and_o these_o contract_n be_v make_v by_o public_a act_n and_o instrument_n before_o notary_n to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o thing_n agree_v upon_o on_o either_o side_n may_v be_v due_o accomplish_v and_o in_o these_o great_a contract_n beyond_o the_o sea_n the_o payment_n be_v the_o most_o part_n for_o great_a sum_n make_v in_o bank_n also_o because_o of_o the_o commodiousness_n of_o it_o as_o you_o shall_v note_v hereafter_o beside_o this_o many_o merchant_n do_v make_v contract_n and_o pass_v they_o likewise_o before_o notary_n or_o scrivener_n because_o that_o thing_n contract_v for_o may_v require_v time_n to_o effect_v they_o as_o for_o example_n a_o merchant_n adventurer_n sell_v unto_o a_o merchant_n of_o middleborough_n two_o or_o three_o hundred_o clothes_n of_o know_a mark_n whereby_o the_o goodness_n be_v also_o know_v at_o a_o certain_a price_n the_o pack_n of_o ten_o clothes_n to_o be_v deliver_v at_o middleborough_n from_o time_n to_o time_n during_o the_o space_n of_o 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so_o many_o million_o of_o copper_n money_n in_o four_o and_o eight_o maluedy_n and_o otherwise_o and_o in_o portugal_n of_o vintenis_fw-la patacois_n of_o so_o many_o reas_n that_o the_o half_a ryall_n which_o be_v our_o three_o penny_n be_v only_o of_o silver_n and_o all_o money_n under_o it_o be_v mere_a copper_n without_o any_o mixture_n of_o silver_n this_o quantity_n be_v almost_o incredible_a for_o it_o be_v not_o many_o year_n since_o during_o the_o king_n reign_n of_o philip_n the_o three_o that_o certain_a italian_n find_v fault_n that_o his_o octavos_fw-la and_o quartillos_n be_v too_o big_a give_v the_o king_n six_o million_o of_o ducat_n to_o coin_v they_o at_o half_a the_o weight_n within_o a_o time_n limit_v and_o as_o many_o as_o they_o can_v utter_v within_o that_o time_n necessitas_fw-la non_fw-la habet_fw-la legem_fw-la be_v true_a in_o some_o respect_n the_o venetian_n also_o coin_v mere_a copper_n money_n venetian_n copper_n money_n of_o the_o venetian_n they_o 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authority_n england_n farthing_n token_n in_o england_n be_v make_v of_o copper_n with_o a_o ship_n on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o c.b._n on_o the_o other_o side_n signify_v civitas_fw-la bristol_n these_o go_v currant_n for_o small_a thing_n at_o bristol_n and_o ten_o mile_n about_o hereupon_o it_o please_v our_o sovereign_a lord_n the_o k._n to_o approve_v of_o the_o make_n of_o a_o competent_a quantity_n of_o farthing_n token_n to_o abolish_v the_o say_v leaden_a token_n make_v in_o derogation_n of_o the_o king_n prerogative_n royal_a which_o farthing_n token_n be_v make_v by_o engine_n of_o mere_a copper_n in_o the_o year_n 1613_o with_o certain_a caution_n and_o limitation_n have_v on_o the_o one_o side_n two_o sceptre_n cross_v under_o one_o diadem_n in_o remembrance_n of_o the_o union_n between_o england_n and_o scotland_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o harp_n for_o ireland_n and_o the_o inscription_n of_o jacobus_n d.g._n magnae_fw-la britt_n fra._n &_o hiber_n rex_fw-la 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the_o prince_n or_o state_n the_o mintmaster_n and_o the_o monyers_n be_v pay_v for_o every_o pound_n weight_n they_o make_v whereof_o 30_o will_v weight_n they_o call_v a_o journey_n the_o tellors_n office_n be_v but_o use_v in_o england_n money_n the_o sheyre_n book_n of_o money_n which_o the_o warden_n deputy_n execute_v in_o other_o country_n to_o keep_v a_o sheyre_n book_n of_o the_o piece_n contain_v in_o the_o mark_n or_o pound_n weight_n although_o the_o money_n be_v deliver_v by_o weight_n and_o not_o by_o tale_n for_o although_o there_o be_v suppose_v eight_o or_o ten_o piece_n over_o in_o 100_o will_v by_o tale_n it_o do_v encourage_v the_o bringer_n in_o of_o bullion_n for_o the_o â—â—act_n size_v be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o be_v regard_v upon_o the_o total_a in_o quantity_n as_o upon_o the_o equality_n of_o weight_n in_o piece_n for_o it_o happen_v sometime_o that_o one_o shilling_n will_v weigh_v one_o farthing_n or_o half_a penny_n
to_o give_v twenty_o per_fw-la 100_o for_o the_o year_n and_o so_o from_o year_n to_o year_n and_o die_v the_o principal_a be_v they_o one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o eight_o life_n by_o equality_n decrease_v the_o penny_n 8_o be_v 12_o will_v 10_o ss_z for_o two_o life_n 11_o will_v 2_o ss_z for_o three_o life_n 10_o will_v for_o four_o life_n 9_o will_v 1_o ss_z 9_o penny_n be_v 6_o will_v 5_o ss_z for_o eight_o life_n the_o city_n of_o amsterdam_n be_v wont_a to_o give_v good_a consideration_n and_o do_v observe_v this_o order_n upon_o a_o hundred_o gelder_n for_n eight_o life_n give_v 16_o 13_o 4_o life_n observation_n of_o money_n deliver_v upon_o life_n of_o nine_o life_n 19_o 1_o 0_o upon_o ten_o life_n they_o give_v 22_o 4_o 5_o upon_o eleven_o life_n 26_o 13_o 4_o upon_o twelve_o life_n 33_o 6_o 8_o upon_o seven_o life_n 14_o 6_o 4_o upon_o six_o life_n 13_o 6_o 8_o here_o you_o be_v to_o remember_v the_o observation_n of_o assuror_n whether_o the_o person_n be_v young_a or_o old_a sober_a in_o their_o diet_n and_o behaviour_n much_o travel_v abroad_o or_o stay_v at_o home_n subject_a to_o sickness_n and_o the_o like_a consideration_n house_n rent_n upon_o house_n money_n deliver_v upon_o annuity_n for_o rent_n seem_v more_o reasonable_a than_o pension_n upon_o life_n because_o you_o bear_v only_o the_o adventure_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o house_n or_o destruction_n of_o they_o in_o time_n of_o war_n and_o much_o more_o shall_v be_v give_v without_o pawn_n than_o with_o pawn_n or_o mortgage_n it_o be_v commodious_a for_o a_o man_n have_v waste_a ground_n and_o intend_v to_o build_v upon_o they_o to_o take_v much_o money_n upon_o rent_n after_o 6_o ¼_n pro_fw-la cent_n which_o many_o city_n give_v continual_o to_o increase_v their_o wealth_n and_o inhabitant_n and_o because_o the_o valuation_n of_o their_o money_n do_v often_o alter_v and_o be_v enhance_v whereby_o all_o thing_n become_v dear_a specie_fw-la rent_n pay_v in_o specie_fw-la the_o party_n be_v advise_v to_o have_v their_o rent_n pay_v in_o specie_fw-la in_o crown_n dollar_n ducat_n to_o be_v pay_v as_o former_o they_o be_v currant_n the_o danger_n in_o time_n of_o war_n cause_v rent_n to_o decrease_v for_o the_o ancient_a rent_n be_v always_o first_o to_o be_v pay_v although_o all_o other_o be_v loser_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xix_o of_o the_o denomination_n and_o division_n of_o money_n of_o diverse_a country_n the_o denomination_n division_n and_o subdivision_n of_o the_o money_n of_o all_o country_n be_v most_o necessary_a for_o merchant_n and_o all_o other_o to_o be_v know_v because_o without_o it_o they_o sail_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n without_o compass_n abandon_v at_o all_o uncertainty_n and_o danger_n to_o have_v true_a equality_n and_o equity_n observe_v in_o their_o buy_n and_o selling_n and_o that_o more_o especial_o if_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v neglect_v as_o shall_v be_v declare_v hereafter_o some_o of_o these_o money_n be_v imaginary_a and_o some_o be_v substantial_a or_o real_a in_o specie_fw-la and_o yet_o not_o concur_v in_o price_n or_o value_n england_n england_n in_o england_n concern_v silver_n coin_n there_o be_v the_o crown_n of_o five_o shilling_n and_o the_o half_a crown_n of_o two_o shilling_n six_o penny_n the_o shilling_n the_o six_o penny_n the_o four_o penny_n or_o groat_n the_o three_o penny_n two_o penny_n three_o half_a penny_n the_o penny_n and_o half_a penny_n of_o sterling_a silver_n and_o the_o farthing_n of_o copper_n the_o ordinary_a golden_a coin_n be_v the_o unite_v piece_n of_o 22_o shilling_n the_o half_a of_o eleven_o shilling_n and_o the_o crown_n or_o quarter_n of_o five_o shilling_n six_o penny_n and_o the_o â…›_n part_v two_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n and_o the_o five_o piece_n coin_a at_o four_o shilling_n make_v twenty_o two_o shilling_n with_o the_o rose_n and_o the_o thistle_n the_o laureate_a king_n james_n of_o twenty_o two_o carrat_n fine_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o the_o half_a piece_n scotland_n scotland_n in_o scotland_n be_v the_o cross_a dagger_n piece_n of_o eleven_o shilling_n and_o the_o half_a of_o it_o and_o their_o rider_n of_o ten_o shilling_n six_o penny_n and_o for_o their_o silver_n coin_v the_o mark_n piece_n value_v at_o 13_o penny_n ½_n in_o england_n and_o the_o half_a of_o the_o same_o as_o also_o six_o small_a piece_n of_o above_o two_o penny_n for_o the_o say_a mark_n ireland_n ireland_n in_o ireland_n where_o no_o mint_n have_v be_v since_o king_n edward_n the_o four_o of_o england_n the_o fifteen_o shilling_n sterling_a make_v twenty_o shilling_n irish_a and_o the_o silver_n harp_n of_o nine_o penny_n sterling_a be_v there_o currant_n for_o twelve_o penny_n and_o the_o moiety_n thereof_o according_o and_o the_o abovesaid_a gold_n coin_n be_v currant_n as_o in_o england_n or_o in_o sterling_a reduce_v into_o their_o irish_a money_n one_o three_o part_n more_o so_o that_o the_o twenty_o shilling_n piece_n of_o laureate_a king_n james_n be_v there_o four_o noble_n and_o all_o other_o division_n of_o it_o according_o so_o the_o english_a shilling_n be_v sixteen_o penny_n irish_a and_o the_o part_n of_o it_o according_o all_o other_o old_a irish_a coin_n be_v out_o of_o use_n and_o little_a quantity_n to_o be_v find_v of_o it_o in_o germany_n they_o make_v all_o their_o money_n by_o the_o account_n of_o batsen_n every_o bat_n four_o creutzer_n coin_v piece_n of_o three_o six_o germany_n germany_n and_o twelve_o creutzer_n so_o the_o ducat_n of_o hungary_n make_v 27_o batse_n the_o gold_n gelder_n eighteen_o batse_n the_o polish_v gelder_n or_o dolor_n fifteen_o batse_n teaston_n five_o batse_n the_o say_a gold_n gelder_n be_v value_n anno_fw-la 1520_o to_o be_v currant_n in_o holland_n for_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n whereby_o their_o corn_n be_v buy_v and_o sell_v which_o be_v erroneous_a and_o imaginary_a because_o there_o be_v no_o such_o piece_n in_o specie_fw-la so_o be_v the_o dolor_n and_o the_o silver_n gelder_n call_v gros_n or_o vnciales_n weigh_v a_o ounce_n the_o ancient_a roman_n call_v a_o ounce_n a_o gelder_n and_o the_o eight_o ounce_n make_v one_o mark_n and_o 12_o ounce_n or_o gelders_n be_v reckon_v for_o one_o pound_n and_o there_o be_v coin_a piece_n call_v nummi_fw-la dragmi_fw-la alius_fw-la grosleyn_n be_v the_o eight_o part_n of_o a_o dolor_n angelicy_n be_v the_o â…™_n of_o a_o dolor_n make_v three_o batse_n or_o twelve_o creutzer_n call_v schriekenborger_n the_o say_v angelici_fw-la be_v tribute_n peny_n which_o be_v allay_v and_o make_v worse_o do_v obtain_v the_o name_n of_o bat_n as_o it_o be_v seek_v of_o a_o benefit_n which_o since_o have_v be_v more_o embase_v and_o therefore_o deserve_v that_o name_n of_o batse_n they_o be_v call_v in_o thuringia_n gulielmi_n and_o in_o bohemia_n bohemici_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o say_a tribute_n whereof_o they_o have_v also_o 12_o piece_n divide_o for_o 12_o penny_n which_o penny_n be_v all_o germany_n over_o two_o heller_n by_o way_n of_o account_n the_o dolor_n be_v first_o make_v upon_o sixty_o and_o five_o creutzer_n which_o in_o those_o coin_n so_o embase_v be_v answer_v by_o 72_o creutzers_n and_o in_o othâ—â—_n city_n of_o germany_n they_o reckon_v as_o follow_v upon_o diverse_a coin_n 〈◊〉_d make_v and_o some_o imaginary_a at_o augusta_n they_o have_v small_a money_n gross_v of_o three_o batse_n augusta_n augusta_n lion_n piece_n whereof_o two_o make_v a_o creutzer_n the_o blackepennie_n four_o to_o one_o creutzer_n snubourgh_n blaphart_n or_o bohomicos_fw-la of_o three_o and_o 3_o ½_n creutzer_n the_o rycke_v dolor_n be_v thirty_o albes_fw-la of_o eight_o penny_n every_o albe_n or_o seventie_o and_o two_o creutzer_n for_o the_o say_a dolor_n at_o frankford_n they_o divide_v their_o florin_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n frankford_n frankford_n by_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o every_o shilling_n in_o twelve_o heller_n according_a to_o the_o pound_n at_o norenbourgh_n in_o like_a manner_n and_o the_o creutzer_n be_v four_o penny_n norenborough_n norenborough_n every_o penny_n two_o heller_n and_o five_o penny_n call_v a_o fynfer_v or_o five_o pennick_n at_o strasborough_n they_o use_v blapharts_n gross_v strasborough_n strasborough_n bohemicos_fw-la of_o three_o creutzer_n every_o blaphart_n six_o penny_n of_o two_o heller_n or_o four_o ortlyn_n at_o bohemia_n as_o in_o germany_n and_o the_o bohemici_n bohemia_n bohemia_n be_v whitgrosse_v of_o three_o creutzer_n the_o doller_n be_v twenty_o four_o bohemicos_fw-la of_o twelve_o angster_n every_o bohemico_fw-la ten_o penny_n and_o one_o mark_n be_v forty_o bohemicos_fw-la and_o scoc_n be_v sixty_o bohemicos_fw-la vienna_n vienna_n at_o vienna_n the_o rycke_v doller_n be_v eight_o shilling_n and_o the_o ducat_n twelve_o shilling_n trioll_n trioll_n at_o trioll_n the_o doller_n at_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n of_o five_o fynfer_v or_o heller_n the_o creutzer_n hungary_n hungary_n
clothes_n which_o cost_v he_o six_o hundred_o pound_n and_o the_o custom_n and_o charge_n forty_o pound_n and_o hereupon_o he_o arm_v two_o account_n under_o the_o name_n of_o voyage_n into_o spain_n or_o voyage_n to_o lixborne_n or_o some_o other_o such_o name_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n as_o every_o man_n think_v good_a so_o these_o voyage_n be_v debtor_n for_o the_o commodity_n custom_n and_o charge_n thereof_o and_o the_o magazine_n be_v discharge_v and_o make_v creditor_n as_o abovesaid_a discharge_v magazine_n discharge_v and_o likewise_o cash_n be_v make_v creditor_n have_v pay_v the_o custom_n imposition_n and_o charge_n aforesaid_a this_o merchant_n not_o willing_a to_o bear_v so_o great_a a_o adventure_n of_o six_o hundred_o pound_n or_o seven_o hundred_o pound_n in_o one_o ship_n do_v cause_n himself_o to_o be_v assure_v of_o three_o hundred_o pound_n in_o every_o ship_n assurance_n money_n for_o assurance_n at_o four_o and_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o and_o pay_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o assuror_n hereupon_o he_o make_v the_o say_a voyage_n debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n for_o so_o much_o namely_o thirteen_o pound_n for_o lixborne_n and_o sixteen_o pound_n for_o seville_a and_o so_o commit_v the_o same_o to_o god_n will_v and_o pleasure_n and_o all_o these_o parcel_n be_v enter_v into_o the_o book_n receive_v money_o receive_v and_o b._n m._n the_o mercer_n do_v pay_v more_o two_o hundred_o pound_n whereof_o cash_n be_v make_v debtor_n and_o b._n m._n be_v make_v creditor_n and_o discharge_v of_o the_o 3_o hundred_o pound_n he_o do_v owe_v interest_n money_o deliver_v aâ—_n interest_n whereby_o the_o merchant_n find_v some_o money_n to_o spare_v he_o deliver_v out_o two_o hundred_o pound_n at_o interest_n unto_o another_o merchant_n for_o six_o month_n and_o thereupon_o he_o make_v this_o merchant_n c.d._n debtor_n &_o cash_n creditor_n declare_v to_o have_v his_o bond_n of_o three_o hundred_o pound_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o two_o hundred_o and_o ten_o pound_n at_o such_o a_o day_n in_o such_o a_o place_n money_n interest_n money_n and_o for_o the_o interest_n money_n of_o ten_o pound_n he_o make_v he_o likewise_o debtor_n and_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n but_o some_o man_n do_v make_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o interest_n which_o be_v at_o a_o man_n pleasure_n now_o the_o two_o hundred_o pound_n which_o n._n w._n owe_v be_v due_a use_n money_n owe_v continue_v at_o use_n and_o he_o desire_v to_o keep_v the_o money_n for_o six_o month_n at_o interest_n and_o to_o give_v his_o bond_n for_o it_o which_o be_v so_o agree_v between_o they_o the_o interest_n be_v ten_o pound_n for_o which_o he_o make_v likewise_o n.w._n debtor_n and_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n the_o merchant_n estate_n stand_v now_o thus_o book_n view_v of_o a_o merchant_n estate_n by_o the_o book_n at_o hamborough_n one_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o pound_n at_o seville_a seven_o hundred_o thirty_o and_o six_o pound_n at_o lixborne_a six_o hundred_o fifty_o and_o three_o pound_n at_o interest_n four_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n with_o the_o interest_n and_o but_o little_a money_n in_o cash_n because_o of_o his_o daily_a expense_n suppose_v now_o that_o the_o ship_n of_o the_o company_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n be_v come_v from_o hamborough_n voyage_n return_v of_o voyage_n and_o our_o merchant_n clothes_n be_v sell_v to_o diverse_a merchant_n and_o other_o there_o to_o be_v pay_v at_o six_o and_o six_o month_n anticipation_n money_o pay_v by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n for_o which_o they_o have_v give_v their_o bill_n obligatorie_n to_o pay_v the_o same_o according_o but_o some_o of_o these_o merchant_n be_v desirous_a to_o pay_v their_o money_n by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n have_v interest_n allow_v they_o for_o it_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o eight_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n and_o so_o pay_v ready_a money_n to_o our_o merchant_n factor_n and_o thereupon_o the_o say_a factor_n make_v over_o by_o exchange_n four_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a by_o two_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o at_o usance_n which_o be_v two_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n by_o merchant_n stranger_n exchange_n money_n make_v over_o by_o exchange_n these_o merchant_n stranger_n do_v accept_v the_o say_v bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o you_o make_v they_o several_o debtor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o your_o factor_n of_o hamborough_n creditor_n for_o the_o say_v four_o hundred_o pound_n moreover_o your_o factor_n have_v set_v over_o some_o of_o those_o merchant_n bill_n of_o debt_n for_o foreign_a commodity_n and_o have_v take_v in_o payment_n two_o case_n of_o velvet_n sea_n velvet_n buy_v beyond_o the_o sea_n which_o do_v cost_v eight_o hundred_o pound_n and_o he_o send_v they_o in_o these_o ship_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o charge_n custom_n and_o factoridge_n of_o the_o say_a velvet_n amount_v to_o forty_o pound_n so_o the_o velvet_n cost_v in_o all_o eight_o hundred_o and_o forty_o pound_n for_o this_o you_o make_v a_o new_a account_n for_o velvet_n or_o the_o return_n of_o the_o hamborough_n voyage_n debtor_n and_o your_o factor_n creditor_n for_o the_o say_v eight_o hundred_o and_o forty_o pound_n exchange_n money_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o because_o you_o be_v to_o pay_v great_a custom_n and_o imposition_n of_o these_o velvet_n and_o your_o cash_n be_v not_o well_o provide_v you_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n here_o sixty_o pound_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o your_o factor_n at_o hamborough_n and_o deliver_v your_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o and_o receive_v the_o money_n now_o cash_n be_v make_v debtor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o your_o factor_n that_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o money_n be_v make_v creditor_n for_o it_o according_o they_o cloth_n sell_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o account_v send_v of_o they_o this_o factor_n do_v now_o by_o land_n send_v unto_o you_o the_o account_n of_o your_o hundred_o clothes_n sell_v unto_o diverse_a merchant_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o this_o account_n be_v make_v in_o hamborough_n or_o lup_n money_n and_o it_o be_v suppose_v among_o merchant_n that_o six_o and_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n of_o their_o money_n be_v correspondent_a to_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a according_a to_o this_o you_o reduce_v your_o hamborough_n money_n into_o sterling_a money_n after_o the_o rate_n sterling_a hamborough_n money_n reduce_v into_o sterling_a and_o your_o factor_n in_o the_o say_a account_n have_v already_o deduct_v his_o factorige_n custom_n and_o all_o charge_n incident_a upon_o the_o clothes_n sell_v by_o he_o so_o that_o cast_v your_o account_n upon_o the_o net_n provenu_fw-fr of_o your_o clothes_n he_o have_v receive_v clear_a money_n one_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o pound_n sterling_a hereof_o now_o you_o do_v make_v your_o factor_n debtor_n and_o the_o voyage_n for_o hamborough_n creditor_n and_o come_v to_o your_o leidger_n book_n you_o find_v the_o say_a voyage_n debtor_n one_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o pound_n and_o now_o to_o be_v make_v creditor_n one_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o pound_n so_o you_o find_v here_o be_v two_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n clear_a gain_n by_o the_o account_n unless_o you_o shall_v become_v a_o loser_n in_o the_o velvet_n for_o the_o money_n deduct_v for_o interest_n to_o he_o that_o pay_v before_o his_o time_n be_v already_o deduct_v in_o the_o account_n of_o clothes_n so_o that_o to_o clear_v this_o account_n of_o the_o voyage_n you_o make_v the_o same_o debtor_n for_o the_o say_v two_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n and_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n for_o the_o same_o you_o have_v now_o sell_v your_o two_o case_n of_o velvet_n the_o one_o for_o ready_a money_n and_o the_o other_o at_o six_o and_o six_o month_n day_n of_o payment_n to_o w.w._n mercer_n amount_v to_o five_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n who_o you_o have_v make_v debtor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o your_o velvet_n creditor_n and_o for_o the_o other_o you_o have_v make_v cash_n debtor_n for_o four_o hundred_o ninety_o pound_n which_o you_o have_v receive_v and_o likewise_o your_o velvet_n creditor_n for_o the_o same_o sum_n so_o in_o both_o one_o thousand_o and_o ten_o pound_n and_o cast_v up_o your_o charge_n custom_n and_o imposition_n of_o your_o velvet_n you_o find_v they_o to_o amount_v unto_o 80_o will_v and_o for_o this_o sum_n you_o make_v velvet_n debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n so_o your_o velvet_n do_v cost_v with_o all_o the_o say_a charge_n 920_o will_v and_o they_o be_v sell_v for_o 1010_o will_v so_o there_o be_v 90_o will_v advance_v by_o the_o say_a velvet_n whereof_o to_o clear_v this_o account_n you_o make_v velvet_n debtor_n and_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n as_o aforesaid_a have_v now_o money_n in_o
in_o account_n for_o the_o money_n be_v proceed_v from_o the_o original_n of_o commodity_n or_o exchange_n and_o the_o person_n with_o who_o you_o deal_v therein_o give_v you_o light_a and_o direction_n to_o discuss_v these_o difference_n and_o therefore_o it_o may_v well_o be_v compare_v to_o the_o measure_n of_o hercules_n foot_n whereby_o the_o whole_a symetricall_a proportion_n of_o all_o his_o body_n be_v find_v out_o account_n symetricall_a proportion_n in_o account_n and_o many_o merchant_n account_n be_v so_o intricate_a and_o overgrow_v with_o error_n as_o archymedes_n tomb_n with_o thorn_n when_o cicero_n come_v to_o visit_v it_o but_o now_o i_o think_v i_o hear_v one_o say_v you_o have_v brief_o show_v we_o the_o manner_n of_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n with_o the_o application_n of_o it_o to_o a_o merchant_n negotiation_n for_o commodity_n and_o money_n and_o also_o by_o deliver_v money_n by_o exchange_n and_o how_o money_n be_v get_v by_o commodity_n and_o by_o let_v the_o same_o at_o interest_n but_o i_o can_v understand_v how_o a_o merchant_n get_v money_n by_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n hereunto_o i_o answer_v that_o it_o be_v omit_v of_o purpose_n because_o it_o shall_v not_o obscure_v the_o former_a demonstration_n otherwise_o the_o matter_n be_v of_o such_o importance_n that_o whosoever_o deal_v without_o consideration_n of_o it_o be_v like_a to_o a_o blind_a man_n grope_v in_o the_o dark_a and_o yet_o may_v hit_v the_o egg_n for_o according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n all_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o be_v export_v and_o all_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n import_v be_v sold._n know_v you_o therefore_o rechange_v profit_n of_o exchange_n know_v by_o the_o rechange_v that_o the_o benefit_n or_o profit_n of_o exchange_n be_v never_o know_v direct_o but_o by_o the_o rechange_v thereof_o to_o which_o end_n you_o may_v remember_v that_o our_o merchant_n do_v first_o make_v over_o three_o hundred_o pound_n by_o exchange_n for_o amsterdam_n which_o be_v rechange_v again_o and_o then_o he_o make_v over_o five_o hundred_o pound_n three_o hundred_o pound_n and_o two_o hundred_o pound_n in_o all_o one_o thousand_o pound_n and_o now_o late_o he_o have_v make_v over_o one_o thousand_o pound_n more_o for_o the_o say_a place_n of_o amsterdam_n all_o at_o double_a usance_n to_o make_v the_o better_a benefit_n and_o less_o charge_n these_o money_n be_v make_v over_o at_o several_a place_n as_o follow_v  _fw-fr will_v ss_z do_v profit_n the_o manner_n how_o exchange_n give_v profit_n 300_o will_v be_v make_v over_o at_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o the_o pound_n be_v 525_o 0_o 0_o 500_o will_v be_v make_v over_o at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n ten_o penny_n be_v flemish_n 870_o 16_o 8_o 300_o will_v at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n six_o penny_n be_v 517_o 10_o 0_o 200_o will_v make_v over_o at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n be_v flemish_n 346_o 13_o 4_o 1000_o will_v at_o several_a price_n one_o with_o another_o at_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n 1750_o 0_o 0_o so_o the_o 2300_o will_v sterling_a pay_v at_o amsterdam_n be_v flem._n 4010_o 0_o 0_o these_o money_n have_v be_v make_v over_o or_o return_v again_o by_o exchange_n at_o several_a price_n and_o the_o account_n clear_v as_o follow_v  _fw-fr will_v ss_z do_v 300_o will_v be_v make_v over_o from_o amsterdam_n at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n two_o penny_n be_v 512_o 10_o 0_o 500_o will_v be_v make_v over_o at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n six_o penny_n for_o the_o pound_n sterling_a 837_o 10_o 0_o 500_o will_v at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n pay_v at_o amsterdam_n for_o the_o pound_n 843_o 15_o 0_o 500_o will_v at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n in_o like_a manner_n be_v 841_o 13_o 4_o the_o factor_n take_v for_o his_o sallarie_n and_o pay_v to_o broker_n 21_o 4_o 8_o and_o make_v over_o 500_o will_v more_v and_o give_v thirty_o three_o shilling_n ten_o penny_n for_o the_o pound_n 845_o 16_o 8_o more_o at_o the_o same_o price_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n ten_o penny_n he_o make_v over_o the_o just_a remainder_n in_o his_o hand_n be_v 107_o will_v 10_o ss_z 4_o d_o and_o send_v a_o particular_a bill_n of_o exchange_n of_o 63_o will_v 11_o ss_z for_o it_o 107_o 10_o 4_o  _fw-fr 4010_o 0_o 0_o loss_n gain_v by_o exchange_n to_o profit_n and_o loss_n here_o you_o may_v find_v distinguish_v that_o whereas_o you_o make_v over_o from_o london_n the_o sum_n of_o 2300_o will_v sterling_a you_o now_o receive_v back_o 2363_o will_v 11_o ss_z whereby_o your_o profit_n be_v 63_o will_v 11_o ss_z of_o this_o you_o make_v your_o factor_n debtor_n and_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n and_o the_o like_a of_o other_o sum_n for_o other_o place_n the_o spaniard_n therefore_o frâ—meth_v a_o account_n of_o general_a exchange_n for_o all_o place_n call_v cambios_fw-la generales_fw-la to_o keep_v a_o even_a and_o just_a account_n with_o his_o factor_n admit_v a_o certain_a rate_n between_o he_o and_o the_o say_a factor_n according_a to_o which_o he_o rate_v all_o the_o parcel_n of_o account_n be_v it_o for_o commodity_n buy_v or_o sell_v or_o money_n pay_v and_o take_v up_o again_o by_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o more_o labour_n but_o more_o exact_o do_v otherwise_o it_o bring_v some_o alteration_n in_o account_n as_o for_o example_n exchange_n difference_n in_o the_o rate_n of_o exchange_n this_o merchant_n factor_n at_o hamborough_n do_v remain_v debtor_n upon_o the_o account_n one_o hundred_o and_o eight_o pound_n which_o be_v according_a to_o twenty_o six_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n for_o the_o pound_n sterling_a this_o money_n he_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_n but_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o give_v twenty_o seven_o shilling_n for_o the_o pound_n which_o do_v differ_v four_o penny_n lup_n in_o the_o pound_n sterling_a so_o that_o for_o this_o difference_n you_o must_v make_v another_o parcel_n charge_v the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n with_o this_o loss_n and_o make_v your_o factor_n creditor_n for_o it_o whereas_o in_o the_o general_a account_n of_o exchange_n all_o be_v bring_v over_o in_o one_o parcel_n but_o herein_o every_o man_n may_v follow_v his_o pleasure_n another_o objection_n be_v make_v how_o shall_v a_o man_n do_v that_o have_v no_o stock_n objection_n objection_n or_o little_a or_o nothing_o to_o begin_v the_o world_n as_o diverse_a man_n that_o from_o nothing_o come_v to_o a_o exceed_a great_a wealth_n what_o book_n of_o account_n can_v they_o keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n the_o answer_n be_v manifest_a all_o be_v ground_v upon_o trust_n answer_n answer_n if_o any_o man_n will_v sell_v you_o commodity_n payable_a at_o long_a day_n of_o payment_n and_o you_o sell_v they_o and_o pay_v he_o with_o his_o own_o you_o can_v make_v he_o creditor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o the_o commodity_n debtor_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n if_o any_o man_n lend_v money_n unto_o you_o to_o trade_v withal_o so_o that_o you_o may_v perceive_v that_o this_o be_v a_o excellent_a invention_n and_o a_o most_o commodious_a course_n to_o know_v thing_n ready_o the_o banker_n therefore_o that_o deal_n for_o million_o of_o pound_n banker_n the_o keep_n of_o account_n by_o the_o banker_n and_o make_v great_a payment_n continual_o by_o assignation_n do_v sum_n up_o every_o ten_o parcel_n and_o post_v they_o over_o to_o a_o new_a account_n because_o they_o know_v at_o all_o hour_n whether_o a_o man_n be_v debtor_n or_o creditor_n unto_o they_o if_o the_o treasure_n of_o prince_n be_v dispose_v by_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n they_o shall_v receive_v many_o benefit_n and_o advantage_n first_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v in_o want_n as_o they_o common_o be_v creditor_n prince_n account_n to_o be_v keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n but_o make_v their_o treasure_n go_v further_o in_o payment_n because_o they_o may_v know_v at_o all_o time_n where_o to_o find_v their_o own_o and_o what_o be_v owe_v unto_o they_o second_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v deceive_v as_o they_o be_v by_o their_o auditor_n account_n by_o way_n of_o charge_n and_o discharge_v make_v sometime_o many_o year_n after_o when_o common_o officer_n be_v much_o indebt_v unto_o they_o and_o yet_o call_v for_o money_n continual_o which_o afterward_o before_o the_o account_n make_v be_v consume_v by_o extraordinary_a allowance_n which_o be_v easy_o procure_v when_o their_o money_n be_v out_o of_o their_o coffer_n so_o that_o upon_o the_o matter_n they_o may_v pay_v that_o with_o one_o penny_n which_o now_o do_v cost_v they_o three_o penny_n whereof_o the_o late_a war_n in_o ireland_n give_v we_o a_o sufficient_a instance_n last_o the_o charge_n and_o expense_n of_o officer_n will_v be_v much_o diminish_v and_o prince_n will_v content_v their_o
