in_o account_n for_o the_o money_n be_v proceed_v from_o the_o original_n of_o commodity_n or_o exchange_n and_o the_o person_n with_o who_o you_o deal_v therein_o give_v you_o light_a and_o direction_n to_o discuss_v these_o difference_n and_o therefore_o it_o may_v well_o be_v compare_v to_o the_o measure_n of_o hercules_n foot_n whereby_o the_o whole_a symetricall_a proportion_n of_o all_o his_o body_n be_v find_v out_o account_n symetricall_a proportion_n in_o account_n and_o many_o merchant_n account_n be_v so_o intricate_a and_o overgrow_v with_o error_n as_o archymedes_n tomb_n with_o thorn_n when_o cicero_n come_v to_o visit_v it_o but_o now_o i_o think_v i_o hear_v one_o say_v you_o have_v brief_o show_v we_o the_o manner_n of_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n with_o the_o application_n of_o it_o to_o a_o merchant_n negotiation_n for_o commodity_n and_o money_n and_o also_o by_o deliver_v money_n by_o exchange_n and_o how_o money_n be_v get_v by_o commodity_n and_o by_o let_v the_o same_o at_o interest_n but_o i_o can_v understand_v how_o a_o merchant_n get_v money_n by_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n hereunto_o i_o answer_v that_o it_o be_v omit_v of_o purpose_n because_o it_o shall_v not_o obscure_v the_o former_a demonstration_n otherwise_o the_o matter_n be_v of_o such_o importance_n that_o whosoever_o deal_v without_o consideration_n of_o it_o be_v like_a to_o a_o blind_a man_n grope_v in_o the_o dark_a and_o yet_o may_v hit_v the_o egg_n for_o according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n all_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o be_v export_v and_o all_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n import_v be_v sold._n know_v you_o therefore_o rechange_v profit_n of_o exchange_n know_v by_o the_o rechange_v that_o the_o benefit_n or_o profit_n of_o exchange_n be_v never_o know_v direct_o but_o by_o the_o rechange_v thereof_o to_o which_o end_n you_o may_v remember_v that_o our_o merchant_n do_v first_o make_v over_o three_o hundred_o pound_n by_o exchange_n for_o amsterdam_n which_o be_v rechange_v again_o and_o then_o he_o make_v over_o five_o hundred_o pound_n three_o hundred_o pound_n and_o two_o hundred_o pound_n in_o all_o one_o thousand_o pound_n and_o now_o late_o he_o have_v make_v over_o one_o thousand_o pound_n more_o for_o the_o say_a place_n of_o amsterdam_n all_o at_o double_a usance_n to_o make_v the_o better_a benefit_n and_o less_o charge_n these_o money_n be_v make_v over_o at_o several_a place_n as_o follow_v  _fw-fr will_v ss_z do_v profit_n the_o manner_n how_o exchange_n give_v profit_n 300_o will_v be_v make_v over_o at_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o the_o pound_n be_v 525_o 0_o 0_o 500_o will_v be_v make_v over_o at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n ten_o penny_n be_v flemish_n 870_o 16_o 8_o 300_o will_v at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n six_o penny_n be_v 517_o 10_o 0_o 200_o will_v make_v over_o at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n be_v flemish_n 346_o 13_o 4_o 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penny_n for_o the_o pound_n 845_o 16_o 8_o more_o at_o the_o same_o price_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n ten_o penny_n he_o make_v over_o the_o just_a remainder_n in_o his_o hand_n be_v 107_o will_v 10_o ss_z 4_o d_o and_o send_v a_o particular_a bill_n of_o exchange_n of_o 63_o will_v 11_o ss_z for_o it_o 107_o 10_o 4_o  _fw-fr 4010_o 0_o 0_o loss_n gain_v by_o exchange_n to_o profit_n and_o loss_n here_o you_o may_v find_v distinguish_v that_o whereas_o you_o make_v over_o from_o london_n the_o sum_n of_o 2300_o will_v sterling_a you_o now_o receive_v back_o 2363_o will_v 11_o ss_z whereby_o your_o profit_n be_v 63_o will_v 11_o ss_z of_o this_o you_o make_v your_o factor_n debtor_n and_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n and_o the_o like_a of_o other_o sum_n for_o other_o place_n the_o spaniard_n therefore_o frâ—meth_v a_o account_n of_o general_a exchange_n for_o all_o place_n call_v cambios_fw-la generales_fw-la to_o keep_v a_o even_a and_o just_a account_n with_o his_o factor_n admit_v a_o certain_a rate_n between_o he_o and_o the_o say_a factor_n according_a to_o which_o he_o rate_v all_o the_o parcel_n of_o account_n be_v it_o for_o commodity_n buy_v or_o sell_v or_o money_n pay_v and_o take_v up_o again_o by_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o more_o labour_n but_o more_o exact_o do_v otherwise_o it_o bring_v some_o alteration_n in_o account_n as_o for_o example_n exchange_n difference_n in_o the_o rate_n of_o exchange_n this_o merchant_n factor_n at_o hamborough_n do_v remain_v debtor_n upon_o the_o account_n one_o hundred_o and_o eight_o pound_n which_o be_v according_a to_o twenty_o six_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n for_o the_o pound_n sterling_a this_o money_n he_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_n but_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o give_v twenty_o seven_o shilling_n for_o the_o pound_n which_o do_v differ_v four_o penny_n lup_n in_o the_o pound_n sterling_a so_o that_o for_o this_o difference_n you_o must_v make_v another_o parcel_n charge_v the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n with_o this_o loss_n and_o make_v your_o factor_n creditor_n for_o it_o whereas_o in_o the_o general_a account_n of_o exchange_n all_o be_v bring_v over_o in_o one_o parcel_n but_o herein_o every_o man_n may_v follow_v his_o pleasure_n another_o objection_n be_v make_v how_o shall_v a_o man_n do_v that_o have_v no_o stock_n objection_n objection_n or_o little_a or_o nothing_o to_o begin_v the_o world_n as_o diverse_a man_n that_o from_o nothing_o come_v to_o a_o exceed_a great_a wealth_n what_o book_n of_o account_n can_v they_o keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n the_o answer_n be_v manifest_a all_o be_v ground_v upon_o trust_n answer_n answer_n if_o any_o man_n will_v sell_v you_o commodity_n payable_a at_o long_a day_n of_o payment_n and_o you_o sell_v they_o and_o pay_v he_o with_o his_o own_o you_o can_v make_v he_o creditor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o the_o commodity_n debtor_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n if_o any_o man_n lend_v money_n unto_o you_o to_o trade_v withal_o so_o that_o you_o may_v perceive_v that_o this_o be_v a_o excellent_a invention_n and_o a_o most_o commodious_a course_n to_o know_v thing_n ready_o the_o banker_n therefore_o that_o deal_n for_o million_o of_o pound_n banker_n the_o keep_n of_o account_n by_o the_o banker_n and_o make_v great_a payment_n continual_o by_o assignation_n do_v sum_n up_o every_o ten_o parcel_n and_o post_v they_o over_o to_o a_o new_a account_n because_o they_o know_v at_o all_o hour_n whether_o a_o man_n be_v debtor_n or_o creditor_n unto_o they_o if_o the_o treasure_n of_o prince_n be_v dispose_v by_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n they_o shall_v receive_v many_o benefit_n and_o advantage_n first_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v in_o want_n as_o they_o common_o be_v creditor_n prince_n account_n to_o be_v keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n but_o make_v their_o treasure_n go_v further_o in_o payment_n because_o they_o may_v know_v at_o all_o time_n where_o to_o find_v their_o own_o and_o what_o be_v owe_v unto_o they_o second_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v deceive_v as_o they_o be_v by_o their_o auditor_n account_n by_o way_n of_o charge_n and_o discharge_v make_v sometime_o many_o year_n after_o when_o common_o officer_n be_v much_o indebt_v unto_o they_o and_o yet_o call_v for_o money_n continual_o which_o afterward_o before_o the_o account_n make_v be_v consume_v by_o extraordinary_a allowance_n which_o be_v easy_o procure_v when_o their_o money_n be_v out_o of_o their_o coffer_n so_o that_o upon_o the_o matter_n they_o may_v pay_v that_o with_o one_o penny_n which_o now_o do_v cost_v they_o three_o penny_n whereof_o the_o late_a war_n in_o ireland_n give_v we_o a_o sufficient_a instance_n last_o the_o charge_n and_o expense_n of_o officer_n will_v be_v much_o diminish_v and_o prince_n will_v content_v their_o
london_n to_o amsterdam_n and_o from_o amsterdam_n to_o london_n again_o viz._n laus_fw-la deo_fw-la adi_n 20_o august_n 1622_o in_o london_n 500_o will_v 34_o ss_z 6_o d._n at_o usance_n pay_v by_o this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n unto_o a._n b._n the_o sum_n of_o five_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n flemish_n for_o every_o pound_n sterling_a currant_n money_n in_o merchandise_n for_o the_o value_n hereof_o receive_v by_o i_o of_o c.d._n and_o put_v it_o to_o account_v as_o per_fw-la advice_n a_o dio_n etc._n etc._n g.m._n on_o the_o backside_n be_v endorse_v to_o my_o love_a friend_n master_n w.c._n merchant_n at_o amsterdam_n p_o a_o this_o be_v the_o form_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n deliver_v and_o take_v up_o at_o london_n for_o amsterdam_n the_o second_o bill_n do_v differ_v in_o the_o addition_n of_o these_o word_n only_o at_o venice_n not_o have_v pay_v by_o my_o first_o bill_n pay_v by_o this_o my_o second_o bill_n and_o so_o in_o the_o three_o bill_n for_o there_o be_v common_o three_o bill_n make_v as_o aforesaid_a laus_fw-la deo_fw-la adj_n 20_o of_o september_n 1622_o in_o amsterdam_n 100_o will_v at_o 33_o ss_z 6_o d._n at_o usance_n pay_v this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n unto_o w._n m._n the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n lawful_a money_n of_o england_n for_o the_o value_n here_o by_o i_o receive_v of_o d._n h._n make_v he_o good_a payment_n and_o put_v it_o to_o your_o account_n god_n keep_v you_o subscribe_v w.c._n on_o the_o backside_n be_v endorse_v to_o my_o love_a friend_n master_n g.m._n merchant_n at_o london_n p_o a_o 1_o this_o be_v the_o form_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n take_v up_o at_o amsterdam_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o london_n wherein_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n may_v be_v make_v at_o sight_n or_o so_o many_o day_n after_o sight_n or_o at_o double_a usance_n according_a to_o the_o agreement_n or_o the_o bill_n may_v be_v direct_v to_o my_o servant_n or_o to_o himself_o or_o any_o other_o or_o it_o may_v say_v put_v it_o to_o the_o account_n of_o such_o a_o man_n but_o the_o best_a be_v to_o refer_v it_o to_o the_o letter_n of_o advice_n and_o where_o the_o first_o bill_n be_v note_v p_o a._n the_o second_o must_v be_v 2_o a._n and_o the_o three_o 3_o a_o you_o may_v not_o say_v in_o the_o bill_n it_o may_v please_v you_o to_o pay_v or_o i_o pray_v you_o to_o pay_v although_o it_o be_v to_o your_o master_n for_o the_o bill_n of_o his_o high_a nature_n do_v carry_v with_o it_o a_o command_n without_o respect_n of_o person_n and_o most_o man_n will_v not_o use_v the_o word_n make_v he_o good_a payment_n but_o the_o few_o word_n the_o more_o formal_a neither_o be_v there_o any_o witness_n unto_o it_o nor_o any_o seal_n but_o a_o small_a piece_n of_o paper_n of_o some_o two_o finger_n broad_a and_o the_o letter_n of_o advice_n do_v declare_v for_o who_o account_n or_o to_o what_o intent_n or_o purpose_n the_o say_a money_n be_v take_v up_o which_o letter_n of_o advice_n do_v accompany_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n with_o the_o like_a inscription_n with_o the_o word_n de_fw-fr adviso_fw-la also_o for_o money_n here_o deliver_v where_o the_o ground_n of_o exchange_n be_v of_o the_o twenty_o shilling_n whereupon_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v you_o may_v not_o express_v what_o the_o sterling_a money_n make_v in_o flemish_a money_n not_o so_o much_o for_o that_o by_o misca_v you_o may_v make_v yourself_o liable_a as_o for_o that_o it_o be_v not_o mannerly_a to_o cast_v up_o another_o man_n account_n neither_o may_v you_o make_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n payable_a to_o the_o bearer_n or_o bringer_n thereof_o as_o you_o make_v your_o bill_n obligatorie_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o avoid_v the_o inconvenience_n which_o may_v happen_v in_o derogation_n of_o the_o nobleness_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n of_o exchange_n abuse_v although_o now_o use_v or_o abuse_v which_o every_o merchant_n be_v to_o maintain_v all_o other_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o germany_n spain_n italy_n france_n the_o low-countries_n portugal_n or_o any_o other_o place_n between_o they_o to_z and_z from_o place_n to_o place_n do_v not_o differ_v in_o the_o form_n but_o in_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o bank_n or_o out_o of_o the_o bank_n or_o in_o such_o a_o fair_a or_o mart_n at_o such_o time_n and_o in_o such_o money_n according_a to_o the_o country_n 2_o the_o banker_n and_o diverse_a italian_n have_v a_o custom_n exchange_n rare_a custom_n in_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o for_o the_o money_n take_v by_o they_o or_o for_o their_o company_n or_o any_o other_o one_o of_o their_o servant_n do_v make_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o he_o subscribe_v the_o name_n of_o he_o or_o of_o the_o company_n for_o who_o it_o be_v take_v up_o and_o the_o master_n he_o do_v write_v under_o the_o say_a bill_n pagate_v come_v si_fw-mi dice_n that_o be_v to_o say_v pay_v as_o it_o be_v say_v and_o this_o go_v as_o currant_n among_o merchant_n as_o any_o other_o bill_n make_v by_o the_o party_n own_o hand_n and_o all_o proceed_n thereupon_o be_v do_v according_o 3_o they_o have_v also_o a_o ordinary_a custom_n to_o transfer_v and_o put_v over_o their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n before_o they_o be_v make_v unto_o any_o other_o person_n as_o for_o example_n one_o in_o antuerpe_n do_v deliver_v by_o exchange_n five_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a