above_o their_o value_n beyond_o the_o sea_n but_o those_o that_o will_v take_v this_o benefit_n of_o our_o gold_n need_v not_o to_o bring_v silver_n for_o that_o purpose_n have_v foreign_a commodity_n ready_a at_o hand_n in_o return_n whereof_o the_o gold_n be_v very_o commodious_a and_o profitable_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o buy_v up_o of_o the_o same_o when_o the_o price_n of_o the_o exchange_n be_v low_a as_o before_o be_v declare_v we_o have_v already_o declare_v the_o general_a course_n of_o exchange_n now_o let_v we_o yet_o enter_v into_o some_o particular_n concern_v exchange_n &_o money_n and_o of_o foreign_a commodity_n come_v from_o the_o place_n with_o who_o we_o have_v ordinary_a exchange_n for_o roan_n paris_n lion_n bourdeaux_n and_o other_o place_n in_o france_n we_o have_v a_o ordinary_a exchange_n make_v according_a to_o their_o crown_n of_o 60._o sou_n the_o standard_n of_o their_o silver_n money_n be_v 11._o ounce_n fine_a albeit_o their_o base_a money_n as_o their_o sou_n and_o other_o be_v but_o three_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a or_o somewhat_o better_a their_o crown_n gold_n 22._o carrat_n and_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v by_o valuation_n 11._o to_o one_o but_o by_o toleration_n 12._o to_o one_o and_o many_o time_n more_o the_o crown_n of_o exchange_n be_v at_o 60._o sou_n &_o in_o specie_fw-la 63._o 64._o and_o 65._o sou_n and_o here_o let_v we_o note_v the_o wonderful_a operation_n of_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n and_o that_o whereas_o the_o toleration_n of_o money_n in_o other_o country_n be_v a_o hindrance_n of_o the_o importation_n of_o money_n unto_o we_o yet_o it_o be_v not_o so_o with_o france_n because_o money_n be_v bring_v over_o sometime_o from_o thence_o albeit_o the_o same_o be_v receive_v above_o the_o value_n as_o the_o french_a crown_n and_o pistolet_n because_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v contrary_a for_o plenty_n of_o money_n with_o they_o make_v a_o low_a exchange_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v a_o high_a exchange_n with_o they_o and_o on_o the_o contrary_a a_o low_a exchange_n with_o we_o whereas_o for_o other_o place_n plenty_n of_o money_n make_v a_o low_a exchange_n with_o us._n so_o that_o the_o one_o be_v a_o cause_n of_o importation_n of_o money_n the_o other_o be_v a_o cause_n of_o exportation_n yet_o the_o realm_n by_o the_o course_n of_o money_n receive_v not_o any_o benefit_n at_o all_o in_o the_o vent_n of_o our_o commodity_n as_o other_o country_n do_v for_o this_o french_a crown_n be_v value_v at_o 10._o shilling_n 10._o penny_n flemish_a make_v the_o right_a exchange_n to_o be_v above_o 36._o shilling_n for_o the_o low_a country_n where_o in_o specie_fw-la the_o same_o be_v carry_v and_o in_o the_o like_a manner_n for_o other_o place_n the_o observation_n whereof_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o good_a of_o the_o realm_n &_o the_o merchandize_v exchange_n be_v take_v away_o will_v advance_v the_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n the_o rather_o for_o that_o we_o find_v that_o by_o our_o french_a merchant_n there_o be_v as_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o such_o as_o be_v bring_v unto_o we_o from_o russia_n and_o elsewhere_o sell_v into_o france_n as_o do_v countervail_v the_o employment_n of_o wine_n and_o other_o commodity_n from_o thence_o the_o freight_n and_o impost_n of_o wine_n redound_v to_o her_o majesty_n benefit_n and_o of_o her_o subject_n not_o be_v reckon_v the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v concern_v our_o exchange_n for_o venice_n &_o other_o place_n in_o italy_n which_o particular_a exchange_n be_v as_o in_o all_o traffic_n govern_v by_o the_o universal_a even_o in_o place_n where_o little_a or_o no_o trade_n of_o commodity_n be_v use_v as_o at_o madrill_n lion_n and_o bizanson_n where_o money_n be_v make_v a_o merchandise_n and_o bereave_v of_o the_o natural_a course_n whereunto_o it_o be_v first_o devise_v this_o universal_a or_o general_a exchange_n make_v according_a unto_o our_o 20._o shilling_n sterling_a as_o be_v suppose_v have_v his_o course_n in_o manner_n aforesaid_a for_o all_o such_o place_n where_o most_o of_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v sell_v by_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n be_v it_o at_o embden_n middleborough_n amstelredam_n stoade_n or_o hamborough_n where_o our_o commodity_n of_o clothes_n kerseis_n bay_n tin_n lead_v or_o such_o like_a be_v sell_v and_o barter_v for_o such_o foreign_a commodity_n as_o be_v velvet_n satin_n silk_n venice_n gold_n fustian_n and_o such_o like_a purposely_o engross_v and_o bring_v to_o the_o aforesaid_a place_n &_o sell_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o the_o banker_n to_o our_o merchant_n at_o so_o dear_a a_o rate_n that_o even_o other_o nation_n must_v buy_v the_o like_a commodity_n the_o dear_a for_o our_o sake_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o our_o merchant_n sell_v the_o say_a commodity_n dear_a according_o unto_o we_o be_v notwithstanding_o small_a gainer_n although_o general_o the_o realm_n lose_v great_o all_o which_o come_v to_o pass_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o exchange_n be_v abuse_v as_o before_o be_v show_v both_o for_o the_o transportation_n of_o our_o money_n which_o for_o a_o long_a time_n we_o have_v give_v to_o contervalue_v the_o price_n of_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o the_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n according_a to_o the_o overballance_v before_o speak_v of_o which_o during_o the_o trade_n with_o spain_n from_o whence_o money_n be_v continual_o bring_v over_o can_v not_o so_o sensible_o be_v feel_v as_o it_o be_v now_o notwithstanding_o the_o great_a purchass_n of_o reprisall_n good_n so_o that_o the_o effect_n of_o it_o be_v like_a unto_o the_o barter_n of_o two_o merchant_n the_o one_o deliver_v commodity_n and_o money_n and_o the_o other_o commodity_n only_o he_o that_o deliver_v commodity_n only_o do_v overset_v the_o same_o in_o price_n and_o the_o other_o that_o deliver_v commodity_n and_o money_n do_v overset_v his_o commodity_n also_o somewhat_o according_o but_o do_v not_o consider_v that_o he_o can_v overset_v his_o money_n whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o he_o have_v foreign_a commodity_n at_o a_o dear_a rate_n for_o his_o home_n commodity_n and_o money_n yet_o because_o he_o find_v through_o the_o excessive_a use_n of_o those_o foreign_a commodity_n present_a sale_n with_o a_o reasonable_a gain_n he_o think_v to_o have_v make_v a_o very_a good_a match_n whereas_o by_o his_o mean_n the_o realm_n be_v not_o only_o deprive_v of_o the_o ready_a money_n but_o sustain_v a_o great_a loss_n beside_o in_o pay_v too_o dear_a for_o those_o commodity_n as_o we_o may_v easy_o perceive_v if_o we_o do_v consider_v both_o the_o price_n of_o the_o above_o name_v foreign_a commodity_n and_o our_o home_n commodity_n alter_v within_o these_o fifty_o year_n we_o be_v like_a unto_o he_o that_o do_v not_o overset_v his_o money_n as_o aforesaid_a because_o we_o do_v esteem_v our_o money_n by_o way_n of_o exchange_n less_o in_o value_n than_o they_o be_v and_o do_v receive_v the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n far_o above_o their_o value_n according_a to_o their_o toleration_n especial_o they_o hold_v the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n thereby_o continual_o twelve_o to_o one_o at_o hamborough_n and_o stoade_n the_o ordinary_a reckon_v be_v take_v to_o be_v 9_o mark_n 4._o shilling_n for_o our_o 20._o shilling_n sterling_a every_o of_o their_o mark_n be_v sixteen_o shilling_n lup_n make_v 148._o shilling_n which_o be_v 24._o shilling_n 8._o penny_n of_o their_o money_n for_o our_o pound_n the_o rickx_n dolor_n be_v 33._o shilling_n so_o that_o 4._o rickx_fw-la dollar_n and_o one_o half_a make_v 148._o shilling_n ½_o or_o 24._o shilling_n 9_o penny_n without_o reckon_v the_o discrepance_n of_o the_o time_n of_o 2._o month_n for_o their_o usance_n the_o consideration_n be_v at_o the_o least_o take_v after_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n at_o embden_n this_o rickx_n dolor_n be_v currant_n in_o payment_n after_o flemish_a money_n at_o 47._o or_o 48._o stiver_n and_o the_o angel_n at_o 11._o gilderen_n and_o one_o half_a what_o merchant_n be_v he_o that_o can_v calculate_v this_o exchange_n to_o be_v abuse_v and_o that_o 36._o shilling_n flemish_a can_v answer_v our_o money_n if_o any_o man_n will_v think_v that_o upon_o admonition_n give_v to_o the_o state_n of_o the_o low_a country_n this_o may_v be_v reform_v and_o the_o like_a reformation_n will_v follow_v in_o other_o country_n especial_o those_o of_o hamborough_n and_o other_o place_n adjoin_v hold_v their_o money_n always_o as_o it_o be_v at_o a_o stand_n yet_o all_o will_v be_v to_o small_a purpose_n if_o it_o be_v by_o a_o general_a consent_n reform_v and_o establish_v so_o long_o as_o the_o exchange_n shall_v be_v suffer_v to_o rise_v and_o fall_v from_o time_n to_o
continual_o to_o rise_v beyond_o the_o sea_n cause_v the_o angel_n noble_a be_v the_o six_o part_n of_o a_o ounce_n and_o take_v for_o two_o ounce_n of_o silver_n to_o be_v value_v from_o six_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n unto_o seven_o shilling_n four_o penny_n and_o present_o after_o unto_o seven_o shilling_n six_o penny_n whereby_o every_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v worth_a forty_o five_o penny_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v nothing_o effect_v thereby_o the_o money_n still_o alter_v beyond_o the_o sea_n whereupon_o cardinal_n wolsey_n have_v a_o patent_n grant_v he_o by_o the_o king_n to_o alter_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o he_o shall_v see_v cause_n afterward_o the_o say_a king_n in_o the_o two_o &_o twenty_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n perceive_v that_o diverse_a nation_n bring_v abundance_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n into_o his_o realm_n and_o receive_v therefore_o ready_a money_n which_o money_n they_o ever_o deliver_v to_o other_o merchant_n by_o exchange_n and_o never_o employ_v the_o same_o on_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n whereby_o his_o majesty_n be_v hinder_v in_o his_o custom_n and_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v not_o utter_v to_o the_o great_a hindrance_n of_o his_o subject_n as_o it_o be_v there_o allege_v his_o majesty_n cause_v a_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o a_o old_a statute_n make_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n richard_n the_o second_o that_o no_o person_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o the_o same_o act_n and_o statute_n upon_o pain_n to_o be_v take_v the_o king_n mortal_a enemy_n and_o to_o forfeit_v all_o that_o he_o may_v forfeit_v which_o take_v effect_v but_o for_o a_o short_a time_n and_o no_o other_o be_v to_o be_v expect_v it_o not_o be_v of_o that_o moment_n nor_o the_o principal_a cause_n as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v declare_v after_o all_o this_o follow_v the_o embase_v of_o money_n and_o what_o happen_v then_o we_o have_v already_o declare_v so_o much_o as_o be_v think_v convenient_a all_o which_o notwithstanding_o and_o as_o it_o be_v in_o derogation_n of_o the_o credit_n of_o experience_n yet_o some_o man_n will_v attribute_v the_o cause_n of_o transportation_n to_o the_o fineness_n or_o under_o valuation_n of_o our_o money_n and_o will_v have_v our_o money_n enhance_v in_o price_n or_o embace_v by_o allay_n without_o that_o they_o have_v any_o consideration_n that_o in_o some_o sort_n our_o exchange_n shall_v be_v make_v according_o and_o that_o the_o matter_n will_v remain_v still_o in_o substance_n although_o it_o be_v alter_v in_o name_n whereof_o the_o base_a money_n daily_o export_v out_o of_o france_n and_o the_o inhance_a of_o money_n in_o turkey_n and_o barbary_n do_v give_v we_o a_o instance_n and_o it_o follow_v that_o neither_o difference_n of_o weight_n fineness_n of_o standard_n proportion_n between_o the_o money_n or_o valuation_n thereof_o can_v be_v any_o true_a cause_n of_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n so_o long_o as_o a_o due_a course_n be_v hold_v in_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v found_v thereupon_o as_o before_o have_v be_v show_v have_v find_v out_o the_o efficient_a cause_n the_o remedy_n be_v easy_a and_o most_o common_o great_a matter_n be_v cure_v by_o easy_a remedy_n and_o by_o that_o which_o have_v be_v say_v every_o man_n of_o judgement_n may_v easy_o gather_v that_o the_o exchange_n for_o all_o place_n ought_v to_o be_v keep_v at_o a_o certainty_n in_o price_n according_a to_o value_v for_o value_n and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o our_o money_n and_o the_o toleration_n of_o the_o price_n of_o the_o money_n in_o each_o country_n where_o we_o find_v that_o a_o certain_a proportion_n be_v observe_v from_o time_n to_o time_n to_o which_o end_n there_o must_v