north_n star_n some_o merchant_n be_v so_o far_o wide_a from_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o value_n of_o coin_n and_o the_o exchange_n make_v thereupon_o that_o they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o certain_a rate_n or_o par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n set_v to_o answer_v just_o the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o foreign_a part_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o diversity_n and_o disproportion_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o their_o intrinsicall_a and_o extrinsicall_a value_n but_o these_o merchant_n be_v to_o understand_v that_o the_o money_n of_o all_o country_n have_v a_o proportionable_a valuation_n relative_a within_o themselves_o according_a to_o their_o several_a standard_n for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n only_o the_o small_a and_o base_a coin_n have_v some_o little_a know_a advantage_n which_o may_v be_v consider_v of_o in_o exchange_n according_o proportionable_a valuation_n of_o money_n for_o exchange_n to_o be_v make_v according_o if_o there_o be_v cause_n that_o the_o quantity_n of_o those_o money_n do_v exceed_v the_o big_a and_o fine_a coin_n this_o consideration_n have_v be_v have_v heretofore_o and_o especial_o in_o the_o par_fw-fr agree_v upon_o between_o the_o low-countries_n and_o this_o realm_n in_o the_o year_n 1575._o when_o upon_o the_o philip_n doller_n the_o exchange_n be_v at_o twenty_o five_o shilling_n the_o par_fw-fr and_o the_o small_a money_n will_v exceed_v twenty_o seven_o shilling_n and_o upward_o but_o the_o quantity_n do_v not_o surmount_v the_o better_a coin_n the_o like_a be_v upon_o the_o par_fw-fr agree_v upon_o with_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n anno_fw-la 1586_o at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n and_o with_o hamborough_n and_o stoade_n to_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n lubish_n upon_o the_o rickes_n doller_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n or_o nine_o mark_n four_o shilling_n for_o our_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n make_v four_o dollar_n and_o one_o half_a to_o answer_v the_o say_v par_fw-fr which_o doller_n be_v enhance_v since_o to_o fifty_o four_o shilling_n and_o be_v receive_v now_o but_o four_o dollar_n for_o the_o same_o and_o so_o for_o other_o place_n according_o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o imaginary_a money_n of_o all_o place_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v by_o bill_n the_o denomination_n of_o money_n which_o we_o call_v imaginary_a be_v because_o there_o be_v not_o any_o peculiar_a or_o proper_a money_n to_o be_v find_v in_o specie_fw-la whereupon_o the_o exchange_n be_v ground_v as_o it_o be_v in_o time_n pass_v in_o many_o place_n where_o some_o money_n be_v the_o cause_n to_o ground_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n upon_o as_o our_o angel_n noble_a be_v coin_a for_o six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n sterling_a whereupon_o exchange_n have_v be_v make_v as_o now_o be_v do_v upon_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o so_o may_v the_o new_a piece_n of_o our_o sovereign_a king_n james_n laureate_a be_v take_v but_o it_o be_v more_o proper_a to_o make_v exchange_n upon_o the_o silver_n coin_n for_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v most_o rule_v thereby_o in_o all_o place_n which_o by_o the_o quantity_n be_v five_o hundred_o to_o one_o hence_o do_v proceed_v the_o cause_n that_o when_o our_o gold_n in_o the_o year_n 1611_o silver_n the_o price_n of_o gold_n not_o so_o effectual_a as_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n be_v advance_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o above_o the_o silver_n the_o price_n of_o commodity_n do_v not_o rise_v albeit_o foreign_a nation_n do_v cause_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n to_o fall_v but_o if_o silver_n be_v enhance_v present_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n will_v follow_v as_o the_o rule_n thereof_o and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n will_v fall_v more_o for_o exchange_n will_v over-rule_v both_o in_o like_a manner_n do_v we_o call_v the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v to_o be_v imaginary_a as_o the_o dollar_n in_o germany_n the_o crown_n in_o france_n the_o ducat_n in_o italy_n and_o other_o place_n which_o by_o the_o great_a diversity_n you_o may_v understand_v as_o follow_v together_o with_o the_o calculation_n of_o merchant_n account_n whereupon_o their_o book_n of_o account_n be_v keep_v according_a to_o their_o imaginary_a money_n flemish_n pound_v flemish_n in_o flanders_n brabant_n and_o most_o place_n of_o the_o low-countries_n they_o keep_v their_o book_n of_o account_n and_o reckon_n by_o twenty_o shilling_n flemish_n every_o shilling_n twelve_o denier_n or_o penny_n which_o shilling_n be_v six_o styver_n in_o artois_n henalt_n tournois_n pound_v tournois_n and_o other_o place_n by_o pound_n tournois_fw-fr of_o twenty_o stiver_n or_o forty_o penny_n flemish_n whereof_o six_o call_v guildren_n or_o florin_n make_v the_o pound_n flemish_n in_o all_o the_o seventeen_o province_n of_o the_o netherlands_o some_o do_v reckon_v by_o pound_n parasis_n which_o be_v but_o twenty_o penny_n parasis_n pound_v parasis_n whereof_o twelve_o make_v the_o pound_n flemish_n but_o their_o account_n as_o also_o the_o reckon_n of_o their_o prince_n or_o finance_n be_v keep_v by_o pound_n tournois_n which_o pound_n they_o divide_v into_o twenty_o shilling_n every_o shilling_n into_o twelve_o penny_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o the_o pound_n parasis_n and_o these_o have_v also_o their_o subdivision_n of_o obulus_fw-la maille_n heller_n hallinck_fw-mi corte_n mite_n point_v engevin_n poot_n and_o such_o like_a copper_n money_n too_o tedious_a to_o rehearse_v in_o germany_n in_o the_o year_n 1520_o guilder_n gold_n guilder_n be_v the_o gold_n guilder_n coin_a for_o a_o general_a coin_n and_o value_v in_o holland_n for_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n which_o be_v now_o in_o specie_fw-la at_o double_a the_o price_n nevertheless_o they_o do_v continue_v to_o buy_v and_o sell_v all_o that_o great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n which_o be_v bring_v from_o the_o east_n country_n poland_n and_o other_o place_n by_o the_o say_a gold_n guilder_n of_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n their_o dolor_n be_v coin_a at_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n since_o rise_v to_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n creutzer_n creutzer_n yet_o their_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n which_o be_v imaginary_a at_o augusta_n the_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o say_a dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n at_o three_o week_n or_o fourteen_o day_n sight_n after_o the_o bill_n present_v at_o frankford_n they_o reckon_v by_o the_o guilder_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n creutzer_n florin_n of_o 60_o creutzer_n call_v in_o latin_a crucigeri_fw-la be_v piece_n with_o a_o cross_n they_o be_v florin_n and_o their_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n payable_a in_o the_o two_o yearly_a fair_n or_o mart_n the_o one_o the_o week_n before_o easter_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o september_n to_o continue_v for_o all_o the_o month_n at_o norenborough_n their_o exchange_n 〈◊〉_d make_v upon_o the_o say_a dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n and_o many_o time_n upon_o the_o florin_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n which_o they_o also_o divide_v into_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o every_o shilling_n twelve_o penny_n to_o keep_v their_o account_n by_o for_o bohemia_n bohemicos_fw-la bohemicos_fw-la exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o twenty_o and_o four_o bohemicos_fw-la at_o vienna_n they_o reckon_v by_o guilder_n or_o florin_n of_o eight_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n &_o two_o heller_n to_o the_o penny_n and_o exchange_n be_v make_v thereupon_o at_o baviera_n by_o guilder_n of_o seven_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n guilder_n diverse_a guilder_n for_o exchange_n and_o account_n in_o hungary_n by_o guilder_n of_o ten_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n and_o by_o florin_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n and_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o their_o ducat_n at_o breslo_n and_o leypsich_n they_o reckon_v by_o mark_n of_o thirty_o and_o two_o gross_v of_o twelve_o heller_n to_o the_o gross_a gross_v mark_v of_o 32_o gross_v and_o they_o exchange_n by_o thirty_o florin_n breslowe_v to_o have_v at_o vienna_n thirty_o and_o four_o florin_n or_o at_o norenborough_n thirty_o and_o two_o florin_n etc._n pound_n of_o 20_o shilling_n &_o 12_o heller_n etc._n etc._n at_o vlme_n they_o reckon_v by_o pound_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o heller_n to_o the_o shilling_n and_o their_o exchange_n be_v be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n at_o colloigne_n by_o dollar_n of_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n for_o account_n and_o exchange_n sterling_a pound_n sterling_a at_o embden_n they_o reckon_v by_o guilder_n and_o exchange_n upon_o the_o rickx_n dolor_n but_o from_o london_n thither_o and_o hither_o upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n shilling_n mark_v of_o 16_o shilling_n at_o hamborough_n they_o account_v by_o mark_n of_o sixteen_o shilling_n
eighty_o asper_n every_o asper_n be_v ten_o macharines_n at_o alexandria_n in_o egypt_n they_o account_v by_o ducat_n there_o be_v ducat_n de_fw-fr pargo_n make_v three_o ducat_n of_o venice_n pargo_n ducat_n de_fw-fr pargo_n also_o italian_a ducat_n of_o thirty_o and_o five_o maid_n and_o the_o venice_n ducat_n be_v better_a and_o make_v forty_o maid_n scot_n mark_v scot_n at_o edinburgh_n in_o scotland_n exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o mark_n piece_n of_o silver_n which_o be_v value_v in_o england_n at_o 13_o ½_n penny_n be_v otherwise_o 13⅓_n penny_n or_o thirteen_o shilling_n four_o penny_n scot_n so_o one_o mark_n and_o a_o half_a scot_n be_v twenty_o shilling_n scot_n and_o twenty_o penny_n sterling_a be_v one_o pound_n scottish_a scot_n pound_v scot_n which_o be_v twelve_o to_o one_o the_o 18_o piece_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n be_v by_o the_o say_a valuation_n twenty_o shilling_n three_o penny_n and_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n at_o london_n pay_v for_o twelve_o penny_n the_o say_a mark_n of_o 13_o ⅓_n penny_n at_o two_o or_o three_o month_n time_n in_o scotland_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v irish._n pound_n irish._n at_o dublin_n in_o ireland_n the_o fifteen_o shilling_n sterling_a be_v one_o pound_n irish_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v with_o allowance_n of_o six_o penny_n or_o eight_o penny_n upon_o every_o pound_n payable_a at_o london_n and_o for_o want_v of_o a_o mint_n no_o bullion_n be_v import_v thither_o and_o exchange_n be_v divert_v into_o other_o part_n at_o london_n all_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n for_o germany_n sterling_a pound_n sterling_a the_o low-countries_n and_o other_o place_n of_o traffic_n and_o for_o france_n upon_o the_o french_a crown_n for_o italy_n and_o spain_n and_o other_o place_n upon_o the_o ducat_n or_o for_o the_o doller_n and_o florin_n in_o some_o place_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n whereof_o more_o particular_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n chap._n four_o of_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o the_o term_n of_o art_n use_v therein_o the_o discrepance_n of_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n have_v a_o regard_n to_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o place_n or_o place_n where_o the_o money_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v wherein_o we_o may_v consider_v three_o kind_n of_o diversity_n call_v by_o the_o term_n of_o art_n in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n at_o sight_n usance_n and_o double_a usance_n or_o treble_a the_o take_n and_o deliver_v money_n at_o sight_n sight_n at_o sight_n bind_v the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n to_o give_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n direct_v upon_o his_o friend_n factor_n or_o servant_n in_o any_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o pay_v upon_o sight_n of_o it_o or_o within_o three_o four_o or_o more_o day_n so_o much_o money_n as_o have_v be_v take_v up_o by_o he_o after_o such_o a_o rate_n the_o pound_n doller_n ducat_n or_o crown_n as_o be_v agree_v upon_o between_o they_o in_o foreign_a coin_n either_o according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n or_o currant_n money_n for_o merchandise_n which_o be_v more_o ordinary_a because_o merchant_n will_v admit_v sometime_o to_o receive_v some_o coin_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n than_o they_o be_v value_v upon_o occasion_n that_o some_o species_n be_v require_v for_o transportation_n or_o some_o other_o use_n to_o make_v payment_n estate_n policy_n of_o estate_n which_o toleration_n be_v by_o authority_n many_o time_n suffer_v to_o draw_v money_n unto_o their_o place_n of_o jurisdiction_n herein_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o if_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a at_o so_o many_o day_n sight_n that_o the_o number_n of_o day_n must_v be_v express_v in_o the_o bill_n or_o bill_n for_o common_o there_o be_v make_v three_o bill_n of_o one_o tenor_n for_o every_o sum_n of_o money_n take_v up_o because_o if_o one_o bill_n be_v lose_v the_o other_o may_v serve_v in_o place_n the_o second_o time_n of_o payment_n call_v usance_n usance_n at_o usance_n which_o be_v either_o the_o time_n of_o one_o month_n two_o or_o three_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o hereafter_o be_v declare_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n where_o these_o exchange_n do_v run_v according_a to_o which_o time_n the_o party_n upon_o who_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v direct_v be_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o unless_o there_o be_v good_a cause_n to_o the_o contrary_a as_o shall_v appear_v hereafter_o usance_n double_a usance_n and_o treble_a usance_n the_o three_o time_n of_o payment_n call_v double_a usance_n be_v either_o two_o or_o more_o month_n or_o always_o double_a the_o time_n of_o the_o usance_n respect_v by_o custom_n the_o course_n thereof_o and_o many_o time_n exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o half_a usance_n which_o be_v fifteen_o day_n but_o consider_v the_o wind_n and_o other_o hindrance_n it_o be_v better_a to_o limit_v the_o day_n after_o sight_n in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o to_o send_v the_o same_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n with_o a_o letter_n of_o advice_n which_o the_o taker_n of_o money_n common_o do_v deliver_v with_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereunto_o the_o bill_n make_v also_o relation_n and_o treble_a usance_n be_v according_o mart_n payment_n in_o fair_n or_o mart_n there_o be_v another_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o exchange_n where_o great_a payment_n be_v make_v as_o in_o fair_n or_o mart_n as_o at_o madrill_n and_o medina_n del_fw-it campo_n by_o three_o ferias_fw-la in_o the_o year_n at_o lion_n by_o four_o payment_n yearly_a and_o at_o frankford_n twice_o every_o year_n etc._n etc._n the_o difference_n of_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n do_v alter_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o time_n common_o after_o twelve_o fifteen_o or_o twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n so_o between_o the_o pound_n sterling_a exchange_v for_o the_o low-countries_n at_o sight_n and_o usance_n be_v between_o four_o and_o five_o penny_n and_o double_a usance_n and_o usance_n six_o or_o seven_o penny_n which_o ordinary_o be_v account_v to_o be_v but_o four_o penny_n after_o 10_o pro_fw-la 100_o but_o for_o the_o fair_n and_o mart_n it_o be_v very_o uncertain_a because_o the_o payment_n be_v all_o at_o one_o time_n and_o the_o near_o the_o fair_n be_v at_o hand_n exchange_n consideration_n in_o exchange_n the_o more_o shall_v the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n save_v by_o pay_v less_o interest_n because_o he_o have_v not_o have_v the_o use_n of_o the_o money_n from_o the_o beginning_n that_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o the_o fair_n which_o in_o questionable_a matter_n be_v very_o considerable_a usance_n from_o london_n to_o and_o from_o middleborough_n amsterdam_n antuerpe_n bridges_n and_o other_o place_n in_o the_o low-countries_n be_v one_o month_n time_n from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o double_a usance_n be_v two_o month_n usance_n for_o hamborough_n be_v two_o month_n and_o for_o venice_n three_o month_n usance_n from_o antuerp_n to_o rome_n be_v two_o month_n and_o from_o lion_n to_o rome_n one_o month_n usance_n from_o antuerp_n to_o venice_n be_v two_o month_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o bank_n usance_n at_o florence_n be_v two_o month_n and_o from_o florence_n to_o london_n three_o month_n usance_n from_o genoa_n to_o rome_n and_o naples_n be_v ten_o day_n sight_n and_o for_o palermo_n and_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n by_o ordinary_a observation_n and_o so_o be_v luca_n from_o naples_n to_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n and_o the_o like_a for_o palermo_n usance_n for_o rouen_n and_o paris_n be_v one_o month_n but_o common_o at_o three_o week_n sight_n from_o antuerp_n and_o london_n to_o seville_a be_v two_o month_n castille_n payment_n be_v in_o three_o bank_n and_o ferias_fw-la de_fw-fr villalon_n medina_n del_fw-it campo_n and_o medina_n del_fw-it rio_n sicco_fw-it but_o many_o time_n prolong_v by_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n usance_n from_o lixborne_a to_o london_n and_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n which_o merchant_n be_v to_o know_v because_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v not_o declare_v the_o same_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o nature_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o nature_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v so_o noble_a and_o excel_a all_o other_o deal_n between_o merchant_n that_o the_o proceed_n therein_o be_v extraordinary_a and_o singular_a and_o not_o subject_a to_o any_o prescription_n by_o law_n or_o otherwise_o but_o mere_o subsist_v of_o a_o reverend_a custom_n use_v and_o solemnize_v concern_v the_o same_o for_o the_o better_a declaration_n whereof_o let_v we_o set_v down_o the_o form_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n from_o
london_n to_o amsterdam_n and_o from_o amsterdam_n to_o london_n again_o viz._n laus_fw-la deo_fw-la adi_n 20_o august_n 1622_o in_o london_n 500_o will_v 34_o ss_z 6_o d._n at_o usance_n pay_v by_o this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n unto_o a._n b._n the_o sum_n of_o five_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n flemish_n for_o every_o pound_n sterling_a currant_n money_n in_o merchandise_n for_o the_o value_n hereof_o receive_v by_o i_o of_o c.d._n and_o put_v it_o to_o account_v as_o per_fw-la advice_n a_o dio_n etc._n etc._n g.m._n on_o the_o backside_n be_v endorse_v to_o my_o love_a friend_n master_n w.c._n merchant_n at_o amsterdam_n p_o a_o this_o be_v the_o form_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n deliver_v and_o take_v up_o at_o london_n for_o amsterdam_n the_o second_o bill_n do_v differ_v in_o the_o addition_n of_o these_o word_n only_o at_o venice_n not_o have_v pay_v by_o my_o first_o bill_n pay_v by_o this_o my_o second_o bill_n and_o so_o in_o the_o three_o bill_n for_o there_o be_v common_o three_o bill_n make_v as_o aforesaid_a laus_fw-la deo_fw-la adj_n 20_o of_o september_n 1622_o in_o amsterdam_n 100_o will_v at_o 33_o ss_z 6_o d._n at_o usance_n pay_v this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n unto_o w._n m._n the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n lawful_a money_n of_o england_n for_o the_o value_n here_o by_o i_o receive_v of_o d._n h._n make_v he_o good_a payment_n and_o put_v it_o to_o your_o account_n god_n keep_v you_o subscribe_v w.c._n on_o the_o backside_n be_v endorse_v to_o my_o love_a friend_n master_n g.m._n merchant_n at_o london_n p_o a_o 1_o this_o be_v the_o form_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n take_v up_o at_o amsterdam_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o london_n wherein_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n may_v be_v make_v at_o sight_n or_o so_o many_o day_n after_o sight_n or_o at_o double_a usance_n according_a to_o the_o agreement_n or_o the_o bill_n may_v be_v direct_v to_o my_o servant_n or_o to_o himself_o or_o any_o other_o or_o it_o may_v say_v put_v it_o to_o the_o account_n of_o such_o a_o man_n but_o the_o best_a be_v to_o refer_v it_o to_o the_o letter_n of_o advice_n and_o where_o the_o first_o bill_n be_v note_v p_o a._n the_o second_o must_v be_v 2_o a._n and_o the_o three_o 3_o a_o you_o may_v not_o say_v in_o the_o bill_n it_o may_v please_v you_o to_o pay_v or_o i_o pray_v you_o to_o pay_v although_o it_o be_v to_o your_o master_n for_o the_o bill_n of_o his_o high_a nature_n do_v carry_v with_o it_o a_o command_n without_o respect_n of_o person_n and_o most_o man_n will_v not_o use_v the_o word_n make_v he_o good_a payment_n but_o the_o few_o word_n the_o more_o formal_a neither_o be_v there_o any_o witness_n unto_o it_o nor_o any_o seal_n but_o a_o small_a piece_n of_o paper_n of_o some_o two_o finger_n broad_a and_o the_o letter_n of_o advice_n do_v declare_v for_o who_o account_n or_o to_o what_o intent_n or_o purpose_n the_o say_a money_n be_v take_v up_o which_o letter_n of_o advice_n do_v accompany_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n with_o the_o like_a inscription_n with_o the_o word_n de_fw-fr adviso_fw-la also_o for_o money_n here_o deliver_v where_o the_o ground_n of_o exchange_n be_v of_o the_o twenty_o shilling_n whereupon_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v you_o may_v not_o express_v what_o the_o sterling_a money_n make_v in_o flemish_a money_n not_o so_o much_o for_o that_o by_o misca_v you_o may_v make_v yourself_o liable_a as_o for_o that_o it_o be_v not_o mannerly_a to_o cast_v up_o another_o man_n account_n neither_o may_v you_o make_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n payable_a to_o the_o bearer_n or_o bringer_n thereof_o as_o you_o make_v your_o bill_n obligatorie_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o avoid_v the_o inconvenience_n which_o may_v happen_v in_o derogation_n of_o the_o nobleness_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n of_o exchange_n abuse_v although_o now_o use_v or_o abuse_v which_o every_o merchant_n be_v to_o maintain_v all_o other_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o germany_n spain_n italy_n france_n the_o low-countries_n portugal_n or_o any_o other_o place_n between_o they_o to_z and_z from_o place_n to_o place_n do_v not_o differ_v in_o the_o form_n but_o in_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o bank_n or_o out_o of_o the_o bank_n or_o in_o such_o a_o fair_a or_o mart_n at_o such_o time_n and_o in_o such_o money_n according_a to_o the_o country_n 2_o the_o banker_n and_o diverse_a italian_n have_v a_o custom_n exchange_n rare_a custom_n in_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o for_o the_o money_n take_v by_o they_o or_o for_o their_o company_n or_o any_o other_o one_o of_o their_o servant_n do_v make_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o he_o subscribe_v the_o name_n of_o he_o or_o of_o the_o company_n for_o who_o it_o be_v take_v up_o and_o the_o master_n he_o do_v write_v under_o the_o say_a bill_n pagate_v come_v si_fw-mi dice_n that_o be_v to_o say_v pay_v as_o it_o be_v say_v and_o this_o go_v as_o currant_n among_o merchant_n as_o any_o other_o bill_n make_v by_o the_o party_n own_o hand_n and_o all_o proceed_n thereupon_o be_v do_v according_o 3_o they_o have_v also_o a_o ordinary_a custom_n to_o transfer_v and_o put_v over_o their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n before_o they_o be_v make_v unto_o any_o other_o person_n as_o for_o example_n one_o in_o antuerpe_n do_v deliver_v by_o exchange_n five_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a to_o be_v pay_v here_o in_o london_n unto_o another_o merchant_n there_o who_o be_v to_o make_v he_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o same_o afterward_o within_o two_o or_o three_o day_n this_o deliverer_n of_o money_n have_v occasion_n to_o take_v up_o five_o hundred_o pound_n for_o london_n and_o have_v take_v the_o same_o of_o another_o merchant_n he_o be_v to_o make_v he_o also_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o this_o money_n as_o the_o other_o merchant_n be_v to_o make_v he_o for_o the_o five_o hundred_o pound_n which_o he_o do_v deliver_v he_o by_o exchange_n for_o london_n as_o aforesaid_a hereupon_o he_o know_v the_o name_n of_o the_o party_n in_o london_n to_o who_o the_o other_o man_n money_n be_v to_o be_v make_v payable_a cause_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o the_o say_a party_n as_o he_o shall_v have_v do_v with_o his_o own_o proper_a bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o whereas_o the_o value_n shall_v be_v mention_v to_o be_v receive_v of_o the_o second_o man_n that_o do_v deliver_v he_o the_o money_n he_o cause_v both_o of_o they_o to_o be_v name_v in_o the_o bill_n and_o sometime_o three_o or_o four_o be_v name_v in_o the_o say_a bill_n if_o it_o be_v so_o often_o rechange_v by_o say_v for_o the_o value_n receive_v of_o such_o a_o man_n for_o such_o a_o man_n and_o such_o a_o man_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o such_o a_o man_n this_o be_v good_a at_o all_o assay_n for_o the_o reverence_n which_o be_v bear_v to_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o by_o these_o mean_n there_o be_v charge_n and_o factoridge_n save_v between_o the_o party_n beside_o the_o commodiousness_n that_o one_o man_n do_v write_v and_o send_v this_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o all_o those_o that_o do_v change_v and_o rechange_v there_o the_o say_a money_n which_o be_v not_o do_v all_o in_o one_o sum_n and_o with_o one_o bill_n of_o exchange_n but_o the_o sum_n may_v be_v make_v up_o by_o many_o bill_n of_o exchange_n payable_a all_o to_o that_o man_n although_o it_o be_v by_o diverse_a person_n such_o and_o the_o like_a course_n be_v daily_o use_v and_o practise_v beyond_o the_o sea_n without_o interruption_n in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n which_o may_v seem_v to_o be_v intricate_a this_o course_n of_o deal_n be_v altogether_o strange_a to_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n and_o can_v be_v determine_v thereby_o for_o whereas_o with_o the_o advice_n of_o merchant_n some_o matter_n upon_o bill_n of_o exchange_n have_v be_v try_v upon_o a_o action_n of_o assumpsit_fw-la here_o be_v neither_o consideration_n nor_o assumpsit_fw-la to_o be_v prove_v unless_o the_o bill_n have_v be_v accept_v wherein_o be_v many_o observation_n to_o make_v this_o more_o apparent_a therefore_o let_v we_o illustrate_v this_o by_o example_n peter_n deliver_v five_o hundred_o pound_n to_o john_n who_o be_v to_o give_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o peter_n take_v up_o five_o hundred_o pound_n of_o william_n and_o may_v give_v he_o the_o say_a bill_n of_o john_n for_o it_o william_n take_v up_o five_o hundred_o pound_n of_o nicholas_n and_o may_v deliver_v john_n and_o peter_n bill_n for_o it_o nicholas_n take_v up_o five_o hundred_o pound_n of_o francis_n &_o do_v give_v he_o the_o bill_n
the_o same_o be_v direct_v do_v give_v notice_n that_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o which_o do_v there_o be_v a_o end_n if_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o contrary_a wind_n or_o other_o occasion_n be_v so_o long_o upon_o the_o way_n that_o the_o usance_n or_o the_o time_n limit_v by_o the_o bill_n be_v expire_v and_o be_v present_v to_o the_o party_n for_o the_o payment_n he_o will_v not_o pay_v the_o same_o than_o the_o notary_n do_v make_v the_o protest_v both_o for_o the_o non-acceptation_n and_o for_o the_o nonpayment_n recite_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n verbatim_o and_o moreover_o he_o call_v unto_o he_o some_o swear_a broker_n of_o exchange_n bill_n the_o manner_n of_o payment_n of_o a_o protest_v bill_n to_o know_v how_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n run_v at_o usance_n for_o the_o place_n where_o the_o money_n be_v take_v up_o and_o he_o make_v of_o it_o a_o declaration_n in_o the_o protest_v according_a unto_o which_o it_o must_v be_v answer_v beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o change_n rechange_v brokeridge_n and_o all_o charge_n which_o must_v be_v pay_v according_a unto_o usance_n from_o london_n to_o the_o place_n aforesaid_a as_o for_o example_n suppose_v the_o sum_n be_v one_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a take_v up_o at_o amsterdam_n for_o london_n payable_a at_o usance_n which_o be_v one_o month_n time_n at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n and_o eight_o flemish_a money_n for_o one_o pound_n sterling_a for_o which_o be_v receive_v at_o amsterdam_n in_o that_o money_n one_o hundred_o sixty_o and_o eight_o pound_n six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n the_o bill_n not_o be_v pay_v here_o and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v certify_v by_o the_o broker_n and_o the_o notary_n protest_v to_o be_v at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n six_o penny_n from_o london_n to_o amsterdam_n hereupon_o the_o account_n be_v cast_v up_o at_o amsterdam_n according_o which_o come_v to_o one_o hundred_o seventie_o and_o two_o pound_n and_o ten_o shilling_n add_v hereunto_o brokeridge_n and_o port_n of_o letter_n here_o and_o at_o amsterdam_n and_o sometime_o factoridge_n which_o be_v together_o one_o in_o the_o hundred_o which_o amount_v to_o thirty_o and_o four_o shilling_n so_o he_o receive_v at_o amsterdam_n one_o hundred_o seventie_o four_o pound_n and_o four_o shilling_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o this_o protest_v bill_n which_o be_v five_o pound_n seventeen_o shilling_n four_o penny_n more_o than_o he_o have_v disburse_v which_o he_o pay_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o money_n for_o two_o month_n and_o so_o for_o other_o bill_n etc._n etc._n chap._n viii_o of_o reciprocal_a and_o double_a exchange_n exchange_n reciprocal_a exchange_n the_o like_a custom_n be_v observe_v in_o all_o reciprocal_a and_o double_a exchange_n make_v between_o merchant_n for_o several_a place_n without_o disburse_v of_o any_o money_n on_o either_o side_n where_o the_o say_v exchange_n be_v make_v but_o be_v mere_o depend_v upon_o the_o payment_n to_o be_v make_v in_o foreign_a part_n these_o exchange_n be_v either_o positive_a between_o the_o party_n or_o accidental_a the_o positive_a exchange_n have_v a_o certain_a price_n agree_v upon_o between_o both_o party_n exchange_n positive_a price_n of_o exchange_n reciprocal_o exchange_v one_o with_o another_o as_o for_o example_n a._n b._n of_o london_n have_v a_o continual_a trade_n of_o hamshire_n kersey_n for_o venice_n by_o the_o way_n of_o germany_n and_o make_v his_o return_n altogether_o by_o exchange_n c.d._n of_o london_n also_o have_v on_o the_o other_o side_n a_o continual_a trade_n for_o redding_n and_o kentish_a colour_n clothes_n for_o antuerpe_n where_o have_v make_v money_n of_o his_o clothes_n he_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v make_v over_o by_o exchange_n for_o venice_n to_o be_v employ_v there_o in_o organsine_n silk_n or_o other_o commodity_n to_o be_v send_v for_o london_n these_o two_o merchant_n consider_v each_o other_o trade_n and_o the_o adventure_n of_o deliver_v their_o money_n by_o exchange_n to_o other_o beyond_o the_o sea_n wherein_o they_o must_v trust_v their_o factor_n or_o servant_n or_o they_o must_v take_v up_o the_o money_n by_o exchange_n themselves_o with_o some_o disadvantage_n do_v make_v a_o agreement_n and_o contract_n of_o exchange_n between_o they_o that_o a._n b._n shall_v cause_v from_o time_n to_o time_n for_o and_o during_o the_o term_n of_o one_o year_n all_o the_o money_n which_o he_o shall_v have_v at_o venice_n to_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o factor_n of_o c.d._n at_o venice_n and_o the_o say_v c.d._n shall_v cause_v in_o like_a manner_n all_o the_o money_n which_o he_o have_v at_o antuerpe_n to_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o factor_n of_o a.b._n at_o antuerpe_n who_o make_v over_o this_o money_n unto_o he_o by_o exchange_n either_o direct_o for_o london_n or_o for_o some_o other_o place_n as_o amsterdam_n or_o hamborough_n and_o so_o from_o thence_o for_o london_n profit_n observation_n of_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o most_o profit_n according_a as_o he_o observe_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v most_o beneficial_a for_o himself_o or_o as_o the_o factor_n if_o he_o be_v judicious_a shall_v observe_v the_o same_o for_o he_o by_o this_o agreement_n or_o contract_n the_o say_v two_o merchant_n do_v agree_v and_o conclude_v between_o they_o a_o set_v or_o positive_a price_n of_o exchange_n as_o well_o for_o venice_n as_o for_o antuerpe_n whereby_o the_o ducat_n of_o venice_n shall_v be_v rate_v at_o so_o many_o penny_n flemish_a for_o the_o money_n which_o be_v receive_v at_o antuerp_n or_o the_o pound_n flemish_n may_v be_v value_v in_o sterling_a money_n after_o a_o rate_n and_o the_o ducat_n of_o venice_n likewise_o and_o hereupon_o they_o do_v clear_v their_o account_n between_o they_o once_o a_o year_n according_o which_o sometime_o be_v do_v with_o allowance_n of_o interest_n for_o the_o discrepance_n of_o time_n if_o it_o be_v without_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o do_v only_o by_o letter_n of_o advice_n or_o acquittance_n of_o receipt_n to_o reckon_v by_o which_o be_v more_o usual_a in_o these_o positive_a exchange_n where_o the_o price_n be_v agree_v upon_o in_o certainty_n for_o such_o a_o time_n the_o accidental_a reciprocal_a exchange_n on_o the_o contrary_n be_v uncertain_a in_o their_o price_n price_n accidental_a exchange_n in_o price_n and_o alter_v from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n run_v as_o for_o example_n a._n b._n call_v unto_o he_o a_o broker_n of_o exchange_n and_o tell_v he_o that_o he_o have_v occasion_n to_o take_v up_o one_o thousand_o ducat_n for_o venice_n and_o that_o he_o be_v to_o make_v over_o the_o say_a money_n for_o antuerpe_n and_o will_v know_v the_o price_n for_o both_o place_n the_o broker_n answer_v that_o he_o will_v effect_v the_o same_o and_o that_o the_o price_n of_o venice_n be_v fifty_o and_o six_o penny_n for_o the_o ducat_n and_o for_o antuerpe_n thirty_o and_o three_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o the_o pound_n sterling_a and_o present_o after_o he_o come_v to_o a.b._n the_o merchant_n again_o and_o tell_v he_o that_o c.d._n the_o merchant_n be_v content_v to_o deliver_v he_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n for_o venice_n and_o to_o take_v up_o the_o same_o for_o he_o again_o for_o antuerpe_n either_o at_o the_o same_o price_n or_o thereabouts_o these_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o fifty_o six_o penny_n do_v amount_v to_o two_o hundred_o thirty_o and_o three_o pound_n six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n sterling_a for_o which_o c._n d._n give_v bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o antuerpe_n to_o be_v pay_v there_o at_o usance_n which_o be_v one_o month_n time_n from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o twenty_o shilling_n or_o one_o pound_n sterling_a and_o a.b._n give_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n reciprocal_o to_o c._n d._n for_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n to_o be_v pay_v at_o venice_n at_o usance_n which_o be_v three_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n and_o here_o be_v no_o money_n pay_v on_o either_o side_n at_o london_n and_o yet_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n say_v the_o usual_a word_n for_o the_o value_n receive_v of_o each_o other_o according_a to_o their_o agreement_n and_o both_o party_n send_v their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o aforesaid_a place_n not_o long_o after_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o c._n d._n give_v for_o antuerpe_n come_v back_o again_o by_o protest_v for_o the_o non-acceptation_n and_o not_o long_o after_o that_o another_z protest_v for_o the_o nonpayment_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n hereupon_o a.b._n come_v or_o send_v to_o c._n d._n for_o to_o have_v satisfaction_n for_o this_o bill_n of_o exchange_n deliver_v he_o for_o antuerpe_n and_o c._n d._n give_v he_o full_a satisfaction_n of_o it_o with_o the_o rechange_v and_o charge_n