to_o be_v pay_v here_o in_o london_n unto_o another_o merchant_n there_o who_o be_v to_o make_v he_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o same_o afterward_o within_o two_o or_o three_o day_n this_o deliverer_n of_o money_n have_v occasion_n to_o take_v up_o five_o hundred_o pound_n for_o london_n and_o have_v take_v the_o same_o of_o another_o merchant_n he_o be_v to_o make_v he_o also_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o this_o money_n as_o the_o other_o merchant_n be_v to_o make_v he_o for_o the_o five_o hundred_o pound_n which_o he_o do_v deliver_v he_o by_o exchange_n for_o london_n as_o aforesaid_a hereupon_o he_o know_v the_o name_n of_o the_o party_n in_o london_n to_o who_o the_o other_o man_n money_n be_v to_o be_v make_v payable_a cause_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o the_o say_a party_n as_o he_o shall_v have_v do_v with_o his_o own_o proper_a bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o whereas_o the_o value_n shall_v be_v mention_v to_o be_v receive_v of_o the_o second_o man_n that_o do_v deliver_v he_o the_o money_n he_o cause_v both_o of_o they_o to_o be_v name_v in_o the_o bill_n and_o sometime_o three_o or_o four_o be_v name_v in_o the_o say_a bill_n if_o it_o be_v so_o often_o rechange_v by_o say_v for_o the_o value_n receive_v of_o such_o a_o man_n for_o such_o a_o man_n and_o such_o a_o man_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o such_o a_o man_n this_o be_v good_a at_o all_o assay_n for_o the_o reverence_n which_o be_v bear_v to_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o by_o these_o mean_n there_o be_v charge_n and_o factoridge_n save_v between_o the_o party_n beside_o the_o commodiousness_n that_o one_o man_n do_v write_v and_o send_v this_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o all_o those_o that_o do_v change_v and_o rechange_v there_o the_o say_a money_n which_o be_v not_o do_v all_o in_o one_o sum_n and_o with_o one_o bill_n of_o exchange_n but_o the_o sum_n may_v be_v make_v up_o by_o many_o bill_n of_o exchange_n payable_a all_o to_o that_o man_n although_o it_o be_v by_o diverse_a person_n such_o and_o the_o like_a course_n be_v daily_o use_v and_o practise_v beyond_o the_o sea_n without_o interruption_n in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n which_o may_v seem_v to_o be_v intricate_a this_o course_n of_o deal_n be_v altogether_o strange_a to_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n and_o can_v be_v determine_v thereby_o for_o whereas_o with_o the_o advice_n of_o merchant_n some_o matter_n upon_o bill_n of_o exchange_n have_v be_v try_v upon_o a_o action_n of_o assumpsit_fw-la here_o be_v neither_o consideration_n nor_o assumpsit_fw-la to_o be_v prove_v unless_o the_o bill_n have_v be_v accept_v wherein_o be_v many_o observation_n to_o make_v this_o more_o apparent_a therefore_o let_v we_o illustrate_v this_o by_o example_n peter_n deliver_v five_o hundred_o pound_n to_o john_n who_o be_v to_o give_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o peter_n take_v up_o five_o hundred_o pound_n of_o william_n and_o may_v give_v he_o the_o say_a bill_n of_o john_n for_o it_o william_n take_v up_o five_o hundred_o pound_n of_o nicholas_n and_o may_v deliver_v john_n and_o peter_n bill_n for_o it_o nicholas_n take_v up_o five_o hundred_o pound_n of_o francis_n &_o do_v give_v he_o the_o bill_n
the_o same_o be_v direct_v do_v give_v notice_n that_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o which_o do_v there_o be_v a_o end_n if_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o contrary_a wind_n or_o other_o occasion_n be_v so_o long_o upon_o the_o way_n that_o the_o usance_n or_o the_o time_n limit_v by_o the_o bill_n be_v expire_v and_o be_v present_v to_o the_o party_n for_o the_o payment_n he_o will_v not_o pay_v the_o same_o than_o the_o notary_n do_v make_v the_o protest_v both_o for_o the_o non-acceptation_n and_o for_o the_o nonpayment_n recite_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n verbatim_o and_o moreover_o he_o call_v unto_o he_o some_o swear_a broker_n of_o exchange_n bill_n the_o manner_n of_o payment_n of_o a_o protest_v bill_n to_o know_v how_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n run_v at_o usance_n for_o the_o place_n where_o the_o money_n be_v take_v up_o and_o he_o make_v of_o it_o a_o declaration_n in_o the_o protest_v according_a unto_o which_o it_o must_v be_v answer_v beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o change_n rechange_v brokeridge_n and_o all_o charge_n which_o must_v be_v pay_v according_a unto_o usance_n from_o london_n to_o the_o place_n aforesaid_a as_o for_o example_n suppose_v the_o sum_n be_v one_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a take_v up_o at_o amsterdam_n for_o london_n payable_a at_o usance_n which_o be_v one_o month_n time_n at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n and_o eight_o flemish_a money_n for_o one_o pound_n sterling_a for_o which_o be_v receive_v at_o amsterdam_n in_o that_o money_n one_o hundred_o sixty_o and_o eight_o pound_n six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n the_o bill_n not_o be_v pay_v here_o and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v certify_v by_o the_o broker_n and_o the_o notary_n protest_v to_o be_v at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n six_o penny_n from_o london_n to_o amsterdam_n hereupon_o the_o account_n be_v cast_v up_o at_o amsterdam_n according_o which_o come_v to_o one_o hundred_o seventie_o and_o two_o pound_n and_o ten_o shilling_n add_v hereunto_o brokeridge_n and_o port_n of_o letter_n here_o and_o at_o amsterdam_n and_o sometime_o factoridge_n which_o be_v together_o one_o in_o the_o hundred_o which_o amount_v to_o thirty_o and_o four_o shilling_n so_o he_o receive_v at_o amsterdam_n one_o hundred_o seventie_o four_o pound_n and_o four_o shilling_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o this_o protest_v bill_n which_o be_v five_o pound_n seventeen_o shilling_n four_o penny_n more_o than_o he_o have_v disburse_v which_o he_o pay_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o money_n for_o two_o month_n and_o so_o for_o other_o bill_n etc._n etc._n chap._n viii_o of_o reciprocal_a and_o double_a exchange_n exchange_n reciprocal_a exchange_n the_o like_a custom_n be_v observe_v in_o all_o reciprocal_a and_o double_a exchange_n make_v between_o merchant_n for_o several_a place_n without_o disburse_v of_o any_o money_n on_o either_o side_n where_o the_o say_v exchange_n be_v make_v but_o be_v mere_o depend_v upon_o the_o payment_n to_o be_v make_v in_o foreign_a part_n these_o exchange_n be_v either_o positive_a between_o the_o party_n or_o accidental_a the_o positive_a exchange_n have_v a_o certain_a price_n agree_v upon_o between_o both_o party_n exchange_n positive_a price_n of_o exchange_n reciprocal_o exchange_v one_o with_o another_o as_o for_o example_n a._n b._n of_o london_n have_v a_o continual_a trade_n of_o hamshire_n kersey_n for_o venice_n by_o the_o way_n of_o germany_n and_o make_v his_o return_n altogether_o by_o exchange_n c.d._n of_o london_n also_o have_v on_o the_o other_o side_n a_o continual_a trade_n for_o redding_n and_o kentish_a colour_n clothes_n for_o antuerpe_n where_o have_v make_v money_n of_o his_o clothes_n he_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v make_v over_o by_o exchange_n for_o venice_n to_o be_v employ_v there_o in_o organsine_n silk_n or_o other_o commodity_n to_o be_v send_v for_o london_n these_o two_o merchant_n consider_v each_o other_o trade_n and_o the_o adventure_n of_o deliver_v their_o money_n by_o exchange_n to_o other_o beyond_o the_o sea_n wherein_o they_o must_v trust_v their_o factor_n or_o servant_n or_o they_o must_v take_v up_o the_o money_n by_o exchange_n themselves_o with_o some_o disadvantage_n do_v make_v a_o agreement_n and_o contract_n of_o exchange_n between_o they_o that_o a._n b._n shall_v cause_v from_o time_n to_o time_n for_o and_o during_o the_o term_n of_o one_o year_n all_o the_o money_n which_o he_o shall_v have_v at_o venice_n to_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o factor_n of_o c.d._n at_o venice_n and_o the_o say_v c.d._n shall_v cause_v in_o like_a manner_n all_o the_o money_n which_o he_o have_v at_o antuerpe_n to_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o factor_n of_o a.b._n at_o antuerpe_n who_o make_v over_o this_o money_n unto_o he_o by_o exchange_n either_o direct_o for_o london_n or_o for_o some_o other_o place_n as_o amsterdam_n or_o hamborough_n and_o so_o from_o thence_o for_o london_n profit_n observation_n of_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o most_o profit_n according_a as_o he_o observe_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v most_o beneficial_a for_o himself_o or_o as_o the_o factor_n if_o he_o be_v judicious_a shall_v observe_v the_o same_o for_o he_o by_o this_o agreement_n or_o contract_n the_o say_v two_o merchant_n do_v agree_v and_o conclude_v between_o they_o a_o set_v or_o positive_a price_n of_o exchange_n as_o well_o for_o venice_n as_o for_o antuerpe_n whereby_o the_o ducat_n of_o venice_n shall_v be_v rate_v at_o so_o many_o penny_n flemish_a for_o the_o money_n which_o be_v receive_v at_o antuerp_n or_o the_o pound_n flemish_n may_v be_v value_v in_o sterling_a money_n after_o a_o rate_n and_o the_o ducat_n of_o venice_n likewise_o and_o hereupon_o they_o do_v clear_v their_o account_n between_o they_o once_o a_o year_n according_o which_o sometime_o be_v do_v with_o allowance_n of_o interest_n for_o the_o discrepance_n of_o time_n if_o it_o be_v without_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o do_v only_o by_o letter_n of_o advice_n or_o acquittance_n of_o receipt_n to_o reckon_v by_o which_o be_v more_o usual_a in_o these_o positive_a exchange_n where_o the_o price_n be_v agree_v upon_o in_o certainty_n for_o such_o a_o time_n the_o accidental_a reciprocal_a exchange_n on_o the_o contrary_n be_v uncertain_a in_o their_o price_n price_n accidental_a exchange_n in_o price_n and_o alter_v from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n run_v as_o for_o example_n a._n b._n call_v unto_o he_o a_o broker_n of_o exchange_n and_o tell_v he_o that_o he_o have_v occasion_n to_o take_v up_o one_o thousand_o ducat_n for_o venice_n and_o that_o he_o be_v to_o make_v over_o the_o say_a money_n for_o antuerpe_n and_o will_v know_v the_o price_n for_o both_o place_n the_o broker_n answer_v that_o he_o will_v effect_v the_o same_o and_o that_o the_o price_n of_o venice_n be_v fifty_o and_o six_o penny_n for_o the_o ducat_n and_o for_o antuerpe_n thirty_o and_o three_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o the_o pound_n sterling_a and_o present_o after_o he_o come_v to_o a.b._n the_o merchant_n again_o and_o tell_v he_o that_o c.d._n the_o merchant_n be_v content_v to_o deliver_v he_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n for_o venice_n and_o to_o take_v up_o the_o same_o for_o he_o again_o for_o antuerpe_n either_o at_o the_o same_o price_n or_o thereabouts_o these_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o fifty_o six_o penny_n do_v amount_v to_o two_o hundred_o thirty_o and_o three_o pound_n six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n sterling_a for_o which_o c._n d._n give_v bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o antuerpe_n to_o be_v pay_v there_o at_o usance_n which_o be_v one_o month_n time_n from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o twenty_o shilling_n or_o one_o pound_n sterling_a and_o a.b._n give_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n reciprocal_o to_o c._n d._n for_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n to_o be_v pay_v at_o venice_n at_o usance_n which_o be_v three_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n and_o here_o be_v no_o money_n pay_v on_o either_o side_n at_o london_n and_o yet_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n say_v the_o usual_a word_n for_o the_o value_n receive_v of_o each_o other_o according_a to_o their_o agreement_n and_o both_o party_n send_v their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o aforesaid_a place_n not_o long_o after_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o c._n d._n give_v for_o antuerpe_n come_v back_o again_o by_o protest_v for_o the_o non-acceptation_n and_o not_o long_o after_o that_o another_z protest_v for_o the_o nonpayment_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n hereupon_o a.b._n come_v or_o send_v to_o c._n d._n for_o to_o have_v satisfaction_n for_o this_o bill_n of_o exchange_n deliver_v he_o for_o antuerpe_n and_o c._n d._n give_v he_o full_a satisfaction_n of_o it_o with_o the_o rechange_v and_o charge_n