be_v a_o vigilant_a eye_n for_o the_o observation_n thereof_o upon_o all_o alteration_n and_o to_o make_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_o both_o for_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n either_o in_o advance_v our_o gold_n and_o make_v the_o porportion_n to_o be_v between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n 12._o to_o 1._o or_o else_o make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o gold_n if_o we_o do_v make_v our_o gold_n to_o be_v worth_a twelve_o of_o silver_n as_o be_v use_v in_o most_o place_n then_o must_v our_o angel_n and_o other_o gold_n be_v call_v in_o if_o so_o be_v that_o we_o will_v not_o think_v convenient_a that_o the_o weight_n and_o price_n shall_v be_v alter_v and_o new_a angel_n may_v be_v coin_a of_o crown_n gold_n hold_v still_o their_o price_n and_o weight_n or_o else_o if_o we_o will_v alter_v the_o valuation_n than_o our_o angel_n shall_v be_v at_o ten_o shilling_n ten_o penny_n and_o the_o french_a crown_n six_o shilling_n six_o penny_n for_o there_o be_v as_o much_o difference_n between_o the_o proportion_n of_o eleven_o to_o one_o and_o twelve_o to_o one_o as_o there_o be_v difference_n in_o the_o price_n of_o angel_n gold_n and_o crown_n gold_n but_o alter_v neither_o of_o these_o the_o exchange_n may_v qualify_v the_o same_o the_o rather_o because_o that_o for_o place_n where_o we_o have_v no_o ordinary_a exchange_n our_o gold_n and_o silver_n money_n be_v transport_v in_o nature_n of_o bullion_n especial_o the_o silver_n be_v more_o worth_a in_o some_o mint_n beyond_o the_o sea_n then_o by_o valuation_n as_o we_o have_v note_v before_o for_o the_o keep_n of_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n at_o a_o certainty_n according_a to_o value_v for_o value_n some_o be_v of_o opinion_n whereas_o these_o exchange_n be_v most_o common_o make_v by_o certain_a person_n swear_v to_o deal_v honest_o between_o party_n and_o party_n common_o call_v broker_n that_o every_o merchant_n exchange_v shall_v be_v bind_v upon_o a_o penalty_n not_o to_o make_v any_o exchange_n without_o they_o and_o according_a to_o their_o direction_n to_o which_o end_n they_o shall_v have_v a_o certain_a prescription_n specify_v in_o a_o pair_n of_o table_n how_o to_o make_v these_o exchange_n and_o shall_v become_v bind_v with_o surety_n to_o make_v they_o according_o in_o the_o course_n whereof_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o other_o difference_n between_o the_o deliverer_n and_o taker_n up_o of_o money_n but_o after_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n and_o to_o make_v they_o payable_a at_o some_o short_a time_n to_o cut_v off_o the_o merchandize_v of_o the_o same_o both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n other_o that_o do_v not_o like_a to_o enter_v into_o bond_n do_v allow_v of_o the_o opinion_n of_o those_o that_o do_v affirm_v the_o same_o will_v be_v more_o exact_o do_v by_o certain_a skilful_a and_o substantial_a man_n thereunto_o authorise_v by_o her_o most_o excellent_a majesty_n to_o be_v the_o general_a exchanger_n with_o who_o all_o man_n shall_v be_v command_v to_o make_v their_o exchange_n here_o in_o england_n and_o in_o the_o like_a manner_n our_o merchant_n only_o in_o the_o chief_a place_n of_o traffic_n beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o these_o exchanger_n deputy_n also_o in_o manner_n aforesaid_a wherein_o will_v be_v little_a restraint_n for_o he_o that_o will_v not_o deliver_v his_o money_n here_o by_o exchange_n may_v if_o he_o will_v employ_v the_o same_o upon_o our_o commodity_n and_o rather_o than_o to_o transport_v any_o in_o specie_fw-la he_o will_v deliver_v it_o by_o exchange_n when_o upon_o a_o simple_a bill_n he_o may_v have_v as_o much_o give_v he_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o exchange_n as_o the_o same_o will_v yield_v he_o beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v carry_v in_o specie_fw-la with_o great_a adventure_n and_o in_o danger_n of_o the_o loss_n with_o treble_a the_o value_n according_a to_o the_o statute_n on_o the_o contrary_a he_o that_o will_v not_o deliver_v his_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o exchange_n he_o may_v bring_v over_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v at_o a_o reasonable_a rate_n or_o else_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la provide_v always_o that_o in_o bring_v money_n there_o be_v no_o permission_n any_o other_o to_o be_v currant_n but_o such_o as_o be_v already_o proclaim_v and_o all_o other_o to_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o mint_n or_o to_o these_o exchanger_n deputy_n which_o shall_v give_v present_o other_o ready_a money_n for_o it_o according_a to_o the_o statute_n 20._o e._n 3._o whereby_o of_o course_n also_o that_o may_v be_v effect_v which_o heretofore_o be_v command_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o 8._o h._n 5._o 2._o whereby_o the_o stapler_n be_v to_o bring_v a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o return_n of_o their_o woolle_n in_o bullion_n the_o most_o noble_a king_n of_o this_o realm_n edward_n the_o three_o richard_n the_o second_o henry_n the_o four_o henry_n the_o five_o henry_n the_o six_o and_o especial_o henry_n the_o seven_o make_v most_o noble_a statute_n against_o the_o abuse_n
of_o exchange_n and_o for_o the_o increase_n of_o their_o custom_n and_o then_o the_o right_a exchange_n as_o doctor_n wilson_n say_v be_v only_o use_v by_o the_o king_n or_o his_o exchanger_n albeit_o there_o be_v not_o any_o such_o urgent_a cause_n so_o that_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n bring_v his_o ware_n into_o the_o realm_n do_v first_o pay_v his_o custom_n and_o have_v make_v sale_n of_o his_o commodity_n and_o employ_v the_o money_n that_o he_o receive_v here_o upon_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n according_a to_o the_o statute_n 14._o r._n 2._o and_o so_o pay_v custom_n again_o depart_v home_o to_o his_o country_n without_o carry_v any_o money_n at_o all_o by_o exchange_n for_o if_o there_o be_v not_o sufficient_a commodity_n here_o in_o ware_n he_o make_v his_o exchange_n then_o with_o the_o king_n exchanger_n and_o none_o other_o so_o that_o it_o be_v know_v unto_o the_o exchanger_n what_o exchange_n he_o make_v and_o upon_o what_o cause_n but_o if_o this_o matter_n be_v now_o a_o day_n due_o consider_v of_o it_o will_v not_o be_v find_v of_o such_o importance_n as_o it_o be_v take_v to_o be_v neither_o for_o the_o increase_n of_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o prince_n or_o advancement_n of_o the_o sale_n and_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n the_o trade_n whereof_o will_v best_o become_v our_o english_a merchant_n as_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v fit_a for_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n leave_v the_o due_a course_n of_o exchange_n in_o manner_n aforesaid_a free_a for_o both_o party_n to_o make_v their_o return_n by_o upon_o all_o occasion_n which_o will_v prove_v very_o profitable_a to_o the_o realm_n and_o her_o majesty_n custom_n consider_v the_o say_a statute_n do_v only_o command_v the_o mere_a merchant_n stranger_n and_o not_o the_o denizen_n which_o be_v the_o principal_a dealer_n our_o home_n commodity_n be_v also_o so_o needful_a and_o of_o continual_a request_n that_o at_o all_o time_n they_o be_v most_o vendible_a notwithstanding_o some_o small_a interruption_n which_o now_o and_o then_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o war_n and_o other_o controversy_n do_v happen_v if_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n import_v by_o merchant_n stranger_n which_o pay_v more_o custom_n than_o the_o native_a subject_n do_v her_o majesty_n custom_n will_v very_o much_o increase_v again_o if_o they_o be_v buy_v better_o cheap_a more_o will_v be_v vent_v with_o we_o and_o likewise_o great_a quantity_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n transport_v especial_o when_o money_n do_v abound_v last_o the_o trade_n of_o our_o commodity_n will_v increase_v if_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o marchandize_v exchange_n do_v cease_v and_o be_v it_o not_o that_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v consume_v within_o the_o realm_n it_o be_v great_a reason_n that_o as_o the_o price_n thereof_o be_v rise_v so_o likewise_o the_o custom_n shall_v be_v pay_v somewhat_o according_o the_o portugal_n which_o do_v engross_v the_o spice_n of_o the_o east_n indies_n cause_n a_o great_a custom_n to_o be_v take_v of_o twenty_o upon_o the_o hundred_o upon_o the_o arrival_n of_o the_o carrack_n at_o lisbon_n for_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o spice_n and_o other_o commodity_n and_o cause_v other_o nation_n to_o pay_v the_o same_o make_v the_o price_n according_o please_v they_o again_o in_o the_o custom_n outward_o in_o take_v but_o one_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o same_o make_v in_o this_o manner_n their_o country_n as_o it_o be_v a_o store-house_n for_o spice_n as_o the_o hollander_n do_v they_o for_o corn_n come_v from_o the_o east_n country_n and_o the_o like_a plenty_n be_v use_v by_o other_o nation_n which_o will_v require_v a_o large_a description_n as_o also_o how_o they_o enrich_v themselves_o by_o their_o industry_n and_o handiwork_n of_o the_o stuff_n of_o other_o country_n and_o again_o what_o commodity_n may_v be_v make_v within_o the_o realm_n we_o have_v fit_a matter_n or_o stuff_n thereunto_o and_o how_o artificer_n and_o other_o workman_n wage_n shall_v be_v consider_v and_o yet_o to_o this_o purpose_n we_o can_v omit_v to_o commend_v the_o singular_a good_a statute_n make_v by_o king_n henry_n the_o three_o and_o can_v wish_v that_o the_o wage_n give_v in_o those_o day_n with_o so_o great_a advisement_n be_v now_o treble_v according_a to_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n than_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v value_v at_o twenty_o penny_n which_o be_v now_o rate_v at_o 5._o shilling_n this_o be_v due_o observe_v in_o the_o city_n of_o london_n for_o the_o allowance_n of_o the_o bake_n of_o a_o quarter_n of_o corn_n the_o baker_n have_v now_o six_o shilling_n for_o the_o same_o whereas_o he_o have_v in_o those_o day_n two_o shilling_n but_o return_v to_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n we_o say_v that_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n before_o mention_v will_v be_v effect_v by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o exchange_n for_o when_o our_o merchant_n shall_v have_v ability_n give_v they_o to_o import_v money_n then_o will_v they_o bring_v the_o lesser_a quantity_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n and_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n will_v bring_v the_o more_o and_o again_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o more_o ready_a money_n either_o in_o specie_fw-la or_o by_o exchange_n that_o our_o merchant_n shall_v make_v their_o return_n by_o the_o more_o employment_n will_v they_o make_v upon_o our_o home_n commodity_n advance_v the_o price_n thereof_o which_o price_n will_v augment_v the_o quantity_n by_o set_v more_o people_n on_o work_n and_o will_v also_o increase_v her_o majesty_n custom_n outward_a all_o which_o be_v tend_v to_o the_o general_a good_a of_o her_o majesty_n the_o whole_a realm_n and_o every_o inhabitant_n thereof_o and_o this_o reformation_n be_v in_o effect_n no_o more_o but_o as_o it_o be_v the_o keep_n of_o our_o own_o weight_n and_o measure_n namely_o our_o money_n and_o exchange_n to_o sell_v our_o commodity_n by_o see_v that_o trust_v other_o nation_n therewith_o we_o have_v be_v hitherto_o deceive_v neither_o can_v any_o nation_n take_v hereby_o any_o offence_n at_o all_o we_o receive_v value_n for_o value_n as_o they_o with_o reason_n do_v also_o one_o of_o another_o the_o remedy_n be_v easy_a and_o yet_o of_o such_o moment_n that_o as_o the_o course_n of_o thing_n do_v carry_v always_o a_o great_a command_n so_o shall_v we_o find_v that_o of_o course_n diverse_a statute_n shall_v be_v observe_v or_o execute_v viz._n the_o statute_n of_o 9_o e._n 3._o 25._o e._n 3._o 5._o r._n 2._o 2._o h._n 4._o 2._o h._n 6._o 4._o h._n 7._o 5._o e._n 6._o prohibit_v the_o transportation_n of_o money_n and_o bullion_n etc._n etc._n the_o statute_n of_o 9_o e._n 3._o 15._o e._n 3._o 14._o r._n 2._o 3._o h._n 7._o and_o other_o concern_v exchange_n to_o have_v their_o due_a course_n both_o within_o the_o realm_n and_o for_o foreign_a part_n have_v according_a to_o the_o tenor_n thereof_o exchanger_n for_o the_o money_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n and_o for_o the_o money_n or_o bullion_n bring_v over_o in_o buy_v the_o same_o and_o deliver_v it_o into_o her_o majesty_n mint_n as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o 8._o h._n 5._o and_o 20._o e._n 3._o before_o mention_v whereby_o her_o majesty_n shall_v have_v the_o due_a gain_n of_o her_o mint_n and_o poor_a monier_n shall_v continual_o work_v for_o the_o execution_n whereof_o money_n be_v coin_a in_o those_o day_n in_o several_a place_n of_o the_o realm_n howbeit_o all_o by_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o king_n mint_n at_o london_n namely_o at_o canterbury_n at_o kingston_n upon_o hull_n newcastle_n upon_o tine_n at_o bristol_n and_o excester_n and_o the_o exchanger_n for_o the_o king_n at_o london_n do_v also_o depute_v exchanger_n in_o the_o most_o place_n save_v that_o certain_a merchant_n of_o florence_n call_v friscobaldi_n be_v the_o king_n exchanger_n at_o kingston_n newcastle_n and_o excester_n whereby_o appear_v the_o great_a care_n have_v thereof_o it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o remember_v such_o benefit_n as_o will_v redound_v to_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n by_o the_o reformation_n hereof_o when_o at_o all_o time_n they_o may_v make_v a_o sure_a calculation_n of_o their_o gain_n and_o account_n according_a to_o the_o know_a price_n of_o the_o exchange_n or_o in_o set_v over_o the_o bill_n obligatorie_n which_o they_o receive_v of_o their_o commodity_n for_o foreign_a commodity_n or_o in_o make_v over_o their_o money_n by_o exchange_n at_o all_o time_n whereby_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v drive_v to_o buy_v foreign_a commodity_n or_o stand_v in_o danger_n to_o become_v loser_n by_o the_o exchange_n upon_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o price_n thereof_o after_o the_o sale_n make_v of_o their_o commodity_n and_o before_o they_o do_v receive_v their_o