according_a to_o the_o say_a custom_n if_o he_o be_v a_o substantial_a man_n of_o credit_n and_o reputation_n for_o although_o the_o say_v c._n d._n be_v the_o first_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n unto_o a._n b._n by_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n for_o venice_n and_o may_v allege_v that_o he_o receive_v no_o money_n of_o he_o but_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o venice_n whereof_o he_o have_v no_o advice_n whether_o it_o be_v accept_v or_o not_o yet_o such_o be_v the_o precise_a and_o commendable_a custom_n use_v in_o exchange_n that_o he_o may_v not_o stand_v upon_o any_o evasion_n or_o allegation_n which_o may_v interrupt_v the_o say_a course_n without_o manifest_a discredit_n unto_o he_o unless_o there_o be_v cause_n of_o doubt_n that_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n of_o a._n b._n shall_v not_o be_v accomplish_v at_o venice_n neither_o may_v a._n b._n without_o discredit_n countermand_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o venice_n unless_o there_o be_v just_a cause_n to_o call_v the_o credit_n of_o c._n d._n in_o question_n for_o the_o manner_n of_o these_o exchange_n be_v usual_a in_o all_o the_o place_n of_o great_a exchange_n as_o lion_n bizanson_n madrill_n and_o venice_n where_o the_o most_o stand_a bank_n be_v and_o where_o they_o do_v get_v money_n ingenious_o by_o the_o calculation_n upon_o their_o payment_n at_o the_o fair_n or_o market_n by_o intermissive_a time_n either_o twice_o or_o thrice_o within_o the_o year_n in_o regard_n whereof_o and_o to_o avoid_v this_o observation_n in_o that_o strictness_n they_o have_v use_v to_o say_v in_o their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n per_fw-la la_fw-fr valuta_n cambiata_n for_o the_o value_n exchange_v with_o such_o a_o one_o exchange_v the_o value_n of_o money_n exchange_v and_o not_o for_o the_o value_n receive_v as_o aforesaid_a because_o they_o make_v their_o payment_n as_o it_o be_v all_o at_o one_o time_n which_o be_v otherwise_o in_o those_o place_n where_o no_o bank_n be_v keep_v or_o may_v be_v also_o in_o some_o of_o these_o place_n if_o the_o money_n be_v payable_a without_o the_o bank_n as_o we_o have_v note_v before_o many_o merchant_n traffic_v only_o in_o exchange_n become_v good_a observer_n and_o as_o ingenious_a as_o the_o banker_n themselves_o according_a to_o the_o adage_n fabricando_fw-la fabri_fw-la fimus_fw-la whereby_o they_o know_v the_o variation_n of_o their_o compass_n and_o the_o point_n to_o direct_v their_o course_n by_o observe_v the_o accidental_a cause_n of_o great_a payment_n of_o money_n to_o be_v make_v in_o some_o place_n and_o of_o employment_n to_o be_v make_v upon_o commodity_n in_o some_o other_o place_n or_o the_o scarcity_n of_o money_n for_o some_o place_n and_o the_o plenty_n for_o other_o place_n or_o the_o generality_n of_o both_o calling_z it_o as_o the_o spaniard_n say_v la_fw-fr placa_fw-la eâ—â—a_fw-la larga_fw-la lo_o estrecha_fw-la the_o exchange_n or_o place_n be_v straight_o or_o plenteous_a so_o that_o those_o merchant_n run_v with_o the_o stream_n can_v make_v their_o exchange_n beneficial_a unto_o themselves_o and_o that_o without_o stock_n or_o capital_a of_o their_o own_o but_o mere_o by_o take_v up_o money_n for_o one_o place_n and_o deliver_v the_o same_o for_o another_o place_n at_o a_o undervalue_v in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n send_v many_o time_n the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la which_o have_v be_v take_v up_o by_o exchange_n when_o the_o same_o do_v yield_v more_o than_o the_o price_n at_o which_o they_o take_v up_o the_o same_o as_o in_o our_o precedent_a treatise_n have_v be_v declare_v more_o ample_o this_o orderly_a course_n of_o payment_n or_o satisfaction_n to_o be_v make_v for_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v admit_v no_o rescounter_n or_o stoppage_n but_o voluntary_a voluntary_a rescounter_v in_o exchange_n be_v voluntary_a that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o i_o owe_v you_o one_o hundred_o pound_n by_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o i_o accept_v and_o within_o three_o or_o four_o day_n you_o shall_v owe_v i_o the_o like_o hundred_o pound_n for_o another_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o you_o accept_v i_o can_v rescounter_v these_o payment_n to_o answer_v each_o other_o unless_o you_o condescend_v thereunto_o although_o the_o money_n be_v due_a to_o be_v pay_v but_o every_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v to_o be_v answer_v and_o pay_v in_o his_o proper_a nature_n for_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o some_o countermand_n be_v make_v by_o he_o that_o cause_v this_o money_n to_o be_v make_v over_o unto_o you_o before_o you_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o say_a bill_n which_o for_o some_o cause_n you_o be_v to_o conceal_v for_o a_o time_n you_o be_v for_o all_o that_o to_o be_v pay_v of_o your_o hundred_o pound_n or_o the_o diligence_n which_o be_v requisite_a to_o be_v do_v herein_o be_v both_o way_n to_o be_v observe_v according_o but_o when_o it_o be_v do_v by_o voluntary_a consent_n and_o agreement_n then_o be_v it_o questionless_a for_o voluntas_fw-la est_fw-la mensura_fw-la actionum_fw-la etc._n will_n do_v regulate_v action_n etc._n etc._n the_o will_n do_v regulate_v the_o action_n and_o if_o any_o factor_n do_v the_o same_o for_o another_o man_n account_n without_o commission_n he_o shall_v be_v answerable_a for_o it_o as_o before_o be_v declare_v in_o the_o title_n of_o factor_n and_o servant_n and_o the_o commission_n give_v unto_o they_o for_o the_o better_a explanation_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n take_v up_o for_o one_o place_n and_o deliver_v again_o for_o another_o place_n let_v we_o observe_v this_o example_n ten_o thousand_o ducat_n be_v take_v up_o at_o antuerp_n for_o venice_n at_o usance_n of_o two_o month_n at_o several_a price_n of_o 113_o ½_n penny_n 114_o penny_n and_o 115_o ½_n penny_n for_o the_o ducat_n be_v the_o medium_fw-la or_o one_o with_o another_o at_o 115_o penny_n make_v flemish_a money_n r._n 4791_o 13_o 4_o these_o r._n 4791_o 13_o 4_o money_n example_n of_o exchange_n and_o rechange_n of_o money_n be_v make_v over_o for_o london_n at_o usance_n be_v one_o month_n at_o diverse_a price_n whereof_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 32_o shilling_n four_o penny_n and_o make_v 2875_o will_v 0_o ss_z 0_o do_v these_o r._n 2875_o sterling_a be_v receive_v and_o factoridge_n brokeridge_n and_o port_n of_o letter_n deduct_v remain_v 2860_o will_v which_o be_v make_v over_o for_o antuerp_n again_o at_o several_a price_n and_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 34_o ss_z 2_o ½_n d._n 4894_o will_v 15_o 10_o the_o ten_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o venice_n be_v take_v up_o for_o frankford_n at_o 130_o florin_n of_o 65_o creutzer_n for_o 100_o ducat_n whereunto_o factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n add_v it_o amount_v to_o 13130_o dollar_n or_o florin_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n and_o with_o brokeridge_n and_o factoridge_n at_o frankford_n be_v florin_n 13260_o flo._n 0_o ss_z 0_o do_v the_o 4894_o 15_o 10_o flemish_n receive_v in_o antuerp_n be_v make_v over_o for_o madrill_n in_o spain_n at_o diverse_a price_n whereof_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 106_o penny_n for_o a_o ducat_n of_o 375_o maluedeis_fw-la to_o be_v pay_v in_o bank_n at_o four_o month_n time_n with_o five_o upon_o the_o thousand_o and_o make_v ducat_n 11132_o duc._n 12_o ss_z 6_o d_o these_o 11132_o ducat_n twelve_o shilling_n six_o penny_n of_o a_o ducat_n be_v make_v over_o from_o madrill_n to_o lixborne_n in_o portugal_n and_o deduct_v factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n there_o remain_v 11010_o ducat_n of_o 440_o reas_n for_o every_o ducat_n of_o 375_o maluedeis_fw-la or_o 11_o ryalls_z be_v 4844_o u_o 620_o vlas_n and_o ducat_n 12111_o duc._n 11_o ss_z 0_o do_v these_o 12111_o ducat_n or_o crusat_n of_o lixborne_n make_v over_o to_o antuerp_n factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n deduct_v remain_v 11990_o ducat_n at_o 98_o penny_n flemish_n every_o ducat_n or_o crusat_n be_v flemish_n r._n 4895_o 18_o 4_o the_o 13260_o florin_n of_o frankford_n take_v up_o for_o antuerp_n at_o 81_o penny_n r._n 4530_o 10_o 0_o  _fw-fr r._n 365_o 8_o 4_o these_o money_n pay_v brokeridge_n and_o factoridge_n for_o venice_n and_o deliver_v for_o london_n and_o for_o madrill_n 38_o two_o 4_o which_o must_v be_v deduct_v r._n 38_o 2_o 4_o so_o there_o be_v advance_v by_o industry_n with_o other_o man_n money_n r._n 327_o 6_o 0_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o feat_n of_o banker_n perform_v by_o exchange_n we_o have_v in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o book_n make_v a_o description_n of_o bank_n and_o banker_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o payment_n and_o exchange_n make_v in_o bank_n for_o commodity_n buy_v and_o sell_v and_o have_v in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n declare_v the_o four_o manner_n of_o exchange_n and_o the_o merchandize_v exchange_n by_o denomination_n of_o it_o to_o be_v the_o canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n let_v we_o now_o entreat_v of_o the_o feat_n of_o banker_n some_o man_n of_o judgement_n have_v find_v my_o writing_n
rate_n according_a to_o which_o calculation_n the_o say_v royal_a of_o eight_o be_v by_o we_o receive_v at_o five_o shilling_n and_o two_o penny_n which_o be_v but_o four_o shilling_n 2_o ½_n penny_n or_o thereabouts_o the_o difference_n be_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o less_o than_o two_o month_n time_n add_v hereunto_o the_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o to_o be_v have_v by_o the_o say_v royal_n of_o eight_o that_o the_o same_o be_v better_o in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n than_o our_o six_o penny_n sterling_a which_o be_v take_v to_o answer_v the_o say_v royal_a by_o a_o common_a calculation_n by_o reason_n whereof_o there_o will_v be_v give_v so_o much_o in_o his_o majesty_n mint_n or_o thereabouts_o that_o be_v to_o say_v four_o shilling_n and_o five_o penny_n or_o at_o the_o least_o four_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n ½_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o five_o shilling_n sterling_a for_o a_o ounce_n of_o that_o standard_n so_o together_o be_v twenty_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o benefit_n 1622._o a_o treatise_n of_o free_a trade_n 1622._o which_o cause_v a_o merchant_n adventurer_n to_o set_v down_o in_o print_v a_o interrogation_n in_o this_o manner_n who_o will_v procure_v licence_n in_o spain_n to_o bring_v real_n into_o england_n to_o sell_v they_o here_o at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o gain_n which_o be_v less_o than_o the_o exchange_n from_o thence_o will_v yield_v when_o he_o may_v have_v for_o the_o same_o 25_o in_o the_o 100_o in_o holland_n a_o matter_n whereby_o merchant_n be_v easy_o induce_v to_o divert_v the_o say_a royal_n from_o the_o realm_n to_o those_o and_o other_o country_n and_o by_o the_o common_a understanding_n to_o remedy_v the_o same_o it_o be_v think_v there_o be_v no_o mean_n to_o meet_v with_o foreign_a nation_n in_o the_o inhance_a of_o money_n but_o we_o must_v do_v the_o like_a albeit_o experience_n have_v show_v long_o since_o that_o this_o be_v not_o effectual_a nor_o any_o true_a remedy_n now_o if_o we_o will_v consider_v thing_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n aforesaid_a it_o will_v plain_o appear_v that_o the_o say_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n more_o than_o in_o england_n be_v but_o imaginary_a if_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n be_v reform_v for_o let_v five_o of_o these_o royal_n of_o eight_o be_v buy_v in_o england_n for_o twenty_o two_o shilling_n and_o be_v transport_v into_o holland_n and_o there_o buy_v commodity_n with_o the_o same_o which_o be_v according_a as_o the_o price_n of_o they_o be_v enhance_v for_o as_o the_o money_n rise_v in_o price_n so_o do_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n it_o may_v fall_v out_o the_o say_a merchant_n shall_v become_v loser_n by_o the_o commodity_n so_o that_o the_o same_o can_v be_v term_v causa_fw-la movens_fw-la but_o the_o spanish_a merchant_n which_o cause_n their_o royal_n to_o be_v send_v into_o holland_n or_o zealand_n from_o spain_n or_o from_o the_o down_n rely_v whole_o upon_o the_o low-exchange_n whereby_o they_o be_v enable_v to_o deliver_v there_o their_o money_n by_o exchange_n at_o a_o undervalue_v at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n flemish_n and_o under_o for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a whereby_o the_o kingdom_n make_v good_a unto_o they_o the_o say_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o consist_v between_o the_o price_n of_o forty_o two_o stiver_n and_o fifty_o one_o stiver_n which_o be_v almost_o eighteen_o pro_fw-la hundred_o if_o the_o royal_a go_v but_o for_o fifty_o stiver_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n so_o that_o if_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v according_o which_o will_v be_v above_o thirty_o seven_o shilling_n six_o penny_n this_o gain_n will_v not_o be_v at_o all_o and_o money_n will_v be_v import_v unto_o we_o and_o not_o export_v for_o the_o rule_n be_v infallable_n exchange_n a_o maxim_n in_o exchange_n that_o when_o the_o exchange_n answer_v the_o true_a value_n of_o money_n according_a to_o their_o intrinsicke_a weight_n and_o fineness_n and_o their_o extrinsicke_a valuation_n they_o be_v never_o export_v because_o the_o say_a gain_n be_v answer_v by_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o transportation_n to_o make_v this_o evident_a in_o the_o rickx_n doller_n which_o be_v the_o main_a and_o most_o usual_a coin_n in_o germany_n eastland_n the_o unite_a and_o reconcile_v low-countries_n before_o their_o late_a proclamation_n and_o currant_n in_o many_o other_o country_n observe_v we_o that_o the_o say_v doller_n be_v value_v at_o two_o mark_n lubish_n 1575._o a_o shilling_n lubish_n and_o a_o stiver_n flemish_n be_v all_o one_o 1575._o every_o mark_n be_v sixteen_o shilling_n lubish_n or_o sixteen_o stiver_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1575._o the_o say_a rickx_n doller_n be_v still_o coin_a in_o the_o empire_n for_o thirty_o two_o shilling_n or_o stiver_n and_o so_o currant_n by_o valuation_n in_o the_o low-countries_n whereby_o they_o be_v all_o one_o in_o denomination_n and_o effect_n but_o the_o war_n in_o the_o low-countries_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o inhance_a of_o this_o doller_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o thirty_o five_o stiver_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1586_o to_o forty_o five_o stiver_n or_o to_o fifty_o two_o stiver_n now_o by_o intermissive_a valuation_n and_o time_n howbeit_o at_o hamborough_n stoade_n and_o other_o place_n in_o germany_n the_o say_a doller_n do_v remain_v still_o at_o thirty_o two_o shilling_n lubish_n or_o two_o mark_n and_o as_o the_o say_v doller_n do_v enhance_v in_o price_n so_o do_v they_o in_o the_o low-countries_n coin_v new_a stiver_n according_o sometime_o light_a in_o weight_n fallacy_n a_o great_a fallacy_n and_o at_o other_o time_n embase_v by_o copper_n or_o alloy_n and_o yet_o in_o account_n the_o stiver_n do_v and_o do_v remain_v the_o ground_n of_o all_o their_o money_n but_o the_o say_v doller_n hold_v his_o standard_n agreeable_a to_o the_o first_o doller_n call_v the_o burgundian_n doller_n with_o saint_n andrew_n cross_n coin_a in_o the_o year_n 1567._o which_o be_v in_o fineness_n ten_o ounce_n twelve_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o four_o and_o one_o half_a of_o these_o dollar_n be_v make_v equivolent_a to_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a as_o a_o public_a measure_n between_o we_o and_o the_o low-countries_n germany_n and_o other_o place_n where_o this_o doller_n go_v currant_n as_o you_o may_v observe_v in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n these_o dollar_n have_v since_o be_v imitate_v and_o make_v by_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n in_o their_o several_a mint_n alter_v only_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o several_a province_n as_o also_o by_o the_o archduke_n albertus_n in_o the_o reconcile_a low_a province_n and_o the_o price_n of_o they_o at_o hamborough_n stoad_n and_o other_o place_n be_v but_o advance_v to_o one_o stiver_n or_o shilling_n lubish_n more_o that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n lubish_n go_v the_o same_o go_v in_o the_o low-countries_n for_o forty_o five_o stiver_n which_o make_v the_o diversity_n of_o the_o say_v par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n for_o the_o low-countries_n and_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n for_o hamborough_n netherlands_o in_o the_o netherlands_o be_v all_o one_o in_o substance_n this_o doller_n be_v since_o that_o time_n as_o i_o say_v enhance_v to_o fifty_o two_o stiver_n in_o the_o low-countries_n which_o make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n above_o thirty_o eight_o shilling_n or_o rather_o thirty_o nine_o shilling_n and_o shall_v the_o kingdom_n suffer_v this_o and_o not_o alter_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_o but_o be_v content_v to_o take_v thirty_o four_o or_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n and_o after_o that_o rate_n undersell_v all_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n germany_n in_o germany_n this_o doller_n be_v likewise_o since_o that_o time_n more_o enhance_v in_o germany_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o leave_v the_o excessive_a valuation_n in_o remote_a place_n let_v we_o note_v the_o valuation_n of_o hamborough_n where_o it_o have_v be_v at_o fifty_o four_o stiver_n the_o doller_n which_o make_v the_o exchange_n above_o forty_o shilling_n of_o their_o money_n for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o although_o we_o have_v raise_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n from_o twenty_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n to_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n and_o thereabouts_o shall_v we_o rest_v here_o and_o go_v no_o further_o have_v we_o reason_n to_o do_v it_o in_o part_n and_o not_o in_o the_o whole_a according_a to_o justice_n equity_n and_o true_a policy_n and_o shall_v we_o be_v like_o a_o man_n that_o by_o halt_v in_o jest_n become_v lame_a in_o earnest_n absic_n ignorantia_fw-la the_o money_n in_o christendom_n which_o have_v their_o ebb_a and_o flow_v do_v show_v their_o operation_n upon_o commodity_n operation_n the_o course_n of_o money_n and_o exchange_n be_v contraty_n in_o operation_n make_v by_o
they_o agree_v to_o reckon_v the_o money_n in_o exchange_n but_o at_o thirty_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a and_o so_o make_v return_v each_o to_o other_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o money_n shall_v be_v receive_v both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n whereupon_o put_v the_o case_n that_o there_o be_v receive_v at_o amsterdam_n one_o thousand_o and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n flemish_n for_o cloth_n and_o at_o london_n there_o be_v receive_v one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a for_o velvet_n and_o silk_n which_o according_a to_o the_o say_a computation_n be_v all_o one_o in_o effect_n between_o they_o and_o may_v by_o way_n of_o rescounter_n answer_v each_o other_o in_o account_n but_o the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n know_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o money_n there_o he_o can_v make_v a_o great_a gain_n to_o have_v the_o say_v one_o thousand_o pound_n to_o be_v send_v unto_o he_o in_o specie_fw-la he_o desire_v the_o londoner_n to_o send_v unto_o he_o this_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a in_o silver_n or_o gold_n coin_n royal_n of_o eight_o or_o rickx_v dollar_n whereby_o he_o shall_v profit_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o mean_v aforesaid_a which_o amount_v to_o one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o pound_n gain_n now_o the_o londoner_n have_v his_o one_o thousand_o and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n flemish_n or_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a at_o amsterdam_n can_v do_v the_o like_a because_o the_o money_n by_o the_o say_v inhaunce_v be_v receive_v there_o above_o the_o value_n so_o that_o his_o money_n must_v be_v deliver_v there_o by_o exchange_n at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n or_o under_o whereby_o he_o receive_v here_o the_o say_v 1500_o will_v flemish_n with_o no_o gain_n at_o all_o thus_o the_o account_n be_v make_v even_o between_o they_o but_o by_o these_o mean_v the_o kingdom_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o 1000_o will_v of_o the_o merchant_n money_n send_v to_o amsterdam_n which_o do_v not_o only_o procure_v want_n of_o our_o money_n but_o cause_v also_o the_o native_a commodity_n to_o be_v undersell_v and_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o be_v advance_v in_o price_n beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o plenty_n of_o money_n there_o and_o hinder_v the_o importation_n of_o bullion_n to_o prevent_v this_o the_o question_n be_v now_o whether_o it_o be_v better_a and_o more_o expedient_a to_o raise_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n or_o the_o valuation_n of_o our_o money_n sure_o all_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v say_v that_o the_o raise_n of_o exchange_n breed_v not_o that_o alteration_n which_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n do_v to_o make_v every_o thing_n dear_a and_o to_o cause_n landlord_n and_o creditor_n to_o loose_v in_o their_o rent_n and_o contract_n and_o merchant_n of_o experience_n do_v know_v that_o we_o can_v do_v as_o they_o do_v for_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o our_o money_n here_o will_v be_v countermine_v by_o other_o nation_n who_o still_o will_v underualue_n they_o in_o exchange_n between_o we_o unless_o it_o be_v prevent_v by_o our_o own_o true_a valuation_n to_o be_v make_v know_v as_o aforesaid_a the_o author_n of_o this_o treatise_n of_o free_a trade_n do_v say_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o rate_n of_o exchange_n 104._o page_n 104._o but_o the_o value_n of_o money_n here_o low_a elsewhere_o high_a which_o cause_n their_o exportation_n nor_o do_v the_o exchange_n but_o the_o plenty_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n cause_v their_o value_n which_o be_v mere_o hysteron_fw-gr proteron_fw-gr whereunto_o i_o have_v answer_v heretofore_o viz._n argument_n three_o way_n to_o dissolve_v a_o argument_n there_o be_v three_o way_n to_o dissolve_v a_o argument_n denial_n retort_a and_o distinction_n denial_n be_v too_o hostile_a savour_v more_o of_o obstinacy_n than_o of_o art_n retortion_n be_v more_o witty_a than_o profitable_a but_o distinction_n be_v like_o mature_a remedy_n compare_v to_o purge_n which_o cleanse_v and_o feed_v but_o the_o say_a author_n do_v take_v the_o course_n of_o denial_n and_o prove_v nothing_o touch_v the_o matter_n in_o question_n money_n exchange_n compare_v to_o to_o the_o affaies_n oâ—_n money_n if_o money_n be_v here_o low_a and_o elsewhere_o high_a how_o be_v this_o know_v but_o by_o the_o valuation_n of_o exchange_n consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o money_n of_o several_a standard_n wherein_o the_o exchange_n be_v like_o the_o assay_v whereby_o the_o finesse_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v know_v ground_v upon_o the_o quantity_n which_o the_o exchange_n require_v according_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n &_o gold_n contain_v in_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n which_o be_v the_o intrinsic_a value_n &_o not_o according_a to_o extrinsicke_a valuation_n which_o be_v alter_v by_o denomination_n for_o the_o name_n of_o a_o thing_n do_v not_o alter_v the_o value_n real_o but_o the_o substance_n do_v it_o if_o it_o be_v alter_v much_o less_o do_v plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n cause_n their_o value_n it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n and_o property_n of_o money_n the_o yard_n do_v measure_v the_o cloth_n but_o the_o cloth_n do_v not_o measure_v the_o yard_n to_o illustrate_v the_o premise_n by_o example_n i_o have_v heretofore_o show_v the_o consideration_n incident_a suppose_v that_o some_o merchant_n stranger_n do_v come_v over_o into_o the_o realm_n to_o buy_v a_o pack_n of_o ten_o clothes_n value_v at_o 80_o will_v sterling_a which_o they_o be_v to_o pay_v in_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o they_o do_v not_o know_v the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o their_o foreign_a coin_n which_o they_o have_v bring_v over_o hereupon_o to_o content_v both_o party_n the_o money_n on_o either_o side_n must_v be_v try_v by_o the_o subtle_a assay_n according_a to_o their_o fineness_n computate_v upon_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n and_o then_o by_o weight_n they_o answer_v each_o other_o according_o and_o so_o this_o negotiation_n be_v in_o effect_n but_o a_o permutation_n of_o money_n for_o commodity_n before_o exchange_n be_v invent_v hitherto_o we_o have_v handle_v of_o the_o reformation_n of_o exchange_n for_o place_n where_o the_o basis_n of_o exchange_n or_o foundation_n be_v make_v upon_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a that_o be_v to_o say_v when_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n deliver_v money_n there_o for_o england_n will_v cause_v the_o broker_n of_o exchange_n to_o know_v how_o much_o flemish_a or_o hamborough_n money_n merchant_n will_v give_v there_o to_o have_v twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a pay_v in_o england_n even_o as_o we_o do_v here_o to_o know_v how_o much_o in_o flemish_a money_n or_o other_o coin_n a_o merchant_n will_v give_v for_o the_o say_v twenty_o shilling_n here_o coin_n exchange_n which_o be_v make_v upon_o foreign_a coin_n by_o a_o agreement_n to_o be_v pay_v beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n but_o now_o we_o be_v to_o entreat_v 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six_o shilling_n northern_a carseye_n then_o 18_o ss_z spanish_a soap_n 20_o ss_z now_o 50_o ss_z and_o carseye_n 22_o ss_z seville_a oil_n the_o tun_n 12_o will_v now_o 35_o will_v and_o many_o time_n above_o forty_o pound_n french_a wine_n at_o 5_o will_v the_o tun_n now_o 20_o will_v or_o thereabouts_o long_o prune_n 5_o ss_z now_z 15_o and_o 16_o ss_z sugar_n 6_o penny_n the_o pound_n now_o 14_o and_o 16_o penny_n malmeseyes_n 5_o will_v the_o butt_n now_o 18_o will_v and_o 20_o will_v cotton_n wool_n 4_o d._n now_o 15_o d._n and_o diverse_a other_o commodity_n according_o so_o that_o a_o angel_n will_v have_v buy_v one_o yard_n of_o velvet_n now_o three_o angel_n or_o piece_n of_o gold_n can_v be_v export_v for_o the_o same_o ten_o angel_n will_v have_v buy_v a_o tun_n of_o claret_n wine_n in_o england_n which_o be_v now_o sell_v for_o above_o twenty_o pound_n and_o twenty_o four_o pound_n beside_o that_o our_o cloth_n be_v better_a make_v than_o in_o those_o day_n albeit_o not_o so_o good_a as_o it_o may_v be_v make_v victual_n and_o wage_n be_v dear_a and_o woad_n mather_n oil_n and_o colour_n be_v extreme_o rise_v a_o merchant_n may_v have_v send_v or_o carry_v with_o he_o one_o pack_n of_o clothes_n white_a broad_a or_o narrow_a list_n and_o bring_v in_o return_n one_o chest_n contain_v nine_o or_o ten_o piece_n of_o velvet_n whereas_o now_o he_o can_v bring_v above_o three_o or_o four_o piece_n in_o return_n thereof_o for_o a_o redding_n cloth_n sell_v beyond_o the_o sea_n he_o may_v have_v return_v one_o bale_n of_o fustian_n whereas_o now_o for_o the_o value_n of_o one_o bale_n of_o fustian_n sell_v in_o england_n a_o merchant_n must_v buy_v and_o export_v three_o clothes_n a_o london_n mingle_v colour_n cloth_n will_v have_v buy_v at_o lisbon_n two_o chest_n of_o sugar_n now_o one_o chest_n of_o sugar_n will_v draw_v two_o clothes_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n so_o a_o kentish_a cloth_n will_v have_v buy_v at_o seville_a a_o tun_n of_o oil_n and_o more_o now_o one_o tun_n of_o oil_n do_v countervail_v three_o clothes_n and_o more_o and_o other_o commodity_n according_o give_v as_o it_o be_v three_o to_o one_o in_o specie_fw-la for_o foreign_a commodity_n kind_n commutation_n be_v compare_v unto_o money_n in_o kind_n compare_v this_o commutation_n to_o the_o money_n enhance_v in_o the_o low_a country_n germany_n france_n and_o some_o other_o country_n which_o be_v the_o same_o money_n still_o in_o specie_fw-la for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n and_o only_o the_o valuation_n be_v alter_v and_o you_o shall_v find_v that_o within_o the_o say_a time_n of_o seventie_o year_n a_o angel_n worth_a ten_o s._n then_o be_v now_o above_o twenty_o sâ—illings_n a_o french_a crown_n six_o shilling_n now_o twelve_o shilling_n six_o penny_n and_o all_o other_o coin_n according_o or_o thereabouts_o whereas_o in_o england_n there_o be_v no_o momentary_a alteration_n of_o the_o money_n as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v make_v more_o apparent_a and_o the_o like_a consideration_n will_v also_o be_v have_v concern_v the_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n some_o man_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o sell_v our_o home_n commodity_n good_a cheap_a make_v a_o lively_a trade_n augment_v commerce_n and_o maintain_v all_o the_o dependence_n thereupon_o by_o set_v the_o people_n on_o work_n employ_v ship_n and_o augment_v the_o king_n custom_n and_o imposition_n but_o they_o never_o consider_v two_o principal_a point_n whereby_o the_o wealth_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n increase_v or_o decrease_v namely_o cheap_a inconvenience_n to_o sell_v commodity_n good_a cheap_a if_o commodity_n import_v unto_o we_o be_v dear_a than_o in_o time_n past_a as_o we_o have_v note_v and_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v not_o sell_v proportionable_o in_o price_n but_o we_o will_v
of_o indigo_n in_o barrel_n sugar_n in_o chest_n and_o pepper_n in_o bag_n mark_v and_o number_v according_a to_o the_o goodness_n by_o the_o lot_n draw_v or_o cast_v and_o expect_v god_n blessing_n according_a to_o the_o say_n of_o the_o wiseman_n as_o aforesaid_a forasmuch_o as_o in_o italy_n and_o germany_n diverse_a commodity_n and_o manufacture_n be_v disperse_v distribute_v and_o in_o a_o manner_n vent_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o lottary_n which_o be_v continual_o extant_a in_o public_a market_n and_o other_o place_n i_o can_v omit_v to_o speak_v hereof_o as_o a_o matter_n appertain_v to_o merchant_n there_o be_v two_o manner_n of_o lotary_n namely_o stand_v lotary_n and_o run_v lotary_n the_o first_o limit_v for_o a_o continuance_n of_o time_n to_o be_v draw_v at_o the_o end_n thereof_o without_o intermission_n by_o day_n and_o night_n the_o latter_a to_o be_v draw_v daily_o and_o at_o all_o convenient_a hour_n when_o the_o party_n will_v put_v in_o their_o money_n and_o have_v 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heretofore_o account_v two_o carrat_n for_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n and_o all_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n do_v participate_v of_o this_o finesse_n according_a to_o their_o substance_n which_o make_v their_o standard_n thereafter_o whereby_o the_o sterling_a standard_n contain_v eleven_o ounce_n and_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n and_o our_o angel_n gold_n hold_v twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n three_o grain_n and_o one_o half_a and_o half_o a_o grain_n of_o alloy_n as_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o more_o ample_o declare_v together_o with_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n let_v we_o now_o speak_v of_o the_o property_n of_o money_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o make_v the_o effect_n thereof_o apparent_a money_n the_o propertieâ—_n of_o money_n the_o first_o property_n be_v that_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v general_o all_o thing_n dear_a and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v general_o 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money_n then_o general_o commodity_n become_v dear_a or_o good_a cheap_a and_o so_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v of_o late_a year_n that_o every_o thing_n be_v enhance_v in_o price_n by_o the_o abundance_n of_o bullion_n and_o money_n which_o come_v from_o the_o west-indies_n into_o europe_n which_o like_v unto_o a_o ocean_n money_n the_o ocean_n of_o money_n have_v divide_v her_o course_n into_o severell_n branch_n through_o all_o country_n and_o the_o money_n itself_o be_v alter_v by_o valuation_n as_o aforesaid_a cause_v the_o measure_n to_o be_v make_v lesser_a whereby_o the_o number_n do_v increase_v to_o make_v up_o the_o tale_n be_v augment_v by_o denomination_n from_o twenty_o to_o sixty_o or_o of_o those_o latter_a year_n from_o forty_o to_o sixty_o so_o that_o plenty_n of_o money_n concur_v herein_o make_v every_o thing_n dear_a and_o especial_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n as_o we_o have_v note_v before_o which_o cause_v some_o man_n to_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o our_o money_n shall_v be_v more_o enhanced_a as_o it_o be_v strive_v therein_o to_o exceed_v other_o nation_n wherein_o they_o be_v far_o from_o the_o mark_n thing_n alteration_n of_o mâ—ney_n alter_v the_o price_n of_o thing_n for_o if_o that_o be_v do_v not_o only_o all_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n will_v be_v dear_a but_o also_o our_o home_n commodity_n howbeit_o only_o in_o name_n the_o like_a will_v happen_v if_o money_n be_v by_o allay_n of_o copper_n embase_v as_o experience_n have_v prove_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o of_o latter_a year_n in_o the_o realm_n of_o ireland_n so_o that_o we_o see_v the_o proverb_n to_o be_v true_a that_o the_o unknown_a disease_n put_v out_o the_o physician_n eye_n the_o plenty_n of_o money_n require_v must_v be_v not_o with_o a_o consideration_n that_o we_o have_v or_o may_v seem_v to_o have_v more_o money_n than_o in_o time_n past_a but_o according_a to_o the_o present_a great_a quantity_n and_o abundance_n of_o money_n now_o find_v in_o all_o country_n which_o in_o effect_n have_v more_o proportionable_a part_n thereof_o than_o england_n have_v neither_o be_v money_n more_o plentiful_a when_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v value_v but_o twenty_o penny_n judge_v of_o money_n as_o we_o do_v of_o commodity_n either_o dear_a or_o good_a cheap_a according_a to_o the_o price_n for_o money_n must_v be_v still_o the_o measure_n and_o overrule_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n howbeit_o exchange_v of_o money_n be_v predominant_a over_o commodity_n and_o money_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v hereafter_o the_o second_o property_n of_o money_n proceed_v from_o the_o operation_n of_o usury_n devise_v thereupon_o usury_n the_o operation_n of_o money_n by_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n whereby_o the_o measure_n be_v ingross_v and_o also_o falsify_v be_v that_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n be_v become_v the_o measure_n whereby_o all_o man_n trade_n purchase_n build_v plant_v or_o any_o other_o way_n bargain_n and_o consequent_o all_o thing_n depend_v upon_o the_o premise_n be_v rule_v and_o govern_v according_o as_o in_o the_o chapter_n of_o usury_n politic_a be_v declare_v to_o the_o decrease_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n real_o money_n will_v have_v substanall_a value_n real_o the_o last_o property_n of_o money_n be_v to_o have_v a_o internal_a value_n in_o substance_n whereupon_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n be_v ground_v in_o so_o much_o that_o in_o country_n where_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n be_v prohibit_v and_o merchant_n stranger_n and_o other_o be_v command_v to_o make_v their_o return_n in_o commodity_n or_o by_o exchange_n if_o the_o money_n be_v base_a or_o of_o copper_n the_o value_n in_o exchange_n will_v be_v make_v according_o to_o the_o utter_a overthrow_n of_o all_o commerce_n for_o money_n will_v have_v substantial_a value_n thus_o much_o for_o a_o introduction_n concern_v money_n now_o let_v we_o begin_v from_o the_o original_n of_o metal_n and_o so_o descend_v to_o the_o particular_n and_o accident_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n i._o of_o the_o essence_n or_o existence_n of_o metal_n all_o philosopher_n by_o the_o light_n of_o nature_n and_o long_a observation_n have_v determine_v that_o the_o sperme_n or_o seed_n of_o all_o thing_n create_v of_o the_o four_o element_n do_v in_o a_o secret_a manner_n lower_v within_o the_o two_o element_n of_o water_n and_o earth_n and_o that_o nature_n do_v continual_o work_v to_o produce_v perfect_a thing_n but_o be_v hinder_v therein_o by_o accidental_a cause_n wâ—ich_a be_v the_o begetter_n of_o corruption_n and_o imperfection_n of_o all_o thing_n whereby_o we_o have_v variety_n of_o thing_n which_o be_v delectable_a to_o the_o spirit_n of_o man_n herein_o they_o observe_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n rational_a vegitative_a sensitive_a and_o rational_a and_o the_o other_o planet_n and_o star_n in_o the_o generation_n of_o all_o thing_n which_o either_o have_v a_o be_v or_o existence_n as_o the_o element_n have_v or_o a_o be_v and_o life_n as_o vegetable_a tree_n or_o plant_n or_o a_o be_v life_n and_o sense_n as_o beast_n bird_n and_o other_o live_a creature_n or_o a_o be_v life_n sense_n and_o reason_n as_o man_n have_v and_o all_o reasonable_a creature_n which_o knowledge_n and_o wisdom_n no_o doubt_n the_o holy_a prophet_n moses_n do_v learn_v among_o the_o egyptian_n 7.22_o act_n 7.22_o but_o have_v these_o philosopher_n read_v the_o genesis_n the_o genesis_n book_n of_o moses_n of_o creation_n and_o generation_n they_o will_v not_o have_v ascribe_v the_o guide_n and_o conduct_v of_o all_o natural_a thing_n to_o the_o two_o leader_n namely_o the_o star_n and_o nature_n hence_o it_o procee_v that_o among_o vegetable_a thing_n which_o have_v a_o be_v and_o life_n they_o reckon_v all_o metal_n which_o have_v their_o beginning_n from_o sulphur_n and_o mercury_n tanquam_fw-la ex_fw-la patre_fw-la &_o matre_fw-la which_o meeting_n and_o concur_v together_o in_o the_o vein_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v engender_v through_o the_o heat_n and_o quality_n of_o the_o climate_n by_o a_o assidual_a concoction_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o earth_n wherein_o they_o meet_v which_o be_v either_o good_a and_o pure_a or_o stink_a and_o corrupt_a produce_v the_o diversity_n of_o the_o metal_n of_o gold_n silver_n copper_n tin_n lead_v and_o iron_n in_o their_o several_a nature_n and_o hereupon_o they_o have_v assign_v they_o under_o their_o distinct_a planet_n to_o be_v benevolent_a or_o malevolent_a metal_n the_o planet_n of_o metal_n as_o lead_v under_o saturn_n tin_n under_o jupiter_n iron_n under_o mars_n gold_n under_o sol_n copper_n under_o venus_n quicksilver_n under_o mercury_n and_o silver_n under_o luna_n so_o mercury_n or_o quicksilver_n be_v one_o of_o the_o seven_o metal_n which_o be_v volatile_a and_o by_o his_o volubility_n run_v with_o every_o one_o be_v in_o nature_n as_o they_o be_v either_o good_a or_o evil_n and_o howsoever_o they_o
