o the_o profit_n of_o man_n now_o in_o his_o lapse_v estate_n it_o may_v be_v easy_o order_v by_o bring_v it_o to_o the_o part_n of_o equity_n whereunto_o it_o do_v relate_v and_o as_o a_o man_n body_n may_v well_o be_v describe_v though_o it_o be_v not_o naked_a and_o in_o its_o pure_a natural_n and_o have_v its_o hair_n cut_v and_o order_v and_o ornament_n upon_o it_o all_o which_o will_v fall_v to_o be_v describe_v as_o appendicles_a to_o the_o several_a part_n of_o the_o body_n which_o they_o adorn_v for_o equity_n be_v the_o body_n of_o the_o law_n and_o the_o statute_n of_o man_n be_v but_o as_o the_o ornament_n and_o vestiture_n thereof_o and_o in_o the_o explanation_n of_o every_o part_n of_o it_o it_o will_v most_o fit_o fall_v in_o but_o the_o best_a demonstration_n of_o this_o will_v be_v ocular_a by_o delineation_n of_o equity_n and_o positive_a law_n together_o 17._o the_o principle_n of_o law_n be_v such_o as_o be_v know_v without_o argue_v and_o to_o which_o the_o judgement_n upon_o apprehenosin_n thereof_o will_v give_v its_o ready_a and_o full_a assent_n such_o as_o god_n be_v to_o be_v adorn_v and_o obey_v parent_n to_o be_v obey_v and_o honour_v child_n to_o be_v love_v and_o entertain_v and_o such_o be_v these_o common_a precept_n which_o be_v set_v forth_o in_o the_o civil_a law_n to_o live_v honest_o to_o wrong_v no_o man_n and_o to_o give_v every_o man_n his_o right_n but_o here_o we_o shall_v speak_v of_o the_o most_o general_a principle_n which_o have_v influence_n upon_o all_o the_o right_n of_o man_n leave_v the_o more_o particular_a one_o to_o the_o right_n flow_v therefrom_o the_o first_o principle_n of_o equity_n be_v these_o
to_o do_v what_o he_o will_v not_o restraint_n be_v exercise_v by_o imprisonment_n and_o captivity_n or_o in_o the_o hindrance_n of_o the_o use_n of_o thing_n necessary_a for_o life_n as_o meat_n drink_v sleep_v etc._n etc._n constraint_n be_v exercise_v by_o beat_v wound_v or_o the_o like_a force_n upon_o the_o body_n or_o the_o fear_n of_o it_o whereby_o any_o thing_n be_v extort_a 5._o though_o liberty_n be_v the_o most_o precious_a right_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o absolute_a but_o limit_v first_o by_o the_o will_n of_o god_n and_o our_o obediential_a obligation_n to_o he_o and_o to_o man_n by_o his_o ordinance_n and_o so_o though_o man_n have_v power_n of_o his_o own_o person_n yet_o have_v he_o no_o power_n of_o his_o own_o life_n or_o his_o member_n to_o dispose_v of_o they_o at_o his_o pleasure_n either_o by_o take_v away_o of_o his_o life_n or_o amputation_n or_o hurt_v of_o any_o member_n by_o himself_o or_o by_o give_v power_n to_o any_o other_o so_o to_o do_v unless_o it_o be_v necessary_a for_o preserve_v the_o whole_a but_o he_o be_v natural_o oblige_v to_o god_n to_o maintain_v his_o life_n so_o likewise_o man_n may_v be_v restrain_v or_o constrain_v by_o other_o without_o encroachment_n upon_o the_o law_n of_o liberty_n in_o the_o pursuance_n of_o other_o obediential_a obligation_n as_o a_o husband_n have_v power_n to_o restrain_v his_o wife_n from_o her_o liberty_n of_o go_v where_o she_o will_v and_o may_v keep_v she_o within_o the_o bound_n of_o conjugal_a society_n so_o may_v parent_n restrain_v their_o child_n and_o also_o constrain_v they_o to_o the_o performance_n of_o moral_a duty_n and_o that_o without_o any_o engagement_n or_o law_n we_o may_v also_o without_o any_o injury_n restrain_v a_o furious_a person_n or_o one_o who_o be_v infer_v violence_n to_o himself_o in_o his_o life_n or_o limb_n because_o this_o be_v not_o against_o any_o act_n of_o his_o lawful_a liberty_n and_o be_v do_v as_o a_o duty_n in_o we_o of_o love_n and_o mercy_n but_o in_o matter_n of_o utility_n and_o profit_n where_o the_o natural_a liberty_n be_v not_o hem_v in_o with_o a_o obligation_n there_o unless_o by_o his_o own_o delinquence_n or_o consent_n man_n can_v just_o be_v restrain_v much_o less_o constrain_v upon_o pretence_n of_o his_o utility_n or_o profit_n for_o liberty_n as_o far_o preferable_a to_o profit_v and_o in_o the_o matter_n of_o utility_n every_o man_n be_v leave_v to_o his_o own_o choice_n and_o can_v without_o injury_n to_o god_n and_o man_n be_v hinder_v to_o do_v what_o he_o please_v or_o be_v compel_v to_o do_v what_o he_o please_v not_o in_o thing_n wherein_o he_o be_v free_a as_o grotius_n say_v de_fw-fr jure_fw-la belli_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 22._o pag._n 2._o non_fw-la enim_fw-la si_fw-la quid_fw-la alicui_fw-la ntile_fw-la est_fw-la id_fw-la statim_fw-la mihi_fw-la licet_fw-la ei_fw-la per_fw-la vim_o imponere_fw-la nam_fw-la his_fw-la qui_fw-la rationis_fw-la habent_fw-la usum_fw-la libera_fw-la esse_fw-la debet_fw-la utilium_fw-la multilinimve_fw-la electio_fw-la nisi_fw-la alterijus_fw-la quodam_fw-la in_o eos_fw-la quaesitum_fw-la sit_fw-la 6._o liberty_n may_v be_v diminish_v or_o take_v away_o by_o our_o delinquence_n in_o the_o way_n of_o punishment_n for_o see_v it_o be_v a_o right_n in_o our_o own_o power_n as_o good_n and_o debt_n may_v be_v forfault_v by_o our_o delinquence_n so_o may_v our_o liberty_n in_o whole_a or_o in_o part_n 7._o three_o our_o engagement_n do_v common_o import_v a_o diminution_n of_o our_o personal_a liberty_n but_o much_o more_o of_o that_o natural_a liberty_n of_o thing_n without_o we_o whence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o law_n allow_v personal_a execution_n or_o restraint_n and_o incarceration_n of_o the_o debtor_n person_n until_o he_o do_v all_o the_o deed_n that_o be_v in_o his_o power_n for_o the_o satisafction_n of_o his_o creditor_n 8._o liberty_n be_v diminish_v by_o subjection_n unto_o authority_n for_o as_o man_n by_o nature_n be_v a_o free_a creature_n in_o his_o own_o power_n he_o do_v then_o become_v in_o the_o power_n of_o other_o whether_o it_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o a_o society_n where_o the_o suffrage_n of_o the_o plurality_n be_v prefer_v to_o the_o natural_a and_o free_a choice_n of_o particular_a person_n or_o whether_o the_o authority_n be_v state_v in_o a_o few_o person_n or_o in_o one_o sovereign_a 9_o five_o liberty_n be_v whole_o take_v off_o by_o bondage_n slavery_n or_o servitude_n which_o be_v diametrical_o opposite_a to_o liberty_n for_o as_o liberty_n be_v that_o power_n by_o which_o man_n be_v svi_fw-la juris_fw-la so_o by_o servitude_n they_o become_v alieni_fw-la juris_fw-la in_o the_o power_n of_o another_o unto_o who_o they_o become_v as_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o good_n in_o their_o patrimony_n and_o be_v possess_v by_o they_o and_o may_v be_v gift_v legated_a sell_v and_o otherways_o dispose_v of_o at_o their_o pleasure_n l._n 4._o ff_n de_fw-fr statu_fw-la hominis_fw-la l._n qui_fw-la in_o servitute_fw-la ff_n deregulis_fw-la juris_fw-la so_o that_o master_n have_v among_o the_o roman_n and_o almost_o every_o where_o power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n of_o their_o slave_n l._n 1._o ff_n de_fw-mi his_o qui_fw-la sunt_fw-la svi_fw-la vel_fw-la alieni_fw-la juris_fw-la though_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o emperor_n do_v restrain_v that_o power_n to_o moderate_a chastisement_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o former_a law_n §_o 2._o and_o next_o ensue_a servant_n be_v whole_o their_o master_n they_o can_v have_v nothing_o of_o their_o own_o l._n acquiritur_fw-la de_fw-la acquirendo_fw-la rerum_fw-la dominio_fw-la so_o that_o their_o peculium_fw-la which_o their_o master_n commit_v to_o they_o to_o negotiate_v with_o be_v whole_o in_o their_o master_n power_n and_o may_v be_v take_v away_o at_o his_o pleasure_n l._n 4._o ff_n de_fw-fr peculio_fw-la neither_o can_v they_o be_v liable_a to_o any_o obligation_n l._n nec_fw-la servus_n 41._o ff_n de_fw-fr peculio_fw-la neither_o can_v there_o be_v any_o civil_a action_n for_o or_o against_o they_o l._n in_o personam_fw-la ff_n 22._o de_fw-la regulis_fw-la juris_fw-la neither_o can_v they_o be_v witness_n procuratoss_n or_o arbiter_n l._n cum_fw-la seru._n ff_n de_fw-fr regulis_fw-la juris_fw-la yea_o and_o they_o be_v account_v as_o no_o body_n or_o as_o dead_a man_n l._n 32._o de_fw-fr reg._n jur._n l._n 7._o the_o testib_n l._n 6._o cod._n de_fw-fr judiciis_fw-la l._n 7._o the_o recep_n qui_fw-fr arb_n 10._o bondage_n be_v introduce_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o it_o be_v among_o the_o positive_a law_n of_o nation_n settle_v by_o common_a consuetude_n and_o it_o take_v first_o place_n in_o the_o these_o who_o be_v take_v in_o war_n who_o be_v under_o the_o power_n of_o their_o enemy_n sword_n do_v loss_n their_o liberty_n in_o lieu_n of_o their_o life_n such_o also_o be_v these_o who_o sell_v their_o liberty_n and_o give_v it_o up_o and_o be_v content_a to_o be_v perpetual_a slave_n as_o be_v the_o jewish_a bondman_n who_o ear_n be_v pierce_v with_o a_o awl_n as_o the_o solemnity_n of_o their_o perpetual_a and_o willing_a servitude_n the_o offspring_n of_o servant_n remain_v in_o their_o servile_a condition_n and_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n and_o the_o roman_a law_n it_o follow_v the_o mother_n and_o not_o the_o father_n partus_fw-la sequitur_fw-la ventrem_fw-la and_o in_o some_o case_n both_o by_o the_o judicial_a law_n and_o the_o roman_a law_n free_a parent_n may_v sell_v and_o give_v their_o child_n into_o bondage_n 11._o bondage_n though_o contrair_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o liberty_n yet_o it_o be_v lawful_a liberty_n be_v a_o right_n alienable_a and_o in_o our_o disposel_n so_o that_o the_o natural_a law_n constitute_v we_o free_a but_o put_v no_o necessity_n on_o we_o so_o to_o continue_v and_o therefore_o servitude_n be_v both_o approven_v in_o the_o old_a testament_n and_o in_o the_o new_a it_o be_v clear_v against_o that_o obvious_a objection_n that_o be_v make_v free_a by_o christ_n we_o shall_v not_o become_v the_o servant_n of_o man_n to_o which_o the_o apostle_n answer_v be_v thou_o call_v be_v a_o servant_n or_o slave_n continue_v so_o for_o nevertheless_o thou_o be_v christ_n freeman_n but_o yet_o christian_a lenity_n and_o mercy_n have_v almost_o take_v away_o bondage_n except_o among_o the_o spaniard_n portugal_n and_o other_o christian_a nation_n border_v upon_o the_o turk_n where_o because_o the_o turk_n do_v extreme_o exercise_v slavery_n especial_o upon_o christian_n their_o neighbour_n do_v the_o like_a that_o they_o may_v have_v slave_n to_o exchange_v with_o slave_n little_a of_o slavery_n remain_v elsewhere_o among_o christian_n except_o the_o ascriptitii_n who_o be_v not_o absolute_o slave_n but_o they_o and_o their_o posterity_n be_v bind_v to_o several_a service_n to_o ferm_n and_o village_n to_o which_o by_o reason_n thereof_o only_o they_o be_v in_o bondage_n and_o their_o master_n can_v apply_v they_o to_o other_o
by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o contract_n that_o it_o be_v among_o the_o contract_n stricti_fw-la juris_fw-la where_o nothing_o be_v understand_v but_o what_o be_v express_v or_o necessary_o consequent_a therefrom_o and_o therefore_o there_o be_v no_o annual_a or_o profit_n due_a in_o mutuo_fw-la yea_o though_o it_o be_v express_v by_o paction_n it_o will_v not_o suffice_v by_o the_o civil_a law_n unless_o it_o be_v by_o stipulation_n we_o allow_v not_o profit_n in_o mutuo_fw-la unless_o it_o be_v so_o agree_v upon_o which_o may_v be_v by_o paction_n even_o ex_fw-la intervallo_fw-la in_o which_o case_n it_o retain_v the_o name_n of_o mutuum_fw-la though_o it_o be_v rather_o locatione_fw-la of_o the_o use_n of_o the_o fungible_a for_o the_o annual_a as_o a_o competent_a hire_n and_o so_o we_o shall_v speak_v to_o annualrent_n not_o here_o but_o in_o location_n yet_o the_o law_n do_v allow_v to_o mutuum_fw-la that_o any_o thing_n may_v be_v transchange_v in_o a_o fungible_a as_o the_o price_n thereof_o and_o that_o fungible_a constitute_v in_o mutuum_fw-la which_o be_v equivalent_a as_o if_o the_o fungible_a have_v be_v real_o deliver_v l._n 11._o ff_n de_fw-fr rebus_fw-la creditis_fw-la and_o any_o contract_n be_v easy_o change_v in_o mutuum_fw-la per_fw-la fictionem_fw-la braevis_fw-la manus_fw-la as_o if_o all_o these_o alteration_n have_v be_v actual_o make_v but_o if_o it_o be_v but_o acknowledge_v per_fw-la chyrographum_fw-la that_o money_n be_v deliver_v the_o exception_n de_fw-fr non_fw-fr numerata_fw-la pecunia_fw-la be_v competent_a with_o we_o the_o transmission_n from_o any_o other_o cause_n be_v sufficient_a and_o the_o acknowledgement_n of_o the_o receipt_n of_o money_n prove_v unless_o the_o contrair_n be_v prove_v by_o write_n or_o oath_n the_o ordinary_a way_n of_o mutuum_fw-la among_o merchant_n be_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n or_o letter_n of_o credit_n which_o have_v several_a specialty_n which_o arise_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o these_o act_n and_o from_o custom_n especial_o these_o common_a custom_n of_o merchant_n observe_v in_o city_n of_o great_a trade_n in_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n the_o nature_n and_o ordinary_a tenor_n of_o these_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v that_o the_o drawer_n of_o the_o bill_n order_v such_o a_o merchant_n or_o his_o correspondent_a to_o pay_v the_o sum_n contain_v in_o the_o bill_n upon_o sight_n or_o at_o such_o certain_a time_n or_o at_o useance_n and_o that_o for_o value_n receive_v wherein_o there_o be_v imply_v a_o mandate_n to_o the_o correspondent_a and_o a_o obligement_n upon_o the_o drawer_n of_o the_o bill_n to_o make_v that_o mandate_n effectual_a whereinis_fw-la mutuum_fw-la be_v imply_v if_o the_o value_n receive_v by_o he_o be_v numerate_v money_n or_o of_o any_o other_o cause_n such_o as_o delivery_n of_o ware_n there_o be_v in_o it_o fictio_fw-la braevis_fw-la manus_fw-la as_o if_o the_o ware_n be_v sell_v to_o the_o drawer_n of_o the_o bill_n and_o the_o sum_n in_o the_o bill_n be_v the_o price_n receive_v and_o deliver_v again_o in_o loan_n there_o use_v two_o or_o three_o bill_n to_o be_v draw_v for_o the_o same_o sum_n which_o do_v bear_v to_o be_v the_o first_o second_o and_o three_o bill_n and_o the_o payment_n of_o any_o one_o satisfy_v all_o the_o fix_a form_n by_o custom_n of_o make_v use_n of_o these_o bill_n be_v by_o present_v they_o to_o he_o upon_o who_o they_o be_v draw_v and_o if_o he_o accept_v the_o bill_n he_o write_v thereupon_o accept_v which_o if_o it_o be_v simple_o he_o become_v liable_a in_o the_o term_n and_o at_o the_o time_n mention_v in_o the_o bill_n but_o sometime_o the_o accepter_n do_v qualify_v his_o acceptance_n which_o the_o creditor_n by_o the_o bill_n may_v refuse_v and_o require_v either_o simple_a acceptance_n or_o may_v protest_v for_o non-acceptance_n but_o if_o he_o suffer_v the_o acceptance_n to_o be_v qualify_v it_o import_v his_o consent_n and_o he_o can_v protest_v for_o non-acceptance_n as_o if_o the_o acceptance_n be_v to_o a_o long_a day_n than_o what_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o bill_n or_o if_o it_o bear_v acceptance_n if_o provision_n come_v betwixt_o and_o the_o day_n or_o if_o ware_n or_o bill_n in_o hand_n do_v raise_v the_o sum_n at_o or_o after_o the_o day_n the_o bill_n be_v again_o present_v and_o if_o payment_n be_v not_o then_o make_v the_o creditor_n in_o the_o bill_n protest_v for_o not_o payment_n and_o both_o these_o protestation_n must_v be_v by_o instrument_n of_o a_o nottar_n either_o for_o non-acceptance_n or_o not_o payment_n which_o instrument_n with_o the_o bill_n make_v sufficient_a probation_n both_o against_o the_o drawer_n of_o the_o bill_n and_o against_o he_o upon_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v and_o neither_o witness_n nor_o the_o oath_n of_o party_n will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o supply_v the_o protest_v so_o that_o the_o instrument_n or_o protest_v be_v not_o only_o a_o proof_n but_o a_o solemnity_n requisite_a these_o protest_v may_v be_v take_v against_o he_o upon_o who_o they_o be_v draw_v either_o personal_o or_o at_o his_o dwellinghouse_n which_o be_v sustain_v though_o before_o present_v of_o the_o bill_n the_o party_n upon_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v be_v dead_a july_n 3._o 1664._o hugh_n kennedy_n contra_fw-la george_n hutcheson_n upon_o bill_n so_o protest_v the_o creditor_n in_o the_o bill_n have_v action_n both_o against_o he_o upon_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v if_o through_o his_o fault_n he_o have_v either_o refuse_v to_o accept_v or_o to_o pay_v and_o so_o if_o he_o have_v provision_n in_o his_o hand_n he_o will_v be_v decern_v to_o pay_v and_o if_o without_o provision_n he_o accept_v and_o pay_v the_o drawer_n of_o the_o bill_n become_v his_o debtor_n ex_fw-la mutuo_fw-la or_o ex_fw-la mandato_fw-la the_o creditor_n in_o the_o bill_n may_v also_o return_v upon_o the_o drawer_n of_o the_o bill_n who_o will_v be_v decern_v to_o pay_v the_o sum_n with_o the_o damnage_n the_o creditor_n have_v sustain_v through_o its_o be_v protest_v wherein_o will_v be_v comprehend_v the_o expense_n of_o the_o pursuit_n against_o the_o correspondent_a and_o the_o profit_n the_o creditor_n in_o the_o bill_n may_v have_v make_v if_o according_a to_o it_o he_o have_v receive_v his_o money_n which_o will_v differ_v in_o several_a person_n and_o case_n as_o if_o the_o creditor_n in_o the_o bill_n be_v not_o a_o merchant_n the_o ordinary_a damnage_n will_v be_v the_o exchange_n that_o be_v the_o rate_n ordinary_o give_v at_o that_o time_n for_o answer_v money_n from_o the_o place_n at_o which_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v to_o the_o place_n to_o which_o it_o be_v direct_v but_o if_o the_o creditor_n in_o the_o bill_n be_v a_o merchant_n and_o be_v to_o trade_n with_o the_o sum_n in_o the_o place_n to_o which_o the_o bill_n be_v direct_v he_o have_v also_o no_o more_o but_o exchange_n but_o if_o he_o be_v to_o trade_n in_o any_o other_o place_n before_o he_o return_v to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v he_o will_v not_o only_o get_v exchange_n but_o re-exchange_n as_o be_v damnify_v in_o the_o profit_n of_o his_o ware_n that_o he_o be_v to_o buy_v at_o the_o place_n to_o which_o he_o be_v bind_v from_o that_o place_n to_o which_o the_o bill_n be_v direct_v for_o the_o ware_n he_o be_v to_o buy_v there_o and_o for_o the_o loss_n of_o his_o profit_n of_o the_o ware_n he_o be_v to_o buy_v at_o the_o second_o prot_n but_o though_o there_o may_v be_v further_a progress_n in_o his_o traffic_n his_o damnage_n be_v no_o further_o extend_v then_o to_o exchange_n and_o re-exchange_n and_o in_o all_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o creditor_n in_o the_o bill_n concern_v his_o design_n with_o the_o bill_n must_v be_v sufficient_a probation_n and_o be_v taxable_a as_o all_o oath_n in_o litem_fw-la be_v when_o they_o appear_v exorbitant_a if_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v unsatisfied_a by_o a_o interveen_a accident_n which_o the_o drawer_n can_v not_o prevent_v the_o damnage_n will_v be_v modify_v or_o take_v off_o as_o in_o the_o former_a case_n the_o correspondent_a upon_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v die_v before_o the_o day_n of_o payment_n the_o creditor_n in_o the_o bill_n have_v protest_v at_o his_o dwellinghouse_n and_o not_o insist_v against_o his_o successor_n but_o return_v against_o the_o drawer_n he_o get_v no_o exchange_n or_o re-exchange_n yet_o certain_o the_o drawer_n of_o the_o bill_n be_v hereby_o oblige_v to_o deliver_v the_o money_n at_o the_o place_n to_o which_o the_o bill_n be_v direct_v it_o have_v be_v no_o stretch_n to_o give_v he_o exchange_n but_o if_o the_o correspondent_a upon_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v break_v or_o become_v insolvent_a full_a damange_n will_v be_v due_a by_o the_o drawer_n who_o part_n it_o be_v to_o have_v his_o money_n in_o secure_a hand_n unless_o the_o correspondent_o insolvency_n be_v by_o the_o delay_n or_o fault_n
liferent_a escheat_n the_o whole_a by_o forefaulture_n all_o right_n relate_v to_o infeftment_n by_o destination_n be_v heritable_a or_o movable_a in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o betwixt_o heir_n and_o executor_n but_o right_n have_v a_o tract_n of_o time_n but_o not_o for_o a_o liferent_a be_v movable_a and_o fall_v under_o single_a escheat_n yet_o the_o bygone_n of_o annualrent_fw-la by_o infeftment_n be_v still_o movable_a but_o as_o to_o both_o effect_n assignation_n to_o literent_fw-la tack_n be_v find_v movable_a and_o to_o fall_v under_o single_a escheat_n hope_n horning_n sir_n robert_n ker_n contra_fw-la sir_n john_n ker._n clause_n also_o of_o relief_n in_o heritable_a bondsare_n movable_a and_o the_o jus_o marti_n of_o husband_n though_o they_o carry_v the_o profit_n of_o the_o wife_n heritable_a right_n or_o right_n of_o liferent_a fall_v under_o the_o husband_n single_a escheat_n 3._o to_o return_v now_o to_o the_o several_a kind_n of_o real_a right_n the_o first_o whereof_o be_v that_o original_a community_n which_o all_o man_n have_v at_o first_o in_o the_o whole_a creature_n of_o this_o inferior_a world_n for_o as_o to_o that_o community_n which_o be_v competent_a to_o a_o nation_n incorporation_n society_n or_o more_o single_a person_n it_o be_v property_n indeed_o to_o these_o in_o respect_n of_o other_o man_n though_o among_o themselves_o it_o keep_v a_o proportion_n with_o the_o universal_a community_n first_o in_o that_o there_o be_v a_o equal_a right_n and_o interest_n presume_v to_o be_v in_o all_o these_o that_o have_v community_n unless_o the_o contrair_n appear_v second_o that_o this_o equality_n be_v not_o exact_a in_o the_o use_n but_o that_o which_o be_v enjoy_v in_o common_a may_v free_o be_v make_v use_n of_o for_o the_o end_n of_o the_o community_n though_o some_o make_v use_v of_o more_o and_o other_o of_o less_o according_a to_o their_o need_n or_o satisfaction_n as_o when_o two_o person_n have_v a_o universal_a society_n of_o all_o their_o mean_n if_o the_o one_o be_v taller_z then_o the_o other_o he_o be_v not_o to_o go_v naked_a in_o so_o far_o as_o he_o exceed_v his_o fellow_n or_o if_o his_o appetit_fw-la be_v great_a he_o be_v not_o to_o pinch_v it_o and_o if_o he_o have_v more_o child_n he_o may_v entertain_v and_o provide_v they_o and_o thereby_o consume_v more_o of_o the_o common_a stock_n than_o the_o other_o so_o that_o in_o these_o universal_a society_n there_o be_v not_o a_o arithmetical_a equality_n but_o a_o geometrical_a proportion_n to_o the_o need_n and_o use_v of_o the_o party_n to_o be_v observe_v three_o such_o community_n may_v be_v pass_v from_o and_o division_n be_v make_v of_o that_o which_o be_v common_a thereby_o it_o will_v become_v proper_a to_o either_o party_n unless_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n or_o paction_n hinder_v in_o which_o case_n division_n can_v be_v make_v without_o consent_n of_o the_o whole_a for_o as_o be_v show_v before_o under_o the_o obediential_a obligation_n of_o restitution_n to_o every_o man_n that_o which_o be_v his_o own_o division_n of_o that_o which_o be_v common_a be_v comprehend_v four_o even_o during_o the_o community_n that_o which_o any_o party_n take_v for_o his_o use_n be_v proper_a and_o may_v not_o be_v take_v from_o he_o by_o any_o other_o if_o he_o exceed_v not_o the_o end_n or_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o society_n by_o seek_v more_o than_o be_v proportional_a to_o his_o need_n and_o use_v with_o the_o rest_n in_o the_o society_n all_o these_o agree_v to_o the_o original_a community_n of_o mankind_n and_o so_o they_o do_v continue_v in_o the_o first_o and_o golden_a age_n of_o the_o world_n when_o gold_n be_v not_o know_v nor_o regard_v but_o simplicity_n and_o sincerity_n be_v the_o gold_n of_o that_o age_n whereby_o every_o man_n content_v himself_o with_o the_o natural_a fruit_n and_o birth_n of_o the_o earth_n sea_n and_o river_n and_o it_o be_v like_a that_o the_o fruit_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o tree_n be_v satisfy_v to_o man_n at_o first_o before_o they_o come_v to_o hunt_v and_o