more_o by_o the_o low_a exchange_n deliver_v their_o money_n there_o or_o take_v of_o they_o up_o here_o by_o exchange_n to_o pay_v their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n at_o a_o undervalue_v insomuch_o that_o many_o merchant_n have_v no_o commodity_n there_o may_v take_v up_o money_n here_o and_o send_v over_o the_o same_o in_o specie_fw-la will_v pay_v therewith_o exâ—…hange_n their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o gain_n by_o dexterity_n of_o wit_n 15._o in_o the_o hundred_o in_o less_o than_o two_o month_n time_n thus_o when_o gain_n be_v practise_v by_o exchange_n the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v less_o vent_v and_o the_o money_n be_v export_v which_o cause_v the_o less_o employment_n here_o to_o be_v make_v upon_o our_o commodity_n even_o as_o the_o importation_n of_o money_n be_v hinder_v by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o coin_n beyond_o the_o sea_n compel_v our_o merchant_n to_o make_v â—…he_o great_a employment_n upon_o foreign_a commodity_n at_o dear_a rate_n for_o the_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v â—…n_o the_o hand_n of_o they_o that_o make_v sale_n of_o they_o upon_o a_o certain_a price_n as_o it_o be_v at_o their_o pleasure_n have_v plenty_n of_o money_n and_o at_o cheap_a rate_n at_o interest_n whereas_o also_o they_o have_v no_o man_n â—…o_o undersell_v they_o here_o and_o there_o as_o our_o merchant_n price_n do_v our_o commodity_n which_o without_o all_o comparison_n be_v far_o much_o fall_v in_o price_n â—…hen_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n now_o somewhat_o â—…bated_v in_o price_n concern_v other_o commodity_n import_v as_o wine_n raisin_n corint_n tobacco_n and_o spice_n of_o the_o east_n indies_n let_v we_o brief_o observe_v that_o the_o wine_n of_o france_n may_v be_v buy_v better_o cheap_a if_o the_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v not_o exchange_n â—…ndervalued_v in_o exchange_n for_o whereas_o heretofore_o they_o give_v we_o in_o paymâ—…t_a their_o french_a crown_n of_o gold_n for_o 64._o soulx_fw-fr now_o they_o give_v we_o the_o same_o at_o 75._o soulx_fw-fr which_o crown_n be_v then_o worth_a 6._o shilling_n 6._o penny_n starlin_n and_o their_o quart_n d'escu_n now_o pay_v for_o 16._o soulx_n and_o above_o be_v then_o but_o 15._o soulx_fw-fr for_o which_o we_o give_v here_o account_v 4._o to_o the_o crown_n of_o silver_n 69._o penny_n and_o thereabouts_o and_o now_o 72._o penny_n and_o above_o and_o beside_o that_o more_o of_o our_o native_a commodity_n be_v vent_v with_o better_a profit_n according_a to_o the_o exchange_n for_o the_o rule_n be_v that_o the_o less_o of_o starlin_n money_n we_o do_v reckon_v in_o exchange_n with_o they_o the_o more_o be_v the_o gayne_n of_o our_o commodity_n the_o like_a may_v be_v apply_v for_o the_o trade_n of_o corint_n which_o be_v now_o provide_v by_o other_o mean_n but_o the_o limitation_n to_o restrain_v all_o man_n from_o import_v they_o then_o only_o those_o of_o the_o levant_n company_n make_v no_o free_a trade_n of_o this_o commodity_n nor_o other_o the_o like_a the_o immoderate_a use_n of_o that_o weed_n tobacco_n tobacco_n have_v be_v so_o effectual_a in_o debar_v we_o from_o spanish_a real_n to_o be_v as_o former_o import_v to_o a_o great_a value_n yearly_a but_o the_o wisdom_n of_o the_o state_n have_v so_o qualify_v the_o same_o that_o our_o merchant_n trade_v in_o spain_n do_v now_o sell_v perpetuanoes_n bayes_n say_v and_o other_o our_o home_n commodity_n to_o benefit_n which_o before_o be_v sell_v to_o loss_n to_o have_v money_n to_o buy_v this_o tobacco_n that_o the_o spaniard_n do_v say_v todo_n te_fw-mi pagara_fw-mi in_o humo_fw-la all_o shall_v be_v pay_v with_o smoke_n the_o four_o cause_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o england_n be_v as_o the_o say_a author_n say_v the_o great_a stock_n want_n of_o our_o east_n india_n stock_n here_o at_o home_n which_o he_o term_v the_o especial_a remote_a cause_n whereas_o most_o man_n will_v have_v expect_v that_o the_o ready_a money_n send_v in_o real_n of_o plate_n to_o make_v the_o employment_n of_o the_o say_a trade_n will_v rather_o have_v be_v mention_v my_o meaning_n be_v not_o to_o become_v a_o trapezuntian_n flatterer_n for_o aesop_n moral_a that_o the_o lion_n can_v not_o be_v heal_v without_o the_o apâ—…_n clâ—…o_n liver_n that_o be_v prince_n can_v not_o be_v safe_a without_o the_o destruction_n of_o flatterer_n remain_v still_o fresh_a in_o memory_n but_o in_o favour_n of_o truth_n and_o policy_n i_o be_o resolve_v to_o deliver_v my_o plain_a and_o sincere_a opinion_n concern_v the_o say_a trade_n which_o begin_v with_o we_o in_o england_n immediate_o after_o the_o great_a jubilee_n year_n 1600._o if_o the_o discourse_n make_v of_o the_o trade_n from_o england_n into_o the_o east_n indies_n be_v true_o collect_v no_o m._n doubt_n the_o say_a trade_n may_v be_v find_v very_o profitable_a hereafter_o albeit_o it_o have_v be_v very_o difficult_a in_o the_o beginning_n according_a to_o the_o proverb_n omne_fw-la principium_fw-la grave_n especial_o when_o the_o controversy_n between_o we_o and_o the_o hollander_n shall_v be_v determine_v and_o their_o agreement_n establish_v for_o if_o pepper_n do_v but_o cost_v two_o penny_n halfpenny_n the_o pound_n in_o the_o indies_n and_o that_o ten_o shilling_n employ_v therein_o will_v require_v but_o 35._o shilling_n for_o all_o charge_n whatsoever_o to_o deliver_v it_o in_o london_n where_o it_o be_v usual_o sell_v for_o above_o 20._o penny_n it_o follow_v by_o consequence_n that_o there_o must_v be_v a_o very_a great_a gain_n which_o will_v increase_v when_o the_o say_v party_n shall_v be_v unite_v in_o true_a love_n and_o buy_v the_o say_a commodity_n better_o cheap_a and_o so_o proportionable_o for_o all_o other_o spice_n drug_n silk_n indicoe_n and_o calico_n again_o if_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n in_o money_n export_v may_v import_v the_o value_n of_o 500_o thousand_o pound_n starlin_n in_o ware_n or_o commodity_n albeit_o england_n do_v not_o spend_v above_o 120._o thousand_o pound_n and_o 380._o thousand_o pound_n be_v export_v unto_o diverse_a foreign_a part_n and_o there_o sell_v for_o ready_a money_n with_o great_a advantage_n and_o last_o if_o the_o very_a commmodity_n of_o the_o realm_n export_v into_o the_o east_n indies_n will_v buy_v so_o much_o as_o england_n use_v of_o their_o commodity_n and_o the_o employment_n be_v make_v for_o foreign_a coin_n or_o real_n of_o 8._o procure_v from_o other_o place_n what_o man_n of_o understanding_n can_v just_o find_v fault_n with_o that_o trade_n if_o treasure_n be_v import_v thereby_o unto_o we_o as_o their_o final_a end_n as_o the_o discourse_n say_v but_o that_o other_o trade_n do_v divert_v the_o same_o for_o when_o the_o say_v indian_a commodity_n be_v send_v from_o england_n into_o turkey_n leghorn_n genua_n the_o low_a country_n marselleis_n and_o other_o place_n and_o be_v sell_v for_o ready_a money_n the_o same_o be_v employ_v again_o upon_o corint_n wine_n cotton-wooll_n and_o yearn_n gall_n and_o diverse_a other_o commodity_n wherewith_o the_o ship_n be_v reladen_v yet_o a_o great_a proportion_n remain_v to_o be_v bring_v over_o in_o money_n which_o be_v divert_v from_o we_o by_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n in_o undervalue_v our_o money_n as_o have_v be_v declare_v the_o loss_n whereof_o be_v great_a to_o this_o kingdom_n employ_v than_o all_o the_o money_n employ_v yearly_a for_o the_o east_n indies_n come_v unto_o which_o without_o due_a consideration_n seem_v to_o be_v impossible_a so_o that_o we_o may_v very_o well_o affirm_v that_o by_o this_o trade_n the_o treasure_n of_o the_o realm_n can_v great_o be_v increase_v and_o augment_v reserve_v nevertheless_o unto_o we_o the_o use_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n at_o reasonable_a rate_n and_o therefore_o be_v the_o same_o by_o all_o mean_n to_o be_v continue_v the_o rather_o for_o that_o the_o hollander_n have_v declare_v 5._o especial_a reason_n for_o the_o continance_n of_o their_o east_n indie_n trade_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v neglect_v but_o be_v to_o be_v ponder_v by_o all_o politician_n and_o statesman_n 1._o because_o the_o right_n power_n and_o freedom_n trade_n of_o the_o traffic_n and_o trade_n belong_v unto_o they_o jure_fw-la gentium_fw-la aswell_o as_o to_o any_o nation_n of_o the_o world_n which_o the_o spaniard_n do_v call_v in_o question_n 2._o for_o that_o the_o revenge_n of_o any_o injury_n do_v to_o the_o hollander_n may_v be_v recompense_v in_o those_o country_n which_o be_v heretofore_o without_o breach_n of_o truce_n 3._o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o their_o mariner_n and_o ship_n of_o which_o two_o they_o abound_v above_o all_o nation_n 4._o for_o the_o increase_n of_o custom_n and_o mean_n raise_v by_o the_o buy_v of_o these_o commodity_n their_o country_n be_v a_o storehouse_n for_o all_o wate_n and_o merchandize_n 5._o because_o that_o by_o the_o continuance_n of_o the_o say_a trade_n although_o it_o shall_v
experience_n make_v a_o full_a answer_n to_o both_o that_o there_o do_v not_o want_v taker_n when_o the_o late_a inhaunce_n of_o money_n at_o hamborough_n cause_v the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v from_o under_o 28._o shilling_n to_o above_o 35._o shilling_n which_o be_v more_o than_o the_o present_a alteration_n will_v be_v and_o wool_n be_v at_o 33._o shilling_n the_o todde_n which_o be_v now_o sullen_a under_o 20._o shilling_n so_o that_o the_o vent_n of_o our_o cloth_n be_v not_o hinder_v when_o it_o be_v sell_v dear_a by_o one_o full_a three_o part_n but_o there_o be_v above_o 80._o thousand_o clothes_n sell_v yearly_a where_o there_o be_v not_o sell_v now_o 40._o thousand_o clothes_n the_o time_n be_v also_o to_o be_v think_v more_o convenient_a to_o advance_v a_o commodity_n be_v undervalue_v then_o to_o do_v it_o when_o the_o price_n be_v high_a for_o this_o pleurisy_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v dangerous_a and_o admit_v no_o time_n to_o be_v cure_v like_o the_o fire_n in_o a_o city_n which_o permit_v not_o inquiry_n to_o examine_v how_o the_o fire_n begin_v but_o require_v every_o man_n help_n to_o quench_v the_o same_o and_o whereas_o it_o be_v allege_v in_o defence_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o our_o coin_n that_o which_o be_v equal_a to_o all_o when_o he_o that_o buy_v dear_a shall_v sell_v dear_a can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v injurious_a to_o any_o this_o opinion_n seem_v to_o be_v eiusdem_fw-la farinae_fw-la as_o the_o former_a and_o have_v no_o consideration_n what_o the_o alteration_n of_o weight_n or_o measure_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n may_v produce_v to_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n albeit_o that_o between_o man_n and_o man_n it_o may_v prove_v alike_o in_o some_o respect_n to_o make_v this_o evident_a suppose_v two_o merchant_n the_o one_o dwell_v in_o london_n and_o the_o other_o dwell_v at_o amsterdam_n do_v contract_n together_o that_o the_o londoner_n send_v clothes_n to_o sell_v at_o amsterdam_n the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n send_v he_o veluer_n and_o silk_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o london_n and_o in_o the_o account_n to_o be_v keep_v between_o they_o they_o agree_v to_o reckon_v the_o money_n in_o exchange_n but_o at_o 30._o shilling_n flemish_a for_o 20._o shilling_n starlin_n and_o so_o make_v return_v each_o to_o other_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o money_n shall_v be_v receive_v both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n whereupon_o put_v the_o case_n that_o there_o be_v receive_v at_o amsterdan_n 1500_o lib._n flemish_a for_o cloth_n and_o at_o london_n there_o be_v receive_v 1000_o lib._n starlin_n for_o velvet_n and_o silk_n which_o by_o the_o say_a rate_n &_o calculation_n be_v all_o one_o in_o effect_n between_o they_o and_o may_v by_o way_n of_o rescounter_n answer_v each_o other_o in_o account_n but_o the_o account_n merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n know_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o money_n enhance_v there_o he_o can_v make_v a_o great_a gain_n to_o have_v the_o say_v 1000_o lib._n send_v unto_o he_o in_o specie_fw-la desire_v the_o londoner_n to_o send_v he_o this_o 1000_o lib._n starlin_n in_o silver_n &_o gold_n coin_v real_n of_o eight_o or_o rieckx_n dollar_n whereby_o he_o shall_v profit_v 15._o upon_o the_o 100_o by_o the_o mean_v aforesaid_a which_o amount_v to_o 150._o lib._n gain_n the_o londoner_n have_v his_o 1500._o lib._n flemish_a or_o 1000_o lib._n starlin_n at_o amsterdam_n can_v do_v the_o like_a because_o the_o money_n be_v enhance_v and_o receive_v above_o the_o value_n so_o that_o his_o money_n must_v be_v deliver_v by_o exchange_n there_o at_o a_o low_a rate_n or_o at_o 33_o shilling_n 4._o penny_n whereby_o he_o do_v receive_v here_o the_o say_v 1000_o lib._n with_o no_o gain_n at_o all_o thus_o the_o account_n between_o they_o be_v make_v even_o but_o by_o these_o mean_n the_o kingdom_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o 1000_o lib._n of_o the_o merchant_n money_n send_v to_o amsterdam_n which_o do_v not_o only_o procure_v the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o england_n whereof_o every_o man_n have_v a_o feel_n to_o his_o loss_n but_o also_o it_o cause_v the_o native_a commodity_n to_o be_v undersell_v and_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o be_v advance_v in_o price_n beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o plenty_n of_o money_n and_o hinder_v the_o importation_n of_o money_n and_o bullion_n as_o aforesaid_a to_o prevent_v this_o the_o question_n be_v now_o whether_o it_o be_v better_a and_o more_o expedient_a to_o raise_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n or_o the_o price_n or_o valuation_n of_o our_o money_n sure_o all_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v say_v that_o the_o raise_n of_o exchange_n breed_v not_o that_o alteration_n which_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n do_v namely_o to_o make_v every_o thing_n dear_a and_o to_o cause_n landlord_n and_o creditor_n to_o lose_v in_o their_o rent_n and_o contract_n and_o merchant_n of_o experience_n do_v know_v that_o we_o can_v do_v as_o they_o do_v for_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n here_o will_v be_v countermine_v by_o other_o nation_n who_o still_o will_v undervalue_v they_o in_o exchange_n between_o we_o unless_o it_o be_v prevent_v by_o our_o own_o true_a valuation_n to_o be_v make_v know_v as_o aforesaid_a which_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n can_v be_v