and_o these_o contract_n be_v make_v by_o public_a act_n and_o instrument_n before_o notary_n to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o thing_n agree_v upon_o on_o either_o side_n may_v be_v due_o accomplish_v and_o in_o these_o great_a contract_n beyond_o the_o sea_n the_o payment_n be_v the_o most_o part_n for_o great_a sum_n make_v in_o bank_n also_o because_o of_o the_o commodiousness_n of_o it_o as_o you_o shall_v note_v hereafter_o beside_o this_o many_o merchant_n do_v make_v contract_n and_o pass_v they_o likewise_o before_o notary_n or_o scrivener_n because_o that_o thing_n contract_v for_o may_v require_v time_n to_o effect_v they_o as_o for_o example_n a_o merchant_n adventurer_n sell_v unto_o a_o merchant_n of_o middleborough_n two_o or_o three_o hundred_o clothes_n of_o know_a mark_n whereby_o the_o goodness_n be_v also_o know_v at_o a_o certain_a price_n the_o pack_n of_o ten_o clothes_n to_o be_v deliver_v at_o middleborough_n from_o time_n to_o time_n during_o the_o space_n of_o six_o month_n and_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n do_v agree_v that_o for_o the_o payment_n of_o these_o clothes_n he_o will_v send_v to_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n linen_n cloth_n and_o diverse_a other_o commodity_n to_o be_v sell_v in_o london_n to_o pay_v himself_o as_o aforesaid_a which_o commodity_n be_v also_o send_v from_o time_n to_o time_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o say_a time_n of_o six_o month_n and_o the_o reckon_n between_o they_o shall_v run_v according_o hereupon_o a_o contract_n be_v make_v in_o write_v before_o a_o notary_n public_a and_o therein_o diverse_a condition_n be_v to_o be_v specify_v and_o observe_v contract_n condition_n of_o a_o merchant_n contract_n first_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o concern_v the_o price_n of_o the_o clothes_n sell_v amount_v to_o such_o a_o sum_n sterling_a money_n call_v lawful_a money_n of_o england_n there_o shall_v be_v give_v for_o every_o twenty_o shilling_n or_o pound_n sterling_a so_o many_o shilling_n and_o penny_n as_o they_o shall_v agree_v according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n among_o merchant_n and_o these_o be_v shilling_n and_o penny_n flemish_a money_n whereof_o there_o be_v 35_o or_o 36_o shilling_n or_o 35_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n or_o 36_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n give_v or_o allow_v in_o account_n between_o they_o for_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a and_o so_o after_o the_o rate_n for_o so_o many_o hundred_o pound_n or_o thousand_o pound_n as_o the_o clothes_n may_v amount_v unto_o second_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n shall_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o his_o clothes_n and_o deliver_v they_o upon_o his_o adventure_n charge_n and_o danger_n of_o the_o sea_n with_o all_o casualty_n unto_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n within_o the_o town_n or_o warehouse_n of_o the_o merchant_n there_o and_o likewise_o that_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n shall_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o his_o linen_n cloth_n and_o other_o commodity_n answer_v the_o king_n custom_n and_o all_o charge_n incident_a upon_o the_o say_a commodity_n until_o they_o be_v free_o take_v up_o into_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n warehouse_n here_o three_o it_o be_v agree_v between_o they_o these_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v sell_v paiable_a at_o time_n of_o payment_n that_o if_o any_o bad_a debt_n shall_v be_v make_v thereby_o either_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n be_v to_o bear_v the_o loss_n thereof_o or_o else_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n do_v take_v the_o hazard_n and_o adventure_v of_o it_o upon_o he_o for_o the_o consideration_n or_o allowance_n of_o double_a factoridge_n or_o two_o upon_o the_o hundred_o four_o it_o be_v agree_v between_o they_o that_o if_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n be_v not_o make_v within_o the_o time_n of_o six_o month_n according_a as_o the_o clothes_n be_v sell_v then_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n be_v to_o have_v allowance_n for_o the_o money_n by_o he_o not_o receive_v within_o the_o time_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n last_o because_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n take_v pain_n in_o the_o sell_n of_o the_o merchandise_n and_o commodity_n of_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n to_o pay_v himself_o it_o be_v also_o agree_v upon_o that_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n shall_v have_v allowance_n of_o factoridge_n for_o it_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o two_o pro_fw-la cent._n which_o he_o shall_v have_v give_v unto_o another_o factor_n to_o sell_v the_o same_o for_o he_o this_o be_v the_o substance_n of_o a_o merchant_n contract_n wherein_o it_o seem_v all_o thing_n have_v be_v well_o consider_v and_o agree_v upon_o yet_o the_o principal_a matter_n for_o good_a and_o sure_a deal_n be_v omit_v contract_n defective_a contract_n which_o be_v not_o only_o to_o covenant_n that_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n shall_v send_v he_o good_a and_o merchantable_a ware_n or_o commodity_n to_o make_v money_n of_o or_o to_o sell_v to_o good_a customer_n that_o will_v make_v he_o good_a payment_n but_o especial_o that_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n shall_v not_o be_v compel_v to_o send_v he_o more_o clothes_n than_o the_o value_n of_o the_o commodity_n receive_v shall_v amount_v unto_o from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o further_o if_o he_o do_v not_o send_v he_o within_o the_o time_n the_o quantity_n of_o commodity_n requisite_a to_o pay_v himself_o for_o so_o many_o clothes_n the_o say_v middleborough_n merchant_n shall_v pay_v he_o the_o damage_n sustain_v by_o the_o employment_n of_o his_o money_n in_o clothes_n or_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n agree_v upon_o between_o they_o for_o the_o non-performance_n thereof_o in_o like_a manner_n a_o london_n merchant_n do_v contract_n with_o a_o merchant_n stranger_n here_o and_o buy_v of_o he_o a_o certain_a commodity_n whereof_o the_o goodness_n be_v common_o know_v by_o the_o mark_n or_o otherwise_o by_o the_o fabrica_fw-la or_o make_n as_o velvet_n satin_n silk_n fustian_n and_o other_o commodity_n to_o be_v here_o deliver_v unto_o he_o by_o such_o a_o day_n or_o within_o so_o many_o month_n at_o a_o price_n agree_v upon_o between_o they_o with_o the_o manner_n of_o payment_n and_o other_o condition_n agree_v also_o hereupon_o likewise_o pass_v a_o notariall_a contract_n which_o be_v perform_v according_o but_o put_v the_o case_n that_o the_o price_n of_o the_o say_a velvet_n and_o silk_n by_o some_o accident_n or_o occasion_n do_v fall_v and_o the_o london_n merchant_n do_v repent_v himself_o of_o his_o bargain_n and_o contract_n and_o now_o some_o of_o the_o say_v foreign_a commodity_n be_v come_v from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o arrive_v within_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n whereupon_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n give_v notice_n unto_o he_o of_o it_o and_o the_o london_n merchant_n seem_v unwilling_a to_o receive_v the_o say_a commodity_n and_o be_v constrain_v either_o by_o a_o scrivener_n or_o with_o witness_n to_o offer_v unto_o he_o the_o say_a commodity_n according_a to_o their_o contract_n contract_n tender_v of_o commodity_n sell_v by_o contract_n here_o note_v that_o this_o offer_n or_o tender_v so_o make_v be_v of_o no_o validity_n or_o effect_n in_o law_n for_o until_o the_o king_n custom_n be_v pay_v for_o the_o say_v good_n and_o that_o you_o have_v receive_v they_o into_o your_o power_n or_o custody_n you_o can_v make_v no_o lawful_a offer_n of_o they_o moreover_o if_o you_o have_v pay_v the_o king_n custom_n for_o they_o and_o have_v they_o in_o your_o custody_n and_o power_n and_o do_v make_v tender_a of_o they_o before_o the_o time_n yet_o the_o law_n be_v not_o satisfy_v herein_o but_o you_o must_v tender_v they_o also_o upon_o the_o last_o day_n of_o delivery_n because_o the_o damage_n to_o be_v give_v unto_o you_o by_o law_n must_v take_v a_o certain_a ground_n upon_o the_o limitation_n of_o time_n and_o not_o upon_o casualty_n for_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o that_o the_o price_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n shall_v rise_v within_o that_o time_n and_o you_o may_v sell_v they_o for_o a_o great_a gain_n and_o by_o that_o time_n of_o the_o last_o day_n of_o your_o delivery_n they_o may_v be_v fall_v again_o in_o price_n and_o you_o may_v have_v provide_v another_o parcel_n for_o the_o same_o so_o that_o both_o by_o the_o common_a law_n and_o the_o law_n merchant_n you_o be_v to_o make_v your_o tender_a upon_o the_o very_a day_n by_o a_o scrivener_n or_o with_o competent_a witness_n whereof_o i_o have_v see_v sufficient_a trial_n in_o law_n and_o according_a to_o these_o two_o example_n you_o may_v judge_v and_o consider_v of_o all_o other_o the_o like_a contract_n we_o call_v notariall_a private_a verbal_a contract_n call_v private_a verbal_a contract_n be_v make_v between_o party_n and_o party_n or_o by_o mean_n of_o broker_n or_o mediator_n and_o that_o only_a by_o word_n without_o writing_n such_o be_v the_o daily_a
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than_o they_o do_v in_o this_o case_n the_o custom_n be_v assurance_n a_o rare_a custom_n in_o assurance_n that_o those_o assuror_n that_o have_v last_o subscribe_v to_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n bear_v not_o any_o adventure_n at_o all_o and_o must_v make_v restitution_n of_o the_o premium_fw-la by_o they_o receive_v abate_v one_o half_a in_o the_o hundred_o for_o their_o subscription_n as_o in_o the_o case_n aforesaid_a and_o this_o be_v due_o observe_v and_o so_o a_o law_n not_o observe_v be_v inferior_a to_o a_o custom_n well_o observe_v to_o conclude_v the_o point_n of_o policy_n of_o assurance_n let_v we_o note_v that_o of_o necessity_n it_o be_v require_v as_o a_o consideration_n precedent_n that_o the_o assuror_n must_v acknowledge_v themselves_o to_o be_v satisfy_v of_o the_o premium_fw-la of_o assurance_n at_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o assure_a or_o any_o other_o who_o do_v undertake_v to_o pay_v they_o which_o beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v common_o pay_v within_o six_o 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liberty_n of_o trade_n be_v restrain_v from_o other_o whereby_o the_o monopolist_n be_v enable_v to_o set_v a_o price_n of_o commodity_n at_o his_o pleasure_n a_o merchant_n of_o london_n have_v send_v a_o great_a ship_n to_o zante_n to_o lade_v corrint_n and_o wine_n be_v there_o arrive_v another_o merchant_n there_o inhabit_v upon_o knowledge_n hereof_o cause_v all_o the_o corrint_n to_o be_v buy_v up_o to_o prevent_v the_o say_a merchant_n and_o to_o compel_v he_o to_o buy_v the_o say_a corrint_n of_o he_o at_o dear_a rate_n to_o lade_v the_o say_a ship_n which_o make_v the_o factor_n appoint_v to_o lade_v the_o say_a ship_n at_o his_o wit_n end_n but_o be_v ingenuous_a he_o devise_v a_o course_n to_o disappoint_v the_o say_a forestalling_a merchant_n and_o cause_v bill_n to_o be_v set_v up_o in_o all_o public_a place_n to_o give_v notice_n that_o the_o say_a ship_n be_v come_v to_o take_v in_o merchant_n good_n for_o her_o lade_n and_o to_o return_v for_o london_n which_o be_v 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patent_n for_o new_a invention_n virtue_n in_o a_o commonwealth_n ought_v as_o well_o and_o rather_o in_o some_o respect_n to_o be_v more_o reward_v than_o vice_n to_o be_v punish_v by_o cut_v off_o the_o malefactor_n this_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o the_o fundamental_a law_n of_o all_o nation_n grant_v the_o projector_n or_o inventor_n privilege_n for_o twenty_o one_o or_o more_o year_n which_o some_o man_n without_o distinction_n of_o monopoly_n will_v have_v abridge_v to_o 14_o 11_o or_o 7_o year_n wherein_o the_o thing_n itself_o ought_v to_o make_v the_o difference_n upon_o good_a consideration_n and_o not_o to_o measure_v all_o thing_n alike_o for_o example_n the_o grant_v make_v for_o the_o sole_a importation_n of_o spanish_a tobacco_n tobacco_n the_o farm_n of_o tobacco_n do_v gain_v and_o save_v the_o kingdom_n many_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a for_o bay_n say_v perpetuanoes_n and_o the_o like_a commodity_n which_o these_o two_o year_n have_v be_v sell_v in_o spain_n with_o fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o loss_n to_o procure_v money_n to_o buy_v the_o say_a tobacco_n be_v now_o sell_v to_o so_o much_o benefit_n beside_o the_o advancement_n of_o the_o plantation_n of_o virginia_n and_o the_o bermuda_n but_o this_o be_v not_o proper_a to_o be_v do_v for_o other_o commodity_n that_o be_v not_o of_o that_o nature_n neither_o of_o commodity_n to_o be_v export_v wherein_o such_o and_o the_o like_a consideration_n be_v to_o be_v have_v the_o general_a intention_n of_o all_o grant_n by_o letter_n patent_n for_o manufacture_n have_v a_o relation_n to_o set_v the_o people_n on_o work_n to_o recompense_v the_o inventor_n of_o the_o art_n or_o science_n and_o that_o thing_n may_v in_o some_o measure_n be_v better_o cheap_a to_o the_o subject_n what_o shall_v we_o say_v then_o of_o those_o grant_n which_o make_v the_o commodity_n good_a cheap_a to_o foreign_a nation_n and_o dear_a to_o the_o subject_n sure_o this_o can_v be_v without_o some_o great_a abuse_n if_o a_o keelne_a for_o the_o dry_n of_o malt_n for_o all_o the_o kingdom_n over_o be_v invent_v to_o be_v do_v with_o pit-coale_n better_a cheap_a than_o with_o wood_n fire_n and_o more_o please_a without_o the_o send_v of_o smoke_n and_o that_o this_o keelne_v or_o keelns_n be_v place_v in_o convenient_a place_n for_o all_o man_n access_n whereby_o they_o shall_v save_v much_o charge_n and_o have_v their_o malt_n better_a cheap_a if_o hereupon_o letter_n patent_n be_v grant_v to_o reward_v the_o projector_n no_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v call_v this_o a_o monopoly_n nor_o any_o part_n thereof_o although_o the_o public_a liberty_n seem_v thereby_o to_o be_v restrain_v for_o take_v it_o another_o way_n and_o you_o shall_v find_v it_o rather_o to_o be_v a_o common_a distribution_n than_o a_o restraint_n whensoever_o it_o bring_v a_o general_a good_a and_o commodity_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n the_o statute_n of_o the_o kingdom_n restrain_v from_o the_o exercise_n of_o sundry_a craft_n all_o such_o as_o have_v not_o serve_v a_o apprentishood_n unto_o the_o art_n which_o they_o will_v exercise_v do_v it_o to_o no_o other_o end_n but_o that_o those_o art_n may_v be_v bring_v to_o better_a perfection_n and_o the_o thing_n make_v may_v be_v good_a and_o serviceable_a for_o those_o that_o buy_v and_o use_v they_o some_o man_n be_v well_o content_v if_o a_o prohibition_n or_o restraint_n of_o a_o commodity_n be_v do_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o they_o will_v no_o manner_n of_o way_n have_v call_v the_o same_o to_o be_v a_o monopoly_n although_o it_o be_v so_o in_o effect_n when_o a_o society_n of_o private_a merchant_n have_v a_o privilege_n to_o themselves_o only_o to_o sell_v certain_a commodity_n or_o to_o import_v they_o and_o all_o other_o subject_n be_v exclude_v although_o