kill_v of_o beast_n fish_v in_o the_o sea_n and_o river_n and_o haulking_n and_o kill_v of_o fowl_n 5._o then_o also_o man_n be_v content_v with_o cave_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o shade_n of_o tree_n for_o house_n and_o skin_n of_o beast_n for_o clothing_n in_o this_o community_n do_v many_o of_o the_o savage_a nation_n of_o america_n continue_v to_o this_o day_n in_o these_o vast_a and_o unpeopled_a place_n of_o the_o world_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n man_n be_v multiply_v upon_o the_o face_n of_o the_o earth_n there_o be_v necessity_n of_o division_n and_o appropriation_n which_o have_v so_o far_o prevail_v that_o now_o there_o remain_v nothing_o common_a which_o by_o its_o nature_n and_o man_n necessity_n can_v be_v appropriate_a whereby_o some_o thing_n in_o whole_a and_o some_o use_n of_o other_o remain_v yet_o common_a to_o all_o man_n as_o 6._o first_o the_o air_n be_v common_a to_o all_o man_n because_o it_o can_v have_v no_o limit_n or_o bound_n and_o because_o all_o man_n every_o where_o must_v necessary_o breathe_v it_o second_o run_v water_n be_v common_a to_o all_o man_n because_o they_o can_v have_v no_o bound_n but_o water_n stand_v and_o capable_a of_o bound_n be_v proper_a three_o the_o vast_a ocean_n be_v common_a to_o all_o mankind_n as_o to_o navigation_n and_o fish_n which_o be_v the_o only_a use_n thereof_o because_o it_o be_v not_o capable_a of_o bound_n but_o where_o the_o sea_n be_v enclose_v in_o bay_n creek_n or_o otherways_o be_v capable_a of_o any_o bound_n or_o meeth_n as_o within_o the_o point_n of_o such_o land_n or_o within_o the_o view_n of_o such_o shore_n there_o it_o may_v become_v proper_a but_o with_o the_o reservation_n of_o passage_n for_o commerce_n as_o in_o the_o land_n four_o all_o the_o wild_a and_o free_a creature_n which_o be_v in_o the_o property_n of_o none_o be_v in_o some_o sort_n common_a to_o all_o as_o fish_n fowl_n bee_n etc._n etc._n but_o in_o respect_n property_n have_v take_v hold_n of_o all_o that_o be_v appropriable_a these_o be_v say_v rather_o to_o belong_v to_o none_o as_o be_v by_o common_a consent_n declare_v void_a by_o all_o that_o property_n thereof_o may_v be_v infer_v by_o occupation_n and_o possession_n without_o respect_n to_o the_o person_n necessity_n or_o use_n as_o be_v in_o the_o ancient_a community_n but_o that_o simple_o whosoever_o possess_v that_o which_o belong_v to_o none_o do_v thereby_o acquire_v the_o property_n thereof_o such_o also_o be_v gem_n and_o precious_a stone_n on_o the_o shoar_n or_o thing_n relinquish_v by_o the_o proper_a owner_n except_o where_o there_o be_v a_o national_a community_n that_o people_n or_o their_o authority_n do_v possess_v in_o common_a not_o only_o some_o reserve_a right_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o also_o the_o right_n of_o precious_a thing_n or_o thing_n relinquish_v or_o lose_v by_o shipwreck_n or_o otherways_o whereby_o the_o imaginary_a possession_n of_o have_v such_o within_o their_o territory_n be_v sufficient_a by_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n to_o appropriate_v they_o and_o to_o exclude_v other_o nation_n or_o single_a person_n of_o that_o same_o nation_n from_o they_o so_o with_o we_o treasure_n hide_v in_o the_o earth_n who_o proper_a owner_n can_v be_v know_v be_v not_o he_o in_o who_o ground_n they_o be_v find_v nor_o the_o finder_n but_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n and_o thing_n stray_v or_o waith_n who_o owner_n can_v appear_v be_v public_a and_o shipwreck_n which_o be_v only_o understand_v when_o all_o live_a thing_n in_o the_o ship_n have_v perish_v but_o where_o a_o ox_n escape_v out_o of_o the_o ship_n to_o land_n alive_a the_o good_n be_v not_o find_v escheatable_a as_o shipwreck_n november_n 22._o 1622._o hamiltoun_n contra_fw-la cochran_n but_o shipwreck_n be_v not_o to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o by_o the_o king_n in_o prejudice_n of_o the_o owner_n of_o such_o country_n as_o use_v not_o that_o law_n themselves_o but_o they_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o favour_n here_o as_o they_o keep_v to_o ship_n of_o this_o land_n break_v with_o they_o par._n 1429._o cap._n 124._o five_o of_o thing_n appropriate_a there_o remain_v still_o the_o common_a use_n of_o way_n and_o passage_n which_o be_v like_o a_o servitude_n on_o property_n for_o this_o be_v necessary_o require_v for_o the_o use_n of_o man_n and_o therefore_o understand_v as_o a_o use_n reserve_v both_o in_o their_o tacit_n consent_n to_o appropriation_n and_o in_o their_o custom_n so_o all_o nation_n have_v free_a passage_n by_o navigation_n through_o the_o ocean_n bays_n and_o navigable_a river_n and_o have_v also_o the_o benefit_n of_o station_n in_o the_o sea_n or_o rivers_n and_o have_v the_o common_a use_n of_o the_o shore_n for_o cast_v anchor_n disload_v of_o good_n take_v in_o of_o ballast_n or_o
with_o industry_n and_o preserve_v with_o earnestness_n 32._o four_o when_o man_n increase_v upon_o the_o earth_n and_o society_n become_v to_o be_v erect_v they_o possess_v whole_a country_n and_o divide_v they_o among_o they_o by_o meith_n and_o march_n and_o when_o any_o one_o of_o they_o swell_v to_o that_o greatness_n that_o their_o territory_n can_v not_o contain_v they_o either_o the_o whole_a or_o the_o excreass_n of_o they_o remove_v to_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n not_o then_o inhabit_v and_o fix_v seat_n for_o themselves_o though_o the_o unjust_a ambition_n of_o some_o of_o they_o make_v they_o expel_v other_o yet_o that_o as_o contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v also_o abhor_v and_o give_v occasion_n to_o the_o rest_n from_o that_o same_o law_n to_o concur_v with_o and_o maintain_v the_o oppress_v so_o that_o almost_o the_o whole_a face_n of_o the_o earth_n become_v change_v from_o its_o original_a community_n and_o there_o be_v a_o tacit_a consent_n of_o division_n and_o property_n establish_v throughout_o the_o world_n except_o some_o barbarous_a nation_n and_o nothing_o be_v leave_v common_a that_o can_v be_v proper_a but_o the_o few_o way_n of_o community_n of_o which_o before_o do_v only_o remain_v in_o which_o division_n and_o appropriation_n this_o also_o be_v employ_v by_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o nation_n that_o what_o be_v possess_v or_o appropriate_v by_o none_o or_o relinquish_v be_v not_o now_o common_a to_o all_o but_o hold_v as_o belong_v to_o none_o that_o by_o possession_n it_o may_v be_v appropriate_a 33._o and_o therefore_o five_o property_n be_v introduce_v by_o possession_n of_o thing_n which_o be_v simple_o void_a and_o belong_v to_o none_o and_o that_o without_o limitation_n this_o be_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o their_o common_a consent_n whence_o be_v that_o principle_n quod_fw-la nullius_fw-la est_fw-la fit_a occupantis_fw-la and_o this_o way_n of_o appropriation_n differ_v from_o the_o first_o way_n whereby_o thing_n common_a or_o their_o fruit_n become_v proper_a by_o seizure_n and_o possession_n for_o that_o be_v a_o effect_n of_o the_o native_a community_n be_v with_o this_o limitation_n employ_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o community_n that_o one_o may_v seize_v upon_o no_o more_o than_o their_o use_n require_v without_o hurt_n to_o the_o rest_n who_o enjoy_v that_o same_o community_n as_o in_o a_o theatre_n which_o be_v common_a to_o a_o city_n every_o citizen_n as_o he_o come_v may_v possess_v a_o place_n for_o himself_o by_o stand_v or_o sit_v there_o but_o he_o may_v not_o along_o if_o thereby_o other_o of_o the_o society_n may_v be_v hinder_v to_o be_v present_a and_o behold_v so_o if_o property_n now_o be_v but_o the_o effect_n of_o that_o original_a community_n when_o the_o earth_n be_v so_o straighten_a with_o the_o increase_n of_o man_n it_o will_v be_v the_o ground_n of_o perpetual_a contention_n and_o war_n that_o the_o possession_n of_o some_o be_v unequal_a and_o exceed_v and_o other_o have_v not_o enough_o therefore_o for_o preservation_n of_o the_o common_a peace_n of_o mankind_n the_o custom_n and_o consent_n of_o nation_n have_v allow_v property_n of_o thing_n void_a by_o occupation_n without_o any_o further_a debate_n all_o these_o way_n of_o appropriation_n be_v by_o possession_n or_o occupation_n and_o thus_o be_v all_o free_a creature_n appropriate_a as_o fowl_n of_o the_o air_n wild_a beast_n of_o the_o earth_n fish_n of_o the_o sea_n without_o distinction_n upon_o who_o ground_n they_o be_v take_v and_o though_o man_n may_v be_v hinder_v to_o come_v within_o the_o ground_n of_o other_o there_o be_v now_o no_o ground_n for_o passage_n only_o upon_o account_n of_o hunt_v halk_a or_o fish_v yea_o though_o in_o some_o nation_n the_o use_n of_o some_o of_o these_o free_a creature_n be_v prohibit_v to_o any_o but_o to_o the_o sovereign_a power_n yet_o the_o personal_a restraint_n hinder_v not_o but_o he_o who_o seize_v upon_o any_o wild_a creature_n in_o another_o man_n bound_n it_o become_v his_o own_o though_o he_o be_v punishable_a for_o that_o trespass_n and_o positive_a law_n may_v make_v a_o part_n of_o the_o punishment_n to_o be_v the_o loss_n of_o what_o he_o have_v take_v so_o likewise_o it_o be_v the_o first_o seizure_n that_o introduce_v property_n and_o not_o the_o first_o attempt_n and_o prosecution_n as_o he_o who_o pursue_v or_o wound_v a_o wild_a beast_n a_o fowl_n or_o fish_n be_v not_o thereby_o proprietar_n unless_o he_o have_v bring_v it_o within_o his_o power_n as_o if_o he_o have_v kill_v it_o or_o wound_v it_o to_o death_n or_o otherways_o give_v the_o effectual_a cause_n whereby_o it_o can_v use_v its_o native_a freedom_n as_o at_o the_o whale_n fish_v at_o greenland_n he_o that_o wound_v a_o whale_n so_o that_o she_o can_v keep_v the_o sea_n for_o the_o smart_n of_o her_o wound_n and_o so_o must_v needs_o come_v to_o land_n be_v proprietar_n and_o not_o he_o that_o lay_v first_o hand_n on_o she_o at_o land_n though_o the_o fall_n in_o upon_o another_o game_n when_o he_o alone_o be_v in_o prosecution_n may_v be_v 〈◊〉_d civility_n or_o injury_n yet_o it_o hinder_v not_o the_o constitution_n of_o property_n though_o it_o be_v a_o just_a ground_n to_o annul_v the_o right_n of_o the_o first_o possessor_n and_o make_v he_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o prosecutor_n if_o he_o continue_v his_o pursuit_n with_o a_o probability_n to_o reach_v his_o prey_n and_o therefore_o in_o the_o last_o dutch_a war_n a_o frigate_n of_o the_o king_n called_z the_o nightingale_n and_o a_o french_a frigate_n be_v then_o auxiliary_a to_o the_o king_n in_o that_o war_n have_v rencounter_v a_o dutch_a privateer_n who_o have_v possess_v and_o man_v three_o pryze_n and_o have_v debel_v he_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o prize_n make_v sail_v to_o escape_v while_o the_o two_o frigate_n be_v take_v two_o of_o these_o pryze_n a_o scotish_n privateer_n atack_v the_o three_o called_z the_o tortoice_n and_o make_v her_o strict_a sail_n but_o not_o know_v whether_o the_o other_o frigate_n be_v friend_n or_o foe_n at_o such_o a_o distance_n do_v not_o board_v she_o till_o they_o come_v near_o the_o french_a frigate_n be_v near_o than_o the_o english_a frigate_n both_o the_o french_a frigate_n and_o the_o scotish_n privateer_n claim_v the_o tortoice_n as_o their_o prize_n the_o english_a captain_n send_v the_o prize_n to_o leith_n and_o declare_v the_o case_n under_o his_o hand_n whereupon_o the_o admiral_n adjudge_v the_o tortoice_n prize_n to_o rankine_n the_o scotish_n privateer_n and_o the_o matter_n be_v bring_v before_o the_o lord_n by_o reduction_n the_o french_a privateer_n pursue_v not_o but_o the_o king_n advocate_n the_o lord_n find_v that_o the_o frigate_n under_o the_o king_n pay_v have_v defeat_n the_o dutch_a privateer_n who_o be_v possess_v of_o the_o tortoice_n and_o be_v in_o view_n and_o prosecution_n of_o she_o that_o rankins_n capture_z and_o possession_n be_v injurious_a otherways_o then_o to_o assist_v the_o first_o attacker_n unless_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o the_o prize_n will_v have_v escape_v if_o it_o have_v not_o be_v stop_v and_o force_v to_o strict_a sail_n to_o captain_n rankine_n february_n 15._o 1667._o king_n advocate_n contra_fw-la captain_n rankine_n the_o creature_n be_v understand_v to_o be_v free_a while_o they_o be_v not_o within_o the_o power_n of_o any_o but_o fish_n within_o pond_n be_v proper_a and_o fowl_n though_o never_o so_o wild_a while_o the_o be_v in_o custody_n among_o these_o free_a creature_n these_o which_o be_v tame_a be_v not_o comprehend_v but_o only_o these_o which_o be_v wild_a which_o if_o they_o be_v tame_v contrary_a their_o nature_n be_v so_o long_o proper_a as_o their_o tameness_n remain_v but_o if_o they_o return_v to_o their_o ancient_a wildness_n the_o property_n thereof_o be_v lose_v so_o soon_o as_o the_o owner_n cease_v to_o pursue_v for_o possession_n it_o be_v so_o long_o continue_v or_o understand_v to_o be_v continue_v by_o the_o mind_n have_v once_o begin_v by_o bodily_a act_n and_o therefore_o prosecution_n of_o wild_a creature_n will_v not_o begin_v though_o it_o may_v continue_v the_o property_n of_o they_o bee_n be_v number_v among_o these_o wild_a creature_n which_o therefore_o be_v not_o proper_a though_o they_o hive_n on_o tree_n more_o than_o fowl_n who_o set_v their_o nest_n thereupon_o but_o if_o they_o be_v within_o a_o skep_n or_o work_v in_o the_o hollow_a of_o a_o tree_n wall_n or_o in_o a_o house_n they_o be_v proper_a or_o while_o they_o hive_n or_o fly_v away_o be_v pursue_v by_o the_o proprietar_n but_o thereafter_o they_o belong_v to_o he_o who_o next_o get_v they_o in_o his_o power_n as_o also_o these_o who_o be_v tame_v and_o become_v wild_a become_v they_o who_o regain_v and_o tame_v they_o again_o and_o return_v not_o to_o their_o first_o owner_n thus_o be_v
their_o remove_n they_o leave_v the_o land_n in_o better_a condition_n then_o at_o their_o entry_n they_o get_v no_o satisfaction_n thereof_o without_o paction_n and_o a_o liferenter_fw-la have_v rebuild_v a_o jointure-house_n which_o be_v burn_v by_o accident_n in_o her_o vidowity_n and_o rebuilt_a by_o her_o second_o husband_n be_v find_v to_o have_v no_o satisfaction_n therefore_o except_o the_o house_n have_v be_v accustom_v to_o be_v set_v for_o rent_n and_o that_o the_o liferenter_fw-la or_o her_o husband_n have_v no_o power_n to_o demolish_v any_o thing_n that_o be_v fix_v to_o the_o ground_n february_n 2._o 1672._o captain_n gutbrie_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o mckerstoun_n and_o a_o appryzer_n have_v rebuild_v a_o burn_a house_n be_v not_o presume_v to_o gift_n the_o same_o to_o a_o liferenter_fw-la albeit_o her_o seasine_n be_v registrat_n but_o she_o have_v her_o option_n either_o to_o get_v so_o much_o out_o of_o the_o rent_n of_o the_o tenement_n as_o it_o be_v worth_a before_o the_o reparation_n or_o to_o have_v the_o possefsion_n of_o the_o tenement_n pay_v the_o annualrent_a of_o the_o sum_v necessary_o and_o profitable_o ware_v upon_o the_o reparation_n thereof_o during_o her_o life_n january_n 24._o 1672._o hacket_n contra_fw-la wat._n there_o remain_v to_o be_v clear_v that_o appropriation_n which_o be_v by_o specification_n whereby_o of_o material_n belong_v to_o other_o owner_n a_o new_a species_n be_v produce_v whether_o the_o product_n belong_v to_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o material_n or_o to_o he_o for_o who_o the_o work_n be_v make_v as_o to_o which_o the_o two_o great_a sect_n of_o the_o ancient_a lawyer_n be_v divide_v proculus_n and_o his_o follower_n attribute_v the_o property_n of_o all_o material_n to_o he_o that_o make_v the_o work_n and_o sabinus_n and_o his_o attribute_v the_o whole_a to_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o material_n but_o tribonian_n midse_v the_o matter_n thus_o that_o if_o the_o product_n can_v easy_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o first_o matter_n the_o owner_n of_o the_o matter_n remain_v proprietar_n of_o the_o whole_a as_o when_o a_o cup_n or_o other_o 〈◊〉_d be_v make_v of_o metal_n but_o otherways_o the_o material_n cedes_fw-la to_o the_o workmanship_n not_o only_a when_o the_o material_n be_v consume_v but_o even_o when_o they_o remain_v and_o can_v be_v reduce_v to_o their_o first_o nature_n as_o wine_n of_o other_o man_n grape_n malt_n of_o other_o man_n bear_n cloth_n of_o other_o man_n wool_n and_o even_o a_o ship_n of_o other_o man_n timber_n but_o not_o by_o maultning_n of_o barley_n or_o die_v of_o cloth_n or_o the_o like_a which_o change_v not_o the_o species_n conanus_fw-la be_v of_o opinion_n that_o whether_o the_o workmanship_n or_o the_o material_n be_v more_o precious_a the_o property_n be_v carry_v by_o the_o value_n and_o 〈◊〉_d esteem_v that_o there_o arise_v a_o communion_n as_o in_o confusion_n of_o liquor_n proportion_v according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o the_o material_n and_o workmanship_n positive_a law_n or_o custom_n may_v without_o injustice_n follow_v any_o of_o these_o way_n reparation_n be_v always_o make_v to_o the_o party_n who_o lose_v his_o interest_n unless_o the_o presumption_n be_v strong_a enough_o to_o infer_v that_o the_o workmanship_n be_v perform_v animo_fw-la donandi_fw-la by_o he_o who_o know_v the_o material_n belong_v to_o other_o in_o immovables_n the_o constitution_n or_o transmisson_n of_o property_n be_v express_v in_o write_n and_o be_v part_v in_o many_o interest_n but_o in_o movable_n property_n be_v simple_a and_o full_a without_o servitude_n and_o there_o be_v no_o other_o interest_n in_o they_o unless_o they_o be_v impledged_a neither_o need_v the_o title_n constitution_n or_o transmission_n of_o property_n in_o movable_n be_v instruct_v by_o write_n but_o be_v presume_v from_o possession_n and_o therefore_o for_o the_o restitution_n or_o recovery_n of_o movable_n from_o the_o possessor_n thereof_o it_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o instruct_v that_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi have_v a_o sufficient_a right_n thereto_o as_o by_o the_o birth_n or_o fruit_n of_o his_o ground_n or_o cattle_n or_o as_o be_v buy_v by_o he_o and_o in_o his_o possession_n but_o he_o must_v instruct_v the_o manner_n how_o his_o possession_n cease_v as_o be_v either_o take_v from_o he_o by_o violence_n or_o by_o stealth_n or_o have_v stray_v and_o be_v lose_v or_o the_o like_a and_o the_o reason_n thereof_o be_v because_o moveable_n pass_v without_o write_v and_o ofttimes_o without_o witness_n and_o therefore_o whatever_o right_a party_n once_o have_v to_o movable_n it_o be_v presume_v to_o be_v transmit_v by_o donation_n sale_n or_o otherways_o unless_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o he_o lose_v possession_n as_o aforesaid_a or_o otherways_o that_o it_o be_v prove_v by_o the_o defender_n oath_n that_o he_o know_v the_o thing_n in_o question_n to_o be_v the_o pursuer_n proper_a good_n for_o in_o that_o case_n even_o his_o private_a knowledge_n will_v prejudge_v he_o though_o he_o have_v buy_v it_o at_o a_o competent_a rate_n though_o it_o be_v not_o so_o in_o heritable_a right_n to_o who_o constitution_n and_o transmission_n write_v and_o solemnity_n be_v necessary_a neither_o will_v it_o avail_v though_o it_o be_v a_o horse_n buy_v in_o public_a mercat_n and_o book_v there_o for_o we_o have_v not_o the_o privilege_n of_o fair_n which_o the_o english_a have_v that_o horse_n buy_v in_o public_a mercat_n shall_v be_v secure_v to_o the_o buyer_n without_o further_a question_n but_o he_o buy_v the_o same_o with_o the_o peril_n of_o the_o seller_n right_a march_v 19_o 1639._o ferguson_n contra_fw-la forrest_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o in_o all_o action_n for_o recovery_n of_o moveable_n there_o be_v no_o more_o libel_v then_o that_o the_o moveable_n be_v the_o proper_a good_n of_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi and_o in_o his_o possession_n for_o such_o time_n by_o use_v the_o same_o as_o his_o own_o proper_a good_n and_o condescend_v how_o he_o cease_v to_o possess_v as_o be_v lend_v by_o he_o which_o be_v find_v relevant_a to_o be_v prove_v by_o witness_n though_o the_o question_n be_v of_o a_o book_n of_o a_o considerable_a value_n january_n 27._o 1665._o walter_n scot_n oy_o to_o scotishtarbet_n contra_fw-la sir_n john_n fletcher_n or_o that_o the_o good_n do_v stray_v february_n 3._o 1672._o scot_n of_o gorrenberrie_n contra_fw-la elliot_n or_o if_o the_o good_n be_v in_o possession_n of_o a_o defunct_a at_o his_o death_n the_o presumption_n of_o sale_n cease_v or_o if_o there_o be_v a_o strong_a contrary_a presumption_n as_o be_v find_v in_o the_o case_n of_o jewel_n which_o the_o defender_n neither_o can_v use_v as_o proper_a to_o his_o quality_n and_o he_o be_v not_o a_o merchant_n or_o jewler_n these_o jewel_n be_v once_o in_o pignorat_fw-la by_o write_n in_o that_o case_n possession_n be_v not_o find_v sufficient_a to_o infer_v property_n december_n 12._o 1665._o john_n ramsay_n contra_fw-la james_n wilson_n and_o even_o in_o the_o case_n of_o ship_n of_o war_n which_o be_v the_o most_o considerable_a moveable_n property_n be_v presume_v by_o possession_n without_o write_n july_n 26._o 1673._o captain_n hamiltoun_n contra_fw-la the_o owner_n of_o the_o statine_a and_o the_o property_n of_o money_n be_v infer_v by_o have_v the_o key_n of_o the_o chest_n in_o which_o the_o money_n be_v unseal_v unless_o a_o contrary_n positive_a probation_n be_v adduce_v june_n 18._o 1675._o tailor_n contra_fw-la rankin_n yea_o moveable_n acquire_v bona_fw-la side_n for_o cause_n onerous_a be_v find_v not_o liable_a to_o a_o hypothecation_n or_o condition_n of_o a_o write_a disposition_n of_o they_o unless_o they_o have_v be_v affect_v with_o diligence_n when_o they_o be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o he_o to_o who_o they_o be_v dispone_v with_o these_o condition_n december_n 17._o 1675._o creditor_n of_o james_n masterioun_n contra_fw-la creditor_n of_o ally_n thin_a these_o be_v the_o way_n of_o appropriation_n by_o private_a right_n appropriation_n by_o public_a right_n be_v by_o war_n and_o force_n where_o there_o be_v no_o common_a judge_n or_o authority_n for_o in_o that_o case_n equity_n and_o that_o common_a justice_n which_o be_v acknowledge_v by_o all_o nation_n as_o the_o rule_n of_o right_n and_o wrong_n especial_o in_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v own_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n be_v a_o sufficient_a warrant_n for_o obtain_v satisfaction_n by_o force_n where_o it_o be_v deny_v by_o justice_n but_o our_o design_n here_o be_v only_o to_o consider_v private_a right_n we_o shall_v but_o noise_n that_o which_o by_o public_a authority_n be_v allow_v in_o these_o case_n to_o be_v the_o peculiar_a right_n of_o private_a person_n which_o do_v only_o reach_v moveable_n seize_v upon_o by_o reprysal_n or_o the_o good_n of_o enemy_n or_o their_o partaker_n take_v in_o public_a war._n 42._o reprysal_n or_o letter_n of_o mark_n be_v grant_v by_o prince_n or_o state_n