contradict_v whereby_o we_o shall_v also_o be_v enable_v to_o meet_v with_o they_o upon_o all_o alteration_n and_o practice_n to_o direct_v our_o course_n according_o soon_o than_o a_o milner_n can_v turn_v his_o windmill_n to_o grind_v corn_n with_o the_o variation_n of_o all_o wind_n it_o follow_v say_v the_o say_a author_n that_o the_o raise_v also_o of_o the_o coin_n will_v raise_v the_o price_n of_o fall_v plate_n to_o lessen_v the_o superfluity_n or_o to_o be_v turn_v into_o coin_n it_o be_v worthy_a the_o observation_n that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n the_o price_n of_o plate_n be_v fall_v from_o 6_o shilling_n 6_o peace_n guilt_n to_o 5_o shilling_n 6_o penny_n and_o white_a plate_n from_o 5_o shilling_n 8_o penny_n to_o 5_o shilling_n 2_o penny_n and_o if_o the_o money_n be_v enhance_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o ounce_n of_o starlin_n silver_n to_o 5_o shilling_n 6_o penny_n the_o plate_n and_o all_o other_o thing_n will_v rise_v according_o whereby_o if_o a_o man_n that_o spend_v two_o or_o three_o hundred_o pound_n by_o the_o year_n shall_v spare_v one_o hundred_o pound_n worth_a of_o his_o plate_n and_o bring_v the_o same_o to_o be_v coin_v may_v thereby_o get_v once_o ten_o pound_n and_o pay_v ever_o after_o for_o all_o other_o thing_n twenty_o and_o thirty_o lib._n dear_a yearly_a and_o the_o money_n make_v thereof_o will_v nevertheless_o be_v transport_v unless_o the_o exchange_n do_v prevent_v the_o same_o in_o this_o place_n we_o be_v to_o remember_v that_o the_o silver_n use_v for_o diverse_a manufacture_n and_o plate_n do_v much_o differ_v in_o fineness_n whereby_o many_o of_o his_o majesty_n subject_n be_v deceive_v it_o may_v therefore_o be_v think_v convenient_a that_o no_o silver_n make_v into_o manufacture_n be_v sell_v unless_o it_o be_v try_v by_o a_o assay_v master_n and_o mark_v according_o especial_o the_o silver_n thread_n come_v from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n some_o be_v but_o eight_o ounce_n fine_a which_o be_v offer_v to_o be_v sell_v according_o or_o else_o to_o make_v it_o fine_a as_o shall_v be_v think_v convenient_a to_o serve_v the_o kingdom_n and_o to_o become_v bind_v to_o make_v return_n in_o the_o manufacture_n of_o our_o wool_n for_o their_o manufacture_n of_o silver_n and_o silk_n which_o may_v be_v think_v a_o very_a reasonable_a permutation_n the_o want_n of_o money_n come_v by_o the_o consumption_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n may_v proper_o be_v term_v overballance_v of_o commodity_n which_o be_v more_o wear_v and_o use_v because_o of_o the_o quantity_n of_o they_o import_v proceed_v also_o of_o the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n as_o the_o efficient_a cause_n thereof_o as_o aforesaid_a the_o excessive_a use_n of_o tobacco_n for_o so_o much_o as_o concern_v the_o importation_n thereof_o in_o lieu_n of_o treasure_n will_v be_v much_o diminish_v by_o the_o late_a limitation_n of_o a_o quantity_n of_o spanish_a tobacco_n late_o establish_v to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o plantation_n of_o virginia_n and_o the_o bermodae_n may_v be_v advance_v thereby_o and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v that_o the_o money_n to_o be_v employ_v in_o spanish_a tobacco_n be_v likewise_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_n and_o deliver_v to_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n and_o other_o to_o be_v bestow_v upon_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o make_v benefit_n of_o our_o own_o for_o if_o such_o foreign_a commodity_n shall_v vanish_v away_o in_o smoke_n or_o be_v consume_v and_o bring_v as_o it_o be_v unto_o land_n dung_n and_o surmount_v the_o
that_o the_o active_a part_n of_o sail_v be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v thereunto_o see_v it_o drive_v the_o ship_n according_a to_o all_o the_o point_n of_o the_o wind_n and_o variation_n of_o the_o compass_n be_v fasten_v upon_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o keel_n of_o equality_n shipwright_n will_v tell_v you_o that_o if_o it_o be_v not_o right_o place_v it_o do_v interrupt_v sail_v and_o if_o it_o be_v not_o of_o competent_a length_n but_o that_o the_o upper_a building_n of_o the_o ship_n do_v sway_v the_o same_o it_o make_v a_o ship_n unseruiceable_a that_o neither_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o compass_n nor_o the_o receptacle_n of_o the_o sail_n forewind_n can_v make_v she_o perform_v her_o voyage_n as_o other_o ship_n do_v i_o perceive_v you_o be_v like_a unto_o he_o that_o do_v attribute_n to_o the_o letter_n of_o a_o clock_n dial_n the_o show_v of_o the_o hour_n and_o not_o to_o the_o hand_n or_o index_n which_o be_v the_o active_a thing_n to_o show_v you_o the_o same_o albeit_o 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which_o be_v less_o than_o the_o exchange_n from_o thence_o will_v yield_v when_o he_o may_v have_v for_o the_o same_o five_o and_o twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o in_o holland_n here_o in_o a_o obscure_a manner_n he_o observe_v the_o exchange_n from_o spain_n to_o be_v six_o penny_n the_o real_a as_o value_v for_o value_n or_o the_o par_fw-fr in_o exchange_n whereby_o it_o be_v less_o as_o he_o say_v and_o he_o do_v account_v the_o price_n of_o 8._o real_n at_o 51._o stivers_n in_o holland_n and_o the_o rate_n of_o exchange_n at_o 33._o shilling_n 4._o penny_n flemish_n to_o answer_v our_o 20._o shilling_n starlin_n as_o at_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la for_o those_o part_n howbeit_o that_o 42._o shilling_n 6._o penny_n flemish_n pay_v there_o for_o the_o 5._o real_n of_o 8._o make_v 25._o shilling_n 6._o penny_n starlin_n according_a to_o that_o computation_n howsoever_o we_o see_v that_o this_o be_v ground_v upon_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n thereof_o 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undervalue_v in_o give_v there_o but_o 33._o shilling_n 4._o penny_n and_o under_o to_o have_v 20._o shilling_n starlin_n â—…ayed_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o england_n whereby_o â—…he_a kingdom_n make_v good_a unto_o they_o the_o say_a â—…5_n upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o this_o real_a of_o 8._o be_v value_v but_o at_o 42._o stivers_n when_o the_o par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n be_v make_v to_o be_v 33._o shilling_n 4._o penny_n in_o the_o year_n 1586_o when_o robert_n dudley_n earl_n of_o leycester_n go_v to_o take_v the_o government_n of_o those_o country_n and_o shall_v we_o now_o receive_v in_o exchange_n the_o say_a price_n of_o 8._o real_n for_o 51._o stivers_n which_o be_v above_o five_o shilling_n and_o one_o penny_n starlin_n because_o they_o have_v enhance_v the_o same_o to_o their_o advantage_n and_o continue_v the_o par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n at_o 33._o shilling_n 4._o penny_n by_o which_o computation_n the_o say_v 42._o stivers_n make_v but_o four_o shilling_n two_o penny_n half_a penny_n or_o thereabouts_o in_o true_a value_n absit_fw-la ignorantia_fw-la whereas_o if_o our_o merchant_n of_o spain_n shall_v give_v the_o say_a price_n there_o in_o exchange_n for_o 42._o stivers_n as_o they_o do_v former_o and_o may_v be_v do_v by_o order_n of_o exchange_n they_o shall_v not_o find_v thereby_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o gain_n which_o they_o can_v make_v here_o more_o certain_a and_o commodious_o whereby_o this_o money_n will_v be_v import_v without_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o coin_n this_o be_v so_o plain_a in_o the_o understanding_n of_o merchant_n that_o there_o need_v no_o other_o explanation_n for_o it_o demonstrate_v manifest_o that_o if_o the_o low_a exchange_n be_v not_o this_o gayne_n will_v prove_v to_o be_v imaginary_a as_o we_o have_v note_v and_o this_o cause_v these_o real_n of_o spain_n to_o be_v divert_v from_o we_o and_o may_v else_o be_v import_v
the_o yard_n do_v measure_v the_o cloth_n but_o the_o cloth_n do_v not_o measure_v the_o yard_n to_o illustrate_v the_o premise_n by_o example_n i_o have_v heretofore_o show_v the_o consideration_n incident_a 58._o suppose_v that_o some_o merchant_n stranger_n do_v come_v over_o into_o the_o realm_n to_o buy_v a_o pack_n of_o ten_o clothes_n value_v at_o 80._o pound_n starlin_n which_o they_o be_v to_o pay_v in_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o yet_o they_o do_v not_o know_v what_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o our_o starlin_n money_n be_v neither_o do_v the_o english_a merchant_n know_v the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o the_o foreign_a coin_n which_o they_o have_v bring_v over_o hereupon_o to_o content_v both_o party_n the_o money_n on_o either_o side_n must_v be_v try_v by_o the_o subtle_a assay_v according_a to_o their_o fineness_n calculate_v upon_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o 12._o ounce_n troy_n and_o then_o by_o weight_n they_o answer_v each_o other_o according_o and_o 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governor_n of_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n company_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n reign_n take_v great_a pain_n with_o other_o to_o find_v and_o establish_v the_o true_a par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n which_o be_v examine_v and_o alter_v change_n in_o the_o year_n 1564._o and_o 1576._o as_o also_o in_o the_o year_n 1586._o and_o 1600_o myself_o be_v a_o commissioner_n in_o the_o late_a but_o the_o true_a remedy_n to_o rule_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v but_o late_o find_v out_o concern_v the_o government_n of_o trade_n we_o have_v note_v heretofore_o that_o in_o all_o traffic_n the_o general_n do_v govern_v the_o particular_a some_o will_v have_v other_o nation_n to_o come_v to_o buy_v the_o commodity_n of_o we_o within_o the_o realm_n for_o say_v they_o ware_n there_o be_v according_a to_o the_o proverb_n twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o difference_n between_o will_v you_o buy_v and_o will_v you_o sell_v these_o man_n have_v no_o consideration_n of_o the_o 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stone_n of_o a_o building_n neither_o do_v they_o observe_v a_o momentary_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o government_n of_o a_o monarchy_n and_o that_o especial_o in_o a_o island_n and_o the_o government_n of_o a_o democracy_n which_o be_v popular_a or_o of_o a_o aristocracy_n which_o be_v govern_v by_o the_o better_a sort_n of_o the_o people_n these_o seek_v by_o all_o mean_n to_o make_v their_o country_n populous_a by_o the_o inhabit_v of_o all_o nation_n for_o the_o increase_n of_o their_o mean_n collect_v by_o imposition_n and_o aczise_n and_o that_o upon_o all_o thing_n consume_v and_o most_o upon_o victual_n the_o other_o namely_o the_o monarchy_n avoid_v asmuch_o as_o they_o can_v the_o multitude_n of_o foreign_a nation_n to_o inhabit_v within_o their_o government_n and_o hold_v imposition_n and_o tax_n to_o be_v do_v with_o great_a advisement_n and_o that_o
first_o in_o the_o 11._o year_n of_o his_o reign_n and_o custos_fw-la cambij_fw-la infra_fw-la turrim_n which_o be_v both_o put_v into_o one_o man_n hand_n by_o a_o law_n make_v in_o the_o time_n of_o k._n henry_n the_o six_o so_o that_o all_o the_o precedent_a mean_n have_v be_v find_v defective_a &_o fruitless_a as_o more_o particular_o may_v be_v prove_v by_o diverse_a record_n and_o observation_n the_o copy_n whereof_o be_v in_o my_o custody_n to_o do_v his_o majesty_n all_o dutiful_a and_o acceptable_a service_n here_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v that_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n to_o be_v defective_a appear_v more_o manifest_o at_o this_o time_n when_o merchant_n as_o well_o english_a as_o stranger_n have_v a_o ability_n give_v employment_n they_o by_o exchange_n to_o take_v up_o money_n here_o and_o to_o deliver_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o payable_a beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o can_v send_v over_o that_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la and_o become_v a_o great_a gayner_n thereby_o insomuch_o that_o if_o i_o receive_v here_o one_o hundred_o piece_n of_o 20_o shilling_n i_o can_v send_v 90_o piece_n to_o pay_v my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o put_v 10_o piece_n in_o my_o pocket_n for_o a_o overplus_n and_o gain_n the_o like_a may_v be_v do_v by_o make_v over_o money_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o by_o exchange_n which_o be_v receive_v i_o can_v transport_v with_o 15._o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_v in_o two_o month_n and_o less_o advance_v thereby_o a_o hundred_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o a_o year_n which_o exceed_v all_o the_o benefit_n to_o be_v make_v by_o commodity_n wherewith_o i_o need_v not_o to_o intermeddle_v neither_o can_v the_o say_a statute_n b_o e_o any_o help_n herein_o to_o anoide_v the_o same_o concern_v money_n which_o do_v consist_v of_o valuation_n weight_n fineness_n &_o valuation_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v but_o material_n and_o in_o the_o nature_n of_o bullion_n but_o ualuation_n be_v the_o spirit_n which_o give_v life_n this_o ualuation_n be_v twofold_a the_o one_o by_o the_o public_a authority_n of_o king_n and_o prince_n the_o other_o by_o the_o merchant_n in_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n and_o this_o be_v predominant_a and_o over-ruleth_a the_o king_n ualuation_n for_o when_o the_o king_n have_v value_v the_o shilling_n piece_n of_o starlin_n money_n at_o 12_o penny_n they_o do_v underualue_n the_o same_o at_o 11_o penny_n half_a penny_n or_o 11_o penny_n which_o underualuation_n cause_v the_o continual_a exportation_n of_o our_o money_n and_o be_v the_o hindrance_n of_o importation_n of_o money_n and_o bullion_n as_o we_o have_v so_o often_o inculcate_v to_o make_v the_o motive_n strong_a to_o produce_v a_o sufficient_a remedy_n as_o follow_v chap._n v._n of_o the_o remedy_n for_o all_o the_o former_a cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n have_v hitherto_o observe_v the_o method_n of_o the_o say_a author_n in_o part_n of_o his_o distribution_n in_o the_o matter_n and_o form_n of_o trade_n and_o therein_o show_v very_o great_a deformity_n i_o be_o now_o to_o apply_v the_o true_a remedy_n likewise_o in_o order_n according_a to_o the_o cause_n allege_v which_o be_v note_v by_o i_o to_o be_v ten_o in_o number_n the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o transportation_n of_o our_o money_n money_n be_v gain_n and_o this_o gain_n arise_v by_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n and_o