more_o in_o value_n by_o the_o weight_n than_o a_o other_o money_n the_o cause_n of_o cull_v of_o money_n whereby_o money_n be_v cull_v out_o and_o transport_v and_o the_o light_a piece_n remain_v among_o his_o majesty_n subject_n goldsmith_n also_o want_v bullion_n must_v melt_v such_o money_n down_o to_o make_v plate_n of_o the_o bullion_n which_o be_v bring_v in_o or_o foreign_a coin_n either_o be_v always_o lock_v up_o in_o great_a chest_n or_o enclose_a place_n under_o three_o key_n namely_o the_o warden_n the_o mint-master_n and_o the_o comptroller_n at_o the_o day_n of_o receipt_n which_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n saturdaye_n and_o monday_n and_o then_o the_o officer_n have_v their_o diet_n in_o the_o place_n the_o one_o half_a at_o the_o king_n charge_n and_o the_o other_o half_n at_o the_o mint-master_n charge_n who_o be_v call_v by_o some_o master-worker_n of_o the_o king_n money_n well_fw-mi magister_fw-la operarius_fw-la and_o between_o the_o warden_n and_o he_o there_o be_v common_o emulation_n and_o necessary_a discord_n like_v unto_o that_o which_o cato_n use_v among_o the_o servant_n of_o his_o family_n which_o he_o do_v compare_v to_o the_o stone_n of_o a_o vault_n which_o by_o strive_v do_v uphold_v the_o building_n and_o make_v he_o to_o be_v more_o quiet_a and_o regard_v suppose_v now_o that_o we_o be_v come_v to_o the_o mint_n to_o see_v money_n make_v of_o our_o ingot_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o one_o of_o the_o assaymaster_n come_v unto_o i_o and_o say_v sir_n i_o have_v read_v that_o all_o thing_n be_v govern_v by_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n what_o say_v you_o to_o fineness_n of_o gold_n aâ—d_a silver_n i_o do_v ask_v he_o first_o what_o he_o take_v fineness_n to_o be_v he_o do_v answer_v i_o that_o it_o be_v a_o mystery_n and_o that_o the_o study_n of_o it_o be_v as_o intricate_a as_o the_o transubstantiation_n of_o the_o papist_n sacrament_n as_o you_o may_v perceive_v say_v he_o by_o the_o controversy_n between_o the_o warden_n of_o the_o mint_n and_o the_o mintmaster_n concern_v the_o standard_n of_o the_o sterling_a money_n of_o silver_n and_o the_o base_a money_n late_o make_v for_o the_o realm_n of_o ireland_n which_o be_v ground_v upon_o the_o fineness_n of_o the_o bullion_n report_v by_o trial_n of_o the_o subtle_a assay_v whereunto_o i_o do_v reply_n that_o plain_a thing_n may_v be_v make_v intricate_a be_v fineness_n of_o silver_n what_o it_o be_v for_o fineness_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v proper_o fine_a gold_n and_o fine_a silver_n and_o this_o be_v know_v by_o weight_n which_o i_o do_v thus_o demonstrate_v in_o the_o silver_n for_o both_o posito_fw-la that_o this_o piece_n of_o silver_n be_v fine_a silver_n without_o any_o mixture_n of_o allay_n and_o weigh_v one_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n i_o hope_v you_o will_v call_v this_o to_o be_v twelve_o ounce_n fine_a because_o it_o weigh_v twelve_o ounce_n which_o be_v the_o pound_n weight_n and_o fineness_n also_o now_o take_v away_o one_o ounce_n of_o this_o fine_a silver_n and_o put_v so_o much_o copper_n unto_o it_o to_o melt_v they_o down_o as_o make_v up_o the_o say_a pound_n again_o twelve_o ounce_n in_o weight_n you_o know_v that_o there_o be_v but_o eleven_o ounce_n of_o fine_a silver_n remain_v will_v make_v no_o difficulty_n to_o affirm_v that_o this_o be_v eleven_o ounce_n fine_a silver_n and_o one_o ounce_n of_o copper_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n and_o put_v the_o same_o to_o the_o trial_n of_o your_o subtle_a assay_v and_o you_o shall_v find_v it_o so_o be_v there_o any_o mystery_n in_o this_o and_o he_o say_v not_o as_o i_o do_v propound_v it_o and_o so_o be_v it_o if_o there_o be_v more_o or_o less_o allay_v in_o the_o pound_n weight_n according_o for_o the_o pound_n weight_n do_v proportionate_a the_o whole_a mass_n ingot_a or_o lump_n of_o bullion_n call_v it_o what_o you_o will_v as_o in_o the_o next_o chapter_n of_o assay_n shall_v be_v make_v more_o apparent_a but_o say_v he_o this_o do_v not_o clear_a in_o my_o understanding_n the_o business_n which_o be_v in_o controversy_n between_o the_o warden_n and_o the_o master_n worker_n for_o the_o copple_n or_o teast_n do_v drink_v in_o some_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n with_o the_o lead_n and_o so_o there_o be_v so_o much_o hide_v from_o report_n copple_n drink_v in_o of_o the_o test_n or_o copple_n for_o the_o bullion_n be_v that_o which_o make_v the_o money_n and_o not_o the_o silver_n of_o the_o assay_n so_o that_o the_o say_a bullion_n be_v fine_a in_o every_o pound_n weight_n two_o penny_n weight_n in_o value_n six_o penny_n half_a penny_n and_o the_o twelve_o part_n of_o a_o half_a penny_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o master_n worker_n be_v subtle_a and_o cunning_a do_v put_v into_o the_o melt_a pot_n bullion_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n put_v in_o the_o commixture_n account_v charge_v with_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n in_o every_o pound_n weight_n melt_v book_n indenture_n base_a money_n be_v eight_o penny_n weight_n in_o the_o pound_n of_o silver_n bullion_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n in_o every_o pound_n whereby_o he_o gain_v the_o weight_n of_o so_o much_o sterling_a silver_n now_o this_o gain_n be_v the_o king_n for_o with_o his_o highness_n money_n this_o bullion_n be_v buy_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o therefore_o the_o warden_n do_v charge_v the_o mint-master_n account_v with_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n in_o every_o pound_n weight_n and_o allow_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o king_n for_o the_o mintmaster_n be_v to_o account_v by_o the_o melt_a book_n where_o this_o allay_n of_o copper_n be_v enter_v according_a to_o the_o indenture_n between_o the_o king_n and_o he_o and_o so_o in_o the_o base_a money_n make_v for_o ireland_n whereof_o one_o of_o silver_n make_v four_o of_o that_o money_n he_o be_v charge_v in_o account_n eight_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n for_o every_o pound_n of_o the_o silver_n bullion_n for_o the_o commixture_n of_o two_o ounce_n eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n and_o nine_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n be_v find_v to_o answer_v that_o standard_n of_o three_o ounce_n fine_a and_o so_o do_v eleven_o ounce_n of_o silver_n irish._n standard_n sterling_a and_o irish._n and_o one_o ounce_n of_o allay_n answer_v the_o sterling_a standard_n for_o there_o be_v great_a consideration_n to_o be_v have_v in_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o silver_n bullion_n to_o the_o fire_n and_o from_o the_o fire_n fire_n from_o the_o fire_n and_o to_o the_o fire_n for_o eleven_o ounce_n from_o the_o fire_n be_v set_v down_o for_o standard_n to_o pass_v according_a to_o the_o indent_a trial_n piece_n make_v by_o the_o swear_a officer_n or_o refiner_n and_o assaymaster_n commixture_n indent_v trial_n piece_n of_o silver_n sterling_a and_o base_a commixture_n thereunto_o heretofore_o appoint_v whereof_o myself_o be_v one_o which_o indent_a piece_n we_o have_v commix_v according_o of_o fine_a silver_n refine_v upon_o a_o dry_a test_v and_o good_a copper_n or_o allay_v and_o the_o same_o we_o have_v divide_v into_o three_o part_n one_o part_n to_o remain_v in_o the_o king_n treasury_n at_o westminster_n another_o part_n with_o the_o warden_n of_o the_o mint_n and_o the_o three_o part_n with_o the_o mintmaster_n to_o make_v the_o money_n thereby_o and_o all_o these_o thing_n be_v do_v very_o orderly_o there_o be_v no_o reason_n that_o the_o mintmaster_n shall_v pocket_v up_o this_o benefit_n which_o come_v almost_o to_o ten_o thousand_o pound_n and_o will_v have_v be_v much_o more_o if_o it_o have_v not_o be_v spy_v out_o in_o time_n for_o the_o king_n service_n and_o then_o he_o conclude_v his_o speech_n with_o a_o affirmation_n that_o he_o can_v take_v the_o say_v two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n out_o of_o the_o copple_n which_o have_v drink_v up_o the_o same_o or_o within_o a_o little_a less_o of_o it_o whereunto_o i_o make_v he_o such_o a_o answer_n as_o i_o have_v oftentimes_o understand_v of_o the_o mintmaster_n and_o partly_o of_o my_o own_o knowledge_n concern_v assay_n which_o i_o have_v observe_v and_o know_v above_o forty_o year_n my_o father_n also_o have_v be_v a_o mintmaster_n and_o i_o tell_v he_o that_o all_o his_o allegation_n as_o abovesaid_a shall_v and_o can_v be_v very_o well_o answer_v for_o albeit_o that_o he_o have_v allege_v many_o thing_n concern_v the_o state_n of_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n i_o will_v according_a to_o the_o course_n of_o the_o common_a law_n join_v issue_n upon_o one_o peremptory_a point_n to_o be_v try_v by_o all_o understand_a man_n to_o which_o end_n i_o tell_v he_o that_o in_o germany_n and_o the_o low_a country_n there_o be_v certain_a officer_n sea_n general_n of_o the_o
mint_n beyâ—nd_n â—he_v sea_n call_v the_o general_n of_o mint_n which_o do_v determine_v such_o and_o the_o like_a question_n and_o controversy_n arise_v between_o the_o warden_n and_o the_o mint-master_n which_o be_v man_n of_o great_a knowledge_n and_o experience_n in_o mint_n affair_n and_o have_v from_o the_o prince_n large_a stipend_n give_v they_o for_o to_o attend_v these_o mâ—nt_a business_n when_o the_o trial_n of_o pix_n or_o of_o the_o box_n be_v make_v and_o the_o mint-master_n make_v their_o account_n with_o the_o prince_n hereupon_o the_o say_a assay-master_n according_a to_o his_o courteous_a behaviour_n be_v very_o well_o please_v to_o hear_v i_o as_o he_o say_v in_o favour_n of_o justice_n and_o truth_n and_o so_o i_o begin_v to_o answer_v gradatim_fw-la and_o articular_o as_o follow_v admit_v drink_v up_o of_o the_o copple_v admit_v first_o concern_v the_o drink_n up_o of_o the_o copple_n albeit_o that_o it_o appear_v unto_o i_o by_o certain_a testimoniall_n make_v beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o general_n warden_n mint-master_n and_o assaymaster_n that_o if_o a_o copple_n or_o test_v be_v well_o make_v it_o drink_v not_o up_o any_o silver_n at_o all_o yet_o i_o will_v admit_v that_o it_o do_v so_o because_o you_o be_v so_o confident_a that_o you_o can_v take_v it_o out_o of_o the_o copple_n or_o the_o most_o part_n of_o it_o and_o so_o i_o will_v proceed_v in_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n acknowledge_v to_o be_v put_v in_o second_o i_o do_v acknowledge_v that_o there_o be_v two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n put_v into_o the_o melt_a pot_n as_o you_o say_v for_o it_o be_v commix_v at_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n which_o be_v a_o fâ—ll_a ounce_n where_o the_o standard_n require_v but_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n but_o this_o be_v do_v to_o countervail_v the_o waist_n of_o copper_n which_o come_v by_o melt_v of_o bullion_n remelting_a of_o the_o brocage_n and_o scizell_n and_o by_o work_v hammer_v often_o neal_v and_o blaunch_v of_o the_o money_n whereby_o the_o money_n grow_v better_a in_o fineness_n than_o they_o be_v at_o the_o first_o melt_v because_o so_o much_o and_o more_o copper_n do_v waste_v in_o be_v of_o copper_n counteruade_v the_o copper_n put_v in_o and_o can_v it_o waste_v less_o than_o ten_o ounce_n in_o one_o hundred_o weight_n no_o sure_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o red_a book_n in_o the_o exchequer_n for_o mint_n affair_n admit_v this_o two_o penny_n weight_n for_o waste_n which_o be_v but_o ten_o ounce_n in_o the_o hundred_o and_o to_o say_v that_o this_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o mintmaster_n put_v in_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n proportion_n unequal_a proportion_n it_o carry_v not_o any_o proportion_n to_o put_v one_o for_o one_o when_o the_o mixture_n of_o the_o standard_n be_v eleven_o to_o one_o but_o you_o reply_v unto_o i_o that_o the_o mintmaster_n be_v to_o bear_v all_o waste_n and_o therefore_o must_v answer_v the_o same_o and_o be_v charge_v in_o account_n for_o it_o i_o answer_v that_o the_o account_n of_o all_o mint_n be_v make_v only_o upon_o the_o fineness_n of_o money_n by_o their_o weight_n and_o that_o it_o be_v never_o otherwise_o use_v in_o england_n until_o this_o day_n only_o all_o account_n be_v take_v upon_o the_o fine_a matter_n only_o and_o if_o the_o warden_n will_v bring_v a_o new_a manner_n of_o account_n than_o ever_o have_v be_v take_v according_a to_o the_o leidger_n book_n of_o the_o mint_n and_o the_o comptroller_n book_n then_o the_o mintmaster_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v with_o every_o thing_n in_o his_o proper_a nature_n silver_n for_o silver_n and_o copper_n for_o copper_n otherwise_o it_o be_v better_o for_o he_o not_o to_o put_v in_o any_o copper_n than_o to_o be_v make_v to_o answer_v silver_n for_o it_o but_o the_o mintmaster_n must_v hold_v as_o well_o his_o allay_n as_o his_o fine_a silver_n keep_v allay_v to_o be_v keep_v according_a to_o the_o statute_n 2._o h._n 6._o ca._n 2._o and_o in_o do_v otherwise_o by_o not_o put_v in_o of_o this_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n the_o money_n will_v be_v too_o fine_a and_o the_o master_n may_v incur_v fine_a and_o ransom_n therefore_o all_o mint-master_n do_v work_v according_a to_o their_o remedy_n and_o they_o do_v bear_v all_o waste_v incident_a and_o casual_a as_o if_o some_o ingot_n be_v falsify_v with_o copper_n within_o as_o have_v be_v find_v at_o the_o mint_n the_o mintmaster_n must_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o it_o master_n hazard_v of_o mint_n master_n for_o prince_n will_v be_v at_o a_o certainty_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o mint-master_n may_v commix_v at_o their_o pleasure_n thus_o far_o as_o the_o sixteenth_o article_n of_o the_o indenture_n declare_v that_o every_o pound_n weight_n troy_n shall_v be_v in_o such_o sort_n commix_v and_o melt_v down_o that_o at_o the_o cast_v out_o of_o the_o same_o into_o ingot_n xluj_o the_o indenture_n of_o eliz_n reg._n xluj_o it_o shall_v be_v and_o hold_v eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o allay_n every_o pound_n contain_v twelve_o ounce_n every_o ounce_n twenty_o penny_n weight_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n twenty_o four_o grain_n according_a to_o the_o computation_n of_o the_o pound_n weight_n troy_n of_o england_n which_o eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o allay_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o troy_n aforesaid_a standard_n the_o old_a right_n â—â—erling_a standard_n be_v the_o old_a right_a standard_n of_o the_o money_n of_o silver_n of_o england_n and_o that_o the_o commixture_n of_o the_o mintmaster_n have_v be_v do_v according_o so_o that_o it_o be_v find_v so_o at_o the_o cast_v out_o you_o best_o know_v what_o make_v the_o assay_n thereof_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o for_o your_o melt_a book_n where_o the_o allay_n be_v enter_v if_o you_o will_v charge_v the_o mintmaster_n thereby_o let_v it_o be_v do_v distinct_o for_o silver_n and_o copper_n or_o allay_v in_o his_o proper_a nature_n as_o be_v say_v before_o and_o then_o the_o controversy_n be_v end_v now_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o base_a money_n make_v for_o ireland_n i_o be_o sure_a there_o be_v not_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n put_v in_o as_o in_o the_o sterling_a standard_n money_n silver_n take_v out_o by_o division_n oâ—_n the_o standard_n of_o base_a money_n but_o there_o be_v two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n by_o computation_n take_v out_o in_o every_o quarter_n of_o a_o pound_n of_o silver_n which_o as_o you_o say_v be_v eight_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n why_o shall_v the_o mint-master_n account_v be_v charge_v with_o this_o where_o silver_n by_o the_o division_n of_o the_o proportion_n be_v take_v out_o and_o two_o ounce_n eighteen_o penny_n weight_n be_v take_v for_o three_o ounce_n from_o the_o fire_n as_o the_o indenture_n declare_v shall_v a_o mintmaster_n commix_v and_o melt_v by_o prescription_n or_o suffer_v other_o man_n to_o melt_v it_o for_o he_o and_o yet_o be_v make_v to_o answer_v for_o the_o fineness_n of_o money_n according_a to_o a_o indent_a trial_n piece_n make_v of_o refine_a fine_a silver_n as_o you_o say_v and_o receive_v neither_o silver_n answerable_a in_o fineness_n nor_o the_o quantity_n which_o he_o ought_v to_o have_v allow_v he_o according_a to_o the_o standard_n i_o be_o sure_a that_o in_o the_o make_n of_o these_o money_n copper_n câ—eaâ—_n waist_n of_o copper_n there_o have_v be_v above_o forty_o ounce_n of_o copper_n waste_v in_o one_o hundred_o weight_n of_o the_o money_n make_v thereof_o whereby_o the_o bullion_n be_v grow_v fine_a that_o be_v to_o say_v these_o forty_o ounce_n of_o copper_n be_v waste_v have_v leave_v the_o silver_n behind_o wherewith_o they_o be_v commix_v at_o the_o first_o and_o so_o be_v the_o say_v whole_a mass_n or_o bullion_n so_o much_o fine_a and_o rich_a in_o the_o proportion_n which_o arithmetical_a distribution_n do_v demonstrate_v unto_o i_o arithmetical_a demonstration_n arithmetical_a and_o in_o this_o ingot_a of_o course_n silver_n may_v prove_v it_o unto_o you_o let_v we_o suppose_v it_o weigh_v 16_o will_v and_o contain_v 4_o will_v of_o silver_n and_o 12_o will_v of_o copper_n and_o so_o may_v we_o say_v it_o be_v the_o four_o part_n silver_n if_o this_o ingot_a now_o shall_v be_v make_v to_o decrease_v or_o diminish_v 4_o will_v of_o copper_n and_o so_o it_o shall_v weigh_v but_o 12_o will_v and_o therein_o still_o contain_v all_o the_o four_o pound_n in_o silver_n may_v not_o we_o just_o call_v this_o to_o be_v rich_a and_o say_v it_o be_v one_o three_o part_n of_o silver_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v no_o more_o silver_n than_o before_o
occasion_n to_o ask_v he_o pix_n trial_o of_o the_o pix_n whether_o the_o last_o and_o supreme_a trial_n of_o the_o money_n which_o be_v make_v common_o once_o a_o year_n before_o the_o lord_n at_o the_o star-chamber_n be_v do_v in_o like_a manner_n and_o he_o answer_v i_o it_o be_v and_o withal_o he_o desire_v i_o to_o resolve_v the_o question_n between_o the_o warden_n and_o the_o mintmaster_n concern_v the_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n hide_v from_o report_n as_o it_o be_v suppose_v according_a to_o our_o former_a conference_n i_o tell_v he_o that_o according_a to_o the_o issue_n join_v between_o he_o and_o i_o that_o the_o mintmaster_n have_v not_o pocket_v up_o any_o such_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n as_o his_o account_n be_v charge_v withal_o i_o will_v make_v that_o plain_a by_o demonstration_n which_o he_o say_v be_v his_o desire_n whereupon_o i_o frame_v my_o answer_n as_o follow_v money_n four_o assay_n of_o bullion_n and_o money_n i_o make_v no_o doubt_n sir_n but_o you_o have_v mark_v my_o observation_n of_o the_o four_o several_a assay_n make_v concern_v bullion_n and_o money_n namely_o the_o first_o of_o the_o ingot_n before_o melt_v the_o second_o of_o the_o pot_n assay_v after_o melt_v the_o three_o of_o the_o money_n complete_a make_v thereof_o and_o the_o four_o and_o supreme_a trial_n of_o money_n at_o the_o star-chamber_n as_o it_o be_v before_o the_o king_n and_o his_o council_n all_o which_o be_v do_v in_o manner_n alike_o you_o have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n tell_v i_o that_o their_o operation_n or_o effect_n be_v also_o alike_o for_o the_o trial_n of_o the_o ingot_n there_o the_o copple_n have_v drink_v in_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n for_o the_o pot_n assay_v there_o two_o penny_n weight_n be_v drink_v in_o also_o the_o assay_v make_v of_o the_o complete_a money_n have_v drink_v in_o the_o like_o two_o penny_n weight_n and_o last_o of_o all_o the_o high_a trial_n of_o all_o have_v drink_v in_o the_o like_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n how_o can_v it_o then_o be_v pocket_v up_o by_o the_o mintmaster_n when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o bullion_n remain_v in_o the_o pot_n find_v in_o the_o money_n and_o confirm_v to_o be_v so_o by_o the_o supreme_a trial_n and_o why_o shall_v the_o mint-master_n account_v be_v charge_v either_o with_o a_o imaginary_a or_o substantial_a thing_n which_o he_o never_o have_v or_o enjoy_v resolution_n a_o tacite_fw-la resolution_n to_o this_o the_o assay-master_n answer_v rather_o by_o sign_n than_o word_n say_v it_o be_v otherwise_o take_v and_o understand_v and_o himself_o take_v now_o better_a notice_n of_o it_o and_o wish_v that_o truth_n may_v prevail_v according_a to_o the_o say_n magna_fw-la est_fw-la veritas_fw-la praevalet_fw-la praevaluit_fw-la &_o praevalebit_fw-la and_o so_o end_v our_o suppose_a discourse_n now_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o mystery_n of_o the_o mint_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o recompense_v they_o that_o may_v take_v offence_n for_o discuss_v the_o premise_n and_o let_v we_o be_v like_o nathaniel_n in_o who_o there_o be_v no_o guile_n qui_fw-la vadit_fw-la planè_fw-la vadit_fw-la sanè_fw-la howbeit_o discretion_n be_v requisite_a the_o assay_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v most_o make_v according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o mark_n which_o be_v eight_o ounce_n troy_n and_o they_o take_v twenty_o grain_n to_o make_v their_o assay_n by_o which_o be_v correspondent_a with_o our_o fifteen_o grain_n us._n thirty_o two_o grain_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v more_o than_o 24_o grain_n with_o us._n for_o they_o divide_v their_o english_a or_o penny_n weight_n in_o thirty_o two_o ass_n or_o grain_n which_o from_o twenty_o four_o unto_o thirty_o two_o differ_v one_o three_o part_n so_o be_v fifteen_o unto_o twenty_o also_o a_o three_o part_n for_o this_o mark_n weight_n of_o eight_o ounce_n be_v twofold_a the_o one_o be_v call_v english_a weight_n and_o the_o other_o french_a weight_n in_o the_o low_a country_n but_o the_o english_a weight_n be_v most_o use_v which_o be_v divide_v into_o eight_o ounce_n every_o ounce_n twenty_o english_a or_o penny_n weight_n mark_n english_a mark_n and_o every_o english_a thirty_o two_o grain_n as_o aforesaid_a be_v 5120_o grain_n to_o the_o mark_n this_o mark_n and_o one_o half_a make_v within_o a_o little_a our_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n for_o the_o pound_n weight_n be_v in_o grain_n 7680._o the_o french_a weight_n call_v penny_n weight_n be_v also_o eight_o ounce_n mark_n french_a mark_n every_o ounce_n four_o and_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n twenty_o four_o grain_n be_v 6912_o grain_n for_o the_o twelve_o ounce_n or_o 4608_o grain_n for_o the_o eight_o ounce_n these_o grain_n be_v also_o divide_v in_o twenty_o four_o garobe_n or_o prime_n and_o the_o prime_n in_o twenty_o four_o second_o and_o the_o second_o in_o 24_o tercy_n or_o malloquen_n which_o be_v superfluous_a notwithstanding_o all_o the_o say_a weight_n and_o division_n to_o make_v assay_n they_o use_v another_o weight_n weight_n assay_v weight_n which_o every_o man_n make_v according_a to_o his_o fancy_n but_o most_o common_o they_o will_v divide_v the_o mark_n in_o twelve_o denier_n or_o penny_n and_o the_o penny_n into_o twenty_o four_o grain_n and_o then_o grain_n subdivide_v of_o paper_n make_v ⅛_n 1_o 10_o and_o 1_o 32_o part_n of_o a_o grain_n which_o concur_v near_a with_o our_o assay_n weight_n for_o if_o one_o pound_n of_o silver_n do_v contain_v 1_o 12_o part_n copper_n they_o call_v this_o eleven_o denier_n fine_a as_o we_o say_v eleven_o ounce_n fine_a for_o the_o gold_n likewise_o they_o do_v use_v the_o same_o weight_n account_v for_o every_o denier_n or_o penny_n weight_n two_o carrat_n so_o twenty_o four_o carrat_n for_o twelve_o denier_n or_o ounce_n and_o consequent_o eleven_o denier_n be_v twenty_o two_o carrat_n etc._n etc._n so_o the_o gold_n mark_n be_v twenty_o four_o carrat_n mark_n gold_n mark_n silver_n mark_n a_o carrot_fw-la be_v twelve_o grain_n so_o 288_o in_o the_o mark_n so_o the_o silver_n mark_v of_o twelve_o denier_n of_o twenty_o four_o grain_n be_v 288_o grain_n also_o which_o be_v big_a grain_n divide_v into_o four_o prime_n or_o siliquas_fw-la be_v 1152._o they_o use_v also_o a_o manner_n of_o speech_n to_o say_v twelve_o shilling_n to_o the_o mark_n pound_n pound_n mark_v pound_n every_o shilling_n twelve_o penny_n and_o every_o penny_n twenty_o four_o grain_n be_v 3456_o grain_n in_o the_o mark_n all_o which_o be_v do_v to_o make_v the_o knowledge_n of_o these_o thing_n intricate_a in_o like_a manner_n for_o the_o sheir_a of_o their_o money_n money_n shire_n money_n they_o will_v for_o every_o piece_n make_v a_o penny_n as_o if_o there_o be_v make_v seventie_o eight_o piece_n out_o of_o a_o mark_n they_o will_v say_v it_o ☞_o hold_v six_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n in_o the_o shire_n or_o for_o 62_o piece_n five_o shilling_n two_o penny_n and_o so_o obscure_a thing_n to_o take_v advantage_n upon_o other_o for_o the_o mint-master_n of_o the_o low_a country_n and_o germany_n be_v very_o experience_v in_o mint_n matter_n and_o the_o assay_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o grain_n may_v deceive_v much_o if_o by_o trial_n the_o calculation_n be_v not_o right_o make_v and_o if_o the_o say_a mint-master_n be_v not_o subtle_a yet_o the_o general_n which_o follow_v the_o prince_n or_o state_n do_v nothing_o else_o but_o study_n these_o thing_n always_o therefore_o let_v we_o observe_v more_o particular_n of_o their_o proceed_n as_o follow_v in_o the_o make_n of_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n they_o will_v use_v many_o time_n to_o make_v piece_n of_o fine_a gold_n and_o courser_n gold_n as_o the_o imperial_a royal_a and_o the_o half_a royal_a the_o one_o twenty_o three_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n and_o the_o other_o but_o eighteen_o carrat_n or_o the_o flanders_n crown_n of_o 22_o carrat_n in_o germany_n the_o ducat_n and_o the_o gold_n guildren_n which_o for_o work_n be_v mix_v be_v serviceable_a admit_v by_o connivance_n the_o melt_a of_o the_o money_n rather_o than_o for_o want_v of_o it_o bullion_n shall_v not_o be_v bring_v to_o their_o mint_n therefore_o they_o also_o take_v little_a for_o the_o coinage_n because_o it_o shall_v soon_o come_v unto_o they_o than_o unto_o other_o minter_n where_o the_o coinage_n or_o seignoriage_n be_v great_a and_o albeit_o the_o same_o be_v but_o small_a yet_o will_v they_o find_v mean_n to_o make_v other_o prince_n to_o pay_v the_o same_o transportation_n money_n make_v for_o transportation_n and_o cause_n money_n to_o be_v make_v for_o transportation_n especial_o for_o the_o east_n country_n to_o buy_v corn_n to_o bring_v the_o same_o unto_o their_o magazine_n whereby_o trade_n be_v increase_v and_o spain_n and_o portugal_n supply_v the_o same_o by_o suffer_v money_n to_o be_v
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cash_n you_o make_v over_o 300_o will_v for_o amsterdam_n by_o exchange_n with_o condition_n and_o order_n to_o your_o factor_n that_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o the_o money_n grow_v due_a he_o shall_v make_v it_o over_o again_o by_o exchange_n unto_o you_o at_o double_a usance_n which_o be_v two_o month_n as_o you_o make_v it_o over_o unto_o he_o some_o now_o in_o this_o case_n will_v arm_v a_o account_n of_o exchange_n but_o it_o be_v better_a to_o make_v the_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n debtor_n for_o it_o and_o cash_n creditor_n ship_n be_v now_o arrive_v from_o saint_n lucar_n in_o spain_n and_o your_o factor_n of_o seville_a have_v sell_v your_o perpetuanoes_n bayes_n and_o lead_v tobacco_n return_v from_o spain_n in_o tobacco_n and_o in_o return_n thereof_o have_v send_v you_o a_o parcel_n of_o tobacco_n because_o cutcheneall_a be_v too_o dear_a and_o rich_a indigo_n be_v here_o too_o good_a cheap_a withal_o he_o have_v send_v you_o the_o account_n of_o your_o commodity_n 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as_o the_o money_n that_o buy_v they_o be_v then_o at_o by_o exchange_n in_o the_o country_n whither_o they_o be_v carry_v for_o the_o better_a explanation_n of_o the_o premise_n let_v we_o remember_v the_o description_n of_o a_o bank_n heretofore_o declare_v limit_v payment_n in_o bank_n limit_v and_o therein_o observe_v that_o great_a power_n and_o command_v which_o be_v give_v they_o by_o the_o commonwealth_n to_o incorporate_a money_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o exchange_n make_v it_o to_o become_v a_o merchandise_n and_o to_o over-rule_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n some_o man_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v make_v by_o a_o indifferent_a course_n because_o the_o banker_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o payment_n of_o exchange_n in_o the_o principal_a place_n as_o lion_n in_o france_n madrill_n and_o other_o place_n in_o spain_n florence_n and_o genoa_n in_o italy_n bizanson_n and_o other_o place_n elsewhere_o have_v a_o meeting_n and_o by_o certain_a 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gold_n that_o it_o be_v better_a in_o fineness_n and_o allay_n or_o in_o weight_n or_o from_o the_o weakness_n of_o the_o silver_n that_o it_o be_v worse_o than_o it_o be_v either_o in_o finesse_n &_o allay_n or_o in_o weight_n then_o be_v the_o cause_n intrinsic_a and_o substantial_a and_o may_v be_v easy_o consider_v and_o resolve_v if_o it_o be_v good_a or_o evil_n to_o be_v entertain_v maintain_v and_o set_v forward_o or_o reject_v and_o stay_v from_o all_o further_a course_n if_o there_o be_v any_o other_o cause_n or_o reason_n it_o must_v of_o force_n be_v extrinsicke_a and_o accidental_a let_v the_o same_o be_v search_v out_o if_o it_o be_v good_a to_o the_o prince_n and_o estate_n weal_n and_o commodity_n it_o shall_v be_v assist_v and_o continue_v if_o it_o be_v try_v evil_a proceed_v from_o the_o policy_n and_o craft_n of_o tradesman_n tend_v only_o to_o private_a gain_n and_o commodity_n prejudicial_a to_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n to_o be_v gainestood_v and_o expel_v this_o proportion_n be_v send_v unto_o i_o by_o a_o great_a personage_n then_o in_o high_a place_n be_v make_v plain_a by_o demonstration_n to_o proceed_v of_o a_o accidental_a cause_n by_o advance_v the_o valuation_n of_o gold_n partly_o in_o england_n when_o crown_n gold_n be_v value_v from_o fifty_o five_o shilling_n the_o ounce_n to_o three_o pound_n and_o partly_o in_o france_n when_o they_o do_v advance_v the_o french_a crown_n in_o specie_fw-la five_o sou_n advise_v therewithal_o that_o to_o remedy_v the_o same_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v do_v by_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o gold_n still_o more_o and_o more_o but_o in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n between_o france_n and_o we_o otherwise_o we_o shall_v underualue_n too_o much_o the_o silver_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o our_o exceed_a loss_n show_v withal_o how_o easy_o this_o may_v be_v do_v without_o alteration_n of_o the_o proportion_n observe_v between_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o most_o place_n but_o the_o contrary_n be_v approve_v and_o crown_n gold_n be_v more_o enhance_v to_o sixty_o six_o shilling_n the_o ounce_n by_o two_o several_a proclamation_n 1611._o november_n 1611._o which_o have_v prove_v the_o loss_n of_o our_o silver_n in_o bullion_n or_o weighty_a coin_n daily_a breed_n great_a inconvenience_n by_o the_o want_n of_o our_o money_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o undervaluation_n in_o exchange_n and_o not_o by_o undervaluation_n in_o specie_fw-la be_v continual_o export_v none_o import_v but_o divert_v by_o gain_n for_o other_o place_n as_o have_v be_v declare_v all_o which_o come_v to_o pass_v for_o want_v of_o true_a judgement_n and_o experience_n in_o mint_n affair_n with_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o say_v essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n so_o often_o mention_v whereof_o i_o hope_v that_o in_o general_a meeting_n for_o the_o public_a more_o regard_n will_v be_v have_v to_o the_o end_n it_o be_v not_o record_v of_o we_o as_o it_o have_v be_v of_o some_o parlement_n in_o france_n 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lawyer_n have_v enter_v into_o this_o important_a study_n for_o the_o welfare_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n by_o the_o rule_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n hitherto_o to_o conclude_v therefore_o this_o paradoxical_a discourse_n i_o can_v omit_v to_o do_v the_o same_o with_o another_o paradox_n by_o i_o observe_v in_o the_o make_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n namely_o that_o a_o man_n may_v commix_v bullion_n to_o make_v a_o certain_a standard_n of_o money_n either_o of_o gold_n and_o silver_n paradox_n a_o very_a strange_a paradox_n and_o after_o the_o commixture_n make_v shall_v alter_v the_o standard_n and_o make_v the_o same_o better_a or_o worse_o without_o put_v any_o allay_n or_o silver_n and_o gold_n unto_o it_o that_o be_v to_o say_v i_o will_v melt_v down_o eleven_o ounce_n and_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n both_o one_o pound_n troy_n