a_o treatise_n of_o the_o canker_n of_o england_n common_a wealth_n divide_v into_o three_o part_n wherein_o the_o author_n imitate_v the_o rule_n of_o good_a physician_n first_o declare_v the_o disease_n secondary_o show_v the_o efficient_a cause_n thereof_o last_o a_o remedy_n for_o the_o same_o by_o gerrard_n de_fw-fr malynes_n merchant_n sublata_fw-la causa_fw-la tollitur_fw-la effectus_fw-la imprint_v at_o london_n by_o richard_n field_n for_o william_n johnes_n printer_n dwell_v in_o red-crosse-streete_n in_o ship_n ally_n 1601._o the_o first_o part_n concern_v the_o disease_n of_o the_o english_a common_n wealth_n plato_n the_o philosopher_n perceive_v that_o equality_n will_v be_v the_o cause_n that_o every_o man_n shall_v have_v enough_o be_v of_o opinion_n and_o will_v all_o thing_n in_o a_o common_a wealth_n to_o be_v common_a who_o sir_n thomas_n moor_n in_o his_o utopian_a common_a weal_n seem_v to_o imitate_v to_o the_o end_n that_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o law_n already_o make_v and_o the_o make_n of_o so_o many_o new_a law_n as_o daily_o be_v make_v may_v be_v abolish_v whereas_o all_o of_o they_o be_v not_o sufficient_a for_o every_o man_n to_o enjoy_v defend_v and_o know_v from_o another_o man_n that_o which_o he_o call_v his_o own_o proper_a and_o private_a good_n but_o this_o equality_n can_v be_v establish_v neither_o be_v there_o any_o such_o ever_o use_v in_o any_o age_n or_o command_v by_o the_o word_n of_o god_n but_o that_o possess_v these_o worldly_a good_n we_o shall_v so_o use_v they_o with_o charity_n towards_o other_o as_o though_o we_o do_v not_o possess_v they_o at_o all_o nevertheless_o as_o a_o commonwealth_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o great_a household_n or_o family_n yet_o the_o prince_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o father_n of_o the_o family_n ought_v to_o keep_v a_o certain_a equality_n in_o the_o trade_n or_o traffic_v betwixt_o his_o realm_n and_o other_o country_n not_o suffer_v a_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o his_o home_n commodity_n or_o in_o buy_v more_o than_o he_o sell_v for_o thereby_o his_o treasure_n and_o the_o wealth_n of_o the_o realm_n do_v decrease_v and_o as_o it_o be_v his_o expense_n become_v great_a or_o do_v surmount_v his_o income_n or_o revenue_n this_o be_v the_o unknown_a disease_n of_o the_o politic_a body_n of_o our_o weal_n public_a before_o mention_v the_o efficient_a cause_n whereof_o must_v be_v find_v out_o before_o any_o remedy_n can_v be_v apply_v or_o devise_v sublata_fw-la causa_fw-la tollitur_fw-la effectus_fw-la say_v the_o philosopher_n which_o be_v graff_v in_o every_o man_n judgement_n that_o the_o cause_n of_o any_o thing_n be_v take_v away_o the_o effect_n be_v take_v away_o withal_o hereupon_o let_v we_o note_v that_o proper_o the_o wealth_n of_o the_o realm_n can_v decrease_v but_o three_o manner_n of_o way_n which_o be_v by_o the_o transportation_n of_o ready_a money_n or_o bullion_n out_o of_o the_o same_o by_o sell_v our_o home_n commodity_n too_o good_a cheap_a or_o by_o buy_v the_o foreign_a commodity_n too_o dear_a wherein_o chief_o consist_v the_o aforesaid_a overballance_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o inequality_n we_o give_v in_o effect_n both_o money_n and_o commodity_n to_o have_v foreign_a commodity_n for_o they_o to_o prove_v our_o assertion_n we_o can_v hardly_o make_v this_o inequality_n appear_v in_o the_o application_n thereof_o to_o every_o member_n of_o our_o commonweal_n albeit_o we_o do_v find_v the_o want_n of_o treasure_n and_o money_n export_v for_o the_o same_o for_o it_o be_v fall_v unto_o we_o concern_v money_n and_o wealth_n as_o it_o do_v unto_o a_o general_n of_o a_o camp_n of_o ten_o thousand_o suppose_v arm_v man_n whereof_o muster_n be_v take_v at_o several_a time_n and_o upon_o several_a day_n yet_o all_o of_o they_o general_o be_v find_v to_o be_v arm_v because_o one_o dare_v his_o armour_n unto_o another_o whereas_o if_o they_o be_v all_o muster_v in_o a_o day_n and_o at_o one_o instant_a a_o great_a part_n of_o they_o will_v be_v find_v to_o want_v armour_n the_o like_a want_n of_o money_n and_o wealth_n shall_v we_o find_v if_o the_o matter_n be_v due_o examine_v yet_o for_o a_o instance_n let_v we_o consider_v how_o much_o the_o price_n of_o land_n be_v rise_v with_o we_o of_o late_a year_n even_o within_o the_o memory_n of_o man_n and_o that_o this_o their_o estimation_n or_o value_n be_v in_o regard_n of_o money_n or_o other_o thing_n mony-worth_n and_o compare_v the_o same_o thereunto_o and_o we_o shall_v very_o well_o perceive_v that_o we_o ought_v to_o balance_v the_o value_n of_o thing_n upon_o this_o beam_n lay_v the_o land_n on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o the_o money_n or_o thing_n mony-worth_n in_o value_n on_o the_o other_o side_n to_o find_v out_o this_o inequality_n aristotle_n say_v that_o riches_n be_v either_o natural_a or_o artificial_a the_o natural_a riches_n as_o land_n vine_n forest_n meadow_n and_o such_o like_a the_o artificial_a as_o money_n gold_n silver_n woole_n cloth_n and_o all_o other_o movable_n and_o household_n stuff_n now_o as_o this_o artificial_a riches_n be_v proceed_v of_o the_o natural_a riches_n and_o that_o both_o these_o do_v receive_v their_o price_n and_o estimation_n by_o money_n which_o be_v the_o measure_n and_o rule_v to_o set_v a_o price_n to_o every_o thing_n so_o reason_n require_v a_o certain_a equality_n between_o the_o natural_a riches_n of_o land_n and_o the_o artificial_a riches_n of_o commodity_n proceed_v of_o the_o same_o hereupon_o let_v we_o note_v further_o that_o all_o the_o trade_n and_o traffic_v of_o the_o realm_n be_v perform_v under_o three_o simple_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n and_o examine_v the_o original_a beginning_n of_o they_o and_o their_o present_a course_n see_v that_o god_n cause_v nature_n to_o distribute_v her_o benefit_n or_o his_o blessing_n to_o several_a climate_n supply_v the_o barennesse_n of_o some_o thing_n in_o our_o country_n with_o the_o fruitfulness_n and_o store_n of_o other_o country_n to_o the_o end_n that_o interchangeable_o one_o commonweal_n shall_v live_v with_o another_o first_o we_o find_v that_o when_o commodity_n begin_v much_o to_o abound_v in_o the_o world_n all_o manner_n of_o mettle_n as_o gold_n silver_n copper_n tin_n lead_v and_o iron_n grow_v into_o great_a estimation_n as_o be_v fit_a and_o more_o durable_a to_o preservation_n and_o so_o the_o pure_a and_o fine_a mettle_n most_o esteem_v at_o which_o time_n the_o riches_n of_o man_n be_v notwithstanding_o describe_v to_o consist_v of_o cattle_n commodity_n and_o other_o movable_n and_o there_o be_v a_o permutation_n of_o thing_n which_o be_v very_o cumbersome_a and_o do_v require_v much_o carriage_n of_o ware_n up_o and_o down_o and_o from_o one_o country_n into_o another_o by_o reason_n whereof_o money_n be_v devise_v to_o be_v coin_a of_o the_o fine_a and_o pure_a metal_n to_o be_v the_o rule_n or_o square_v whereby_o all_o other_o thing_n shall_v receive_v estimation_n and_o price_n and_o as_o a_o measure_n whereby_o the_o price_n of_o all_o thing_n may_v be_v set_v and_o to_o maintain_v a_o certain_a evenhood_n or_o equality_n in_o buy_v &_o sell_v and_o the_o same_o to_o have_v his_o stand_a valuation_n only_o by_o public_a authority_n to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o thing_n may_v equal_o pass_v by_o trade_n from_o one_o man_n to_o another_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o starling_n money_n of_o england_n be_v first_o coin_a at_o a_o place_n so_o call_v by_o osbright_n a_o saxon_a king_n of_o england_n above_o seven_o hundred_o year_n past_a at_o which_o time_n a_o ounce_n of_o that_o silver_n be_v divide_v into_o twenty_o piece_n and_o so_o esteem_v twenty_o penny_n which_o so_o continue_v until_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o his_o time_n and_o until_o king_n henry_n the_o six_o and_o then_o by_o the_o king_n public_a authority_n be_v value_v at_o thirty_o penny_n and_o continue_v until_o king_n edward_n the_o four_o and_o then_o at_o forty_o penny_n until_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o then_o at_o forty_o five_o penny_n until_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o and_o so_o until_o her_o majesty_n most_o happy_a reign_n at_o five_o shilling_n the_o say_a ounce_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n to_o the_o pound_n troy_n weight_n and_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n to_o every_o ounce_n and_o twenty_o four_o grain_n to_o every_o penny_n weight_n now_o as_o the_o fineness_n of_o silver_n be_v twelve_o ounce_n and_o every_o ounce_n also_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n in_o fineness_n and_o the_o fineness_n of_o gold_n be_v twenty_o four_o carat_n and_o every_o carat_n four_o grain_n likewise_o in_o fineness_n so_o all_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n do_v participate_v of_o this_o fineness_n according_a to_o their_o substance_n and_o the_o standard_n starling_n money_n of_o this_o realm_n be_v eleven_o ounce_n two_o
it_o be_v but_o a_o small_a sum_n and_o in_o the_o end_n the_o money_n come_v into_o their_o hand_n again_o if_o they_o pay_v out_o money_n to_o any_o man_n that_o have_v money_n in_o bank_n will_v bestow_v the_o same_o in_o purchase_n of_o land_n they_o will_v still_o have_v a_o eye_n to_o have_v it_o again_o in_o bank_n one_o way_n or_o another_o at_o the_o second_o and_o three_o hand_n so_o that_o they_o once_o be_v possess_v of_o money_n will_v hardly_o be_v dispossess_v and_o their_o payment_n be_v in_o effect_n all_o by_o assignation_n and_o imaginative_a and_o if_o they_o have_v any_o money_n in_o bank_n belong_v unto_o orphan_n or_o widow_n or_o any_o other_o person_n that_o have_v no_o occasion_n to_o use_v the_o same_o they_o will_v allow_v they_o interest_n after_o four_o or_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o the_o year_n at_o the_o most_o and_o upon_o especial_a favour_n for_o every_o man_n seek_v to_o please_v they_o as_o in_o matter_n where_o commodum_fw-la privatum_fw-la bear_v the_o rule_n for_o they_o can_v easy_o please_v man_n in_o particular_a in_o give_v they_o some_o credit_n of_o that_o great_a credit_n which_o they_o have_v obtain_v in_o general_n the_o money_n then_o remain_v in_o the_o banker_n hand_n be_v employ_v by_o they_o to_o other_o use_n and_o purpose_n first_o they_o do_v deal_v with_o great_a prince_n and_o potentate_n that_o have_v need_n of_o money_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o war_n as_o the_o genevoise_n and_o german_n do_v with_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o during_o the_o war_n in_o germany_n take_v a_o exceed_a gain_n for_o it_o and_o as_o of_o late_a year_n the_o florentine_n and_o other_o have_v do_v with_o philip_n the_o second_o king_n of_o spain_n during_o his_o war_n with_o france_n and_o the_o low-countries_n cause_v he_o to_o engage_v the_o revenue_n of_o his_o dominion_n and_o territory_n and_o of_o the_o custom_n and_o notwithstanding_o to_o pay_v they_o exchange_n rechange_v and_o interest_n of_o 25._o 30._o yea_o 50._o upon_o the_o hundred_o devour_v a_o great_a part_n of_o his_o indian_a treasure_n as_o may_v at_o large_a be_v declare_v secondary_o they_o do_v engross_v the_o commodity_n and_o merchandise_n of_o their_o own_o country_n and_o of_o other_o country_n many_o time_n also_o so_o that_o none_o can_v be_v have_v but_o at_o the_o second_o hand_n and_o at_o such_o prize_n as_o they_o think_v fit_a to_o sell_v they_o and_o that_o to_o england_n great_a