by_o their_o warrant_n or_o commission_n to_o seize_v upon_o the_o good_n of_o all_o person_n under_o the_o dominion_n of_o such_o prince_n or_o people_n who_o have_v refuse_v to_o make_v just_a reparation_n for_o the_o wrong_n and_o damage_n do_v by_o any_o of_o their_o subject_n which_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n do_v just_o and_o necessary_o allow_v for_o the_o common_a good_a of_o mankind_n for_o if_o private_a person_n be_v injure_v by_o these_o who_o be_v not_o under_o one_o common_a authority_n with_o they_o by_o piracy_n pillage_n or_o otherways_o ofttimes_o they_o can_v know_v the_o injurer_n and_o all_o force_n be_v state_v in_o public_a authority_n they_o can_v make_v use_n thereof_o to_o redress_v or_o revenge_v themselves_o and_o therefore_o they_o can_v only_o make_v application_n to_o the_o sovereign_a authority_n of_o that_o society_n of_o people_n whereof_o they_o be_v member_n and_o represent_v and_o instruct_v the_o injury_n and_o damage_n sustain_v by_o they_o by_o the_o subject_n of_o other_o prince_n or_o state_n and_o thereupon_o desire_v that_o a_o redress_n may_v be_v demand_v which_o be_v ordinary_o do_v by_o ambassador_n or_o other_o minister_n of_o state_n and_o if_o redress_n be_v not_o so_o obtain_v the_o sovereign_a authority_n of_o the_o person_n injure_v may_v and_o aught_o to_o give_v commission_n for_o seize_v upon_o the_o good_n of_o any_o of_o the_o people_n of_o that_o society_n whereof_o the_o injurer_n be_v member_n till_o just_a satisfaction_n and_o reparation_n be_v obtain_v and_o though_o there_o be_v that_o singularity_n in_o it_o that_o the_o good_n of_o these_o who_o do_v not_o the_o injury_n be_v take_v to_o satisfy_v the_o same_o yet_o therein_o there_o be_v not_o only_a necessity_n but_o moral_a justice_n allow_v and_o approven_v by_o the_o custom_n of_o all_o nation_n by_o their_o common_a consent_n for_o without_o this_o society_n can_v not_o be_v preserve_v and_o therefore_o the_o public_a association_n of_o people_n imply_v this_o in_o it_o that_o the_o society_n be_v liable_a for_o reparation_n of_o the_o injury_n and_o damage_n of_o any_o of_o their_o society_n when_o reparation_n be_v refuse_v reprysal_n ought_v to_o be_v limit_v to_o a_o just_a satisfaction_n and_o therefore_o what_o be_v thereby_o seize_v aught_o to_o be_v adjndged_a in_o court_n of_o admiralty_n wherein_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v prove_v that_o the_o good_n seize_v belong_v to_o person_n of_o that_o society_n of_o which_o the_o injurer_n be_v a_o member_n and_o to_o be_v value_v according_a to_o the_o rate_n they_o be_v worth_a where_o they_o be_v bring_v in_o and_o to_o be_v adjudge_v in_o satisfaction_n to_o the_o injure_a of_o their_o damage_n and_o interest_n in_o whole_a or_o in_o part_n so_o that_o the_o excress_n shall_v be_v forthco_n ming_z to_o the_o owner_n thereof_o and_o so_o soon_o as_o satisfaction_n be_v obtain_v the_o reprysal_n ought_v to_o ceass_n neither_o do_v the_o usemaking_a of_o reprysal_n in_o this_o just_a order_n and_o measure_n import_v the_o breach_n of_o treaty_n or_o common_a peace_n or_o infer_v public_a war_n though_o they_o may_v become_v the_o occasion_n thereof_o 43._o but_o where_o the_o injury_n be_v public_a and_o attrocious_a the_o law_n of_o nation_n have_v necessary_o and_o just_o allow_v public_a war_n not_o only_o to_o reach_v the_o moveable_n of_o public_a enemy_n but_o their_o territory_n jurisdiction_n and_o estate_n wherein_o the_o proportion_n of_o satisfaction_n can_v be_v so_o measure_v nor_o be_v it_o so_o consider_v as_o in_o reprysal_n that_o which_o accrue_v to_o private_a person_n in_o war_n be_v only_o the_o give_v of_o quarter_n or_o get_v of_o spoil_n in_o so_o far_o as_o the_o same_o be_v allow_v or_o permit_v by_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a warrant_v by_o public_a authority_n as_o be_v ordinar_n to_o the_o soldier_n upon_o defate_n of_o their_o enemy_n to_o seize_v upon_o and_o appropriate_v such_o moveable_n as_o be_v upon_o their_o enemy_n person_n or_o in_o their_o baggage_n and_o sometime_o for_o the_o encourage_n of_o soldier_n besiege_v and_o for_o the_o obstinacy_n of_o the_o besiege_a the_o plunder_v of_o place_n gain_v by_o force_n be_v for_o some_o time_n permit_v and_o cease_v so_o soon_o as_o countermand_v in_o other_o case_n what_o belong_v to_o enemy_n be_v confiscate_v for_o public_a use_n and_o soldier_n ought_v to_o be_v content_v with_o their_o wage_n 44._o the_o main_a private_a interest_n in_o public_a war_n be_v that_o which_o accrue_v by_o commission_n grant_v by_o the_o admiral_n for_o seize_v and_o appropriate_v of_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n of_o public_a enemy_n and_o of_o these_o who_o become_v partaker_n of_o the_o war_n and_o who_o carry_v not_o themselves_o as_o friend_n or_o newter_n to_o the_o prince_n or_o state_n engage_v in_o the_o war_n for_o by_o our_o custom_n albeit_o such_o ship_n and_o good_n be_v confiscate_v as_o public_a belong_v to_o the_o king_n or_o state_n yet_o private_a person_n who_o undertake_v these_o commission_n have_v the_o expense_n and_o profit_n of_o these_o seazure_n pay_v a_o fifteen_o part_n thereof_o to_o the_o king_n and_o a_o ten_o part_n to_o the_o admiral_n there_o have_v be_v many_o question_n as_o to_o the_o right_n and_o interest_n of_o ally_n and_o newter_n very_o full_o and_o accurat_o debate_v and_o decide_v in_o the_o session_n upon_o occasion_n of_o the_o late_a war_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n which_o because_o they_o be_v of_o great_a use_n for_o clear_v the_o important_a point_n that_o occur_v in_o these_o controversy_n and_o for_o vindicate_v of_o the_o public_a justice_n of_o the_o kingdom_n we_o shall_v in_o the_o clear_a and_o short_a method_n we_o can_v give_v account_n of_o what_o have_v be_v determine_v in_o all_o the_o pryze_n which_o come_v before_o the_o lord_n of_o session_n in_o these_o war_n the_o lord_n admiral_n of_o scotland_n be_v the_o judge_n ordinar_n and_o the_o sole_a judge_n in_o the_o first_o instance_n of_o all_o prize_v take_v at_o sea_n but_o in_o the_o second_o instance_n the_o lord_n of_o session_n who_o be_v the_o supreme_a judge_n in_o all_o civil_a cause_n in_o scotland_n which_o be_v not_o determine_v by_o or_o depend_v before_o the_o parliament_n or_o their_o commissioner_n do_v upon_o complaint_n of_o iniquity_n commit_v by_o the_o admiral_n before_o final_a sentence_n advocate_n such_o cause_n wherein_o they_o find_v probable_a ground_n of_o iniquity_n allege_v and_o instruct_v or_o in_o the_o second_o instance_n after_o sentence_n do_v grant_v letter_n of_o suspension_n or_o reduction_n of_o the_o admiral_n decreet_n whereupon_o all_o intricat_a and_o difficile_a question_n in_o matter_n of_o pryze_n come_v to_o be_v debate_v and_o determine_v by_o the_o lord_n there_o be_v no_o question_n when_o the_o good_n and_o ship_n seize_v on_o belong_v to_o enemy_n but_o only_o when_o they_o do_v belong_v or_o be_v pretend_v to_o belong_v to_o ally_n or_o newter_n the_o lord_n upon_o complaint_n of_o iniquity_n commit_v by_o the_o admiral_n it_o be_v allege_v that_o the_o lord_n be_v not_o judge_n in_o the_o matter_n of_o pryze_n in_o the_o first_o instance_n yet_o they_o find_v both_o by_o the_o amplitude_n of_o the_o power_n of_o their_o jurisdiction_n and_o by_o the_o custom_n in_o former_a time_n that_o it_o be_v competent_a to_o the_o lord_n to_o advocate_n cause_n from_o the_o admiral_n upon_o iniquity_n albeit_o the_o process_n can_v begin_v before_o they_o in_o the_o first_o instance_n for_o as_o they_o be_v the_o king_n ordinar_n council_n all_o matter_n not_o belong_v to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o another_o court_n belong_v to_o they_o and_o therefore_o they_o may_v and_o oft_o have_v advocate_n cause_n from_o the_o justice_n general_n and_o other_o judge_n in_o criminal_a cause_n albeit_o the_o lord_n can_v decide_v these_o cause_n as_o be_v only_a judge_n in_o cause_n civil_a yet_o they_o may_v advocate_n the_o same_o that_o in_o case_n the_o reason_n of_o advocation_n be_v relevant_a and_o prove_v they_o may_v remit_v the_o cause_n to_o the_o proper_a and_o competent_a judge_n if_o the_o reason_n of_o advocation_n be_v upon_o incompetency_n or_o to_o other_o unsuspect_v judge_n if_o the_o reason_n be_v upon_o the_o suspicion_n of_o the_o judge_n as_o be_v concern_v in_o the_o cause_n or_o near_o relate_v to_o the_o party_n or_o have_v enmity_n against_o any_o of_o they_o and_o therefore_o the_o lord_n in_o the_o advocation_n raise_v by_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o bounder_n against_o captain_n gilleis_n it_o be_v allege_v that_o the_o admiral_n have_v commit_v iniquity_n in_o grant_v a_o conjunct_a probation_n for_o prove_v the_o property_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o loadn_v the_o lord_n find_v this_o no_o relevant_a ground_n of_o advocation_n of_o the_o cause_n it_o be_v
in_o arbitrio_fw-la judicis_fw-la whether_o to_o grant_v a_o conjunct_a probation_n before_o answer_v to_o the_o relevancy_n of_o the_o reason_n of_o adjudication_n or_o to_o discuss_v the_o relevancy_n first_o and_o then_o to_o admit_v the_o point_n find_v relevant_a to_o probation_n but_o in_o the_o other_o way_n witness_n be_v adduce_v for_o either_o party_n yet_o this_o be_v only_o ex_fw-la nobili_fw-la officio_fw-la the_o lord_n remit_v the_o cause_n to_o the_o admiral_n and_o ordain_v he_o to_o proceed_v to_o discuss_v the_o relevancy_n there_o be_v pregnant_a ground_n of_o adjudication_n instant_o verify_v june_n 12._o 1673._o and_o upon_o his_o refusal_n they_o do_v advocate_n the_o cause_n to_o themselves_o they_o do_v also_o ordain_v the_o admiral_n to_o proceed_v upon_o the_o evidence_n adduce_v to_o adjudge_v or_o assoilzie_n without_o allow_v a_o conjunct_a probation_n before_o answer_n and_o declare_v that_o if_o he_o proceed_v not_o according_o they_o will_v advocate_n the_o cause_n albeit_o the_o danish_a treaty_n bear_v that_o their_o ship_n shall_v not_o be_v meddle_v with_o or_o their_o good_n disload_v till_o they_o be_v adjudge_v in_o a_o court_n of_o admiralty_n for_o the_o lord_n be_v the_o king_n great_a court_n of_o admiralty_n in_o the_o same_o way_n as_o his_o commissioner_n in_o england_n be_v judge_n in_o the_o second_o instance_n of_o pryze_n bring_v before_o the_o admiral_n of_o england_n december_n 17._o 1673._o captain_n stuart_n contra_fw-la the_o owner_n of_o the_o danish_a ship_n call_v the_o seal_n fish_n when_o question_n concern_v prize_n come_v before_o the_o lord_n they_o do_v not_o exclude_v the_o defence_n of_o stranger_n as_o be_v competent_a and_o omit_v in_o the_o first_o instance_n though_o that_o be_v a_o rule_n by_o our_o custom_n but_o do_v proceed_v according_a to_o the_o common_a law_n of_o nation_n and_o so_o they_o decide_v july_n 23._o 1667._o hans_n jurgan_n contra_fw-la captain_n logan_n which_o be_v the_o first_o case_n occur_v in_o that_o question_n and_o be_v always_o follow_v after_o the_o rule_n by_o which_o the_o lord_n have_v always_o proceed_v in_o the_o matter_n of_o pryze_n have_v be_v the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o nation_n and_o therefore_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o admiral_n commission_n be_v not_o find_v to_o be_v the_o rule_n february_n 21._o 1668._o bartholomew_n parkman_n contra_fw-la captain_n allan_n the_o treaty_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o his_o ally_n in_o so_o far_o as_o they_o differ_v from_o the_o common_a law_n of_o nation_n have_v always_o be_v allow_v by_o the_o lord_n as_o exception_n from_o that_o general_a rule_n and_o good_a defence_n to_o the_o people_n comprehend_v in_o these_o treaty_n in_o dubious_a case_n the_o lord_n have_v proceed_v by_o the_o king_n instruction_n ordinary_o adhibit_v to_o the_o admirality_n of_o all_o his_o kingdom_n that_o they_o may_v keep_v one_o uniform_a rule_n with_o stranger_n in_o which_o not_o only_a respect_n have_v be_v have_v unto_o justice_n but_o even_o favour_n towards_o ally_n and_o policy_n and_o prudence_n towards_o all_o newter_n that_o none_o of_o they_o may_v receive_v irritation_n by_o the_o extension_n of_o justice_n in_o savourable_a case_n 〈◊〉_d the_o ground_n of_o justice_n for_o confiscate_v the_o ship_n of_o those_o who_o be_v not_o enemy_n be_v that_o they_o have_v assist_v the_o enemy_n in_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n and_o thereby_o become_v accessory_n to_o the_o war_n and_o by_o that_o delinquence_n do_v confiscate_v the_o ship_n and_o the_o load_n by_o which_o they_o have_v have_v accession_n for_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o nation_n have_v very_o fit_o restrict_v the_o reparation_n of_o this_o delinquence_n so_o as_o not_o to_o state_n the_o party_n offender_n as_o enemy_n and_o thereby_o to_o make_v all_o their_o good_n confiscable_a as_o enemy_n good_n but_o do_v limit_v the_o same_o to_o these_o ship_n in_o which_o the_o concourse_n be_v act_v ifthey_a be_v seize_v in_o that_o voyage_n in_o which_o they_o give_v assistance_n or_o in_o the_o immediate_a return_n engagement_n in_o war_n by_o prince_n and_o state_n can_v just_o hinder_v the_o free_a trade_n of_o other_o people_n upon_o who_o neither_o party_n have_v either_o obligation_n or_o jurisdiction_n but_o the_o common_a consent_n and_o custom_n of_o nation_n require_v a_o equality_n and_o neutrality_n in_o all_o other_o party_n that_o they_o concur_v not_o in_o the_o war_n with_o either_o party_n forbear_v assistance_n in_o the_o war_n which_o be_v by_o furnish_v they_o man_n instrument_n of_o war_n material_n special_o requisite_a for_o the_o present_a war_n money_n furnish_v for_o public_a use_n and_o in_o some_o case_n victual_v as_o when_o carry_v to_o place_n besiege_v and_o other_o thing_n which_o have_v promiscuous_a use_n in_o peace_n and_o war_n when_o there_o be_v a_o special_a application_n there_o of_o to_o the_o necessary_a use_n of_o the_o war_n as_o iron_n brass_n leid_n pitch_n tar_n and_o the_o like_a which_o be_v therefore_o call_v counterband-goods_a or_o prohibit-goods_a and_o by_o the_o denunciation_n of_o war_n intimation_n be_v ordinary_o make_v to_o newter_n from_o what_o thing_n to_o abstain_v as_o from_o carry_v of_o counterband-goods_a towards_o enemy_n port_n or_o carry_v the_o good_n and_o ware_n of_o enemy_n whereby_o their_o trade_n be_v promote_v and_o they_o enable_v to_o maintain_v the_o war_n or_o by_o carry_v on_o their_o trade_n under_o the_o colour_n of_o the_o trade_n of_o neuter_n and_o therefore_o in_o time_n of_o war_n neuter_n do_v instruct_v their_o vessel_n with_o pass_n and_o other_o document_n instruct_v that_o the_o bottom_n and_o good_n belong_v to_o their_o subject_n freeman_n and_o that_o the_o party_n engage_v in_o the_o war_n or_o any_o of_o their_o subject_n have_v no_o interest_n therein_o which_o pass_n be_v upon_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o master_n thereof_o and_o those_o who_o embark_v the_o load_n and_o where_o there_o be_v any_o treaty_n the_o formula_fw-la of_o such_o pass_n use_v to_o be_v express_v always_o include_v a_o oath_n and_o be_v give_v by_o such_o magistrate_n as_o be_v agree_v upon_o first_o then_o see_v the_o accession_n of_o neuter_n be_v a_o delinquence_n it_o can_v have_v no_o place_n where_o there_o be_v not_o a_o public_a denunce_v war_n which_o be_v presume_v to_o be_v know_v to_o the_o delinquent_n and_o therefore_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n belong_v to_o neuter_n be_v not_o find_v prize_n because_o carry_v counterband-goods_a towards_o the_o enemy_n port_n unless_o the_o war_n have_v be_v nottour_o know_v at_o the_o place_n where_o they_o loose_v at_o the_o time_n when_o they_o loose_v and_o act_n of_o hostility_n and_o declare_v of_o prize_n in_o neighbour_a place_n be_v not_o find_v sufficient_a july_n 22._o 1667._o hans_n jurgan_n contra_fw-la captain_n logan_n the_o like_a be_v find_v of_o a_o ship_n of_o hamburg_n carry_v counterband-goods_a to_o danish_a port_n after_o act_n of_o hostility_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o the_o dane_n because_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v before_o the_o proclamation_n of_o the_o war_n against_o the_o dane_n february_n 25._o 1668._o merchant_n of_o hamburg_n contra_fw-la captain_n dishingtoun_n if_o ship_n have_v in_o they_o counterband-goods_a they_o may_v be_v bring_v up_o if_o the_o port_n be_v not_o express_v upon_o oath_n and_o be_v a_o free_a port_n or_o be_v contradict_v by_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o skipper_n and_o company_n which_o infer_v a_o full_a probation_n in_o case_n they_o acknowledge_v a_o unfree_a port_n and_o a_o presumptive_a probation_n in_o case_n the_o pass_n bear_v not_o a_o free_a port_n yet_o it_o admit_v a_o contrary_a probation_n for_o prove_v of_o the_o true_a port_n january_n 21._o 1673._o hendrick_n anderson_n master_n of_o the_o sun_n of_o dantzick_n contra_fw-la captain_n dowglas_n the_o like_a be_v find_v where_o the_o pass_v make_v the_o port_n uncertain_a and_o ambiguous_a bear_v london_z to_o be_v the_o port_n but_o a_o great_a fraught_n promise_v if_o the_o ship_n be_v bring_v up_o into_o holland_n which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v elide_v by_o a_o positive_a contrair_a probation_n february_n 19_o 1673._o the_o owner_n of_o the_o palmtree_n and_o patience_n contra_fw-la captain_n atchison_n among_o counterband_n pitch_n and_o tar_n be_v find_v comprehend_v july_n 9_o 1668._o captain_n allan_n contra_fw-la bartholomew_n parkman_n timber_n proper_a for_o ship_n as_o mast_n etc._n etc._n be_v unquestionable_o counterband_n but_o timber_n of_o promiscuous_a use_n be_v not_o counterband_n except_o in_o special_a case_n for_o the_o peculiar_a use_n of_o the_o war._n there_o be_v a_o particular_a article_n in_o the_o first_o treaty_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o the_o swede_n by_o which_o it_o be_v declare_v that_o in_o regard_n the_o most_o of_o the_o material_n of_o the_o swedish_n trade_n be_v pitch_n tar_n 〈◊〉_d etc._n etc._n
movable_n be_v acquire_v by_o continual_a possession_n for_o one_o year_n l._n 10._o ff_n de_fw-fr usucapion_n inst._n eod_a in_o principio_fw-la and_o immovables_n be_v in_o italy_n by_o the_o space_n of_o two_o year_n other_o immovables_n by_o the_o space_n of_o ten_o year_n against_o these_o in_o the_o same_o province_n and_o twenty_o year_n against_o these_o out_o of_o the_o same_o province_n auth_v mala_fw-la fidei_fw-la c._n the_o prescript_n longi_fw-la temporis_fw-la from_o which_o common_a rule_n some_o case_n of_o great_a moment_n be_v except_v as_o first_o public_a right_n belong_v to_o emperor_n and_o king_n which_o as_o all_o do_v agree_v can_v be_v acquire_v by_o usucapion_n or_o prescription_n in_o less_o than_o thirty_o or_o forty_o year_n and_o many_o think_v by_o no_o less_o than_o a_o hundred_o year_n or_o immemorial_n possession_n second_o thing_n belong_v to_o city_n which_o in_o some_o case_n can_v not_o be_v prescrive_v without_o a_o hundred_o year_n possession_n at_o least_o without_o thirty_o or_o forty_o year_n three_o thing_n belong_v to_o the_o church_n against_o which_o no_o other_o can_v acquire_v by_o prescription_n in_o less_o than_o forty_o year_n and_o against_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n by_o special_a privilege_n by_o the_o space_n of_o a_o hundred_o year_n only_o the_o recent_a roman_a law_n have_v take_v off_o all_o difference_n betwixt_o usucapion_n and_o prescription_n tit._n the_o usucap_n trans_fw-la whereby_o in_o either_o case_n property_n be_v acquire_v yet_o in_o the_o ordinary_a acceptation_n prescription_n which_o be_v short_a in_o movable_n be_v common_o call_v usucapion_n but_o we_o make_v only_o use_v of_o the_o name_n of_o prescription_n for_o both_o 4._o prescription_n or_o usucapion_n among_o the_o roman_n require_v three_o thing_n continuation_n of_o possession_n uninterrupted_a bona_fw-la fides_fw-la and_o a_o title_n beside_o the_o kind_n of_o possession_n and_o time_n beforementioned_a as_o to_o the_o first_o prescription_n be_v unquestionable_o interrupt_v by_o real_a interruption_n or_o discontinuation_n of_o possession_n it_o be_v also_o interrupt_v by_o civil_a possession_n by_o litiscontestation_n process_n etc._n etc._n 5._o as_o to_o the_o bona_fw-la fides_fw-la or_o innocent_a possession_n require_v in_o prescription_n it_o be_v common_o agree_v that_o it_o be_v requisite_a at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o possession_n in_o short_a prescription_n but_o that_o it_o be_v presume_v in_o the_o long_a prescription_n the_o civil_a and_o canon_n law_n differ_v in_o this_o that_o the_o civil_a law_n require_v only_o bonam_fw-la fidem_fw-la at_o the_o beginning_n so_o that_o if_o any_o person_n acquire_v any_o thing_n from_o he_o who_o he_o believe_v to_o be_v the_o owner_n thereof_o and_o so_o believe_v begin_v to_o possess_v though_o thereafter_o he_o understand_v that_o his_o author_n be_v not_o the_o true_a owner_n yet_o prescription_n do_v proceed_v but_o by_o the_o canon_n law_n it_o proceed_v not_o but_o if_o at_o any_o time_n before_o prescription_n end_v he_o know_v the_o thing_n belong_v to_o another_o prescription_n be_v impede_v yea_o though_o prescription_n be_v end_v if_o the_o right_n of_o another_o appear_v most_o of_o the_o canonist_n hold_v that_o in_o foro_fw-la conscientiae_fw-la the_o possessor_n be_v oblige_v to_o restore_v unless_o the_o knowledge_n and_o forbearance_n of_o the_o owner_n do_v infer_v or_o presume_v a_o dereliction_n of_o the_o thing_n or_o consent_n which_o take_v no_o place_n in_o the_o case_n of_o ignorance_n or_o error_n of_o the_o owner_n 6._o in_o either_o case_n it_o be_v controvert_v whether_o he_o who_o doubt_v of_o his_o or_o his_o author_n right_o be_v bonae_fw-la fidei_fw-la or_o malae_fw-la fidei_fw-la possessor_n the_o common_a ground_n in_o which_o all_o agree_v be_v that_o the_o possessor_n credulity_n and_o belief_n of_o his_o own_o and_o his_o author_n right_o make_v bonam_fw-la fidem_fw-la and_o his_o knowledge_n of_o the_o right_n of_o another_o malam_fw-la which_o seem_v to_o infer_v that_o he_o who_o doubt_v must_v be_v in_o mala_fw-la fide_fw-la because_o he_o believe_v not_o his_o author_n to_o have_v have_v right_o doubt_v and_o belief_n be_v contrary_n and_o upon_o the_o other_o part_n he_o who_o only_o doubt_v can_v be_v say_v to_o know_v the_o right_n of_o another_o the_o most_o rational_a conciliation_n be_v by_o this_o distinction_n that_o doubt_v be_v like_o the_o dubious_a balance_n when_o it_o incline_v more_o to_o the_o belief_n of_o the_o possessor_n and_o author_n right_o then_o of_o the_o right_n of_o the_o other_o the_o denomination_n and_o effect_n be_v take_v from_o the_o strong_a and_o he_o be_v say_v to_o believe_v his_o own_o right_a and_o can_v no_o way_n be_v say_v to_o believe_v the_o right_n of_o another_o who_o doubtful_a opinion_n do_v rather_o incline_v to_o his_o own_o right_n then_o the_o other_o and_o contrariwise_o when_o his_o opinion_n incline_v more_o to_o believe_v the_o author_n right_o then_o his_o own_o 7._o these_o thing_n be_v hide_a act_n of_o the_o mind_n it_o be_v very_o difficult_a to_o know_v who_o be_v in_o bona_fw-la fide_fw-la or_o mala_fw-la fide_fw-la but_o bona_fw-la fides_fw-la be_v presume_v unless_o a_o contrary_a probation_n or_o vehiment_n presumption_n be_v for_o mala_fw-la fides_fw-la of_o which_o menochius_fw-la lib._n 2._o de_fw-la arbitrar_fw-la jud._n quast_o case_z 225._o relate_v many_o whereof_o these_o be_v chief_a first_o he_o who_o possess_v without_o a_o title_n be_v ever_o presume_v malae_fw-la fidei_fw-la possessessor_n second_o common_a fame_n in_o the_o neighbourhood_n that_o the_o thing_n acquire_v belong_v to_o another_o three_o if_o it_o be_v intimate_v or_o declare_v to_o the_o acquirer_n before_o he_o acquire_v that_o it_o be_v another_o four_o the_o extrajudicial_a confession_n of_o the_o acquirer_n or_o of_o witness_n that_o the_o thing_n belong_v to_o another_o five_o if_o the_o acquisition_n be_v not_o with_o observation_n of_o the_o ordinary_a solemnity_n six_o if_o the_o acquisition_n be_v from_o a_o procurator_n and_o the_o acquirer_n do_v not_o see_v his_o warrant_n albeit_o he_o have_v one_o seven_o if_o the_o acquisition_n be_v from_o a_o prodigal_a person_n eight_o if_o the_o acquirer_n take_v unaccustomed_a way_n of_o security_n and_o last_o by_o whatsoever_o the_o acquirer_n be_v oblige_v to_o know_v by_o law_n scire_fw-la &_o scire_fw-la debere_fw-la aequiparantur_fw-la in_o jure_fw-la 8._o as_o to_o the_o title_n requisite_a in_o prescription_n thereby_o be_v not_o mean_v a_o sufficient_a valide_fw-la title_n which_o need_v not_o the_o help_n of_o prescription_n but_o a_o colourable_a title_n be_v sufficient_a as_o that_o which_o be_v acquire_v by_o emption_n the_o emption_n be_v title_n enough_o for_o prescription_n though_o the_o seller_n have_v no_o right_n or_o that_o which_o descend_v from_o any_o other_o by_o succession_n legacy_n donation_n etc._n etc._n and_o general_o whatsoever_o way_n property_n use_v to_o pass_v be_v sufficient_a for_o prescription_n though_o it_o be_v not_o sufficient_a alone_o to_o constitute_v the_o property_n to_o which_o there_o be_v requisite_a the_o author_n right_o and_o the_o transmission_n thereof_o but_o to_o prescription_n the_o manner_n of_o transmission_n be_v enough_o for_o bona_fw-la fides_fw-la and_o continuation_n of_o possession_n supply_v the_o rest_n 9_o prescription_n although_o it_o be_v by_o positive_a law_n found_v upon_o utility_n more_o than_o upon_o equity_n the_o introduction_n whereof_o the_o roman_n ascribe_v to_o to_o themselves_o yet_o have_v it_o be_v since_o receive_v by_o most_o nation_n but_o not_o so_o as_o to_o be_v count_v among_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n because_o it_o be_v not_o the_o same_o but_o different_a in_o diverse_a nation_n as_o to_o the_o matter_n manner_n and_o time_n of_o it_o and_o therefore_o nation_n under_o no_o common_a authority_n do_v not_o prescrive_v proper_o against_o each_o other_o albeit_o by_o long_a patience_n and_o no_o contradiction_n their_o consent_n may_v be_v infer_v even_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n the_o ground_n and_o reason_n of_o prescription_n be_v first_o public_a utility_n ne_o dominia_fw-la rerum_fw-la sint_fw-la incerta_fw-la neve_fw-la light_n sint_fw-la perpetuae_fw-la and_o also_o because_o the_o law_n account_v it_o as_o a_o dereliction_n of_o the_o owner_n right_o if_o he_o own_v it_o not_o neither_o pursue_v it_o within_o such_o a_o time_n in_o the_o civil_a law_n though_o prescription_n reach_v all_o kind_n of_o thing_n movable_a and_o immovable_a yet_o with_o these_o exception_n 10._o first_o these_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o in_o commerce_n as_o they_o be_v not_o capable_a of_o express_a alienation_n so_o neither_o of_o preseription_n second_o thing_n steal_v whereunto_o for_o utility_n sake_n to_o repress_v that_o frequent_a vice_n the_o law_n have_v state_v a_o inherent_a and_o real_a vitiosity_n that_o pass_v with_o the_o thing_n steal_v to_o all_o singular_a successor_n and_o therefore_o though_o such_o thing_n be_v