basket_n be_v one_o load_n and_o four_o bales_n or_o 400_o will_v be_v reckon_v for_o a_o dyer_n trial_n and_o at_o london_n they_o take_v four_o quintall_n of_o 112_o will_v for_o a_o trial_n to_o know_v how_o many_o short_a clothes_n of_o 24_o yard_n it_o will_v die_v which_o be_v common_o of_o land_n woad_n from_o saint_n michael_n 7_o clothes_n and_o at_o thouloze_n they_o account_v that_o woad_n of_o 36_o frankes_n or_o about_o 4_o pound_n sterling_a die_v 13_o clothes_n cane_n in_o france_n they_o measure_v by_o a_o tub_n contain_v 8_o measure_n or_o sack_n every_o measure_n 120_o will_v be_v the_o coop_n at_o antuerp_n 1050_o will_v account_v for_o a_o trial_n but_o be_v far_o inferior_a in_o goodness_n to_o thouloze_v woad_n eldfoord_v in_o germany_n there_o one_o great_a drifatt_n of_o 1200_o will_v be_v a_o trial_n hop_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v sell_v by_o the_o measure_n but_o now_o it_o be_v do_v by_o weight_n namely_o the_o hundred_o or_o by_o a_o skippound_n of_o 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do_v pay_v for_o it_o factor_n therefore_o must_v be_v very_o careful_a to_o follow_v the_o commission_n give_v they_o very_o orderly_o and_o punctual_o and_o because_o merchant_n be_v not_o able_a to_o prescribe_v every_o thing_n so_o exact_o unto_o their_o factor_n as_o be_v convenient_a it_o behoove_v they_o to_o make_v good_a choice_n of_o the_o person_n which_o they_o do_v employ_v for_o their_o welfare_n depend_v upon_o traffic_n otherwise_o the_o factor_n grow_v rich_a and_o the_o merchant_n poor_a because_o his_o gain_n of_o factoridge_n be_v certain_a howsoever_o the_o success_n of_o merchant_n employment_n do_v prove_v but_o have_v a_o good_a factor_n which_o word_n good_a impli_v all_o and_o more_o than_o a_o honest_a factor_n who_o may_v be_v honest_a and_o nevertheless_o simple_a in_o his_o proceed_n and_o other_o also_o may_v be_v wise_a and_o not_o honest_a this_o good_a factor_n therefore_o may_v be_v trust_v addition_n ample_n commission_n with_o a_o addition_n and_o 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they_o break_v the_o servant_n can_v be_v no_o loser_n for_o he_o be_v take_v to_o have_v no_o other_o credit_n but_o his_o master_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o intimation_n citation_n attachment_n and_o other_o lawful_a course_n be_v execute_v against_o servant_n and_o take_v no_o place_n against_o factor_n unless_o they_o have_v procuration_n now_o let_v we_o set_v down_o such_o observation_n as_o factor_n ought_v to_o know_v observation_n concern_v factor_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v sell_v at_o one_o time_n unto_o one_o man_n several_a parcel_n of_o commodity_n or_o good_n belong_v to_o diverse_a man_n account_n to_o be_v pay_v joint_o in_o one_o or_o more_o payment_n without_o any_o distinction_n make_v by_o the_o buyer_n for_o what_o parcel_n he_o pay_v any_o sum_n in_o part_n of_o payment_n of_o the_o say_a debt_n weekly_a or_o monthly_o as_o shopkeeper_n do_v then_o be_v the_o say_a factor_n to_o make_v a_o proportionable_a distribution_n of_o the_o money_n so_o receive_v upon_o every_o man_n account_n sold._n commodity_n buy_v and_o sold._n according_a to_o the_o sum_n that_o every_o man_n parcel_n do_v amount_v unto_o until_o all_o be_v pay_v and_o if_o any_o loss_n do_v happen_v or_o that_o all_o be_v not_o pay_v the_o say_a loss_n be_v to_o be_v distribute_v upon_o every_o man_n account_n according_o if_o a_o factor_n do_v sell_v afterward_o more_o good_n to_o the_o say_a man_n or_o any_o other_o who_o be_v already_o indebt_v for_o other_o commodity_n former_o buy_v as_o aforesaid_a be_v it_o for_o his_o own_o account_n or_o other_o man_n account_n and_o in_o the_o interim_n receive_v some_o more_o money_n in_o part_n of_o payment_n and_o account_n between_o they_o then_o be_v the_o say_a factor_n to_o distribute_v the_o say_a money_n as_o before_o until_o the_o say_v old_a and_o precedent_a debt_n be_v first_o pay_v unless_o there_o be_v cause_n of_o controversy_n for_o they_o or_o that_o the_o payment_n be_v endorse_v upon_o the_o bill_n make_v for_o the_o late_a good_n sell_v unto_o that_o man_n for_o that_o bill_n may_v be_v transfer_v or_o set_v over_o unto_o another_o man_n and_o so_o be_v not_o he_o the_o receiver_n of_o that_o money_n but_o the_o other_o man_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v sell_v good_n to_o another_o man_n payable_a at_o time_n for_o his_o own_o account_n and_o rcieve_v the_o money_n for_o the_o same_o at_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n let_v other_o man_n money_n remain_v in_o that_o man_n hand_n unpay_v for_o good_n by_o he_o former_o sell_v this_o factor_n be_v to_o be_v answerable_a for_o that_o money_n unto_o those_o other_o man_n although_o he_o shall_v never_o recover_v one_o penny_n of_o it_o for_o he_o can_v without_o fraud_n bear_v with_o the_o nonpayment_n of_o other_o man_n money_n after_o they_o be_v due_a and_o procure_v the_o payment_n of_o his_o own_o money_n to_o another_o man_n loss_n and_o prejudice_n in_o like_a case_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v sell_v unto_o a_o man_n certain_a good_n of_o another_o man_n account_n either_o by_o itself_o or_o among_o other_o parcel_n and_o this_o factor_n give_v not_o advice_n to_o the_o owner_n or_o proprietary_n of_o the_o sale_n of_o the_o say_a good_n but_o afterward_o have_v have_v more_o deal_n with_o that_o man_n in_o sell_v of_o good_n and_o receive_v of_o money_n this_o man_n become_v insoluent_a the_o factor_n be_v to_o make_v good_a that_o debt_n for_o the_o say_v good_n so_o sell_v because_o he_o give_v no_o advice_n to_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o sale_n of_o the_o say_a good_n at_o convenient_a time_n even_o as_o if_o he_o have_v sell_v those_o good_n unto_o a_o man_n contrary_n to_o the_o commission_n give_v unto_o he_o for_o the_o salary_n of_o factoridge_n bind_v he_o thereunto_o if_o a_o factor_n by_o order_n or_o commission_n of_o a_o merchant_n do_v buy_v any_o commodity_n above_o the_o price_n limit_v unto_o he_o by_o the_o say_a merchant_n or_o that_o they_o be_v not_o of_o that_o sort_n goodness_n or_o kind_n as_o he_o be_v will_v to_o do_v this_o factor_n be_v to_o keep_v the_o same_o for_o his_o own_o account_n and_o the_o merchant_n may_v disclaim_v the_o buy_n of_o they_o the_o like_a he_o may_v do_v if_o the_o factor_n have_v buy_v a_o commodity_n according_a to_o his_o commission_n do_v ship_n the_o same_o for_o another_o place_n than_o he_o have_v commission_n to_o do_v if_o a_o factor_n do_v sell_v a_o commodity_n under_o the_o price_n limit_v unto_o he_o he_o be_v to_o make_v good_a the_o loss_n or_o difference_n of_o the_o price_n unless_o he_o can_v give_v a_o sufficient_a reason_n of_o his_o do_v so_o wherein_o he_o be_v to_o consider_v the_o disposition_n of_o the_o merchant_n for_o who_o he_o deal_v as_o be_v before_o note_v if_o a_o factor_n buy_v commodity_n according_a to_o his_o commission_n and_o afterward_o the_o price_n of_o they_o rise_v and_o thereupon_o fraudulent_o he_o lade_v they_o for_o another_o place_n contrary_a to_o his_o commission_n to_o take_v the_o benefit_n thereof_o in_o this_o case_n the_o merchant_n shall_v recover_v damage_n against_o the_o factor_n by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n upon_o proof_n make_v thereof_o if_o a_o factor_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o a_o merchant_n do_v buy_v a_o commodity_n for_o that_o merchant_n account_n with_o the_o say_v merchant_n money_n or_o by_o his_o credit_n and_o the_o factor_n give_v no_o advice_n of_o the_o buy_n of_o it_o to_o the_o say_a merchant_n but_o do_v sell_v the_o same_o again_o for_o his_o own_o benefit_n and_o gain_v the_o merchant_n shall_v recover_v this_o benefit_n of_o the_o say_a factor_n by_o the_o office_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n and_o shall_v be_v moreover_o amerce_v for_o
and_o to_o conclude_v concern_v fraightment_n and_o charterpaâ—ties_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o equity_n in_o all_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v and_o especial_o in_o sea-fairing_n cause_n and_o cavillation_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v as_o for_o example_n a_o merchant_n freight_v a_o ship_n with_o all_o his_o furniture_n by_o the_o month_n and_o put_v into_o she_o the_o master_n and_o mariner_n and_o victual_v the_o same_o at_o his_o charge_n and_o make_v a_o charterpartie_n with_o the_o owner_n promise_v to_o pay_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o furniture_n twenty_o pound_n every_o month_n at_o her_o return_n into_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n and_o so_o lade_v in_o she_o for_o the_o strait_n regard_v equity_n in_o seafaring_a cause_n much_o to_o be_v regard_v and_o to_o go_v from_o port_n to_o port_n in_o several_a place_n with_o merchandise_n and_o after_o two_o year_n or_o thereabouts_o have_v take_v her_o lade_n in_o barbary_n come_v for_o london_n and_o by_o storm_n and_o tempest_n the_o ship_n be_v cast_v away_o near_o dover_n and_o the_o good_n be_v save_v hereupon_o the_o merchant_n deny_v to_o pay_v the_o freight_n monthly_o to_o be_v reckon_v because_o the_o ship_n do_v not_o arrive_v in_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n according_a to_o the_o word_n in_o the_o charterpartie_n herein_o the_o owner_n be_v much_o wrong_v for_o the_o money_n be_v due_a monthly_a and_o the_o place_n be_v name_v only_o to_o signify_v the_o time_n when_o the_o money_n be_v due_a to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o ship_n deserve_v wage_n like_a unto_o a_o labourer_n or_o like_o a_o mariner_n which_o serve_v by_o the_o month_n who_o be_v to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o time_n he_o have_v serve_v although_o he_o die_v before_o the_o voyage_n be_v end_v as_o we_o find_v daily_o that_o the_o east-indies_n company_n pay_v to_o their_o wife_n or_o friend_n the_o labourer_n be_v worthy_a of_o his_o hire_n the_o ship_n be_v not_o freight_v by_o the_o great_a to_o run_v that_o adventure_n which_o be_v note_v before_o neither_o be_v she_o want_v her_o furniture_n of_o cable_n anchor_n sail_n rope_n or_o any_o thing_n whereby_o she_o be_v disable_v to_o perform_v the_o voyage_n and_o may_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o cast_v away_o for_o if_o it_o be_v so_o then_o there_o be_v great_a cause_n give_v to_o deny_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o freight_n again_o where_o it_o be_v allege_v that_o the_o say_a owner_n have_v make_v assurance_n upon_o the_o ship_n for_o more_o than_o the_o same_o be_v worth_a and_o do_v thereby_o recover_v of_o the_o assuror_n a_o benefit_n towards_o his_o loss_n this_o do_v not_o concern_v the_o merchant_n but_o the_o assuror_n and_o if_o the_o assurance_n be_v orderly_o make_v the_o say_a assuror_n have_v pay_v the_o same_o due_o that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o the_o policy_n or_o writing_n of_o assurance_n do_v declare_v that_o the_o owner_n do_v value_v his_o ship_n in_o such_o a_o sum_n whereof_o hereafter_o you_o may_v read_v in_o the_o proper_a place_n entreat_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o assurance_n a_o merchant_n value_v one_o barrel_n of_o saffroh_n at_o 1000_o will_v have_v private_o put_v so_o much_o in_o gold_n in_o the_o same_o the_o gold_n be_v take_v but_o the_o saffron_n be_v deliver_v and_o the_o assuror_n do_v pay_v for_o the_o gold_n and_o the_o like_a be_v for_o pearl_n or_o other_o thing_n so_o value_v item_n when_o coffer_n pack_n or_o pipe_n and_o other_o mark_v commodity_n or_o good_n be_v deliver_v close_o pack_v or_o seal_v and_o afterward_o shall_v be_v receive_v open_a and_o loose_a the_o master_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v for_o it_o until_o a_o due_a trial_n and_o that_o consideration_n thereof_o be_v have_v he_o must_v also_o answer_v for_o the_o harm_n which_o rat_n do_v in_o the_o ship_n to_o any_o merchandise_n for_o want_n of_o a_o cat._n the_o merchant_n on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v to_o be_v bind_v by_o the_o say_a charterpartie_n to_o pay_v the_o freight_n of_o the_o good_n by_o he_o lade_v either_o by_o the_o last_o tun_n or_o by_o the_o pack_n and_o fardel_n according_a to_o the_o agreement_n account_v for_o a_o last_o tun_n or_o other_o thing_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o a_o tun_n lade_v wherein_o pesterable_a ware_n which_o take_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o room_n be_v except_v and_o must_v be_v agree_v for_o and_o the_o good_n lade_v be_v liable_a for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o freight_n the_o merchant_n likewise_o do_v covenant_n to_o pay_v pilotage_n if_o a_o pilot_n be_v use_v to_o bring_v the_o ship_n into_o the_o harbour_n also_o primage_n and_o petilodmanidge_n to_o the_o master_n for_o the_o use_n of_o his_o cable_n to_o discharge_v the_o good_n petilodmenidge_n pilotage_n primage_n petilodmenidge_n and_o to_o the_o mariner_n to_o charge_n and_o discharge_v they_o which_o may_v be_v six_o penny_n or_o twelve_o penny_n for_o the_o tun_n lade_v with_o some_o other_o clause_n and_o agreement_n make_v between_o the_o say_a merchant_n and_o master_n wherein_o it_o be_v not_o a_o miss_n to_o limit_v a_o good_a sum_n of_o money_n on_o either_o side_n to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o charterpartie_n and_o to_o covenant_n the_o same_o by_o the_o say_a charterpartie_n whereof_o i_o do_v here_o prescribe_v but_o one_o form_n consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o condition_n therein_o use_v as_o the_o merchant_n and_o master_n can_v agree_v which_o every_o scrivener_n do_v usual_o make_v according_o as_o in_o this_o chapter_n be_v rehearse_v *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xxii_o of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n his_o power_n and_o duty_n of_o the_o master_n to_o the_o merchant_n oleron_n law_n of_o oleron_n the_o whole_a power_n and_o charge_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o master_n require_v a_o stay_a man_n and_o of_o experience_n whereunto_o the_o owner_n be_v to_o take_v great_a heed_n for_o his_o power_n be_v describe_v partly_o by_o the_o owner_n or_o setter_n forth_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o partly_o by_o the_o common-law_n of_o the_o sea_n by_o mean_n and_o virtue_n whereof_o the_o master_n may_v if_o need_v be_v borrow_v money_n in_o a_o strange_a country_n with_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o company_n upon_o some_o of_o the_o tackle_n or_o furniture_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o else_o sell_v some_o of_o the_o merchant_n good_n provide_v that_o the_o merchant_n be_v repay_v again_o at_o the_o high_a price_n that_o the_o like_a good_n be_v sell_v for_o at_o the_o market_n which_o be_v do_v the_o freight_n of_o those_o good_n so_o sell_v and_o repay_v shall_v be_v also_o repay_v by_o the_o master_n to_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n aswell_o as_o the_o freight_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o merchant_n good_n except_o the_o ship_n perish_v in_o the_o voyage_n in_o this_o case_n only_o the_o price_n that_o the_o good_n be_v buy_v for_o shall_v be_v render_v and_o for_o no_o other_o cause_n may_v the_o master_n take_v up_o money_n or_o sell_v any_o of_o the_o merchant_n good_n although_o it_o be_v in_o the_o danger_n of_o shipwreck_n etc._n the_o duty_n of_o a_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n etc._n etc._n such_o be_v the_o duty_n of_o a_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n that_o be_v provident_a that_o he_o ought_v not_o to_o make_v sail_n and_o put_v forth_o to_o sea_n without_o the_o advice_n and_o consent_n of_o the_o most_o part_n of_o his_o company_n especial_o when_o the_o weather_n be_v stormy_a otherwise_o he_o shall_v answer_v the_o damage_n that_o come_v thereby_o principal_o if_o he_o have_v not_o provide_v a_o expert_a pilot_n or_o if_o the_o ship_n happen_v to_o fall_v over_o in_o the_o harbour_n the_o master_n shall_v be_v punish_v also_o by_o damage_n if_o the_o overloope_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v untyth_n or_o the_o pump_n be_v faulty_a or_o a_o sufficient_a cover_n be_v want_v especial_o for_o corn_n victual_v and_o such_o like_a commodity_n he_o be_v also_o before_o his_o departure_n to_o deliver_v the_o name_n of_o all_o the_o person_n which_o he_o be_v to_o transport_v and_o of_o his_o mariner_n which_o with_o we_o be_v but_o late_o establish_v and_o at_o his_o return_n he_o be_v to_o deliver_v a_o true_a inventory_n of_o the_o good_n of_o any_o person_n which_o shall_v happen_v to_o depart_v this_o life_n in_o that_o voyage_n not_o only_o because_o his_o kindred_n and_o friend_n may_v have_v intelligence_n of_o it_o but_o also_o because_o their_o good_n may_v be_v safe_a and_o forthcoming_a for_o one_o whole_a year_n of_o which_o good_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o bed_n and_o appurtenance_n may_v be_v take_v by_o the_o master_n and_o his_o mate_n to_o their_o use_n as_o also_o such_o clothing_n and_o other_o thing_n then_o upon_o his_o body_n may_v be_v deliver_v to_o the_o boatman_n and_o the_o
have_v be_v content_v since_o our_o come_n to_o the_o crown_n to_o tolerate_v a_o indifferent_a and_o promiscuous_a kind_n of_o liberty_n to_o all_o our_o friend_n whatsoever_o to_o fish_n upon_o our_o stream_n and_o upon_o any_o of_o our_o coast_n of_o great_a britain_n ireland_n and_o other_o adjacent_a island_n so_o far_o forth_o as_o the_o permission_n or_o use_n thereof_o may_v not_o redound_v to_o the_o impeachment_n of_o our_o prerogative_n royal_a nor_o to_o the_o hurt_n and_o damage_n of_o our_o love_a subject_n who_o preservation_n and_o flourish_a estate_n we_o hold_v ourselves_o principal_o bind_v to_o advance_v before_o all_o worldly_a respect_n so_o find_v that_o our_o conivence_n therein_o have_v not_o only_o give_v occasion_n of_o over_o great_a encroachment_n upon_o our_o regality_n or_o rather_o question_v of_o our_o right_n but_o have_v be_v a_o mean_n of_o much_o daily_a wrong_n to_o our_o own_o people_n that_o exercise_n the_o trade_n of_o fish_v as_o either_o by_o the_o multitude_n of_o stranger_n which_o do_v preoccupy_v those_o place_n or_o by_o the_o injury_n which_o they_o receive_v most_o common_o at_o their_o hand_n our_o subject_n be_v constrain_v to_o abandon_v their_o fish_n or_o at_o the_o least_o become_v so_o discourage_v in_o the_o same_o as_o they_o hold_v it_o better_o for_o they_o to_o betake_v themselves_o to_o some_o other_o course_n of_o live_v whereby_o not_o only_o diverse_a of_o our_o coast_n town_n be_v much_o decay_v but_o the_o number_n of_o mariner_n daily_o diminish_v which_o be_v a_o matter_n of_o great_a consequence_n to_o our_o estate_n consider_v how_o much_o the_o strength_n thereof_o consist_v in_o the_o power_n of_o ship_n and_o the_o use_n of_o navigation_n we_o have_v think_v it_o now_o both_o just_a and_o necessary_a in_o respect_n that_o we_o be_v now_o by_o god_n favour_n lineal_o and_o lawful_o possess_v as_o well_o of_o the_o island_n of_o great_a britain_n as_o of_o ireland_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o isle_n adjacent_a to_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o good_a and_o lawful_a mean_n to_o prevent_v those_o inconvenience_n and_o many_o other_o depend_v upon_o the_o same_o in_o the_o consideration_n whereof_o as_o we_o be_v desirous_a that_o the_o world_n may_v take_v notice_n that_o we_o have_v no_o intention_n to_o deny_v our_o neighbour_n and_o ally_n those_o fruit_n and_o benefit_n of_o peace_n and_o friendship_n which_o may_v be_v just_o expect_v at_o our_o hand_n in_o honour_n and_o reason_n or_o be_v afford_v by_o other_o prince_n mutual_o in_o the_o point_n of_o commerce_n and_o exchange_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o may_v not_o prove_v prejudicial_a to_o they_o so_o because_o some_o such_o convenient_a order_n may_v be_v take_v in_o this_o matter_n as_o may_v sufficient_o provide_v for_o all_o these_o important_a consideration_n which_o do_v depend_v thereupon_o we_o have_v resolve_v first_o to_o give_v notice_n to_o all_o the_o world_n that_o our_o express_a pleasure_n be_v that_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o month_n of_o august_n next_o come_v no_o person_n of_o what_o nation_n or_o quality_n soever_o be_v not_o our_o natural_a bear_v subject_n be_v permit_v to_o fish_v upon_o any_o of_o our_o coast_n and_o sea_n of_o great_a britain_n ireland_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o isle_n adjacent_a where_o most_o usual_o heretofore_o any_o fish_n have_v be_v until_o they_o have_v orderly_o demand_v and_o obtain_v licence_n from_o we_o or_o such_o our_o commissioner_n as_o we_o have_v authorise_v in_o that_o behalf_n viz._n at_o london_n for_o our_o realm_n of_o england_n and_o ireland_n and_o at_o edinburgh_n for_o our_o realm_n of_o scotland_n which_o licence_n our_o intention_n be_v shall_v be_v yearly_a demand_v for_o so_o many_o vessel_n and_o ship_n and_o the_o tonnage_n thereof_o as_o shall_v intend_v to_o fish_v for_o that_o whole_a year_n or_o any_o part_n thereof_o upon_o any_o of_o our_o coast_n and_o sea_n as_o aforesaid_a upon_o pain_n of_o such_o chastisement_n as_o shall_v be_v fit_a to_o be_v inflict_v upon_o such_o wilful_a offender_n give_v at_o our_o palace_n of_o westminster_n the_o six_o of_o may_n in_o the_o seven_o year_n of_o our_o reign_n of_o great_a britain_n france_n and_o ireland_n anno_fw-la dom._n 1609._o by_o this_o proclamation_n be_v his_o majesty_n right_a and_o dominion_n of_o the_o sea_n express_v in_o two_o word_n by_o lineal_a and_o lawful_a possession_n of_o a_o hereditary_a kingdom_n or_o kingdom_n whereunto_o those_o sea_n be_v join_v and_o appertain_v it_o be_v not_o a_o dominion_n obtain_v by_o a_o elective_a kingdom_n as_o poland_n hungary_n and_o other_o neither_o be_v it_o have_v by_o any_o first_o discovery_n wherein_o the_o pope_n must_v be_v a_o mediator_n as_o alexander_n the_o six_o be_v between_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n and_o portugal_n upon_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o east_n and_o west-indies_n by_o draw_v a_o line_n upon_o the_o globe_n from_o the_o island_n of_o the_o canary_n to_o make_v the_o division_n between_o they_o neither_o be_v it_o like_v to_o the_o whale_n fish_v in_o greeneland_n where_o some_o upon_o their_o discovery_n take_v neither_o possession_n much_o less_o have_v any_o occupation_n which_o make_v the_o strong_a right_o neither_o be_v it_o by_o gift_n or_o purchase_n as_o some_o italian_a prince_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n which_o do_v nevertheless_o enjoy_v both_o freedom_n and_o benefit_n thereby_o but_o it_o be_v undoubted_a and_o indisputable_a as_o aforesaid_a to_o conclude_v this_o argument_n sea_n the_o best_a mark_n of_o distinct_a dominion_n upon_o the_o sea_n the_o distinct_a dominion_n of_o a_o border_a prince_n upon_o the_o sea_n be_v best_a see_v by_o the_o tribute_n or_o tax_n which_o he_o take_v upon_o fish_v ship_n whereof_o we_o have_v many_o precedent_n in_o russia_n many_o league_n from_o the_o main_n fisherman_n do_v pay_v great_a tax_n to_o the_o emperor_n of_o russia_n and_o in_o most_o place_n none_o but_o his_o subject_n be_v permit_v to_o fish_n and_o the_o hollander_n do_v give_v he_o the_o ten_o fish_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n take_v great_a tribute_n both_o at_o wardhouse_n and_o the_o sound_n the_o king_n of_o sweathen_a have_v do_v the_o like_a which_o be_v now_o continue_v by_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n for_o norway_n the_o duke_n of_o medina_n sidonia_n take_v for_o tunyne_n king_n edward_n the_o three_o of_o england_n take_v six_o penny_n for_o every_o tun_n in_o his_o time_n which_o by_o inhaunce_v of_o the_o money_n be_v now_o 18_o penny_n all_o the_o border_a prince_n of_o italy_n do_v take_v tribute_n of_o the_o fish_n take_v within_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n for_o their_o several_a territory_n in_o lappia_n fisherman_n do_v pay_v money_n in_o the_o sound_n for_o passage_n to_o fetch_v it_o over_o and_o above_o the_o ten_o fish_n the_o earl_n of_o orkney_n take_v the_o ten_o fish_n for_o the_o isle_n of_o orcades_n under_o his_o jurisdiction_n as_o the_o fisherman_n do_v to_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o manor_n in_o the_o west_n part_n of_o england_n for_o pilchard_n hake_n and_o conger_n the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a low_a country_n do_v take_v a_o imposition_n upon_o fish_n take_v within_o the_o sea_n and_o stream_n of_o other_o prince_n as_o also_o near_o their_o coast_n and_o their_o subject_n traffic_v with_o the_o russian_n as_o haunce_n noblett_n haunce_n van_n stracle_n robert_n englegrave_n and_o other_o do_v continual_o pay_v the_o ten_o fish_n unto_o the_o emperor_n of_o russia_n all_o which_o be_v requisite_a for_o merchant_n to_o know_v to_o prevent_v trouble_n or_o loss_n for_o the_o pretence_n of_o ignorance_n do_v not_o excuse_n as_o our_o merchant_n of_o kingston_n upon_o hull_n have_v find_v to_o their_o exceed_a loss_n heretofore_o chap._n xxxvi_o of_o custom_n subsidy_n and_o imposition_n pay_v upon_o commodity_n whereas_o custom_n subsidy_n imposition_n toll_n nation_n custom_n upon_o commodity_n due_a by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n accize_n impost_n and_o other_o duty_n by_o the_o exemplary_a action_n of_o prince_n and_o commonweal_n be_v due_a by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n as_o a_o matter_n inherent_a to_o their_o prerogative_n because_o they_o be_v absolute_a commander_n in_o their_o harbour_n haven_n and_o port_n where_o commodity_n be_v export_v and_o import_v every_o merchant_n be_v bind_v to_o take_v notice_n thereof_o and_o to_o observe_v the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o ordinance_n and_o proceed_n use_v therein_o in_o all_o country_n respective_o to_o avoid_v the_o danger_n of_o the_o loss_n and_o forfeiture_n of_o his_o commodity_n and_o to_o make_v a_o true_a calculation_n how_o to_o buy_v and_o sell_v to_o profit_n observe_v how_o much_o upon_o the_o hundred_o pound_n in_o value_n of_o his_o commodity_n rate_v by_o the_o order_n of_o diverse_a country_n the_o same_o amount_v unto_o and_o to_o add_v the_o
and_o this_o we_o call_v grow_v in_o finesse_n by_o the_o decrease_n of_o the_o mass_n or_o proportion_n and_o so_o two_o ounce_n eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n commix_v with_o nine_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n make_v into_o money_n finesse_n how_o silver_n do_v increase_v in_o finesse_n become_v to_o be_v three_o ounce_n fine_a by_o the_o melt_a of_o the_o bullion_n remelting_a of_o brocage_n and_o scizell_n and_o by_o the_o work_n hammer_v often_o neal_v and_o blaunch_v which_o always_o in_o base_a money_n be_v very_o great_a as_o experience_n have_v prove_v call_v you_o this_o poket_n up_o of_o almost_o ten_o thousand_o pound_n well_o i_o be_o content_a to_o join_v my_o issue_n hereupon_o and_o to_o prove_v that_o the_o mintmaster_n have_v not_o pocket_v up_o any_o benefit_n or_o gain_v at_o all_o by_o this_o finesse_n of_o silver_n hide_v and_o unreport_v in_o the_o bullion_n pound_n above_o nine_o thousand_o pound_n but_o that_o he_o have_v be_v a_o loose_a of_o so_o much_o as_o have_v be_v take_v from_o he_o by_o make_v he_o to_o answer_v silver_n for_o copper_n the_o commixture_n of_o these_o two_o standard_n be_v contrary_n and_o contrary_n to_o work_v all_o one_o effect_n be_v strange_a unto_o i_o with_o that_o he_o desire_v i_o to_o go_v with_o he_o to_o the_o assay-house_n to_o see_v the_o assay_n make_v of_o our_o silver_n and_o gold_n and_o there_o to_o end_v our_o discourse_n whereof_o he_o seem_v unto_o i_o to_o be_v very_o desirous_a chap._n vii_o of_o the_o assay_n of_o bullion_n and_o money_n come_v to_o the_o assay-house_n there_o we_o find_v diverse_a gentleman_n desirous_a to_o see_v the_o manner_n of_o make_v of_o assay_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o also_o diverse_a goldsmith_n which_v bring_v some_o ingot_n of_o gold_n but_o no_o silver_n at_o all_o and_o here_o we_o be_v all_o courteous_o welcome_o and_o our_o discourse_n be_v interrupt_v and_o the_o assay-master_n desire_v i_o to_o have_v patience_n until_o his_o business_n be_v end_v with_o the_o goldsmith_n and_o so_o he_o will_v make_v the_o assay_n of_o our_o silver_n first_o and_o then_o come_v to_o the_o make_n of_o our_o gold_n assay_v which_o he_o will_v first_o test_v before_o he_o shall_v put_v some_o proportion_n of_o it_o to_o the_o trial_n of_o strong-water_n the_o little_a furnace_n be_v fire_v and_o the_o assay-master_n take_v four_o copple_v or_o teast_n which_o be_v make_v of_o bone-ash_n &_o he_o do_v put_v they_o in_o the_o furnace_n quater_fw-la corner_n wise_n with_o the_o bottom_n upward_o and_o so_o let_v they_o remain_v almost_o a_o hour_n until_o he_o have_v make_v a_o end_n with_o the_o goldsmith_n assay_n to_o the_o end_n they_o shall_v be_v thorough_o dry_a to_o avoid_v the_o spring_a of_o the_o silver_n silver_n how_o to_o make_v the_o assay_n of_o silver_n and_o then_o he_o do_v turn_v they_o upward_o and_o so_o cut_v off_o some_o silver_n of_o our_o ingot_n on_o both_o side_n he_o do_v beat_v the_o same_o very_a thin_a with_o a_o hammer_n and_o weigh_v just_o the_o quantity_n of_o fifteen_o grain_n he_o divide_v the_o same_o by_o even_a portion_n of_o weight_n into_o half_n and_o thereunto_o he_o take_v five_o time_n so_o much_o in_o thin_a purge_v lead_n and_o wind_a or_o involue_v the_o silver_n therein_o he_o do_v put_v the_o same_o upon_o the_o several_a copple_v two_o to_o two_o and_o upon_o the_o other_o two_o he_o do_v first_o put_v the_o lead_n and_o the_o silver_n afterward_o when_o the_o lead_n be_v melt_v make_v no_o great_a difference_n in_o this_o then_o with_o coal_n he_o do_v stop_v the_o furnace_n indifferent_o neither_o too_o hot_a nor_o too_o cold_a until_o it_o begin_v to_o drive_v and_o then_o he_o make_v it_o hot_a and_o find_v it_o to_o appear_v bright_a he_o bring_v the_o copple_v one_o after_o another_o to_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o furnace_n there_o he_o let_v they_o smoke_v a_o little_a hold_v they_o out_o and_o in_o before_o he_o take_v they_o out_o then_o take_v off_o this_o silver_n he_o weigh_v they_o one_o against_o another_o and_o find_v they_o alike_o whereby_o he_o know_v he_o assay_v be_v well_o make_v and_o then_o he_o weigh_v they_o both_o together_o and_o what_o they_o weigh_v less_o than_o before_o be_v copper_n waste_v and_o he_o report_v our_o silver_n to_o be_v eleven_o ounce_n and_o four_o penny_n weight_n fine_a by_o the_o true_a proportion_n of_o the_o pound_n weight_n which_o be_v to_o be_v take_v according_o in_o the_o whole_a ingot_a weigh_v some_o forty_o pound_n weight_n so_o that_o every_o pound_n of_o it_o do_v contain_v eleven_o ounce_n four_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o sixteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n make_v together_o twelve_o ounce_n for_o the_o pound_n troy_n weight_n and_o so_o be_v finesse_n know_v by_o weight_n and_o be_v proper_o fine_a silver_n as_o aforesaid_a hereupon_o i_o do_v ask_v he_o whether_o the_o copple_n have_v drink_v up_o some_o little_a quantity_n of_o silver_n which_o may_v amount_v to_o two_o penny_n weight_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o sterling_a silver_n by_o the_o computation_n of_o silver_n of_o several_a finesse_n and_o he_o answer_v i_o it_o have_v without_o all_o doubt_n the_o other_o silver_n assay_v he_o report_v to_o be_v but_o eleven_o ounce_n fine_a after_o this_o gold_n to_o make_v the_o assay_n of_o gold_n he_o take_v in_o like_a manner_n fifteen_o grain_n of_o our_o ingot_a of_o gold_n and_o put_v the_o same_o to_o the_o test_v as_o aforesaid_a to_o purge_v the_o copper_n which_o he_o do_v with_o a_o hot_a fire_n he_o do_v beaâ—_n the_o gold_n with_o a_o hammer_n very_o thin_a that_o he_o can_v wind_v it_o upon_o a_o little_a stick_n round_o to_o make_v it_o go_v through_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o to_o work_v the_o better_a and_o hereunto_o he_o take_v twenty_o grain_n of_o very_a fine_a silver_n in_o like_a manner_n and_o put_v they_o all_o together_o into_o the_o vial_n or_o glass_n and_o hereupon_o he_o do_v pour_v some_o strong-water_n and_o put_v the_o same_o upon_o coal_n and_o there_o it_o do_v smoke_n and_o stand_v until_o it_o do_v smoke_v no_o more_o and_o then_o it_o have_v wrought_v and_o separate_v the_o silver_n from_o the_o gold_n which_o remain_v whole_a and_o the_o silver_n be_v turn_v into_o water_n then_o he_o do_v pour_v out_o that_o water_n into_o another_o glass_n with_o rainwater_n strong-water_n to_o divide_v silver_n from_o strong-water_n which_o divide_v your_o silver_n from_o the_o strong-water_n again_o and_o weigh_v the_o gold_n again_o report_v the_o same_o to_o be_v twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n fine_a by_o the_o calculation_n upon_o the_o balance_n of_o his_o subtle_a assay_v and_o then_o we_o go_v up_o to_o deliver_v our_o silver_n and_o gold_n to_o the_o warden_n of_o the_o mint_n whereof_o entry_n be_v make_v in_o diverse_a and_o several_a book_n of_o the_o warden_n comptroller_n mintmaster_n and_o assay-master_n and_o the_o mintmaster_n do_v deliver_v bill_n of_o the_o weight_n and_o finesse_n thereof_o under_o his_o hand_n to_o the_o warden_n of_o the_o mint_n where_o we_o stay_v to_o see_v our_o silver_n melt_a and_o cast_v into_o ingot_n for_o to_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o moneyer_n to_o shire_n the_o same_o by_o weight_n into_o small_a piece_n for_o twelve_o pence_n &_o six_o pence_n for_o it_o be_v allay_v according_a to_o the_o sterling_a standard_n and_o the_o assay-master_n make_v another_o assay_v of_o it_o call_v the_o pot_n assay_v and_o find_v the_o same_o to_o be_v standard_n assay_v the_o pot_n assay_v whereupon_o we_o take_v our_o leave_n and_o depart_v and_o here_o also_o he_o affirm_v unto_o i_o that_o the_o copple_n have_v drink_v in_o the_o like_o small_a proportion_n of_o silver_n the_o next_o week_n follow_v i_o go_v to_o receive_v my_o satisfaction_n in_o coin_a money_n which_o be_v bring_v up_o to_o the_o warden_n and_o he_o peruse_v they_o whether_o they_o be_v well_o coin_a without_o crack_n or_o flaw_n and_o as_o the_o monyers_n bring_v they_o up_o in_o tray_n he_o take_v out_o some_o piece_n not_o well_o make_v and_o cut_v they_o a_o sunder_o with_o a_o shire_n and_o some_o piece_n he_o weigh_v and_o then_o take_v some_o other_o piece_n and_o put_v they_o through_o a_o hole_n into_o a_o box_n keep_v under_o several_a key_n and_o some_o piece_n he_o deliver_v to_o the_o assay-master_n to_o make_v trial_n of_o money_n assay_v of_o money_n and_o after_o i_o have_v receive_v my_o money_n by_o weight_n for_o weight_n of_o my_o bullion_n i_o go_v to_o the_o assay-master_n and_o see_v he_o make_v a_o assay_v of_o the_o say_a money_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o the_o other_o with_o five_o part_n of_o lead_n and_o hereupon_o i_o take_v