prejudice_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v three_o whereas_o it_o be_v a_o maxim_n in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n that_o plenty_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n make_v the_o price_n of_o the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n likewise_o beyond_o the_o sea_n make_v the_o price_n to_o fall_v and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a with_o we_o here_o in_o england_n plenty_n of_o money_n make_v the_o price_n to_o fall_v and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v the_o price_n to_o rise_v and_o that_o for_o place_n for_o the_o which_o the_o head_n of_o the_o exchange_n rest_v with_o we_o and_o on_o the_o contrary_a for_o place_n where_o the_o head_n rest_v with_o other_o nation_n hereupon_o i_o say_v it_o be_v a_o easy_a matter_n for_o these_o banker_n with_o the_o money_n to_o rule_v the_o same_o at_o their_o pleasure_n from_o place_n to_o place_n cause_v as_o it_o be_v ebbing_n and_o flow_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v for_o the_o better_a understanding_n hereof_o we_o must_v note_v that_o the_o head_n of_o the_o exchange_n be_v take_v to_o be_v at_o such_o a_o place_n or_o place_n where_o the_o price_n do_v not_o alter_v as_o for_o example_n we_o have_v the_o head_n of_o the_o exchange_n for_o hamborow_n middleborough_n embden_n amsterdam_n and_o other_o place_n for_o the_o which_o we_o do_v exchange_n for_o our_o pound_n or_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a as_o well_o beyond_o the_o sea_n as_o here_o in_o england_n the_o mutability_n of_o the_o price_n be_v with_o they_o of_o beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o give_v or_o take_v still_o more_o or_o less_o of_o their_o money_n from_o time_n to_o time_n for_o our_o pound_n sterling_a and_o on_o the_o contrary_a for_o as_o much_o that_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n for_o rouen_n paris_n and_o other_o place_n in_o france_n and_o for_o venice_n and_o other_o place_n in_o italy_n or_o elsewhere_o do_v from_o time_n to_o time_n alter_v with_o we_o according_a to_o their_o crown_n or_o ducat_n therefore_o do_v the_o head_n of_o those_o exchange_n rest_v with_o they_o and_o so_o by_o a_o common_a use_n according_a to_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o price_n we_o say_v the_o exchange_n be_v high_a or_o low_o hy_o when_o there_o be_v more_o money_n give_v of_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n for_o our_o money_n than_o the_o right_a exchange_n be_v of_o value_n for_o value_n which_o be_v call_v par_n as_o before_o be_v mention_v and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o discrepance_n of_o time_n for_o place_n whereof_o we_o have_v the_o head_n of_o the_o exchange_n low_o when_o there_o be_v less_o money_n give_v for_o our_o money_n than_o the_o right_a exchange_n of_o value_n for_o value_n according_a to_o the_o discrepance_n of_o time_n which_o be_v reckon_v according_a unto_o interest_n after_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o and_o that_o also_o for_o the_o place_n whereof_o the_o head_n of_o the_o exchange_n rest_v with_o us._n and_o for_o place_n whereof_o we_o have_v not_o the_o head_n of_o the_o exchange_n it_o be_v direct_o the_o contrary_a as_o when_o we_o do_v give_v more_o or_o less_o for_o their_o crown_n or_o ducat_n than_o the_o same_o be_v worth_a in_o substance_n as_o before_o according_a also_o to_o the_o discrepance_n of_o time_n but_o as_o in_o all_o trafficke_v the_o general_n do_v always_o govern_v the_o particular_a so_o the_o trade_n of_o cloth_n and_o kersey_n do_v with_o we_o command_v the_o course_n of_o all_o the_o other_o trade_n or_o france_n and_o other_o place_n and_o the_o place_n where_o this_o trade_n be_v use_v be_v in_o the_o course_n of_o the_o exchange_n to_o be_v rule_v by_o we_o who_o have_v the_o head_n thereof_o which_o may_v command_v and_o direct_v all_o the_o other_o part_n and_o member_n of_o the_o body_n as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v declare_v the_o banker_n have_v the_o general_a course_n of_o exchange_n do_v therefore_o also_o command_v our_o particular_a exchange_n of_o england_n they_o deliver_v at_o middleborough_n 165._o pound_n flemish_n for_o to_o have_v at_o london_n 100_o pound_n sterling_a which_o 〈◊〉_d at_o 33._o shilling_n of_o their_o money_n for_o our_o pound_n sterling_a of_o 20._o shilling_n payable_a at_o usance_n which_o be_v one_o month_n the_o hundred_o pound_n be_v here_o receive_v be_v make_v over_o again_o at_o 35._o shilling_n 6._o penny_n or_o 36._o shilling_n flemish_n the_o pound_n payable_a also_o at_o usance_n and_o then_o there_o be_v receive_v at_o middleborough_n again_o 177._o pound_n 10._o shilling_n or_o 180._o pound_n flemish_n here_o be_v now_o differ_v 3._o shilling_n flemish_n in_o 33._o shilling_n which_o be_v above_o 9_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o 2._o month_n and_o above_o 50._o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n and_o in_o the_o like_a manner_n for_o hamborough_n embden_n and_o other_o place_n and_o many_o time_n more_o if_o upon_o some_o occasion_n money_n be_v make_v over_o or_o take_v up_o either_o for_o the_o payment_n of_o soldier_n or_o other_o employment_n especial_o if_o the_o exchange_n return_v not_o to_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o it_o come_v as_o from_o london_n to_o hamborough_n when_o it_o come_v first_o from_o middleborough_n and_o so_o for_o rouen_n venice_n lion_n and_o other_o place_n according_a as_o it_o be_v deliver_v out_o payable_a at_o sight_n usance_n or_o double_a usance_n and_o take_v occasion_n upon_o discrepance_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n and_o place_n they_o make_v through_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n the_o same_o dear_a or_o cheap_a as_o it_o please_v they_o for_o whereas_o the_o stand_a bank_n be_v keep_v at_o madril_n lion_n civil_a bizanson_n florence_n and_o other_o place_n there_o the_o head_n of_o every_o bank_n do_v set_v a_o price_n and_o agree_v upon_o it_o by_o common_a consent_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o general_a payment_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v either_o three_o or_o four_o time_n a_o year_n and_o be_v call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o ferias_fw-la or_o fair_n only_o for_o money_n so_o that_o according_a as_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v there_o by_o they_o conclude_v for_o any_o place_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o old_a fair_a present_o the_o price_n of_o the_o new_a exchange_n will_v be_v according_o and_o so_o with_o other_o place_n in_o which_o main_a sea_n of_o exchange_n our_o exchange_n of_o
be_v he_o a_o loser_n because_o his_o commodity_n be_v not_o sell_v according_o and_o if_o it_o be_v pay_v by_o the_o provenue_n of_o good_n which_o be_v sell_v for_o the_o purpose_n then_o be_v not_o he_o only_o a_o small_a gainer_n or_o a_o great_a loser_n but_o by_o his_o rash_a sale_n he_o overthrow_v another_o man_n market_n to_o the_o general_a loss_n and_o in_o conclusion_n the_o gain_n seek_v upon_o money_n do_v impeach_v the_o gain_n to_o be_v seek_v upon_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o albeit_o that_o in_o regard_n thereof_o one_o may_v infer_v that_o the_o great_a gain_n will_v also_o be_v seek_v by_o our_o merchant_n upon_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n which_o shall_v turn_v to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o realm_n yet_o that_o be_v not_o so_o for_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v general_o sell_v payable_a at_o some_o short_a time_n without_o any_o regard_n hereof_o and_o if_o they_o be_v sell_v for_o ready_a money_n upon_o such_o a_o occasion_n the_o better_a cheap_a by_o merchant_n stranger_n for_o to_o enjoy_v the_o benefit_n of_o exchange_n it_o fall_v still_o upon_o our_o merchant_n neck_n that_o be_v the_o taker_n up_o of_o money_n general_o with_o us._n if_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v high_a beyond_o the_o sea_n where_o general_o our_o merchant_n be_v the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n then_o must_v they_o give_v much_o to_o have_v their_o money_n make_v over_o whereby_o the_o gain_n of_o their_o commodity_n be_v sell_v former_o be_v clip_v and_o yet_o they_o give_v no_o more_o most_o common_o than_o the_o value_n of_o our_o money_n be_v for_o the_o money_n which_o they_o deliver_v there_o be_v according_a to_o the_o toleration_n by_o they_o receive_v at_o a_o high_a rate_n far_o above_o the_o value_n and_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n pay_v out_o but_o when_o the_o exchange_n go_v high_a our_o merchant_n be_v incline_v to_o buy_v foreign_a commodity_n or_o to_o barter_n their_o commodity_n for_o the_o same_o which_o opportunity_n be_v not_o only_o observe_v by_o the_o banker_n but_o also_o procure_v to_o which_o end_n they_o follow_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o their_o factor_n our_o merchant_n at_o all_o place_n even_o as_o the_o eagle_n follow_v she_o pray_v be_v it_o at_o stoade_n hamborough_n embden_n middelborough_n or_o elsewhere_o where_o they_o will_v have_v a_o especial_a care_n to_o be_v furnish_v with_o the_o commodity_n wherein_o they_o deal_v as_o velvet_n satin_n silk_n fustian_n venice_n gold_n or_o such_o like_a and_o that_o against_o the_o arrival_n of_o any_o quantity_n of_o cloth_n and_o kerseis_n out_o of_o england_n for_o albeit_o that_o they_o do_v not_o buy_v the_o great_a quantity_n of_o our_o english_a commodity_n yet_o they_o know_v that_o when_o our_o merchant_n have_v make_v sale_n of_o their_o commodity_n payable_a at_o some_o short_a time_n and_o receive_v bill_n for_o the_o same_o &_o that_o the_o buyer_n of_o clothes_n do_v pay_v the_o old_a debt_n &_o make_v new_a debt_n again_o then_o the_o exchange_n rise_v whereby_o our_o merchant_n rather_o than_o to_o make_v over_o money_n by_o exchange_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n the_o rise_v whereof_o they_o will_v also_o increase_v by_o plenty_n of_o money_n deliver_v by_o they_o will_v make_v their_o return_n both_o for_o the_o money_n and_o bill_n of_o debt_n in_o foreign_a commodity_n the_o price_n whereof_o be_v rate_v by_o they_o at_o their_o own_o pleasure_n so_o that_o our_o merchant_n buy_v dear_a must_v sell_v dear_a which_o bring_v a_o wonderful_a overballance_a and_o cause_v we_o to_o feed_v upon_o our_o native_a soil_n give_v the_o benefit_n thereof_o unto_o other_o nation_n whereas_o we_o shall_v live_v by_o the_o gain_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v sell_v unto_o other_o nation_n and_o now_o we_o be_v drive_v to_o seek_v a_o gain_n upon_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o the_o great_a prejudice_n of_o our_o own_o country_n and_o that_o be_v also_o a_o cause_n that_o many_o of_o our_o merchant_n perceive_v a_o small_a gain_n and_o sometime_o none_o at_o all_o to_o be_v have_v upon_o our_o home_n commodity_n do_v buy_v &_o seek_v their_o gain_n upon_o foreign_a commodity_n make_v over_o money_n from_o hence_o at_o a_o high_a exchange_n for_o that_o purpose_n or_o cause_v at_o a_o high_a exchange_n beyond_o the_o sea_n money_n to_o be_v take_v up_o wherein_o although_o they_o may_v be_v gainer_n yet_o the_o realm_n general_o bear_v the_o loss_n and_o they_o feed_v still_o upon_o their_o mother_n belly_n wherein_o they_o be_v the_o more_o instigate_v through_o the_o immoderate_a use_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n albeit_o that_o we_o do_v not_o find_v so_o great_a a_o inconvenience_n in_o the_o wear_n of_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n as_o we_o do_v in_o the_o price_n of_o they_o be_v within_o this_o fifty_o year_n rise_v far_o otherwise_o then_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v the_o money_n still_o be_v with_o we_o the_o self_n same_o &_o herein_o consist_v the_o overballance_a aforesaid_a for_o if_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n which_o be_v consume_v and_o bring_v as_o it_o be_v unto_o dung_n shall_v amount_v in_o value_n or_o cost_v more_o than_o the_o commodity_n or_o fruit_n of_o the_o land_n certes_o that_o land_n be_v unprofitable_a in_o every_o man_n judgement_n much_o more_o if_o we_o do_v consider_v that_o the_o people_n of_o other_o country_n do_v very_o much_o enrich_v themselves_o by_o their_o industry_n and_o handiwork_n upon_o the_o stuff_n of_o other_o country_n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v that_o our_o cloth_n be_v sell_v at_o so_o dear_a a_o rate_n &_o according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n that_o thereby_o other_o nation_n will_v take_v upon_o they_o to_o make_v our_o clothes_n themselves_o which_o may_v easy_o be_v remedy_v by_o sell_v our_o woolle_n the_o dear_a whereof_o they_o must_v make_v they_o now_o return_v to_o our_o banker_n let_v we_o note_v again_o that_o upon_o the_o sale_n and_o expedition_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o our_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n &_o most_o money_n be_v make_v over_o and_o commodity_n return_v than_o the_o exchange_n begin_v with_o they_o to_o fall_v which_o fall_v they_o can_v also_o help_v by_o withdraw_v their_o money_n for_o a_o time_n and_o heretofore_o they_o will_v make_v over_o money_n as_o a_o low_a exchange_n for_o england_n to_o be_v entertain_v here_o at_o interest_n after_o ten_o pro_fw-la cento_fw-la until_o they_o can_v have_v it_o make_v over_o again_o at_o a_o high_a exchange_n and_o likewise_o such_o commodity_n as_o they_o can_v not_o convenient_o sell_v they_o send_v into_o england_n where_o they_o can_v afford_v the_o same_o better_a cheap_a than_o our_o merchant_n which_o turn_v still_o to_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o most_o especial_o if_o the_o exchange_n come_v low_a from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n then_o be_v it_o make_v present_o here_o according_o and_o then_o upon_o the_o low_a exchange_n our_o money_n be_v transport_v in_o specie_fw-la as_o before_o be_v declare_v if_o any_o man_n will_v object_v that_o if_o a_o low_a exchange_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o transportation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o nature_n of_o trade_n then_o on_o the_o contrary_a a_o high_a exchange_n beyond_o the_o sea_n must_v have_v the_o like_a operation_n whereby_o money_n may_v be_v import_v for_o if_o for_o example_n in_o four_o philip_n dollar_n or_o two_o hundred_o stiver_n i_o shall_v have_v as_o much_o fine_a silver_n as_o in_o 20._o shil_fw-la starling_n &_o whereas_o the_o exchange_n though_o erroneous_o be_v take_v thereupon_o at_o 33._o shilling_n 4._o penny_n to_o be_v par_n or_o value_n for_o value_n shall_v be_v but_o at_o 32._o shilling_n six_o penny_n which_o be_v low_a and_o therefore_o the_o money_n carry_v in_o specie_fw-la will_v yield_v more_o so_o when_o the_o exchange_n be_v beyond_o the_o sea_n at_o 34._o shilling_n six_o penny_n or_o 35._o shilling_n as_o be_v high_a shall_v cause_v money_n to_o be_v bring_v over_o hereunto_o we_o answer_v that_o it_o will_v be_v so_o be_v it_o not_o for_o the_o toleration_n of_o the_o money_n to_o go_v currant_n far_o above_o their_o value_n beyond_o the_o sea_n for_o if_o this_o philip_n dolor_n which_o in_o valuation_n according_a to_o this_o rate_n be_v at_o 50._o stiver_n be_v receive_v by_o you_o in_o payment_n for_o 52._o stiver_n who_o see_v not_o that_o herein_o you_o be_v abuse_v and_o so_o consequent_o in_o other_o kind_n of_o coin_n what_o shall_v we_o say_v to_o these_o banker_n which_o common_o be_v in_o league_n with_o the_o financier_n of_o the_o low_a country_n and_o other_o that_o be_v as_o it_o be_v belong_v to_o their_o exchequer_n &_o mint_n and_o have_v all_o the_o deal_n for_o the_o coin_v with_o who_o advice_n they_o can_v hoard_v up_o money_n when_o by_o public_a
penny_n weight_n fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n or_o allay_v and_o our_o angel_n gold_n be_v twenty_o three_o carat_n three_o grain_n and_o one_o half_a and_o half_o a_o grain_n of_o allay_n and_o the_o crown_n gold_n be_v twenty_o two_o carat_n of_o fine_a gold_n and_o two_o carat_n of_o allay_n and_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v eleven_o of_o fine_a silver_n to_o one_o of_o fine_a gold_n or_o eleven_o of_o starling_n silver_n to_o one_o of_o crown_n gold_n omit_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o fineness_n weight_n and_o proportion_n of_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n let_v we_o consider_v the_o property_n of_o the_o money_n or_o the_o effect_n thereof_o which_o be_v that_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v general_o thing_n dear_a and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v likewise_o general_o thing_n good_a cheap_a whereas_o thing_n particular_o be_v also_o dear_a or_o good_a cheap_a according_a to_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o or_o the_o use_n of_o they_o according_a to_o the_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o the_o money_n then_o general_o thing_n become_v dear_a or_o good_a cheap_a whereunto_o the_o great_a store_n or_o abundance_n of_o money_n and_o bullion_n which_o of_o late_a year_n be_v come_v from_o the_o west_n indies_n into_o christendom_n have_v make_v every_o thing_n dear_a according_o to_o the_o increase_n of_o money_n which_o like_v unto_o a_o ocean_n divide_v her_o course_n into_o several_a branch_n in_o diverse_a country_n have_v cause_v a_o great_a alteration_n and_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o price_n of_o every_o thing_n and_o most_o especial_o because_o the_o money_n itself_o be_v alter_v in_o valuation_n in_o some_o country_n so_o that_o the_o measure_n be_v alter_v and_o make_v lesser_a there_o go_v more_o number_n to_o make_v up_o the_o tale_n and_o of_o necessity_n other_o thing_n go_v according_o for_o money_n must_v always_o remain_v to_o be_v the_o rule_n and_o therefore_o be_v call_v publica_n mensura_fw-la some_o perceive_v the_o foreign_a commodity_n of_o late_a year_n to_o be_v more_o rise_v in_o price_n then_o our_o home_n commodity_n do_v attribute_v the_o same_o to_o the_o under_o valuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n and_o will_v have_v have_v our_o money_n enhance_v wherein_o they_o be_v so_o far_o from_o the_o mark_n that_o if_o our_o coin_n be_v enhance_v all_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n and_o our_o home_n commodity_n will_v be_v enhance_v in_o price_n according_o and_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n most_o of_o all_o by_o the_o course_n of_o thing_n as_o they_o be_v now_o use_v the_o like_a will_v happen_v if_o the_o money_n be_v embase_v by_o allay_n as_o we_o have_v see_v by_o the_o sequel_n of_o thing_n yet_o fresh_a in_o memory_n during_o the_o most_o victorious_a reign_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o 8._o yet_o hereby_o we_o may_v perceive_v that_o in_o substance_n of_o the_o matter_n they_o seem_v to_o aim_v at_o the_o main_a point_n of_o this_o overballance_a of_o inequality_n and_o that_o the_o proverb_n be_v true_a that_o the_o unknown_a disease_n put_v out_o the_o physician_n eye_n this_o overballance_a consist_v proper_o in_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n and_o not_o in_o the_o quantity_n or_o quality_n and_o to_o countervail_v the_o same_o our_o treasure_n must_v of_o necessity_n be_v exhaust_v and_o spend_v to_o the_o great_a impoverish_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o the_o transportation_n of_o our_o money_n whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o we_o find_v the_o contrary_a of_o our_o former_a observation_n for_o as_o in_o country_n where_o scarcity_n of_o money_n be_v thing_n be_v good_a cheap_a so_o on_o the_o contrary_a in_o country_n where_o thing_n be_v dear_a as_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v with_o we_o money_n shall_v be_v â—â—â—â—tifull_a which_o plenty_n we_o must_v consider_v not_o in_o comparison_n of_o a_o lesser_a quantity_n which_o be_v in_o time_n past_a but_o according_a to_o the_o present_a abundance_n now_o find_v in_o all_o country_n which_o do_v due_o participate_v by_o the_o â—â—urse_n of_o traffic_v a_o competent_a share_v â—â—_o the_o whole_n far_o otherwise_o then_o we_o â—â—e_v neither_o be_v money_n more_o plenty_n heretofore_o when_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v worth_a but_o 20._o penny_n judge_v of_o money_n 〈◊〉_d we_o do_v of_o commodity_n either_o dear_a 〈◊〉_d good_a cheap_a according_a to_o the_o â—â—ice_n whereas_o money_n must_v be_v still_o â—â—e_v measure_n and_o be_v value_v by_o public_a authority_n at_o a_o certainty_n whereby_o it_o do_v not_o only_o give_v or_o set_v a_o price_n unto_o all_o other_o metal_n but_o receive_v as_o it_o be_v by_o repercussion_n a_o price_n in_o it_o â—â—â—fe_n and_o rule_v at_o all_o time_n the_o course_n 〈◊〉_d commodity_n for_o albeit_o that_o plenteousness_n or_o scarcity_n of_o commodity_n in_o particular_a do_v alter_v the_o price_n 〈◊〉_d commodity_n yet_o with_o money_n it_o be_v otherwise_o notwithstanding_o the_o course_n 〈◊〉_d usury_n or_o exchange_n devise_v thereupon_o who_o operation_n fall_v in_o effect_n upon_o the_o commodity_n and_o the_o valuation_n or_o alteration_n of_o money_n concern_v only_o the_o sovereignty_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o prince_n or_o governor_n of_o every_o country_n as_o a_o thing_n peculiar_a unto_o they_o to_o avoid_v the_o carriage_n of_o money_n a_o certain_a exchange_n be_v devise_v ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n according_a to_o value_v for_o value_n and_o so_o be_v our_o exchange_n of_o england_n ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o our_o money_n aforesaid_a &_o the_o weight_n &_o fineness_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o other_o country_n and_o thereupon_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n for_o every_o place_n according_a to_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o money_n whereby_o we_o ought_v to_o examine_v and_o compare_v our_o weight_n aforesaid_a with_o the_o weight_n of_o other_o country_n and_o the_o fineness_n of_o our_o standard_n aforesaid_a with_o the_o fineness_n of_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o money_n 〈◊〉_d other_o country_n and_o if_o we_o differ_v not_o with_o they_o in_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n then_o may_v our_o exchange_n run_v at_o one_o price_n both_o for_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n take_v the_o denomination_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n and_o hereby_o shall_v we_o find_v how_o much_o fine_a silver_n or_o gold_n our_o pound_n starling_n contain_v and_o what_o quantity_n of_o other_o money_n of_o germany_n france_n the_o low_a country_n the_o east_n country_n or_o elsewhere_o we_o be_v to_o have_v to_o counterualue_n the_o same_o in_o the_o like_a weight_n and_o fineness_n answerable_a unto_o we_o whether_o it_o be_v by_o the_o pound_n crown_n ducat_n or_o dolâ—r_n give_v always_o value_n for_o value_n which_o therefore_o be_v call_v par._n this_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v abuse_v and_o of_o late_a year_n become_v as_o it_o be_v a_o trade_n 〈◊〉_d rise_a and_o fall_v in_o price_n according_a to_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n and_o in_o regard_n of_o discrepance_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n and_o place_n be_v become_v predominant_a or_o do_v over-rule_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n and_o be_v the_o very_a efficient_a cause_n of_o this_o overballance_a of_o commodity_n before_o speak_v of_o and_o consequent_o of_o the_o decrease_n of_o our_o wealth_n &_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n as_o by_o demonstrative_a reason_n shall_v be_v prove_v hereafter_o which_o efficient_a cause_n be_v take_v away_o by_o the_o remedy_n hereafter_o declare_v will_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o cease_v and_o these_o general_a benefit_n will_v ensue_v loss_n of_o at_o the_o least_o five_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n which_o the_o realm_n sustain_v yearly_a shall_v be_v avoid_v transportation_n of_o ready_a money_n shall_v be_v prevent_v the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n shall_v be_v advance_v in_o sale_n and_o price_n the_o foreign_a commodity_n shall_v be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n better_o cheap_a the_o queen_n custom_n shall_v much_o increase_v yearly_a money_n will_v be_v import_v again_o unto_o we_o in_o ample_a manner_n the_o queen_n shall_v have_v a_o great_a gain_n by_o the_o mint_n and_o not_o only_o poor_a monyer_n but_o also_o all_o other_o artificer_n and_o workman_n shall_v be_v set_v on_o work_n to_o avoid_v idleness_n which_o be_v the_o root_n of_o all_o mischief_n when_o through_o plenty_n of_o money_n and_o gain_n merchant_n shall_v be_v encourage_v to_o seek_v out_o new_a trade_n whereby_o the_o realm_n will_v more_o flourish_v through_o god_n blessing_n wherefore_o conclude_v with_o this_o first_o part_n of_o our_o treatise_n let_v we_o