overvaluation_n of_o foreign_a coin_n so_o that_o the_o cause_n be_v extrinsike_n &_o comprise_v under_o the_o say_a exchange_n of_o money_n and_o not_o intinsicke_a in_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o the_o coin_n which_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o course_n of_o true_a exchange_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n and_o thereupon_o it_o follow_v that_o neither_o difference_n of_o weight_n fineness_n of_o standard_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n or_o the_o proper_a valuation_n of_o money_n can_v be_v any_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n so_o long_o as_o a_o due_a course_n be_v hold_v in_o exchange_n which_o be_v found_v thereupon_o hence_o arise_v the_o facility_n of_o the_o remedy_n by_o the_o reformation_n of_o exchange_n in_o cause_v the_o value_n of_o our_o money_n to_o be_v give_v in_o exchange_n which_o cut_v off_o the_o say_a gain_n have_v by_o the_o say_a exportation_n and_o cause_v in_o effect_n that_o the_o foreign_a coin_n beyond_o the_o sea_n shall_v not_o be_v receive_v above_o the_o value_n although_o the_o inhaunce_v thereof_o or_o the_o embase_v by_o allay_n be_v alter_v continual_o for_o take_v away_o the_o cause_n gayne_n and_o the_o effect_n will_v cease_v all_o man_n of_o common_a understanding_n when_o they_o do_v hear_v of_o the_o raise_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v ready_a to_o say_v we_o must_v do_v the_o like_a for_o they_o conceive_v the_o say_n of_o cato_n tu_fw-la quoque_fw-la fac_fw-la simile_n sic_fw-la ars_fw-la deluditur_fw-la arte_fw-la to_o be_v a_o proper_a application_n hereunto_o but_o they_o do_v not_o enter_v into_o consideration_n what_o alteration_n it_o will_v bring_v to_o the_o state_n and_o that_o the_o matter_n may_v run_v ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la as_o shall_v be_v declare_v but_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o this_o will_v be_v a_o sufficient_a remedy_n to_o enhance_v our_o money_n as_o they_o do_v they_o to_o embase_v our_o coin_n as_o they_o do_v they_o and_o to_o imitate_v overualuation_n and_o underualuation_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o they_o do_v require_v a_o continual_a labour_n charge_n and_o innovation_n be_v it_o not_o a_o excellent_a thing_n that_o all_o this_o can_v be_v do_v by_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n with_o great_a facility_n and_o that_o without_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o money_n at_o home_n or_o meddle_v with_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o the_o starlin_n standard_n this_o be_v to_o be_v do_v only_o by_o his_o majesty_n proclamation_n wealth_n according_a to_o the_o statute_n of_o exchange_n prohibit_v that_o after_o three_o month_n next_o ensue_v the_o same_o no_o man_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n by_o bill_n or_o otherwise_o for_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o foreign_a part_n or_o to_o be_v rechange_v towards_o this_o realm_n under_o the_o true_a par_fw-fr or_o value_n for_o value_n of_o our_o money_n and_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n but_o at_o the_o say_a rate_n or_o above_o the_o same_o as_o merchant_n can_v agree_v but_o never_o under_o the_o say_a rate_n which_o shall_v be_v declare_v in_o a_o pair_n of_o table_n public_o to_o be_v see_v upon_o the_o royal_a exchange_n in_o london_n according_a to_o the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o the_o say_a table_n shall_v be_v alter_v in_o price_n as_o occasion_n shall_v be_v minister_v beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o general_a respective_a place_n of_o exchange_n either_o by_o their_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n by_o valuation_n or_o by_o embase_v of_o the_o same_o by_o alloy_n which_o by_o a_o vigilant_a eye_n may_v be_v observe_v and_o will_v be_v a_o cause_n to_o make_v other_o nation_n more_o constant_a in_o the_o course_n of_o their_o money_n and_o this_o will_v be_v execute_v more_o of_o course_n then_o by_o authority_n because_o gain_n do_v bear_v sway_n and_o command_v with_o most_o man_n the_o facility_n hereof_o put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o the_o geometrical_a axiom_n or_o maxim_n observe_v in_o commendation_n of_o the_o invention_n of_o round_a wheel_n cirâ—…ulus_fw-la tangit_fw-la planum_fw-la unico_fw-la puncto_fw-la axiom_n as_o a_o reason_n to_o draw_v and_o carry_v load_v with_o a_o small_a strength_n whereas_o if_o they_o have_v be_v make_v square_a or_o in_o any_o other_o poly-angle_n and_o proportion_n forty_o horse_n will_v not_o so_o easy_o draw_v they_o be_v lade_v as_o two_o do_v now_o both_o with_o speed_n and_o ease_n unto_o which_o this_o remedy_n may_v be_v apt_o compare_v which_o in_o a_o manner_n comprehend_v all_o the_o other_o remedy_n for_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n be_v here_o the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n general_o will_v easy_o be_v induce_v to_o make_v the_o most_o of_o his_o own_o receive_v by_o exchange_n more_o for_o the_o same_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o english_a merchant_n be_v the_o taker_n of_o the_o say_a money_n will_v not_o be_v so_o injurious_a to_o the_o state_n as_o to_o give_v less_o beyond_o the_o sea_n than_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n in_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o if_o he_o will_v the_o deliverer_n will_v not_o let_v he_o have_v it_o beside_o that_o the_o taker_n occasion_n be_v enforce_v by_o necessity_n and_o he_o can_v be_v no_o loser_n for_o by_o this_o direction_n he_o will_v sell_v his_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_o english_a merchant_n
be_v the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n alter_v there_o according_o will_v have_v the_o like_a consideration_n and_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n will_v provoke_v he_o thereunto_o and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o taker_n the_o english_a merchant_n may_v bring_v over_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la wherein_o he_o shall_v become_v a_o gainer_n this_o course_n be_v agreeable_a to_o justice_n and_o the_o gentium_fw-la law_n of_o nation_n and_o will_v not_o hinder_v the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v and_o fall_v as_o former_o but_o keep_v all_o in_o due_a order_n with_o those_o consideration_n caution_n and_o prevention_n as_o shall_v be_v set_v down_o to_o prevent_v all_o inconvenience_n proceed_v by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n which_o fall_v general_o upon_o money_n all_o man_n in_o the_o indear_n of_o thing_n and_o particular_o upon_o landlord_n and_o creditor_n in_o their_o rent_n and_o contract_n and_o especial_o upon_o the_o king_n majesty_n land_n now_o before_o we_o come_v to_o answer_v some_o objection_n make_v against_o this_o remedy_n let_v we_o examine_v what_o time_n the_o old_a observer_n and_o experience_n the_o best_a schoolmaster_n of_o man_n life_n have_v manifest_v touch_v the_o raise_v of_o money_n in_o foreign_a part_n and_o within_o the_o realm_n it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o 34._o defective_a remedy_n before_o declare_v it_o be_v record_v in_o a_o ancient_a book_n that_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o coin_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o king_n henry_n the_o six_o of_o england_n do_v raise_v the_o ounce_n of_o starlin_n silver_n from_o 20_o penny_n to_o 30_o penny_n and_o king_n edward_n the_o four_o from_o 30_o penny_n to_o 40_o penny_n and_o after_o he_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o after_o many_o sending_n to_o foreign_a prince_n about_o mint_n affair_n and_o exchange_n perceive_v the_o price_n of_o money_n continual_o to_o rise_v beyond_o the_o sea_n cause_v in_o the_o 18._o year_n of_o his_o reign_n the_o angel_n noble_a to_o be_v value_v from_o 6_o shilling_n 8_o penny_n unto_o seven_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n and_o present_o after_o to_o 7_o shilling_n 6_o penny_n whereby_o every_o ounce_n of_o starlin_n silver_n be_v worth_a 45_o penny_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v nothing_o effect_v thereby_o the_o money_n still_o alter_v beyond_o the_o sea_n whereupon_o cardinal_n wolsey_n have_v letter_n patent_n grant_v he_o by_o the_o king_n to_o alter_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o he_o shall_v see_v cause_n afterward_o the_o say_a king_n in_o the_o 22._o year_n of_o chronicle_n his_o reign_n perceive_v that_o diverse_a nation_n bring_v abundance_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n into_o his_o realm_n and_o receive_v money_n for_o it_o which_o money_n they_o ever_o deliver_v to_o other_o merchant_n by_o exchange_n and_o never_o employ_v the_o same_o on_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n whereby_o his_o majesty_n be_v hinder_v in_o his_o custom_n and_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v not_o utter_v to_o the_o great_a hindrance_n of_o his_o subject_n as_o be_v there_o allege_v his_o majesty_n cause_v a_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o aforesaid_a statute_n make_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n richard_n the_o second_o that_o no_o person_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o the_o say_a act_n and_o statute_n upon_o pain_n to_o be_v take_v the_o king_n mortal_a enemy_n and_o to_o forfeit_v all_o that_o he_o may_v for_o feite_n which_o take_v effect_v but_o for_o a_o short_a time_n and_o no_o other_o be_v to_o be_v expect_v it_o not_o be_v of_o that_o moment_n nor_o the_o principal_a mean_a to_o do_v it_o after_o this_o follow_v the_o embase_v of_o money_n and_o then_o all_o the_o price_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n do_v rise_v immoderate_o which_o make_v the_o native_a commodity_n to_o rise_v at_o the_o farmer_n and_o another_o tenant_n hand_n and_o thereupon_o gentleman_n do_v raise_v the_o rent_n of_o their_o land_n and_o take_v farm_n to_o themselves_o and_o make_v enclosure_n of_o ground_n and_o the_o price_n of_o every_o thing_n be_v dear_a be_v make_v dear_a through_o plenty_n of_o money_n and_o bullion_n come_v from_o the_o west_n indies_n as_o be_v already_o note_v and_o by_o these_o mean_n be_v the_o office_n of_o the_o king_n royal_a exchange_n neglect_v because_o upon_o the_o base_a money_n no_o exchange_n be_v make_v and_o other_o nation_n counterfeit_v the_o same_o and_o fill_v the_o kingdom_n with_o it_o and_o so_o carrien_n out_o the_o good_a staple_n ware_n of_o the_o realm_n for_o it_o this_o raise_n of_o money_n be_v augment_v afterward_o by_o queen_n elizabeth_n of_o bless_a memory_n in_o the_o high_a degree_n by_o one_o full_a three_o part_n from_o 45._o penny_n the_o ounce_n unto_o 60._o penny_n or_o 5._o shilling_n starlin_n standard_n but_o the_o exportation_n do_v never_o cease_v because_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n do_v run_v always_o under_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n still_o afford_v a_o gain_n between_o the_o say_a exchange_n and_o money_n which_o cause_v the_o say_a exportation_n and_o so_o will_v it_o be_v still_o if_o this_o be_v not_o prevent_v by_o direction_n in_o a_o pair_n of_o table_n much_o like_a unto_o the_o table_n keep_v dover_n at_o dover_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o to_o receive_v the_o passenger_n money_n and_o by_o exchange_n in_o specie_fw-la for_o it_o beyond_o the_o sea_n which_o make_v they_o to_o leave_v their_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n and_o this_o course_n of_o exchange_n so_o direct_v be_v the_o only_a mean_a and_o way_n to_o restore_v england_n wealth_n by_o importation_n of_o money_n and_o bullion_n advance_v the_o price_n of_o our_o native_a commodity_n and_o to_o prevent_v the_o transportation_n of_o our_o money_n and_o all_o other_o remedy_n be_v defective_a as_o experience_n will_v prove_v and_o demonstrate_v if_o good_a thing_n can_v be_v favour_v the_o statute_n of_o employment_n must_v also_o be_v observe_v to_o make_v the_o remedy_n more_o complete_a with_o a_o register_n also_o to_o record_v the_o money_n which_o foreign_a mariner_n do_v receive_v for_o freight_n come_v from_o norway_n and_o other_o place_n which_o be_v above_o one_o hundred_o voyage_n in_o one_o year_n as_o also_o many_o other_o ship_n bring_v corn_n into_o the_o northern_a and_o western_a part_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o export_v money_n for_o it_o the_o turk_n persian_a and_o russian_a have_v herein_o be_v more_o politic_a than_o we_o keep_v the_o price_n russian_a of_o their_o exchange_n high_a much_o above_o the_o ualuation_n of_o their_o money_n so_o that_o they_o have_v no_o trade_n by_o exchange_n nor_o money_n but_o only_o for_o commodity_n whereby_o they_o prevent_v the_o over_o balance_v of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o they_o as_o also_o the_o exportation_n of_o their_o money_n 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vizcount_n maundevile_n lord_n precedent_n of_o your_o majesty_n most_o honourable_a privy_a council_n and_o other_o person_n of_o knowledge_n and_o experience_n among_o who_o although_o unworthy_a myself_o be_v call_v and_o our_o opinion_n be_v certify_v unto_o your_o highness_n for_o the_o consideration_n of_o this_o weighty_a matter_n of_o great_a consequence_n be_v absolute_o to_o be_v submit_v unto_o your_o high_a wisdom_n and_o transcendent_a judgement_n by_o mean_n whereof_o according_a to_o the_o say_n of_o epictetus_n the_o philosopher_n hoc_fw-la est_fw-la maximè_fw-la iudicis_fw-la aptare_fw-la vniversalia_fw-la singularibus_fw-la all_o cause_n both_o ecclesiastical_a and_o civil_a be_v observe_v discern_v and_o apply_v to_o their_o proper_a and_o determinate_a end_n your_o majesty_n therefore_o may_v be_v please_v to_o vouchsafe_v with_o a_o gracious_a aspect_n the_o read_n of_o this_o small_a treatise_n which_o like_a unto_o the_o little_a fish_n mention_v by_o plutarch_n swim_v before_o the_o great_a whale_n give_v notice_n of_o dangerous_a shallow_a place_n shall_v be_v ample_o explain_v in_o a_o volume_n almost_o imprint_v entitle_v lex_n mercatoria_fw-la or_o the_o ancient_a law_n merchant_n which_o in_o all_o humility_n be_v to_o be_v present_v unto_o your_o most_o sacred_a majesty_n wherein_o the_o dangerous_a rock_n to_o be_v avoid_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o the_o mean_n thereunto_o conduce_v be_v manifest_v for_o the_o preservation_n and_o augmentation_n of_o the_o wealth_n of_o your_o highness_n realm_n and_o dominion_n to_o be_v effect_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o justice_n ground_v upon_o