thereto_o as_o dury_n observe_v but_o express_v not_o the_o party_n july_n 22._o 1626._o as_o to_o the_o contrair_a decision_n observe_v by_o craig_n it_o say_v nothing_o see_v the_o first_o infeftment_n upon_o the_o last_o resignation_n be_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o resigner_n son_n and_o so_o inter_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v fraudulent_a which_o will_v not_o hold_v so_o if_o that_o son_n have_v be_v a_o stranger_n acquire_v bona_fw-la fide_fw-la for_o a_o cause_n onerous_a so_o then_o the_o resignation_n in_o 〈◊〉_d do_v not_o denude_v the_o resigner_n of_o the_o real_a right_n but_o be_v incomplete_a till_o infeftment_n follow_v and_o therefore_o a_o personal_a renunciation_n of_o he_o in_o who_o favour_n it_o be_v will_v full_o evacuat_v the_o resignation_n and_o make_v the_o resigner_n infeftment_n as_o entire_a as_o at_o first_o which_o can_v not_o be_v without_o a_o new_a infeftment_n if_o the_o resigner_n have_v be_v divest_v as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o a_o resignation_n ad_fw-la remanentiam_fw-la the_o superior_n simple_a renunciation_n or_o discharge_v thereof_o can_v not_o revive_v the_o vassalsprior_fw-la infeftment_n but_o he_o behove_v to_o be_v infeft_v the_o 〈◊〉_d and_o though_o after_o the_o resignation_n till_o it_o be_v pass_v from_o or_o infeftment_n follow_v the_o land_n be_v in_o nonentry_n it_o will_v not_o conclude_v that_o the_o resigner_n be_v denude_v and_o the_o fee_n be_v in_o the_o superior_a more_o than_o other_o non-entry_n which_o give_v not_o the_o superior_a the_o property_n but_o a_o casuality_n of_o the_o fee_n in_o what_o case_n disposition_n of_o movable_n or_o land_n be_v hold_v to_o be_v simulate_v or_o fraudulent_a have_v be_v show_v before_o title_n reparation_n upon_o circumvention_n or_o fraud_n wherein_o retention_n of_o possession_n in_o movable_n be_v a_o main_a ground_n for_o presume_v simulation_n especial_o in_o gift_n of_o escheat_n yet_o if_o the_o disposition_n of_o movable_n bear_v express_o to_o take_v effect_n after_o the_o disponers_n death_n retention_n of_o possession_n will_v not_o annul_v it_o neither_o will_v it_o be_v esteem_v as_o a_o legacy_n or_o donatio_fw-la mortis_fw-la causa_fw-la if_o death_n be_v the_o term_n and_o not_o the_o consideration_n of_o it_o and_o it_o be_v not_o find_v ptejudge_v by_o the_o disponer_n universal_a legacy_n march_v 8._o 1626._o traquair_n contra_fw-la traquair_n 13._o so_o much_o for_o conventional_a conveyance_n of_o real_a right_n judicial_a conveyance_n of_o real_a right_n be_v competent_a not_o by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o right_n which_o can_v be_v alienate_v without_o consent_n of_o the_o owner_n and_o in_o the_o case_n of_o infeftment_n hold_v of_o the_o superior_a without_o his_o consent_n who_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o receive_v any_o to_o be_v his_o vassal_n but_o the_o heir_n and_o successor_n of_o the_o first_o vassal_n provide_v in_o the_o first_o investiture_n and_o though_o the_o investiture_n bear_v also_o the_o vassal_n heir_n and_o assigney_n yet_o the_o superior_a can_v thereupon_o be_v compel_v direct_o to_o receive_v a_o singular_a successor_n assigney_n be_v only_o mean_v such_o assigney_n to_o who_o the_o disposition_n shall_v be_v assign_v before_o infeftment_n thereon_o as_o be_v find_v in_o the_o case_n of_o recognition_n lady_n carnagy_n contra_fw-la cranburn_n february_n 5._o 1663._o but_o law_n have_v introduce_v in_o favour_n of_o creditor_n judicial_a conveyance_n require_v no_o consent_n but_o authority_n of_o law_n which_o have_v also_o its_o foundation_n in_o natural_a equity_n by_o which_o as_o obligation_n be_v effectual_a for_o exaction_n of_o what_o be_v thereby_o due_a so_o be_v there_o be_v no_o positive_a law_n norcustom_v the_o creditor_n may_v exact_v either_o what_o be_v due_a in_o specie_fw-la or_o the_o equivalent_a and_o therefore_o reprysal_n betwixt_o nation_n not_o govern_v by_o one_o common_a authority_n be_v lawful_a and_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n extend_v not_o only_o against_o the_o party_n injurer_n who_o be_v oblige_v to_o repair_v but_o against_o all_o the_o subject_n of_o his_o sovereign_n if_o he_o do_v not_o cause_v reparation_n to_o be_v make_v the_o judicial_a transmission_n of_o movable_n be_v by_o poind_v which_o be_v a_o legal_a execution_n we_o shall_v leave_v it_o to_o that_o place_n arrestment_n and_o the_o action_n for_o make_v for_o the_o come_n do_v also_o transmit_v moveable_n but_o be_v rather_o proper_a to_o personal_a right_n and_o so_o be_v competent_a against_o the_o haver_n of_o movable_n by_o reason_n of_o that_o personal_a obligation_n of_o restitution_n which_o be_v upon_o the_o haver_n to_o the_o owner_n beside_o his_o own_o property_n of_o old_a alienation_n of_o land_n for_o money_n be_v very_o rare_a in_o scotland_n or_o the_o contract_n of_o considerable_a debt_n for_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n do_v then_o live_v in_o a_o plain_a and_o sober_a way_n content_v themselves_o with_o that_o which_o their_o own_o estate_n do_v afford_v and_o there_o be_v then_o know_v no_o legal_a execution_n for_o debt_n against_o land_n or_o heritable_a right_n but_o only_o against_o movable_n by_o the_o brieff_a of_o distress_n or_o poynd_n by_o which_o not_o only_o the_o movable_n of_o the_o debtor_n be_v poynd_v for_o his_o debt_n but_o all_o the_o movable_n upon_o his_o land_n belong_v to_o his_o tenant_n as_o appear_v from_o act_n 36._o par._n 1469._o bear_v this_o title_n that_o the_o poor_a tenant_n shall_v pay_v no_o further_o than_o their_o term_n mail_n for_o their_o lord_n debt_n by_o the_o brieff_n of_o distress_n which_o be_v correctory_n of_o the_o former_a custom_n whereby_o the_o good_n and_o cattle_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o ground_n be_v distrenzy_v for_o their_o lord_n debt_n though_o their_o mail_n extend_v not_o to_o the_o avail_n of_o the_o debt_n and_o that_o not_o only_o for_o real_a debt_n affect_v the_o ground_n by_o infeftment_n of_o annualrent_a feu-duty_n or_o casualty_n of_o superiority_n or_o other_o debita_fw-la fundi_fw-la for_o which_o the_o movable_n of_o the_o tenant_n and_o possessor_n may_v yet_o be_v poynd_v for_o the_o lord_n debt_n not_o exceed_v their_o term_n mail_n which_o be_v ordinary_o in_o their_o hand_n or_o if_o pay_v may_v be_v allow_v in_o the_o next_o term_n but_o for_o the_o heritor_n personal_a debt_n for_o by_o the_o act_n the_o debtor_n moveable_n in_o that_o or_o any_o other_o barony_n or_o shire_n be_v appoint_v to_o be_v poynd_v for_o satisfy_v of_o the_o debt_n but_o debita_fw-la fundi_fw-la can_v only_o reach_v the_o movable_n of_o the_o barony_n or_o tenement_n affect_v therewith_o and_o though_o that_o this_o act_n by_o its_o tenor_n will_v yet_o extend_v to_o poind_v of_o tenant_n movable_n for_o their_o master_n personal_a debt_n custom_n have_v restrict_v it_o only_o to_o real_a debt_n and_o it_o be_v entire_o in_o desuetude_n as_o to_o personal_a debt_n which_o can_v burden_v tenant_n but_o upon_o arrestment_n in_o so_o far_o as_o they_o be_v then_o debtor_n to_o their_o master_n before_o this_o statute_n in_o the_o year_n 1469._o there_o be_v no_o mention_n in_o our_o law_n or_o custom_n of_o apprize_a or_o adjudication_n but_o apprize_a be_v thereby_o introduce_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o where_o the_o debtor_n have_v not_o movable_a good_n but_o land_n the_o sheriff_n shall_v cause_n sell_v the_o land_n to_o the_o avail_n of_o the_o debt_n and_o pay_v the_o creditor_n which_o shall_v be_v redeemable_a by_o the_o debtor_n within_o seven_o year_n and_o if_o he_o can_v find_v a_o buyer_n he_o shall_v appryze_v the_o debtor_n land_n by_o thirteen_o person_n of_o the_o best_a and_o worthy_a in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d lest_o suspect_v to_o either_o party_n and_o assign_v to_o the_o creditor_n land_n to_o the_o avail_n of_o the_o sum_n and_o the_o superior_a shall_v receive_v the_o creditor_n or_o any_o oath_n buyer_n for_o a_o year_n rent_n as_o the_o land_n be_v set_v for_o the_o time_n or_o otherways_o shall_v take_v the_o land_n to_o himself_o and_o undergo_v the_o debt_n according_a to_o this_o act_n appryzing_n do_v proceed_v by_o sheriff_n and_o baihe_n who_o for_o satisfy_v of_o debt_n liquidat_n by_o decreet_n issue_v precept_n for_o denunce_v such_o land_n to_o be_v apprise_v upon_o fifteen_o day_n warn_v conform_v to_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n which_o denunciation_n be_v public_o read_v upon_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o land_n before_o witness_n and_o a_o copy_n thereof_o leave_v fix_v thereupon_o and_o also_o at_o the_o mercat_n cross_n of_o the_o head_n burgh_n of_o the_o jurisdiction_n where_o the_o land_n lie_v and_o to_o the_o debtor_n who_o land_n be_v to_o be_v apprise_v express_v the_o creditor_n sum_n day_n and_o place_n of_o apprize_a that_o all_o party_n interest_v may_v appear_v person_n of_o inquest_n and_o witness_n be_v also_o summon_v to_o the_o same_o diet_n and_o ordinary_o the_o place_n be_v upon_o the_o ground_n of_o
consequence_n form_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o see_v there_o be_v no_o different_a proportion_n hold_v forth_o by_o this_o text_n or_o by_o the_o light_n of_o nature_n the_o succession_n of_o all_o child_n must_v be_v in_o equal_a share_n whether_o male_a or_o female_a for_o in_o all_o communion_n and_o partnership_n a_o equal_a division_n take_v place_n except_o a_o unequal_a be_v express_v 4._o it_o be_v more_o dark_a whether_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n there_o be_v competent_a the_o right_a of_o representation_n whereby_o the_o issue_n of_o the_o defunct_a child_n represent_v they_o and_o come_v in_o with_o the_o survive_a child_n to_o get_v that_o share_n which_o their_o defunct_a parent_n will_v have_v get_v if_o alive_a whereby_o they_o will_v not_o succeed_v in_o capita_fw-la the_o whole_a successor_n get_v equal_a share_n but_o in_o stirpes_fw-la whereby_o the_o issue_n of_o the_o defunct_a child_n though_o they_o succeed_v equal_o among_o themselves_o yet_o unequal_o with_o the_o survive_a child_n because_o the_o whole_a issue_n of_o the_o defunct_a get_v but_o a_o equal_a share_n with_o each_o of_o the_o survive_a child_n as_o if_o a_o father_n have_v three_o child_n the_o elder_a die_v before_o he_o leave_v one_o child_n and_o two_o oyes_o by_o another_o child_n if_o there_o be_v place_n for_o representation_n the_o heritage_n will_v divide_v in_o three_o the_o two_o survive_a child_n will_v have_v two_o three_o part_n the_o other_o three_o will_v divide_v in_o two_o whereof_o the_o child_n of_o the_o defunct_n will_v get_v one_o half_a and_o the_o other_o half_o will_v divide_v equal_o betwixt_o the_o two_o oyes_o so_o than_o the_o question_n be_v whether_o the_o descendants_n will_v thus_o succeed_v or_o if_o the_o surviver_n will_v whole_o exclude_v the_o issue_n of_o the_o decease_a this_o right_n of_o representation_n take_v place_n with_o we_o and_o most_o other_o nation_n in_o the_o right_n of_o immovables_n which_o we_o call_v heritable_a right_n whether_o it_o be_v of_o descendants_n or_o collateral_n but_o doubtless_o in_o that_o the_o course_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v alter_v for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o stock_n or_o stem_n of_o the_o family_n so_o that_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o there_o be_v no_o right_n of_o representation_n in_o collateral_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o that_o the_o child_n or_o grandchild_n of_o a_o brother_n shall_v come_v in_o with_o a_o brother_n because_o the_o propinquity_n of_o blood_n natural_a affection_n and_o so_o the_o presume_v will_n of_o the_o defunct_a be_v diminish_v but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o clear_a in_o descendants_n neither_o shall_v we_o be_v positive_a in_o it_o but_o it_o seem_v most_o suitable_a to_o reason_n and_o the_o text_n adduce_v that_o if_o the_o issue_n of_o defunct_a child_n remain_v in_o the_o family_n that_o they_o shall_v come_v in_o by_o representation_n in_o the_o place_n of_o their_o defunct_a parent_n for_o these_o that_o be_v in_o the_o family_n extend_v to_o all_o that_o be_v not_o forisfamiliat_v whether_o child_n or_o grandchild_n to_o who_o there_o remain_v like_o affection_n in_o the_o common_a parent_n but_o when_o the_o defunct_a child_n be_v forisfamiliat_v and_o so_o presume_v to_o have_v be_v provide_v and_o to_o have_v get_v a_o share_n and_o therewith_o put_v out_o of_o the_o family_n to_o live_v in_o a_o distinct_a family_n in_o that_o case_n there_o seem_v no_o ground_n for_o representation_n which_o do_v agree_v to_o our_o custom_n in_o the_o succession_n of_o movable_n wherein_o there_o be_v no_o right_n of_o representation_n but_o the_o near_a of_o kin_n exclude_v the_o issue_n of_o the_o defunct_n which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o degree_n which_o suceession_n be_v certain_o more_o near_o unto_o the_o natural_a succession_n what_o have_v be_v say_v may_v sufficient_o clear_v the_o natural_a succession_n of_o the_o defunct_n descendants_n whether_o child_n or_o grandchild_n and_o while_o there_o be_v any_o descendants_n there_o be_v place_n for_o no_o other_o 5._o the_o three_o branch_n of_o natural_a succession_n fail_v the_o express_a will_n of_o defunct_n and_o their_o descendants_n or_o the_o issue_n of_o their_o body_n be_v of_o parent_n among_o who_o these_o in_o the_o near_a degree_n be_v preferable_a as_o father_n and_o mother_n and_o if_o the_o father_n be_v dead_a there_o seem_v to_o be_v place_n for_o representation_n to_o his_o father_n to_o come_v in_o with_o the_o survive_a mother_n equal_o but_o other_o parent_n of_o or_o by_o the_o female_a line_n who_o be_v in_o another_o family_n from_o the_o ground_n lay_v in_o the_o text_n of_o provide_v these_o in_o the_o family_n seem_v not_o to_o come_v in_o to_o exclude_v brother_n and_o sister_n and_o other_o collateral_n in_o that_o family_n as_o the_o grandfather_n and_o grandmother_n on_o the_o mother_n side_n it_o will_v not_o be_v opposite_a to_o this_o which_o be_v say_v child_n be_v not_o to_o lay_v up_o for_o parent_n but_o parent_n for_o child_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v absolute_o but_o comparative_o and_o according_a to_o the_o ordinar_n course_n of_o nature_n 6._o the_o four_o link_n of_o natural_a succession_n be_v brethren_n and_o sister_n among_o who_o brethren_n and_o sister_n german_a be_v relate_v by_o both_o blood_n exclude_v these_o who_o be_v only_o of_o one_o blood_n by_o the_o father_n side_n the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o presume_a will_n of_o the_o defunct_a be_v from_o their_o interest_n and_o relation_n these_o of_o double_a relation_n by_o both_o blood_n be_v preferable_a to_o these_o of_o single_a relation_n 7._o the_o last_o degree_n of_o natural_a succession_n be_v of_o uncle_n aunt_n nepheus_n neices_n all_o which_o be_v in_o equal_a propinquity_n to_o the_o defunct_a come_v in_o together_o and_o faill_v these_o the_o succession_n will_v befall_v equal_o to_o the_o near_a degree_n of_o cousines_n among_o who_o the_o near_a degree_n exclude_v the_o father_n without_o right_n of_o representation_n and_o these_o conjoin_v by_o both_o blood_n exclude_v these_o onjoyn_v by_o one_o husband_n and_o wife_n do_v not_o succeed_v proper_o either_o to_o other_o but_o have_v a_o communion_n of_o good_n there_o be_v a_o division_n by_o the_o death_n of_o either_o 8._o the_o main_a question_n be_v here_o whether_o there_o be_v natural_o any_o difference_n in_o succession_n betwixt_o the_o collateral_n on_o the_o father_n side_n who_o be_v call_v agnat_n and_o the_o collateral_n on_o the_o mother_n side_n who_o be_v call_v cognat_n justinian_n in_o his_o novel_a constitution_n cap._n 4._o 127._o take_v off_o all_o distinction_n of_o agnat_n and_o cognat_n in_o succession_n for_o which_o he_o be_v general_o reprehend_v by_o interpreter_n who_o behold_v such_o a_o difference_n even_o in_o equity_n cognat_n be_v conjoin_v by_o woman_n who_o ordainary_o be_v under_o the_o power_n of_o other_o even_o natural_o by_o marriage_n and_o so_o be_v of_o another_o family_n they_o be_v not_o of_o the_o defunct_n own_o family_n as_o the_o agnat_n be_v among_o these_o the_o mother_n father_n mother_n or_o other_o ascendant_n on_o the_o father_n side_n in_o his_o family_n be_v not_o hereby_o exclude_v and_o so_o neither_o these_o or_o other_o by_o their_o express_a nor_o presume_v will_n can_v transmit_v any_o good_n or_o estate_n yet_o this_o point_n remain_v more_o dark_a and_o i_o conceive_v what_o have_v come_v by_o the_o mother_n side_n or_o by_o the_o grandmother_n etc._n etc._n therein_o the_o cognat_n of_o her_o blood_n will_v natural_o succeed_v because_o there_o be_v two_o ground_n of_o presumption_n join_v propinquity_n of_o blood_n and_o gratitude_n or_o remuneration_n to_o that_o lineage_n by_o who_o such_o thing_n by_o succession_n come_v so_o that_o paterna_fw-la paternis_fw-la materna_fw-la maternis_fw-la aught_o to_o take_v place_n in_o equity_n as_o the_o presume_a will_n of_o the_o defunct_a unless_o the_o express_a will_n or_o the_o law_n or_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n be_v to_o the_o contrare_fw-la so_o much_o for_o the_o natural_a course_n of_o succession_n which_o have_v be_v the_o more_o insist_v in_o not_o only_o to_o show_v the_o goodness_n and_o righteousness_n of_o god_n instruct_v man_n with_o a_o inbred_a law_n write_v in_o his_o heart_n though_o he_o be_v destitute_a of_o any_o humane_a constitution_n or_o custom_n so_o that_o he_o may_v walk_v just_o in_o this_o important_a matter_n of_o succession_n albeit_o all_o the_o line_n of_o this_o divine_a impression_n be_v no_o clear_a to_o our_o sin-dimmed_n eye_n but_o also_o that_o where_o positive_a law_n or_o custom_n be_v dubious_a in_o the_o matter_n of_o succession_n or_o be_v defective_a therein_o emendation_n and_o extension_n may_v be_v fetch_v thereto_o from_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n we_o shall_v now_o proceed_v to_o the_o positive_a law_n of_o god_n give_v to_o israel_n concern_v
obligation_n to_o do_v that_o which_o be_v most_o conducible_a to_o these_o common_a end_n to_o which_o we_o be_v oblige_v yet_o in_o the_o particular_n our_o act_n bonafide_fw-la make_v we_o free_a or_o three_o because_o though_o absolute_a obligationslye_n upon_o the_o obliged_a yet_o they_o relate_v to_o duty_n performable_a to_o god_n whereof_o he_o have_v give_v no_o power_n nor_o command_v to_o man_n that_o there_o be_v some_o such_o obligation_n that_o god_n have_v authorize_v or_o command_v man_n to_o vindicate_v for_o he_o and_o not_o all_o such_o may_v be_v gather_v from_o his_o own_o judicial_a law_n in_o which_o many_o such_o be_v express_v and_o many_o other_o omit_v though_o these_o obligation_n be_v to_o duty_n relate_v to_o man_n yet_o there_o be_v no_o correspondent_a right_n or_o power_n of_o compulsion_n in_o man_n and_o so_o the_o creditor_n be_v god_n and_o man_n be_v the_o three_o party_n to_o who_o behoove_v the_o obligation_n be_v impose_v but_o who_o have_v neither_o power_n of_o exaction_n for_o himself_o nor_o of_o vindication_n for_o god_n such_o be_v the_o obligation_n of_o beneficence_n general_o and_o particular_o of_o charity_n to_o the_o poor_a assistance_n to_o these_o in_o hazard_n and_o relief_n of_o the_o oppress_a for_o natural_a reason_n will_v teach_v we_o that_o though_o these_o do_v natural_o oblige_v we_o yet_o they_o in_o who_o favour_n they_o be_v can_v compel_v we_o for_o example_n we_o be_v bind_v be_v give_v alm_n to_o the_o poor_a yet_o none_o will_v affirm_v that_o the_o poor_a can_v extort_v it_o or_o take_v it_o by_o force_n it_o be_v true_a that_o by_o the_o positive_a law_n of_o any_o nation_n by_o their_o consociation_n together_o there_o be_v in_o the_o very_a nature_n of_o the_o association_n a_o duty_n of_o assistance_n for_o the_o common_a interest_n into_o which_o they_o be_v associate_v but_o that_o be_v not_o a_o natural_a but_o a_o voluntary_a obligation_n flow_v from_o their_o voluntar_n association_n or_o union_n likewise_o all_o the_o people_n be_v bind_v to_o concur_v and_o assist_v legal_a execution_n and_o in_o some_o place_n to_o contribute_v by_o such_o a_o proportion_n to_o the_o poor_a but_o these_o be_v only_o positive_a law_n have_v the_o force_n and_o nature_n of_o contract_n legal_a compulsion_n be_v also_o lay_v aside_o in_o matter_n of_o small_a moment_n and_o in_o some_o thing_n of_o great_a importance_n wherein_o a_o way_n of_o procedor_fw-la be_v prescribe_v and_o as_o a_o penalty_n of_o none-observance_n of_o that_o order_n legal_a remedy_n be_v deny_v when_o do_v any_o other_o way_n as_o naked_a paction_n among_o the_o roman_n be_v ineffectual_a because_o they_o do_v not_o interpose_v stipulation_n and_o with_o we_o agreement_n require_v write_v be_v ineffectual_a and_o may_v be_v resile_v from_o unless_o write_v be_v interpose_v and_o in_o most_o matter_n of_o importance_n obligation_n with_o we_o be_v ineffectual_a unless_o prove_v by_o oath_n of_o party_n or_o write_v civil_a obligation_n be_v these_o which_o have_v a_o civil_a effect_n and_o execution_n though_o perhaps_o they_o be_v not_o natural_o obliege_v as_o with_o we_o a_o obligation_n in_o write_n do_v civil_o oblige_v and_o have_v execution_n at_o the_o instance_n of_o the_o creditor_n heir_n or_o assignay_n though_o the_o debt_n be_v pay_v to_o the_o cedent_fw-la or_o defunct_a because_o the_o debtor_n have_v not_o be_v so_o cautious_a to_o keep_v a_o discharge_n in_o write_n but_o most_o part_n of_o obligation_n be_v both_o natural_a and_o civil_a there_o be_v many_o such_o particular_a obligation_n which_o will_v occur_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n 