a_o dog_n use_v to_o bite_v or_o gnaw_v upon_o a_o bone_n so_o that_o he_o that_o bit_v not_o do_v not_o commit_v usury_n for_o usury_n be_v none_o other_o thing_n than_o a_o bite_n as_o i_o say_v of_o the_o very_a etymology_n and_o proper_a nature_n of_o the_o word_n otherwise_o it_o can_v be_v call_v neshech_n as_o the_o hebrician_n say_v according_a to_o the_o definition_n then_o of_o bite_a usury_n we_o be_v to_o proceed_v in_o this_o discourse_n after_o that_o we_o have_v brief_o declare_v the_o law_n and_o prohibition_n against_o usury_n wherein_o we_o must_v begin_v with_o the_o holy_a scripture_n observe_v these_o place_n god_n say_v in_o the_o 22_o of_o exodus_fw-la scripture_n holy_a scripture_n if_o thou_o lend_v money_n to_o any_o of_o my_o people_n that_o be_v poor_a by_o thou_o thou_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o usurer_n unto_o he_o neither_o shall_v thou_o oppress_v he_o with_o usury_n in_o another_o place_n 25._o levit._fw-la 25._o if_o thy_o brother_n be_v wax_v poor_a and_o fall_v into_o decay_n with_o thou_o receive_v he_o as_o a_o stranger_n or_o a_o soiourner_n 23._o deut._n 23._o and_o let_v he_o live_v by_o thou_o and_o thou_o shall_v take_v no_o usury_n of_o he_o nor_o yet_o advantage_n but_o shall_v fear_v thy_o god_n that_o thy_o brother_n may_v live_v with_o thou_o 6._o psal._n 15â—_n ezech._n 18._o matt._n 5._o luke_n 6._o thou_o shall_v not_o lend_v he_o thy_o money_n upon_o usury_n or_o lend_v he_o of_o thy_o food_n to_o have_v a_o advantage_n by_o it_o add_v unto_o this_o the_o place_n note_v in_o the_o margin_n and_o so_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o holy_a ancient_a father_n saint_n hierome_n say_v there_o be_v no_o difference_n betwixt_o usury_n fraud_n and_o violent_a rob_v father_n ancient_a father_n saint_n augustine_n say_v a_o usurer_n be_v he_o say_v to_o be_v who_o do_v demand_v more_o in_o money_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n else_o than_o he_o have_v deliver_v according_a to_o which_o the_o say_a saint_n hierome_n also_o say_v that_o some_o do_v think_v usury_n to_o be_v only_o in_o money_n but_o let_v they_o well_o understand_v that_o usury_n be_v a_o overplus_n in_o any_o thing_n above_o that_o which_o be_v lend_v mortis_fw-la amb._n de_fw-fr beno_fw-la mortis_fw-la saint_n ambrose_n likewise_o say_v if_o any_o man_n take_v usury_n he_o do_v commit_v extortion_n rapine_n and_o pillage_n and_o shall_v not_o live_v the_o life_n as_o who_o shall_v say_v he_o shall_v die_v therefore_o to_o omit_v many_o other_o of_o the_o say_v ancient_a father_n saint_n bernard_n say_v that_o the_o vsuror_n be_v a_o thief_n in_o law_n because_o the_o civil_a law_n tell_v he_o before_o hand_n what_o it_o be_v that_o he_o must_v rob_v from_o other_o as_o who_o shall_v say_v such_o law_n as_o permit_v vsuror_n be_v lawful_a theevery_n law_n canon_n law_n hereupon_o the_o canonist_n have_v make_v vsuror_n to_o be_v defame_v person_n and_o if_o any_o man_n make_v by_o his_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n any_o good_n unto_o they_o the_o testament_n may_v be_v break_v neither_o be_v they_o to_o communicate_v with_o christian_n or_o to_o enter_v into_o their_o congregation_n to_o offer_v any_o oblation_n and_o when_o they_o be_v dead_a they_o shall_v not_o be_v bury_v in_o christian_a burial_n and_o if_o they_o be_v the_o doer_n thereof_o be_v excommunicate_v decretal_n decretal_n decretal_n and_o clementines_n make_v by_o diverse_a pope_n be_v direct_o against_o usury_n alexander_n the_o pope_n do_v straight_o forbid_v all_o usury_n not_o only_o unto_o the_o clergy_n but_o also_o unto_o the_o laiety_n in_o the_o book_n sextus_n decretalium_fw-la gregory_n the_o ten_o bishop_n of_o rome_n of_o that_o name_n say_v we_o be_v desirous_a to_o stop_v the_o gulf_n or_o whirlpool_n of_o usury_n commit_v which_o do_v devour_v soul_n and_o utter_o waste_v wealth_n do_v command_n upon_o the_o threaten_n of_o god_n curse_n that_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o latter_a concile_v set_v forth_o against_o vsuror_n be_v without_o any_o violation_n at_o all_o full_o &_o whole_o observe_v and_o thereupon_o a_o prohibition_n be_v make_v that_o no_o corporation_n college_n or_o university_n shall_v let_v any_o house_n or_o dwell_v place_n to_o any_o strange_a vsuror_n law_n civil_a law_n baldus_n the_o civilian_n speak_v bitter_o against_o vsuror_n in_o his_o book_n of_o counsel_n say_v that_o usury_n be_v a_o gainful_a piracie_n contrary_a to_o nature_n upon_o the_o loan_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o consist_v upon_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n bartolus_n say_v that_o all_o usury_n be_v utter_o forbid_v and_o offensive_a to_o god_n and_o man_n so_o do_v panormitane_n and_o diverse_a other_o learn_v in_o the_o civil_a law_n aristotle_n aristotle_n aristotle_n in_o his_o politics_n say_v that_o such_o money_n as_o bring_v forth_o money_n through_o usury_n be_v a_o ugly_a beast_n that_o bring_v forth_o monster_n from_o time_n to_o time_n such_o as_o be_v not_o in_o nature_n the_o roman_n be_v in_o their_o most_o flourish_a estate_n make_v a_o law_n by_o their_o twelve_o table_n that_o no_o man_n shall_v put_v forth_o money_n upon_o usury_n but_o after_o one_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v faenus_fw-la unciarium_fw-la whereas_o before_o that_o time_n rich_a man_n may_v take_v at_o their_o pleasure_n afterward_o it_o be_v ordain_v at_o the_o entreat_v of_o the_o tribune_n to_o take_v a_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a and_o that_o be_v thirty_o shilling_n in_o one_o hundred_o pound_n after_o that_o it_o come_v to_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v triens_fw-la and_o last_o of_o all_o to_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v semissis_fw-la and_o yet_o all_o these_o alteration_n and_o diversity_n of_o suffer_v in_o usury_n notwithstanding_o law_n genitius_n law_n one_o genitius_n a_o tribune_n publish_v a_o law_n that_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v lawful_a for_o any_o man_n to_o be_v a_o usurer_n at_o any_o hand_n or_o by_o any_o manner_n of_o mean_n and_o so_o by_o all_o devise_n that_o may_v be_v it_o be_v utter_o forbid_v by_o diverse_a edict_n and_o proclamation_n which_o be_v often_o repress_v do_v yet_o notwithstanding_o break_v out_o by_o wonderful_a strange_a mean_n wherefore_o tiberius_n caesar_n to_o remedy_v this_o evil_a and_o that_o no_o usury_n shall_v be_v use_v he_o cause_v a_o marvelous_a mass_n of_o money_n to_o be_v lay_v in_o bank_n to_o the_o sum_n of_o two_o million_o and_o a_o half_a of_o crown_n be_v five_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n english_a or_o sterling_a and_o take_v order_n that_o every_o man_n shall_v have_v credit_n for_o three_o year_n without_o pay_v any_o usury_n at_o all_o tacitus_n cornelius_n tacitus_n put_v in_o surety_n for_o the_o double_a value_n of_o that_o he_o borrow_v and_o cornelius_n tacitus_n a_o renown_a writer_n say_v the_o canker_n of_o usury_n be_v a_o old_a venomous_a sore_n and_o the_o chief_a head_n and_o cause_n of_o rebellion_n and_o variance_n in_o country_n and_o commonweal_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v altogether_o banish_v in_o the_o old_a time_n when_o least_o corruption_n of_o life_n appear_v among_o man_n lucullus_z so_o hate_v the_o excessive_a deal_n of_o the_o usurer_n that_o whereas_o all_o asia_n be_v overwhelm_v with_o usury_n he_o clear_v the_o same_o utter_o from_o all_o usurer_n and_o so_o do_v cato_n in_o cicilia_n anthoninus_n pius_n alexander_n severus_n claudius_n vespasian_n leo_n emperor_n emperor_n and_o diverse_a other_o emperor_n do_v restrain_v the_o covetousness_n of_o usurer_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o of_o late_a year_n at_o a_o assembly_n at_o augusta_n in_o germany_n do_v conclude_v with_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n that_o no_o manner_n of_o contract_n that_o have_v any_o fellowship_n with_o usury_n shall_v be_v allow_v but_o rather_o that_o all_o usury_n shall_v be_v avoid_v for_o ever_o and_o be_v never_o more_o use_v and_o if_o any_o be_v find_v to_o have_v make_v any_o such_o contract_n the_o same_o man_n to_o forfeit_v to_o the_o magistrate_n or_o ordinary_a judge_n the_o four_o part_n of_o his_o principal_a sum_n plato_n the_o philosopher_n warn_v among_o other_o thing_n orator_n philosopher_n and_o orator_n in_o his_o five_o book_n of_o law_n that_o no_o body_n whatsoever_o he_o be_v that_o will_v bear_v the_o face_n of_o a_o honest_a man_n do_v let_v out_o his_o money_n for_o usury_n or_o gain_n the_o like_a say_v cicero_n and_o many_o other_o learned_a philosopher_n and_o orator_n as_o we_o have_v note_v of_o aristotle_n so_o do_v diverse_a lawmaker_n banish_v usury_n lawgivers_n lawgivers_n and_o utter_o suppress_v the_o same_o as_o lycurgus_n in_o sparta_n among_o the_o lacedaemonian_n amasis_n in_o egypt_n solon_n in_o athens_n sergius_n galba_n in_o africa_n be_v governor_n under_o the_o emperor_n claudius_n and_o diverse_a other_o so_o that_o usury_n
act_n make_v by_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o the_o word_n be_v in_o effect_n as_o follow_v none_o may_v have_v receive_v accept_v or_o take_v for_o the_o lend_n or_o forbear_v of_o his_o or_o their_o money_n for_o one_o whole_a year_n or_o for_o a_o long_o or_o short_a time_n or_o for_o a_o more_o or_o less_o sum_n above_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o pound_n pro_fw-la cent_n yearly_a 37._o hen._n 8._o forasmuch_o as_o some_o man_n usury_n a_o objection_n to_o the_o statuâ—e_n of_o usury_n accuse_v the_o maker_n of_o this_o statute_n to_o have_v commit_v some_o absurdity_n it_o will_v not_o be_v impertinent_a to_o clear_v the_o same_o the_o statute_n say_v they_o give_v ability_n unto_o a_o man_n to_o take_v one_o way_n ten_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n or_o more_o for_o the_o use_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o one_o year_n be_v deliver_v out_o for_o two_o year_n and_o another_o way_n he_o can_v take_v ten_o pound_n five_o shilling_n and_o less_o for_o one_o year_n but_o he_o shall_v be_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o statute_n but_o if_o they_o have_v a_o due_a consideration_n that_o time_n be_v proper_o the_o judge_n hereof_o and_o that_o they_o can_v not_o make_v the_o say_a statute_n without_o the_o limitation_n of_o a_o time_n certain_a they_o will_v not_o find_v any_o absurdity_n therein_o for_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o make_v it_o otherwise_o more_o certain_a usury_n time_n beget_v usury_n to_o make_v this_o evident_o appear_v and_o of_o necessity_n time_n be_v herein_o efficient_a and_o active_a and_o the_o rate_n of_o 10_o pro_fw-la 100_o positive_a and_o passive_a let_v we_o suppose_v that_o you_o do_v deliver_v at_o interest_n one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o three_o month_n after_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o you_o may_v lawful_o receive_v at_o the_o three_o month_n end_n two_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n for_o your_o interest_n and_o continue_v the_o hundred_o pound_n again_o for_o other_o three_o month_n by_o a_o new_a contract_n or_o agreement_n and_o then_o receive_v again_o 2_o will_v 10_o ss_z continue_v in_o this_o manner_n for_o the_o whole_a year_n by_o four_o several_a agreement_n whereby_o you_o do_v receive_v three_o part_n of_o your_o interest_n at_o several_a time_n which_o interest_n you_o may_v put_v out_o also_o at_o usury_n and_o so_o take_v above_o 10_o pro_fw-la 100_o without_o incur_v the_o danger_n of_o the_o statute_n time_n agreement_n alter_v â—he_n property_n of_o use_n money_n by_o time_n because_o your_o agreement_n have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n alter_v the_o property_n of_o the_o interest_n money_n which_o you_o do_v receive_v and_o be_v beget_v in_o time_n according_a to_o the_o statute_n and_o that_o which_o be_v before_o another_o man_n be_v thereby_o become_v you_o and_o thereof_o you_o may_v dispose_v again_o but_o if_o you_o do_v deliver_v out_o 100_o will_v from_o the_o beginning_n for_o one_o whole_a year_n than_o you_o can_v have_v but_o ten_o pound_n interest_n for_o the_o same_o at_o the_o year_n end_v with_o your_o principal_n for_o the_o property_n of_o the_o ten_o pound_n be_v not_o till_o then_o alter_v by_o your_o agreement_n thus_o be_v it_o with_o money_n deliver_v for_o a_o short_a time_n in_o like_a manner_n be_v it_o for_o money_n deliver_v out_o for_o a_o long_a time_n as_o for_o example_n one_o deliver_v out_o 100_o will_v for_o four_o year_n for_o the_o which_o at_o the_o four_o year_n end_n he_o can_v receive_v but_o 140_o will_v but_o if_o he_o have_v deliver_v out_o 100_o will_v for_o one_o year_n he_o may_v at_o the_o year_n end_v receive_v 10_o will_v for_o interest_n and_o continue_v the_o 100_o pound_n again_o for_o the_o second_o year_n by_o a_o new_a agreement_n and_o then_o receive_v another_o ten_o pound_n and_o so_o for_o the_o three_o and_o four_o year_n now_o whereas_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o several_a agreement_n according_a to_o the_o time_n he_o have_v alter_v the_o property_n of_o interest_n money_n and_o receive_v 10_o will_v the_o fiâ—st_a year_n he_o may_v put_v out_o again_o this_o 10_o will_v as_o his_o own_o for_o another_o year_n and_o so_o have_v interest_n thereof_o twenty_o shilling_n whereby_o he_o receive_v 11_o will_v the_o