note_v that_o the_o right_a course_n of_o exchange_n be_v abuse_v do_v over-rule_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n and_o cause_v a_o overballance_a offorrain_a commodity_n with_o our_o home_n commodity_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n and_o not_o in_o the_o quantity_n or_o quality_n of_o they_o to_o the_o discourse_n whereof_o we_o be_v now_o to_o proceed_v the_o second_o part_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o disease_n of_o the_o body_n politic_a of_o england_n commonweal_n we_o have_v already_o say_v the_o abuse_n of_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n to_o be_v the_o very_a efficient_a cause_n of_o this_o disease_n wherewith_o as_o with_o a_o canker_n the_o politic_a body_n of_o our_o weal_n public_a be_v overtake_v the_o cause_n thereof_o be_v predominant_a &_o overrule_a the_o course_n both_o of_o commodity_n &_o money_n now_o we_o must_v proceed_v to_o the_o application_n thereof_o first_o for_o the_o money_n &_o then_o for_o commodity_n with_o their_o coherence_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n this_o exchange_n be_v make_v proper_o by_o bill_n when_o money_n be_v deliver_v simple_o here_o in_o england_n and_o bill_n deliver_v or_o receive_v again_o for_o the_o payment_n thereof_o in_o some_o other_o country_n beyond_o the_o sea_n or_o when_o the_o like_a be_v do_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o money_n receive_v here_o in_o england_n and_o that_o upon_o a_o certain_a price_n agree_v upon_o between_o party_n &_o party_n which_o be_v term_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n whereof_o the_o merchant_n have_v the_o only_a and_o whole_a dispose_n and_o buy_v and_o sell_v their_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_o without_o that_o few_o or_o none_o of_o they_o do_v look_v into_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o exchange_n but_o only_o to_o the_o present_a object_n which_o be_v to_o know_v how_o the_o price_n thereof_o go_v at_o the_o time_n when_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o deal_v therewith_o either_o in_o take_v up_o or_o in_o deliver_v out_o money_n by_o exchange_n whereas_o if_o they_o will_v be_v exchanger_n indeed_o they_o must_v know_v perfect_o the_o weight_n fineness_n &_o value_n of_o our_o english_a coin_n and_o compare_v the_o same_o with_o other_o foreign_a coin_n and_o as_o they_o bargain_n with_o other_o abroad_o so_o they_o must_v be_v assure_v to_o have_v somewhat_o more_o beside_o their_o gain_n &_o charge_n than_o the_o value_n of_o our_o currant_n money_n for_o thing_n which_o they_o sell_v upon_o a_o price_n or_o else_o the_o realm_n &_o they_o both_o shall_v lose_v in_o the_o end_n a_o matter_n incredible_a in_o process_n of_o time_n as_o hereafter_o we_o will_v make_v manifest_a but_o first_o it_o behoove_v we_o to_o speak_v somewhat_o of_o the_o commander_n or_o ruler_n of_o this_o exchange_n through_o all_o christendom_n which_o in_o effect_n be_v the_o banker_n &_o therefore_o shall_v we_o declare_v what_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o bank_n be_v from_o whence_o the_o name_n banker_n be_v derive_v a_o bank_n be_v proper_o a_o collection_n of_o all_o the_o ready_a money_n of_o some_o province_n city_n or_o commonwealth_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o some_o person_n licence_v and_o establish_v thereunto_o by_o public_a authority_n of_o some_o prince_n erect_v with_o great_a solemnity_n in_o the_o view_n of_o all_o the_o people_n and_o inhabitant_n and_o with_o a_o ostentation_n in_o the_o open_a market_n place_n upon_o a_o scaffold_n of_o great_a store_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o belong_v unto_o the_o person_n so_o establish_v which_o be_v unto_o they_o a_o attractive_a matter_n to_o persuade_v &_o allure_v the_o common_a people_n to_o bring_v their_o money_n into_o these_o banker_n hand_n where_o at_o all_o time_n they_o may_v command_v it_o and_o have_v it_o again_o at_o their_o own_o pleasure_n with_o allow_v they_o only_o a_o small_a matter_n of_o five_o upon_o every_o thousand_o ducat_n or_o crown_n when_o any_o man_n will_v retire_v or_o draw_v his_o money_n into_o his_o own_o hand_n again_o which_o although_o it_o be_v once_o but_o in_o twenty_o year_n yet_o during_o all_o that_o time_n they_o be_v to_o have_v no_o more_o so_o that_o these_o person_n or_o banker_n do_v become_v as_o it_o be_v the_o general_a servant_n or_o cassyers_n of_o that_o province_n city_n or_o commonwealth_n these_o banker_n as_o they_o have_v their_o company_n factor_n or_o correspondency_n in_o the_o chief_a place_n of_o trade_n in_o christendom_n so_o must_v they_o also_o keep_v account_n with_o every_o man_n of_o who_o they_o have_v receive_v any_o money_n into_o their_o bank_n out_o of_o which_o number_n no_o man_n of_o that_o jurisdiction_n be_v almost_o exempt_v but_o general_o all_o man_n be_v desirous_a to_o please_v they_o and_o to_o bring_v their_o ready_a money_n into_o their_o bank_n as_o also_o such_o money_n as_o they_o have_v in_o foreign_a part_n in_o regard_n whereof_o these_o banker_n do_v give_v they_o great_a credit_n for_o if_o any_o man_n have_v occasion_n to_o bestow_v in_o merchandise_n or_o to_o pay_v in_o money_n three_o or_o four_o thousand_o ducat_n and_o have_v but_o one_o thousand_o ducat_n in_o the_o bank_n the_o banker_n will_v pay_v it_o for_o he_o more_o or_o less_o as_o the_o party_n be_v well_o know_v or_o credit_v without_o take_v any_o gain_n for_o it_o although_o it_o be_v for_o three_o four_o six_o or_o more_o month_n this_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o great_a commodity_n as_o no_o doubt_n it_o be_v to_o man_n in_o particular_a but_o be_v well_o consider_v of_o it_o will_v be_v find_v a_o small_a friendship_n and_o no_o more_o in_o effect_n then_o if_o a_o man_n do_v participate_v the_o light_n of_o his_o candle_n unto_o a_o other_o man_n candle_n for_o what_o be_v this_o credit_n or_o what_o be_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o bank_n but_o almost_o or_o rather_o altogether_o imaginative_a or_o figurative_a as_o for_o example_n peter_n have_v two_o thousand_o ducat_n in_o the_o bank_n john_n have_v three_o thousand_o and_o william_n four_o thousand_o and_o so_o consequent_o other_o more_z or_o less_o peter_n have_v occasion_n to_o pay_v unto_o john_n one_o thousand_o ducat_n he_o go_v to_o the_o banker_n at_o the_o hour_n appoint_v which_o be_v certain_a both_o in_o the_o forenoon_n and_o afternoon_n and_o require_v they_o to_o pay_v one_o thousand_o ducat_n unto_o john_n whereupon_o they_o present_o make_v peter_n debtor_n for_o one_o thousand_o ducat_n and_o john_n creditor_n for_o the_o same_o sum_n so_o that_o peter_n have_v assign_v unto_o john_n one_o thousand_o ducat_n have_v now_o no_o more_o but_o one_o thousand_o ducat_n in_o bank_n where_o he_o have_v two_o thousand_o before_o and_o john_n have_v four_o thousand_o ducat_n in_o the_o same_o bank_n where_o he_o have_v but_o three_o thousand_o before_o and_o so_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n of_o assignation_n john_n do_v pay_v unto_o william_n and_o william_n unto_o other_o without_o that_o any_o money_n be_v touch_v but_o remain_v still_o in_o the_o banker_n hand_n which_o within_o a_o short_a time_n after_o the_o erection_n of_o the_o bank_n come_v to_o amount_v unto_o many_o million_o and_o by_o their_o industry_n they_o do_v incorporate_v the_o same_o which_o may_v easy_o be_v understand_v if_o we_o do_v but_o consider_v what_o the_o ready_a money_n and_o wealth_n of_o london_n will_v come_v unto_o if_o it_o be_v gather_v in_o some_o one_o man_n hand_n much_o more_o if_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o riches_n of_o other_o country_n be_v add_v thereunto_o as_o these_o banker_n can_v cunning_o compass_v by_o the_o course_n of_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n the_o ebb_a and_o flow_v whereof_o be_v cause_v by_o their_o motion_n from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v but_o some_o will_v say_v or_o demand_v can_v not_o a_o man_n have_v any_o ready_a money_n out_o of_o the_o banker_n hand_n if_o he_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v it_o yes_o that_o he_o can_v but_o before_o he_o have_v the_o same_o they_o will_v be_v so_o bold_a as_o to_o know_v for_o what_o purpose_n he_o demand_v the_o same_o or_o what_o he_o will_v do_v with_o it_o if_o it_o be_v to_o pay_v any_o man_n withal_o they_o will_v always_o do_v that_o for_o he_o as_o have_v account_n almost_o with_o all_o man_n for_o he_o be_v account_v to_o be_v of_o no_o credit_n that_o have_v not_o any_o money_n in_o bank_n if_o he_o do_v demand_v it_o for_o to_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_n in_o some_o other_o country_n they_o will_v also_o serve_v his_o turn_n in_o give_v he_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o any_o place_n wheresoever_o because_o they_o have_v their_o company_n or_o correspondency_n in_o every_o place_n if_o he_o do_v demand_v it_o for_o his_o charge_n and_o expense_n it_o will_v be_v pay_v he_o forthwith_o because_o
england_n run_v as_o a_o river_n or_o branch_n must_v needs_o be_v govern_v by_o the_o former_a currant_n which_o be_v not_o perceive_v of_o our_o merchant_n that_o common_o follow_v this_o rule_n if_o the_o exchange_n do_v come_v high_a from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n present_o they_o will_v make_v it_o high_o here_o in_o regard_n of_o discrepance_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n and_o place_n before_o mention_v i_o say_v and_o entreat_v still_o of_o the_o general_a exchange_n for_o those_o place_n whereof_o we_o have_v the_o head_n and_o thereby_o may_v command_v if_o the_o course_n thereof_o be_v not_o abuse_v by_o the_o banker_n and_o those_o that_o have_v make_v it_o become_v as_o a_o trade_n to_o england_n great_a prejudice_n as_o by_o the_o application_n thereof_o either_o here_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n may_v be_v manifest_v both_o concern_v money_n and_o commodity_n if_o the_o exchange_n with_o we_o here_o be_v low_a so_o that_o more_o will_v be_v give_v for_o our_o money_n be_v carry_v in_o specie_fw-la then_o by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n can_v be_v have_v than_o our_o money_n be_v transport_v whereas_o otherwise_o no_o man_n will_v adventure_v the_o money_n and_o stand_v in_o danger_n of_o the_o law_n to_o loose_v treble_a the_o value_n if_o by_o a_o simple_a bill_n of_o exchange_n he_o may_v have_v as_o much_o pay_v he_o beyond_o the_o sea_n for_o in_o truth_n gain_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n which_o gain_n do_v not_o consist_v in_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o money_n for_o as_o the_o right_a exchange_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o our_o money_n and_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o other_o country_n and_o thereupon_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n it_o follow_v that_o neither_o difference_n of_o weight_n fineness_n of_o standard_n or_o valuation_n of_o money_n can_v be_v any_o true_a cause_n of_o transportation_n of_o our_o money_n so_o long_o as_o a_o due_a course_n be_v hold_v in_o the_o exchange_n but_o this_o due_a course_n be_v abuse_v cause_v as_o before_o our_o money_n to_o be_v transport_v and_o make_v scarcity_n thereof_o which_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_n advance_v the_o price_n of_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n where_o our_o money_n concur_v with_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n cause_v plenty_n whereby_o the_o price_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v advance_v &_o so_o may_v it_o fare_v with_o the_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v transport_v to_o those_o place_n be_v we_o not_o hinder_v by_o the_o toleration_n of_o their_o money_n to_o go_v currant_n far_o above_o their_o value_n with_o they_o and_o to_o the_o great_a transportation_n of_o we_o and_o hindrance_n of_o importation_n of_o any_o unto_o us._n this_o tolleratión_n of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n must_v be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o valuation_n which_o be_v do_v by_o public_a authority_n of_o the_o prince_n or_o governor_n of_o every_o country_n whereas_o the_o toleration_n be_v bring_v in_o by_o particular_a man_n as_o the_o merchant_n be_v that_o contrary_a to_o the_o commandment_n of_o prince_n or_o state_n do_v receive_v and_o pay_v the_o money_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n advance_v the_o price_n of_o their_o commodity_n but_o if_o we_o will_v look_v unto_o the_o proportionable_a course_n of_o this_o toleration_n we_o shall_v easy_o perceive_v that_o man_n of_o understanding_n have_v the_o handle_n thereof_o and_o that_o superior_n will_v wink_v at_o private_a man_n fault_n for_o their_o own_o benefit_n first_o those_o that_o hold_v with_o we_o in_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n &_o silver_n 11._o to_o 1._o by_o valuation_n suffer_v all_o the_o gold_n to_o go_v currant_n after_o 12._o to_o 1._o whereby_o our_o angel_n be_v worth_a above_o 18._o sh._n flemish_a with_o they_o not_o be_v otherwise_o worth_a 17._o shilling_n so_o the_o 2._o angel_n make_v our_o pound_n sterling_a will_v make_v by_o exchange_n at_o the_o most_o but_o 34._o shil_n and_o be_v carry_v in_o specie_fw-la do_v make_v above_o 36._o shilling_n our_o exchange_n still_o hold_v his_o course_n according_a to_o the_o silver_n which_o by_o the_o par_fw-fr be_v esteem_v at_o 33._o shilling_n 4._o penny_n albeit_o therein_o be_v also_o a_o error_n and_o so_o for_o hamborough_n at_o 24._o shilling_n eight_o penny_n or_o twenty_o five_o shilling_n either_o or_o for_o france_n at_o six_o shilling_n the_o crown_n all_o which_o calculation_n be_v uncertain_a and_o prejudicial_a to_o the_o realm_n and_o yet_o my_o meaning_n be_v not_o to_o enter_v into_o these_o particular_n as_o not_o be_v the_o efficeint_a