equality_n and_o equity_n according_a to_o ius_n gentium_fw-la which_o be_v chief_o maintain_v by_o the_o law_n merchant_n the_o knowledge_n whereof_o be_v of_o such_o moment_n that_o all_o other_o temporal_a law_n without_o it_o be_v not_o complete_a but_o imperfect_a worthy_a of_o commendation_n be_v those_o office_n who_o can_v by_o providence_n preserve_v the_o treasure_n of_o king_n and_o commonweal_n worthy_a be_v those_o that_o both_o by_o honest_a and_o lawful_a mean_n can_v preserve_v and_o augment_v they_o but_o worthy_a of_o all_o immortal_a praise_n be_v these_o who_o can_v and_o do_v by_o easy_a just_a and_o politic_a mean_n enrich_v kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n and_o thereby_o fill_v the_o prince_n coffer_n with_o stand_a treasure_n to_o serve_v all_o occasion_n in_o the_o two_o season_n which_o prince_n be_v to_o care_n for_o observe_v by_o the_o emperor_n justinian_n namely_o the_o time_n of_o war_n when_o arm_n be_v necessary_a and_o the_o time_n of_o peace_n more_o fit_v wholesome_a law_n in_o the_o theoric_n part_v of_o which_o study_n i_o have_v these_o forty_o year_n spend_v much_o time_n and_o charge_n at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o great_a personage_n and_o albeit_o nothing_o do_v encounter_v i_o but_o ingratitude_n yet_o my_o constancy_n to_o spend_v the_o remainder_n of_o my_o day_n therein_o in_o hope_n of_o practice_n be_v as_o immovable_a as_o the_o continuance_n of_o my_o daily_a prayer_n to_o the_o great_a jehovah_n to_o multiply_v your_o majesty_n day_n as_o the_o day_n of_o heaven_n london_n the_o 25._o of_o october_n 1622._o your_o majesty_n most_o loyal_a subject_n gerard_n malynes_n the_o maintenance_n of_o free_a trade_n according_a to_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o other_o country_n natural_a mother_n wit_n do_v teach_v man_n before_o art_n or_o science_n be_v invent_v that_o of_o all_o thing_n and_o in_o all_o humane_a action_n the_o beginning_n progress_n continuance_n and_o termination_n opus_fw-la or_o end_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v whereupon_o politician_n or_o statesman_n have_v note_v that_o the_o often_o compare_v of_o a_o thing_n unto_o his_o principle_n or_o original_a produce_v the_o long_a continuance_n show_v by_o digresion_n how_o the_o same_o be_v decay_v and_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o first_o integrity_n and_o goodness_n for_o there_o be_v never_o any_o thing_n by_o the_o wit_n of_o man_n so_o well_o devise_v or_o so_o sure_o establish_v which_o in_o continuance_n of_o time_n have_v not_o be_v corrupt_v the_o consideration_n whereof_o be_v most_o requisite_a in_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n as_o a_o matter_n eminent_a for_o the_o good_a and_o welfare_n of_o commonweal_n and_o especial_o for_o england_n quia_fw-la vita_fw-la civilis_fw-la in_o societate_fw-la posita_fw-la est_fw-la societ_fw-la as_o autem_fw-la in_o imperio_fw-la &_o commercio_fw-la according_a to_o this_o rule_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o all_o the_o traffic_n and_o trade_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n be_v perform_v under_o three_o simple_n which_o be_v the_o essential_a part_n thereof_o namely_o traffic_n commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n for_o foreign_a part_n which_o may_v be_v apt_o compare_v to_o the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o traffic_n the_o first_o as_o the_o body_n uphold_v the_o world_n by_o commutation_n and_o barter_n of_o commodity_n until_o commodity_n money_n be_v devise_v to_o be_v coin_a the_o second_o as_o the_o soul_n in_o the_o body_n do_v infuse_v life_n to_o traffic_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o equality_n and_o money_n equity_n prevent_v advantage_n between_o buyer_n and_o seller_n the_o three_o as_o the_o spirit_n and_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v seat_v every_o where_o corroborate_v the_o exchange_n vital_a spirit_n of_o traffic_n direct_v and_o control_v by_o just_a proportion_n the_o price_n and_o value_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n now_o even_o as_o money_n be_v invent_v to_o be_v coin_a of_o the_o pure_a metal_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n to_o be_v the_o square_n and_o rule_n to_o set_v a_o price_n unto_o all_o commodity_n and_o other_o thing_n whatsoever_o within_o the_o realm_n and_o therefore_o call_v publica_n mensura_fw-la even_o so_o be_v exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n measure_n the_o public_a
measure_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a country_n according_a to_o which_o all_o commodity_n be_v buy_v and_o sell_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n for_o this_o exchange_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o uâ—…luation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n albeit_o the_o price_n thereof_o in_o exchange_n do_v rise_v and_o fall_v according_a to_o scarcity_n and_o plenty_n of_o money_n and_o the_o few_o or_o many_o deliverer_n and_o taker_n thereof_o these_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v joint_o and_o divide_o for_o the_o good_a of_o commonweal_n in_o the_o benefit_n to_o be_v procure_v for_o the_o general_a welfare_n or_o for_o the_o particular_a profit_n of_o some_o few_o person_n for_o albeit_o that_o the_o general_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o particular_a yet_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o that_o the_o general_n shall_v receive_v a_o intolerable_a prejudice_n and_o loss_n by_o the_o particular_a etc._n and_o private_a benefit_n of_o some_o these_o in_o this_o respect_n be_v not_o to_o be_v regard_v especial_o if_o they_o may_v make_v the_o like_a benefit_n in_o some_o measure_n without_o hurt_n or_o detriment_n to_o the_o general_a some_o merchant_n do_v deal_v all_o for_o commodity_n other_o for_o money_n and_o other_o some_o altogether_o for_o exchange_n or_o all_o three_o or_o that_o which_o yield_v they_o most_o gain_v and_o common_o without_o consideration_n have_v of_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o prince_n and_o governor_n be_v to_o sit_v at_o the_o stern_a of_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n and_o commerce_n for_o to_o speak_v ingenious_o merchant_n can_v enter_v into_o consideration_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o foreign_a merchant_n commodity_n import_v at_o dear_a rate_n and_o the_o home_n commodity_n export_v at_o lesser_a rate_n respective_o in_o former_a time_n by_o the_o disproportion_n whereof_o come_v a_o evident_a overballance_v of_o commodity_n merchant_n do_v not_o regard_v whether_o the_o money_n of_o a_o kingdom_n be_v undervalue_v in_o exchange_n by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n in_o foreign_a part_n whereby_o our_o money_n be_v export_v when_o the_o exchange_n do_v not_o answer_v the_o true_a value_n by_o bill_n and_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n can_v be_v import_v but_o with_o a_o exceed_a loss_n which_o every_o man_n shun_v true_a it_o be_v that_o they_o observe_v within_o the_o realm_n to_o keep_v the_o price_n of_o money_n at_o a_o stand_v according_a to_o the_o king_n valuation_n but_o in_o foreign_a part_n they_o run_v with_o the_o stream_n headlong_o down_o with_o other_o nation_n without_o consideration_n of_o their_o own_o hindrance_n merchant_n do_v not_o know_v the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o money_n of_o each_o country_n and_o the_o proportion_n observe_v between_o gold_n and_o silver_n nor_o the_o difference_n of_o several_a standard_n of_o coin_n a_o matter_n so_o necessary_a for_o they_o to_o know_v to_o make_v thereby_o profitable_a return_n of_o the_o provenue_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n either_o in_o money_n bullion_n or_o wares_n final_o merchant_n seek_v their_o privatum_fw-la commodum_fw-la take_v notice_n only_o of_o what_o be_v prohibit_v and_o command_v whereas_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o also_o that_o to_o require_v their_o opinion_n for_o the_o reformation_n of_o some_o abuse_n they_o may_v be_v think_v many_o time_n as_o unfit_a as_o to_o call_v the_o vintner_n to_o the_o consultation_n of_o law_n to_o be_v make_v against_o drunkard_n king_n and_o prince_n therefore_o which_o be_v the_o father_n of_o the_o great_a family_n of_o commonweal_n patrâ—…_n be_v to_o be_v careful_a for_o the_o general_a good_a so_o that_o the_o expense_n do_v not_o exceed_v or_o surmount_v the_o incombe_n and_o revenue_n thereof_o according_a to_o the_o say_n of_o marcus_n cato_n oportet_fw-la patrem_fw-la familias_fw-la vendacem_fw-la esse_fw-la non_fw-la emacem_fw-la he_o must_v be_v a_o seller_n and_o not_o a_o buyer_n for_o the_o effect_n whereof_o there_o be_v a_o serious_a study_n to_o be_v have_v in_o the_o true_a understanding_n of_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n whereof_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o most_o neglect_a will_v be_v find_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n which_o with_o we_o be_v predominant_a and_o overrule_v the_o course_n of_o money_n and_o commodity_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v in_o this_o discourse_n for_o these_o three_o part_n of_o traffic_n concur_v joint_o together_o in_o their_o proper_a function_n and_o nature_n by_o a_o orderly_a carriage_n according_a to_o their_o first_o invention_n and_o institution_n for_o as_o the_o element_n be_v join_v by_o symbolisation_n the_o air_n to_o the_o fire_n by_o warmness_n the_o water_n to_o the_o air_n by_o moisture_n the_o earth_n to_o the_o water_n by_o coldness_n so_o be_v exchange_v join_v to_o mohyes_n and_o money_n to_o commodity_n by_o their_o proper_a quality_n and_o effect_n and_o ever_o as_o in_o a_o clock_n where_o there_o be_v many_o wheel_n the_o first_o wheel_n be_v stir_v drive_v the_o next_o and_o that_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o till_o the_o last_o that_o move_v the_o instrument_n that_o strike_v the_o clock_n even_o so_o be_v it_o in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n for_o since_o money_n be_v invent_v and_o become_v the_o first_o wheel_n which_o stir_v the_o wheel_n of_o commodity_n and_o enforce_v the_o action_n but_o the_o three_o wheel_n of_o exchange_n of_o money_n between_o country_n and_o country_n be_v establish_v and_o ground_v upon_o money_n be_v in_o effect_n like_v to_o the_o instrument_n that_o strike_v the_o clock_n be_v therein_o the_o thing_n active_a and_o commodity_n &_o money_n be_v become_v passive_a thing_n passive_a in_o so_o much_o that_o the_o sequel_n thereof_o may_v be_v compare_v unto_o archer_n shoot_v at_o the_o buâ—…tes_n direct_v their_o arrow_n according_a as_o the_o blank_a do_v stand_v high_a or_o low_a for_o so_o do_v merchant_n by_o exchange_n in_o the_o sale_n of_o commodity_n and_o negotiation_n of_o money_n without_o which_o commodity_n lie_v dead_a in_o all_o markette_n since_o the_o ancient_a commutation_n of_o commodity_n in_o kind_n do_v cease_v and_o the_o body_n of_o commodity_n do_v not_o work_v without_o the_o spirit_n which_o be_v exchange_n so_o that_o this_o observation_n be_v neglect_v the_o whole_a instrument_n of_o trade_n must_v needs_o be_v out_o of_o order_n and_o discompound_v like_o a_o distemper_a lock_n which_o will_v neither_o open_v nor_o shut_v when_o the_o art_n of_o navigation_n and_o ship_n have_v continue_v many_o year_n and_o mariner_n do_v â—…mitate_v each_o other_o observation_n before_o the_o science_n of_o the_o mathematik_n be_v invent_v it_o â—…apned_v that_o two_o great_a whale_n with_o a_o great_a â—…olubility_n swim_v in_o furious_a manner_n do_v approach_v trade_n a_o english_a ship_n of_o traffic_n which_o be_v â—…ound_v for_o the_o coast_n of_o barbary_n saden_v with_o diâ—…ers_n good_a commodity_n and_o staple_n ware_n the_o mariner_n as_o the_o manner_n be_v do_v with_o all_o diligence_n cast_v overboard_o diverse_a empty_a barrel_n for_o the_o whale_n to_o play_v with_o all_o and_o to_o keep_v they_o from_o the_o ship_n the_o whale_n not_o please_v therewith_o and_o a_o sudden_a storm_n arise_v do_v endanger_v their_o ship_n which_o make_v they_o unaware_o to_o cast_v over_o board_n many_o good_a ware_n and_o rich_a commodity_n wherewith_o one_o of_o the_o whale_n be_v play_v but_o the_o other_o whale_n more_o fierce_a strike_v the_o ship_n many_o time_n with_o his_o tail_n and_o at_o last_o break_v the_o rudder_n of_o the_o ship_n whereby_o they_o be_v much_o hinder_v in_o their_o sail_v and_o all_o the_o ship_n of_o their_o fleet_n take_v the_o start_n of_o they_o and_o arrive_v to_o their_o destine_a port_n the_o rather_o because_o they_o lose_v also_o their_o sail_a compass_n by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o say_v stormy_a wind_n and_o tempest_n and_o the_o mariner_n have_v leisure_n with_o a_o calm_a to_o discourse_v of_o the_o accident_n to_o question_v which_o be_v the_o most_o necessary_a and_o active_a thing_n of_o true_a sail_v some_o do_v attribute_v the_o same_o to_o the_o wind_n and_o currant_n of_o the_o sea_n other_o to_o the_o sail_n and_o agitation_n of_o the_o wind_n in_o they_o and_o other_o to_o the_o compass_n make_v by_o the_o admirable_a virtue_n of_o the_o loadstone_n but_o all_o of_o they_o be_v novice_n in_o stone_n their_o profession_n whereupon_o a_o merchant_n stand_v by_o be_v a_o passenger_n in_o that_o voyage_n use_v these_o or_o the_o like_a speech_n my_o friend_n and_o good_a fellow_n i_o do_v not_o a_o little_a admire_v to_o hear_v you_o thus_o ignorant_a in_o matter_n of_o your_o profession_n can_v not_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o rudder_n of_o our_o ship_n make_v you_o sensible_a to_o understand_v