second_o year_n which_o be_v put_v out_o the_o three_o and_o four_o year_n will_v yield_v he_o according_o in_o like_a manner_n for_o the_o 10_o will_v receive_v the_o second_o and_o three_o year_n which_o will_v yield_v he_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n according_o so_o that_o he_o shall_v have_v above_o 146_o will_v being_n thus_o deliver_v out_o the_o body_n of_o his_o sum_n still_o remain_v whole_a and_o be_v only_o distinguish_v by_o time_n which_o make_v the_o difference_n again_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o the_o 100_o will_v be_v deliver_v out_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o four_o year_n to_o be_v repay_v by_o 25_o will_v a_o year_n and_o the_o interest_n it_o follow_v proportionable_o that_o the_o first_o year_n he_o be_v to_o receive_v 27_o will_v 10_o ss_z the_o second_o year_n 30_o will_v the_o three_o year_n 32_o will_v 10_o ss_z and_o the_o four_o year_n 35_o will_v which_o make_v all_o but_o 125_o will_v add_v to_o this_o the_o interest_n of_o 25_o will_v receive_v in_o deduction_n of_o his_o principal_a three_o year_n before_o the_o time_n which_o be_v 7_o will_v 10_o ss_z and_o of_o 25_o will_v more_v in_o like_a manner_n for_o two_o year_n which_o be_v 5_o will_v and_o of_o 25_o will_v more_v for_o the_o three_o year_n which_o be_v receive_v one_o year_n before_o the_o time_n which_o be_v 2_o will_v 10_o ss_z all_z be_v 15_o will_v which_o together_o with_o the_o 125_o will_v make_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o 140_o will_v but_o when_o money_n be_v repay_v in_o this_o manner_n as_o it_o be_v by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n than_o the_o body_n of_o your_o sum_n of_o 100_o will_v be_v divide_v and_o still_o time_n and_o interest_n must_v concur_v for_o the_o interest_n be_v beget_v by_o time_n for_o you_o may_v not_o deliver_v out_o 300_o 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that_o every_o creditor_n may_v have_v his_o debtor_n it_o seem_v that_o william_n summer_n be_v a_o jester_n to_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o have_v some_o insight_n in_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n for_o when_o the_o king_n tell_v he_o that_o he_o have_v deliver_v a_o good_a sum_n of_o money_n unto_o a_o gentleman_n a_o follower_n of_o he_o summer_n answer_v that_o for_o do_v so_o he_o have_v note_v in_o his_o book_n that_o the_o king_n be_v a_o fool_n give_v his_o reason_n for_o it_o because_o the_o gentleman_n will_v never_o return_v back_o again_o and_o that_o the_o king_n be_v cozen_v but_o the_o king_n ask_v of_o summer_n what_o he_o will_v do_v in_o case_n the_o gentleman_n do_v return_v with_o the_o money_n whereupon_o summer_n answer_v then_o i_o will_v put_v he_o in_o my_o book_n for_o a_o fool_n and_o put_v you_o out_o sic_fw-la nugae_fw-la seria_fw-la ducunt_fw-la to_o return_v to_o our_o young_a merchant_n by_o this_o time_n he_o have_v take_v a_o inventory_n of_o 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cash_n you_o make_v over_o 300_o will_v for_o amsterdam_n by_o exchange_n with_o condition_n and_o order_n to_o your_o factor_n that_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o the_o money_n grow_v due_a he_o shall_v make_v it_o over_o again_o by_o exchange_n unto_o you_o at_o double_a usance_n which_o be_v two_o month_n as_o you_o make_v it_o over_o unto_o he_o some_o now_o in_o this_o case_n will_v arm_v a_o account_n of_o exchange_n but_o it_o be_v better_a to_o make_v the_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n debtor_n for_o it_o and_o cash_n creditor_n ship_n be_v now_o arrive_v from_o saint_n lucar_n in_o spain_n and_o your_o factor_n of_o seville_a have_v sell_v your_o perpetuanoes_n bayes_n and_o lead_v tobacco_n return_v from_o spain_n in_o tobacco_n and_o in_o return_n thereof_o have_v send_v you_o a_o parcel_n of_o tobacco_n because_o cutcheneall_a be_v too_o dear_a and_o rich_a indigo_n be_v here_o too_o good_a cheap_a withal_o he_o have_v send_v you_o the_o account_n of_o your_o commodity_n 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be_v advance_v by_o the_o account_n just_a one_o hundred_o pound_n which_o be_v carry_v to_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n as_o in_o the_o former_a account_n the_o forty_o chest_n of_o sugar_n do_v cost_v 550_o will_v whereof_o the_o factor_n of_o lixborne_n be_v make_v creditor_n and_o the_o account_n of_o sugar_n debtor_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o aforesaid_a mutatis_fw-la mutandis_fw-la and_o the_o say_a sugar_n be_v sell_v paiable_a at_o six_o and_o six_o month_n for_o 820_o will_v so_o that_o the_o charge_n and_o custom_n deduct_v there_o be_v 190_o will_v get_v which_o be_v likewise_o post_v to_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n again_o money_n which_o be_v make_v over_o return_v by_o exchange_n again_o the_o 300_o will_v make_v over_o from_o amsterdam_n be_v now_o due_a to_o be_v pay_v here_o and_o the_o merchant_n do_v offer_v you_o to_o pay_v they_o by_o a_o new_a bill_n of_o exchange_n whereunto_o you_o agree_v and_o hereupon_o you_o make_v he_o creditor_n and_o your_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n again_o debtor_n and_o withal_o you_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_v other_o 200_o will_v payable_a at_o double_a usance_n and_o for_o this_o you_o make_v he_o debtor_n also_o and_o cash_n creditor_n the_o year_n be_v now_o almost_o expire_v and_o every_o provident_a merchant_n do_v common_o make_v up_o his_o account_n and_o draw_v a_o balance_n of_o his_o book_n and_o this_o merchant_n find_v to_o have_v receive_v of_o his_o manor_n of_o latham_n reckon_v money_o receive_v oâ—_n land_n and_o lease_n expense_n of_o house_n keep_v reckon_v and_o lease_n of_o a_o house_n 106_o will_v and_o for_o this_o he_o charge_v his_o cash_n and_o carry_v the_o same_o to_o gain_n and_o loss_n as_o he_o do_v all_o the_o former_a parcel_n then_o he_o do_v cast_v up_o his_o expense_n of_o house_n keep_v which_o come_v to_o 150_o will_v and_o for_o this_o he_o make_v profit_n and_o loss_n debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n the_o 400_o will_v make_v over_o from_o hamborough_n be_v receive_v and_o cash_n be_v debtor_n for_o it_o and_o the_o party_n that_o pay_v the_o same_o be_v make_v creditor_n and_o discharge_v now_o by_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n there_o appear_v to_o be_v get_v 911_o will_v clear_v stock_n gain_n of_o the_o account_v of_o profit_n &_o loss_n and_o loss_n carry_v to_o capital_a or_o stock_n all_o charge_n and_o expense_n deduct_v this_o be_v now_o carry_v to_o stock_n which_o be_v now_o 5911_o will_v hereupon_o take_v all_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n which_o be_v the_o balance_n of_o the_o book_n and_o you_o shall_v find_v nothing_o on_o the_o creditor_n side_n but_o the_o capital_a of_o 5911_o will_v which_o be_v balance_v by_o the_o nine_o account_n follow_v and_o the_o three_o account_n for_o the_o land_n lease_n and_o household_n stuff_n amount_v to_o 1900_o will_v unalter_a so_o 1900_o will_v for_o the_o say_a land_n book_n balance_n of_o the_o leaguer_n book_n lease_n plate_n and_o household_n stuff_n 420_o owe_v by_o two_o parcel_n at_o interest_n by_o c.d._n &_o n.w._n merchant_n 520_o owe_v for_o velvet_n sell_v to_o etc._n etc._n 300_o owe_v for_o tobacco_n sell_v to_o etc._n etc._n 820_o owe_v for_o sugar_n sell_v to_o etc._n etc._n 1000_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n etc._n etc._n 180_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o hamborough_n etc._n etc._n 61_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o seville_a etc._n etc._n 203_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o lixborne_n etc._n etc._n 507_o ready_a money_n in_o cash_n 5911_o will_v  _fw-fr thus_o it_o appear_v that_o this_o merchant_n have_v augment_v his_o capital_a or_o stock_n nine_o hundred_o and_o eleven_o pound_n loss_n loss_n by_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n be_v now_o worth_a 5911_o will_v and_o if_o he_o have_v be_v a_o loser_n by_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n then_o must_v he_o make_v his_o capital_a debtor_n and_o the_o say_a account_n creditor_n to_o balance_v the_o matter_n whereby_o his_o stock_n will_v have_v decrease_v now_o by_o these_o proceed_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v receive_v and_o pay_v you_o may_v understand_v all_o other_o voyage_n for_o what_o place_n soever_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o diversity_n of_o money_n and_o calculation_n of_o exchange_n already_o declare_v in_o our_o former_a chapter_n have_v a_o especial_a care_n to_o keep_v a_o orderly_a cash_n book_n of_o all_o the_o money_n receive_v and_o pay_v out_o which_o book_n the_o importance_n oâ—_n a_o cash_n book_n as_o money_n be_v publica_n mensura_fw-la or_o a_o right_a judge_n to_o set_v a_o price_n unto_o every_o thing_n so_o may_v you_o by_o the_o measure_n thereof_o true_o enter_v in_o the_o cash_n book_n find_v out_o many_o doubt_n question_n and_o uncertainty_n
north_n star_n some_o merchant_n be_v so_o far_o wide_a from_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o value_n of_o coin_n and_o the_o exchange_n make_v thereupon_o that_o they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o certain_a rate_n or_o par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n set_v to_o answer_v just_o the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o foreign_a part_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o diversity_n and_o disproportion_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o their_o intrinsicall_a and_o extrinsicall_a value_n but_o these_o merchant_n be_v to_o understand_v that_o the_o money_n of_o all_o country_n have_v a_o proportionable_a valuation_n relative_a within_o themselves_o according_a to_o their_o several_a standard_n for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n only_o the_o small_a and_o base_a coin_n have_v some_o little_a know_a advantage_n which_o may_v be_v consider_v of_o in_o exchange_n according_o proportionable_a valuation_n of_o money_n for_o exchange_n to_o be_v make_v according_o if_o there_o be_v cause_n that_o the_o quantity_n of_o those_o money_n do_v exceed_v the_o big_a and_o fine_a coin_n this_o consideration_n have_v be_v have_v heretofore_o and_o especial_o in_o the_o par_fw-fr agree_v upon_o between_o the_o low-countries_n and_o this_o realm_n in_o the_o year_n 1575._o when_o upon_o the_o philip_n doller_n the_o exchange_n be_v at_o twenty_o five_o shilling_n the_o par_fw-fr and_o the_o small_a money_n will_v exceed_v twenty_o seven_o shilling_n and_o upward_o but_o the_o quantity_n do_v not_o surmount_v the_o better_a coin_n the_o like_a be_v upon_o the_o par_fw-fr agree_v upon_o with_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n anno_fw-la 1586_o at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n and_o with_o hamborough_n and_o stoade_n to_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n lubish_n upon_o the_o rickes_n doller_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n or_o nine_o mark_n four_o shilling_n for_o our_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n make_v four_o dollar_n and_o one_o half_a to_o answer_v the_o say_v par_fw-fr which_o doller_n be_v enhance_v since_o to_o fifty_o four_o shilling_n and_o be_v receive_v now_o but_o four_o dollar_n for_o the_o same_o and_o so_o for_o other_o place_n according_o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o imaginary_a money_n of_o all_o place_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v by_o bill_n the_o denomination_n of_o money_n which_o we_o call_v imaginary_a be_v because_o there_o be_v not_o any_o peculiar_a or_o proper_a money_n to_o be_v find_v in_o specie_fw-la whereupon_o the_o exchange_n be_v ground_v as_o it_o be_v in_o time_n pass_v in_o many_o place_n where_o some_o money_n be_v the_o cause_n to_o ground_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n upon_o as_o our_o angel_n noble_a be_v coin_a for_o six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n sterling_a whereupon_o exchange_n have_v be_v make_v as_o now_o be_v do_v upon_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o so_o may_v the_o new_a piece_n of_o our_o sovereign_a king_n james_n laureate_a be_v take_v but_o it_o be_v more_o proper_a to_o make_v exchange_n upon_o the_o silver_n coin_n for_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v most_o rule_v thereby_o in_o all_o place_n which_o by_o the_o quantity_n be_v five_o hundred_o to_o one_o hence_o do_v proceed_v the_o cause_n that_o when_o our_o gold_n in_o the_o year_n 1611_o silver_n the_o price_n of_o gold_n not_o so_o effectual_a as_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n be_v advance_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o above_o the_o silver_n the_o price_n of_o commodity_n do_v not_o rise_v albeit_o foreign_a nation_n do_v cause_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n to_o fall_v but_o if_o silver_n be_v enhance_v present_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n will_v follow_v as_o the_o rule_n thereof_o and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n will_v fall_v more_o for_o exchange_n will_v over-rule_v both_o in_o like_a manner_n do_v we_o call_v the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v to_o be_v imaginary_a as_o the_o dollar_n in_o germany_n the_o crown_n in_o france_n the_o ducat_n in_o italy_n and_o other_o place_n which_o by_o the_o great_a diversity_n you_o may_v understand_v as_o follow_v together_o with_o the_o calculation_n of_o merchant_n account_n whereupon_o their_o book_n of_o account_n be_v keep_v according_a to_o their_o imaginary_a money_n flemish_n pound_v flemish_n in_o flanders_n brabant_n and_o most_o place_n of_o the_o low-countries_n they_o keep_v their_o book_n of_o account_n and_o reckon_n