7._o there_o be_v a_o three_o distinction_n of_o obligation_n in_o principal_a and_o accessary_a such_o be_v the_o cautionary_a obligation_n of_o surety_n and_o pledge_n which_o be_v accessary_a to_o all_o other_o obligation_n 8._o the_o four_o distinction_n of_o obligation_n be_v in_o these_o which_o be_v pure_a conditional_a and_o to_o a_o day_n conditional_a obligation_n be_v such_o as_o do_v depend_v upon_o a_o condition_n and_o so_o be_v but_o obligation_n in_o hope_n till_o the_o condition_n be_v existent_a but_o obligation_n to_o a_o day_n be_v such_o as_o be_v present_o bind_v but_o the_o effect_n or_o execution_n thereof_o be_v suspend_v to_o a_o day_n betwixt_o which_o there_o be_v this_o main_a difference_n that_o in_o conditional_a obligation_n the_o condition_n must_v necessary_o be_v uncertain_a either_o as_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o man_n will_n or_o a_o accidential_a event_n for_o if_o the_o condition_n be_v a_o thing_n certain_o to_o come_v though_o it_o may_v be_v conceive_v under_o the_o term_n of_o a_o conditional_a obligation_n yet_o it_o be_v indeed_o a_o obligation_n to_o a_o day_n as_o if_o titius_n be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v maevius_n ten_o crown_n if_o a_o eclipse_n shall_v be_v such_o a_o day_n upon_o which_o day_n by_o the_o certain_a rule_n of_o astronomy_n it_o be_v know_v that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v though_o perhaps_o it_o be_v uncertain_a to_o both_o or_o either_o party_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o a_o conditional_a obligation_n but_o the_o time_n of_o the_o eclipse_n be_v the_o term_n thereof_o so_o likewise_o if_o the_o condition_n be_v impossible_a de_fw-fr facto_fw-la or_o impossible_a de_fw-fr jure_fw-la that_o be_v unlawful_a nam_fw-la id_fw-la possumus_fw-la quod_fw-la de_fw-la jure_fw-la possumus_fw-la then_o though_o the_o obligation_n be_v conceive_v in_o term_n conditional_a yet_o because_o the_o condition_n be_v not_o depend_v and_o in_o itself_o uncertain_a the_o obligation_n be_v not_o true_o conditional_a but_o be_v void_a and_o elusory_a in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o legal_a impossibility_n of_o the_o condition_n and_o if_o it_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o creditor_n or_o any_o three_o party_n so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v a_o occasion_n to_o move_v they_o to_o do_v wrong_n the_o obligation_n be_v valide_fw-la and_o pure_a and_o the_o condition_n be_v void_a as_o not_o adject_v nam_fw-la conditio_fw-la illicita_fw-la est_fw-la quasi_fw-la non_fw-la adjecta_fw-la hence_o it_o appear_v that_o such_o obligation_n as_o be_v without_o condition_n be_v pure_a and_o such_o be_v simple_a which_o be_v not_o clog_v with_o the_o run_n of_o a_o course_n of_o time_n the_o adjection_n whereof_o be_v always_o in_o favour_n of_o the_o debtor_n as_o to_o the_o intervenient_a time_n and_o in_o this_o also_o in_o favour_n of_o the_o creditor_n that_o he_o needs_o use_v no_o interpellation_n or_o requisition_n for_o performance_n sed_fw-la dies_fw-la interpallat_n pro_fw-la homine_fw-la and_o the_o day_n be_v past_a the_o debtor_n be_v in_o mora_fw-la but_o in_o simple_a obligation_n delay_n be_v only_o upon_o demand_n and_o whensoever_o it_o be_v require_v upon_o non-performance_n the_o debtor_n be_v in_o mora_fw-la obligation_n ad_fw-la diem_fw-la incertum_fw-la be_v in_o effect_n conditioal_n nam_fw-la dies_fw-la incertus_fw-la habetur_fw-la pro_fw-la conditione_n as_o a_o sum_n payable_a at_o such_o a_o age_n which_o be_v frequent_o in_o provision_n of_o child_n if_o they_o die_v before_o that_o age_n the_o sum_n be_v not_o due_a to_o their_o representative_n even_o after_o they_o may_v have_v attain_v that_o age_n as_o be_v find_v january_n 17._o 1667._o edgar_z contra_fw-la edgar_n february_n 22._o 1677._o belshes_n of_o tofte_v contra_fw-la belch_v a_o conditional_a obligation_n do_v necessary_o imply_v a_o uncertainty_n and_o dependence_n of_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o obligation_n upon_o the_o existence_n of_o the_o condition_n for_o if_o the_o condition_n fail_v the_o obligation_n be_v void_a and_o ofttimes_o obligation_n be_v conceive_v in_o conditional_a term_n though_o in_o effect_n there_o be_v no_o uncertainty_n of_o the_o condition_n as_o to_o the_o be_v thereof_o though_o it_o may_v be_v uncertain_a as_o to_o the_o contracter_n knowledge_n as_o in_o obligation_n where_o the_o condition_n be_v make_v of_o something_o past_a or_o of_o something_o that_o can_v but_o come_v the_o come_v whereof_o be_v the_o term_n of_o performance_n and_o not_o a_o condition_n and_o it_o be_v a_o obligation_n to_o a_o day_n and_o not_o conditional_a as_o on_o the_o contrair_a a_o conditional_a obligation_n may_v be_v when_o it_o be_v not_o yet_o conceive_v in_o term_n conditional_a as_o when_o it_o be_v conceive_v to_o a_o day_n if_o it_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o by_o the_o course_n of_o nature_n that_o day_n will_v ever_o come_v it_o be_v no_o term_n but_o a_o condition_n these_o uncertain_a condition_n be_v of_o two_o kind_n voluntar_n which_o depend_v upon_o the_o free_a choice_n of_o some_o person_n and_o casual_a which_o depend_v upon_o the_o casual_a event_n of_o that_o which_o can_v natural_o be_v foreknow_v among_o voluntar_n condition_n these_o be_v not_o to_o be_v number_v which_o consist_v in_o the_o mutual_a obligation_n of_o the_o creditor_n which_o he_o be_v positive_o oblige_v to_o perform_v and_o so_o
competent_a to_o a_o cautioner_n who_o in_o a_o new_a bond_n of_o corroboration_n have_v engage_v for_o the_o debt_n with_o the_o principal_a and_o that_o against_o the_o cautioner_n in_o the_o first_o bond_n though_o he_o have_v no_o assignation_n to_o the_o clause_n of_o relief_n grant_v to_o the_o first_o cautioner_n spot_n cautioner_n lubra_n contra_fw-la david_n vauns_n the_o same_o must_v hold_v in_o contutor_n co-curators_a and_o wherever_o more_o debtor_n be_v liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la for_o the_o same_o debt_n or_o deed_n title_n ix_o reparation_n where_o of_o delinquence_n and_o damnage_n thence_o arise_v 1._o the_o obligation_n of_o reparation_n of_o damnage_n by_o delinquence_n a_o natural_a obligation_n 2._o delinquence_n infer_v the_o obligation_n of_o punishment_n and_o reparation_n of_o the_o injure_v 3._o damnage_n describe_v 4._o kind_n of_o delinquence_n 5._o concurrer_n in_o delinquence_n how_o liable_a 6._o special_a kind_n of_o delinquence_n by_o our_o custom_n 7._o assythment_n 8._o extertion_n vi_fw-la majori_fw-la &_o metus_fw-la causa_fw-la 9_o circumvention_n by_o fraud_n dolo_fw-la malo_fw-la 10._o the_o edict_n de_fw-fr dolo_fw-la malo_fw-la 11._o circumvention_n rare_o infer_v by_o witness_n 12._o simulation_n 13._o collusion_n 14._o the_o effect_n of_o fraud_n as_o to_o the_o party_n contract_n 15._o deed_n do_v in_o fraudem_fw-la creditorum_fw-la contrair_a the_o act_n of_o parliament_n 1621._o anent_o bankrupt_n 16._o the_o nature_n of_o spuilzie_n 17._o the_o title_n of_o possession_n 18._o oath_n in_o litem_fw-la in_o spulzy_n 19_o spuilzie_n eleided_a by_o any_o colourable_a title_n warrant_v or_o bona_fw-la side_n 20._o spulzie_a eleided_a by_o voluntar_n delivery_n 21._o by_o lawful_a poynd_n 22._o reply_v against_o poind_v 23._o spuilzie_n eleided_a by_o restitution_n within_o twenty_o four_o hour_n 24._o prescription_n of_o spuilzy_n 25._o intrusion_n and_o ejection_n describe_v and_o distinguisb_v 26._o ejection_n proper_a to_o the_o natural_a possessor_n 27._o exception_n against_o ejection_n 28._o mollestation_n 29._o breach_n of_o arrestment_n and_o deforcement_n 30._o contravention_n among_o obligation_n obediential_a we_o have_v place_v these_o which_o be_v by_o delinquence_n because_o they_o arise_v without_o any_o convention_n consent_n or_o contract_n either_o particular_o or_o by_o virtue_n of_o any_o positive_a law_n and_o therefore_o they_o must_v needs_o have_v their_o original_a from_o the_o authority_n and_o will_n of_o god_n and_o of_o our_o obedience_n due_a thereto_o for_o though_o they_o do_v proceed_v from_o our_o fact_n and_o from_o our_o will_n whence_o that_o fact_n be_v voluntary_o commit_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o from_o our_o contract_n will_n and_o therefore_o these_o obligation_n do_v not_o receive_v their_o measure_n or_o extent_n by_o our_o will_n 1._o that_o obligation_n of_o delinquence_n be_v introduce_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o suffrage_n of_o all_o man_n and_o all_o nation_n will_v evince_v who_o do_v every_o where_o acknowledge_v the_o reparation_n of_o damnage_n and_o punishment_n of_o crime_n and_o injury_n as_o have_v by_o nature_n a_o clear_a evidence_n and_o sharp_a sense_n thereof_o and_o thereupon_o can_v without_o reluctancy_n concur_v with_o the_o magistrate_n in_o the_o punishment_n of_o citizen_n and_o of_o enemy_n by_o the_o sword_n but_o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v how_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o be_v perpetual_a and_o have_v place_n chief_o in_o innocency_n can_v prescribe_v any_o thing_n in_o relation_n to_o delinquency_n or_o malifice_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v in_o that_o condition_n this_o will_v be_v easy_o clear_v if_o it_o be_v consider_v that_o though_o man_n be_v make_v in_o the_o state_n of_o innocency_n yet_o have_v he_o a_o natural_a instability_n for_o which_o god_n do_v warn_v and_o arm_v he_o and_o though_o the_o principal_a and_o direct_a law_n of_o nature_n do_v teach_v man_n to_o love_v his_o neighbour_n as_o himself_o yet_o he_o can_v not_o but_o by_o consequence_n know_v though_o he_o have_v stand_v in_o innocency_n as_o do_v the_o angel_n that_o any_o who_o act_v against_o that_o royal_a law_n of_o love_n by_o do_v evil_a to_o his_o neighbour_n and_o take_v away_o from_o he_o that_o which_o be_v he_o aught_o to_o repair_v he_o and_o to_o be_v liable_a to_o divine_a justice_n which_o be_v that_o certification_n which_o god_n put_v upon_o his_o natural_a law_n as_o he_o do_v more_o express_o upon_o the_o forbid_a fruit_n morte_fw-la morieris_fw-la 2._o a_o obligation_n of_o delinquence_n be_v then_o that_o whereunto_o injury_n or_o malifice_n do_v oblige_v as_o the_o meritorious_a cause_n thereof_o as_o the_o will_n of_o god_n thereupon_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n and_o it_o be_v twofold_a either_o that_o which_o relate_v to_o god_n or_o that_o which_o relate_v to_o man_n the_o former_a be_v the_o obligation_n of_o punishment_n pain_n or_o penalty_n for_o unto_o god_n there_o can_v proper_o no_o reparation_n be_v make_v by_o the_o creature_n who_o duty_n and_o service_n be_v due_a to_o he_o so_o that_o to_o he_o the_o creature_n be_v oblige_v to_o underly_a the_o punishment_n in_o reference_n to_o man_n be_v the_o obligation_n of_o repair_v his_o damnage_n put_v he_o in_o as_o good_a condition_n as_o he_o be_v in_o before_o the_o injury_n and_o this_o only_o be_v man_n part_n for_o himself_o for_o the_o inflict_a of_o punishment_n be_v for_o god_n in_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v authorize_v or_o allow_v by_o he_o but_o it_o be_v not_o for_o or_o from_o man_n of_o himself_o revenge_n be_v i_o and_o i_o will_v repay_v say_v the_o lord_n for_o as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o a_o obligation_n in_o the_o debtor_n have_v a_o correspondent_a power_n of_o exaction_n in_o the_o creditor_n which_o be_v the_o personal_a right_n so_o in_o delinquence_n the_o power_n of_o exaction_n of_o reparation_n of_o his_o damnage_n be_v man_n for_o himself_o but_o the_o power_n of_o exact_v punishment_n be_v in_o god_n and_o as_o for_o he_o or_o 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v 〈◊〉_d to_o man_n it_o be_v but_o a_o ministerial_a power_n and_o not_o dispensible_a at_o 〈◊〉_d pleasure_n and_o have_v a_o obligation_n whereby_o man_n 〈◊〉_d bind_v to_o god_n for_o do_v his_o duty_n therein_o though_o positive_a law_n and_o 〈◊〉_d of_o 〈◊〉_d and_o in_o some_o thing_n the_o positive_a law_n of_o god_n itself_o may_v 〈◊〉_d a_o 〈◊〉_d and_o employ_v it_o for_o the_o proper_a use_n of_o the_o injure_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o a_o proper_a punishment_n that_o have_v its_o force_n by_o paction_n or_o positive_a law_n and_o nor_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o obligation_n to_o punishment_n arise_v from_o 〈◊〉_d and_o man_n power_n and_o duty_n to_o inflict_v the_o same_o be_v a_o public_a right_n which_o though_o natural_o do_v concern_v every_o man_n yet_o it_o be_v now_o with_o divine_a approbation_n for_o most_o part_n devolve_v upon_o public_a authority_n which_o be_v say_v rom._n 13._o 〈◊〉_d 3_o 4._o to_o be_v a_o terror_n to_o evil_a doer_n and_o not_o to_o bear_v the_o sword_n in_o vain_a for_o be_v 〈◊〉_d the_o minister_n of_o god_n a_o revenger_n to_o execute_v wrath_n upon_o he_o that_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d by_o which_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o the_o magistrate_n as_o he_o execute_v revenge_n do_v 〈◊〉_d not_o of_o or_o for_o himself_o nor_o for_o or_o from_o the_o people_n as_o their_o proper_a right_n or_o power_n of_o exaction_n but_o therein_o as_o he_o be_v the_o minister_n of_o god_n he_o do_v 〈◊〉_d for_o and_o from_o god_n even_o though_o his_o authority_n and_o commission_n be_v not_o immediate_o from_o god_n but_o from_o man_n yet_o he_o stand_v in_o the_o place_n of_o these_o man_n to_o god_n to_o execute_v that_o revenge_n which_o they_o themselves_o be_v natural_o oblige_v unto_o but_o how_o far_o man_n natural_a duty_n or_o the_o magistrate_n in_o the_o punishment_n of_o crime_n reach_v the_o line_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v become_v dark_a in_o many_o point_n it_o be_v manifest_a and_o agree_v by_o all_o that_o though_o in_o all_o damnage_n do_v to_o man_n there_o be_v also_o punishment_n which_o may_v be_v inflict_v by_o god_n yet_o where_o the_o matter_n be_v chief_o man_n interest_n and_o so_o repairable_a to_o he_o none_o will_v think_v that_o it_o be_v a_o duty_n in_o all_o of_o these_o case_n to_o inflict_v vengeance_n on_o such_o neither_o do_v any_o own_o a_o power_n and_o necessity_n to_o inflict_v punishment_n for_o man_n spiritual_a delinquence_n stand_v in_o his_o mind_n and_o affection_n as_o for_o want_v of_o love_n and_o confidence_n hope_n etc._n etc._n in_o something_n also_o the_o power_n of_o punishment_n be_v no_o less_o evident_a even_o when_o there_o can_v be_v no_o reparation_n to_o man_n as_o in_o that_o general_a precept_n of_o equal_a crime_n and_o punishment_n life_n for_o life_n eye_n for_o eye_n tooth_n for_o tooth_n etc._n etc._n but_o
shall_v not_o insist_v in_o these_o because_o the_o common_a custom_n of_o nation_n have_v refile_v therefrom_o follow_v rather_o the_o canon_n law_n by_o which_o every_o paction_n produce_v action_n omne_fw-la verbum_fw-la de_fw-la ore_fw-la fideli_fw-la cadit_fw-la in_o debitum_fw-la c._n 1._o &_o 3._o de_fw-fr pactis_fw-la and_o so_o observe_v guidilinus_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la nou._n l._n 3._o cap._n 5._o §_o ust_o and_o corvinus_n de_fw-fr pactis_fw-la we_o have_v a_o special_a statute_n of_o session_n november_n 27._o 1592._o acknowledge_v all_o paction_n and_o promise_n as_o effectual_a so_o it_o have_v be_v ever_o decide_v since_o january_n 14._o 1631._o sharp_a contra_fw-la sharp_n 8._o and_o even_o pactum_fw-la corvinum_fw-la de_fw-la haereditate_fw-la viventis_fw-la be_v find_v bind_v though_o among_o the_o most_o odious_a july_n 6._o 1630._o mr._n james_n aikenhead_n contra_fw-la b_n we_o l._n but_o pactum_fw-la de_fw-la quota_fw-la litis_fw-la whether_o it_o be_v a_o naked_a paction_n or_o promise_n or_o a_o mutual_a contract_n be_v reject_v both_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o our_o custom_n whereby_o advocat_n in_o place_n of_o their_o honorary_a take_v a_o share_n of_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o plea_n to_o prevent_v the_o stir_v up_o and_o too_o much_o eagerness_n in_o plea_n which_o be_v extend_v to_o a_o agent_n or_o writer_n if_o he_o have_v make_v such_o a_o paction_n before_o or_o during_o the_o plea_n but_o not_o after_o all_o plea_n be_v end_v have_v give_v bond_n to_o a_o appear_v and_o heir_n to_o denude_v himself_o of_o a_o right_n he_o have_v acquire_v for_o sum_n of_o money_n get_v his_o expense_n and_o a_o four_o part_n for_o his_o pain_n and_o hazard_n february_n 24._o 1675._o catharine_n home_n contra_fw-la mr._n archibald_n nisbit_n writer_n yea_o a_o advocate_n take_v assignation_n to_o a_o part_n of_o a_o plea_n it_o be_v find_v pactum_fw-la de_fw-la quota_fw-la litis_fw-la and_o process_n be_v thereby_o exclude_v though_o propon_v by_o the_o debtor_n and_o not_o by_o the_o party_n with_o who_o the_o paction_n be_v make_v but_o it_o be_v not_o find_v probable_a by_o that_o party_n oath_n alone_o as_o be_v but_o one_o witness_n june_n 23._o 1680._o edward_n ruthven_n contra_fw-la mr._n william_n weir_n paction_n for_o money_n play_v or_o other_o prize_n play_v at_o game_n of_o fortoun_n such_o as_o card_n dice_n etc._n etc._n find_v valid_a as_o to_o the_o debtor_n but_o the_o excress_n to_o be_v consign_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o poor_a if_o it_o exceed_v a_o hundred_o mark_v by_o the_o act_n of_o par._n 1621._o cap._n 14._o nevember_n 12._o 1668._o patrick_n park_n contra_fw-la nicol_n somervel_n instead_o of_o the_o remeid_n of_o stipulation_n the_o inconvenience_n that_o reject_v naked_a paction_n among_o the_o roman_n be_v remeided_a with_o we_o by_o this_o mean_n 9_o first_o if_o the_o matter_n be_v of_o great_a moment_n and_o which_o require_v to_o its_o perfection_n solemnity_n in_o write_n all_o such_o agreement_n promise_n and_o paction_n be_v account_v imperfect_a and_o not_o obligator_n until_o write_v be_v subscribe_v such_o as_o disposition_n of_o land_n and_o heritable_a right_n tack_n rental_n and_o assignation_n to_o writ_n etc._n etc._n in_o all_o which_o there_o be_v locus_fw-la penitentiae_fw-la even_o after_o the_o agreement_n and_o either_o party_n may_v resile_a till_o the_o write_v be_v subscribe_v and_o deliver_v it_o be_v so_o find_v though_o the_o buyer_n by_o a_o missive_n letter_n write_v that_o he_o think_v he_o will_v not_o be_v able_a to_o furnish_v the_o money_n but_o that_o he_o will_v not_o pass_v from_o the_o commune_n see_v there_o be_v no_o minute_n nor_o obligation_n otherways_o january_n 20._o 1663._o sir_n robert_n montgomery_n of_o skermor_o contra_fw-la john_n brown_n so_o be_v it_o also_o sound_a that_o a_o cautioner_n subscribe_v a_o bond_n may_v resile_a before_o it_o be_v deliver_v by_o he_o though_o it_o be_v subscribe_v and_o deliver_v by_o the_o principal_a and_o other_o cautioner_n before_o march_v 5._o 1628._o megil_n contra_fw-la thenilstoun_n the_o like_a of_o a_o disposition_n subscribe_v and_o leave_v in_o the_o writer_n hand_n to_o frame_v a_o charter_n by_o and_o a_o promise_n make_v after_o to_o abide_v by_o it_o see_v there_o be_v no_o delivery_n to_o the_o party_n nor_o to_o the_o writer_n to_o be_v give_v to_o he_o laird_n of_o innerleith_n contra_fw-la byres_n the_o like_a of_o a_o bargain_n of_o land_n agree_v upon_o by_o word_n some_o thing_n be_v do_v by_o the_o buyer_n in_o contemplation_n thereof_o be_v restore_v october_n 5._o 1628._o oliphant_n contra_fw-la monorgan_n the_o like_a in_o a_o tack_v for_o year_n which_o be_v find_v to_o endure_v but_o one_o year_n though_o the_o tacks-man_n be_v thereby_o in_o possession_n january_n 24._o 1630._o lowry_n contra_fw-la ker._n july_n 16._o 1636._o keith_n contra_fw-la his_o tenant_n yet_o a_o verbal_a tack_v for_o a_o year_n find_v not_o to_o be_v pass_v from_o see_v the_o tenant_n be_v thereby_o in_o possession_n and_o have_v be_v warn_v hope_n process_n john_n adamson_n contra_fw-la john_n fullartoun_n neither_o be_v it_o find_v competent_a to_o pass_v from_o a_o verbal_a rental_a where_o the_o grassoum_n be_v pay_v nicol._n de_fw-fr migrando_fw-la angus_n contra_fw-la mckie_n neither_o to_o pass_v from_o a_o rental_a deliver_v to_o the_o chamberlain_n to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o tenant_n upon_o payment_n of_o the_o grassoum_n in_o so_o far_o as_o concern_v these_o tenant_n who_o have_v pay_v a_o part_n of_o their_o grassoum_n nic._n remove_v eglintoun_n contra_fw-la his_o tenant_n neither_o be_v place_n find_v to_o resile_a from_o a_o transaction_n verbal_a see_v a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o soum_n transact_v for_o be_v satisfy_v february_n 25._o 1679._o king_n advocate_n contra_fw-la earl_n of_o nithisdale_n neither_o be_v there_o locus_fw-la poenitentiae_fw-la in_o pactis_fw-la liberatoriis_fw-la where_o any_o right_n be_v pass_v from_o or_o restrict_v and_o no_o new_a right_o to_o be_v make_v december_n 5._o 1661._o helen_n hepburn_n contra_fw-la sir_n james_n hamiltoun_n of_o orbistoun_n the_o like_a in_o restrict_v a_o annualrent_n to_o a_o part_n of_o land_n affect_v therewith_o february_n 8._o 1666._o ker_n contra_fw-la hunter_n locus_fw-la poenitentiae_fw-la be_v find_v competent_a to_o a_o defender_n who_o produce_v a_o right_o grant_v by_o the_o charger_n with_o a_o blank_a assignation_n to_o instruct_v compensation_n which_o he_o get_v up_o before_o it_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o charger_n or_o any_o decreet_a thereon_o and_o no_o minute_n of_o the_o decreet_a be_v extant_a the_o suspender_n be_v find_v in_o tuto_fw-la to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o right_o compense_v on_o december_n 9_o 1674._o lord_n balmerino_n contra_fw-la the_o tenant_n of_o northberwick_n and_o creditor_n of_o sir_n william_n dick._n yea_o locus_fw-la poenitentiae_fw-la be_v find_v competent_a to_o resile_a from_o a_o bargain_n which_o may_v have_v be_v valid_a without_o write_n because_o it_o be_v express_o agree_v to_o be_v redact_v in_o write_n january_n 12._o 1676._o robert_n campbel_n contra_fw-la robert_n dowglas_n the_o other_o remedy_n we_o have_v in_o stead_n of_o stipulation_n be_v that_o by_o a_o statute_n of_o par._n 1579._o cap._n 80._o all_o write_v of_o great_a importance_n be_v to_o be_v subscribe_v by_o the_o party_n or_o by_o two_o nottar_n and_o four_o witness_n wherein_o custom_n have_v interpret_v matter_n of_o importance_n to_o be_v that_o which_o exceed_v a_o hundred_o pound_n scot_n and_o it_o be_v so_o far_o extend_v that_o in_o matter_n where_o write_v may_v and_o use_n to_o be_v adhibit_v probation_n be_v not_o admit_v by_o witness_n but_o only_o by_o oath_n of_o party_n or_o write_v by_o these_o remeid_n very_o necessary_o introduce_v the_o inconvenience_n aforesaid_a be_v sufficient_o caveat_n 10._o but_o to_o inquire_v whether_o promise_v or_o naked_a paction_n be_v moral_o obligatory_a by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n few_o do_v contravert_v yet_o conanus_fw-la l._n 1._o c._n 6._o l._n 5._o c._n 9_o hold_v that_o promise_v or_o naked_a paction_n where_o there_o be_v no_o equivalent_a cause_n onerous_a interveen_n do_v moral_o produce_v no_o obligation_n or_o action_n though_o in_o congruity_n or_o decency_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o perform_v lest_o it_o be_v a_o argument_n of_o levity_n against_o which_o there_o be_v not_o only_o the_o testimony_n of_o the_o canon_n law_n which_o insinuat_v a_o anterior_a reason_n to_o its_o own_o position_n but_o also_o the_o civil_a law_n l._n 1._o ff_n de_fw-fr pactis_fw-la there_o be_v nothing_o so_o congruous_a to_o humane_a trust_n as_o to_o perform_v what_o be_v agree_v among_o they_o and_o the_o edict_n de_fw-fr constituta_fw-la pecunia_fw-la say_v it_o be_v suitable_a to_o natural_a equity_n and_o say_v far_a that_o he_o be_v debtor_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n who_o must_v pay_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n who_o faith_n we_o