the_o same_o by_o commonwealth_n â—…gnorant_a man_n deny_v principle_n and_o by_o other_o â—…eanes_v here_o not_o to_o be_v mention_v the_o second_o cause_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o â—…gland_n be_v say_v the_o say_a author_n the_o superfluity_n 〈◊〉_d plate_n general_o in_o private_a man_n hand_n here_o he_o â—…th_v omit_v to_o note_v the_o great_a quantity_n of_o silver_n consume_v in_o the_o make_n of_o silver_n thread_n spangle_n purl_n oaes_n and_o the_o like_a which_o upon_o late_a examination_n of_o the_o right_n hoâ—…urable_a henry_n vizcount_n mandeville_n lord_n â—…esident_n be_v find_v to_o amount_v 80._o thousand_o â—…unds_n and_o upward_o yearly_a whereas_o the_o plate_n â—…ade_v in_o london_n be_v only_o but_o 50._o or_o 60._o thouâ—…d_a etc._n pound_n worth_a which_o remain_v as_o a_o stanâ—…ng_a treasure_n when_o the_o other_a be_v wear_v and_o conâ—…med_v leave_v but_o some_o part_n to_o be_v melt_a aâ—…ine_n and_o if_o the_o plate_n be_v convert_v into_o â—…oneys_n without_o all_o doubt_n it_o will_v more_o easy_o be_v transport_v have_v his_o weight_n and_o â—…ine_a nesse_n and_o afford_v 12._o in_o the_o 100_o gain_v aboâ—…_n the_o exchange_n in_o two_o month_n and_o less_o time_n a_o exchange_n hereof_o we_o have_v yet_o fresh_a 〈◊〉_d memory_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o frenâ—…_n king_n charles_n the_o nine_o who_o after_o the_o massaâ—…_n of_o paris_n find_v the_o treasure_n of_o the_o realâ—…_n exhaust_v and_o his_o subject_n wealth_n to_o conâ—…_n more_o of_o plate_n then_o of_o ready_a money_n be_v aâ—…_n vise_v by_o some_o that_o under_o colour_n of_o the_o supâ—…_n press_v of_o pride_n it_o be_v good_a to_o prescribe_v 〈◊〉_d very_a man_n what_o store_n of_o plate_n he_o shall_v keepâ—…_n according_a to_o his_o degree_n &_o quality_n &_o the_o rest_n 〈◊〉_d be_v turn_v into_o money_n other_o be_v of_o opinioâ—…_n that_o it_o will_v not_o only_o breed_v a_o discontent_a unâ—…_n his_o subject_n but_o also_o a_o derogation_n and_o dishâ—…_n nour_n to_o the_o king_n reputation_n with_o forraâ—…_n nation_n see_v that_o the_o state_n of_o a_o priâ—…_n strength_n do_v as_o much_o consist_v by_o reputation_n as_o by_o strengâ—…_n therefore_o like_o good_a politician_n advise_v tâ—…_n king_n somewhat_o to_o embase_v his_o money_n under_o tâ—…_n standard_n of_o the_o plate_n which_o will_v cause_v tâ—…_n less_o exportation_n and_o the_o plate_n of_o course_n 〈◊〉_d be_v turn_v into_o money_n and_o this_o be_v doâ—…_n according_o and_o have_v also_o the_o same_o effect_n sâ—…_n ve_v that_o where_o they_o think_v money_n woâ—…_n not_o be_v transport_v they_o find_v themselves_o dâ—…_n ceive_v for_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v not_o loâ—…_n k_v into_o which_o not_o be_v answer_v accordiâ—…_n to_o the_o true_a value_n of_o the_o money_n make_v a_o gaiâ—…_n by_o the_o underualuation_n of_o they_o in_o exchangâ—…_n and_o so_o long_o as_o the_o gain_n remain_v it_o be_v conâ—…inually_o transport_v whereby_o at_o last_o the_o plate_n of_o the_o realm_n turn_v into_o money_n be_v lose_v â—…swell_o as_o he_o lose_v his_o money_n before_o that_o time_n and_o â—…o_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v in_o england_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n henry_n this_o eight_o who_o grant_v â—…everall_a letter_n patent_n or_o authority_n to_o diâ—…ers_n of_o his_o noble_n to_o make_v base_a money_n of_o â—…heir_n own_o plate_n which_o do_v fall_v out_o to_o be_v the_o great_a prejudice_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o â—…o_v himself_o but_o a_o present_a shift_n for_o the_o time_n concern_v the_o gold_n and_o silver_n thread_n i_o have_v â—…eretofore_o endeavour_v to_o have_v the_o manufacture_n view_n thereof_o in_o england_n upon_o plenty_n of_o money_n and_o silver_n to_o be_v procure_v from_o foreign_a part_n by_o mean_n of_o the_o exchange_n but_o find_v of_o late_a such_o unreasonable_a consumption_n of_o silver_n therein_o spend_v after_o the_o refine_n thereof_o and_o the_o uncertainty_n in_o goodnnesse_n by_o the_o wierdrawer_n it_o please_v his_o majesty_n with_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o most_o honourable_a privy_a council_n to_o forbid_v the_o same_o late_o by_o proclamation_n and_o to_o admit_v the_o foreign_a silver_n thread_n to_o come_v in_o whereby_o our_o silver_n be_v not_o only_o preserve_v but_o the_o quantity_n also_o be_v increase_v because_o after_o the_o wear_v a_o good_a part_n remain_v in_o burn_a silver_n whereas_o the_o silk_n lace_n be_v consume_v to_o nothing_o and_o such_o be_v the_o gain_n of_o silver_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o low_a exchange_n by_o bill_n underualue_v gaiâ—…_n our_o money_n that_o purl_n &_o oaeses_n in_o some_o sort_n prepare_v here_o have_v be_v by_o way_n of_o merchandise_n transport_v of_o purposâ—…_n to_o melt_v the_o same_o down_o there_o for_o the_o make_n of_o money_n as_o i_o have_v see_v by_o diverse_a certificate_n from_o dart_n in_o holland_n the_o three_o cause_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n 〈◊〉_d ware_n england_n be_v the_o consumption_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n which_o i_o have_v always_o call_v the_o 〈◊〉_d verballance_v of_o those_o commodity_n with_o the_o native_a commodity_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o price_n and_o not_o so_o much_o in_o the_o quantity_n and_o the_o comparison_n hereof_o be_v principal_o to_o be_v make_v in_o the_o trade_n of_o cloth_n and_o the_o return_v of_o it_o make_v by_o foreign_a commodity_n as_o silk_n linner_n cloth_n cambric_n lawn_n and_o other_o the_o like_a commodity_n bring_v in_o by_o the_o merchant_n aduenturour_n which_o have_v the_o main_a trade_n and_o buy_v these_o commoditis_fw-la proportionable_o dear_a then_o they_o sell_v our_o home_n commodity_n etc._n which_o i_o have_v prove_v by_o many_o reason_n to_o proceed_v by_o the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o which_o they_o be_v both_o way_n sell_v and_o buy_v be_v there_o any_o man_n of_o judgement_n who_o see_v not_o that_o this_o overballance_a do_v expel_v our_o money_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n and_o which_o be_v in_o effect_n as_o it_o be_v give_v to_o boot_n to_o other_o nation_n to_o countervail_v this_o inequality_n let_v they_o consider_v of_o the_o reason_n follow_v first_o money_n be_v undervalue_v in_o exchange_n commodity_n cause_v the_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n to_o be_v abate_v and_o to_o be_v sell_v better_o cheap_a in_o foreign_a part_n &_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n that_o our_o money_n be_v continual_o transport_v second_o the_o money_n be_v transport_v take_v away_o the_o lively_a course_n of_o traffic_n of_o our_o say_a commodity_n and_o cause_v young_a merchant_n to_o run_v by_o exchange_n upon_o bill_n to_o maintain_v their_o trade_n pay_v great_a interest_n for_o money_n which_o they_o can_v take_v up_o at_o use_n upon_o their_o single_a bond_n as_o they_o can_v do_v by_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n without_o surety_n this_o cause_v the_o say_v young_a merchant_n and_o other_o to_o make_v rash_a sales_n of_o their_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o pay_v their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereby_o they_o overthrow_v the_o market_n of_o other_o and_o make_v they_o to_o sell_v good_a cheap_a so_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o coin_n be_v overvalued_n in_o exchange_n and_o also_o enhance_v beyond_o the_o sea_n cause_v the_o price_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o be_v increase_v more_o than_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o our_o merchant_n be_v compel_v of_o course_n to_o make_v return_v thereby_o for_o they_o can_v import_v those_o overvalue_v money_n but_o to_o their_o exceed_a great_a loss_n and_o by_o exchange_n they_o find_v few_o taker_n unless_o it_o be_v our_o young_a merchant_n which_o do_v consume_v their_o estate_n by_o exchange_n &_o rechange_n for_o of_o the_o trade_n three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n we_o have_v but_o the_o use_n of_o one_o which_o be_v the_o buy_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o make_v return_v homeward_o and_o do_v increase_v the_o consumption_n of_o the_o say_a ware_n money_n remain_v hereby_o plentiful_a beyond_o the_o sea_n the_o rather_o for_o that_o they_o make_v bill_n obligatory_a serve_v as_o ready_a money_n which_o they_o transfer_v and_o set_v over_o between_o man_n and_o man_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o money_n or_o ware_n cause_v there_o a_o lively_a course_n of_o trade_n whereby_o their_o commodity_n be_v advance_v in_o price_n &_o sale_n neither_o be_v they_o compel_v to_o sell_v they_o but_o at_o their_o price_n because_o they_o find_v money_n at_o interest_n at_o 5._o and_o 6._o in_o the_o hundred_o this_o money_n be_v make_v daily_o more_o plentiful_a by_o our_o spanish_a merchant_n which_o do_v divert_v the_o real_n of_o spain_n as_o before_o have_v be_v declare_v hence_o it_o proceed_v that_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v many_o time_n sell_v better_o cheap_a beyond_o the_o sea_n then_o here_o for_o although_o merchant_n do_v lose_v thereby_o they_o make_v account_v to_o gain_v
prove_v unprofitable_a they_o maintain_v a_o certain_a peace_n and_o assurance_n in_o the_o course_n of_o their_o government_n which_o consist_v thereby_o this_o trade_n of_o the_o hollander_n for_o the_o east-indies_n begin_v upon_o the_o embargo_n make_v in_o spain_n of_o their_o good_n and_o interruption_n of_o their_o trade_n wherein_o they_o do_v associate_v themselves_o with_o the_o german_n to_o disperse_v and_o vent_v their_o say_a india_n commodity_n better_a and_o speedy_a to_o this_o argument_n appertain_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o trade_n out_o of_o christendom_n maintain_v for_o the_o most_o part_n with_o ready_a money_n as_o for_o turkey_n and_o persia_n wherein_o the_o abundance_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n come_v into_o europe_n since_o the_o west_n indies_n be_v discover_v be_v to_o be_v note_v which_o have_v make_v every_o thing_n dear_a according_o to_o the_o increase_n of_o money_n which_o like_v unto_o a_o ocean_n divide_v the_o course_n into_o several_a branch_n in_o diverse_a country_n have_v cause_v a_o west-indies_n great_a alteration_n but_o england_n do_v not_o participate_v by_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n a_o proportionable_a competent_a share_n of_o the_o say_a abundance_n of_o money_n as_o other_o nation_n do_v albeit_o not_o many_o year_n since_o we_o have_v more_o money_n then_o in_o time_n past_a before_o the_o say_a discovery_n of_o the_o west_n indies_n but_o we_o must_v now_o measure_v thing_n according_a to_o the_o say_a abundance_n which_o be_v much_o diminish_v by_o the_o continual_a exportation_n of_o money_n for_o the_o east_n indies_n from_o all_o place_n of_o traffic_n the_o five_o cause_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o england_n he_o say_v be_v the_o war_n of_o christendom_n â—…irates_n cause_v exportation_n of_o money_n and_o the_o pirate_n hinder_v importation_n of_o money_n the_o latter_a be_v mere_o a_o prevention_n or_o rob_v of_o our_o money_n which_o be_v suppose_v may_v be_v bring_v in_o but_o if_o pirate_n do_v not_o take_v some_o of_o our_o money_n it_o follow_v not_o that_o the_o same_o shall_v come_v unto_o we_o in_fw-la specie_fw-la for_o experience_n by_o the_o example_n of_o the_o spanish_a merchant_n divert_v â—…e_a real_n of_o 8._o from_o we_o for_o gain_n to_o be_v make_v 〈◊〉_d foreign_a part_n prove_v unto_o we_o the_o conâ—…ary_a gayne_n be_v always_o the_o scope_n of_o merâ—…ants_n and_o to_o prove_v that_o this_o gayne_n be_v make_v â—…ally_o only_o by_o the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n which_o â—…herwise_o will_v be_v but_o imaginary_a we_o have_v â—…ready_o declare_v now_o touch_v the_o exportation_n of_o money_n â—…y_v the_o war_n of_o christian_n where_o he_o declare_v 〈◊〉_d urgent_a instance_n that_o the_o riecks_n doller_n be_v â—…ised_v two_o mark_n lubish_n make_v the_o say_a dolâ—…_n to_o twenty_o mark_n lubish_n in_o many_o plaâ—…s_n of_o germany_n whereby_o abundance_n of_o money_n 〈◊〉_d draw_v unto_o the_o mint_n of_o those_o country_n â—…om_o all_o the_o mine_n and_o part_n of_o christendom_n â—…erein_o he_o be_v much_o mistake_v for_o when_o money_n â—…e_v enhance_v they_o never_o be_v carry_v to_o the_o mint_n mint_n for_o to_o be_v convert_v into_o other_o coin_n â—…ut_o they_o remain_v currant_n between_o man_n and_o â—…an_n run_v like_o a_o post-horse_n every_o man_n â—…aring_v to_o receive_v a_o loss_n by_o the_o fall_n neither_o maâ—…eth_v this_o any_o rule_n for_o merchant_n in_o place_n of_o â—…rade_n otherwise_o then_o that_o they_o may_v take_v â—…nowledge_n of_o the_o public_a valuation_n thereof_o to_o â—…ell_v their_o commodity_n according_o by_o rate_v â—…he_a price_n of_o exchange_n upon_o their_o former_a obserâ—…ation_n which_o be_v neglect_v or_o do_v in_o part_n â—…auseth_v the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o â—…xchange_n and_o this_o be_v the_o immediate_a cause_n by_o â—…im_n first_o allege_v and_o treat_v of_o wherein_o the_o commodity_n be_v no_o more_o active_a then_o tenderdon_n steeple_n in_o kent_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o dover_n haven_n to_o make_v this_o to_o appear_v let_v we_o note_v that_o this_o rieckx_n doller_n be_v the_o main_a and_o most_o usual_a coin_n in_o germany_n eastland_n the_o unite_a 〈◊〉_d reconcile_v country_n under_o both_o governmeâ—…_n and_o many_o other_o place_n be_v value_v at_o 2._o maâ—…_n lubish_n every_o mark_n be_v 16._o shilling_n lubâ—…_n or_o 16._o stivers_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1575._o the_o 〈◊〉_d doller_n be_v still_o coin_a in_o the_o empire_n for_o 〈◊〉_d stivers_n and_o be_v so_o currant_n by_o valuation_n in_o 〈◊〉_d low_a country_n whereby_o the_o say_a shilling_n lâ—…_n 1575._o and_o the_o stiver_n flemish_n be_v all_o one_o but_o the_o 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o low_a country_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o 〈◊〉_d inhaunce_v of_o this_o doller_n which_o be_v brouâ—…_n to_o 35._o stivers_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1586_o to_o 〈◊〉_d stivers_n by_o intermissive_a time_n and_o valuatiâ—…_n howbeit_o at_o stoade_n hamborough_n and_o other_o place_n in_o germany_n the_o say_a doller_n do_v remain_v stâ—…_n at_o 32._o stivers_n or_o two_o mark_n and_o as_o the_o saiâ—…_n doller_n do_v enhance_v in_o price_n so_o do_v they_o coyâ—…_n new_a stivers_n according_o sometime_o lighteâ—…_n weight_n and_o at_o other_o time_n embase_v by_o alloy_n 〈◊〉_d copper_n and_o yet_o in_o account_n the_o stiver_n do_v aâ—…_n do_v remain_v the_o ground_n of_o all_o their_o monyâ—…_n fallacy_n but_o the_o say_v doller_n hold_v his_o standard_n agreeable_a to_o the_o first_o doller_n which_o be_v call_v the_o burgondian_a doller_n with_o the_o cross_n of_o saint_n andrâ—…_n coin_a in_o the_o year_n 1575._o which_o be_v in_o fineneâ—…_n ten_o ounce_n and_o twelve_o penny_n weight_n of_o fiâ—…_n silver_n and_o four_o and_o one_o half_a of_o these_o dollar_n be_v there_o make_v equivalent_a to_o our_o 20._o shilling_n starlin_n as_o a_o public_a measure_n in_o exchange_n beâ—…weene_v we_o and_o the_o low_a country_n germany_n and_o all_o other_o place_n where_o this_o doller_n be_v curâ—…ant_a which_o make_v the_o par_fw-fr or_o price_n of_o exchange_n â—…o_o be_v 24._o of_o their_o shilling_n for_o 20._o shilling_n of_o â—…ours_n according_a to_o which_o computation_n exchange_n