by_o twenty_o shilling_n flemish_n every_o shilling_n twelve_o denier_n or_o penny_n which_o shilling_n be_v six_o styver_n in_o artois_n henalt_n tournois_n pound_v tournois_n and_o other_o place_n by_o pound_n tournois_fw-fr of_o twenty_o stiver_n or_o forty_o penny_n flemish_n whereof_o six_o call_v guildren_n or_o florin_n make_v the_o pound_n flemish_n in_o all_o the_o seventeen_o province_n of_o the_o netherlands_o some_o do_v reckon_v by_o pound_n parasis_n which_o be_v but_o twenty_o penny_n parasis_n pound_v parasis_n whereof_o twelve_o make_v the_o pound_n flemish_n but_o their_o account_n as_o also_o the_o reckon_n of_o their_o prince_n or_o finance_n be_v keep_v by_o pound_n tournois_n which_o pound_n they_o divide_v into_o twenty_o shilling_n every_o shilling_n into_o twelve_o penny_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o the_o pound_n parasis_n and_o these_o have_v also_o their_o subdivision_n of_o obulus_fw-la maille_n heller_n hallinck_fw-mi corte_n mite_n point_v engevin_n poot_n and_o such_o like_a copper_n money_n too_o tedious_a to_o rehearse_v in_o germany_n in_o the_o year_n 1520_o guilder_n gold_n guilder_n be_v the_o gold_n guilder_n coin_a for_o a_o general_a coin_n and_o value_v in_o holland_n for_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n which_o be_v now_o in_o specie_fw-la at_o double_a the_o price_n nevertheless_o they_o do_v continue_v to_o buy_v and_o sell_v all_o that_o great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n which_o be_v bring_v from_o the_o east_n country_n poland_n and_o other_o place_n by_o the_o say_a gold_n guilder_n of_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n their_o dolor_n be_v coin_a at_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n since_o rise_v to_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n creutzer_n creutzer_n yet_o their_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n which_o be_v imaginary_a at_o augusta_n the_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o say_a dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n at_o three_o week_n or_o fourteen_o day_n sight_n after_o the_o bill_n present_v at_o frankford_n they_o reckon_v by_o the_o guilder_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n creutzer_n florin_n of_o 60_o creutzer_n call_v in_o latin_a crucigeri_fw-la be_v piece_n with_o a_o cross_n they_o be_v florin_n and_o their_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n payable_a in_o the_o two_o yearly_a fair_n or_o mart_n the_o one_o the_o week_n before_o easter_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o september_n to_o continue_v for_o all_o the_o month_n at_o norenborough_n their_o exchange_n 〈◊〉_d make_v upon_o the_o say_a dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n and_o many_o time_n upon_o the_o florin_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n which_o they_o also_o divide_v into_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o every_o shilling_n twelve_o penny_n to_o keep_v their_o account_n by_o for_o bohemia_n bohemicos_fw-la bohemicos_fw-la exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o twenty_o and_o four_o bohemicos_fw-la at_o vienna_n they_o reckon_v by_o guilder_n or_o florin_n of_o eight_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n &_o two_o heller_n to_o the_o penny_n and_o exchange_n be_v make_v thereupon_o at_o baviera_n by_o guilder_n of_o seven_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n guilder_n diverse_a guilder_n for_o exchange_n and_o account_n in_o hungary_n by_o guilder_n of_o ten_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n and_o by_o florin_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n and_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o their_o ducat_n at_o breslo_n and_o leypsich_n they_o reckon_v by_o mark_n of_o thirty_o and_o two_o gross_v of_o twelve_o heller_n to_o the_o gross_a gross_v mark_v of_o 32_o gross_v and_o they_o exchange_n by_o thirty_o florin_n breslowe_v to_o have_v at_o vienna_n thirty_o and_o four_o florin_n or_o at_o norenborough_n thirty_o and_o two_o florin_n etc._n pound_n of_o 20_o shilling_n &_o 12_o heller_n etc._n etc._n at_o vlme_n they_o reckon_v by_o pound_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o heller_n to_o the_o shilling_n and_o their_o exchange_n be_v be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n at_o colloigne_n by_o dollar_n of_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n for_o account_n and_o exchange_n sterling_a pound_n sterling_a at_o embden_n they_o reckon_v by_o guilder_n and_o exchange_n upon_o the_o rickx_n dolor_n but_o from_o london_n thither_o and_o hither_o upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n shilling_n mark_v of_o 16_o shilling_n at_o hamborough_n they_o account_v by_o mark_n of_o sixteen_o shilling_n
eighty_o asper_n every_o asper_n be_v ten_o macharines_n at_o alexandria_n in_o egypt_n they_o account_v by_o ducat_n there_o be_v ducat_n de_fw-fr pargo_n make_v three_o ducat_n of_o venice_n pargo_n ducat_n de_fw-fr pargo_n also_o italian_a ducat_n of_o thirty_o and_o five_o maid_n and_o the_o venice_n ducat_n be_v better_a and_o make_v forty_o maid_n scot_n mark_v scot_n at_o edinburgh_n in_o scotland_n exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o mark_n piece_n of_o silver_n which_o be_v value_v in_o england_n at_o 13_o ½_n penny_n be_v otherwise_o 13⅓_n penny_n or_o thirteen_o shilling_n four_o penny_n scot_n so_o one_o mark_n and_o a_o half_a scot_n be_v twenty_o shilling_n scot_n and_o twenty_o penny_n sterling_a be_v one_o pound_n scottish_a scot_n pound_v scot_n which_o be_v twelve_o to_o one_o the_o 18_o piece_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n be_v by_o the_o say_a valuation_n twenty_o shilling_n three_o penny_n and_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n at_o london_n pay_v for_o twelve_o penny_n the_o say_a mark_n of_o 13_o ⅓_n penny_n at_o two_o or_o three_o month_n time_n in_o scotland_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v irish._n pound_n irish._n at_o dublin_n in_o ireland_n the_o fifteen_o shilling_n sterling_a be_v one_o pound_n irish_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v with_o allowance_n of_o six_o penny_n or_o eight_o penny_n upon_o every_o pound_n payable_a at_o london_n and_o for_o want_v of_o a_o mint_n no_o bullion_n be_v import_v thither_o and_o exchange_n be_v divert_v into_o other_o part_n at_o london_n all_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n for_o germany_n sterling_a pound_n sterling_a the_o low-countries_n and_o other_o place_n of_o traffic_n and_o for_o france_n upon_o the_o french_a crown_n for_o italy_n and_o spain_n and_o other_o place_n upon_o the_o ducat_n or_o for_o the_o doller_n and_o florin_n in_o some_o place_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n whereof_o more_o particular_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n chap._n four_o of_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o the_o term_n of_o art_n use_v therein_o the_o discrepance_n of_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n have_v a_o regard_n to_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o place_n or_o place_n where_o the_o money_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v wherein_o we_o may_v consider_v three_o kind_n of_o diversity_n call_v by_o the_o term_n of_o art_n in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n at_o sight_n usance_n and_o double_a usance_n or_o treble_a the_o take_n and_o deliver_v money_n at_o sight_n sight_n at_o sight_n bind_v the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n to_o give_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n direct_v upon_o his_o friend_n factor_n or_o servant_n in_o any_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o pay_v upon_o sight_n of_o it_o or_o within_o three_o four_o or_o more_o day_n so_o much_o money_n as_o have_v be_v take_v up_o by_o he_o after_o such_o a_o rate_n the_o pound_n doller_n ducat_n or_o crown_n as_o be_v agree_v upon_o between_o they_o in_o foreign_a coin_n either_o according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n or_o currant_n money_n for_o merchandise_n which_o be_v more_o ordinary_a because_o merchant_n will_v admit_v sometime_o to_o receive_v some_o coin_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n than_o they_o be_v value_v upon_o occasion_n that_o some_o species_n be_v require_v for_o transportation_n or_o some_o other_o use_n to_o make_v payment_n estate_n policy_n of_o estate_n which_o toleration_n be_v by_o authority_n many_o time_n suffer_v to_o draw_v money_n unto_o their_o place_n of_o jurisdiction_n herein_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o if_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a at_o so_o many_o day_n sight_n that_o the_o number_n of_o day_n must_v be_v express_v in_o the_o bill_n or_o bill_n for_o common_o there_o be_v make_v three_o bill_n of_o one_o tenor_n for_o every_o sum_n of_o money_n take_v up_o because_o if_o one_o bill_n be_v lose_v the_o other_o may_v serve_v in_o place_n the_o second_o time_n of_o payment_n call_v usance_n usance_n at_o usance_n which_o be_v either_o the_o time_n of_o one_o month_n two_o or_o three_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o hereafter_o be_v declare_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n where_o these_o exchange_n do_v run_v according_a to_o which_o time_n the_o party_n upon_o who_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v direct_v be_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o unless_o there_o be_v good_a cause_n to_o the_o contrary_a as_o shall_v appear_v hereafter_o usance_n double_a usance_n and_o treble_a usance_n the_o three_o time_n of_o payment_n call_v double_a usance_n be_v either_o two_o or_o more_o month_n or_o always_o double_a the_o time_n of_o the_o usance_n respect_v by_o custom_n the_o course_n thereof_o and_o many_o time_n exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o half_a usance_n which_o be_v fifteen_o day_n but_o consider_v the_o wind_n and_o other_o hindrance_n it_o be_v better_a to_o limit_v the_o day_n after_o sight_n in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o to_o send_v the_o same_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n with_o a_o letter_n of_o advice_n which_o the_o taker_n of_o money_n common_o do_v deliver_v with_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereunto_o the_o bill_n make_v also_o relation_n and_o treble_a usance_n be_v according_o mart_n payment_n in_o fair_n or_o mart_n there_o be_v another_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o exchange_n where_o great_a payment_n be_v make_v as_o in_o fair_n or_o mart_n as_o at_o madrill_n and_o medina_n del_fw-it campo_n by_o three_o ferias_fw-la in_o the_o year_n at_o lion_n by_o four_o payment_n yearly_a and_o at_o frankford_n twice_o every_o year_n etc._n etc._n the_o difference_n of_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n do_v alter_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o time_n common_o after_o twelve_o fifteen_o or_o twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n so_o between_o the_o pound_n sterling_a exchange_v for_o the_o low-countries_n at_o sight_n and_o usance_n be_v between_o four_o and_o five_o penny_n and_o double_a usance_n and_o usance_n six_o or_o seven_o penny_n which_o ordinary_o be_v account_v to_o be_v but_o four_o penny_n after_o 10_o pro_fw-la 100_o but_o for_o the_o fair_n and_o mart_n it_o be_v very_o uncertain_a because_o the_o payment_n be_v all_o at_o one_o time_n and_o the_o near_o the_o fair_n be_v at_o hand_n exchange_n consideration_n in_o exchange_n the_o more_o shall_v the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n save_v by_o pay_v less_o interest_n because_o he_o have_v not_o have_v the_o use_n of_o the_o money_n from_o the_o beginning_n that_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o the_o fair_n which_o in_o questionable_a matter_n be_v very_o considerable_a usance_n from_o london_n to_o and_o from_o middleborough_n amsterdam_n antuerpe_n bridges_n and_o other_o place_n in_o the_o low-countries_n be_v one_o month_n time_n from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o double_a usance_n be_v two_o month_n usance_n for_o hamborough_n be_v two_o month_n and_o for_o venice_n three_o month_n usance_n from_o antuerp_n to_o rome_n be_v two_o month_n and_o from_o lion_n to_o rome_n one_o month_n usance_n from_o antuerp_n to_o venice_n be_v two_o month_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o bank_n usance_n at_o florence_n be_v two_o month_n and_o from_o florence_n to_o london_n three_o month_n usance_n from_o genoa_n to_o rome_n and_o naples_n be_v ten_o day_n sight_n and_o for_o palermo_n and_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n by_o ordinary_a observation_n and_o so_o be_v luca_n from_o naples_n to_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n and_o the_o like_a for_o palermo_n usance_n for_o rouen_n and_o paris_n be_v one_o month_n but_o common_o at_o three_o week_n sight_n from_o antuerp_n and_o london_n to_o seville_a be_v two_o month_n castille_n payment_n be_v in_o three_o bank_n and_o ferias_fw-la de_fw-fr villalon_n medina_n del_fw-it campo_n and_o medina_n del_fw-it rio_n sicco_fw-it but_o many_o time_n prolong_v by_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n usance_n from_o lixborne_a to_o london_n and_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n which_o merchant_n be_v to_o know_v because_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v not_o declare_v the_o same_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o nature_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o nature_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v so_o noble_a and_o excel_a all_o other_o deal_n between_o merchant_n that_o the_o proceed_n therein_o be_v extraordinary_a and_o singular_a and_o not_o subject_a to_o any_o prescription_n by_o law_n or_o otherwise_o but_o mere_o subsist_v of_o a_o reverend_a custom_n use_v and_o solemnize_v concern_v the_o same_o for_o the_o better_a declaration_n whereof_o let_v we_o set_v down_o the_o form_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n from_o