cause_n but_o only_o accidental_o may_v be_v mean_a cause_n the_o due_a course_n of_o the_o exchange_n not_o be_v observe_v second_o for_o the_o silver_n money_n we_o shall_v also_o find_v a_o great_a difference_n if_o we_o compare_v our_o money_n of_o 11._o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a to_o their_o ricx_n dolour_n esteem_v at_o 10._o ounce_n 12._o penny_n weight_n or_o the_o philip_n dolour_n of_o 10._o ounce_n fine_a or_o rather_o 9_o ounce_n 18._o penny_n weight_n as_o we_o find_v the_o same_o much_o more_o if_o we_o do_v consider_v that_o our_o silver_n money_n yield_v the_o great_a profit_n be_v carry_v to_o the_o mint_n beyond_o the_o sea_n where_o of_o late_a since_o the_o east_n indies_n trade_n it_o have_v be_v make_v equal_a with_o the_o valuation_n of_o gold_n and_o rather_o more_o whereby_o in_o effect_n they_o hold_v the_o proportion_n of_o 11._o to_o 1._o with_o us._n but_o then_o the_o par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n ought_v to_o be_v above_o 36._o shilling_n with_o the_o low-countries_n or_o above_o 25._o shilling_n with_o the_o east_n country_n or_o else_o the_o realm_n &_o every_o subject_n thereof_o lose_v a_o great_a matter_n &_o our_o money_n both_o of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v continual_o export_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o a_o low_a exchange_n if_o the_o exchange_n with_o we_o here_o be_v high_a so_o that_o more_o money_n will_v be_v receive_v beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o our_o money_n than_o the_o same_o will_v yield_v if_o it_o be_v carry_v in_o specie_fw-la then_o every_o man_n be_v desirous_a to_o make_v over_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o that_o money_n which_o shall_v be_v employ_v upon_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v deliver_v by_o exchange_n to_o the_o great_a hindrance_n of_o the_o vent_n and_o advancement_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o yet_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n not_o any_o way_n therefore_o sell_v the_o better_a cheap_a and_o herein_o we_o must_v consider_v two_o especial_a point_n first_o that_o both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n all_o commodity_n general_o be_v sell_v payable_a at_o some_o short_a time_n unless_o it_o be_v some_o small_a part_n for_o ready_a money_n second_o that_o general_o our_o merchant_n be_v here_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o money_n and_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n be_v the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n and_o the_o contrary_n be_v in_o some_o sort_n beyond_o the_o sea_n so_o that_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n have_v a_o easy_a command_n still_o to_o england_n great_a prejudice_n for_o the_o scope_n of_o our_o merchant_n to_o make_v return_n homeward_o imply_v at_o all_o time_n a_o necessity_n and_o so_o it_o do_v not_o with_o the_o other_o for_o they_o do_v take_v their_o advantage_n either_o by_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n or_o by_o make_v of_o it_o over_o at_o a_o high_a exchange_n and_o albeit_o that_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n be_v prohibit_v very_o strait_o yet_o there_o be_v always_o 3._o way_n of_o exportation_n namely_o by_o commodity_n money_n &_o exchange_n but_o there_o be_v but_o two_o way_n of_o importation_n namely_o commodity_n and_o exchange_n whereby_o come_v a_o notable_a overballance_v of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o whereas_o it_o may_v be_v think_v that_o those_o money_n take_v up_o by_o exchange_n at_o a_o high_a price_n shall_v be_v employ_v by_o english_a merchant_n upon_o our_o home_n commodity_n or_o that_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v sell_v according_o it_o be_v altogether_o contrary_a for_o he_o that_o take_v up_o money_n at_o a_o high_a exchange_n do_v it_o upon_o necessity_n &_o must_v pay_v the_o same_o again_o of_o the_o provenue_n of_o his_o cloth_n or_o commodity_n already_o sell_v or_o to_o be_v sell_v or_o must_v maintain_v that_o money_n run_v upon_o exchange_n wherein_o he_o shall_v be_v a_o notable_a loser_n &_o pay_v treble_a interest_n if_o it_o be_v pay_v by_o the_o provenue_n of_o commodity_n sell_v before_o and_o which_o be_v owe_v in_o debt_n then_o
pound_n tale_n wherefore_o our_o merchant_n ought_v to_o have_v a_o singular_a regard_n thereof_o and_o always_o look_v rather_o to_o have_v somewhat_o more_o than_o the_o value_n of_o our_o currant_n money_n as_o for_o example_n one_o buy_v a_o pack_n of_o clothes_n which_o cost_v he_o 50._o pound_n or_o one_o hundred_o angel_n the_o pack_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o angel_n which_o hold_v 24._o carat_n fine_a save_v half_a a_o grain_n of_o allay_n or_o 11._o ounce_n 2._o penny_n weight_n in_o silver_n money_n the_o same_o pack_n of_o clothes_n be_v to_o be_v sell_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o to_o be_v rate_v at_o so_o many_o piece_n of_o plate_n of_o 8._o rial_n or_o dollar_n pistolet_n ducat_n or_o french_a crown_n as_o hold_v the_o same_o carrat_n and_o ounce_n in_o gold_n or_o silver_n aforesaid_a and_o in_o make_v sale_n of_o these_o clothes_n moreover_o to_o take_v so_o much_o over_o and_o above_o these_o carrat_n and_o ounce_n as_o both_o may_v bear_v the_o charge_n and_o a_o reasonable_a gain_n and_o whereas_o the_o fineness_n of_o gold_n be_v 24._o carrat_n and_o the_o fineness_n of_o silver_n 12._o ounce_n if_o our_o merchant_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o 4._o ounce_n fine_a silver_n and_o 8._o carrat_n fine_a gold_n for_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a do_v compare_v the_o value_n of_o the_o foreign_a coin_n and_o thus_o take_v somewhat_o more_o over_o and_o above_o keep_v this_o proportion_n the_o realm_n shall_v more_o flourish_v and_o both_o it_o and_o they_o be_v store_v with_o money_n abundant_o this_o may_v be_v understand_v the_o better_a if_o we_o do_v suppose_v that_o some_o merchant_n stranger_n do_v come_v over_o into_o the_o realm_n to_o buy_v such_o a_o pack_n of_o clothes_n for_o the_o which_o we_o have_v pay_v one_o hundred_o angel_n hold_v 23._o carrat_n 3._o grain_n and_o one_o half_a and_o these_o merchant_n do_v bring_v some_o strange_a coin_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n not_o know_v in_o the_o realm_n and_o do_v tell_v we_o that_o the_o same_o be_v worth_a so_o much_o in_o their_o country_n or_o hold_v so_o many_o carrat_n or_o ounce_n in_o fineness_n and_o will_v give_v the_o same_o in_o payment_n unto_o we_o we_o neither_o believe_v they_o nor_o know_v the_o value_n of_o their_o coin_n be_v not_o content_v therewith_o but_o we_o will_v go_v unto_o the_o mint_n to_o have_v a_o assay_n make_v thereof_o and_o account_v what_o our_o money_n do_v hold_v together_o with_o a_o reasonable_a gain_n will_v be_v content_v to_o accept_v of_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n money_n as_o it_o shall_v be_v find_v worth_n in_o substance_n and_o then_o if_o we_o do_v compare_v the_o same_o to_o the_o price_n of_o the_o exchange_n for_o the_o place_n whence_o these_o merchant_n come_v we_o shall_v find_v whether_o it_o go_v currant_n and_o according_a to_o the_o valuation_n thereof_o or_o whether_o the_o valuation_n be_v more_o or_o less_o than_o the_o exchange_n be_v especial_o then_o the_o marchandize_v exchange_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o unnatural_a alteration_n of_o the_o coin_n in_o the_o like_a manner_n will_v other_o nation_n deal_v with_o we_o if_o we_o do_v buy_v any_o commodity_n of_o they_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o which_o be_v more_o have_v already_o do_v even_o within_o the_o realm_n as_o experience_n have_v teach_v we_o for_o albeit_o that_o with_o we_o it_o be_v never_o convenient_a or_o expedient_a that_o our_o money_n shall_v be_v export_v and_o therefore_o one_o will_v think_v it_o make_v no_o matter_n of_o what_o mettle_n our_o money_n be_v make_v of_o so_o long_o as_o for_o the_o same_o all_o commodity_n may_v be_v have_v within_o the_o realm_n yet_o man_n will_v have_v such_o stuff_n as_o be_v worth_a so_o much_o in_o substance_n in_o other_o place_n elsewhere_o or_o else_o they_o will_v sell_v their_o commodity_n according_o howbeit_o that_o if_o have_v sell_v their_o commodity_n and_o not_o be_v desirous_a to_o export_v any_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n for_o their_o return_n homeward_o they_o will_v not_o great_o weigh_v what_o the_o money_n be_v make_v of_o if_o they_o may_v be_v sure_a to_o have_v the_o value_n thereof_o pay_v they_o by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n into_o their_o own_o country_n and_o then_o in_o a_o manner_n there_o may_v be_v deal_v and_o negotiation_n without_o money_n and_o the_o exchange_n will_v qualify_v the_o same_o for_o the_o operation_n thereof_o be_v wonderful_a but_o what_o be_v a_o kingdom_n without_o money_n be_v since_o the_o invention_n thereof_o right_o call_v nerui_fw-la bellorum_fw-la and_o if_o any_o prince_n will_v call_v in_o all_o the_o good_a money_n and_o deliver_v base_a money_n for_o it_o which_o by_o his_o authority_n shall_v be_v value_v and_o proclaim_v at_o such_o rate_n as_o the_o good_a money_n be_v the_o matter_n will_v be_v of_o small_a importance_n for_o so_o much_o as_o concern_v the_o course_n of_o thing_n among_o his_o subject_n so_o as_o by_o way_n of_o exchange_n as_o aforesaid_a the_o merchant_n stranger_n have_v his_o turn_n serve_v and_o that_o the_o prince_n be_v sure_a that_o other_o nation_n shall_v not_o draw_v that_o good_a money_n from_o he_o or_o deceive_v he_o with_o the_o like_a base_a money_n and_o that_o those_o that_o have_v the_o manage_n thereof_o do_v execute_v their_o charge_n for_o his_o benefit_n but_o every_o thing_n consider_v we_o shall_v find_v that_o the_o rich_a the_o coin_n of_o a_o kingdom_n be_v the_o better_a be_v the_o estate_n and_o government_n thereof_o so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v not_o bereave_v of_o the_o money_n thus_o much_o obiter_fw-la now_o to_o answer_v unto_o those_o that_o say_v what_o need_v a_o man_n to_o make_v so_o near_o a_o calculation_n i_o can_v give_v a_o guess_n at_o the_o matter_n reckon_v the_o exchange_n charge_n and_o a_o reasonable_a gain_n in_o a_o summa_fw-la totalis_fw-la and_o make_v sale_n of_o my_o commodity_n according_o what_o loss_n be_v there_o in_o this_o or_o wherereunto_o serve_v this_o distinction_n 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the_o money_n be_v which_o be_v use_v in_o the_o aforesaid_a country_n neither_o their_o weight_n or_o proportion_n which_o they_o do_v hold_v between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n we_o must_v desire_v he_o to_o note_v that_o we_o endeavour_n to_o be_v in_o all_o this_o treatise_n compendious_a &_o substantial_a &_o that_o have_v no_o ordinary_a exchange_n for_o these_o place_n the_o matter_n be_v of_o no_o great_a moment_n especial_o also_o for_o that_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o coin_n currant_n with_o they_o be_v incident_o to_o be_v handle_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n follow_v the_o rather_o when_o the_o proportion_n beweene_v the_o gold_n &_o silver_n albeit_o the_o sane_a do_v differ_v in_o some_o country_n bring_v not_o any_o inconvenience_n at_o all_o if_o there_o be_v no_o quantity_n of_o commodity_n in_o those_o country_n to_o establish_v any_o traffic_n between_o they_o as_o betwixt_o spain_n &_o portugal_n spain_n hold_v 12._o to_o 1._o and_o portugal_n but_o 10._o 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bodwel_n plackx_n atchison_n nonsunt_n and_o turnover_n the_o course_n of_o such_o money_n and_o the_o like_o be_v by_o diverse_a take_v preposterous_o as_o though_o the_o silver_n money_n shall_v take_v their_o beginning_n in_o valuation_n from_o these_o copper_n money_n which_o make_v they_o to_o incline_v to_o the_o embase_v of_o money_n whereas_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o prince_n these_o kind_n of_o coin_n do_v receive_v their_o valuation_n answerable_a unto_o the_o good_a silver_n money_n as_o experience_n make_v manifest_a in_o turkey_n with_o their_o asper_n and_o shahes_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o proportion_n observe_v between_o the_o copper_n money_n and_o the_o silver_n as_o there_o be_v between_o the_o silver_n and_o gold_n as_o numa_n pompilius_n the_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n do_v by_o observe_v ten_o of_o copper_n for_o one_o of_o silver_n and_o ten_o of_o silver_n for_o one_o of_o gold_n but_o we_o shall_v find_v that_o since_o that_o time_n it_o have_v be_v 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time_n upon_o all_o occasion_n the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n have_v make_v it_o felony_n by_o the_o law_n and_o devise_v all_o the_o course_n and_o mean_n to_o effect_v the_o same_o can_v never_o do_v it_o albeit_o that_o in_o anno_fw-la 1594._o they_o keep_v their_o mint_n without_o work_n for_o the_o