naufrage_fw-la fire_n tumult_n or_o fall_v of_o house_n where_o the_o positive_a law_n give_v the_o double_a in_o case_n of_o denial_n of_o the_o thing_n depositat_fw-la in_o commiseration_n of_o these_o case_n for_o the_o public_a good_a l._n 1._o ff_n depositi_fw-la but_o these_o case_n must_v be_v evident_a and_o the_o only_a cause_n of_o the_o contract_n l._n 1._o §_o 3._o ff_n depositi_fw-la hence_o it_o follow_v that_o depositar_n be_v not_o liable_a for_o light_a fault_n or_o the_o perish_a or_o deterioration_n of_o the_o thing_n depositat_fw-la by_o casuality_n or_o accident_n yet_o it_o may_v be_v question_v if_o the_o depositar_n delay_n and_o not_o redeliver_v whether_o in_o that_o case_n he_o be_v liable_a to_o make_v it_o good_a the_o same_o question_n be_v also_o in_o mandate_n and_o the_o law_n be_v for_o the_o affirmative_a in_o this_o and_o all_o other_o case_n unless_o the_o thing_n after_o the_o delay_n will_v have_v the_o same_o way_n perish_v if_o it_o have_v be_v restore_v l._n 5._o ff_n de_fw-fr rebus_fw-la creditis_fw-la l._n 12._o §_o 3._o ff_n depositi_fw-la where_o the_o depositar_n peril_n be_v per_fw-la judicium_fw-la acceptum_fw-la the_o reason_n whereof_o be_v render_v because_o if_o the_o thing_n have_v be_v restore_v the_o owner_n may_v have_v sell_v it_o and_o so_o though_o it_o have_v perish_v he_o have_v be_v no_o loser_n yet_o this_o be_v partly_o penal_a and_o the_o adequat_fw-la ground_n of_o it_o must_v be_v by_o the_o obligation_n of_o reparation_n of_o the_o damnage_n sustain_v by_o that_o delinquence_n in_o not_o restore_v the_o thing_n depositat_fw-la to_o its_o owner_n when_o require_v and_o therefore_o it_o be_v to_o be_v measure_v according_a to_o the_o true_a interest_n and_o though_o possible_o the_o owner_n may_v have_v sell_v it_o before_o it_o have_v perish_v yet_o unless_o there_o have_v be_v a_o know_a occasion_n or_o offer_v to_o have_v buy_v or_o purchase_v it_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o remain_v of_o it_o after_o delay_n equity_n will_v not_o conclude_v the_o make_n up_o of_o what_o have_v so_o perish_v in_o this_o we_o be_v not_o bound_v with_o any_o positive_a law_n or_o custom_n and_o therefore_o equity_n in_o it_o with_o we_o may_v take_v place_n and_o we_o be_v not_o severe_a in_o diligence_n of_o mandatar_n as_o appear_v from_o the_o former_a paragraph_n neither_o yet_o in_o custody_n and_o therefore_o a_o person_n have_v receive_v money_n in_o keep_v and_o it_o be_v demand_v he_o do_v declare_v that_o it_o be_v send_v with_o his_o own_o to_o dundee_n for_o safety_n and_o that_o the_o owner_n may_v have_v it_o there_o for_o send_v for_o and_o thereafter_o dundee_n be_v take_v and_o plunder_v he_o be_v liberat_fw-la give_v his_o oath_n that_o the_o money_n he_o get_v in_o keep_v be_v lose_v there_o july_n 19_o 1662._o fidde_v contra_fw-la jack_n and_o a_o horse_n be_v put_v in_o the_o park_n of_o halyroodbouse_n for_o grassing_n though_o he_o be_v lose_v the_o keeper_n be_v find_v free_a because_o there_o be_v a_o placat_fw-la on_o the_o entry_n of_o the_o park_n that_o the_o horse_n to_o be_v put_v there_o be_v upon_o their_o master_n peril_n though_o this_o horse_n be_v deliver_v to_o a_o servant_n who_o say_v nothing_o of_o the_o placat_fw-la november_n 16._o 1667._o whitehead_n of_o park_n contra_fw-la john_n straitoun_n 50._o in_o the_o civil_a law_n there_o be_v a_o depositation_n of_o special_a nature_n institute_n by_o the_o edict_n nautae_fw-la caupones_fw-la stabularij_fw-la quod_fw-la cujusque_fw-la salvum_fw-la fore_fw-la reciperunt_fw-la nisi_fw-la restituant_fw-la in_o eos_fw-la judicium_fw-la dabo_fw-la l._n 1._o ff_n eodem_fw-la by_o this_o edict_n positive_a law_n for_o utility_n sake_n have_v appoint_v that_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o good_n of_o the_o passenger_n in_o ship_n or_o voyager_n in_o inn_n or_o in_o stable_n shall_v be_v far_o extend_v beyond_o the_o nature_n of_o depositation_n which_o obliege_v only_o for_o fraud_n or_o supine_n negligence_n they_o who_o have_v express_o contract_v for_o their_o own_o fact_n but_o this_o edict_n for_o public_a utility_n sake_n extend_v it_o first_o to_o the_o restitution_n of_o the_o good_n of_o passenger_n and_o voyager_n and_o reparation_n of_o any_o loss_n or_o injury_n do_v by_o the_o mariner_n or_o servant_n of_o the_o inn_n or_o stable_a l._n 1._o §_o 8._o eodem_fw-la whereas_o by_o the_o common_a law_n before_o that_o edict_n in_o this_o and_o other_o such_o case_n there_o be_v no_o such_o obligement_n much_o less_o be_v person_n now_o oblige_v for_o their_o hire_a servant_n fact_n or_o fault_n except_o where_o they_o be_v special_o entrust_v by_o they_o but_o because_o the_o theft_n and_o loss_n of_o such_o good_n be_v very_o ordinary_a in_o ship_n inn_n and_o stable_n before_o this_o edict_n be_v introduce_v for_o the_o security_n of_o traveller_n l._n 1._o §_o eodem_fw-la second_o the_o edict_n extend_v this_o obligement_n even_o to_o the_o damnage_n sustain_v by_o other_o passenger_n or_o voyager_n of_o the_o ship_n inn_n or_o stable_a for_o the_o which_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n innkeeper_n or_o keeper_n of_o the_o stable_a can_v be_v no_o way_n oblige_v but_o by_o virtue_n of_o this_o edict_n three_o they_o be_v make_v liable_a for_o the_o loss_n or_o theft_n of_o such_o thing_n absolute_o from_o which_o they_o be_v free_a by_o no_o diligence_n but_o be_v not_o liable_a for_o accident_n or_o force_n by_o nautae_fw-la in_o the_o edict_n be_v understand_v not_o the_o mariner_n but_o the_o exercitor_n or_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n to_o who_o the_o profit_n belong_v and_o so_o the_o master_n of_o the_o inn_n or_o stable_a and_o by_o the_o statute_n they_o be_v only_o liable_a for_o that_o quod_fw-la salvum_fw-la fore_fw-la reciperunt_fw-la that_o which_o they_o receive_v in_o custody_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o such_o other_o as_o they_o entrust_v to_o admit_v passenger_n or_o voyager_n their_o good_n and_o horse_n l._n 1._o §_o 2._o eodem_fw-la whether_o the_o same_o be_v ware_n clothes_n cloag-bag_n and_o other_o furnish_n for_o passenger_n or_o voyager_n or_o the_o furniture_n of_o horse_n in_o stable_n l._n 1._o §_o 6._o eodem_fw-la or_o whether_o other_o thing_n bring_v in_o the_o more_o common_a opinion_n be_v albeit_o the_o thing_n bring_v in_o be_v neither_o know_v or_o show_v to_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n inn_n or_o stable_a they_o be_v liable_a for_o restitution_n l._n 1._o §_o 8._o eodem_fw-la and_o if_o any_o thing_n be_v want_v the_o party_n loser_n have_v jur_fw-la amentum_fw-la in_o litem_fw-la and_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o show_v what_o be_v in_o his_o clogbag_n pocket_n etc._n etc._n gloss._n ibid._n the_o reason_n of_o all_o which_o be_v render_v l._n 1._o ibidem_fw-la because_o it_o be_v in_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n option_n to_o receive_v such_o person_n or_o not_o and_o consequent_o if_o he_o doubt_v of_o their_o trust_n in_o case_n they_o allege_v any_o thing_n want_v he_o may_v refuse_v they_o access_n unless_o they_o show_v what_o they_o have_v otherways_o he_o be_v presume_v to_o trust_v their_o oath_n without_o which_o this_o benefit_n will_v be_v useless_a they_o be_v also_o not_o only_o liable_a for_o what_o be_v receive_v and_o enter_v in_o the_o ship_n or_o inn_n but_o also_o if_o it_o be_v express_o receive_v for_o that_o end_n else_o where_o by_o these_o have_a power_n and_o if_o it_o be_v lose_v before_o it_o be_v enter_v in_o the_o ship_n as_o on_o the_o shoar_n l._n 3._o ibid._n neither_o be_v these_o person_n liberate_a by_o bid_v each_o man_n look_v to_o his_o own_o good_n unless_o the_o passenger_n consent_n l._n 7._o eodem_fw-la but_o their_o silence_n will_v not_o import_v their_o consent_n when_o they_o be_v enter_v and_o in_o their_o passage_n yet_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v so_o express_v before_o or_o at_o their_o entry_n when_o it_o be_v free_a to_o they_o to_o enter_v or_o not_o such_o silence_n will_v sufficient_o infer_v consent_n neither_o be_v they_o free_a though_o the_o passenger_n take_v the_o key_n of_o the_o chamber_n or_o chest_n himself_o which_o be_v but_o propter_fw-la majorem_fw-la securitatem_fw-la and_o not_o to_o liberate_v their_o obleigment_n especial_o see_v they_o may_v have_v other_o key_n which_o the_o passenger_n can_v know_v this_o excellent_a edict_n be_v but_o positive_a will_v be_v effectual_a with_o we_o only_o in_o so_o far_o as_o the_o common_a custom_n of_o nation_n have_v own_v it_o especial_o in_o maritime_a matter_n betwixt_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n or_o in_o so_o far_o as_o our_o own_o custom_n have_v receive_v it_o at_o home_n but_o the_o evident_a expediencie_n of_o it_o can_v but_o make_v it_o acceptable_a any_o where_o where_o the_o least_o respect_n be_v have_v to_o the_o civil_a law_n it_o be_v find_v therefore_o that_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n
last_o case_n whether_o oath_n be_v only_o personal_a obliege_v the_o swearer_n and_o so_o inherent_a to_o their_o person_n that_o they_o bind_v not_o their_o heir_n wherein_o some_o be_v for_o the_o affirmative_a that_o even_o heir_n be_v oblige_v as_o be_v fictione_n juris_fw-la eadem_fw-la persona_fw-la cum_fw-la defuncto_fw-la which_o be_v also_o fortify_v by_o the_o punishment_n in_o the_o successor_n of_o israel_n in_o the_o day_n of_o saul_n but_o i_o rather_o incline_v to_o the_o negative_a that_o heir_n be_v not_o oblige_v but_o only_o the_o person_n who_o swear_v which_o be_v the_o more_o common_a opinion_n of_o lawyer_n civilian_n and_o canonist_n nor_o do_v the_o instance_n infer_v the_o contrary_a because_o oath_n by_o society_n and_o incorporation_n continue_v not_o as_o to_o their_o heir_n but_o because_o the_o society_n die_v not_o and_o be_v ever_o the_o same_o especial_o in_o contract_n betwixt_o nation_n where_o the_o party_n intend_v not_o to_o oblige_v particular_a person_n then_o live_v but_o the_o nation_n neither_o do_v the_o fiction_n of_o law_n operate_v in_o this_o case_n for_o no_o position_n or_o fiction_n of_o law_n can_v either_o extend_v or_o abriege_v the_o obligation_n of_o a_o oath_n which_o be_v alterius_fw-la &_o superioris_fw-la juris_fw-la there_o remain_v yet_o this_o objection_n that_o if_o oath_n be_v so_o effectual_a great_a inconvenience_n will_v follow_v a_o door_n be_v open_v to_o force_n and_o fraud_n for_o the_o same_o facility_n that_o party_n be_v induce_v to_o act_n they_o will_v be_v induce_v to_o confirm_v it_o by_o a_o oath_n it_o be_v answer_v in_o commodum_fw-la non_fw-la solvit_fw-la argumentum_fw-la which_o therefore_o be_v not_o regard_v in_o the_o case_n of_o agnes_n grant_n contra_fw-la balvaird_n but_o there_o may_v be_v a_o remeid_v by_o severe_a punishment_n upon_o party_n who_o shall_v induce_v other_o to_o swear_v to_o their_o own_o hurt_n which_o the_o prince_n may_v inflict_v and_o repair_v the_o damnage_n of_o the_o laesed_a it_o be_v true_a if_o the_o fear_n be_v such_o as_o stupifi_v and_o take_v away_o the_o act_n of_o reason_n there_o be_v nothing_o do_v because_o there_o can_v no_o contract_n in_o its_o substantial_o consist_v without_o the_o knowledge_n and_o reason_n of_o the_o party_n or_o if_o the_o deceit_n be_v in_o substantialibus_fw-la as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v by_o mistake_n marry_n one_o woman_n for_o another_o there_o be_v nothing_o do_v but_o when_o a_o act_n of_o reason_n be_v exercise_v but_o upon_o motive_n by_o fear_n error_n or_o mistake_v the_o deed_n be_v in_o itself_o valid_a but_o annullable_n by_o the_o fear_n or_o fraud_n which_o be_v exclude_v by_o the_o oath_n against_o which_o they_o can_v be_v allege_v by_o the_o party_n who_o have_v swear_v but_o may_v be_v propon_v by_o his_o heir_n executor_n or_o cautioner_n or_o any_o other_o have_v interest_n have_v now_o speak_v of_o the_o several_a kind_n of_o obligation_n before_o we_o go_v over_o to_o real_a right_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o touch_v the_o common_a consideration_n that_o fall_v into_o all_o or_o most_o obligation_n as_o to_o the_o implement_n or_o performance_n thereof_o viz._n delay_n interest_n profit_n time_n place_n and_o manner_n of_o performance_n 98._o delay_z or_o mora_fw-la be_v not_o that_o time_n which_o by_o the_o adjection_n of_o a_o day_n or_o condition_n or_o by_o law_n be_v allow_v to_o perform_v but_o that_o time_n which_o run_v after_o lawful_a delay_n be_v past_a and_o be_v the_o debtor_n fault_n in_o not_o perform_v his_o obligation_n so_o that_o it_o seldom_o make_v any_o part_n of_o the_o contract_n whereupon_o the_o obligation_n arise_v except_o penalty_n be_v adject_v in_o case_n of_o delay_n or_o a_o estimation_n make_v of_o the_o interest_n delay_n be_v incur_v in_o pure_a obligation_n by_o interpellation_n or_o requisition_n for_o when_o no_o term_n be_v prefix_v the_o option_n of_o the_o debtor_n be_v the_o time_n of_o performance_n and_o though_o requisition_n be_v most_o clear_a and_o secure_a by_o instrument_n of_o a_o nottar_n and_o therefore_o verbal_a requisition_n by_o a_o merchant_n to_o a_o skipper_n to_o loose_v after_o the_o ship_n be_v loaden_v be_v not_o find_v sufficient_a without_o a_o instrument_n where_o the_o charter_n party_n have_v no_o definite_a term_n but_o to_o do_v diligence_n to_o transport_v the_o fraught_v february_n 14._o 1678._o david_n calderwood_n contra_fw-la james_n angus_n yet_o in_o some_o case_n that_o be_v not_o necessary_a but_o be_v only_a emission_n of_o word_n it_o will_v only_o be_v probable_a by_o the_o debtor_n oath_n or_o write_v in_o obligation_n to_o a_o day_n delay_n be_v incur_v by_o the_o pass_n of_o the_o term_n nam_fw-la dies_fw-la interpellat_n pro_fw-la homine_fw-la in_o obligation_n conditional_a delay_n can_v be_v till_o the_o condition_n be_v purify_v and_o even_o then_o either_o requisition_n or_o a_o term_n be_v requisite_a for_o it_o be_v frequent_a in_o obligation_n conditional_a to_o add_v a_o term_n also_o so_o that_o the_o existence_n of_o the_o condition_n make_v the_o conditional_a obligation_n to_o become_v pure_a and_o so_o requisition_n be_v to_o be_v use_v before_o delay_n if_o no_o term_n be_v express_v but_o if_o there_o be_v no_o party_n who_o can_v require_v or_o be_v require_v delay_n be_v incur_v if_o performance_n be_v not_o make_v so_o soon_o as_o it_o can_v be_v as_o be_v in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o restitution_n of_o thing_n find_v or_o come_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o other_o without_o contract_n which_o be_v seldom_o know_v to_o the_o owner_n so_o also_o in_o obligation_n due_a to_o pupil_n delay_n be_v incur_v without_o requisition_n l._n 1._o §_o ult_n de_fw-fr ujuris_fw-la and_o in_o obligation_n by_o delinquence_n delay_n be_v without_o requisition_n and_o run_v from_o the_o first_o time_n performance_n can_v be_v make_v till_o delay_v legal_a execution_n be_v not_o competent_a ordinary_o because_o none_o shall_v be_v pursue_v till_o he_o have_v fail_v yet_o in_o some_o case_n the_o debtor_n may_v be_v pursue_v before_o the_o term_n to_o pay_v at_o the_o term_n as_o si_fw-la vergat_fw-la adinopiam_fw-la yea_o in_o remove_v it_o seem_v very_o expedient_a to_o pursue_v the_o party_n warn_v even_o before_o the_o term_n to_o remove_v at_o the_o term_n otherways_o the_o land_n can_v be_v safe_o set_v the_o tennent_n not_o know_v if_o other_o will_v remove_v willing_o and_o may_v not_o be_v uncertain_a in_o that_o point_n which_o be_v a_o public_a interest_n for_o set_v land_n and_o prevent_a waist_n but_o upon_o all_o obligation_n which_o be_v true_o contract_v the_o legal_a diligence_n of_o arrestment_n or_o inhibition_n may_v be_v use_v even_o before_o requisition_n or_o the_o term_n of_o performance_n the_o ordinar_n effect_n of_o delay_n be_v that_o when_o the_o obligation_n be_v to_o give_v or_o deliver_v any_o thing_n if_o it_o perish_v even_o without_o the_o debtor_n fault_n it_o perish_v to_o the_o debtor_n and_o must_v be_v make_v good_a to_o the_o creditor_n unless_o it_o appear_v that_o it_o will_v have_v so_o perish_v with_o the_o creditor_n which_o seldom_o can_v be_v make_v appear_v because_o it_o be_v ordinary_o presume_v that_o if_o the_o thing_n have_v be_v deliver_v the_o creditor_n will_v have_v dispose_v of_o it_o and_o so_o be_v free_a of_o the_o hazard_n especial_o if_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n for_o sale_n not_o for_o keep_v and_o if_o a_o occasion_n be_v offer_v to_o have_v dispose_v thereof_o 99_o the_o next_o effect_n of_o delay_n be_v the_o interest_n or_o damnage_n of_o the_o creditor_n for_o if_o the_o obligation_n be_v perform_v within_o the_o due_a time_n and_o in_o due_a manner_n there_o be_v no_o interest_n if_o not_o after_o the_o delay_n incur_v by_o requisition_n or_o term_n it_o be_v in_o the_o creditor_n option_n to_o pursue_v for_o performance_n or_o for_o damnage_n and_o interest_n but_o in_o some_o case_n delay_n may_v be_v purge_v which_o be_v much_o in_o arbitrio_fw-la judicis_fw-la and_o be_v always_o grant_v in_o thing_n penal_a where_o the_o penalty_n be_v great_a and_o exceed_v the_o true_a interest_n as_o in_o nonpayment_n of_o few_o duty_n which_o infer_v loss_n of_o the_o few_o and_o in_o clause_n irritant_fw-la in_o wodset_n when_o delay_n be_v purge_v the_o hazard_n return_v upon_o the_o creditor_n and_o the_o debtor_n be_v free_a if_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v deliver_v perish_v but_o if_o the_o creditor_n do_v again_o equire_v after_o the_o former_a delay_n be_v purge_v delay_n be_v again_o incur_v by_o that_o new_a requisition_n this_o be_v a_o general_a rule_n 〈◊〉_d factiimprestabilis_fw-la subit_fw-la damnum_fw-la &_o interest_n yet_o in_o some_o case_n if_o the_o delay_n be_v wilful_a or_o fraudulent_a that_o the_o thing_n may_v become_v imprestable_a all_o personal_a execution_n by_o escheat_n and_o caption_n will_v proceed_v interest_n may_v either_o be_v
enervat_fw-la their_o testimony_n if_o they_o be_v make_v to_o swear_v at_o sea_n the_o privateer_n and_o company_n have_v sword_n and_o pistol_n in_o their_o hand_n because_o to_o evite_v the_o insamy_n of_o perjury_n they_o may_v adhere_v in_o their_o judicial_a re-examination_n to_o their_o testimony_n take_v at_o sea_n upon_o oath_n albeit_o not_o true_a or_o if_o by_o force_n or_o just_a fear_n they_o do_v so_o depone_v before_o the_o admiral_n deput_n february_n 25._o 1668._o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o castle_n of_o riga_n contra_fw-la captain_n seatoun_n the_o like_a be_v find_v where_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o company_n be_v hollander_n june_n 30._o 1668._o peterson_n contra_fw-la captain_n anderson_n and_o in_o the_o case_n betwixt_o captain_n allan_n and_o bartholomew_n parkman_n decide_v july_n 9_o 1668._o the_o ship_n be_v find_v prize_n for_o have_v a_o number_n of_o hollander_n sailor_n viz._n three_o the_o company_n be_v nine_o and_o for_o have_v a_o small_a parcel_n of_o tar_n as_o counterband_n aboard_o and_o have_v aboard_o the_o product_n of_o counterband_n take_v in_o the_o immediate_a return_n of_o that_o voyage_n upon_o all_o which_o ground_n joint_o the_o ship_n be_v declare_v prize_n but_o in_o this_o war_n there_o have_v no_o ship_n be_v declare_v prize_n upon_o account_n of_o the_o company_n be_v hollander_n neither_o because_o the_o master_n be_v a_o hollander_n if_o he_o be_v not_o also_o a_o part_n owner_n albeit_o two_o of_o the_o company_n be_v hollander_n july_n 24._o 1673._o captain_n bennet_n contra_fw-la the_o owner_n of_o the_o pearl_n but_o the_o master_n be_v a_o hollander_n be_v find_v a_o sufficient_a ground_n of_o suspicion_n and_o seazure_n but_o not_o of_o confiscation_n the_o property_n be_v prove_v to_o pertain_v to_o free_a man_n and_o therefore_o probation_n be_v allow_v to_o either_o party_n july_n 16._o 1673._o captain_n lyle_n contra_fw-la the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o leopard_n the_o hire_v of_o the_o enemy_n people_n be_v no_o assistance_n to_o they_o in_o the_o war_n but_o rather_o a_o weaken_n of_o they_o so_o that_o if_o these_o of_o the_o enemy_n country_n be_v only_o aboard_o as_o servant_n to_o newter_n and_o not_o upon_o their_o own_o account_n either_o as_o trader_n or_o passenger_n there_o have_v be_v no_o inquiry_n in_o the_o last_o war_n as_o to_o their_o residence_n neither_o have_v any_o thing_n as_o to_o that_o point_n be_v mention_v in_o the_o last_o proclamation_n of_o war_n or_o in_o his_o majesty_n instruction_n to_o the_o admirality_n of_o his_o kingdom_n and_o though_o the_o law_n may_v have_v reach_v ship_n navigate_fw-la by_o hollander_n reside_v in_o holland_n and_o not_o change_v the_o domicile_a yet_o in_o favour_n and_o prudence_n that_o ground_n have_v not_o be_v sustain_v it_o be_v more_o the_o king_n interest_n to_o allow_v his_o enemy_n to_o withdraw_v from_o their_o country_n then_o to_o force_v they_o to_o serve_v only_o there_o counterband_n be_v not_o only_o a_o cause_n of_o confiscation_n when_o take_v go_v towards_o enemy_n port_n but_o also_o when_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v in_o her_o return_n from_o the_o enemy_n port_n in_o that_o same_o voyage_n for_o then_o the_o delinquence_n be_v complete_a whereas_o it_o have_v not_o take_v effect_n before_o the_o ship_n attain_v the_o port_n and_o yet_o may_v be_v just_o seize_v before_o the_o full_a effect_n because_o the_o seazure_n of_o the_o ship_n in_o her_o voyage_n be_v the_o impediment_n that_o the_o effect_n be_v not_o attain_v and_o therefore_o the_o common_a custom_n of_o nation_n have_v allow_v such_o seazure_n for_o otherways_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o hinder_v newter_n to_o carry_v counterband-goods_a to_o enemy_n for_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n neither_o will_v the_o pretence_n of_o alter_v their_o resolution_n to_o sail_v to_o or_o disload_v in_o a_o free_a port_n be_v a_o sufficient_a defence_n unless_o the_o ship_n be_v actual_o steer_v another_o course_n but_o if_o a_o ship_n shall_v be_v pursue_v to_o be_v search_v for_o counterband_n in_o her_o passage_n to_o a_o enemy_n port_n and_o shall_v be_v wait_v for_o till_o her_o return_n and_o take_v as_o she_o come_v from_o that_o port_n there_o can_v be_v far_o less_o pretence_n to_o excuse_v that_o delinquence_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o confiscation_n of_o parkmans_n ship_n take_v by_o captain_n allan_n that_o she_o be_v take_v in_o the_o return_n of_o the_o same_o voyage_n in_o which_o she_o carry_v counterband_n to_o the_o enemy_n port_n july_n 9_o 1668._o and_o though_o in_o that_o case_n the_o reason_n be_v libel_v that_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v have_v in_o her_o the_o product_n of_o counterband_n have_v the_o same_o effect_n with_o counterband_n itself_o quia_fw-la surrogatum_fw-la sapit_fw-la naturam_fw-la surrogati_fw-la yet_o without_o that_o in_o the_o foresay_a case_n of_o captain_n lyle_n it_o be_v find_v sufficient_a that_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v in_o the_o return_n of_o that_o same_o voyage_n in_o which_o she_o carry_v counterband_n without_o mention_n of_o the_o product_n thereof_o july_n 16._o 1673._o in_o which_o case_n it_o be_v find_v necessary_a that_o the_o ship_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o owner_n that_o have_v carry_v in_o the_o counterband_n so_o that_o though_o the_o ship_n have_v be_v light_n without_o any_o load_n she_o will_v have_v be_v prize_n unless_o she_o have_v be_v a_o swedish_n ship_n and_o so_o secure_v by_o the_o swedish_n treaty_n confiscate_v only_a counterband_n when_o it_o be_v actual_o take_v it_o be_v a_o most_o convenient_a moderation_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n that_o the_o delinquence_n of_o carry_v counterband_n be_v follow_v no_o further_a than_o the_o immediate_a return_n of_o that_o voyage_n otherways_o it_o will_v be_v the_o foundation_n of_o mar_v trade_n by_o perpetual_a quarrel_n upon_o pretence_n of_o counterband_n carry_v in_o to_o enemy_n in_o former_a voyage_n in_o these_o war_n there_o have_v be_v no_o occasion_n to_o determine_v whether_o it_o be_v a_o cause_n of_o confiscation_n if_o a_o ship_n be_v take_v in_o return_n of_o that_o voyage_n wherein_o she_o be_v load_v with_o enemy_n good_n the_o dutch_a by_o their_o declaration_n do_v prohibit_v all_o friend_n and_o ally_n not_o only_o to_o carry_v counterband-goods_a to_o any_o port_n in_o the_o king_n dominion_n but_o to_o be_v find_v therewith_o upon_o his_o coast_n or_o divert_v from_o the_o voyage_n they_o may_v make_v with_o counterband_n towards_o the_o king_n port_n hold_v that_o for_o a_o sufficient_a probation_n of_o their_o intend_v these_o port_n which_o be_v like_a they_o will_v not_o take_v off_o by_o document_n aboard_o express_v their_o own_o port_n or_o the_o port_n of_o newter_n it_o be_v so_o easy_a to_o procure_v false_a and_o colourable_a document_n yet_o that_o be_v never_o sustain_v as_o a_o relevant_a ground_n of_o adjudication_n with_o we_o by_o what_o have_v be_v say_v the_o confiscation_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n of_o ally_n and_o newter_n upon_o account_n of_o counterband_n and_o the_o assistance_n give_v to_o enemy_n thereby_o have_v be_v clear_v the_o other_o chief_a ground_n of_o confiscation_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n of_o newter_n be_v by_o their_o concourse_n with_o enemy_n in_o carry_v on_o their_o trade_n and_o therefore_o in_o all_o the_o treaty_n the_o formula_fw-la of_o pass_n do_v require_v that_o it_o be_v attest_v upon_o oath_n that_o the_o ship_n and_o load_n belong_v to_o the_o subject_n of_o that_o ally_n and_o no_o part_n thereof_o to_o the_o king_n enemy_n and_o likewise_o the_o particular_a kind_n and_o quantity_n of_o the_o cargo_n and_o the_o owner_n thereof_o and_o of_o the_o ship_n must_v be_v express_v some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o a_o unfree_a ship_n confiscat_n the_o load_n as_o accessary_a thereto_o but_o that_o unfree_a load_n or_o a_o part_n thereof_o do_v not_o confiscate_v the_o ship_n which_o be_v but_o a_o groundless_a subtlety_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o confiscation_n be_v the_o partake_n with_o enemy_n in_o carry_v on_o of_o their_o trade_n it_o take_v place_n alike_o in_o the_o ship_n and_o load_n or_o any_o part_n thereof_o but_o it_o be_v a_o delinquence_n it_o have_v still_o the_o exception_n of_o the_o bona_fw-la fides_fw-la and_o ignorance_n of_o these_o who_o partake_v in_o that_o conjunction_n of_o trade_n but_o though_o the_o society_n or_o partnership_n be_v enter_v into_o before_o the_o war_n it_o be_v not_o find_v to_o liberat_fw-la see_v there_o be_v time_n and_o opportunity_n to_o dissolve_v it_o after_o july_n 17._o 1673._o master_n of_o the_o golden_a falcon_n contra_fw-la captain_n buchannan_n that_o a_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n belong_v to_o a_o enemy_n do_v confiscate_v the_o whole_a ship_n and_o load_v have_v be_v of_o time_n decide_v even_o in_o