to_o one_o of_o gold_n in_o france_n the_o mark_n of_o gold_n value_v at_o seventie_o four_o crown_n and_o the_o silver_n at_o 6_o â…“_n crown_n make_v the_o proportion_n 11_o 11_o 19_o part_n but_o value_v the_o french_a crown_n at_o three_o frankes_n be_v eleven_o to_o one_o in_o england_n the_o angel_n at_o ten_o shilling_n and_o the_o silver_n at_o sixty_o shilling_n the_o pound_n troy_n of_o 12_o ounce_n be_v that_o six_o angel_n do_v weigh_v a_o ounce_n make_v also_o eleven_o to_o one_o in_o germany_n one_o mark_n of_o silver_n at_o 8_o ½_n gold_n guilder_n make_v 11_o â…”_n for_o 1_o but_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n be_v alter_v have_v also_o alter_v the_o same_o in_o rome_n the_o pound_n of_o silver_n at_o 108_o carlini_n and_o the_o ducat_n of_o gold_n 99_o ¼_n be_v 12_o to_o 1._o so_o at_o milan_n the_o ducat_n 112_o and_o the_o teaston_n 28_o be_v but_o 9_o â…“_n for_o 1._o the_o silver_n be_v so_o in_o request_n there_o for_o the_o make_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n thread_n that_o be_v to_o say_v silver_n thread_n guilt_n and_o white_a now_o for_o all_o place_n of_o momentary_a traffic_n it_o be_v 12_o to_o 1_o and_o in_o england_n 13_o ½_n to_o 1_o as_o have_v be_v declare_v the_o valuation_n of_o foreign_a coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n publish_v in_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n on_o the_o 21_o day_n of_o julie_n 1622_o with_o the_o order_n establish_v by_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o say_a country_n for_o the_o better_a observation_n of_o the_o say_a valuation_n which_o never_o the_o less_o be_v continual_o infringe_v from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v in_o other_o country_n so_o that_o to_o observe_v our_o own_o rule_n according_a to_o equality_n and_o equity_n will_v be_v find_v the_o best_a and_o safe_a course_n of_o politic_a government_n  _fw-fr guilder_n stivers_n flemish_n the_o great_a golden_a rider_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n 11_o 6_o or_o 37_o sâ—_n 8_o do_v the_o half_a of_o the_o say_a rider_n 5_o 13_o 18_o 10_o the_o double_a ducat_n of_o the_o say_a province_n with_o the_o letter_n 8_o 10_o 28_o 4_o the_o french_a crown_n 3_o 18_o 13_o 0_o the_o pistolet_n of_o spain_n of_o four_o pistolet_n 15_o 8_o 51_o 4_o the_o double_a pistolet_n of_o spain_n 7_o 14_o 25_o 8_o the_o single_a pistolet_n after_o the_o rate_n 3_o 17_o 12_o 10_o the_o albertin_n or_o ducat_n of_o albertus_n of_o austria_n 5_o 13_o 18_o 10_o the_o double_a rose_n noble_a of_o england_n 18_o 12_o 62_o 0_o the_o rose_n noble_a of_o henricus_n edward_n and_o queen_n elizabeth_n 9_o 6_o 31_o 0_o the_o henricus_n noble_a 8_o 6_o 27_o 8_o the_o flemish_a noble_a old_a and_o new_a of_o the_o unite_a country_n 8_o 0_o 26_o 8_o the_o old_a angel_n of_o england_n 6_o 4_o 20_o 8_o the_o new_a rider_n of_o gelder_n and_n friesland_n 3_o 13_o 12_o 2_o the_o gold_n guilder_n of_o those_o mint_n 3_o 2_o 10_o 4_o all_o which_o coin_n be_v to_o be_v weigh_v with_o their_o accustom_a weight_n and_o the_o remedy_n of_o two_o grain_n and_o no_o more_o with_o some_o little_a advantage_n over_o or_o at_o the_o least_o be_v within_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o balance_n provide_v always_o that_o the_o coin_n of_o their_o due_a fineness_n although_o they_o be_v light_a shall_v be_v currant_n pay_v for_o every_o grain_n want_v two_o stiver_n silver_n coin_n  _fw-fr guilder_n stivers_n flemish_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ss_z d._n the_o lion_n doller_n of_o the_o low_a province_n 2_o 0_o 6_o 8_o the_o rickx_n dollar_n in_o general_n 2_o 10_o 8_o 4_o the_o cross_n doller_n of_o albertus_n 2_o 7_o 7_o 10_o the_o spanish_a rial_n of_o 8_o 2_o 8_o 8_o 0_o the_o doller_n of_o zealand_n and_o frise_n with_o the_o eagle_n 1_o 10_o 5_o 0_o the_o floren_n or_o guilder_n of_o friesland_n 1_o 8_o 4_o 8_o the_o english_a shilling_n and_o of_o great_a britain_n 0_o 10_o ½_n 1_o 9_o the_o mark_n piece_n or_o thistle_n of_o scotland_n 0_o 12_o 2_o 0_o the_o harp_n of_o scotland_n and_o ireland_n 0_o 8_o 1_o 4_o and_o if_o any_o of_o the_o say_a piece_n be_v find_v to_o want_v of_o their_o weight_n and_o the_o appoint_a remedy_n within_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o balance_n or_o some_o little_a advantage_n over_o they_o shall_v be_v currant_n pay_v for_o every_o grain_n want_v two_o penny_n hollandt_n whereof_o 16_o make_v one_o stiver_n and_o the_o english_a groat_n be_v make_v bullion_n or_o shall_v not_o be_v currant_n small_a money_n for_o ordinary_a payment_n the_o shilling_n of_o all_o the_o several_a province_n respective_o and_o of_o the_o mint_n of_o nimogen_n deventer_n campen_n and_o swoll_n 6_o stivers_n the_o half_a shilling_n after_o the_o rate_n 3_o stivers_n the_o piece_n call_v flab_n of_o groninghen_n 4_o stiver_n the_o double_a 8_o stivers_n the_o twintigst_a part_n of_o the_o great_a silver_n royal_a 2_o ½_n stivers_n the_o double_a and_o single_a stiver_n of_o all_o these_o country_n 2_o &_o 1_o stiver_n money_n the_o ten_o to_o be_v receive_v in_o copper_n money_n 1_o of_o all_o which_o small_a money_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o rent_n interest_n or_o abatement_n of_o the_o same_o as_o also_o of_o all_o manner_n of_o merchandise_n exceed_v in_o one_o parcel_n the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o guilder_n no_o man_n shall_v be_v bind_v to_o receive_v more_o than_o the_o ten_o penny_n 2_o the_o duyt_n according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o province_n make_v in_o the_o provincial_a mint_n and_o none_o other_o be_v as_o yet_o tolerate_v for_o a_o duyt_n and_o all_o other_o copper_n money_n of_o the_o provincial_a mint_n be_v also_o tolerate_v to_o be_v pay_v out_o for_o one_o penny_n the_o piece_n the_o 16_o whereof_o make_v one_o hollandt_n stiver_n and_o not_o above_o whereas_o we_o do_v intend_v hereafter_o to_o prohibit_v the_o same_o to_o be_v currant_n for_o any_o price_n because_o we_o will_v provide_v ourselves_o forthwith_o with_o so_o much_o copper_n money_n as_o the_o commodiousness_n shall_v require_v 3_o we_o do_v also_o prohibit_v from_o henceforth_o no_o copper_n money_n to_o be_v bring_v into_o these_o country_n above_o two_o stiver_n upon_o pain_n often_o stiver_n for_o every_o piece_n to_o be_v forfeit_v and_o whosoever_o shall_v issue_v any_o copper_n money_n above_o the_o say_a price_n shall_v incur_v the_o like_a penalty_n of_o ten_o stiver_n for_o every_o piece_n 4_o and_o all_o the_o say_a coin_n shall_v be_v currant_n in_o these_o province_n for_o the_o price_n aforesaid_a declare_v all_o other_o piece_n for_o bullion_n melt_v all_o other_o coin_n make_v bullion_n to_o be_v melt_v which_o by_o this_o our_o proclamation_n be_v not_o value_v prohibit_v any_o of_o the_o say_a piece_n to_o be_v offer_v or_o receive_v as_o also_o to_o press_v any_o of_o those_o which_o be_v value_v to_o be_v pay_v at_o a_o high_a price_n than_o they_o be_v value_v and_o likewise_o offer_v to_o put_v forth_o other_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n value_v which_o be_v clip_v wash_v break_a mend_v neiled_a or_o otherwise_o augment_v in_o weight_n upon_o forfeiture_n of_o all_o the_o say_a coin_n so_o to_o be_v offer_v at_o high_a rate_n than_o this_o proclamation_n do_v permit_v and_o if_o the_o fact_n be_v not_o instant_o discover_v to_o forfeit_v the_o value_n thereof_o and_o moreover_o the_o quadruple_a or_o the_o value_n thereof_o or_o 24_o guilder_n in_o lieu_n thereof_o if_o the_o say_a coin_n do_v not_o amount_v to_o six_o guilder_n for_o the_o first_o time_n the_o second_o time_n double_a and_o for_o the_o three_o time_n quadruple_a and_o moreover_o arbitrable_a correction_n according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o fact_n 5_o without_o that_o any_o distinction_n shall_v be_v make_v whether_o the_o say_v coin_n be_v instant_o pay_v from_o foreign_a part_n or_o send_v from_o some_o one_o province_n or_o town_n into_o another_o in_o which_o case_n if_o the_o receiver_n thereof_o will_v be_v free_v of_o the_o say_a forfeiture_n he_o be_v to_o give_v notice_n of_o it_o within_o twenty_o and_o four_o hour_n after_o the_o receipt_n thereof_o unto_o the_o magistrate_n or_o other_o officer_n to_o be_v thereunto_o appoint_v to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v proceed_v therein_o against_o the_o sender_n of_o the_o say_a coin_n as_o it_o shall_v or_o may_v appertain_v 6_o yet_o shall_v the_o say_a receiver_n keep_v the_o say_v coin_v whole_o to_o himself_o if_o the_o say_a money_n be_v send_v unto_o he_o in_o payment_n of_o a_o former_a debt_n and_o nevertheless_o have_v his_o action_n against_o the_o party_n for_o so_o much_o as_o they_o shall_v want_v of_o the_o say_a valuation_n and_o if_o the_o say_a coin_n be_v send_v for_o any_o debt_n as_o yet_o not_o due_a or_o to_o be_v make_v the_o say_a
a_o dog_n use_v to_o bite_v or_o gnaw_v upon_o a_o bone_n so_o that_o he_o that_o bit_v not_o do_v not_o commit_v usury_n for_o usury_n be_v none_o other_o thing_n than_o a_o bite_n as_o i_o say_v of_o the_o very_a etymology_n and_o proper_a nature_n of_o the_o word_n otherwise_o it_o can_v be_v call_v neshech_n as_o the_o hebrician_n say_v according_a to_o the_o definition_n then_o of_o bite_a usury_n we_o be_v to_o proceed_v in_o this_o discourse_n after_o that_o we_o have_v brief_o declare_v the_o law_n and_o prohibition_n against_o usury_n wherein_o we_o must_v begin_v with_o the_o holy_a scripture_n observe_v these_o place_n god_n say_v in_o the_o 22_o of_o exodus_fw-la scripture_n holy_a scripture_n if_o thou_o lend_v money_n to_o any_o of_o my_o people_n that_o be_v poor_a by_o thou_o thou_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o usurer_n unto_o he_o neither_o shall_v thou_o oppress_v he_o with_o usury_n in_o another_o place_n 25._o levit._fw-la 25._o if_o thy_o brother_n be_v wax_v poor_a and_o fall_v into_o decay_n with_o thou_o receive_v he_o as_o a_o stranger_n or_o a_o soiourner_n 23._o deut._n 23._o and_o let_v he_o live_v by_o thou_o and_o thou_o shall_v take_v no_o usury_n of_o he_o nor_o yet_o advantage_n but_o shall_v fear_v thy_o god_n that_o thy_o brother_n may_v live_v with_o thou_o 6._o psal._n 15â—_n ezech._n 18._o matt._n 5._o luke_n 6._o thou_o shall_v not_o lend_v he_o thy_o money_n upon_o usury_n or_o lend_v he_o of_o thy_o food_n to_o have_v a_o advantage_n by_o it_o add_v unto_o this_o the_o place_n note_v in_o the_o margin_n and_o so_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o holy_a ancient_a father_n saint_n hierome_n say_v there_o be_v no_o difference_n betwixt_o usury_n fraud_n and_o violent_a rob_v father_n ancient_a father_n saint_n augustine_n say_v a_o usurer_n be_v he_o say_v to_o be_v who_o do_v demand_v more_o in_o money_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n else_o than_o he_o have_v deliver_v according_a to_o which_o the_o say_a saint_n hierome_n also_o say_v that_o some_o do_v think_v usury_n to_o be_v only_o in_o money_n but_o let_v they_o well_o understand_v that_o usury_n be_v a_o overplus_n in_o any_o thing_n above_o that_o which_o be_v lend_v mortis_fw-la amb._n de_fw-fr beno_fw-la mortis_fw-la saint_n ambrose_n likewise_o say_v if_o any_o man_n take_v usury_n he_o do_v commit_v extortion_n rapine_n and_o pillage_n and_o shall_v not_o live_v the_o life_n as_o who_o shall_v say_v he_o shall_v die_v therefore_o to_o omit_v many_o other_o of_o the_o say_v ancient_a father_n saint_n bernard_n say_v that_o the_o vsuror_n be_v a_o thief_n in_o law_n because_o the_o civil_a law_n tell_v he_o before_o hand_n what_o it_o be_v that_o he_o must_v rob_v from_o other_o as_o who_o shall_v say_v such_o law_n as_o permit_v vsuror_n be_v lawful_a theevery_n law_n canon_n law_n hereupon_o the_o canonist_n have_v make_v vsuror_n to_o be_v defame_v person_n and_o if_o any_o man_n make_v by_o his_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n any_o good_n unto_o they_o the_o testament_n may_v be_v break_v neither_o be_v they_o to_o communicate_v with_o christian_n or_o to_o enter_v into_o their_o congregation_n to_o offer_v any_o oblation_n and_o when_o they_o be_v dead_a they_o shall_v not_o be_v bury_v in_o christian_a burial_n and_o if_o they_o be_v the_o doer_n thereof_o be_v excommunicate_v decretal_n decretal_n decretal_n and_o clementines_n make_v by_o diverse_a pope_n be_v direct_o against_o usury_n alexander_n the_o pope_n do_v straight_o forbid_v all_o usury_n not_o only_o unto_o the_o clergy_n but_o also_o unto_o the_o laiety_n in_o the_o book_n sextus_n decretalium_fw-la gregory_n the_o ten_o bishop_n of_o rome_n of_o that_o name_n say_v we_o be_v desirous_a to_o stop_v the_o gulf_n or_o whirlpool_n of_o usury_n commit_v which_o do_v devour_v soul_n and_o utter_o waste_v wealth_n do_v command_n upon_o the_o threaten_n of_o god_n curse_n that_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o latter_a concile_v set_v forth_o against_o vsuror_n be_v without_o any_o violation_n at_o all_o full_o &_o whole_o observe_v and_o thereupon_o a_o prohibition_n be_v make_v that_o no_o corporation_n college_n or_o university_n shall_v let_v any_o house_n or_o dwell_v place_n to_o any_o strange_a vsuror_n law_n civil_a law_n baldus_n the_o civilian_n speak_v bitter_o against_o vsuror_n in_o his_o book_n of_o counsel_n say_v that_o usury_n be_v a_o gainful_a piracie_n contrary_a to_o nature_n upon_o the_o loan_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o consist_v upon_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n bartolus_n say_v that_o all_o usury_n be_v utter_o forbid_v and_o offensive_a to_o god_n and_o man_n so_o do_v panormitane_n and_o diverse_a other_o learn_v in_o the_o civil_a law_n aristotle_n aristotle_n aristotle_n in_o his_o politics_n say_v that_o such_o money_n as_o bring_v forth_o money_n through_o usury_n be_v a_o ugly_a beast_n that_o bring_v forth_o monster_n from_o time_n to_o time_n such_o as_o be_v not_o in_o nature_n the_o roman_n be_v in_o their_o most_o flourish_a estate_n make_v a_o law_n by_o their_o twelve_o table_n that_o no_o man_n shall_v put_v forth_o money_n upon_o usury_n but_o after_o one_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v faenus_fw-la unciarium_fw-la whereas_o before_o that_o time_n rich_a man_n may_v take_v at_o their_o pleasure_n afterward_o it_o be_v ordain_v at_o the_o entreat_v of_o the_o tribune_n to_o take_v a_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a and_o that_o be_v thirty_o shilling_n in_o one_o hundred_o pound_n after_o that_o it_o come_v to_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v triens_fw-la and_o last_o of_o all_o to_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v semissis_fw-la and_o yet_o all_o these_o alteration_n and_o diversity_n of_o suffer_v in_o usury_n notwithstanding_o law_n genitius_n law_n one_o genitius_n a_o tribune_n publish_v a_o law_n that_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v lawful_a for_o any_o man_n to_o be_v a_o usurer_n at_o any_o hand_n or_o by_o any_o manner_n of_o mean_n and_o so_o by_o all_o devise_n that_o may_v be_v it_o be_v utter_o forbid_v by_o diverse_a edict_n and_o proclamation_n which_o be_v often_o repress_v do_v yet_o notwithstanding_o break_v out_o by_o wonderful_a strange_a mean_n wherefore_o tiberius_n caesar_n to_o remedy_v this_o evil_a and_o that_o no_o usury_n shall_v be_v use_v he_o cause_v a_o marvelous_a mass_n of_o money_n to_o be_v lay_v in_o bank_n to_o the_o sum_n of_o two_o million_o and_o a_o half_a of_o crown_n be_v five_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n english_a or_o sterling_a and_o take_v order_n that_o every_o man_n shall_v have_v credit_n for_o three_o year_n without_o pay_v any_o usury_n at_o all_o tacitus_n cornelius_n tacitus_n put_v in_o surety_n for_o the_o double_a value_n of_o that_o he_o borrow_v and_o cornelius_n tacitus_n a_o renown_a writer_n say_v the_o canker_n of_o usury_n be_v a_o old_a venomous_a sore_n and_o the_o chief_a head_n and_o cause_n of_o rebellion_n and_o variance_n in_o country_n and_o commonweal_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v altogether_o banish_v in_o the_o old_a time_n when_o least_o corruption_n of_o life_n appear_v among_o man_n lucullus_z so_o hate_v the_o excessive_a deal_n of_o the_o usurer_n that_o whereas_o all_o asia_n be_v overwhelm_v with_o usury_n he_o clear_v the_o same_o utter_o from_o all_o usurer_n and_o so_o do_v cato_n in_o cicilia_n anthoninus_n pius_n alexander_n severus_n claudius_n vespasian_n leo_n emperor_n emperor_n and_o diverse_a other_o emperor_n do_v restrain_v the_o covetousness_n of_o usurer_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o of_o late_a year_n at_o a_o assembly_n at_o augusta_n in_o germany_n do_v conclude_v with_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n that_o no_o manner_n of_o contract_n that_o have_v any_o fellowship_n with_o usury_n shall_v be_v allow_v but_o rather_o that_o all_o usury_n shall_v be_v avoid_v for_o ever_o and_o be_v never_o more_o use_v and_o if_o any_o be_v find_v to_o have_v make_v any_o such_o contract_n the_o same_o man_n to_o forfeit_v to_o the_o magistrate_n or_o ordinary_a judge_n the_o four_o part_n of_o his_o principal_a sum_n plato_n the_o philosopher_n warn_v among_o other_o thing_n orator_n philosopher_n and_o orator_n in_o his_o five_o book_n of_o law_n that_o no_o body_n whatsoever_o he_o be_v that_o will_v bear_v the_o face_n of_o a_o honest_a man_n do_v let_v out_o his_o money_n for_o usury_n or_o gain_n the_o like_a say_v cicero_n and_o many_o other_o learned_a philosopher_n and_o orator_n as_o we_o have_v note_v of_o aristotle_n so_o do_v diverse_a lawmaker_n banish_v usury_n lawgivers_n lawgivers_n and_o utter_o suppress_v the_o same_o as_o lycurgus_n in_o sparta_n among_o the_o lacedaemonian_n amasis_n in_o egypt_n solon_n in_o athens_n sergius_n galba_n in_o africa_n be_v governor_n under_o the_o emperor_n claudius_n and_o diverse_a other_o so_o that_o usury_n
a_o regard_n to_o the_o quality_n of_o person_n be_v due_o observe_v albeit_o the_o lender_n of_o the_o money_n can_v have_v take_v more_o when_o the_o borrower_n will_v give_v it_o to_o serve_v his_o occasion_n without_o this_o precise_a observation_n of_o the_o quality_n of_o person_n a_o matter_n considerable_a now_o adays_o since_o the_o west-indies_n have_v be_v discover_v whereby_o the_o currant_n of_o money_n be_v divide_v into_o many_o country_n and_o run_v also_o according_a to_o occasion_n and_o the_o policy_n of_o state_n and_o merchant_n usury_n difference_n of_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n for_o the_o toleration_n and_o permission_n to_o deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n do_v differ_v in_o the_o rate_n in_o most_o country_n take_v in_o one_o place_n more_o and_o in_o another_o less_o according_a to_o the_o traffic_n and_o merchant_n devise_n money_n a_o policy_n by_o plenty_n of_o money_n in_o poland_n lituania_n prussia_n and_o other_o country_n adjacent_a when_o they_o do_v abound_v in_o corn_n money_n be_v common_o very_o scarce_o and_o the_o price_n of_o corn_n thereby_o much_o abate_v at_o which_o time_n they_o will_v rather_o tolerate_v or_o proclaim_v the_o money_n to_o be_v enhance_v in_o price_n or_o to_o be_v deliver_v at_o interest_n after_o fifteen_o twenty_o and_o sometime_o twenty_o and_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o a_o year_n or_o a_o lesser_a time_n hereupon_o present_o great_a store_n of_o money_n come_v from_o all_o place_n thither_o which_o make_v the_o price_n of_o money_n to_o rise_v afterward_o when_o many_o ship_n be_v lade_v and_o the_o fleet_n depart_v from_o amsterdam_n and_o other_o place_n than_o the_o interest_n begin_v to_o fall_v according_o in_o the_o low-countries_n it_o be_v lawful_a for_o a_o merchant_n to_o take_v twelve_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n and_o after_o the_o rate_n for_o the_o long_o or_o short_a time_n within_o the_o year_n but_o this_o rate_n may_v not_o be_v exceed_v unless_o it_o be_v upon_o some_o condition_n of_o casualty_n or_o adventure_n the_o roman_n and_o grecian_n make_v a_o difference_n as_o have_v be_v note_v according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o justinian_n but_o the_o take_n of_o one_o in_o the_o month_n be_v most_o usual_a because_o merchant_n be_v the_o most_o lender_n and_o this_o twelve_o pro_fw-la centum_fw-la be_v to_o be_v understand_v also_o to_o be_v interest_n upon_o interest_n wherein_o equity_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v interest_n interest_n upon_o interest_n for_o this_o twelve_o pound_n be_v deliver_v out_o again_o unto_o another_o be_v pro_fw-la rata_fw-la as_o beneficial_a as_o the_o 100_o will_v principal_a albeit_o in_o case_n of_o damage_n when_o matter_n between_o man_n be_v grow_v litigious_a and_o depend_v in_o suit_n than_o the_o court_n of_o equity_n will_v account_v the_o whole_a time_n for_o the_o forbearance_n of_o the_o money_n according_a to_o the_o year_n past_a without_o any_o interest_n upon_o interest_n politician_n or_o statesman_n be_v to_o have_v a_o serious_a consideration_n of_o the_o operation_n of_o this_o usury_n politic_a action_n usury_n a_o measure_n of_o man_n action_n as_o a_o property_n inherent_a unto_o money_n because_o that_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n man_n do_v measure_v all_o their_o action_n by_o trade_n and_o traffic_n or_o purchase_v build_v plant_v and_o bargain_n in_o all_o thing_n according_o and_o usury_n be_v so_o inherent_a and_o do_v proper_o grow_v with_o the_o decay_n of_o traffic_n usury_n the_o decay_n of_o trade_n increase_v usury_n as_o pasturage_n do_v increase_v with_o the_o decrease_n of_o till_v whereupon_o the_o follow_a consideration_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v as_o matter_n of_o moment_n especial_o in_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n which_o have_v no_o gold_n or_o silver_n mine_n of_o great_a value_n but_o abundance_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n return_v for_o the_o great_a plenty_n and_o quantity_n of_o their_o home_n commodity_n wherein_o the_o high_a continual_a rate_n of_o usury_n may_v prove_v more_o prejudicial_a than_o the_o abovesaid_a policy_n of_o poland_n lituania_n or_o other_o country_n can_v be_v beneficial_a unto_o they_o for_o we_o see_v that_o general_o all_o merchant_n when_o they_o have_v get_v any_o great_a wealth_n with_o we_o leave_v trade_v and_o fall_v to_o usury_n the_o gain_n whereof_o be_v easy_a certain_a and_o great_a whereas_o in_o other_o country_n merchant_n continue_v from_o generation_n to_o generation_n to_o enrich_v themselves_o and_o the_o state_n as_o we_o find_v diverse_a renown_a family_n in_o germany_n italy_n spain_n and_o other_o country_n there_o be_v this_o last_o year_n a_o tract_n against_o usury_n present_v to_o the_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n of_o england_n 1621._o anno_fw-la 1621._o show_v the_o inconvenience_n of_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n after_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o lesser_a rate_n of_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o take_v in_o the_o low-countries_n where_o money_n be_v so_o plentiful_a and_o upon_o this_o difference_n be_v a_o certain_a operation_n of_o usury_n note_v to_o be_v predominant_a over_o we_o both_o in_o our_o trade_n and_o other_o affair_n first_o it_o be_v allege_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n usury_n reason_n against_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n not_o only_o rich_a tradesman_n give_v over_o trade_n but_o a_o number_n of_o beginner_n be_v undo_v and_o discourage_v thereby_o their_o industry_n serve_v but_o to_o enrich_v other_o and_o beggar_n themselves_o second_o that_o many_o trade_n themselves_o be_v decay_v thereby_o because_o they_o can_v afford_v so_o great_a a_o gain_n as_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o whereas_o if_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n be_v no_o high_a than_o in_o other_o country_n they_o have_v subsist_v and_o flourish_v still_o and_o perhaps_o with_o as_o much_o advantage_n to_o the_o public_a as_o those_o that_o do_v bring_v more_o to_o the_o private_a adventure_n which_o ought_v to_o go_v together_o or_o else_o the_o common_a good_a of_o the_o state_n be_v seldom_o great_o advance_v three_o that_o by_o this_o disadvantage_n between_o six_o and_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o other_o nation_n and_o especial_o our_o industrious_a neighbour_n do_v out_o trade_n and_o undersell_v we_o for_o they_o almost_o double_a the_o use_n allow_v which_o we_o can_v by_o pay_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o whereby_o also_o all_o contribution_n to_o the_o war_n work_n of_o piety_n and_o glory_n of_o state_n be_v better_a cheap_a to_o they_o than_o to_o we_o as_o also_o the_o building_n of_o ship_n or_o hire_v of_o they_o and_o all_o other_o thing_n four_o that_o above_o all_o the_o rest_n it_o make_v the_o land_n itself_o of_o small_a value_n cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v sell_v so_o good_a cheap_a that_o man_n do_v not_o seek_v by_o industry_n any_o more_o to_o improve_v they_o which_o be_v plain_a both_o by_o example_n and_o demonstration_n for_o we_o see_v in_o other_o country_n where_o the_o use_n of_o money_n be_v at_o a_o low_a rate_n land_n be_v general_o sell_v for_o thirty_o forty_o and_o some_o for_o fifty_o year_n purchase_n be_v the_o best_a assurance_n and_o secure_a inheritance_n which_o man_n have_v and_o therefore_o bear_v still_o a_o rate_n above_o money_n which_o will_v increase_v if_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n do_v decrease_v and_o consequent_o labourer_n wage_n and_o other_o dependence_n thereupon_o which_o be_v therein_o more_o ample_o declare_v the_o scope_n of_o all_o tend_v to_o have_v a_o moderation_n in_o the_o price_n of_o usury_n usury_n objection_n to_o the_o moderation_n of_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n hereunto_o be_v certain_a objection_n also_o allege_v and_o their_o answer_n to_o maintain_v the_o rate_n of_o usury_n at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o with_o we_o in_o england_n albeit_o other_o nation_n take_v but_o four_o five_o and_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o or_o 6_o ¼_n which_o be_v call_v rend_v after_o the_o penny_n sixteen_o for_o six_o time_n sixteen_o and_o one_o four_o make_v a_o hundred_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o low-countries_n the_o objection_n be_v few_o in_o number_n first_o the_o long_a continuance_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o thing_n be_v well_o enough_o second_o that_o sudden_a change_n be_v dangerous_a three_o that_o money_n will_v sudden_o be_v call_v in_o and_o the_o borrower_n be_v much_o prejudice_v four_o that_o money_n will_v be_v hard_a to_o come_v by_o and_o commerce_n much_o hinder_v and_o last_o that_o merchant_n stranger_n money_n now_o go_v here_o at_o use_n will_v be_v carry_v away_o again_o if_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n shall_v be_v call_v down_o objection_n answer_v to_o the_o objection_n the_o answer_n to_o the_o first_o and_o second_o objection_n be_v that_o the_o practice_n of_o usury_n have_v not_o be_v so_o general_o use_v as_o it_o be_v now_o when_o man_n