space_n of_o a_o fear_fw-mi and_o more_o for_o they_o be_v not_o only_o interrupt_v by_o the_o several_a mint_n of_o other_o prince_n adjoin_v unto_o their_o country_n but_o also_o for_o not_o have_v so_o absolute_a a_o government_n the_o body_n thereof_o be_v compound_v of_o equal_a part_n every_o one_o claim_v as_o absolute_a power_n as_o the_o other_o howbeit_o we_o shall_v find_v that_o general_o by_o they_o all_o there_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o proportion_n keep_v both_o between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o in_o the_o valuation_n of_o they_o neither_o be_v it_o convenient_a for_o the_o state_n to_o cry_v down_o their_o money_n while_o the_o 17._o low_a 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consideration_n of_o all_o which_o will_v make_v we_o to_o imitate_v the_o custom_n of_o good_a citizen_n which_o see_v their_o city_n on_o fire_n lose_v no_o time_n to_o inquire_v how_o and_o when_o the_o fire_n begin_v but_o endeavour_n themselves_o with_o engine_n bucket_n of_o water_n and_o other_o necessary_n to_o quench_v the_o flame_n thereof_o wherefore_o let_v we_o without_o lose_v any_o more_o time_n run_v to_o the_o remedy_n follow_v the_o three_o part_n a_o remedy_n against_o the_o canker_n of_o england_n common_a wealth_n by_o that_o which_o have_v be_v declare_v we_o see_v how_o one_o thing_n drive_v or_o enforce_v another_o like_v as_o in_o a_o clock_n where_o there_o be_v many_o wheel_n the_o first_o wheel_n be_v stir_v drive_v the_o next_o and_o that_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o till_o the_o last_o that_o move_v the_o instrument_n that_o strike_v the_o the_o clock_n or_o like_v as_o in_o a_o press_n go_v in_o at_o a_o straight_a as_o we_o have_v say_v where_o the_o foremost_a be_v drive_v by_o he_o that_o be_v next_o he_o and_o the_o next_o by_o he_o that_o follow_v he_o and_o the_o three_o by_o some_o violent_a and_o strong_a thing_n that_o drive_v he_o forward_o which_o be_v the_o first_o and_o principal_a cause_n of_o put_v forward_o all_o the_o rest_n afore_o he_o if_o we_o be_v keep_v back_o and_o stay_v all_o they_o that_o go_v afore_o will_v stay_v withal_o this_o be_v therefore_o call_v causa_fw-la efficiens_fw-la which_o not_o be_v right_o discern_v from_o the_o mean_a cause_n make_v that_o many_o man_n be_v never_o the_o near_o to_o remedy_v the_o thing_n they_o go_v about_o the_o chronicle_n do_v record_n that_o to_o prevent_v the_o transportation_n of_o money_n king_n henry_n the_o eight_o like_o a_o politic_a prince_n in_o the_o eighteen_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n perceive_v the_o price_n of_o money_n
money_n to_o be_v make_v over_o by_o exchange_n and_o they_o may_v then_o altogether_o seek_v the_o gain_n upon_o their_o home_n commodity_n sell_v they_o with_o more_o reputation_n when_o young_a merchant_n have_v small_a stock_n and_o run_v for_o money_n upon_o the_o exchange_n shall_v not_o through_o their_o rash_a sale_n abate_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n especial_o when_o more_o money_n shall_v be_v have_v at_o interest_n the_o merchandize_v exchange_n cease_v whereby_o young_a merchant_n may_v be_v supply_v in_o their_o need_n or_o occasion_n and_o with_o small_a stock_n and_o less_o adventure_n have_v great_a gain_n for_o the_o canker_n of_o this_o exchange_n shall_v not_o consume_v they_o as_o it_o have_v do_v many_o of_o they_o and_o other_o and_o that_o unaware_o for_o the_o same_o be_v like_a unto_o the_o serpent_n aspis_n which_o sting_v man_n in_o such_o sort_n that_o they_o fall_v into_o a_o pleasant_a sleep_n until_o they_o die_v if_o any_o man_n shall_v make_v doubt_n of_o the_o execution_n hereof_o let_v he_o but_o have_v a_o due_a consideration_n of_o the_o course_n of_o the_o right_a exchange_n both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o he_o will_v wonder_v that_o so_o great_a matter_n can_v be_v bring_v to_o pass_v by_o so_o easy_a mean_n especial_o whereas_o it_o may_v be_v think_v difficult_a in_o regard_n of_o other_o nation_n first_o the_o gain_n have_v upon_o the_o money_n deliver_v by_o exchange_n here_o in_o england_n either_o real_o or_o imaginative_o be_v take_v away_o will_v cause_v the_o merchandize_v thereof_o to_o cease_v we_o call_v that_o real_o when_o in_o specie_fw-la the_o money_n be_v pay_v and_o imaginative_o when_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o general_a want_n of_o money_n it_o be_v in_o effect_n but_o pay_v as_o it_o be_v by_o assignation_n and_o then_o all_o such_o merchant_n either_o stranger_n or_o native_a subject_n which_o deliver_v their_o money_n by_o exchange_n for_o gain_n shall_z all_o deliver_v the_o same_o at_o interest_n cause_v plenty_n of_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n for_o the_o general_a good_a second_o for_o the_o course_n of_o the_o exchange_n beyond_o the_o sea_n every_o man_n can_v easy_o understand_v that_o as_o the_o gain_n of_o the_o exchange_n appear_v only_o by_o the_o return_n thereof_o that_o no_o merchant_n stranger_n will_v deliver_v any_o money_n unto_o our_o merchant_n when_o he_o shall_v know_v the_o certainty_n of_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n which_o do_v exclude_v the_o gain_n consider_v that_o all_o man_n within_o the_o realm_n shall_v make_v their_o exchange_n at_o a_o certainty_n either_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o broker_n or_o the_o general_a exchanger_n especial_o our_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v general_o the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n and_o few_o of_o they_o taker_n up_o so_o that_o this_o course_n of_o exchange_n shall_v command_v other_o nation_n we_o have_v moreover_o the_o head_n of_o this_o principal_a exchange_n of_o our_o 20._o 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be_v for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o realm_n for_o they_o will_v sell_v their_o commodity_n according_o upon_o this_o occasion_n and_o if_o they_o do_v deliver_v it_o at_o a_o low_a rate_n under_o our_o exchanger_n price_n the_o matter_n can_v be_v great_a for_o those_o also_o which_o be_v the_o taker_n thereof_o will_v rather_o take_v it_o of_o our_o exchanger_n deputy_n at_o a_o better_a rate_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o their_o friend_n or_o factor_n dwell_v in_o the_o chief_a place_n of_o traffic_n where_o our_o merchant_n shall_v deliver_v their_o money_n to_o the_o exchanger_n deputy_n even_o as_o merchant_n stranger_n shall_v do_v here_o in_o england_n and_o the_o merchandize_v exchange_n which_o cause_v one_o sum_n of_o money_n to_o be_v exchange_v for_o the_o most_o place_n 6._o time_n in_o a_o year_n be_v take_v away_o the_o ordinary_a exchange_n be_v not_o of_o any_o such_o moment_n that_o we_o shall_v doubt_v of_o the_o sufficiency_n of_o such_o substantial_a man_n as_o may_v execute_v the_o same_o consider_v also_o that_o they_o shall_v serve_v every_o man_n turn_n that_o will_v take_v up_o money_n by_o exchange_n here_o of_o they_o and_o that_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o constraint_n for_o any_o man_n to_o deliver_v his_o money_n here_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n but_o may_v employ_v the_o same_o upon_o commodity_n at_o his_o pleasure_n last_o let_v we_o answer_v to_o some_o objection_n notwithstanding_o that_o the_o due_a consideration_n of_o the_o premise_n and_o the_o weightiness_n of_o the_o matter_n may_v satisfy_v us._n to_o the_o general_a objection_n that_o sell_v our_o commodity_n dear_a will_v be_v a_o interruption_n to_o the_o traffic_n we_o have_v already_o show_v how_o necessary_a our_o commodity_n be_v &_o what_o request_n thereof_o be_v in_o all_o place_n so_o that_o such_o controversy_n as_o sometime_o arise_v be_v always_o qualify_v or_o end_v by_o the_o procurement_n of_o the_o adverse_a party_n themselves_o as_o it_o happen_v in_o the_o nine_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o 7._o upon_o a_o contention_n betwixt_o the_o say_a king_n and_o the_o king_n of_o roman_n and_o a_o displeasure_n take_v against_o the_o fleming_n and_o especial_o against_o the_o lady_n margaret_n duchess_n of_o burgundy_n and_o sister_n to_o king_n edward_n the_o four_o in_o cause_v to_o be_v banish_v out_o of_o his_o dominion_n all_o flemish_a ware_n and_o merchandize_n and_o restrain_v all_o english_a merchant_n from_o repair_v &_o traffic_v into_o any_o of_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o king_n of_o roman_n or_o the_o archduke_n his_o son_n &_o the_o mart_n to_o be_v keep_v at_o calis_n for_o wool_n and_o cloth_n whereupon_o the_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o archduke_n banish_v all_o english_a commodity_n out_o of_o their_o dominion_n which_o continue_v almost_o three_o year_n until_o the_o archduke_n send_v ambassador_n unto_o the_o king_n to_o conclude_v a_o peace_n and_o therewithal_o be_v the_o contract_n of_o intercourse_n also_o conclude_v betwixt_o the_o say_a king_n and_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n and_o burgundy_n the_o like_a example_n we_o have_v more_o again_o that_o young_a merchant_n or_o other_o shall_v not_o have_v so_o much_o credit_n at_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o exchanger_n as_o they_o have_v now_o at_o diverse_a man_n hand_n and_o that_o therefore_o it_o be_v better_a to_o enter_v into_o bond_n as_o aforesaid_a which_o will_v be_v due_o observe_v because_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n shall_v bear_v witness_n against_a they_o let_v we_o consider_v that_o they_o shall_v not_o have_v such_o great_a occasion_n to_o take_v up_o money_n when_o money_n shall_v be_v plentiful_o here_o deliver_v at_o interest_n which_o be_v now_o deliver_v by_o exchange_n whereas_o also_o they_o may_v bring_v over_o money_n for_o their_o return_n when_o they_o see_v cause_n and_o the_o exchanger_n receive_v here_o much_o money_n at_o the_o merchant_n stranger_a hand_n by_o exchange_n will_v be_v glad_a to_o give_v a_o great_a credit_n to_o have_v the_o better_a mean_n to_o repay_v the_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n the_o difference_n betwixt_o those_o that_o deliver_v their_o money_n at_o interest_n or_o by_o exchange_n in_o regard_n of_o usury_n consist_v only_o in_o the_o name_n for_o they_o have_v both_o a_o intention_n of_o gain_n upon_o money_n and_o do_v bear_v a_o adventure_n for_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o money_n whereas_o the_o one_o be_v certain_a to_o have_v no_o more_o but_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o most_o and_o the_o other_o do_v expect_v at_o the_o least_o 15._o or_o 20._o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o regard_n whereof_o he_o be_v content_v to_o stand_v in_o adventure_n to_o lose_v sometime_o and_o that_o seldom_o by_o exchange_n but_o still_o the_o intention_n remain_v which_o shall_v be_v the_o sure_a guide_n of_o conscience_n to_o take_v away_o false_a
or_o counterfeit_a pretence_n exchange_n will_v be_v make_v underhand_o or_o secret_o notwithstanding_o their_o bond_n or_o prescription_n as_o how_o i_o pray_v you_o sure_o he_o that_o be_v the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n will_v take_v no_o less_o for_o our_o 20._o shilling_n sterling_a than_o the_o rate_n of_o the_o exchange_n shall_v be_v and_o if_o the_o taker_n will_v give_v he_o more_o &_o he_o will_v take_v it_o without_o regard_v his_o bond_n the_o realm_n lose_v nothing_o thereby_o albeit_o the_o party_n do_v lose_v if_o he_o do_v not_o sell_v his_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_o again_o beyond_o the_o sea_n will_v any_o merchant_n stranger_n take_v up_o money_n at_o a_o lesser_a rate_n than_o the_o exchange_n our_o merchant_n be_v there_o the_o deliverer_n what_o loss_n have_v our_o merchant_n thereby_o or_o the_o realm_n either_o whereas_o also_o to_o the_o general_a exchanger_n every_o merchant_n shall_v be_v a_o surveyor_n so_o that_o the_o matter_n be_v so_o easy_o to_o be_v remedy_v that_o unless_o we_o do_v enter_v into_o due_a consideration_n that_o as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o our_o treatise_n all_o the_o trade_n be_v perform_v by_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n we_o will_v think_v it_o to_o be_v impossible_a until_o we_o find_v out_o that_o the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n have_v make_v the_o course_n thereof_o to_o be_v predominant_a over_o the_o commodity_n &_o money_n which_o be_v find_v out_o as_o a_o efficient_a cause_n make_v we_o to_o find_v a_o easy_a remedy_n &_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o all_o politician_n compare_v &_o reduce_v thing_n to_o their_o original_a beginning_n we_o shall_v find_v how_o far_o they_o be_v digress_v or_o decay_v which_o also_o opposit_o make_v i_o to_o write_v in_o commendation_n of_o the_o good_a order_n of_o the_o venetian_n in_o rule_v the_o market_n for_o their_o corn_n &_o victual_n impose_v a_o certain_a price_n upon_o due_a knowledge_n have_v of_o the_o 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