what_o the_o meaning_n of_o the_o clause_n cum_fw-la piscationibus_fw-la simple_o or_o of_o fish_v in_o salt_n water_n can_v import_n see_v there_o be_v common_a freedom_n of_o every_o nation_n to_o fish_n into_o the_o sea_n or_o into_o brook_n or_o river_n for_o common_a fish_n and_o therefore_o needs_o no_o special_a concession_n from_o the_o king_n or_o other_o superior_a but_o the_o use_n thereof_o may_v be_v first_o that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o title_n or_o foundation_n of_o prescription_n of_o salmond-fishing_a not_o only_o in_o freshwater_n but_o in_o the_o sea_n at_o the_o water-mouth_n where_o they_o be_v frequent_o take_v and_o also_o that_o in_o other_o fishing_n if_o a_o prescription_n run_v of_o interrupt_v and_o hinder_v other_o to_o fish_v whatsoever_o sort_n of_o fish_n it_o will_v constitute_v a_o property_n thereof_o which_o can_v not_o consist_v without_o this_o clause_n or_o the_o like_a as_o a_o title_n neither_o can_v it_o be_v comprehend_v as_o annex_v or_o connex_v of_o land_n or_o as_o a_o servitude_n be_v a_o distinct_a right_n have_v so_o little_a respect_n to_o land_n 70._o there_o be_v a_o special_a way_n of_o fish_v by_o cruive_n or_o zaire_n both_o in_o fresh_a water_n and_o salt_n all_o such_o cruive_n be_v absolute_o prohibit_v to_o be_v set_v within_o rivers_n in_o so_o far_o as_o the_o tide_n flow_v as_o be_v destructive_a to_o the_o frey_n of_o all_o fish_n parliament_n 1424._o cap._n 11._o renew_v par._n 1477._o cap._n 73._o par._n 1581._o cap._n 111._o and_o as_o to_o other_o cruive_n in_o fresh_a water_n they_o be_v also_o prohibit_v by_o the_o say_v last_o statute_n except_o such_o as_o be_v infeft_v in_o cruive_n lynes_n or_o loup_n within_o fresh_a water_n who_o be_v to_o enjoy_v the_o same_o according_a to_o their_o right_n keep_v saturdays_n slop_n and_o the_o due_a distance_n betwixt_o the_o heck_n the_o distance_n of_o the_o heck_n by_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n 1477._o cap._n 73._o be_v express_v to_o be_v three_o inch_n conform_v to_o the_o statute_n make_v by_o king_n david_n but_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n 1489._o cap._n 15._o express_v the_o distance_n to_o be_v five_o inch_n conform_v to_o king_n david_n act_n and_o in_o both_o these_o statute_n beside_o the_o distance_n aforesaid_n saturday_n slop_n be_v appoint_v and_o likewise_o that_o the_o mid-stream_n by_o the_o space_n of_o five_o foot_n be_v always_o free_a and_o that_o no_o cruive_n be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o forbid_a time_n of_o year_n when_o salmond_n may_v not_o be_v take_v which_o be_v declare_v to_o be_v from_o the_o feast_n of_o the_o assumption_n of_o the_o virgin_n mary_n unto_o the_o feast_n of_o saint_n andrews_n in_o winter_n parliament_n 1424._o cap._n 35._o few_o debate_n have_v occur_v concern_v cruive_n notwithstanding_o the_o great_a notice_n thereof_o by_o so_o many_o of_o our_o king_n one_o do_v late_o occur_v and_o be_v full_o debate_v in_o presentia_fw-la betwixt_o the_o heretor_n of_o the_o water_n of_o don_n and_o the_o town_n of_o aberdene_n which_o be_v main_o decide_v on_o january_n 26._o 1665._o the_o case_n be_v thus_o the_o town_n of_o aberdene_n have_v change_v a_o cruive-dyke_n to_o another_o place_n within_o their_o own_o bound_n and_o build_v the_o same_o there_o again_o of_o new_a whereupon_o the_o heretor_n who_o have_v right_a to_o the_o salmond-fishing_a upon_o the_o water_n of_o don_n above_o these_o cruive_n raise_v a_o declarator_n against_o they_o wherein_z after_o large_a dispute_n concern_v saturdays_n slop_n and_o the_o mid-stream_n and_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o heck_n and_o the_o height_n of_o the_o cruive-dyke_n and_o whether_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v build_v slope_v or_o perpendicular_a and_o whether_o it_o may_v be_v change_v to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o heretor_n the_o lord_n find_v that_o the_o town_n of_o aberdene_n may_v change_v the_o cruive-dyke_n keep_v it_o within_o their_o own_o bound_n and_o have_v no_o more_o dykes_n but_o one_o but_o find_v that_o see_v they_o have_v a_o cruive_n past_o memory_n without_o interruption_n which_o have_v determine_v the_o height_n and_o frame_n thereof_o they_o find_v that_o the_o new_a dyke_n behove_v to_o be_v build_v in_o all_o thing_n conform_v to_o the_o old_a and_o with_o no_o more_o detriment_n to_o the_o say_n heretor_n fish_v then_o be_v former_o before_o the_o water_n have_v pool_v at_o the_o old_a dike_n and_o so_o it_o be_v not_o determine_v how_o high_a a_o cruive-dyke_n may_v be_v or_o whether_o it_o behove_v to_o be_v slope_v or_o not_o where_o prescription_n have_v not_o determine_v which_o be_v very_o seldom_o it_o be_v also_o find_v that_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o heck_n ought_v to_o be_v three_o inch_n conform_v to_o the_o act_n of_o king_n james_n the_o three_o par._n 1477._o cap._n 73._o and_o not_o five_o inch_n according_a to_o the_o act_n of_o king_n james_n the_o four_o par._n 1489._o cap._n 15._o which_o mention_n five_o inch_n which_o the_o lord_n find_v to_o be_v a_o mistake_n in_o the_o transcribe_v or_o print_v of_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n in_o respect_n that_o both_o this_o and_o the_o former_a act_n relate_v to_o the_o statute_n of_o king_n david_n as_o the_o pattern_n thereof_o which_o mention_n but_o three_o inch_n and_o that_o heck_v of_o five_o inch_n wide_o will_v be_v of_o no_o use_n nor_o hold_v in_o any_o salmond_n the_o lord_n also_o find_v that_o the_o saturday_n slop_n behove_v to_o be_v observe_v not_o only_o in_o one_o cruive_n but_o in_o all_o the_o cruive_n of_o the_o dyke_n and_o that_o by_o pull_v up_o the_o heck_n of_o each_o cruive_n by_o the_o breadth_n of_o a_o ell_n to_o continue_v from_o saturday_n at_o six_o a_o clok_n till_o monday_n at_o sunrising_n and_o the_o lord_n find_v that_o part_n of_o the_o statute_n concern_v the_o mid-stream_n to_o be_v indeed_o distinct_a from_o saturday_n slop_n but_o they_o find_v that_o part_n of_o the_o statute_n concern_v the_o mid-stream_n to_o be_v in_o desuetude_n in_o all_o the_o cruive_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o repeat_v by_o the_o act_n of_o king_n james_n the_o six_o par._n 1584._o cap._n 111._o and_o therefore_o find_v the_o same_o not_o obligatory_a notwithstanding_o that_o in_o the_o late_a act_n of_o parliament_n 1661._o there_o be_v a_o act_n ratify_v all_o the_o old_a statute_n concern_v cruive_n which_o be_v allege_v to_o revive_v that_o point_n of_o the_o mid-stream_n which_o the_o lord_n do_v not_o respect_n as_o a_o general_a law_n albeit_o the_o confirmation_n do_v run_v in_o these_o term_n because_o it_o past_o the_o parliament_n without_o notice_n as_o a_o ordinary_a confirmation_n at_o the_o impetration_n of_o their_o pursuer_n and_o do_v not_o pass_v the_o article_n and_o be_v not_o appoint_v to_o be_v print_v as_o a_o public_a law_n 71._o milns_n be_v not_o carry_v as_o part_v and_o pertinent_a because_o they_o be_v esteem_v as_o separata_fw-la tenementa_fw-la require_v a_o special_a seasine_n unless_o the_o land_n be_v in_o barronia_n for_o then_o infeftment_n in_o the_o land_n carry_v the_o milns_n thereon_o yet_o a_o miln_n be_v build_v upon_o a_o liferenters_n land_n after_o her_o infeftment_n bear_v cum_fw-la molendinis_fw-la be_v find_v to_o belong_v to_o the_o relict_n though_o milns_n be_v not_o in_o the_o dispositive_a clause_n nor_o be_v she_o in_o conjunct-fee_n of_o a_o barony_n but_o she_o be_v not_o find_v to_o have_v right_a to_o the_o astricted_a multure_n of_o any_o land_n but_o her_o liferent_a land_n february_n 16._o 1666._o lady_n otter_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o otter_n 72._o the_o privilege_n of_o brew_v be_v design_v for_o public_a use_n for_o common_a hostlary_n the_o inspection_n whereof_o be_v commit_v to_o the_o judge_n ordinary_a magistrate_n of_o burgh_n sheriff_n baily_n and_o baron_n who_o be_v appoint_v to_o settle_v hostlary_n in_o convenient_a place_n and_o to_o visit_v their_o measure_n if_o they_o be_v sufficient_a and_o the_o goodness_n of_o their_o ale_n par._n 1535._o cap._n 17._o and_o the_o say_n magistrate_n to_o burgh_n or_o landward_o be_v ordain_v to_o see_v reasonable_a price_n for_o meat_n and_o drink_n in_o hostlary_n with_o power_n to_o deprive_v they_o of_o their_o privilege_n if_o they_o transgress_v so_o that_o a_o barony_n carry_v that_o privilege_n though_o not_o express_v but_o infeftment_n of_o other_o tenement_n carry_v it_o not_o unless_o it_o be_v express_o grant_v by_o the_o king_n immediate_o or_o by_o progress_n that_o be_v that_o all_o the_o superior_n interveen_v betwixt_o and_o the_o king_n have_v that_o privilege_n july_n 25._o 1626._o stuart_n contra_fw-la brewer_n but_o in_o possessorio_fw-la the_o proprietar_n infeftment_n bear_v cum_fw-la brueriis_fw-la will_v be_v sufficient_a and_o presume_v the_o progress_n unless_o that_o privilege_n be_v crave_v to_o be_v reduce_v wherein_o the_o
superior_a the_o whole_a profit_n of_o the_o fie_o in_o the_o minority_n of_o the_o heir_n and_o give_v a_o relief_n in_o the_o case_n of_o singular_a successor_n that_o derivation_n must_v be_v too_o narrow_a and_o it_o seem_v most_o quadrant_a to_o the_o common_a feudal_n custom_n that_o relief_n shall_v import_v a_o subsidy_n or_o aid_n to_o the_o superior_a we_o have_v the_o more_o large_o consider_v the_o rise_n and_o custom_n of_o nation_n concern_v relief_n because_o though_o it_o frequent_o occur_v with_o we_o yet_o it_o have_v be_v alwise_o kind_o transact_v betwixt_o the_o superior_a and_o vassal_n and_o there_o be_v scarce_o a_o contraversie_n or_o decision_n observe_v about_o it_o by_o any_o since_o the_o institution_n of_o the_o college_n of_o justice_n so_o that_o we_o must_v rest_v in_o the_o common_a custom_n use_v betwixt_o superior_a and_o vassal_n the_o nature_n of_o this_o casuality_n and_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o few_o of_o our_o lawyer_n who_o have_v write_v upon_o it_o craig_n lib._n i._o dieges_n 20._o handle_n the_o matter_n of_o relief_n and_o say_v by_o our_o ancient_a custom_n there_o be_v no_o relief_n due_a after_o ward_n and_o that_o it_o be_v the_o common_a opinion_n of_o lawyer_n at_o that_o time_n that_o relief_n have_v only_o place_n in_o ward-holdings_a and_o that_o it_o import_v a_o year_n rend_v of_o the_o fie_o be_v the_o full_a profit_n thereof_o when_o the_o superior_a or_o his_o donatar_n be_v in_o possession_n by_o the_o ward_n but_o in_o other_o case_n only_o a_o year_n rend_v by_o the_o favourable_a account_n that_o be_v one_o year_n new_a retoured_a duty_n of_o the_o fie_o as_o it_o be_v retour_v by_o itself_o or_o the_o share_n of_o the_o retour_fw-fr of_o any_o barony_n or_o tenement_n whereof_o it_o be_v a_o part_n but_o craig_n with_o good_a reasoa_o hold_v relief_n to_o be_v due_a at_o the_o renovation_n of_o every_o fie_o to_o the_o heir_n of_o the_o investiture_n for_o the_o duplication_n of_o the_o feu-dutie_n in_o feus_n be_v due_a at_o the_o entry_n of_o every_o heir_n and_o that_o without_o a_o express_a clause_n in_o the_o reddendo_fw-la by_o the_o feudal_n custom_n which_o be_v general_o acknowledge_v and_o even_o when_o the_o duplication_n be_v express_v it_o do_v ordinary_o bear_v secundam_fw-la consuetudinent_n feudorum_fw-la and_o sir_n thomas_n hope_v in_o his_o title_n of_o ward_n be_v of_o the_o same_o opinion_n in_o respect_n that_o the_o precept_n issue_v out_o of_o the_o chanclery_n for_o infeft_v of_o heir_n even_o in_o feve_n or_o blensh-holdings_a it_o bear_v capiendo_fw-la securitatem_fw-la for_o the_o double_a of_o the_o feu_fw-fr or_o blensh-duty_n 28._o and_o as_o to_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o relief_n hope_v in_o that_o title_n hold_v it_o only_o to_o be_v the_o retoured_a duty_n without_o exception_n when_o the_o vassal_n or_o his_o donatar_n be_v in_o possession_n and_o sir_n john_n skeen_n in_o his_o title_n de_fw-fr verborum_fw-la significatione_n assert_v the_o same_o it_o be_v also_o provide_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n 1587._o that_o the_o full_a avail_n of_o the_o relief_n be_v take_v and_o count_v for_o in_o exchequer_n by_o sheriff_n stewart_n and_o baily_n without_o accept_v any_o composition_n and_o that_o charge_n be_v direct_v against_o person_n who_o have_v get_v precept_n of_o seasine_n or_o the_o sheriff_n or_o their_o depute_n or_o both_o to_o poind_v for_o the_o sum_n contain_v in_o the_o book_n of_o respond_v which_o be_v a_o book_n of_o record_n in_o the_o chanclery_n draw_v off_o the_o precept_n of_o seasine_n to_o all_o heir_n and_o mention_v such_o a_o sheriff_n or_o bailie_n where_o the_o 〈◊〉_d respondere_fw-la that_o be_v to_o count_v in_o exchequer_n for_o the_o sum_n which_o by_o the_o precept_n of_o seasine_n direct_v to_o he_o he_o be_v order_v to_o take_v security_n for_o which_o sum_n will_v be_v liquid_a and_o know_v according_a to_o the_o new_a retour_fw-fr and_o the_o feu_n or_o blensh-duty_n but_o can_v not_o be_v know_v otherways_o then_o by_o a_o process_n of_o liquidation_n prove_v the_o full_a yearly_a rent_n of_o the_o fee_n as_o to_o which_o the_o sheriff_n may_v not_o compone_v or_o transact_v and_o it_o be_v general_o acknowledge_v that_o when_o the_o full_a rent_n become_v due_a there_o be_v no_o real_a execution_n by_o poind_v of_o the_o ground_n but_o the_o superior_a have_v the_o full_a benefit_n of_o the_o fee_n as_o when_o it_o be_v in_o ward_n and_o therefore_o the_o relief_n which_o be_v debitum_fw-la fundi_fw-la must_v only_o be_v the_o retour_fw-fr duty_n conform_v to_o this_o statute_n it_o be_v find_v that_o the_o relief_n may_v be_v recover_v either_o by_o real_a action_n of_o poind_v of_o the_o ground_n or_o personal_o against_o the_o vassal_n who_o have_v take_v his_o precept_n of_o seasme_n out_o of_o the_o chanclery_n though_o he_o have_v not_o take_v infeftment_n there_o upon_o march_z 12._o 1678._o laird_n of_o lauriestoun_n contra_fw-la the_o sheriff_n of_o mearns_n and_o therefore_o though_o in_o craig_n time_n relief_n be_v only_o think_v to_o affect_v the_o fee_n and_o not_o the_o personal_a estate_n of_o the_o vassal_n this_o statute_n clear_v the_o contrary_a 29._o relief_n be_v not_o due_a while_o the_o fee_n be_v in_o the_o nonentry_n see_v then_o the_o rent_n belong_v to_o the_o superior_a the_o favourable_a rent_n or_o retoured_a duty_n while_o the_o fee_n be_v void_a through_o necessity_n and_o negligence_n and_o the_o full_a rent_n when_o by_o contempt_n or_o wilfulness_n the_o vassal_n appearand_a heir_n be_v cite_v do_v not_o enter_v but_o i_o have_v never_o hear_v of_o one_o retoured_a duty_n demand_v for_o the_o nonentry_n and_o another_o for_o the_o relief_n or_o any_o relief_n require_v where_o a_o year_n nonentry_n be_v exact_v but_o if_o the_o vassal_n heir_n be_v enter_v after_o the_o next_o term_n from_o the_o defunct_n death_n the_o relief_n may_v at_o least_o be_v demand_v for_o the_o other_o subsequent_a term._n 30._o if_o the_o fee_n be_v possess_v by_o a_o relict_n conjunctfiar_a the_o vassal_n heir_n need_v not_o enter_v during_o her_o life_n for_o her_o conjunctfee_n do_v exclude_v all_o casualty_n during_o her_o life_n or_o if_o it_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o a_o husband_n by_o the_o courtesy_n of_o scotland_n yet_o these_o will_v not_o exclude_v the_o fair_a to_o enter_v to_o the_o property_n burden_v with_o these_o liferent_n and_o it_o be_v ofttimes_o necessary_a for_o he_o to_o secure_v his_o creditor_n in_o which_o case_n it_o be_v most_o favourable_a that_o the_o superior_a shall_v have_v a_o year_n retour_v daty_n as_o he_o will_v have_v get_v it_o after_o the_o conjunctfiar_n death_n and_o therefore_o much_o more_o where_o the_o fee_n be_v whole_o burden_v with_o a_o liferent_a by_o the_o constitution_n or_o consent_n of_o the_o superior_a 31._o the_o capiendo_fw-la securitatem_fw-la will_v be_v in_o all_o precept_n notwithstanding_o these_o liferent_n and_o it_o will_v not_o stop_v the_o seasine_a of_o the_o heir_n till_o he_o pay_v the_o relief_n to_o the_o superior_a whether_o king_n or_o subject_a but_o security_n by_o sufficient_a caution_n must_v be_v receive_v 32._o in_o place_n of_o the_o relief_n to_o the_o superior_a by_o the_o vassal_n singular_a successor_n we_o have_v a_o composition_n introduce_v by_o statute_n 1469._o cap._n 36._o whereby_o superior_n be_v oblige_v to_o receive_v appryzer_n for_o a_o year_n rend_v of_o the_o land_n apprise_v for_o before_o that_o statute_n no_o superior_a can_v be_v compel_v to_o receive_v any_o other_o vassal_n than_o the_o heir_n of_o the_o first_o vassal_n provide_v by_o the_o investiture_n for_o though_o in_o disposition_n land_n be_v ordinary_o dispone_v to_o the_o purchaser_n his_o heir_n and_o assignays_n yet_o assignays_n use_n not_o to_o be_v repeat_v in_o the_o charter_n and_o the_o meaning_n of_o that_o clause_n in_o disposition_n have_v be_v several_a time_n interpret_v that_o the_o disposition_n may_v be_v assign_v or_o transfer_v but_o infeftment_n be_v once_o take_v assignays_n have_n no_o far_o interest_n and_o that_o clause_n do_v not_o save_o recognition_n when_o the_o ward-vassal_n infeft_n any_o other_o in_o the_o fee_n then_o his_o heir_n apparent_a as_o be_v find_v in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o lady_n carnagie_n con_v lord_n cranburn_n and_o though_o a_o disposition_n have_v no_o mention_n of_o assignays_n yet_o before_o infeftment_n while_o it_o remain_v personal_a it_o be_v assignable_a and_o a_o superior_a who_o grant_v a_o disposition_n by_o a_o minute_n be_v discern_v to_o receive_v the_o assignay_n to_o the_o minute_n though_o he_o be_v not_o in_o friendship_n with_o he_o jan._n 29._o 1623._o ogilvie_n contra_fw-la kinloch_n of_o bandoch_n this_o statute_n be_v by_o custom_n extend_v to_o adjudication_n be_v the_o same_o in_o effect_n but_o different_a in_o form_n from_o appryzing_n for_o the_o design_n