have_v spend_v time_n labour_n and_o no_o small_a charge_n in_o hope_n that_o hereafter_o it_o may_v do_v good_a to_o the_o public_a house_n pawn_v house_n if_o some_o divine_a be_v move_v to_o further_a it_o the_o first_o be_v according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o amsterdam_n to_o which_o end_n the_o substance_n of_o the_o petition_n of_o honest_a and_o religious_a man_n his_o majesty_n subject_n be_v as_o follow_v first_o that_o authority_n be_v give_v to_o a._n b._n to_o erect_v pawne-house_n in_o all_o convenient_a place_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n ireland_n and_o the_o dominion_n of_o wales_n for_o and_o during_o the_o term_n of_o one_o and_o twenty_o year_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o all_o person_n and_o person_n shall_v and_o may_v have_v at_o all_o convenient_a time_n money_n upon_o pawn_n of_o or_o upon_o all_o movable_a good_n chattel_n and_o lease_n or_o any_o thing_n which_o shall_v be_v agree_v upon_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n that_o the_o undertaker_n may_v be_v authorise_v or_o licence_v to_o take_v for_o the_o attendance_n labour_n and_o pain_n recompense_n of_o officer_n and_o servant_n wage_n house-rent_n and_o all_o other_o charge_v incident_a thereunto_o as_o follow_v for_o register_n and_o keep_n of_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v amount_v to_o fifty_o pound_n or_o more_o one_o farthing_n for_o every_o pound_n by_o the_o month_n for_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v amount_v to_o ten_o pound_n or_o more_o until_o fifty_o pound_n for_o every_o pound_n one_o half_a penny_n by_o the_o month_n for_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v not_o amount_v to_o ten_o pound_n for_o every_o pound_n one_o penny_n by_o the_o month_n for_o every_o bill_n give_v for_o pawn_n under_o ten_o pound_n one_o penny_n and_o be_v of_o ten_o pound_n or_o above_o whatsoever_o it_o come_v unto_o but_o two_o penny_n with_o such_o clause_n condition_n and_o caution_n as_o shall_v be_v requisite_a for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o say_a undertaker_n and_o agreeable_a with_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n pay_v unto_o the_o king_n majesty_n a_o reasonable_a sum_n of_o money_n yearly_a etc._n etc._n the_o say_v allowance_n be_v inferior_a to_o the_o moderation_n of_o the_o emperor_n justinian_n his_o law_n and_o will_v be_v find_v very_o reasonable_a consider_v that_o by_o the_o toleration_n of_o usury_n politic_a man_n can_v deliver_v their_o money_n in_o very_a great_a sum_n at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o free_o and_o without_o such_o trouble_n chap._n xiii_o of_o mons_fw-la pietatis_fw-la or_o bank_n of_o charity_n the_o second_o mean_a to_o suppress_v the_o bite_a usury_n of_o extortion_n upon_o the_o common_a people_n be_v by_o provide_v a_o course_n that_o they_o may_v have_v money_n upon_o pawn_n without_o pay_v any_o interest_n or_o usury_n for_o the_o loan_n of_o it_o according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n in_o flanders_n which_o be_v more_o please_a but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o universal_a as_o the_o pawn_n house_n be_v where_o great_a sum_n be_v to_o be_v have_v to_o accommodate_v merchant_n and_o all_o man_n to_o prevent_v the_o general_a abuse_n albeit_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o the_o extortion_n upon_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n be_v more_o heinous_a and_o detestable_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o roman_n he_o that_o take_v usury_n of_o the_o poor_a be_v more_o punish_v than_o he_o that_o do_v steal_v from_o the_o rich_a as_o be_v before_o declare_v in_o italy_n there_o be_v montes_n pietatis_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v mount_n or_o bank_n of_o charity_n place_n where_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n be_v by_o legacy_n give_v for_o relief_n of_o the_o poor_a to_o borrow_v upon_o pawn_n and_o to_o pay_v only_o after_o three_o or_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o most_o to_o maintain_v the_o officer_n and_o to_o bear_v the_o charge_n of_o such_o a_o erect_a mount_n for_o ever_o but_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n as_o aforesaid_a may_v be_v think_v more_o reasonable_a pay_v the_o officer_n out_o of_o the_o contribution_n which_o by_o their_o mean_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v according_a to_o the_o order_n which_o be_v hereafter_o declare_v usury_n money_n to_o be_v give_v to_o suppress_v usury_n for_o every_o man_n be_v willing_a to_o give_v for_o the_o suppression_n of_o intolerable_a and_o abominable_a usury_n the_o rich_a that_o be_v charitable_o dispose_v will_v give_v because_o usury_n politic_a shall_v not_o be_v bite_v the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n will_v be_v contributory_a because_o of_o the_o commodiousnes_n of_o it_o for_o who_o will_v not_o give_v six_o penny_n or_o twelve_o penny_n every_o quarter_n of_o the_o year_n when_o he_o may_v borrow_v a_o reasonable_a sum_n of_o money_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n for_o it_o for_o one_o year_n or_o a_o long_a time_n according_a to_o occasion_n i_o be_o sure_a of_o most_o man_n inclination_n by_o a_o attempt_n make_v of_o the_o practice_n hereof_o some_o year_n since_o for_o after_o the_o name_n take_v of_o above_o 1500_o person_n that_o be_v willing_a to_o contribute_v yearly_a and_o some_o divine_n and_o other_o that_o will_v lend_v free_o 50_o will_v 100_o will_v or_o more_o for_o some_o year_n and_o some_o 500_o will_v i_o make_v a_o alphabetical_a register_n of_o they_o which_o be_v deliver_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o great_a personage_n who_o as_o it_o seem_v be_v not_o worthy_a of_o the_o honour_n thereof_o but_o to_o my_o remembrance_n it_o amount_v to_o some_o 2000_o will_v for_o money_n give_v and_o to_o be_v lend_v and_o above_o six_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a during_o the_o life_n of_o the_o benefactor_n so_o that_o no_o man_n have_v cause_n to_o doubt_v of_o the_o collection_n of_o a_o great_a stock_n for_o so_o godly_a a_o work_n if_o authority_n be_v have_v when_o this_o be_v do_v upon_o the_o only_a hope_n and_o surmise_v thereof_o to_o the_o effect_v whereof_o i_o will_v be_v willing_a still_o to_o do_v my_o best_a endeavour_n now_o the_o order_n be_v as_o follow_v order_n to_o be_v observe_v for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o mount_n of_o charity_n consist_v of_o two_o house_n within_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o the_o suburb_n thereof_o and_o one_o house_n at_o westminster_n where_o all_o man_n may_v borrow_v money_n in_o small_a sum_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n or_o loan_n for_o the_o same_o upon_o pawn_n to_o be_v deliver_v for_o caution_n or_o security_n of_o the_o say_a money_n according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n in_o flanders_n and_o other_o country_n 1_o imprimis_fw-la that_o all_o man_n of_o what_o quality_n or_o condition_n soever_o they_o be_v be_v destitute_a of_o money_n shall_v have_v money_n at_o all_o convenient_a time_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n or_o loan_n for_o the_o same_o but_o deliver_v only_o a_o pawn_n of_o any_o movable_a thing_n so_o it_o be_v not_o above_o forty_o shilling_n at_o any_o one_o time_n until_o a_o competent_a stock_n be_v raise_v for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o say_a mount_n of_o charity_n for_o ever_o 2_o item_n whereas_o the_o say_a stock_n be_v raise_v and_o to_o be_v increase_v by_o mean_n of_o charitable_a and_o conscionable_a person_n which_o either_o do_v free_o lend_v money_n without_o take_v interest_n for_o the_o same_o or_o do_v free_o give_v in_o money_n and_o yearly_a contribution_n according_a to_o their_o virtuous_a disposition_n which_o money_n may_v in_o progress_n of_o time_n amount_v to_o a_o notable_a sum_n the_o treasurer_n general_a therefore_o shall_v be_v a_o man_n sufficient_a and_o of_o honest_a behaviour_n careful_a to_o appoint_v swear_v honest_a man_n upon_o surety_n to_o collect_v the_o say_v money_n and_o for_o keep_v of_o the_o pawn_n with_o their_o clerk_n and_o other_o attendant_n and_o the_o surueior_fw-fr of_o account_n shall_v be_v a_o man_n diligent_a and_o skilful_a in_o account_n all_o for_o the_o better_a encouragement_n of_o the_o say_v charitable_a giver_n and_o free_a lender_n for_o the_o advancement_n of_o this_o charitable_a work_n 3_o item_n whereas_o the_o like_a house_n call_v saint_n george_n be_v heretofore_o erect_v at_o genova_n in_o italy_n by_o noble_a knight_n bind_v in_o honour_n to_o see_v the_o people_n relieve_v from_o oppression_n bite_v usury_n and_o extortion_n which_o by_o all_o virtuous_a knight_n be_v at_o all_o time_n approve_v and_o commend_v there_o shall_v be_v keep_v one_o pair_n of_o table_n in_o every_o house_n contain_v the_o name_n of_o such_o honourable_a person_n and_o virtuous_a knight_n '_o as_o shall_v be_v yearly_a contributaries_n by_o quarterly_a payment_n during_o their_o natural_a life_n or_o lend_v any_o sum_n of_o money_n gratis_o for_o a_o time_n together_o with_o the_o name_n of_o such_o well_o dispose_v person_n as_o by_o
of_o jurisdiction_n in_o the_o best_a manner_n that_o can_v be_v devise_v every_o person_n of_o this_o society_n to_o be_v free_a and_o exempt_v of_o all_o imposition_n tax_n custom_n subsidy_n lend_v of_o money_n any_o manner_n of_o way_n or_o any_o charge_n as_o also_o master_n of_o the_o count_a house_n which_o shall_v not_o be_v permit_v to_o exercise_v any_o traffic_n or_o trade_n particular_a but_o must_v whole_o employ_v themselves_o to_o this_o business_n with_o such_o allowance_n and_o order_n as_o be_v prescribe_v unto_o they_o all_o worldly_a thing_n be_v subject_a to_o mutability_n even_o the_o greatness_n and_o superiority_n of_o prince_n which_o may_v happen_v to_o be_v depose_v for_o a_o time_n and_o afterward_o to_o be_v restore_v again_o it_o be_v provide_v that_o of_o the_o gain_n of_o the_o three_o part_n allot_v unto_o they_o for_o three_o stake_n in_o this_o covenant_n the_o two_o shall_v remain_v to_o the_o crown_n and_o the_o three_o to_o the_o prince_n until_o he_o be_v restore_v again_o or_o dead_a which_o be_v only_o to_o take_v place_n in_o all_o hereditary_a kingdom_n the_o say_a society_n therefore_o not_o to_o purchase_v any_o land_n for_o the_o generality_n to_o endanger_v prince_n estate_n but_o only_o for_o their_o particular_a as_o occasion_n serve_v model_n or_o medalia_fw-la to_o be_v wear_v by_o the_o say_v hundred_o person_n of_o the_o society_n and_o the_o master_n of_o count_a house_n only_o with_o emendation_n and_o augmentation_n of_o their_o arm_n and_o by_o their_o successor_n upon_o true_a register_n and_o acknowledgement_n to_o be_v make_v and_o keep_v thereof_o the_o say_v model_n to_o contain_v on_o the_o one_o side_n the_o world_n concatenate_v together_o under_o a_o crown_n imperial_a assist_v with_o the_o personage_n of_o prosperity_n honour_n and_o mercy_n environ_v round_o about_o with_o two_o enclose_a hand_n and_o arm_n of_o faith_n and_o credit_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o like_a with_o a_o cross_n and_o inscription_n he_o do_v crown_v his_o own_o work_n in_o us._n all_o which_o person_n shall_v be_v make_v noble_a knight_n of_o this_o order_n according_o with_o certain_a other_o addition_n as_o shall_v be_v think_v convenient_a as_o by_o faith_n and_o credit_n it_o shall_v subsist_v or_o the_o like_a the_o aforesaid_a stock_n and_o credit_n to_o be_v employ_v by_o the_o say_a master_n of_o count_a house_n and_o assistant_n in_o five_o several_a matter_n by_o exchange_n bank_n mount_v of_o charity_n mensa_fw-la argentaria_fw-la and_o house_n of_o vendition_n without_o any_o adventure_n or_o loss_n according_a to_o a_o instruction_n show_v the_o benefit_n and_o commodiousness_n which_o will_v arise_v thereby_o unto_o all_o estate_n for_o the_o preservation_n and_o augmentation_n of_o honour_n and_o wealth_n of_o the_o rich_a relief_n of_o the_o poor_a and_o welfare_n of_o the_o commons_o in_o general_a have_v some_o gratuity_n bestow_v upon_o they_o the_o private_a person_n with_o who_o all_o the_o aforesaid_a party_n be_v to_o covenant_n be_v to_o be_v general_a master_n of_o all_o the_o count_a house_n and_o only_o to_o keep_v a_o general_a book_n of_o account_n without_o any_o administration_n of_o the_o stock_n or_o to_o meddle_v in_o any_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n but_o to_o have_v the_o honour_n of_o knighthood_n with_o a_o large_a allowance_n of_o charge_n expense_n have_v and_o to_o be_v have_v for_o to_o entertain_v all_o the_o party_n and_o correspondency_n which_o may_v resort_v to_o the_o place_n of_o his_o habitation_n to_o which_o purpose_n he_o must_v be_v provide_v of_o a_o stately_a house_n with_o all_o convenient_a thing_n necessary_a and_o many_o servant_n messenger_n and_o post_n with_o the_o gain_n of_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o crown_n that_o he_o do_v furnish_v by_o many_o allowance_n and_o other_o mean_n to_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o all_o the_o party_n according_a to_o a_o particular_a agreement_n wherein_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n be_v name_v the_o chief_a place_n or_o rendezvous_n of_o this_o negotiation_n or_o intend_a contract_n whereunto_o diverse_a country_n have_v condescend_v the_o author_n of_o this_o project_n under_o the_o say_a private_a name_n do_v desire_n for_o the_o advancement_n hereof_o permission_n to_o execute_v the_o same_o safgarde_n to_o be_v protect_v from_o all_o injury_n and_o to_o repair_v all_o damage_n which_o may_v be_v do_v unto_o they_o in_o hostile_a or_o peaceable_a manner_n freedom_n of_o all_o tax_n and_o assurance_n for_o their_o person_n and_o good_n according_a to_o a_o instruction_n to_o which_o end_n the_o master_n general_a of_o the_o say_v count_v house_n if_o breach_n be_v make_v by_o any_o one_o of_o the_o party_n in_o any_o article_n of_o this_o covenant_n be_v to_o receive_v the_o complaint_n and_o to_o consult_v with_o his_o counsel_n of_o assistance_n and_o so_o to_o give_v notice_n thereof_o unto_o the_o next_o neighbour_n prince_n or_o state_n of_o this_o society_n to_o see_v the_o same_o redress_v or_o amend_v if_o that_o prince_n do_v deny_v to_o be_v aid_v or_o be_v forgetful_a therein_o he_o shall_v be_v accessary_a and_o judge_v as_o guilty_a as_o the_o first_o offendor_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o this_o first_o offendor_n for_o the_o time_n shall_v be_v he_o and_o the_o society_n may_v remove_v their_o count_a house_n or_o change_v they_o into_o correspondency_n if_o other_o prince_n and_o state_n shall_v also_o prove_v to_o be_v negligent_a and_o without_o respect_n have_v to_o their_o private_a gain_n abandon_v so_o good_a a_o action_n lose_v their_o title_n or_o revenue_n violate_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n wherewith_o no_o doubt_n most_o prince_n shall_v find_v themselves_o aggrieve_v and_o these_o prince_n or_o person_n transgressor_n will_v find_v the_o worse_o and_o endanger_v their_o estate_n to_o their_o great_a dishonour_n through_o all_o the_o world_n and_o disturbance_n of_o other_o neighbour_n prince_n for_o the_o better_a advancement_n hereof_o there_o be_v a_o place_n reserve_v for_o reward_n of_o two_o unknown_a person_n which_o by_o their_o industry_n labour_n and_o science_n shall_v be_v think_v worthy_a thereof_o one_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o it_o this_o princely_a contract_n require_v a_o serious_a consideration_n the_o stock_n or_o capital_a be_v 2_o ½_n million_o or_o 2500_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a or_o ten_o million_o flemish_a which_o increase_v by_o nine_o hundred_o correspondency_n will_v make_v the_o stock_n to_o be_v twenty_o and_o five_o million_o oâ—_n one_o hundred_o million_o flemish_n it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o through_o all_o the_o world_n there_o lie_v so_o much_o money_n dead_a without_o any_o use_n or_o employment_n the_o calculation_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n double_v yearly_a so_o that_o he_o who_o by_o gift_n employ_v one_o hundred_o pound_n be_v to_o have_v for_o it_o one_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a for_o ever_o and_o this_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v get_v by_o five_o several_a mean_n viz._n by_o cambium_n bank_n mons_fw-la pietatis_fw-la mâ—nsa_fw-la argentaria_n and_o domus_fw-la commutationis_fw-la whereof_o you_o may_v find_v the_o particular_n in_o this_o book_n the_o proceed_n of_o this_o matter_n of_o great_a consequence_n have_v be_v interrupt_v by_o monsieur_n olden_n barnevelt_fw-mi late_o execute_v at_o the_o hague_n in_o holland_n the_o sequel_n hereof_o time_n will_v discover_v and_o we_o may_v say_v with_o the_o poet_n quid_fw-la non_fw-la mortalia_fw-la pectora_fw-la cogunt_fw-la etc._n etc._n chap._n xviii_o of_o money_n deliver_v upon_o life_n annuity_n and_o pension_n have_v entreat_v of_o money_n deliver_v at_o interest_n without_o casualty_n and_o so_o term_v usury_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o contract_n of_o benefit_n without_o adventure_n it_o be_v convenient_a to_o handle_v of_o money_n deliver_v upon_o life_n when_o merchant_n do_v give_v twelve_o upon_o the_o hundred_o without_o pawn_n call_v beyond_o the_o sea_n after_o the_o penny_n 8_o the_o moiety_n whereof_o with_o pawn_n be_v six_o upon_o the_o hundred_o or_o double_a eight_o according_a to_o the_o penny_n 16_o as_o aforesaid_a the_o penny_n 8_o be_v 12_o ½_n for_o eight_o time_n 12_o ½_n make_v one_o hundred_o so_o the_o penny_n 16_o which_o be_v use_v for_o rent_n upon_o house_n or_o land_n be_v 6_o ¼_n according_a to_o which_o penny_n 8_o upon_o one_o life_n or_o double_a for_o one_o year_n so_o they_o all_o live_v be_v equal_a upon_o eight_o life_n this_o be_v much_o use_v in_o diverse_a city_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o draw_v money_n into_o their_o hand_n as_o for_o example_n one_o hundred_o pound_n be_v deliver_v to_o have_v two_o hundred_o pound_n for_o it_o at_o the_o year_n end_v upon_o eight_o life_n if_o they_o all_o live_v you_o have_v two_o hundred_o pound_n to_o buy_v a_o perpetual_a rent_n or_o sometime_o as_o it_o have_v be_v
that_o every_o creditor_n may_v have_v his_o debtor_n it_o seem_v that_o william_n summer_n be_v a_o jester_n to_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o have_v some_o insight_n in_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n for_o when_o the_o king_n tell_v he_o that_o he_o have_v deliver_v a_o good_a sum_n of_o money_n unto_o a_o gentleman_n a_o follower_n of_o he_o summer_n answer_v that_o for_o do_v so_o he_o have_v note_v in_o his_o book_n that_o the_o king_n be_v a_o fool_n give_v his_o reason_n for_o it_o because_o the_o gentleman_n will_v never_o return_v back_o again_o and_o that_o the_o king_n be_v cozen_v but_o the_o king_n ask_v of_o summer_n what_o he_o will_v do_v in_o case_n the_o gentleman_n do_v return_v with_o the_o money_n whereupon_o summer_n answer_v then_o i_o will_v put_v he_o in_o my_o book_n for_o a_o fool_n and_o put_v you_o out_o sic_fw-la nugae_fw-la seria_fw-la ducunt_fw-la to_o return_v to_o our_o young_a merchant_n by_o this_o time_n he_o have_v take_v a_o inventory_n of_o his_o estate_n and_o cause_v his_o clothes_n and_o kersey_n to_o be_v value_v and_o find_v that_o the_o hundred_o clothes_n be_v worth_a some_o 1200_o will_v one_o with_o another_o and_o his_o two_o hundred_o kersey_n of_o devonshire_n 400_o will_v hereupon_o enter_v the_o year_n month_n and_o day_n in_o the_o journal_n he_o make_v debtor_n and_o creditor_n as_o aforesaid_a magazine_n or_o warehouse_n owe_v unto_o capital_a or_o stock_n 1600_o will_v for_o one_o hundred_v white_a clothes_n of_o the_o mark_n follow_v creditor_n the_o manner_n of_o make_v debtor_n and_o creditor_n amount_v to_o 1200_o will_v and_o for_o two_o hundred_o devonshire_n kersey_n at_o 40_o will_v the_o pack_n of_o twenty_o piece_n which_o of_o my_o own_o estate_n i_o find_v in_o this_o my_o warehouse_n parcel_n of_o my_o patrimony_n amount_v together_o in_o ware_n 1600_o will_v and_o this_o sum_n be_v draw_v out_o in_o the_o margin_n towards_o your_o right_a hand_n in_o the_o say_a journal_n cash_n owe_v unto_o capital_a or_o stock_n you_o need_v not_o to_o say_v of_o i_o a.b._n the_o sum_n of_o 1000_o will_v for_o so_o much_o ready_a money_n which_o i_o find_v this_o day_n in_o cash_n proceed_v of_o etc._n etc._n and_o this_o sum_n be_v likewise_o draw_v out_o etc._n etc._n b._n m._n mercer_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 300_o will_v which_o he_o owe_v by_o bill_n unto_o my_o father_n decease_v payable_a in_o two_o payment_n namely_o etc._n etc._n sum_n 300_o will_v n.w._n merchant_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 200_o will_v for_o so_o much_o owe_v by_o he_o unto_o my_o father_n decease_v which_o be_v payable_a the_o 25_o of_o march_n next_o by_o bond_n etc._n etc._n the_o manor_n of_o latham_n in_o lancashire_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 1500_o will_v landâ—_n landâ—_n which_o be_v leave_v my_o father_n by_o descent_n from_o etc._n etc._n contain_v etc._n etc._n of_o the_o yearly_a value_n of_o 66_o will_v now_o in_o the_o tenure_n occupation_n or_o possession_n of_o etc._n etc._n 1500_o will_v the_o lease_n of_o the_o house_n call_v the_o golden_a lion_n situate_a in_o cheapside_n in_o london_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 200_o will_v leasâ—â—_n leasâ—â—_n for_o so_o much_o i_o have_v pay_v unto_o the_o company_n of_o mercer_n for_o a_o lease_n of_o the_o say_a house_n for_o 21_o year_n with_o a_o reservation_n of_o a_o rent_n of_o 20_o will_v yearly_a to_o be_v pay_v every_o six_o month_n now_o in_o the_o occupation_n of_o a.b._n goldsmith_n pay_v i_o sixty_o pound_n yearly_a rent_n for_o the_o same_o i_o say_v cost_v i_o two_o hundred_o pound_n plate_n and_o household_n stuff_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 200_o will_v stuff_n household_n stuff_n for_o so_o much_o i_o have_v buy_v and_o find_v to_o be_v in_o moveable_n of_o plate_n apparel_n and_o household_n stuff_n since_o my_o father_n decease_n wherewith_o i_o find_v all_o my_o estate_n to_o be_v worth_a 5000_o will_v the_o particular_n of_o which_o plate_n and_o moveable_n be_v by_o inventory_n to_o be_v see_v in_o my_o book_n of_o remembrance_n or_o memorial_n so_o for_o this_o parcel_n i_o draw_v out_o 200_o will_v here_o you_o see_v that_o this_o young_a merchant_n have_v a_o estate_n of_o 5000_o will_v to_o begin_v the_o world_n withal_o consist_v of_o the_o aforesaid_a seven_o parcel_n leidger_n transfer_v of_o parcel_n to_o the_o leidger_n these_o seven_o parcel_n now_o be_v put_v over_o into_o the_o liedger_n which_o some_o call_v post_v over_o in_o so_o many_o several_a account_n of_o seven_o debtor_n and_o there_o be_v but_o one_o to_o be_v make_v creditor_n for_o all_o these_o which_o be_v capital_a or_o stock_n which_o do_v answer_n by_o correspondence_n all_o the_o seven_o debtor_n in_o their_o proper_a account_n amount_v all_o to_o the_o sum_n of_o 5000_o will_v on_o the_o debtor_n side_n and_o so_o be_v here_o 5000_o will_v on_o the_o creditor_n side_n which_o do_v balance_v the_o other_o account_n balance_v of_o account_n be_v so_o term_v of_o a_o pair_n of_o balance_n wherein_o equal_a weight_n be_v lay_v on_o every_o side_n the_o balance_n will_v be_v just_a and_o even_o and_o in_o like_a manner_n must_v all_o account_n keep_v by_o debtor_n &_o creditor_n be_v even_o balance_v whatsoever_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o account_n be_v which_o fall_v out_o by_o calculation_n upon_o the_o account_n but_o the_o main_a balance_n of_o the_o whole_a book_n may_v not_o differ_v one_o penny_n and_o fraction_n of_o half_a penny_n and_o farthing_n be_v not_o use_v in_o journal_n parcel_n but_o account_v in_o the_o summary_n at_o the_o first_o this_o merchant_n now_o employ_v his_o money_n and_o buy_v some_o other_o commodity_n to_o be_v send_v beyond_o the_o sea_n namely_o one_o hundred_o piece_n of_o perpetuanoes_n which_o cost_v he_o ready_a money_n fifty_o shilling_n the_o piece_n more_o twenty_o father_n of_o lead_n at_o ten_o pound_n the_o father_n fifty_o piece_n of_o bay_n of_o diverse_a sort_n cost_v he_o two_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n and_o twenty_o redding_n mingle_v colour_n clothes_n amount_v in_o all_o to_o 870_o will_v journal_n enter_v of_o parcel_n in_o the_o journal_n which_o he_o pay_v in_o ready_a money_n and_o all_o these_o commodity_n he_o do_v enter_v into_o his_o journal_n in_o one_o parcel_n make_v the_o say_a magazine_n debtor_n for_o all_o and_o his_o cash_n creditor_n because_o the_o say_a cash_n be_v make_v debtor_n for_o the_o money_n of_o one_o thousand_o pound_n â—hem_n for_o commodity_n buy_v and_o money_n pay_v for_o â—hem_n as_o you_o see_v before_o and_o now_o be_v make_v eight_o hundred_o and_o seventie_o pound_n creditor_n there_o be_v but_o one_o hundred_o and_o thirty_o pound_n more_o remain_v in_o cash_n the_o rest_n be_v in_o commodity_n discharge_v for_o money_n receive_v and_o a_o debtor_n partly_o discharge_v by_o this_o time_n b.m._n the_o mercer_n who_o owe_v three_o hundred_o pound_n pay_v a_o hundred_o pound_n of_o it_o now_o cash_n be_v make_v debtor_n for_o that_o one_o hundred_o pound_n and_o b.m._n be_v make_v creditor_n for_o the_o same_o so_o he_o owe_v now_o but_o two_o hundred_o pound_n and_o there_o be_v now_o in_o cash_n two_o hundred_o and_o thirty_o pound_n wealth_n substantial_a wealth_n the_o three_o existant_fw-la parcel_n by_o themselves_o for_o the_o land_n lease_n and_o the_o plate_n and_o household_n stuff_n remain_v still_o in_o the_o book_n untouched_a the_o merchant_n begin_v to_o ship_v his_o commodity_n and_o send_v his_o hundred_o white_a clothes_n for_o hamborough_n to_o a_o factor_n or_o his_o servant_n and_o pay_v the_o king_n custom_n and_o all_o charge_n concern_v the_o same_o and_o now_o he_o frame_v a_o account_n of_o those_o clothes_n intitul_a the_o same_o voyage_n to_o hamborough_n hamborough_n account_n for_o voyage_n for_o hamborough_n or_o clothes_n send_v to_o hamborough_n do_v owe_v unto_o the_o magazine_n one_o thousand_o and_o two_o hundred_o pound_n for_o one_o hundred_v white_a clothes_n send_v for_o my_o account_n to_o such_o a_o man_n in_o such_o ship_n etc._n etc._n charge_n money_o pay_v for_o custom_n and_o charge_n then_o he_o do_v charge_v this_o account_n of_o clothes_n with_o the_o custom_n and_o charge_n he_o pay_v clothes_n send_v to_o hamborough_n do_v owe_v unto_o cash_n sixty_o pound_n for_o custom_n and_o charge_n pay_v for_o the_o same_o as_o in_o the_o memorial_n book_n appear_v for_o seville_a in_o spain_n he_o send_v the_o hundred_o piece_n of_o perpetuanoes_n which_o he_o buy_v spain_n voyage_n for_o spain_n and_o fifty_o piece_n of_o bay_n and_o twenty_o father_n of_o lead_n which_o do_v cost_v he_o 670_o will_v and_o the_o charge_n custom_n and_o imposition_n be_v fifty_o pound_n in_o toto_fw-la for_o lixborne_v in_o portugal_n he_o send_v two_o hundred_o piece_n of_o devonshire_n kersey_n portugal_n voyage_n for_o portugal_n and_o twenty_o redding_n
merchandise_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o especial_o two_o other_o exchange_n which_o they_o name_v cambio_n sicco_fw-it and_o cambio_n fictitio_fw-la sicco_fw-it 3_o cambio_z sicco_fw-it this_o cambio_n sicco_fw-it alias_o call_v dry_a exchange_n be_v in_o this_o manner_n a_o merchant_n have_v occasion_n to_o use_v verbi_fw-la gratia_fw-la one_o hundred_o pound_n which_o they_o will_v deliver_v he_o in_o london_n to_o be_v pay_v unto_o their_o factor_n at_o stoad_n but_o have_v there_o no_o factor_n of_o his_o own_o the_o say_a merchant_n be_v content_v to_o make_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n upon_o the_o banker_n factor_n payable_a to_o he_o the_o say_a factor_n with_o order_n and_o advice_n that_o when_o the_o say_a bill_n shall_v be_v due_a he_o shall_v charge_v he_o by_o exchange_n again_o and_o take_v up_o the_o money_n there_o and_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o with_o the_o rechange_v and_o charge_n of_o factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n wherein_o they_o will_v be_v sure_a to_o make_v he_o pay_v very_o great_a use_n or_o interest_n of_o fifteen_o or_o twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o take_n up_o of_o this_o money_n and_o to_o make_v it_o more_o dry_a exchange_n they_o will_v be_v content_v to_o take_v no_o bill_n at_o all_o but_o the_o merchant_n promise_v to_o pay_v it_o as_o other_o man_n do_v at_o the_o same_o time_n deal_v in_o exchange_n for_o the_o say_a place_n of_o stoad_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n for_o other_o place_n fictitio_fw-la 4_o cambio_n fictitio_fw-la cambio_n fictitio_fw-la be_v yet_o more_o pernicious_a and_o perform_v in_o this_o manner_n a_o merchant_n to_o keep_v his_o credit_n be_v drive_v to_o buy_v good_n for_o a_o shift_n when_o money_n be_v not_o to_o be_v have_v and_o he_o will_v not_o be_v behold_v unto_o other_o come_v unto_o they_o as_o have_v store_n of_o commodity_n at_o all_o time_n they_o fain_o that_o they_o have_v need_n of_o money_n and_o must_v sell_v their_o commodity_n for_o ready_a money_n provide_v always_o say_v they_o with_o love_a protestation_n we_o will_v pleasure_v you_o thus_o far_o look_v what_o the_o good_n come_v unto_o we_o will_v take_v it_o up_o for_o you_o by_o exchange_n for_o venice_n lion_n or_o some_o other_o place_n so_o as_o you_o will_v pay_v we_o for_o exchange_n rechange_v or_o any_o other_o incident_a charge_n whereunto_o the_o merchant_n agree_v then_o shall_v he_o be_v sure_a to_o pay_v sound_o for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o money_n and_o loose_v exceed_o upon_o the_o ware_n these_o two_o bite_a manner_n of_o exchange_n be_v discover_v be_v by_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n prohibit_v in_o the_o three_o and_o four_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o afterward_o as_o be_v note_v the_o exchange_n be_v discontinue_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o former_a abuse_n come_v to_o be_v rife_o again_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o forbid_v exchange_n be_v forbid_v which_o cause_v the_o use_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v utter_o forbid_v for_o a_o short_a time_n but_o as_o ship_n can_v sail_v without_o water_n no_o more_o can_v traffic_v subsist_v without_o exchange_n in_o the_o accustom_a place_n so_o that_o the_o inconvenience_n appear_v it_o be_v restore_v again_o in_o hope_n of_o good_a deal_n and_o reformation_n promise_v by_o other_o prince_n concern_v the_o royal_a exchange_n but_o in_o the_o time_n of_o queen_n marie_n it_o be_v again_o neglect_v who_o be_v marry_v with_o king_n philip_n the_o second_o of_o spain_n do_v connive_v in_o those_o thing_n because_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o low-countries_n be_v esteem_v to_o be_v under_o one_o degree_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n exchange_n complaint_n of_o exchange_n new_a complaint_n be_v make_v of_o the_o new_a exchange_n by_o master_n hussey_n courtmaster_n of_o the_o company_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n but_o no_o man_n can_v apply_v or_o find_v a_o remedy_n to_o moderate_v the_o inequality_n of_o exchange_n and_o to_o have_v value_n for_o value_n as_o appear_v by_o letter_n patent_n grant_v to_o the_o old_a lord_n treasurer_n burghley_n who_o do_v not_o execute_v the_o same_o in_o three_o and_o twenty_o year_n after_o for_o want_n of_o true_a direction_n to_o the_o great_a loss_n of_o the_o realm_n as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o a_o commission_n in_o blank_a return_v by_o diverse_a merchant_n albeit_o the_o italian_a merchant_n in_o those_o day_n can_v not_o deny_v the_o abuse_n thereof_o be_v expostulate_v withal_o as_o by_o their_o politic_a letter_n appear_v under_o the_o hand_n of_o acerbo_fw-la velutelli_n suigo_fw-la cavalcanti_fw-la and_o other_o who_o want_v not_o some_o upholder_n to_o maintain_v their_o private_a benefit_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n ii_o of_o the_o true_a calculation_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la exchange_n the_o true_a ground_n of_o exchange_n the_o true_a royal_a exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n according_a to_o the_o par_fw-fr which_o be_v value_v for_o value_n and_o so_o be_v our_o exchange_n of_o england_n ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o our_o money_n aforesaid_a and_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o other_o country_n according_a to_o their_o several_a standard_n proportionable_a in_o their_o valuation_n which_o be_v true_o and_o just_o make_v make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n for_o every_o place_n according_a to_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o money_n whereupon_o all_o exchange_n be_v make_v these_o exchange_n do_v much_o differ_v in_o the_o name_n and_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n observe_v in_o most_o country_n so_o that_o we_o be_v to_o examine_v and_o compare_v our_o weight_n aforesaid_a with_o the_o weight_n of_o other_o country_n and_o the_o finesse_n of_o the_o sterling_a standard_n with_o the_o finesse_n of_o the_o several_a standard_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o other_o country_n and_o if_o we_o differ_v not_o with_o they_o in_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n exchange_n the_o manner_n to_o calculate_v exchange_n then_o may_v our_o exchange_n run_v at_o one_o price_n both_o for_o gold_n and_o silver_n take_v the_o denomination_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n of_o each_o country_n and_o hereby_o shall_v we_o find_v how_o much_o fine_a silver_n or_o gold_n our_o pound_n sterling_a contain_v &_o what_o quantity_n of_o other_o money_n of_o germany_n italy_n france_n the_o low-countries_n eastland_n and_o elsewhere_o we_o be_v to_o have_v in_o exchange_n to_o countervail_v the_o same_o in_o the_o like_a weight_n and_o fineness_n answerable_a unto_o we_o be_v it_o by_o the_o pound_n doller_n ducat_n crown_n coin_n imaginary_a and_o real_a coin_n or_o any_o other_o imaginary_a or_o real_a coin_n give_v always_o value_n for_o value_n and_o receive_v the_o like_a which_o be_v call_v par._n but_o this_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v of_o late_a year_n abuse_v and_o as_o it_o be_v make_v a_o merchandise_n exchange_n par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n by_o rise_v and_o fall_v in_o price_n according_a to_o plenty_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n and_o in_o regard_n of_o discrepaunce_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n and_o place_n which_o make_v some_o merchant_n by_o mistake_v to_o compare_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o exchange_n to_o be_v a_o like_a as_o if_o the_o measure_n of_o a_o thing_n and_o the_o thing_n measure_v thereby_o be_v alone_o for_o even_o as_o money_n be_v publica_n mensura_fw-la or_o the_o public_a measure_n within_o the_o realm_n between_o man_n and_o man_n etc._n exchange_v the_o the_o public_a measure_n of_o nation_n etc._n etc._n so_o be_v exchange_n for_o money_n the_o public_a measure_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a country_n for_o all_o commodity_n buy_v and_o sell_v which_o therefore_o require_v a_o certainty_n in_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o par_fw-fr aforesaid_a admit_v nevertheless_o a_o advantage_n above_o the_o same_o upon_o occasion_n on_o either_o side_n this_o exchange_n be_v proper_o make_v by_o bill_n exchange_n the_o manner_n of_o the_o royal_a exchange_n when_o money_n be_v deliver_v simple_o here_o in_o england_n and_o bill_n receive_v for_o the_o same_o to_o have_v the_o payment_n thereof_o in_o some_o other_o country_n beyond_o the_o sea_n or_o when_o the_o like_a be_v do_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o money_n be_v receive_v here_o in_o england_n and_o that_o upon_o a_o certain_a price_n agree_v upon_o between_o party_n and_o party_n which_o be_v term_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n whereof_o merchant_n have_v the_o only_a and_o whole_a dispose_n and_o buy_v and_o sell_v