according_a to_o the_o say_a custom_n if_o he_o be_v a_o substantial_a man_n of_o credit_n and_o reputation_n for_o although_o the_o say_v c._n d._n be_v the_o first_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n unto_o a._n b._n by_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n for_o venice_n and_o may_v allege_v that_o he_o receive_v no_o money_n of_o he_o but_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o venice_n whereof_o he_o have_v no_o advice_n whether_o it_o be_v accept_v or_o not_o yet_o such_o be_v the_o precise_a and_o commendable_a custom_n use_v in_o exchange_n that_o he_o may_v not_o stand_v upon_o any_o evasion_n or_o allegation_n which_o may_v interrupt_v the_o say_a course_n without_o manifest_a discredit_n unto_o he_o unless_o there_o be_v cause_n of_o doubt_n that_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n of_o a._n b._n shall_v not_o be_v accomplish_v at_o venice_n neither_o may_v a._n b._n without_o discredit_n countermand_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o venice_n unless_o there_o be_v just_a cause_n to_o call_v the_o credit_n of_o c._n d._n in_o question_n for_o the_o manner_n of_o these_o exchange_n be_v usual_a in_o all_o the_o place_n of_o great_a exchange_n as_o lion_n bizanson_n madrill_n and_o venice_n where_o the_o most_o stand_a bank_n be_v and_o where_o they_o do_v get_v money_n ingenious_o by_o the_o calculation_n upon_o their_o payment_n at_o the_o fair_n or_o market_n by_o intermissive_a time_n either_o twice_o or_o thrice_o within_o the_o year_n in_o regard_n whereof_o and_o to_o avoid_v this_o observation_n in_o that_o strictness_n they_o have_v use_v to_o say_v in_o their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n per_fw-la la_fw-fr valuta_n cambiata_n for_o the_o value_n exchange_v with_o such_o a_o one_o exchange_v the_o value_n of_o money_n exchange_v and_o not_o for_o the_o value_n receive_v as_o aforesaid_a because_o they_o make_v their_o payment_n as_o it_o be_v all_o at_o one_o time_n which_o be_v otherwise_o in_o those_o place_n where_o no_o bank_n be_v keep_v or_o may_v be_v also_o in_o some_o of_o these_o place_n if_o the_o money_n be_v payable_a without_o the_o bank_n as_o we_o have_v note_v before_o many_o merchant_n traffic_v only_o in_o exchange_n become_v good_a observer_n and_o as_o ingenious_a as_o the_o banker_n themselves_o according_a to_o the_o adage_n fabricando_fw-la fabri_fw-la fimus_fw-la whereby_o they_o know_v the_o variation_n of_o their_o compass_n and_o the_o point_n to_o direct_v their_o course_n by_o observe_v the_o accidental_a cause_n of_o great_a payment_n of_o money_n to_o be_v make_v in_o some_o place_n and_o of_o employment_n to_o be_v make_v upon_o commodity_n in_o some_o other_o place_n or_o the_o scarcity_n of_o money_n for_o some_o place_n and_o the_o plenty_n for_o other_o place_n or_o the_o generality_n of_o both_o calling_z it_o as_o the_o spaniard_n say_v la_fw-fr placa_fw-la eâ—â—a_fw-la larga_fw-la lo_o estrecha_fw-la the_o exchange_n or_o place_n be_v straight_o or_o plenteous_a so_o that_o those_o merchant_n run_v with_o the_o stream_n can_v make_v their_o exchange_n beneficial_a unto_o themselves_o and_o that_o without_o stock_n or_o capital_a of_o their_o own_o but_o mere_o by_o take_v up_o money_n for_o one_o place_n and_o deliver_v the_o same_o for_o another_o place_n at_o a_o undervalue_v in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n send_v many_o time_n the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la which_o have_v be_v take_v up_o by_o exchange_n when_o the_o same_o do_v yield_v more_o than_o the_o price_n at_o which_o they_o take_v up_o the_o same_o as_o in_o our_o precedent_a treatise_n have_v be_v declare_v more_o ample_o this_o orderly_a course_n of_o payment_n or_o satisfaction_n to_o be_v make_v for_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v admit_v no_o rescounter_n or_o stoppage_n but_o voluntary_a voluntary_a rescounter_v in_o exchange_n be_v voluntary_a that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o i_o owe_v you_o one_o hundred_o pound_n by_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o i_o accept_v and_o within_o three_o or_o four_o day_n you_o shall_v owe_v i_o the_o like_o hundred_o pound_n for_o another_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o you_o accept_v i_o can_v rescounter_v these_o payment_n to_o answer_v each_o other_o unless_o you_o condescend_v thereunto_o although_o the_o money_n be_v due_a to_o be_v pay_v but_o every_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v to_o be_v answer_v and_o pay_v in_o his_o proper_a nature_n for_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o some_o countermand_n be_v make_v by_o he_o that_o cause_v this_o money_n to_o be_v make_v over_o unto_o you_o before_o you_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o say_a bill_n which_o for_o some_o cause_n you_o be_v to_o conceal_v for_o a_o time_n you_o be_v for_o all_o that_o to_o be_v pay_v of_o your_o hundred_o pound_n or_o the_o diligence_n which_o be_v requisite_a to_o be_v do_v herein_o be_v both_o way_n to_o be_v observe_v according_o but_o when_o it_o be_v do_v by_o voluntary_a consent_n and_o agreement_n then_o be_v it_o questionless_a for_o voluntas_fw-la est_fw-la mensura_fw-la actionum_fw-la etc._n will_n do_v regulate_v action_n etc._n etc._n the_o will_n do_v regulate_v the_o action_n and_o if_o any_o factor_n do_v the_o same_o for_o another_o man_n account_n without_o commission_n he_o shall_v be_v answerable_a for_o it_o as_o before_o be_v declare_v in_o the_o title_n of_o factor_n and_o servant_n and_o the_o commission_n give_v unto_o they_o for_o the_o better_a explanation_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n take_v up_o for_o one_o place_n and_o deliver_v again_o for_o another_o place_n let_v we_o observe_v this_o example_n ten_o thousand_o ducat_n be_v take_v up_o at_o antuerp_n for_o venice_n at_o usance_n of_o two_o month_n at_o several_a price_n of_o 113_o ½_n penny_n 114_o penny_n and_o 115_o ½_n penny_n for_o the_o ducat_n be_v the_o medium_fw-la or_o one_o with_o another_o at_o 115_o penny_n make_v flemish_a money_n r._n 4791_o 13_o 4_o these_o r._n 4791_o 13_o 4_o money_n example_n of_o exchange_n and_o rechange_n of_o money_n be_v make_v over_o for_o london_n at_o usance_n be_v one_o month_n at_o diverse_a price_n whereof_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 32_o shilling_n four_o penny_n and_o make_v 2875_o will_v 0_o ss_z 0_o do_v these_o r._n 2875_o sterling_a be_v receive_v and_o factoridge_n brokeridge_n and_o port_n of_o letter_n deduct_v remain_v 2860_o will_v which_o be_v make_v over_o for_o antuerp_n again_o at_o several_a price_n and_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 34_o ss_z 2_o ½_n d._n 4894_o will_v 15_o 10_o the_o ten_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o venice_n be_v take_v up_o for_o frankford_n at_o 130_o florin_n of_o 65_o creutzer_n for_o 100_o ducat_n whereunto_o factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n add_v it_o amount_v to_o 13130_o dollar_n or_o florin_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n and_o with_o brokeridge_n and_o factoridge_n at_o frankford_n be_v florin_n 13260_o flo._n 0_o ss_z 0_o do_v the_o 4894_o 15_o 10_o flemish_n receive_v in_o antuerp_n be_v make_v over_o for_o madrill_n in_o spain_n at_o diverse_a price_n whereof_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 106_o penny_n for_o a_o ducat_n of_o 375_o maluedeis_fw-la to_o be_v pay_v in_o bank_n at_o four_o month_n time_n with_o five_o upon_o the_o thousand_o and_o make_v ducat_n 11132_o duc._n 12_o ss_z 6_o d_o these_o 11132_o ducat_n twelve_o shilling_n six_o penny_n of_o a_o ducat_n be_v make_v over_o from_o madrill_n to_o lixborne_n in_o portugal_n and_o deduct_v factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n there_o remain_v 11010_o ducat_n of_o 440_o reas_n for_o every_o ducat_n of_o 375_o maluedeis_fw-la or_o 11_o ryalls_z be_v 4844_o u_o 620_o vlas_n and_o ducat_n 12111_o duc._n 11_o ss_z 0_o do_v these_o 12111_o ducat_n or_o crusat_n of_o lixborne_n make_v over_o to_o antuerp_n factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n deduct_v remain_v 11990_o ducat_n at_o 98_o penny_n flemish_n every_o ducat_n or_o crusat_n be_v flemish_n r._n 4895_o 18_o 4_o the_o 13260_o florin_n of_o frankford_n take_v up_o for_o antuerp_n at_o 81_o penny_n r._n 4530_o 10_o 0_o  _fw-fr r._n 365_o 8_o 4_o these_o money_n pay_v brokeridge_n and_o factoridge_n for_o venice_n and_o deliver_v for_o london_n and_o for_o madrill_n 38_o two_o 4_o which_o must_v be_v deduct_v r._n 38_o 2_o 4_o so_o there_o be_v advance_v by_o industry_n with_o other_o man_n money_n r._n 327_o 6_o 0_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o feat_n of_o banker_n perform_v by_o exchange_n we_o have_v in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o book_n make_v a_o description_n of_o bank_n and_o banker_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o payment_n and_o exchange_n make_v in_o bank_n for_o commodity_n buy_v and_o sell_v and_o have_v in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n declare_v the_o four_o manner_n of_o exchange_n and_o the_o merchandize_v exchange_n by_o denomination_n of_o it_o to_o be_v the_o canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n let_v we_o now_o entreat_v of_o the_o feat_n of_o banker_n some_o man_n of_o judgement_n have_v find_v my_o writing_n
they_o agree_v to_o reckon_v the_o money_n in_o exchange_n but_o at_o thirty_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a and_o so_o make_v return_v each_o to_o other_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o money_n shall_v be_v receive_v both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n whereupon_o put_v the_o case_n that_o there_o be_v receive_v at_o amsterdam_n one_o thousand_o and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n flemish_n for_o cloth_n and_o at_o london_n there_o be_v receive_v one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a for_o velvet_n and_o silk_n which_o according_a to_o the_o say_a computation_n be_v all_o one_o in_o effect_n between_o they_o and_o may_v by_o way_n of_o rescounter_n answer_v each_o other_o in_o account_n but_o the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n know_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o money_n there_o he_o can_v make_v a_o great_a gain_n to_o have_v the_o say_v one_o thousand_o pound_n to_o be_v send_v unto_o he_o in_o specie_fw-la he_o desire_v the_o londoner_n to_o send_v unto_o he_o this_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a in_o silver_n or_o gold_n coin_n royal_n of_o eight_o or_o rickx_v dollar_n whereby_o he_o shall_v profit_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o mean_v aforesaid_a which_o amount_v to_o one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o pound_n gain_n now_o the_o londoner_n have_v his_o one_o thousand_o and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n flemish_n or_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a at_o amsterdam_n can_v do_v the_o like_a because_o the_o money_n by_o the_o say_v inhaunce_v be_v receive_v there_o above_o the_o value_n so_o that_o his_o money_n must_v be_v deliver_v there_o by_o exchange_n at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n or_o under_o whereby_o he_o receive_v here_o the_o say_v 1500_o will_v flemish_n with_o no_o gain_n at_o all_o thus_o the_o account_n be_v make_v even_o between_o they_o but_o by_o these_o mean_v the_o kingdom_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o 1000_o will_v of_o the_o merchant_n money_n send_v to_o amsterdam_n which_o do_v not_o only_o procure_v want_n of_o our_o money_n but_o cause_v also_o the_o native_a commodity_n to_o be_v undersell_v and_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o be_v advance_v in_o price_n beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o plenty_n of_o money_n there_o and_o hinder_v the_o importation_n of_o bullion_n to_o prevent_v this_o the_o question_n be_v now_o whether_o it_o be_v better_a and_o more_o expedient_a to_o raise_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n or_o the_o valuation_n of_o our_o money_n sure_o all_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v say_v that_o the_o raise_n of_o exchange_n breed_v not_o that_o alteration_n which_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n do_v to_o make_v every_o thing_n dear_a and_o to_o cause_n landlord_n and_o creditor_n to_o loose_v in_o their_o rent_n and_o contract_n and_o merchant_n of_o experience_n do_v know_v that_o we_o can_v do_v as_o they_o do_v for_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o our_o money_n here_o will_v be_v countermine_v by_o other_o nation_n who_o still_o will_v underualue_n they_o in_o exchange_n between_o we_o unless_o it_o be_v prevent_v by_o our_o own_o true_a valuation_n to_o be_v make_v know_v as_o aforesaid_a the_o author_n of_o this_o treatise_n of_o free_a trade_n do_v say_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o rate_n of_o exchange_n 104._o page_n 104._o but_o the_o value_n of_o money_n here_o low_a elsewhere_o high_a which_o cause_n their_o exportation_n nor_o do_v the_o exchange_n but_o the_o plenty_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n cause_v their_o value_n which_o be_v mere_o hysteron_fw-gr proteron_fw-gr whereunto_o i_o have_v answer_v heretofore_o viz._n argument_n three_o way_n to_o dissolve_v a_o argument_n there_o be_v three_o way_n to_o dissolve_v a_o argument_n denial_n retort_a and_o distinction_n denial_n be_v too_o hostile_a