be_v make_v always_o above_o that_o price_n both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o stiver_n of_o the_o low_a country_n be_v not_o in_o value_n answerable_a thereunto_o for_o be_v but_o two_o ounce_n 17._o penny_n with_o fine_a their_o 32._o stivers_n for_o the_o say_v doller_n which_o be_v four_o piece_n and_o one_o half_a 144._o stivers_n do_v not_o contain_v so_o much_o fine_a silver_n in_o they_o as_o the_o say_v doller_n proportionable_o but_o there_o want_v above_o 3._o shilling_n flemish_n in_o the_o pound_n of_o 20._o shilling_n starlin_n these_o dollar_n have_v since_o be_v imitate_v and_o make_v by_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n in_o their_o several_a mint_n as_o also_o by_o the_o archduke_n albertus_n in_o the_o reconcile_a province_n and_o the_o price_n of_o they_o at_o hamborough_n stoade_n and_o other_o place_n be_v enhance_v but_o one_o stiver_n that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o thirty_o three_o stivers_n where_o the_o say_v dollar_n go_v in_o the_o low_a country_n by_o valuation_n for_o 45._o stivers_n in_o the_o year_n 1586_o at_o which_o time_n the_o par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n be_v find_v to_o be_v twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n for_o those_o part_n and_o for_o the_o low_a country_n at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n 4._o penny_n which_o be_v so_o agree_v upon_o to_o our_o disadvantage_n for_o according_a to_o the_o say_a 4â—…_n dollar_n at_o forty_o five_o stiuâ—…rs_n it_o make_v thirty_o three_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n but_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n value_v at_o ten_o stivers_n for_o the_o shilling_n be_v the_o causâ—…_n that_o it_o be_v put_v to_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n fourâ—…_n penny_n myself_o be_v there_o a_o commissioneâ—…_n appoint_v by_o the_o council_n table_n with_o sir_n richard_n martin_n knight_n and_o mounseur_fw-fr ortell_n moâ—…sieur_fw-fr coase_n and_o mounseur_fw-fr valcke_n commissioner_n for_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n this_o doller_n be_v since_o that_o time_n enhance_v tâ—…_n province_n fifty_o two_o stivers_n in_o the_o low_a province_n whicâ—…_n make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n above_o thirty_o eight_o shilling_n or_o rather_o thirty_o nine_o shilling_n and_o shall_v we_o suffer_v this_o and_o not_o alter_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_o but_o be_v content_v to_o take_v thirty_o four_o shilling_n or_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n and_o after_o that_o rate_n undersell_v all_o the_o commoditis_fw-la of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o suffer_v also_o because_o of_o this_o gain_n our_o money_n to_o be_v export_v the_o real_n of_o 8._o to_o be_v debar_v from_o we_o to_o be_v bring_v in_o and_o carry_v to_o other_o country_n for_o bring_v a_o loss_n to_o the_o importer_n which_o by_o inhaunce_v of_o the_o
price_n of_o our_o exchange_n and_o noâ—…_n by_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o money_n can_v be_v easy_o prevent_v as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v declare_v this_o doller_n be_v likewise_o since_o that_o time_n more_o enhance_v in_o germany_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o germany_n leave_v the_o excessive_a alteration_n in_o remote_a place_n let_v we_o note_v the_o ualuation_n of_o hamborough_n where_o it_o have_v be_v at_o fifty_o four_o stivers_n the_o doller_n which_o make_v the_o exchange_n above_o forty_o shilling_n of_o their_o money_n for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o although_o we_o have_v raise_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n from_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o to_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n or_o thereabour_n shall_v we_o rest_v here_o and_o go_v no_o further_o have_v we_o reason_n to_o do_v it_o in_o part_n and_o not_o in_o the_o whole_a according_a to_o justice_n equity_n and_o true_a policy_n and_o shall_v we_o be_v like_o a_o man_n that_o by_o halt_v in_o jest_n become_v same_o in_o earnest_n i_o say_v again_o absitignorantia_fw-la thus_o much_o obiter_fw-la chap._n ii_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n in_o the_o merchandise_n of_o england_n the_o money_n of_o christendom_n which_o have_v their_o ebb_a and_o flow_v do_v show_v their_o operation_n upon_o commodity_n make_v by_o plenty_n the_o price_n thereof_o dear_a or_o by_o scarcity_n better_o cheap_a and_o on_o the_o contrary_a by_o exchange_n we_o find_v that_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v a_o low_a exchange_n and_o the_o price_n of_o money_n to_o fall_v in_o exchange_n and_o that_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v a_o high_a exchange_n and_o the_o price_n to_o rise_v overrule_a both_o the_o price_n of_o money_n and_o commodity_n which_o be_v observe_v by_o the_o great_a exchanger_n or_o bankerer_n cause_v they_o to_o invent_v all_o the_o mean_n to_o compass_v the_o same_o and_o to_o rule_v the_o course_n thereof_o at_o their_o pleasure_n have_v the_o main_a sea_n of_o exchange_n wherein_o the_o exchange_n of_o england_n run_v like_o a_o river_n or_o branch_n and_o be_v overrule_v by_o the_o general_a currant_n which_o may_v be_v prevent_v for_o we_o have_v the_o head_n of_o exchange_n of_o 20._o shilling_n starlin_n for_o the_o place_n where_o most_o of_o our_o commodity_n be_v sell_v which_o will_v command_v all_o the_o part_n &_o member_n of_o the_o body_n of_o traffic_n and_o procure_v plenty_n of_o money_n whereby_o the_o other_o cause_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o england_n as_o the_o waste_n of_o the_o treasure_n and_o the_o like_a will_n not_o be_v so_o sensible_a as_o â—…ow_v they_o be_v especial_o when_o needful_a commodity_n of_o trade_n shall_v be_v import_v from_o some_o plaâ—…es_n which_o shall_v supply_v as_o in_o time_n past_a the_o exportation_n of_o much_o money_n when_o the_o commodity_n of_o russia_n be_v tallow_n wax_v hides_n retransport_v trade_n into_o france_n and_o spain_n do_v by_o exchange_n furnish_v the_o realm_n with_o wine_n corint_n raisin_n and_o the_o like_a commodity_n the_o want_n of_o money_n there_o be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n for_o without_o money_n commodity_n be_v out_o of_o request_n and_o when_o they_o fall_v again_o into_o permutation_n or_o barter_n traffic_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o necessity_n of_o merchant_n which_o â—…endeth_v to_o the_o destruction_n of_o one_o commonweal_n and_o to_o the_o enrich_n of_o a_o other_o and_o this_o be_v effect_v by_o the_o exchange_n as_o the_o grave_n and_o wise_a counsellor_n of_o state_n before_o mention_v have_v very_o well_o observe_v whereof_o aristotle_n and_o seneca_n can_v take_v no_o notice_n in_o the_o infancy_n of_o traffic_n which_o make_v i_o to_o forbear_v to_o allege_v their_o opinion_n and_o definition_n howbeit_o commercium_fw-la be_v quasi_fw-la commutatio_fw-la mercium_fw-la which_o the_o say_a author_n will_v turn_v again_o by_o a_o change_n of_o 21._o ware_n for_o ware_n and_o not_o money_n for_o ware_n no_o marvel_n therefore_o that_o he_o do_v invert_v thing_n and_o run_v into_o a_o labyrinth_n without_o distinction_n between_o the_o thing_n active_a and_o the_o passive_a by_o approve_v money_n to_o be_v the_o rule_n and_o square_v whereby_o thing_n receive_v estimation_n and_o price_n and_o yet_o commend_v the_o commutation_n before_o money_n be_v devise_v to_o be_v coin_a aristotle_n say_v that_o action_n and_o passion_n be_v mere_o relative_n and_o that_o they_o differ_v no_o more_o 3._o than_o the_o way_n from_o thebes_n to_o athens_n and_o from_o athens_n to_o thebes_n we_o will_v therefore_o leave_v this_o merchant_n to_o walk_v between_o both_o until_o he_o can_v discern_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o and_o then_o he_o shall_v find_v that_o as_o the_o liver_n money_n do_v minister_v spirit_n to_o the_o heart_n commodity_n and_o the_o heart_n to_o the_o brain_n exchange_n so_o do_v the_o brain_n exchange_v minister_v to_o the_o whole_a microcosm_n or_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o traffic_n let_v the_o heart_n therefore_o by_o the_o liver_n receive_v his_o tincture_v chilus_fw-la by_o his_o own_o mouth_n and_o stomach_n and_o the_o blood_n full_a of_o spirit_n shall_v fill_v all_o the_o ueine_n and_o supply_v the_o want_n of_o money_n the_o easy_a course_n and_o recourse_n of_o who_o exchange_n shall_v bring_v all_o thing_n in_o time_n and_o serve_v all_o man_n turn_n for_o even_o as_o there_o be_v two_o course_n observe_v of_o the_o sun_n the_o one_o annual_a and_o the_o other_o by_o daily_a declination_n rise_v and_o go_v under_o even_o so_o must_v we_o observe_v in_o exchange_n two_o course_n the_o one_o according_a to_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n the_o other_o rise_v and_o fall_v from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o we_o have_v already_o declare_v the_o second_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n say_v he_o be_v usury_n meaning_n usury_n politic_a wherein_o he_o trade_n be_v prevent_v to_o speak_v because_o of_o a_o treatise_n make_v against_o usury_n by_o a_o unknown_a author_n and_o present_v to_o the_o last_o parliament_n for_o who_o he_o take_v great_a care_n that_o he_o be_v not_o abuse_v as_o virgil_n be_v by_o proclaim_v too_o late_o hos_fw-la ego_fw-la versiculos_fw-la feci_fw-la tulit_fw-la alter_fw-la honores_fw-la true_a it_o be_v that_o the_o say_a author_n do_v not_o attribute_n unto_o himself_o the_o make_v of_o verse_n but_o take_v the_o whole_a substance_n of_o his_o discourse_n out_o of_o other_o man_n view_n work_n publish_v above_o twenty_o year_n since_o turpe_fw-la est_fw-la doctori_fw-la dum_fw-la culpa_fw-la redarguit_fw-la ipsum_fw-la cato_n usury_n in_o a_o commonwealth_n be_v so_o inherent_a and_o do_v proper_o grow_v with_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n as_o pasturage_n do_v increase_v with_o the_o decrease_n of_o tilling_n albeit_o in_o some_o respect_n trade_n be_v increase_v by_o money_n deliver_v at_o use_n or_o interest_n upon_o occasion_n when_o the_o usurer_n be_v glad_a to_o find_v a_o taker_n up_o of_o his_o money_n and_o do_v course_n pray_v he_o to_o do_v the_o same_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o abundance_n of_o money_n which_o make_v the_o price_n of_o usury_n to_o fall_v more_o than_o any_o law_n or_o proclamation_n can_v ever_o do_v so_o that_o to_o abate_v the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o to_o eight_o as_o the_o say_a tract_n against_o usury_n will_v have_v have_v the_o parliament_n to_o do_v will_n be_v effect_v of_o course_n which_o always_o have_v the_o great_a command_n this_o do_v also_o much_o prevent_v that_o the_o rule_n of_o concord_n and_o equality_n be_v not_o so_o soon_o break_v and_o overthrow_v in_o commonweal_n some_o grow_v very_o rich_a and_o other_o extreme_a poor_a not_o able_a to_o live_v in_o their_o vocation_n the_o most_o pregnant_a cause_n of_o discord_n cause_v many_o time_n civil_a war_n as_o cornelius_n tacitus_n have_v note_v and_o appear_v in_o another_o treatise_n where_o the_o operation_n engâ—…and_n of_o usury_n be_v describe_v the_o bite_a usury_n &_o intolerable_a extortion_n commit_v by_o certain_a uncharitable_a man_n common_o call_v broker_n for_o pawn_n be_v not_o to_o be_v touch_v in_o a_o word_n for_o this_o be_v the_o only_a the_o remarkable_a sin_n i_o mean_v extortion_n &_o oppression_n for_o which_o the_o first_o world_n be_v drown_v which_o feed_v upon_o the_o sweat_n &_o blood_n of_o the_o mere_a merchanicall_a poor_a take_v 40_o 50._o 60._o &_o 100_o upon_o the_o 100_o by_o the_o year_n beside_o bili_fw-la money_n and_o for_o feiture_n of_o the_o pawn_n when_o charitable_a person_n have_v offer_v above_o 20_o year_n since_o to_o give_v large_o and_o to_o lend_v money_n gratis_o as_o also_o after_o 10._o in_o the_o 100_o to_o supply_v by_o way_n of_o pawn-house_n by_o some_o call_v lombard_n the_o need_n and_o occasion_n of_o the_o â—…2_n poor_a &_o mechanic_a people_n the_o neglect_n
of_o trade_n and_o this_o can_v never_o be_v divert_v prevent_v nor_o remedy_v by_o sell_v our_o clothes_n or_o manufacture_n cheap_a to_o undersell_v other_o nation_n who_o meet_v with_o the_o say_a hindrance_n and_o interruption_n as_o well_o as_o we_o do_v in_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o clothes_n make_v by_o they_o but_o time_n and_o quietness_n must_v be_v expect_v in_o some_o measure_n the_o price_n of_o wool_n be_v fall_v from_o 33._o shilling_n the_o todde_n to_o 18._o shilling_n and_o under_o disimpron_v the_o revenue_n of_o land_n can_v never_o increase_v trade_n but_o impoverish_v the_o kingdom_n and_o all_o land_a man_n aristotle_n say_v that_o riches_n be_v either_o natural_a or_o artificial_a the_o natural_a riches_n as_o land_n vine_n forest_n meadow_n etc._n etc._n the_o artificial_a as_o money_n gold_n silver_n cloth_n and_o all_o thing_n metalline_a or_o mineral_n and_o manufacture_n proceed_v of_o the_o natural_a riches_n and_o as_o both_o these_o do_v receive_v their_o price_n and_o estimation_n by_o money_n as_o the_o rule_n and_o square_v so_o reason_n require_v a_o certain_a equality_n between_o they_o in_o the_o estimation_n of_o the_o value_n thereof_o which_o daily_o decrease_v by_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o our_o commodity_n and_o for_o the_o want_n of_o money_n wherein_o some_o unskilful_a merchant_n be_v much_o to_o be_v blame_v in_o make_v inconsiderate_a barter_v for_o our_o clothes_n barter_v beyond_o the_o sea_n want_v vent_n and_o be_v by_o the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n deprive_v to_o import_v money_n and_o bullione_n to_o conclude_v this_o point_n let_v we_o remember_v that_o the_o protection_n of_o prince_n in_o war_n and_o against_o the_o pirate_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v to_o prevent_v the_o decay_n of_o trade_n the_o ten_o and_o last_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n ware_n be_v the_o immoderate_a use_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n and_o the_o less_o use_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n for_o albeit_o that_o by_o the_o superfluity_n of_o our_o native_a commodity_n trade_n be_v procure_v yet_o if_o that_o superfluity_n do_v abound_v so_o that_o thereby_o the_o price_n of_o it_o become_v abate_v then_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v more_o use_v and_o wear_v come_v in_o the_o lieu_n thereof_o and_o be_v advance_v which_o bring_v a_o evident_a overballance_v of_o commodity_n this_o cause_v some_o state_n man_n in_o