their_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_o without_o that_o few_o or_o none_o of_o they_o do_v look_v into_o the_o nature_n of_o exchange_n as_o aforesaid_a but_o only_o to_o the_o present_a object_n which_o be_v to_o know_v how_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n go_v at_o the_o time_n when_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o deal_v therewith_o howbeit_o such_o merchant_n as_o never_n or_o seldom_o deal_v for_o commodity_n but_o altogether_o for_o money_n by_o exchange_n have_v another_o observation_n therein_o and_o merchant_n that_o will_v be_v exchanger_n indeed_o must_v know_v perfect_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o our_o english_a coin_n and_o of_o the_o foreign_a coin_n also_o and_o compare_v the_o same_o together_o to_o make_v the_o say_a calculation_n of_o exchange_n wherein_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v direct_v by_o the_o valuation_n which_o be_v uncertain_a and_o inconstant_a inconstant_a valuation_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n inconstant_a much_o less_o by_o the_o toleration_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o go_v currant_n above_o the_o say_a valuation_n so_o that_o by_o authority_n they_o ought_v to_o be_v govern_v and_o direct_v herein_o declare_v the_o true_a value_n for_o value_n or_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la as_o the_o very_a foundation_n of_o all_o exchange_n because_o this_o be_v not_o a_o fit_a study_n for_o every_o merchant_n capacity_n and_o may_v be_v do_v nevertheless_o with_o great_a facility_n and_o without_o interruption_n of_o traffic_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v but_o to_o come_v first_o to_o the_o particular_n concern_v weight_n we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o in_o all_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n exchange_n weight_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n they_o use_v for_o their_o money_n both_o of_o gold_n and_o silver_n the_o mark_n weight_n of_o eight_o ounce_n heretofore_o speak_v of_o with_o the_o division_n of_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n or_o twenty_o english_a so_o call_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o subdivision_n of_o twenty_o and_o four_o grain_n here_o or_o thirty_o two_o aze_n or_o grain_n there_o these_o eight_o ounce_n compare_v unto_o our_o pound_n weight_n troy_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n be_v within_o a_o little_a all_o one_o ounce_n for_o ounce_n in_o weight_n but_o upon_o the_o pound_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n as_o aforesaid_a which_o be_v one_o mark_n and_o a_o half_a mark_n weight_n of_o they_o it_o be_v find_v that_o in_o the_o say_a proportion_n of_o a_o pound_n our_o weight_n be_v heavy_a than_o the_o weight_n of_o germany_n and_o the_o low-countries_n by_o three_o penny_n weight_n and_o than_o the_o weight_n of_o france_n italy_n spain_n and_o scotland_n by_o four_o penny_n weight_n all_o which_o may_v be_v consider_v in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n in_o allow_v more_o or_o less_o for_o the_o par_fw-fr according_a as_o the_o foundation_n of_o the_o exchange_n lie_v either_o upon_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a or_o upon_o their_o crown_n ducat_n doller_n florin_n or_o other_o coin_n which_o be_v proper_o the_o head_n or_o radix_fw-la cambij_fw-la cambij_fw-la the_o head_n of_o exchange_n or_o radix_fw-la cambij_fw-la whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v this_o weight_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o piece_n of_o coin_n and_o from_o the_o piece_n to_o the_o number_n of_o they_o in_o the_o mark_n or_o pound_n weight_n aforesaid_a concern_v the_o fineness_n of_o money_n to_o be_v calculate_v in_o exchange_n the_o same_o be_v know_v by_o weight_n exchange_n fineness_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n for_o it_o must_v be_v distinguish_v thereby_o that_o be_v to_o say_v we_o ought_v to_o know_v how_o much_o fine_a silver_n or_o fine_a gold_n there_o be_v in_o the_o mark_n or_o pound_n weight_n of_o the_o sundry_a coin_n of_o the_o several_a standard_n of_o money_n of_o all_o country_n where_o exchange_n be_v use_v between_o we_o and_o they_o and_o to_o calculate_v the_o same_o upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a for_o some_o place_n or_o upon_o the_o crown_n ducat_n doller_n florin_n and_o other_o imaginary_a coin_n for_o other_o place_n to_o the_o end_n we_o may_v have_v fineness_n answer_v by_o weight_n to_o understand_v the_o premise_n let_v we_o suppose_v that_o a_o merchant_n stranger_n come_v into_o the_o realm_n and_o bring_v with_o he_o many_o unknown_a and_o strange_a coin_n to_o have_v the_o coin_n of_o the_o realm_n for_o it_o according_a to_o value_v for_o value_n by_o weight_n and_o fineness_n and_o that_o the_o say_a merchant_n have_v weigh_v the_o say_a coin_n have_v a_o sufficient_a knowledge_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o gold_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o say_a weight_n money_n the_o manner_n to_o examine_v the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o money_n and_o his_o desire_n be_v to_o have_v the_o same_o answer_v unto_o he_o by_o the_o like_a weight_n and_o by_o the_o like_a fineness_n in_o weight_n in_o money_n of_o this_o kingdom_n herein_o not_o doubt_n he_o will_v be_v assure_v what_o fineness_n or_o fine_a silver_n and_o gold_n there_o be_v in_o our_o money_n and_o that_o he_o may_v have_v the_o same_o by_o weight_n in_o the_o say_a quantity_n of_o coin_n whereupon_o after_o the_o weight_n of_o our_o money_n he_o will_v calculate_v distinct_o what_o quantity_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n there_o be_v in_o the_o say_a money_n and_o what_o quantity_n of_o copper_n and_o so_o will_v require_v the_o full_a quantity_n both_o of_o the_o silver_n and_o gold_n and_o of_o the_o copper_n according_o so_o be_v it_o with_o the_o matter_n of_o exchange_n ground_v upon_o the_o very_a value_n of_o coin_n if_o there_o be_v no_o valuation_n whereby_o the_o price_n of_o coin_n be_v baptize_v and_o receive_v a_o name_n which_o give_v a_o denomination_n of_o price_n unto_o the_o say_a coin_n or_o unto_o the_o exchange_n of_o the_o say_a coin_n which_o in_o the_o manner_n aforesaid_a make_v the_o say_a price_n of_o exchange_n but_o so_o long_o as_o the_o calculation_n remain_v upon_o weight_n and_o fineness_n without_o respect_n have_v to_o the_o valuation_n alloy_n definition_n of_o bullion_n and_o alloy_n so_o long_o may_v we_o esteem_v the_o say_a coin_n to_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o material_n or_o bullion_n that_o be_v to_o say_v prohibit_v money_n to_o be_v currant_n which_o foreign_a nation_n call_v bullion_n as_o it_o be_v unlawful_a and_o sit_v to_o be_v melt_v down_o from_o whence_o the_o word_n bullion_n be_v derive_v or_o which_o other_o nation_n call_v to_o be_v material_n or_o mass_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n even_o as_o copper_n be_v call_v alloy_n or_o mixture_n thereunto_o exchange_n valuation_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n concern_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n we_o have_v already_o in_o the_o second_o part_n entreat_v thereof_o compendious_o and_o substantial_o so_o that_o in_o this_o place_n we_o be_v to_o observe_v the_o denomination_n which_o give_v a_o rate_n or_o price_n unto_o exchange_n england_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n in_o exchange_n make_v in_o england_n even_o as_o it_o do_v unto_o the_o several_a species_n of_o money_n in_o their_o kind_n concern_v the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n in_o the_o say_a exchange_n we_o be_v to_o observe_v that_o when_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v 12_o to_o one_o or_o one_o pound_n of_o silver_n to_o a_o ounce_n of_o gold_n which_o be_v now_o 13_o ½_n to_o one_o then_o the_o ensue_a calculation_n in_o exchange_n be_v true_a namely_o to_o account_v eight_o carrat_n of_o fine_a gold_n or_o four_o ounce_n of_o fine_a silver_n for_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a reserve_v in_o the_o say_a rate_n a_o reasonable_a gain_n for_o the_o merchant_n towards_o their_o gain_n and_o charge_n but_o now_o that_o the_o say_a proportion_n be_v alter_v and_o that_o thirteen_o ounce_n and_o ⅓_n part_n or_o four_o penny_n weight_n be_v appoint_v to_o be_v give_v for_o one_o ounce_n of_o necessity_n it_o follow_v that_o the_o silver_n be_v underualued_a and_o the_o gold_n advance_v so_o that_o in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n there_o arise_v a_o twofold_a consideration_n the_o one_o to_o be_v establish_v in_o par_n according_a to_o the_o gold_n coin_n and_o the_o other_o after_o the_o silver_n coin_n and_o this_o measure_n of_o exchange_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n be_v very_o tender_a and_o delicate_a yet_o merchant_n occasion_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n do_v exceed_v the_o say_a limitation_n upon_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n and_o the_o many_o deliverer_n or_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o say_a money_n according_a thereunto_o which_o be_v proper_a to_o confirm_v the_o mutability_n of_o exchange_v above_o the_o say_a par_fw-fr but_o never_o under_o the_o same_o for_o it_o be_v like_a unto_o the_o needle_n of_o the_o compass_n which_o have_v be_v touch_v upon_o the_o fix_a
plenty_n the_o price_n thereof_o dear_a or_o by_o scarcity_n better_o cheap_a as_o have_v be_v note_v but_o exchange_n have_v a_o contrary_a means_n of_o work_v for_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v a_o low_a exchange_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v a_o high_a exchange_n and_o the_o price_n to_o rise_v which_o be_v of_o great_a consideration_n because_o it_o overrule_v money_n and_o commodity_n which_o never_o enter_v in_o the_o politic_a study_n of_o aristotle_n seneca_n or_o cicero_n who_o be_v but_o in_o the_o infancy_n of_o trade_n and_o civilians_n can_v tell_v we_o that_o commercium_fw-la be_v quasi_fw-la commutatio_fw-la mercium_fw-la but_o go_v no_o further_o in_o this_o just_a and_o princely_a study_n of_o state_n affair_n to_o augment_v by_o all_o lawful_a mean_n of_o ius_n gentium_fw-la the_o wealth_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o territory_n as_o also_o to_o prevent_v the_o diminution_n thereof_o by_o the_o carry_v away_o of_o their_o money_n and_o treasure_n true_a it_o be_v that_o the_o statute_n law_n of_o england_n have_v have_v a_o care_n hereof_o but_o the_o remedy_n have_v be_v hitherto_o defective_a by_o mistake_v the_o efficient_a cause_n thereof_o which_o remedy_n may_v be_v distinguish_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n 1_o first_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n for_o merchant_n stranger_n commodity_n commodity_n make_v for_o three_o especial_a cause_n 1_o for_o the_o advance_v of_o the_o price_n and_o sale_n of_o our_o native_a commodity_n 2_o to_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n 3_o to_o preserve_v the_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n 14._o r._n 2._o 2_o the_o lodging_n of_o merchant_n stranger_n with_o free_a host_n who_o have_v a_o inspection_n in_o their_o negotiation_n for_o commodity_n and_o money_n 3_o the_o keep_n of_o staple_n for_o wool_n woolfel_n and_o other_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o their_o corrector_n and_o broker_n to_o register_v merchant_n stranger_n deal_n 4_o to_o cause_n denizen_n to_o pay_v stranger_n custom_n inward_o and_o outward_o 5_o the_o sundry_a treaty_n and_o conference_n with_o the_o commissioner_n of_o other_o prince_n about_o merchandise_n money_n and_o exchange_n 6_o the_o severe_a proclamation_n for_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o statute_n make_v for_o and_o concern_v the_o same_o and_o the_o article_n of_o intercourse_n 7_o the_o prohibition_n to_o export_v commodity_n but_o at_o great_a port_n 8_o the_o prohibition_n for_o stranger_n to_o sell_v ware_n by_o retail_v 9_o the_o prohibition_n for_o english_a merchant_n to_o ship_n good_n in_o strange_a bottom_n 10_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n make_v felony_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n money_n money_n 11_o the_o attendance_n of_o searcher_n waiter_n and_o other_o officer_n 12_o the_o strict_a information_n in_o the_o exchequer_n and_o other_o court_n 13_o the_o swear_n of_o the_o master_n of_o ship_n for_o exportation_n of_o money_n 14_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o overheavinesse_n of_o our_o pound_n weight_n troy_n in_o the_o tower_n 15_o the_o overrichnesse_n of_o our_o sterling_a standard_n of_o money_n 16_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n 17_o the_o make_n of_o more_o price_n out_o of_o the_o pound_n troy_n by_o the_o sheyre_n 18_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n coin_n in_o price_n 19_o the_o embase_v of_o money_n by_o alloy_n or_o copper_n 20_o the_o use_n of_o many_o standard_n of_o money_n and_o reduce_v to_o two_o again_o 21_o the_o increase_n of_o coinage_n money_n to_o hinder_v the_o exportation_n 22_o the_o prohibition_n to_o cull_v out_o heavy_a piece_n to_o melt_v or_o transport_v 23_o the_o banish_n of_o light_a spanish_a money_n and_o gold_n to_o be_v melt_v 24_o the_o give_v more_o for_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n 25_o the_o prohibition_n for_o goldsmith_n to_o buy_v gold_n or_o bullion_n 26_o the_o make_n of_o the_o principal_a foreign_a coin_n currant_n in_o england_n 27_o the_o bind_v of_o merchant_n to_o bring_v in_o bullion_n 28_o the_o prohibition_n to_o pay_v gold_n unto_o merchant_n stranger_n 29_o the_o prohibition_n to_o take_v gain_n upon_o coin_n 30_o the_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n to_o be_v deliver_v by_o weight_n to_o restore_v by_o tale_n 31_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n and_o undervalue_v of_o silver_n 32_o the_o punishment_n of_o transporter_n in_o the_o star-chamber_n by_o fines_n 33_o exchange_n exchange_n the_o prohibition_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n to_o make_v exchange_n for_o money_n for_o foreign_a part_n without_o the_o king_n especial_a licence_n 34_o money_n deliver_v to_o sir_n thomas_n gresham_n knight_n out_o of_o the_o exchequer_n to_o rule_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n 35_o the_o office_n of_o the_o king_n royal_a exchanger_n never_o put_v in_o practice_n since_o the_o merchandise_v exchange_n begin_v erect_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o in_o the_o eleven_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n by_o a_o act_n make_v at_o acton_n burnell_n as_o aforesaid_a here_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v the_o statute_n of_o employment_n to_o be_v defective_a when_o merchant_n both_o english_a and_o stranger_n have_v a_o ability_n give_v they_o by_o exchange_n to_o take_v up_o money_n here_o and_o to_o deliver_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o payable_a beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o can_v send_v over_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la and_o be_v a_o great_a gainer_n thereby_o insomuch_o that_o if_o i_o receive_v here_o one_o hundred_o piece_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n i_o can_v send_v nintie_a piece_n to_o pay_v my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o put_v ten_o piece_n in_o my_o pocket_n for_o a_o overplus_n and_o gain_n the_o like_a may_v be_v do_v by_o make_v over_o money_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o by_o exchange_n which_o be_v receive_v i_o can_v transport_v with_o 15_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n in_o two_o month_n and_o less_o and_o advance_v a_o hundred_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o one_o year_n which_o exceed_v all_o the_o benefit_n to_o be_v make_v by_o commodity_n wherewith_o i_o need_v not_o to_o intermeddle_v neither_o can_v the_o say_a statute_n be_v any_o help_n herein_o to_o remedy_v the_o same_o this_o gain_n arise_v by_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o inhance_a and_o overualuation_n of_o foreign_a coin_n so_o that_o the_o cause_n be_v extrinsique_n and_o comprise_v under_o the_o say_a exchange_n of_o money_n and_o not_o intrinsique_n in_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o money_n which_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o course_n of_o true_a exchange_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n and_o thereupon_o it_o follow_v that_o neither_o difference_n of_o weight_n fineness_n of_o standard_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n or_o their_o proper_a valuation_n of_o money_n can_v be_v any_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n so_o long_o as_o a_o due_a course_n be_v hold_v in_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v ground_v thereupon_o hence_o arise_v the_o facility_n of_o the_o remedy_n by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o exchange_n in_o cause_v our_o money_n to_o be_v true_o answer_v by_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o very_a value_n or_o above_o the_o same_o which_o cut_v off_o the_o say_a gain_n have_v by_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n and_o cause_v also_o in_o effect_n that_o the_o foreign_a coin_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o take_v in_o payment_n above_o their_o value_n although_o they_o be_v receive_v at_o a_o high_a rate_n because_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v sell_v according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n which_o counteruail_v the_o same_o according_a to_o their_o inhaunce_n of_o coin_n or_o embase_v of_o the_o same_o by_o allay_n or_o copper_n all_o man_n of_o common_a understanding_n when_o they_o do_v hear_v of_o the_o raise_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v ready_a to_o say_v we_o must_v do_v the_o like_a for_o they_o conceive_v the_o say_n of_o cato_n tu_fw-la quoque_fw-la fac_fw-la simile_n sic_fw-la ars_fw-la deluditur_fw-la arte_fw-la to_o be_v a_o proper_a application_n hereunto_o but_o they_o do_v not_o enter_v into_o consideration_n what_o alteration_n it_o will_v bring_v to_o the_o state_n and_o that_o the_o matter_n may_v run_v ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la as_o shall_v be_v declare_v but_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o this_o will_v be_v a_o sufficient_a remedy_n to_o enhance_v or_o money_n as_o they_o do_v they_o to_o embase_v our_o coin_n as_o they_o do_v they_o and_o to_o imitate_v overualuation_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o they_o do_v which_o require_v a_o continual_a labour_n charge_n and_o innovation_n be_v it_o not_o a_o excellent_a thing_n that_o all_o this_o can_v be_v do_v by_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n with_o great_a facility_n and_o that_o without_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o money_n at_o home_n or_o meddle_v with_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n
of_o twelve_o ounce_n in_o weight_n make_v the_o sterling_a standard_n and_o yet_o my_o money_n make_v thereof_o shall_v be_v but_o ten_o ounce_n fine_a in_o like_a manner_n i_o will_v melt_v down_o ten_o ounce_n of_o silver_n and_o two_o ounce_n of_o copper_n and_o more_o to_o make_v a_o standard_n of_o ten_o ounce_n fine_a and_o yet_o my_o money_n make_v thereof_o shall_v be_v eleven_o ounce_n fine_a or_o sterling_a to_o understand_v this_o mystery_n or_o paradox_n we_o be_v to_o note_v that_o in_o the_o make_n of_o a_o standard_n of_o money_n three_o thing_n must_v concur_v and_o have_v a_o equality_n proportion_v upon_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n namely_o fineness_n alloy_n and_o weight_n of_o the_o piece_n make_v out_o of_o a_o pound_n which_o be_v the_o ground_n work_n of_o the_o subtle_a assay_n according_a to_o which_o all_o assaymaster_n make_v their_o calculation_n by_o the_o mark_n of_o eight_o ounce_n or_o the_o pound_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n make_v one_o mark_n and_o one_o half_a suppose_v now_o that_o as_o in_o ancient_a time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o one_o pound_n weight_n be_v divide_v into_o twelve_o ounce_n every_o ounce_n be_v divide_v into_o twenty_o piece_n or_o be_v now_o divide_v into_o sixty_o piece_n or_o three_o pound_n make_v sixty_o shilling_n which_o then_o make_v but_o twenty_o and_o that_o these_o twenty_o piece_n or_o sixty_o shilling_n be_v diminish_v by_o the_o sheyre_n and_o there_o be_v make_v twenty_o two_o piece_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o twenty_o or_o sixty_o six_o piece_n in_o the_o lieu_n of_o sixty_o piece_n which_o be_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o that_o the_o say_v piece_n be_v light_a than_o before_o consider_v piece_n by_o piece_n now_o a_o assaymaster_n receive_v one_o of_o these_o piece_n to_o make_v a_o assay_n thereof_o in_o manner_n by_o we_o declare_v in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o this_o book_n in_o the_o seven_o chapter_n of_o the_o assay_n of_o bullion_n and_o money_n and_o have_v weigh_v the_o same_o he_o calculate_v how_o many_o of_o these_o piece_n do_v make_v or_o weigh_v one_o pound_n and_o he_o find_v twenty_o two_o or_o sixty_o six_o piece_n or_o thereabouts_o because_o of_o the_o unevennesse_n of_o the_o sheyre_n which_o be_v try_v he_o make_v report_n of_o the_o fineness_n according_o so_o that_o want_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o pound_n ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o weight_n there_o must_v needs_o be_v want_v so_o much_o in_o fineness_n and_o so_o eleven_o ounce_n melt_v down_o be_v find_v to_o be_v but_o ten_o ounce_n fine_a and_o in_o like_a manner_n etc._n etc._n all_o which_o in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n can_v be_v consider_v of_o and_o prevent_v as_o it_o shall_v please_v the_o king_n majesty_n and_o his_o highness_n privy_a council_n exchange_n ebb_a and_o flow_v of_o water_n compare_v to_o the_o fall_n and_o rise_v of_o exchange_n the_o predominant_a power_n of_o exchange_n rise_v and_o fall_v in_o price_n may_v be_v compare_v to_o the_o ebb_a and_o flow_v of_o the_o sea_n whereof_o no_o reason_n can_v be_v render_v albeit_o we_o find_v the_o course_n thereof_o to_o concur_v with_o the_o increase_n and_o decrease_v of_o the_o moon_n which_o borrow_v her_o light_n from_o the_o sun_n whereunto_o we_o may_v attribute_v a_o natural_a primum_fw-la mobile_n of_o move_v this_o motion_n be_v not_o so_o perceptible_a in_o the_o main_a ocean_n sea_n as_o visible_a in_o the_o river_n stream_n and_o branch_n thereof_o even_o so_o in_o the_o sea_n of_o exchange_n we_o be_v to_o ascribe_v the_o first_o motion_n of_o rise_v and_o fall_v in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n unto_o the_o banker_n albeit_o the_o operation_n of_o it_o be_v not_o so_o apparent_a in_o those_o main_a exchange_n as_o upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n by_o commodity_n and_o money_n subject_a to_o inundation_n in_o the_o particular_a exchange_n of_o some_o country_n which_o run_v into_o the_o main_a ocean_n of_o exchange_n as_o a_o river_n or_o branch_n of_o the_o same_o as_o this_o ebb_a and_o flow_v be_v aggravate_v by_o accidental_a cause_n of_o rain_n snow_n and_o the_o like_a by_o the_o alteration_n of_o weather_n so_o do_v the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o exchange_n increase_n and_o decrease_v by_o the_o alteratiof_n state_n affair_n between_o contend_a prince_n according_a to_o the_o use_n of_o money_n and_o even_o as_o the_o sea_n be_v gird_v in_o by_o god_n commandment_n that_o they_o can_v overflow_v the_o main_n bank_n of_o the_o earth_n so_o the_o course_n of_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o exchange_n in_o price_n may_v be_v gird_v in_o by_o the_o king_n commandment_n man_n a_o great_a consideration_n beyond_o the_o common_a capacity_n of_o man_n that_o it_o shall_v not_o overflow_v the_o course_n or_o bank_n of_o traffic_n to_o the_o inundation_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o money_n this_o simile_n put_v i_o in_o mind_n to_o remember_v the_o poetical_a fixion_n of_o the_o serpent_n hidra_n with_o many_o head_n whereof_o one_o be_v cut_v off_o by_o hercules_n forthwith_o another_o do_v appear_v allude_v therein_o to_o the_o river_n nilus_n which_o have_v many_o branch_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v stop_v in_o one_o place_n cause_v another_o to_o overflow_v in_o another_o place_n augment_v hercules_n labour_n be_v therein_o like_o unskilful_a physician_n which_o to_o cure_v a_o disease_n do_v many_o time_n cast_v the_o body_n into_o a_o more_o dangerous_a sickness_n whereas_o the_o learned_a physician_n will_v find_v a_o easy_a cure_n know_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o disease_n without_o which_o conceit_a remedy_n be_v but_o mere_a shift_n and_o extremity_n aristophanus_n have_v paint_v forth_o the_o agony_n of_o a_o age_a man_n altogether_o shipwreck_a by_o usury_n who_o think_v to_o have_v find_v out_o the_o way_n to_o be_v ease_v of_o his_o slavery_n do_v propound_v unto_o socrates_n this_o demand_n that_o if_o he_o shall_v by_o the_o enchantment_n of_o a_o witch_n of_o thessalia_n fetch_v the_o moon_n out_o of_o heaven_n and_o bring_v it_o away_o and_o afterward_o enclose_v it_o in_o a_o case_n of_o glass_n and_o so_o keep_v it_o as_o if_o he_o will_v keep_v a_o fly_n in_o a_o box_n socrates_n demand_v what_o good_a that_o will_v do_v he_o he_o answer_v if_o the_o moon_n do_v never_o rise_v again_o i_o be_v constrain_v to_o pay_v money_n by_o the_o new_a moon_n shall_v be_v free_v of_o that_o trouble_n a_o strange_a shift_n that_o this_o poor_a man_n be_v drive_v unto_o apprehend_v a_o shadow_n for_o a_o reason_n to_o pluck_v by_o violence_n the_o moon_n out_o of_o heaven_n for_o his_o help_n for_o in_o truth_n the_o witch_n do_v she_o best_o and_o begin_v to_o charm_v the_o moon_n which_o when_o the_o usuror_n understand_v do_v put_v he_o in_o such_o a_o pelt_a chafe_n as_o be_v wonderful_a to_o behold_v for_o accuse_v this_o poor_a man_n of_o enchantment_n at_o last_o he_o go_v himself_o to_o another_o witch_n not_o only_o to_o keep_v the_o moon_n from_o come_v out_o of_o heaven_n but_o also_o to_o hasten_v the_o course_n of_o she_o fast_o to_o recover_v his_o usury_n the_o soon_o good_a god_n what_o a_o trouble_n be_v the_o moon_n put_v unto_o between_o these_o two_o witch_n what_o storm_n and_o tempest_n do_v arise_v what_o horrible_a wind_n do_v blow_v what_o great_a rain_n do_v fall_v what_o flood_n ensue_v every_o where_o so_o that_o country_n be_v almost_o drown_v and_o under_o water_n in_o many_o place_n the_o moral_a of_o these_o metaphor_n concur_v with_o our_o former_a comparison_n do_v not_o only_o show_v unto_o we_o the_o operation_n and_o conjunction_n between_o the_o moon_n and_o water_n but_o also_o the_o folly_n of_o vain_a conceit_a remedy_n the_o propound_a remedy_n therefore_o for_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o rule_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n who_o antitheta_fw-la be_v inequality_n and_o iniquity_n which_o every_o man_n ought_v to_o suppress_v equality_n be_v amiable_a and_o accompany_v with_o ease_n and_o facility_n but_o inequality_n be_v hate_v and_o associate_v with_o trouble_n and_o difficulty_n the_o difference_n whereof_o be_v like_a unto_o this_o geometrical_a axiom_n in_o commendation_n of_o the_o invention_n of_o round_a wheel_n to_o draw_v and_o carry_v load_n with_o a_o small_a strength_n circulus_fw-la tangit_fw-la planum_fw-la unico_fw-la puncto_fw-la for_o if_o the_o wheel_n shall_v have_v be_v make_v square_a or_o in_o any_o other_o polyangle_n and_o proportion_n forty_o horse_n will_v not_o so_o easy_o draw_v they_o be_v lade_v as_o two_o do_v now_o with_o speed_n and_o ease_v what_o easy_a thing_n can_v there_o be_v than_o to_o set_v and_o command_v a_o price_n in_o exchange_n to_o be_v observe_v according_a to_o the_o value_n
of_o the_o sterling_a standard_n this_o be_v to_o be_v do_v only_o by_o his_o majesty_n proclamation_n according_a to_o the_o statut_fw-la of_o exchange_n prohibit_v that_o after_o three_o month_n next_o ensue_a the_o same_o no_o man_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n by_o bill_n or_o otherwise_o for_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o foreign_a part_n or_o to_o be_v rechange_v towards_o this_o realm_n under_o the_o true_a par_fw-fr or_o value_n for_o value_n of_o our_o money_n and_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n but_o at_o the_o say_a rate_n or_o above_o the_o same_o as_o merchant_n can_v agree_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o broker_n or_o among_o themselves_o wealth_n the_o way_n to_o restore_v england_n wealth_n but_o never_o under_o the_o say_a rate_n which_o shall_v be_v declare_v in_o a_o pair_n of_o table_n public_o to_o be_v see_v upon_o the_o royal_a exchange_n in_o london_n according_a to_o the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o the_o say_a table_n shall_v be_v alter_v in_o price_n as_o occasion_n shall_v be_v minister_v beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o several_a respective_a place_n of_o exchange_n either_o by_o their_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n by_o valuation_n or_o by_o embase_v of_o the_o same_o by_o allay_n as_o have_v be_v note_v which_o by_o a_o vigilant_a eye_n may_v be_v observe_v and_o will_v be_v a_o cause_n to_o make_v other_o nation_n more_o constant_a in_o the_o course_n of_o their_o money_n and_o this_o will_v be_v execute_v more_o of_o course_n than_o by_o authority_n because_o gain_v do_v bear_v the_o sway_n and_o command_v with_o most_o man_n for_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n be_v here_o the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n general_o will_v easy_o be_v induce_v to_o make_v the_o most_o of_o his_o own_o receive_v by_o exchange_n more_o for_o our_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o english_a merchant_n be_v the_o taker_n of_o the_o say_a money_n will_v not_o be_v so_o inâ—urious_a to_o the_o state_n as_o to_o give_v less_o beyond_o the_o sea_n than_o the_o value_n of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o if_o he_o will_v the_o deliverer_n will_v not_o let_v he_o have_v it_o beside_o that_o the_o taker_n occasion_n be_v enforce_v by_o necessity_n and_o he_o can_v be_v no_o loose_a for_o by_o direction_n he_o will_v sell_v his_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_o because_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n do_v still_o govern_v the_o sale_n and_o buy_v of_o commodity_n as_o aforesaid_a english_a merchant_n be_v the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n alter_v there_o according_o will_v have_v the_o like_a consideration_n and_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n will_v provoke_v he_o thereunto_o and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o taker_n the_o english_a merchant_n may_v bring_v over_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la wherein_o he_o shall_v become_v again_o the_o course_n be_v agreeable_a to_o justice_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n or_o ius_fw-la gentium_fw-la and_o will_v not_o hinder_v the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v and_o fall_v as_o formerly_z but_o keep_v all_o in_o due_a order_n with_o these_o consideration_n caution_n and_o prevention_n as_o shall_v be_v set_v down_o to_o prevent_v all_o inconueniency_n proceed_v by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n which_o fall_v general_o upon_o all_o man_n in_o the_o endear_n of_o thing_n coin_n inconueniency_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o coin_n &_o particular_o upon_o landlord_n and_o creditor_n in_o their_o rent_n and_o contract_n and_o especial_o upon_o the_o king_n majesty_n land_n the_o statute_n of_o employment_n must_v also_o be_v observe_v to_o make_v the_o remedy_n more_o complete_a with_o a_o register_n to_o record_v the_o money_n which_o foreign_a mariner_n do_v receive_v for_o freight_n come_v from_o norway_n and_o other_o place_n make_v above_o one_o hundred_o voyage_n yearly_a as_o also_o many_o other_o ship_n bring_v corn_n into_o the_o northern_a and_o western_a part_n of_o the_o real_a i_o and_o export_v money_n for_o it_o russian_n the_o policy_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o russian_n the_o turk_n persian_a and_o russian_a have_v herein_o surpass_v we_o in_o true_a policy_n by_o keep_v the_o price_n of_o their_o exchange_n high_a much_o above_o the_o valuation_n of_o their_o money_n so_o that_o they_o have_v no_o trade_n by_o exchange_n nor_o money_n but_o only_o for_o commodity_n whereby_o they_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o they_o as_o also_o the_o exportation_n of_o their_o money_n albeit_o the_o use_n of_o our_o commodity_n be_v in_o those_o country_n very_o great_a remedy_n objection_n to_o the_o remedy_n the_o objection_n make_v by_o some_o against_o this_o sole_a remedy_n be_v easy_o to_o be_v answer_v for_o they_o be_v ground_v upon_o supposition_n against_o assure_a experience_n 1_o some_o make_v doubt_n that_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v rise_v there_o will_v be_v no_o taker_n of_o money_n and_o then_o the_o deliverer_n be_v more_o thrust_v upon_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n 2_o other_o say_v that_o those_o merchant_n which_o have_v sell_v their_o cloth_n beyond_o the_o sea_n shall_v receive_v a_o loss_n in_o the_o make_n over_o of_o their_o money_n from_o thence_o by_o deliver_v more_o there_o in_o exchange_n than_o now_o they_o do_v 3_o other_o say_v that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o vent_v their_o clothes_n according_a to_o the_o high_a exchange_n especial_o now_o that_o cloth_n be_v out_o of_o request_n and_o will_v have_v the_o matter_n of_o reformation_n defer_v until_o another_o time_n in_o their_o opinion_n more_o commodious_a answer_n answer_n the_o first_o objection_n be_v answer_v before_o that_o the_o taker_n be_v rule_v by_o the_o deliverer_n who_o will_v not_o give_v his_o money_n in_o exchange_n under_o the_o true_a value_n according_a to_o the_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v and_o the_o deliverer_n be_v the_o merchant_n stranger_n here_o will_v soon_o be_v thrust_v upon_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n for_o by_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n he_o shall_v have_v no_o gain_n whereas_o some_o of_o the_o discreet_a sort_n will_v not_o have_v the_o say_a statute_n too_o strict_o press_v upon_o the_o stranger_n because_o the_o trade_n shall_v not_o be_v drive_v into_o their_o hand_n mediocria_fw-la firma_fw-la to_o the_o second_o the_o proclamation_n limit_v a_o time_n for_o execution_n give_v merchant_n ability_n to_o recover_v their_o money_n or_o to_o sell_v their_o bill_n of_o debt_n for_o money_n or_o to_o buy_v commodity_n for_o they_o as_o the_o manner_n be_v to_o the_o three_o experience_n make_v a_o full_a answer_n to_o both_o that_o there_o do_v not_o want_v taker_n when_o the_o late_a inhaunce_n at_o hamborough_n cause_v the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v from_o under_o twenty_o and_o eight_o shilling_n to_o above_o thirty_o and_o five_o shilling_n which_o be_v more_o than_o the_o present_a alteration_n will_v be_v and_o wool_n be_v at_o thirty_o and_o three_o shilling_n the_o tod_n which_o be_v now_o fall_v under_o twenty_o shilling_n so_o that_o the_o vent_n of_o our_o cloth_n be_v not_o hinder_v when_o it_o be_v sell_v dear_a by_o one_o full_a three_o part_n but_o there_o be_v above_o eighty_o thousand_o clothes_n sell_v yearly_a where_o there_o be_v now_o sell_v but_o forty_o thousand_o clothes_n the_o time_n be_v also_o to_o be_v think_v more_o convenient_a to_o advance_v a_o commodity_n be_v underualued_a than_o to_o do_v it_o when_o the_o price_n be_v high_a for_o this_o pleurisy_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v dangerous_a and_o admit_v no_o time_n of_o cure_v like_o the_o fire_n in_o a_o city_n which_o permit_v not_o any_o inquiry_n to_o examine_v how_o the_o same_o begin_v but_o require_v every_o man_n help_n to_o quench_v the_o same_o and_o whereas_o it_o be_v allege_v in_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o inhance_a of_o coin_n e.m._n treatise_n of_o free_a trad_a e.m._n that_o which_o be_v equal_a to_o all_o when_o he_o that_o buy_v dear_a shall_v sell_v dear_a can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v injurious_a unto_o any_o this_o opinion_n be_v without_o consideration_n of_o the_o alteration_n of_o weight_n and_o measure_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n that_o be_v exchange_n for_o money_n and_o what_o the_o same_o may_v produce_v to_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n albeit_o that_o between_o man_n and_o man_n it_o may_v prove_v alike_o in_o some_o respect_n to_o make_v this_o evident_a suppose_v two_o merchant_n the_o one_o dwell_v in_o london_n and_o the_o other_o dwell_v at_o amsterdam_n do_v contract_n together_o that_o the_o londoner_n send_v clothes_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o amsterdam_n the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n send_v he_o velvet_n and_o silk_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o london_n and_o in_o the_o account_n to_o be_v keep_v between_o they_o