infer_v recognition_n we_o be_v not_o here_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o common_a way_n of_o extinction_n of_o infeftment_n and_o other_o right_n as_o the_o extinction_n of_o the_o subject_a matter_n prescription_n forefaulture_n homologation_n or_o acceptance_n of_o incompatible_a right_n neither_o to_o these_o way_n by_o which_o a_o infeftment_n be_v extinct_a as_o to_o one_o but_o be_v convey_v to_o another_o which_o fall_v in_o consideration_n among_o conveyance_n of_o right_n but_o of_o these_o way_n proper_a to_o extinguish_v infeftment_n and_o make_v the_o right_a toceass_n and_o to_o return_v to_o the_o superior_n and_o these_o be_v two_o either_o by_o consent_n of_o the_o vassal_n or_o by_o law_n 1._o infeftment_n be_v extinct_a by_o consent_n by_o resignation_n make_v by_o the_o vassal_n who_o stand_v infeft_v in_o the_o land_n to_o his_o superior_a ad_fw-la perpetuam_fw-la remanentiam_fw-la to_o which_o there_o be_v necessary_o require_v as_o a_o solemnity_n thereof_o a_o instrument_n of_o resignation_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o nottar_n in_o the_o same_o way_n that_o their_o constitution_n be_v perfect_v by_o a_o instrument_n of_o seasine_n their_o distitution_n be_v consummate_v by_o a_o instrument_n of_o resignation_n which_o no_o other_o write_v nor_o acknowledgement_n of_o the_o vassal_n of_o the_o be_v thereof_o will_v supply_v much_o less_o will_v the_o deed_n do_v otherways_o prove_v and_o as_o in_o seasine_n there_o must_v be_v a_o tradition_n or_o delivery_n of_o possession_n by_o some_o token_n or_o symbol_n as_o by_o earth_n and_o stone_n etc._n etc._n so_o in_o the_o instrument_n of_o refignation_n there_o must_v be_v a_o re-delivery_n of_o the_o possession_n by_o a_o accustom_a symbol_n which_o ordinary_o be_v by_o delivery_n of_o staff_n and_o baston_z yet_o in_o this_o they_o differ_v that_o the_o delivery_n of_o the_o seasine_n must_v be_v upon_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d natural_o or_o by_o union_n but_o the_o resignation_n may_v be_v any_o where_o and_o as_o seasine_n may_v be_v give_v either_o to_o the_o vassal_n or_o his_o procurator_n so_o may_v the_o resignation_n be_v either_o to_o the_o superior_a himself_o or_o to_o his_o commissioner_n authorize_v to_o that_o effect_n 2._o and_o though_o instrument_n of_o resignation_n use_v to_o be_v by_o procurator_n warrant_v by_o a_o procuratory_n of_o resignation_n yet_o as_o there_o may_v be_v seasine_n give_v by_o the_o superior_a propriis_fw-la manibus_fw-la so_o may_v there_o be_v resignation_n by_o the_o vassal_n 3._o but_o in_o both_o the_o instrument_n of_o resignation_n alone_o be_v not_o sufficient_a as_o be_v but_o the_o assertion_n of_o a_o nottar_n but_o they_o must_v have_v for_o their_o warrant_n a_o disposition_n or_o other_o adminicle_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v statute_n par._n 1563._o cap._n 81._o that_o where_o such_o resignation_n be_v by_o procurator_n the_o procuratory_n be_v subscribe_v by_o the_o party_n or_o nottar_n and_o if_o the_o resignation_n be_v propriis_fw-la manibus_fw-la that_o the_o instrument_n be_v so_o subscribe_v otherways_o to_o be_v null_a because_o the_o subscription_n of_o the_o instrument_n be_v in_o that_o case_n the_o only_a probation_n of_o the_o warrant_n thereof_o but_o if_o there_o be_v a_o disposition_n or_o obligement_n to_o infeft_a the_o instrument_n of_o resignation_n though_o not_o subscribe_v by_o the_o resigner_n will_v be_v sufficient_a as_o warrant_v by_o the_o disposition_n or_o obligement_n but_o seasines_n and_o resignation_n do_v former_o differ_v in_o this_o that_o seasine_n must_v be_v registrate_n within_o sixty_o day_n after_o date_n par._n 1617._o cap._n 16._o 4._o but_o so_o need_v not_o instrument_n of_o resignation_n ad_fw-la remanentiam_fw-la for_o though_o by_o that_o statute_n renunciation_n of_o wodset_n be_v to_o be_v registrat_n it_o be_v not_o extend_v to_o renunciation_n of_o irredeemable_a right_n ad_fw-la remanentiam_fw-la these_o be_v either_o omit_v by_o inadvertency_n or_o of_o purpose_n in_o the_o favour_n of_o superior_n that_o right_n may_v be_v take_v with_o their_o consent_n yet_o in_o so_o far_o that_o excellent_a statute_n be_v defective_a till_o the_o late_a act_n of_o par._n 1669._o cap._n 3._o whereby_o instrument_n of_o resignation_n be_v null_a if_o not_o registrat_n within_o sixty_o day_n by_o which_o and_o other_o to_o that_o purpose_n purchaser_n in_o scotland_n may_v better_o know_v the_o condition_n of_o these_o with_o who_o they_o contract_v about_o infeftment_n and_o be_v more_o secure_a of_o lurk_v right_n than_o any_o where_o so_o far_o as_o i_o can_v learn_v in_o the_o world_n 5._o by_o this_o resignation_n so_o make_v the_o property_n be_v consolidate_n as_o it_o be_v the_o time_n of_o the_o resignation_n and_o be_v affect_v with_o all_o real_a burden_n or_o debita_fw-la fundi_fw-la that_o valid_o affect_v it_o before_o as_o feve_n tack_n annualrent_n servitude_n for_o though_o all_o such_o burden_n as_o be_v not_o warrant_v by_o the_o superior_n consent_n or_o by_o law_n cease_v when_o the_o fee_n return_v to_o the_o superior_a either_o for_o a_o time_n by_o ward_n nonentry_n etc._n etc._n or_o for_o ever_o by_o recognition_n yet_o when_o it_o return_v thus_o by_o consent_n it_o come_v cum_fw-la svo_fw-la onere_fw-la which_o be_v very_o just_a and_o fit_a see_v else_o such_o security_n may_v easy_o be_v evacuat_a by_o voluntar_n resignation_n in_o the_o superior_n hand_n there_o be_v another_o resignation_n which_o be_v call_v in_o favorem_fw-la be_v for_o new_a infeftment_n to_o the_o resigner_n or_o some_o other_o but_o thereby_o the_o fee_n be_v not_o extinct_a but_o either_o renew_v or_o transfer_v and_o therefore_o it_o shall_v be_v consider_v hereafter_o 6._o craig_n upon_o this_o head_n very_o fit_o move_v and_o solve_v this_o question_n whether_o the_o vassal_n may_v renunce_v and_o resign_v his_o fee_n to_o the_o superior_a though_o he_o be_v unwilling_a and_o instance_n in_o two_o case_n first_o in_o a_o vassal_n hold_v a_o very_a inconsiderable_a parcel_n of_o land_n ward_n and_o do_v thereby_o become_v obnoxious_a to_o his_o superior_a for_o the_o value_n his_o tocher_n have_v relation_n to_o the_o whole_a estate_n which_o tocher_n do_v much_o exceed_v the_o worth_n of_o the_o tenement_n and_o yet_o a_o resignation_n thereof_o be_v judicial_o offer_v the_o superior_a be_v suffer_v to_o refuse_v it_o unless_o the_o value_n of_o the_o marriage_n be_v first_o pay_v the_o other_o of_o a_o burgess_n offer_v to_o renunce_v his_o burgesship_n for_o shun_v a_o great_a taxation_n put_v upon_o he_o and_o therefore_o solve_v the_o case_n upon_o the_o common_a axiom_n cuique_fw-la licet_fw-la renunciare_fw-la favori_fw-la pro_fw-la se_fw-la introducto_fw-la and_o therefore_o the_o fee_n of_o its_o nature_n be_v gratuitous_a in_o favour_n of_o the_o vassal_n may_v be_v renunce_v but_o that_o will_v not_o prejudge_v the_o superior_a of_o any_o casuality_n befalling_a to_o he_o before_o the_o renunciation_n but_o will_v have_v only_a effect_n ad_fw-la futura_fw-la and_o therefore_o a_o vassal_n judicial_o disclaim_v his_o superior_a be_v not_o admit_v so_o to_o do_v to_o exclude_v the_o life-rent_a already_o fall_v march_v 26._o 1628._o john_n stewart_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o wedderburne_n no_o contract_n obligation_n or_o personal_a right_n nor_o any_o less_o than_o a_o instrument_n of_o refignation_n will_v take_v away_o infeftment_n for_o though_o these_o may_v be_v sufficient_a against_o the_o granter_n thereof_o by_o a_o personal_a objection_n whereby_o they_o can_v come_v against_o their_o own_o deed_n yet_o true_o the_o real_a right_n stand_v in_o they_o and_o they_o be_v not_o denude_v thereby_o and_o so_o a_o renunciation_n without_o the_o solemnity_n of_o a_o instrument_n of_o resignation_n will_v not_o suffice_v to_o obliterat_fw-la a_o irredeemable_a fee_n though_o it_o may_v be_v sufficient_a to_o evacuat_v any_o personal_a right_n as_o servitude_n not_o require_v infeftment_n yea_o or_o a_o liferent_a though_o constitute_v by_o infeftment_n because_o it_o be_v communicable_a to_o no_o other_o person_n by_o infeftment_n and_o therefore_o pass_v by_o assignation_n or_o resignation_n the_o reason_n hereof_o be_v because_o by_o the_o common_a custom_n of_o nation_n real_a right_n can_v pass_v by_o sole_a consent_n without_o artain_v possession_n in_o the_o way_n prescribe_v by_o law_n and_o therefore_o this_o symbolical_a possession_n which_o alone_o the_o law_n allow_v as_o sufficient_a either_o in_o the_o constitution_n or_o destitution_n of_o fee_n must_v be_v adhibite_fw-la and_o the_o real_a possession_n of_o the_o tenement_n itself_o will_v not_o suffice_v in_o either_o case_n as_o be_v before_o instance_a in_o seasine_n by_o several_a decision_n so_o a_o renunciation_n without_o a_o formal_a resignation_n be_v not_o find_v relevant_a to_o take_v away_o the_o infeftment_n renunce_v against_o a_o singular_a successor_n november_n 23._o 1627._o dumbar_n contra_fw-la wilson_n resignation_n can_v be_v effectual_a if_o the_o resigner_n be_v not_o infeft_v
law_n but_o by_o mistake_n have_v resolve_v most_o case_n by_o the_o custom_n of_o other_o nation_n especial_o of_o england_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o custom_n may_v be_v conjecture_v not_o only_o from_o the_o nature_n of_o feudal_n right_n not_o disposable_a by_o testament_n but_o only_o by_o investiture_n but_o also_o for_o public_a utility_n because_o person_n on_o deathbed_n be_v weak_a the_o mind_n be_v easy_o affect_v with_o the_o trouble_n of_o the_o body_n and_o so_o be_v easy_a to_o be_v wrought_v upon_o by_o insinuation_n or_o importunity_n to_o do_v deed_n contrary_v their_o interest_n and_o former_a resolution_n especial_o by_o the_o popish_a clergy_n who_o have_v for_o their_o own_o corrupt_a end_n forge_v puragatory_n and_o prayer_n for_o the_o dead_a their_o power_n of_o indulgence_n and_o prayer_n for_o the_o dead_a their_o power_n of_o indulgence_n and_o pardon_n of_o sin_n do_v thereby_o deceive_v the_o christian_a world_n and_o obtain_v upon_o deathbed_n so_o large_a donation_n to_o their_o clergy_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o donator_n lawful_a heir_n which_o therefore_o our_o ancient_a custom_n have_v wise_o provide_v against_o 28._o the_o main_a difficulty_n be_v in_o what_o case_n the_o law_n account_v party_n to_o be_v on_o deathbed_n or_o when_o they_o be_v in_o health_n and_o liege_n poustie_a for_o these_o be_v the_o two_o opposite_a term_n of_o law_n liege_n poustie_a or_o deathbed_n for_o clear_v whereof_o these_o point_n must_v be_v consider_v first_o whether_o it_o be_v necessary_a to_o prove_v that_o the_o defunct_a before_o the_o deed_n in_o question_n have_v contract_v disease_n or_o become_v sick_a and_o whether_o it_o be_v necessary_a to_o condescend_v and_o instruct_v the_o special_a kind_n of_o sickness_n or_o that_o it_o be_v morbus_fw-la sonticus_fw-la or_o a_o disease_n affect_v the_o whole_a body_n and_o brain_n or_o if_o the_o keep_v the_o house_n and_o the_o party_n die_v before_o he_o go_v abroad_o be_v sufficient_a to_o infer_v presumptive_a that_o he_o have_v contract_v the_o disease_n whereof_o he_o die_v so_o soon_o as_o he_o keep_v the_o house_n 2._o whether_o a_o contrair_a probation_n of_o the_o party_n be_v in_o health_n be_v sufficient_a in_o that_o he_o be_v of_o a_o sound_a judgement_n and_o memory_n and_o keep_v the_o ordinar_n time_n of_o put_v off_o and_o on_o his_o clothes_n and_o of_o eat_v and_o drink_v as_o when_o he_o be_v in_o health_n or_o write_v securitye_n that_o require_v clearness_n and_o distinctness_n of_o mind_n be_v sufficient_a or_o if_o do_v his_o ordinar_n affair_n make_v bargain_n and_o accompt_n try_v for_o other_o or_o himself_o play_v at_o card_n or_o other_o game_n within_o door_n give_v evidence_n of_o be_v merry_n be_v sufficient_a to_o instruct_v health_n and_o liege_n poustie_n 3._o if_o sickness_n contract_v be_v presume_v or_o prove_v whether_o there_o be_v necessity_n to_o prove_v the_o continuance_n of_o the_o sickness_n till_o death_n or_o that_o the_o defunct_a die_v of_o that_o sickness_n or_o if_o the_o sickness_n once_o contract_v be_v presume_v to_o continue_v unless_o convalescence_n and_o recovery_n of_o health_n be_v prove_v 4._o whether_o liege_n poustie_a by_o convalescence_n be_v sufficient_o prove_v by_o the_o defunct_n go_v to_o kirk_n and_o marcat_fw-la free_o without_o help_n and_o whether_o it_o be_v sufficient_a to_o go_v to_o the_o marcat_fw-la place_n or_o to_o the_o kirk_n though_o there_o be_v no_o convention_n nor_o congregation_n there_o or_o whether_o it_o be_v requisite_a that_o go_v to_o kirk_n and_o marcat_fw-la be_v when_o the_o congregation_n be_v convene_v or_o in_o mercat_n time_n 5._o whether_o in_o that_o case_n supportation_n be_v prove_v it_o be_v more_o pregnant_a and_o preferable_a to_o the_o probation_n of_o walk_v free_o and_o be_v what_o act_v supportation_n be_v infer_v whether_o by_o help_v the_o defunct_a by_o his_o oxter_n by_o his_o elbow_n or_o by_o his_o hand_n be_v sufficient_a or_o if_o help_v he_o up_o stair_n or_o down_o stair_n to_o and_o from_o his_o horse_n or_o upon_o a_o ragged_a way_n or_o whether_o be_v help_v by_o a_o staff_n will_v infer_v supportation_n 6._o whether_o go_v free_o to_o kirk_n and_o marcat_fw-la unsupported_a may_v be_v take_v off_o by_o any_o probation_n that_o notwithstanding_o thereof_o the_o sickness_n do_v continue_v whereof_o the_o defunct_a die_v 7._o whether_o convalescence_n and_o liege_n poustie_a may_v be_v prove_v by_o any_o other_o act_n then_o go_v unsupported_a to_o kirk_n and_o mercat_n or_o if_o equivalent_a act_n may_v be_v sufficient_a and_o if_o go_v abroad_o about_o the_o house_n unsupported_a be_v sufficient_a deathbed_n be_v of_o so_o great_a importance_n with_o we_o as_o reach_v the_o estate_n and_o heritage_n of_o party_n that_o the_o lord_n have_v be_v very_o careful_a for_o clear_v and_o fix_v the_o same_o that_o it_o may_v not_o be_v under_o uncertain_a conjecture_n or_o probation_n and_o whereas_o by_o a_o ordinar_n act_n of_o litiscontestation_n the_o pursuer_fw-mi might_n prove_v his_o reason_n of_o deathbed_n by_o any_o two_o habile_fw-la witness_n or_o the_o defender_n may_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n prove_v the_o go_v abroad_o to_o kirk_n and_o mercat_n or_o act_n equivalent_a in_o defence_n or_o the_o persuer_fw-mi might_n prove_v supportation_n by_o way_n of_o reply_n and_o all_o by_o any_o two_o habile_fw-la witness_n the_o lord_n have_v take_v a_o far_o more_o secure_a sway_n to_o allow_v probation_n to_o be_v adduce_v for_o either_o party_n concern_v the_o condition_n of_o the_o defunct_a as_o to_o sickness_n or_o health_n and_o concern_v his_o go_v abroad_o thereafter_o and_o the_o manner_n thereof_o whereby_o neither_o party_n have_v the_o choice_n of_o the_o witness_n to_o be_v in_o a_o capacity_n to_o influence_n they_o but_o either_o party_n adduce_v witness_n there_o be_v scarce_o any_o one_o unexamined_a who_o know_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o matter_n and_o so_o the_o truth_n come_v to_o clear_v and_o evident_a light_n and_o which_o probation_n stand_v in_o place_n of_o litiscontestation_n for_o albeit_o it_o bear_v to_o be_v before_o answer_n to_o the_o relevancie_n and_o that_o after_o the_o probation_n be_v close_v they_o be_v permit_v to_o resume_v the_o debate_n as_o to_o the_o relevancie_n as_o to_o such_o point_n as_o they_o desire_v chief_o to_o be_v notice_v and_o wherein_o they_o do_v believe_v that_o sufficient_a probation_n be_v adduce_v which_o probation_n be_v close_v and_o may_v not_o particular_o be_v debate_v upon_o how_o far_o any_o point_n be_v prove_v which_o be_v only_o proper_a to_o the_o lord_n to_o consider_v with_o close_o door_n yet_o no_o new_a litiscontestation_n can_v be_v make_v or_o any_o new_a fact_n admit_v to_o be_v prove_v after_o the_o probation_n before_o answer_n be_v conclude_v and_o advise_v or_o renounce_v unless_o the_o lord_n ex_fw-la officio_fw-la &_o proprio_fw-la motu_fw-la for_o clear_v of_o any_o part_n of_o the_o probation_n that_o remain_v dubrous_a require_v further_o as_o they_o may_v do_v at_o the_o advise_v of_o any_o cause_n even_o upon_o litiscontestation_n as_o be_v find_v upon_o decem._n 5_o and_o 6._o 1672._o clellands_n contra_fw-la clelland_n of_o falskin_n to_o come_v then_o to_o the_o point_n propose_v to_o be_v clear_v for_o the_o first_o point_n whether_o keep_v the_o house_n presume_v sickness_n contract_v or_o if_o sickness_n must_v be_v prove_v and_o what_o kind_n of_o sickness_n albeit_o the_o ordinar_n style_n of_o the_o reason_n of_o reduction_n bear_v thatbefore_n the_o deed_n in_o question_n the_o defunct_a contract_v the_o mortal_a disease_n whereof_o he_o die_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a to_o allege_v or_o instruct_v that_o it_o be_v morbus_fw-la sonticus_fw-la january_n 7._o 1624._o schaw_n contra_fw-la grace_n neither_o that_o the_o defunct_a be_v bed-fast_a when_o the_o deed_n be_v do_v feb._n 1._o 1622._o robertson_n contra_fw-la fleeming_n and_o albeit_o the_o presumption_n of_o the_o contract_n of_o sickness_n from_o his_o keep_n of_o the_o house_n be_v not_o always_o sufficient_a alone_o yet_o it_o be_v of_o great_a importance_n and_o a_o small_a probation_n of_o sickness_n with_o it_o will_v suffice_v otherways_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o keep_v all_o access_n from_o the_o defunct_a of_o indifferent_a person_n that_o may_v prove_v his_o condition_n and_o none_o be_v admit_v but_o contriver_n and_o concurrer_n in_o the_o deed_n and_o therefore_o a_o deed_n do_v be_v a_o man_n enclose_v for_o the_o plague_n be_v find_v reduceable_a as_o do_v on_o deathbed_n as_o be_v do_v after_o the_o defunct_a be_v enclose_v on_o suspicion_n of_o the_o plague_n and_o die_v before_o he_o come_v out_o without_o necessity_n to_o prove_v he_o be_v sick_a or_o infect_v when_o thedeed_o be_v do_v see_v there_o be_v no_o further_a access_n for_o full_a probation_n february_n 23._o 1665._o jack_n contra_fw-la pollock_n and_o
and_o sometime_o conditional_a wherein_o the_o condition_n relate_v either_o unto_o the_o obligation_n itself_o or_o to_o the_o performance_n such_o be_v the_o ordinar_n conditional_a obligation_n which_o though_o they_o be_v present_o upon_o the_o grant_n thereof_o bind_v and_o can_v be_v recall_v yet_o they_o be_v only_o to_o be_v perform_v and_o have_v effect_v when_o the_o condition_n shall_v be_v existent_a but_o when_o the_o condition_n be_v relate_v to_o the_o constitute_n of_o the_o obligation_n than_o the_o very_a obligation_n itself_o be_v pendent_a till_o the_o condition_n be_v purify_v and_o till_o than_o it_o be_v no_o obligation_n as_o when_o any_o offer_n or_o tender_a be_v make_v there_o be_v employ_v a_o condition_n that_o before_o it_o become_v obligatory_a the_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v offer_v mustaccept_v and_o therefore_o a_o offer_n by_o a_o son_n to_o pay_v a_o debt_n due_a by_o his_o mother_n if_o it_o be_v make_v know_v to_o be_v accept_v at_o such_o a_o time_n and_o in_o such_o a_o place_n find_v not_o obligator_n after_o the_o mother_n death_n unless_o it_o have_v be_v so_o accept_v june_n 24._o 1664._o alexander_n allan_n contra_fw-la mr._n john_n collier_n so_o then_o a_o offer_v accept_v be_v a_o contract_n because_o it_o be_v the_o deed_n of_o two_o the_o offerer_n and_o accepter_n 4._o but_o a_o promise_n be_v that_o which_o be_v simple_a and_o pure_a and_o have_v not_o employ_v as_o a_o condition_n in_o its_o be_v the_o acceptance_n of_o another_o in_o this_o grotius_n differ_v de_fw-la jure_fw-la belli_fw-la l._n 2._o c._n 11._o §_o 14._o hold_v that_o acceptance_n be_v necessary_a to_o every_o conventional_a obligation_n in_o equity_n without_o consideration_n of_o positive_a law_n and_o to_o prevent_v that_o obvious_a objection_n that_o promise_n be_v make_v to_o absent_v infant_n idiot_n or_o person_n not_o yet_o bear_v who_o can_v accept_v and_o therefore_o such_o obligation_n shall_v ever_o be_v revockable_a till_o their_o acceptation_n which_o in_o some_o of_o they_o can_v never_o be_v he_o answer_v that_o the_o civil_a law_n withhold_v that_o such_o offer_n can_v be_v revoke_v until_o these_o be_v in_o such_o capacity_n as_o to_o accept_v or_o refuse_v though_o promise_v now_o be_v common_o hold_v obligatory_a the_o canon_n law_n have_v take_v off_o the_o exception_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n de_fw-fr nudo_fw-la pacto_fw-la it_o be_v true_a if_o he_o in_o who_o favour_n they_o be_v make_v accept_v not_o they_o become_v void_a not_o by_o the_o negative_a none_o acceptance_n but_o by_o the_o contrair_a rejection_n for_o as_o the_o will_n of_o the_o promiser_n constitute_v a_o right_a in_o the_o other_o so_o the_o other_o will_n by_o renounce_v and_o reject_v that_o right_n avoid_v it_o and_o make_v it_o return_v this_o also_o quadrat_n with_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o right_n which_o consist_v in_o a_o faculty_n or_o power_n which_o may_v be_v in_o these_o who_o exerce_fw-la no_o act_n of_o will_n about_o it_o nor_o know_v not_o of_o it_o so_o infant_n true_o have_v right_a as_o well_o as_o man_n though_o they_o do_v not_o know_v nor_o can_v exerce_fw-la it_o themselves_o promise_n with_o we_o be_v not_o probable_a by_o witness_n though_o within_o a_o hundred_o pound_n july_n 3._o 1668._o james_n donaldson_n contra_fw-la harrower_n february_n 9_o 1672._o william_n 〈◊〉_d contra_fw-la thomas_n robertson_n the_o like_a be_v find_v of_o a_o promise_n engage_v for_o a_o party_n who_o buy_v good_n not_o be_v a_o partner_n in_o the_o bargain_n for_o promise_n when_o part_n of_o bargain_n about_o movable_n be_v probable_a by_o witness_n june_n 19_o 1672._o john_n devar_fw-la contra_fw-la thomas_n brown_n 5._o it_o be_v likewise_o the_o opinion_n of_o molina_n cap._n 263._o and_o it_o quadrat_n to_o our_o custom_n that_o when_o party_n contract_v if_o there_o be_v any_o article_n in_o favour_n of_o a_o three_o party_n at_o any_o time_n &_o jus_o quaesitum_fw-la tertio_fw-la it_o can_v be_v recall_v by_o both_o the_o contracter_n but_o he_o may_v compel_v either_o of_o they_o to_o exhibit_v the_o contract_n and_o thereupon_o the_o obliged_a may_v be_v compel_v to_o perform_v so_o a_o promise_n though_o gratuitous_a make_v in_o favour_n of_o a_o three_o party_n that_o party_n albeit_o not_o present_a nor_o accept_v be_v find_v to_o have_v right_o thereby_o november_n 25._o 1609._o achinmoutie_a contra_fw-la hay_n promise_v dependent_a upon_o acceptance_n may_v either_o be_v make_v by_o way_n of_o offer_n or_o when_o the_o promise_n require_v some_o thing_n to_o to_o be_v do_v on_o the_o part_n of_o he_o to_o who_o it_o be_v make_v not_o as_o a_o condition_n annex_v only_o to_o the_o performance_n for_o then_o the_o promise_n be_v present_o obligatory_a though_o the_o effect_v be_v suspend_v till_o the_o condition_n exist_v but_o if_o the_o condition_n be_v so_o mean_v or_o express_v that_o it_o must_v precede_v the_o obligation_n itself_o as_o in_o mutual_a contract_n the_o one_o party_n subscribe_v be_v not_o oblige_v until_o the_o other_o also_o subscribe_v or_o that_o the_o other_o party_n accept_v or_o consent_v and_o so_o a_o contract_n be_v registrat_n be_v find_v orderly_o proceed_v though_o he_o who_o registrate_v it_o have_v not_o subscribe_v see_v at_o the_o discuss_n he_o do_v summary_o consent_v to_o the_o registration_n thereof_o against_o himself_o february_n 9_o 1627._o mcduff_n contra_fw-la mcculloch_n hence_o be_v our_o vulgar_a distinction_n betwixt_o obligation_n and_o contract_n the_o former_a be_v only_a where_o the_o obligation_n be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d on_o the_o one_o part_n the_o other_o where_o the_o obligation_n be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o obligation_n on_o both_o part_n 6._o pactum_fw-la or_o a_o paction_n in_o the_o law_n be_v define_v duorum_fw-la pluriumve_fw-la in_o idem_fw-la placitum_fw-la consensus_fw-la atque_fw-la conventio_fw-la l._n 1._o ff_n de_fw-fr pactis_fw-la it_o be_v the_o consent_n of_o two_o or_o more_o party_n to_o some_o thing_n to_o be_v perform_v by_o either_o of_o they_o for_o it_o be_v not_o a_o consent_n in_o their_o opinion_n but_o a_o consent_n in_o their_o will_n to_o oblige_v any_o of_o they_o and_o it_o be_v much_o to_o be_v consider_v whether_o the_o consent_n be_v give_v animo_fw-la obligandi_fw-la to_o oblige_v for_o the_o same_o word_n will_v sometime_o be_v interpret_v as_o obligator_n and_o sometime_o not_o according_a to_o the_o circumstance_n as_o if_o it_o be_v jest_o or_o merry_o express_v whatsoever_o the_o word_n be_v there_o be_v no_o obligation_n because_o thereby_o it_o appear_v there_o be_v no_o mind_n to_o oblige_v or_o if_o the_o word_n be_v in_o affair_n or_o negotiation_n they_o be_v interpret_v obligator_n though_o they_o express_v no_o obligation_n but_o a_o futurition_n which_o otherways_o will_v import_v no_o more_o than_o a_o resolution_n as_o titius_n be_v to_o give_v mevius_n a_o hundred_o crown_n in_o any_o matter_n of_o negotiation_n will_v be_v obligator_n but_o otherways_o will_v be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o expression_n of_o titius_n his_o purpose_n so_o to_o do_v yet_o because_o it_o be_v inward_a and_o unknown_a it_o must_v be_v take_v by_o the_o word_n or_o other_o sign_n so_o if_o the_o word_n be_v clear_o obligator_n and_o serious_a no_o pretence_n that_o there_o be_v no_o purpose_n to_o oblige_v will_v take_v place_n if_o the_o promise_n be_v pendent_a upon_o acceptation_n and_o no_o more_o than_o a_o offer_n it_o be_v imperfect_a and_o ambulatory_a and_o in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o offerer_n till_o acceptance_n and_o if_o he_o die_v before_o acceptance_n it_o be_v revoke_v as_o a_o commission_n or_o mandate_n which_o necessary_o import_v acceptance_n expire_v by_o the_o mandators_n death_n morte_fw-la mandatoris_fw-la perit_fw-la mandatum_fw-la so_o acceptance_n can_v be_v by_o any_o three_o party_n unless_o he_o have_v warrant_n for_o that_o effect_n and_o so_o if_o a_o promise_n be_v make_v by_o one_o to_o another_o in_o favour_n of_o a_o three_o import_v the_o acceptance_n of_o that_o three_o it_o be_v pendent_a and_o revockable_a by_o these_o contracter_n till_o the_o three_o accept_v 7._o the_o roman_n that_o they_o may_v have_v clear_a proof_n of_o paction_n and_o agreement_n will_v second_v none_o with_o their_o civil_a authority_n but_o such_o as_o have_v a_o solemnity_n of_o word_n by_o way_n of_o stipulation_n whereby_o the_o one_o party_n go_v before_o by_o a_o interrogation_n other_o party_n close_v by_o a_o answer_n conform_v which_o be_v both_o clear_a to_o the_o party_n and_o witness_n or_o otherways_o unless_o there_o be_v the_o intervention_n of_o some_o deed_n or_o thing_n beside_o the_o consent_n or_o that_o it_o be_v a_o contract_n allow_v of_o the_o law_n or_o such_o other_o paction_n as_o it_o special_o confirm_v without_o all_o which_o it_o be_v call_v nudum_fw-la pactum_fw-la inefficax_n ad_fw-la agendum_fw-la we_o