france_n to_o invent_v mean_n how_o the_o trade_n may_v be_v cut_v off_o and_o that_o no_o commodity_n shall_v be_v transport_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n make_v account_n that_o they_o can_v live_v peaceable_o within_o themselves_o and_o very_o good_a cheap_a without_o give_v or_o receive_v any_o thing_n of_o other_o nation_n this_o be_v much_o contradict_v by_o mounseur_fw-fr bodine_n the_o great_a politician_n of_o france_n as_o be_v note_v in_o england_n view_n who_o show_v that_o they_o have_v need_n of_o the_o stranger_n and_o most_o especial_o of_o the_o traffic_n with_o they_o insomuch_o that_o although_o they_o can_v have_v live_v without_o they_o in_o regard_n of_o commodity_n yet_o charity_n humanity_n and_o policy_n will_v we_o to_o maintain_v friendship_n with_o our_o neighbour_n and_o rather_o to_o give_v they_o part_v of_o our_o blessing_n than_o not_o to_o deal_v or_o communicate_v with_o they_o true_a it_o be_v that_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v that_o if_o any_o kingdom_n under_o the_o sun_n can_v subsist_v of_o itself_o none_o have_v more_o cause_n of_o thanksgiving_n unto_o god_n than_o the_o kingdom_n of_o great_a britain_n and_o ireland_n so_o rich_o replenish_v with_o all_o thing_n serve_v ad_fw-la victum_fw-la &_o vestitum_fw-la for_o the_o back_n and_o belly_n as_o we_o term_v it_o not_o only_o for_o our_o own_o maintenance_n but_o also_o for_o the_o supply_n of_o other_o but_o god_n cause_v nature_n to_o distribute_v her_o benefit_n or_o his_o blessing_n to_o several_a climate_n supply_v the_o barrenness_n of_o some_o thing_n in_o one_o country_n with_o the_o fruitfulness_n and_o store_n of_o other_o country_n to_o the_o end_n that_o interchangeable_o one_o commonweal_n shall_v live_v with_o a_o other_o and_o therefore_o be_v traffic_n and_o trade_n so_o much_o to_o be_v maintain_v and_o defend_v wherein_o all_o manner_n of_o rashness_n in_o the_o sale_n of_o ware_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v but_o by_o policy_n to_o be_v prevent_v and_o uphold_v according_a to_o the_o sertorij_fw-la policy_n of_o that_o valiant_a captain_n sertorius_n who_o do_v prefer_v the_o same_o before_o strength_n by_o set_v the_o feeble_a soldier_n to_o pull_v out_o the_o horse_n tail_n which_o the_o mightiestman_n of_o his_o camp_n can_v not_o effect_v use_v violence_n when_o the_o feeble_a man_n do_v perform_v the_o same_o by_o pull_v out_o the_o hair_n by_o little_a and_o little_a merchant_n can_v use_v the_o like_a policy_n when_o they_o want_v not_o money_n and_o do_v expect_v a_o convenient_a time_n to_o sell_v their_o clothes_n with_o reputation_n chap._n iii_o of_o govern_v trade_n and_o therein_o of_o monopoly_n hitherto_o say_v the_o say_a author_n the_o matter_n of_o trade_n have_v be_v consider_v in_o money_n and_o merchandise_n and_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n be_v pass_v over_o by_o he_o as_o a_o matter_n not_o worthy_a the_o consideration_n money_n indeed_o it_o be_v good_a for_o he_o to_o sail_v between_o the_o two_o rock_n of_o scylla_n and_o charybdis_n without_o further_a adventure_n and_o not_o to_o suffer_v shipwreck_n upon_o the_o dangerous_a rock_n of_o exchange_n but_o diverse_a merchant_n have_v much_o distaste_v that_o a_o man_n of_o their_o profession_n shall_v neglect_v one_o of_o the_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n and_o the_o most_o operative_a in_o trade_n be_v the_o only_a measure_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n without_o which_o all_o his_o discourse_n be_v without_o rhyme_n or_o reason_n so_o that_o he_o can_v find_v any_o parity_n nor_o purity_n in_o exchange_n like_v unto_o a_o sick_a body_n who_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o bitterness_n of_o his_o tongue_n can_v not_o relish_v mounseur_fw-fr bodine_n say_v that_o when_o a_o man_n be_v note_v to_o be_v of_o experience_n and_o to_o understand_v matter_n wherein_o he_o be_v surpass_v other_o the_o proverb_n be_v il_fw-fr entendle_n par_fw-fr he_o do_v understand_v his_o par_fw-fr or_o equality_n which_o can_v be_v apply_v unto_o he_o that_o do_v not_o understand_v the_o matter_n of_o exchange_n for_o all_o his_o argument_n be_v frame_v between_o commodity_n and_o money_n from_o whence_o this_o syllogism_n may_v be_v draw_v against_o he_o to_o maintain_v the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la nothing_o cause_v merchant_n to_o export_v more_o money_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n than_o they_o bring_v in_o but_o only_o the_o bring_n in_o of_o more_o commodity_n into_o the_o realm_n than_o they_o carry_v out_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n cause_v no_o more_o commodity_n to_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n then_o be_v carry_v out_o ergo_fw-la the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n cause_v not_o more_o money_n to_o be_v carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n then_o be_v bring_v in_o but_o leave_v this_o shall_v breed_v a_o dilemma_n let_v we_o examine_v his_o word_n concern_v exchange_n it_o be_v not_o the_o rate_n of_o exchange_n but_o the_o value_n of_o 104._o money_n here_o low_a elsewhere_o high_a which_o cause_v their_o exportation_n nor_o do_v the_o exchange_n but_o the_o proteron_fw-gr plenty_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n cause_v their_o value_n there_o be_v three_o way_n to_o dissolve_v a_o argument_n argument_n denial_n retort_a and_o distinction_n denial_n be_v too_o hostile_a savour_v more_o of_o obstinacy_n then_o of_o art_n retorsion_n be_v more_o witty_a then_o profitable_a but_o distinction_n be_v like_a to_o mature_a remedy_n compare_v to_o purge_n which_o cleanse_v and_o feed_v now_o the_o say_a author_n take_v the_o course_n of_o denial_n and_o prove_v nothing_o if_o money_n be_v here_o low_a and_o elsewhere_o high_a how_o be_v this_o know_v but_o by_o the_o valuation_n of_o exchange_n money_n consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o money_n of_o several_a standard_n wherein_o the_o exchange_n be_v like_a to_o the_o assay_v whereby_o the_o fineness_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n be_v know_v ground_v upon_o the_o quantity_n which_o the_o exchange_n require_v according_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o gold_n contain_v in_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n which_o be_v the_o intrinsicke_a value_n and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o extrinsicke_a valuation_n which_o be_v alter_v by_o denomination_n for_o the_o name_n of_o a_o thing_n do_v not_o alter_v the_o value_n really_n but_o the_o substance_n do_v it_o if_o it_o be_v alter_v much_o less_o do_v plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n cause_n their_o value_n it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n and_o property_n of_o money_n the_o public_a measure_n
man_n hold_v a_o burn_a candle_n in_o his_o hand_n with_o a_o inscription_n alijs_fw-la inseruiendo_fw-la consumor_fw-la to_o end_v this_o point_n wherein_o the_o say_a author_n have_v make_v good_a distinction_n i_o shall_v only_o add_v moreover_o that_o when_o new_a invention_n be_v find_v out_o for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n that_o the_o next_o be_v to_o augment_v they_o by_o trade_n in_o foreign_a part_n and_o to_o prevent_v that_o the_o same_o be_v not_o overthrow_v by_o the_o knowledge_n of_o their_o servant_n or_o other_o but_o that_o by_o some_o good_a privilege_n and_o mean_n they_o may_v be_v maintain_v to_o the_o increase_n of_o trade_n for_o the_o general_n welfare_n of_o the_o kingdom_n chap._n four_o of_o want_n of_o government_n in_o trade_n wise_a man_n have_v note_v that_o a_o distinction_n only_o do_v dispel_v the_o foggy_a mystery_n of_o deceitful_a fallacy_n as_o the_o sun_n drive_v away_o the_o wind_n and_o cloud_n therefore_o too_o many_o distinction_n in_o a_o little_a treatise_n may_v seem_v superfluous_a especial_o when_o they_o be_v ground_v upon_o many_o repetition_n so_o that_o have_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n observe_v the_o defective_a part_n of_o trade_n and_o tacit_a answer_v some_o objection_n i_o will_v omit_v the_o commendation_n of_o all_o the_o society_n of_o merchant_n handle_v by_o the_o say_a author_n in_o his_o four_o chapter_n as_o also_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o former_a cause_n as_o they_o may_v concern_v the_o king_n majesty_n and_o the_o commonwealth_n mention_v in_o the_o five_o and_o six_o chapter_n to_o avoid_v the_o cram_n of_o a_o man_n with_o learning_n as_o promise_n do_v with_o hope_n and_o so_o come_v to_o his_o propound_a remedy_n but_o lest_o this_o title_n of_o the_o want_n of_o government_n merchant_n in_o trade_n shall_v seem_v to_o be_v misapply_v i_o have_v think_v good_a to_o declare_v wherein_o merchant_n may_v easy_o commit_v error_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n albeit_o it_o make_v for_o their_o private_a benefit_n namely_o in_o the_o sell_n of_o their_o cloth_n good_a cheap_a beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o great_a quantity_n when_o they_o have_v beat_v down_o the_o price_n with_o the_o clothier_n whereby_o the_o clothier_n be_v force_v to_o do_v the_o like_a with_o the_o wooll-grow_a which_o disimprove_v the_o revenue_n of_o land_n but_o the_o merchant_n employ_v the_o lesser_a stock_n and_o have_v not_o therefore_o the_o less_o benefit_n the_o wooll-grow_a and_o the_o clothier_n bear_v the_o loss_n to_o make_v over_o their_o money_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n at_o a_o low_a price_n of_o exchange_n in_o give_v less_o money_n there_o to_o have_v the_o same_o pay_v here_o by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o starlin_n money_n receive_v the_o money_n there_o at_o such_o price_n as_o they_o can_v import_v they_o but_o to_o their_o exceed_a loss_n whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n give_v a_o exceed_a gain_n on_o the_o contrary_a and_o our_o cloth_n be_v thereby_o more_o undersell_v as_o afore_o say_v to_o connive_v or_o wink_v at_o the_o false_a make_n of_o cloth_n and_o afterward_o to_o abate_v the_o great_a tare_n for_o the_o fault_n upon_o the_o clothier_n to_o make_v continual_a return_v of_o our_o cloth_n in_o foreign_a commodity_n and_o thereby_o procure_v the_o more_o gain_n because_o of_o the_o small_a gain_n or_o loss_n either_o have_v upon_o their_o clothes_n whereby_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v impoverish_v to_o sell_v our_o cloth_n so_o good_a cheap_a beyond_o the_o sea_n that_o other_o nation_n may_v make_v a_o trade_n thereby_o for_o russia_n eastland_n barbary_n and_o other_o country_n to_o the_o great_a hindrance_n of_o the_o merchant_n of_o those_o society_n to_o abate_v the_o custom_n and_o imposition_n here_o lay_v upon_o clothes_n to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v sell_v they_o better_o cheap_a by_o undersel_v other_o to_o undersell_v our_o clothes_n so_o much_o in_o price_n that_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o cloth_n make_v beyond_o the_o sea_n the_o drapery_n there_o be_v give_v over_o without_o regard_n have_v how_o to_o return_v some_o money_n and_o bullion_n but_o by_o transfer_v of_o their_o bill_n of_o debt_n for_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o over-lade_a the_o kingdom_n with_o they_o at_o dear_a rate_n according_a to_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o their_o coin_n all_o which_o may_v prove_v beneficial_a to_o they_o in_o particular_a but_o wonderful_a prejudicial_a to_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n now_o before_o we_o come_v to_o entreat_v of_o the_o remedy_n for_o all_o the_o aforesaid_a inconueniency_n it_o be_v most_o necessary_a to_o examine_v the_o defective_a mean_n and_o remedy_n which_o have_v be_v try_v these_o 350._o year_n and_o these_o may_v be_v distinguish_v in_o their_o proper_a and_o several_a nature_n three_o manner_n of_o way_n for_o the_o wealth_n of_o a_o kingdom_n realm_n can_v proper_o decrease_v but_o by_o sell_v our_o native_a commodity_n too_o good_a cheap_a by_o buy_v the_o foreign_a ware_n too_o dear_a and_o by_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la or_o by_o way_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n 1._o first_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n make_v for_o merchant_n stranger_n for_o 3._o especial_a cause_n 2._o 1._o the_o advance_v of_o the_o price_n and_o sale_n of_o our_o native_a commodity_n 2._o to_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodi_fw-la tie_v sand_n 3_o to_o preserve_v the_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n 2._o the_o lodging_n of_o merchant_n stranger_n with_o free_a host_n who_o have_v a_o inspection_n of_o their_o negotiation_n for_o commodity_n and_o money_n 3._o the_o keep_n of_o staple_n for_o wool_n wooll-fel_n and_o other_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o the_o corrector_n and_o broker_n to_o register_n the_o buy_n and_o selling_n of_o stranger_n 4._o to_o cause_v denizen_n to_o pay_v stranger_n custom_n 5._o the_o sunday_n treaty_n and_o conference_n with_o the_o commissioner_n of_o other_o prince_n about_o merchandise_n money_n and_o exchange_n 6._o the_o severe_a proclamation_n for_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o stature_n make_v concern_v the_o same_o and_o the_o article_n of_o intercourse_n 7._o the_o prohibition_n to_o export_v commodity_n but_o at_o great_a port_n 8._o the_o prohibition_n for_o stranger_n to_o sell_v ware_n by_o retail_n 9_o the_o prohibition_n for_o english_a merchant_n to_o ship_n in_o strange_a bottom_n 10._o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n make_v felony_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n 11._o the_o attendance_n of_o searcher_n waiter_n and_o other_o officer_n 12._o the_o information_n in_o the_o exchequer_n and_o other_o court_n 13._o the_o swear_v of_o the_o master_n of_o ship_n about_o money_n 14._o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o overheavinesse_n of_o our_o pound_n troy_n of_o 12_o ounce_n in_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n 15._o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o overrichnesse_n of_o our_o starlin_n standard_n money_n 16._o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o proportion_n betwixt_o gold_n and_o silver_n 17._o the_o make_n of_o more_o price_n out_o of_o the_o pound_n troy_n 18._o the_o inhaunce_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n coin_n in_o price_n 19_o the_o embase_v of_o money_n by_o alloy_n of_o copper_n 20._o the_o use_n of_o several_a standard_n and_o the_o reduce_v of_o they_o again_o to_o two_o standard_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n 21._o the_o increase_n of_o coynadge_n money_n to_o hinder_v exportation_n 22._o the_o prohibition_n to_o cull_v out_o heavy_a piece_n to_o export_v 23._o the_o banish_n of_o light_a spanish_a money_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n and_o light_a gold_n to_o be_v melt_v down_o 24._o the_o give_v more_o for_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n 25._o the_o prohibition_n of_o goldsmith_n to_o buy_v bullion_n 26._o the_o make_n of_o the_o principal_a foreign_a coin_n currant_n in_o england_n 27._o the_o bind_n of_o merchant_n to_o bring_v in_o bullion_n 28._o the_o prohibition_n to_o pay_v gold_n to_o merchant_n stranger_n 29._o the_o prohibition_n to_o take_v gain_n upon_o coin_n 30._o the_o bullion_n deliver_v in_o the_o mint_n by_o weight_n to_o be_v restore_v in_o coin_n by_o tale._n 31._o the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n and_o underualue_v exchange_n of_o silver_n 32._o the_o punishment_n of_o the_o transporter_n of_o money_n by_o great_a fine_n in_o the_o star-chamber_n 33._o the_o prohibition_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n to_o make_v exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n for_o foreign_a part_n without_o the_o king_n licence_n 34._o money_n deliver_v to_o sir_n thomas_n gresham_n knight_n out_o of_o the_o exchequer_n to_o rule_n the_o course_n of_o exchange_n 35._o the_o office_n of_o the_o king_n royal_a exchanger_n never_o put_v in_o practice_n since_o the_o merchandise_v exchange_n begin_v whereof_o there_o be_v two_o exchange_n office_n namely_o custos_fw-la cambij_fw-la regis_fw-la erect_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o
material_n serve_v for_o the_o make_n of_o cloth_n the_o rule_n also_o to_o the_o describe_v for_o the_o true_a make_n of_o cloth_n wherein_o the_o say_a author_n have_v be_v a_o good_a observer_n may_v be_v with_o a_o vigilant-eye_n of_o the_o officer_n to_o be_v employ_v therein_o by_o the_o corporation_n and_o the_o increase_n of_o merchant_n to_o manage_v trade_n a_o remedy_n to_o the_o seven_o cause_n as_o also_o to_o the_o eight_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n but_o the_o six_o cause_n concern_v the_o policy_n cause_n of_o merchant_n be_v not_o to_o be_v omit_v who_o order_n already_o make_v and_o hereafter_o to_o be_v make_v may_v be_v think_v convenient_a to_o be_v survey_v by_o a_o commttie_n who_o upon_o complaint_n of_o the_o party_n grieve_v in_o all_o society_n may_v take_v order_n by_o way_n of_o approbation_n or_o denial_n to_o execute_v thing_n for_o the_o general_a good_a and_o not_o for_o the_o particular_a as_o i_o have_v note_v in_o all_o this_o discourse_n so_o that_o other_o merchant_n upon_o reasonable_a consideration_n may_v be_v admit_v upon_o this_o especial_a occasion_n to_o be_v of_o the_o say_a society_n or_o company_n for_o otherwise_o it_o may_v seem_v somewhat_o dissonant_n from_o reason_n to_o prohibit_v all_o merchant_n aswell_o english_a as_o stranger_n to_o bring_v in_o any_o of_o the_o commodity_n of_o turkey_n or_o of_o the_o levant_n and_o now_o late_o from_o eastland_n and_o those_o country_n unless_o they_o be_v free_a of_o the_o say_a company_n but_o to_o prohibit_v the_o importation_n of_o commodity_n in_o stranger_n bottomes_n concur_v with_o the_o law_n the_o nine_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n consist_v cause_n of_o the_o interruption_n thereof_o by_o war_n pirate_n and_o bankerupt_v i_o have_v partly_o handle_v in_o the_o five_o cause_n and_o although_o decay_a man_n be_v find_v at_o all_o time_n yet_o the_o want_n of_o money_n have_v cause_v diverse_a merchant_n and_o tradesman_n to_o break_v who_o may_v have_v maintain_v then_o credit_n but_o that_o be_v out_o of_o their_o money_n and_o the_o money_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n make_v they_o to_o go_v out_o of_o their_o credit_n for_o necessitas_fw-la parit_fw-la turpia_fw-la the_o remedy_n hereof_o do_v most_o depend_v upon_o plenty_n of_o money_n or_o mean_n in_o the_o lieu_n of_o money_n as_o the_o set_n over_o of_o bill_n of_o debt_n before_o speak_v of_o for_o the_o statute_n against_o bankerupt_v can_v produce_v any_o great_a effect_n but_o be_v a_o mean_a to_o undo_v the_o party_n for_o ever_o if_o it_o do_v depend_v long_o upon_o he_o contrary_a to_o the_o intention_n thereof_o for_o whereas_o all_o such_o as_o be_v creditor_n aught_o to_o come_v in_o within_o four_o month_n to_o take_v their_o part_n of_o what_o may_v appear_v of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o bankrupt_a to_o be_v examine_v by_o all_o lawful_a mean_n the_o same_o be_v protract_v for_o ten_o twenty_o and_o more_o month_n and_o all_o those_o that_o come_v in_o the_o say_a iâ—…erim_n be_v admit_v with_o the_o former_a and_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o estate_n be_v spend_v in_o charge_n this_o may_v be_v remedy_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o chancery_n to_o the_o commissioner_n appoint_v for_o the_o execution_n of_o the_o say_a statute_n the_o remedy_n to_o the_o last_o and_o ten_o cause_n of_o cause_n the_o decay_n of_o trade_n be_v the_o immoderate_a use_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n do_v as_o i_o have_v show_v before_o consist_v partly_o by_o the_o abundance_n of_o those_o commodity_n import_v by_o the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n and_o partly_o by_o the_o wear_n of_o those_o commodity_n affect_v by_o the_o vulgar_a sort_n or_o common_a people_n mounseur_fw-fr bodine_n do_v observe_v with_o plato_n that_o as_o the_o prince_n be_v so_o be_v the_o subject_n who_o by_o imitation_n follow_v his_o example_n which_o soon_o enter_v into_o their_o eye_n then_o into_o their_o ear_n and_o the_o great_a their_o authority_n be_v the_o more_o affectionate_a be_v their_o imitation_n alexander_n cast_v his_o head_n aside_o and_o all_o the_o court_n hold_v their_o neck_n awry_o denis_n be_v purblind_a and_o his_o courtier_n stumble_v at_o every_o step_n and_o justle_v each_o other_o as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v evil_o sight_v and_o so_o of_o other_o prince_n in_o their_o apparel_n precious_a stone_n and_o other_o thing_n which_o be_v make_v to_o be_v the_o fashion_n hence_o the_o proverb_n take_v beginning_n country_n fashion_n country_n honour_n and_o the_o effect_n hereof_o be_v many_o time_n great_a than_o the_o law_n can_v bring_v to_o pass_v unless_o it_o be_v upon_o some_o remarkable_a occasion_n as_o the_o late_a command_n may_v prove_v for_o the_o wear_n of_o black_n at_o funeral_n in_o cloth_n and_o stuff_v make_v of_o english_a wool_n within_o the_o realm_n here_o i_o have_v omit_v to_o speak_v of_o custom_n imposition_n public_a and_o secret_a lay_v upon_o commodity_n especial_o upon_o cloth_n both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n because_o the_o same_o require_v great_a consideration_n and_o the_o abolish_n thereof_o be_v once_o lay_v on_o will_v hardly_o be_v bring_v about_o unless_o it_o be_v with_o the_o consent_n of_o both_o party_n where_o the_o one_o have_v provoke_v the_o other_o to_o impose_v they_o for_o a_o conclusion_n therefore_o let_v we_o note_v that_o all_o the_o say_a cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n in_o england_n be_v almost_o all_o of_o they_o comprise_v in_o one_o which_o be_v the_o want_n of_o money_n whereof_o we_o find_v the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n which_o make_v we_o to_o find_v out_o so_o easy_a remedy_n whereby_o the_o kingdom_n shall_v enjoy_v all_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n under_o good_a and_o politic_a government_n which_o will_v be_v free_a trade_n effectual_o or_o in_o deed_n and_o this_o will_v also_o be_v admirable_a in_o the_o eye_n of_o other_o prince_n find_v his_o majesty_n wisdom_n to_o be_v transcendent_a in_o govern_v of_o his_o own_o which_o by_o so_o many_o sending_n and_o remission_n of_o ambassador_n unto_o foreign_a prince_n and_o state_n by_o his_o noble_a predecessor_n can_v never_o be_v effect_v as_o by_o diverse_a record_n appear_v albeit_o there_o be_v nothing_o require_v of_o they_o but_o what_o do_v stand_v with_o the_o rule_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n which_o can_v err_v but_o velut_fw-la ariadnae_n caeca_fw-la regens_fw-la filo_fw-la vestigia_fw-la non_fw-la modo_fw-la nos_fw-la errare_fw-la non_fw-la sinit_fw-la sed_fw-la etiam_fw-la efficit_fw-la ut_fw-la aberrantes_fw-la in_o rectam_fw-la viam_fw-la deducamur_fw-la soli_fw-la deo_fw-la gloria_fw-la finis_fw-la finis_fw-la corcnat_fw-la opus_fw-la three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n commodity_n money_n exchange_n money_n and_o exchange_n two_o public_a measure_n the_o general_a to_o be_v prefer_v etc._n etc._n observation_n surpass_v the_o study_n of_o merchant_n parens_fw-la patrâ—…_n exchange_n active_a money_n and_o commodity_n passive_a the_o ship_n of_o traffic_n take_v for_o the_o whole_a trade_n magnes_fw-la stone_n the_o index_n of_o a_o dial_n active_a war_n and_o the_o policy_n of_o prince_n like_o two_o whale_n deâ—…ouring_v trade_n canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n and_o england_n view_n pag._n 8._o vnderualution_n of_o the_o king_n coin_n the_o 1._o cause_n a_o imaginary_a gain_n make_v real_a of_o our_o own_o mean_n vnderualuation_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n the_o rule_n of_o exchange_n exclude_v the_o gain_n to_o be_v have_v by_o money_n exchange_n be_v still_o predominant_a admirable_a feat_n to_o be_v do_v by_o exchange_n queen_n elizabeth_n lend_v money_n out_o of_o the_o exchequer_n bodin_n de_fw-fr rep._n the_o canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n the_o second_o cause_n the_o superfluity_n of_o plate_n etc._n etc._n the_o state_n of_o a_o prince_n consist_v as_o much_o by_o reputation_n as_o by_o strength_n england_n view_n exchange_v the_o scope_n of_o gaiâ—…_n the_o three_o cause_n the_o consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n the_o canker_n etc._n etc._n cause_n of_o the_o overballance_a of_o commodity_n english_a merchant_n bereave_v of_o the_o 2._o essential_a part_n of_o trade_n a_o ingenious_a praâ—…ise_n of_o exâ—…hange_n our_o commodity_n fall_v overmuch_o in_o price_n french_a wine_n dear_a by_o exchange_n the_o immoderate_a use_n of_o tobacco_n the_o four_o cause_n the_o want_n of_o the_o east-indie_n stock_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o table_n herodot_n in_o clâ—…o_n a_o discourse_n of_o the_o east-india_n trade_n by_o t._n m._n the_o loss_n have_v by_o exchange_n yearly_a be_v great_a than_o the_o east_n indie_n stock_n yearly_a employ_v a_o discourse_n of_o their_o eastindie_a trade_n the_o ocean_n of_o money_n from_o the_o west-indies_n the_o five_o â—…ause_n the_o â—…arres_n of_o â—…irates_n money_n enhance_v never_o carry_v to_o the_o mint_n a_o shilling_n lubish_n and_o stiver_n flemish_n all_o one_o in_o the_o year_n 1575._o a_o great_a fallacy_n in_o the_o unite_a province_n in_o germany_n commodity_n of_o other_o country_n use_v to_o provide_v wine_n raisin_n etc._n etc._n the_o first_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n pag._n 20._o 21._o phys._n 3._o lib._n cap._n 3._o the_o second_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n england_n view_n plenty_n of_o money_n abate_v thâ—…_n raâ—…e_n of_o usury_n of_o course_n s._n george_n for_o engâ—…and_n england_n â—…iew_n pag._n â—…2_n the_o three_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n pag._n 75._o the_o four_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n inconvenience_n against_o the_o â—…shing_n in_o england_n exemplary_a action_n of_o other_o prince_n about_o duty_n of_o fish_v comâ—…nitie_n of_o the_o sea_n as_o also_o a_o distinct_a dominion_n the_o five_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n page_n 105._o the_o advantage_n of_o our_o merchant_n in_o the_o sale_n of_o clothes_n the_o author_n apology_n pag._n 46._o england_n view_n pag._n 88_o a_o manuscript_n of_o the_o royal_a merchant_n of_o great_a britain_n pag._n 15._o of_o 〈◊〉_d &_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d to_o work_v forcible_o ixre_n a_o step_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d to_o distribute_v the_o six_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n the_o policy_n of_o merchant_n the_o seven_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n be_v the_o false_a make_n of_o our_o cloth_n one_o extremity_n enforce_v another_o engross_a of_o trade_n lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la or_o law_n merchant_n the_o eight_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n exportation_n of_o material_n and_o imposition_n the_o nine_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n the_o war_n the_o pirate_n and_o bankrupt_n inconsiderate_a barter_v the_o ten_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n the_o use_n of_o foreign_a ware_n plutarch_n in_o vita_fw-la sertorij_fw-la commodity_n and_o money_n pag._n 104._o hysteron_fw-gr proteron_fw-gr 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d tâ—…â—…ssolue_v a_o argument_n exchange_n compare_v to_o the_o assay_v of_o money_n the_o canker_n of_o england_n pag._n 58._o a_o princely_a study_n par_fw-fr of_o ex_fw-la change_n foreign_a nation_n fetch_v our_o ware_n dissolution_n of_o society_n etc._n etc._n ann._n 1584._o a_o society_n may_v become_v a_o monopoly_n the_o property_n of_o monopoly_n england_n view_n pag._n 142._o praeemption_n of_o tin_n licence_n of_o tobacco_n joint_n stockes_n or_o apart_o the_o intention_n of_o letter_n patent_n for_o new_a invention_n allome_n error_n in_o trade_n commit_v by_o merchant_n three_o mean_n 〈◊〉_d decrease_v the_o wealth_n of_o the_o realm_n 14._o r._n 2._o money_n exchange_n the_o king_n royal_a exchange_n the_o defect_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n money_n consist_v of_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n 1._o cause_o of_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n the_o way_n to_o restore_v england_n wealth_n a_o geometrical_a axiom_n ius_n gentium_fw-la inconvenience_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n grastons_n chronicle_n one_o extremity_n enforce_v another_o table_n of_o exchange_n at_o dover_n policy_n of_o the_o turk_n persian_a &_o russian_a objection_n answer_n mediocria_fw-la firma_fw-la rescounter_v in_o account_n the_o want_n of_o money_n cause_v the_o price_n of_o plate_n to_o fall_v unprofitable_a land_n the_o policy_n of_o reward_n the_o 1._o cause_n the_o 2._o cause_n england_n view_n pag._n 157._o pag._n 159._o the_o three_o cause_n the_o four_o cause_n the_o five_o cause_n the_o 6._o 7._o &_o 8._o cause_n the_o nine_o cause_n the_o ten_o cause_n