savour_v more_o of_o obstinacy_n than_o of_o art_n retortion_n be_v more_o witty_a than_o profitable_a but_o distinction_n be_v like_o mature_a remedy_n compare_v to_o purge_n which_o cleanse_v and_o feed_v but_o the_o say_a author_n do_v take_v the_o course_n of_o denial_n and_o prove_v nothing_o touch_v the_o matter_n in_o question_n money_n exchange_n compare_v to_o to_o the_o affaies_n oâ—_n money_n if_o money_n be_v here_o low_a and_o elsewhere_o high_a how_o be_v this_o know_v but_o by_o the_o valuation_n of_o exchange_n consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o money_n of_o several_a standard_n wherein_o the_o exchange_n be_v like_o the_o assay_v whereby_o the_o finesse_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v know_v ground_v upon_o the_o quantity_n which_o the_o exchange_n require_v according_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n &_o gold_n contain_v in_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n which_o be_v the_o intrinsic_a value_n &_o not_o according_a to_o extrinsicke_a valuation_n which_o be_v alter_v by_o denomination_n for_o the_o name_n of_o a_o thing_n do_v not_o alter_v the_o value_n real_o but_o the_o substance_n do_v it_o if_o it_o be_v alter_v much_o less_o do_v plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n cause_n their_o value_n it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n and_o property_n of_o money_n the_o yard_n do_v measure_v the_o cloth_n but_o the_o cloth_n do_v not_o measure_v the_o yard_n to_o illustrate_v the_o premise_n by_o example_n i_o have_v heretofore_o show_v the_o consideration_n incident_a suppose_v that_o some_o merchant_n stranger_n do_v come_v over_o into_o the_o realm_n to_o buy_v a_o pack_n of_o ten_o clothes_n value_v at_o 80_o will_v sterling_a which_o they_o be_v to_o pay_v in_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o they_o do_v not_o know_v the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o their_o foreign_a coin_n which_o they_o have_v bring_v over_o hereupon_o to_o content_v both_o party_n the_o money_n on_o either_o side_n must_v be_v try_v by_o the_o subtle_a assay_n according_a to_o their_o fineness_n computate_v upon_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n and_o then_o by_o weight_n they_o answer_v each_o other_o according_o and_o so_o this_o negotiation_n be_v in_o effect_n but_o a_o permutation_n of_o money_n for_o commodity_n before_o exchange_n be_v invent_v hitherto_o we_o have_v handle_v of_o the_o reformation_n of_o exchange_n for_o place_n where_o the_o basis_n of_o exchange_n or_o foundation_n be_v make_v upon_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a that_o be_v to_o say_v when_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n deliver_v money_n there_o for_o england_n will_v cause_v the_o broker_n of_o exchange_n to_o know_v how_o much_o flemish_a or_o hamborough_n money_n merchant_n will_v give_v there_o to_o have_v twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a pay_v in_o england_n even_o as_o we_o do_v here_o to_o know_v how_o much_o in_o flemish_a money_n or_o other_o coin_n a_o merchant_n will_v give_v for_o the_o say_v twenty_o shilling_n here_o coin_n exchange_n which_o be_v make_v upon_o foreign_a coin_n by_o a_o agreement_n to_o be_v pay_v beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n but_o now_o we_o be_v to_o entreat_v 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of_o fisher_n net_n to_o make_v brown_a paper_n of_o skin_n to_o make_v glue_v of_o beer_n lose_fw-mi to_o make_v aqua_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la and_o the_o like_a and_o here_o we_o may_v not_o omit_v how_o almighty_a god_n by_o his_o divine_a providence_n rule_v many_o time_n this_o negotiate_v commutation_n when_o the_o harvest_n of_o corn_n fail_v in_o one_o country_n and_o be_v prosperous_a in_o another_o country_n whereby_o this_o trade_n of_o barter_n by_o the_o rule_n of_o money_n do_v very_o much_o augment_v and_o the_o price_n of_o corn_n become_v to_o be_v much_o dear_a albeit_o the_o price_n be_v reasonable_a consider_v the_o fermer_n may_v by_o the_o cheapnes_n thereof_o be_v make_v unable_a to_o pay_v his_o rent_n and_o god_n who_o do_v every_o thing_n for_o the_o best_a show_v unto_o we_o how_o one_o nation_n may_v have_v need_n and_o occasion_n to_o use_v the_o help_n and_o mean_n of_o other_o nation_n and_o which_o be_v more_o admirable_a to_o be_v note_v god_n in_o the_o 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six_o shilling_n northern_a carseye_n then_o 18_o ss_z spanish_a soap_n 20_o ss_z now_o 50_o ss_z and_o carseye_n 22_o ss_z seville_a oil_n the_o tun_n 12_o will_v now_o 35_o will_v and_o many_o time_n above_o forty_o pound_n french_a wine_n at_o 5_o will_v the_o tun_n now_o 20_o will_v or_o thereabouts_o long_o prune_n 5_o ss_z now_z 15_o and_o 16_o ss_z sugar_n 6_o penny_n the_o pound_n now_o 14_o and_o 16_o penny_n malmeseyes_n 5_o will_v the_o butt_n now_o 18_o will_v and_o 20_o will_v cotton_n wool_n 4_o d._n now_o 15_o d._n and_o diverse_a other_o commodity_n according_o so_o that_o a_o angel_n will_v have_v buy_v one_o yard_n of_o velvet_n now_o three_o angel_n or_o piece_n of_o gold_n can_v be_v export_v for_o the_o same_o ten_o angel_n will_v have_v buy_v a_o tun_n of_o claret_n wine_n in_o england_n which_o be_v now_o sell_v for_o above_o twenty_o pound_n and_o twenty_o four_o pound_n beside_o that_o our_o cloth_n be_v better_a make_v than_o in_o those_o day_n albeit_o not_o so_o good_a as_o it_o may_v be_v make_v victual_n and_o wage_n be_v dear_a and_o woad_n mather_n oil_n and_o colour_n be_v extreme_o rise_v a_o merchant_n may_v have_v send_v or_o carry_v with_o he_o one_o pack_n of_o clothes_n white_a broad_a or_o narrow_a list_n and_o bring_v in_o return_n one_o chest_n contain_v nine_o or_o ten_o piece_n of_o velvet_n whereas_o now_o he_o can_v bring_v above_o three_o or_o four_o piece_n in_o return_n thereof_o for_o a_o redding_n cloth_n sell_v beyond_o the_o sea_n he_o may_v have_v return_v one_o bale_n of_o fustian_n whereas_o now_o for_o the_o value_n of_o one_o bale_n of_o fustian_n sell_v in_o england_n a_o merchant_n must_v buy_v and_o export_v three_o clothes_n a_o london_n mingle_v colour_n cloth_n will_v have_v buy_v at_o lisbon_n two_o chest_n of_o sugar_n now_o one_o chest_n of_o sugar_n will_v draw_v two_o clothes_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n so_o a_o kentish_a cloth_n will_v have_v buy_v at_o seville_a a_o tun_n of_o oil_n and_o more_o now_o one_o tun_n of_o oil_n do_v countervail_v three_o clothes_n and_o more_o and_o other_o commodity_n according_o give_v as_o it_o be_v three_o to_o one_o in_o specie_fw-la for_o foreign_a commodity_n kind_n commutation_n be_v compare_v unto_o money_n in_o kind_n compare_v this_o commutation_n to_o the_o money_n enhance_v in_o the_o low_a country_n germany_n france_n and_o some_o other_o country_n which_o be_v the_o same_o money_n still_o in_o specie_fw-la for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n and_o only_o the_o valuation_n be_v alter_v and_o you_o shall_v find_v that_o within_o the_o say_a time_n of_o seventie_o year_n a_o angel_n worth_a ten_o s._n then_o be_v now_o above_o twenty_o sâ—illings_n a_o french_a crown_n six_o shilling_n now_o twelve_o shilling_n six_o penny_n and_o all_o other_o coin_n according_o or_o thereabouts_o whereas_o in_o england_n there_o be_v no_o momentary_a alteration_n of_o the_o money_n as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v make_v more_o apparent_a and_o the_o like_a consideration_n will_v also_o be_v have_v concern_v the_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n some_o man_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o sell_v our_o home_n commodity_n good_a cheap_a make_v a_o lively_a trade_n augment_v commerce_n and_o maintain_v all_o the_o dependence_n thereupon_o by_o set_v the_o people_n on_o work_n employ_v ship_n and_o augment_v the_o king_n custom_n and_o imposition_n but_o they_o never_o consider_v two_o principal_a point_n whereby_o the_o wealth_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n increase_v or_o decrease_v namely_o cheap_a inconvenience_n to_o sell_v commodity_n good_a cheap_a if_o commodity_n import_v unto_o we_o be_v dear_a than_o in_o time_n past_a as_o we_o have_v note_v and_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v not_o sell_v proportionable_o in_o price_n but_o we_o will_v
pound_n worth_a at_o london_n in_o commodity_n which_o be_v account_v in_o price_n as_o if_o he_o have_v buy_v they_o for_o ready_a money_n and_o do_v give_v unto_o the_o seller_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n one_o or_o more_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o antuerp_n amsterdam_n or_o any_o other_o place_n to_o be_v pay_v according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v make_v or_o aught_o to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n of_o one_o country_n and_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n by_o weight_n and_o fineness_n as_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o declare_v and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o distance_n and_o discrepance_n of_o the_o time_n and_o place_n where_o and_o when_o the_o say_v money_n shall_v be_v pay_v by_o the_o buyer_n friend_n factor_n or_o servant_n and_o so_o the_o say_a bill_n or_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v pay_v according_o for_o the_o commodity_n so_o buy_v bank_n by_o money_n payable_a in_o bank_n 4_o another_o merchant_n have_v money_n in_o bank_n or_o in_o the_o banker_n hand_n at_o amsterdam_n or_o any_o other_o place_n where_o bank_n be_v keep_v buy_v some_o commodity_n in_o the_o say_a place_n and_o cast_v up_o what_o the_o same_o do_v amount_v unto_o he_o go_v to_o the_o bank_n and_o assign_v the_o seller_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n to_o receive_v so_o much_o money_n there_o and_o the_o bank_n accept_v thereof_o give_v he_o satisfaction_n in_o the_o payment_n he_o make_v unto_o other_o according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bank_n hereafter_o declare_v credit_n by_o a_o letter_n of_o credit_n 5_o another_o buy_v some_o commodity_n there_o or_o in_o any_o other_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n he_o have_v a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n call_v a_o procuration_n or_o a_o letter_n of_o credit_n either_o from_o his_o master_n or_o any_o other_o here_o at_o london_n or_o elsewhere_o who_o upon_o his_o credit_n have_v promise_v thereby_o to_o pay_v the_o value_n of_o the_o say_a good_n in_o some_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_a to_o a_o price_n of_o exchange_n agree_v upon_o between_o the_o party_n here_o and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o which_o be_v still_o according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o money_n in_o both_o part_n answerable_a to_o weight_n and_o fineness_n by_o way_n of_o exchange_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v between_o london_n and_o exeter_n plymouth_n yarmouth_n and_o many_o other_o place_n upon_o the_o very_a same_o and_o uniform_a coin_n by_o letter_n missive_a between_o merchant_n here_o and_o there_o obligatorie_n for_o bill_n obligatorie_n 6_o the_o most_o usual_a buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n be_v for_o bill_n of_o debt_n or_o obligation_n call_v bill_n obligatorie_n which_o one_o merchant_n give_v unto_o another_o for_o commodity_n buy_v or_o sell_v which_o be_v altogether_o use_v by_o the_o merchant_n aduenturor_n at_o amsterdam_n middleborough_n hamborough_n and_o other_o place_n for_o when_o they_o have_v sell_v their_o clothes_n unto_o other_o merchant_n or_o other_o payable_a at_o 4_o 6_o 8_o or_o more_o month_n they_o present_o transfer_v and_o set_v over_o these_o bill_n so_o receive_v for_o the_o payment_n of_o their_o clothes_n unto_o other_o merchant_n and_o take_v for_o they_o other_o commodity_n at_o such_o price_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v with_o the_o seller_n of_o they_o be_v it_o velvet_n silk_n satin_n fustian_n or_o any_o other_o ware_n or_o commodity_n to_o make_v return_n of_o the_o provenue_n of_o they_o and_o so_o sell_v those_o foreign_a commodity_n here_o in_o england_n they_o present_o buy_v more_o clothes_n and_o continue_v a_o revolution_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n be_v so_o in_o effect_n as_o may_v be_v illustrate_v by_o example_n suppose_v a.b._n the_o clothier_n sell_v to_o c.d._n the_o merchant_n one_o pack_n of_o clothes_n traffic_n example_n of_o of_o the_o revolution_n in_o traffic_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n paiable_a at_o six_o month_n and_o do_v condition_n with_o he_o to_o make_v he_o a_o bill_n in_o the_o name_n of_o such_o a_o man_n as_o he_o shall_v nominate_v unto_o he_o a.b._n the_o clothier_n buy_v of_o d.e._n the_o gentleman_n so_o much_o wool_n as_o amount_v to_o one_o hundred_o pound_n and_o do_v intend_v to_o deliver_v he_o the_o bill_n of_o c._n d._n the_o merchant_n in_o full_a payment_n of_o his_o wool_n and_o to_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v make_v in_o his_o this_o gentleman_n name_n but_o d.e._n the_o say_a gentleman_n cause_v he_o to_o make_v the_o bill_n payable_a to_o e.g._n the_o mercer_n and_o the_o mercer_n be_v content_v with_o the_o like_a condition_n to_o accept_v thereof_o but_o he_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o c._n d._n the_o merchant_n of_o who_o he_o buy_v his_o velvet_n and_o silk_n and_o so_o in_o payment_n of_o they_o he_o deliver_v he_o by_o a_o intermissive_a time_n his_o own_o bill_n which_o he_o first_o shall_v have_v make_v to_o the_o clothier_n and_o herein_o you_o be_v to_o note_v that_o in_o the_o buy_n by_o bill_n it_o may_v be_v make_v payable_a to_o the_o clothier_n or_o to_o the_o bearer_n thereof_o and_o so_o all_o the_o party_n be_v bearer_n thereof_o unto_o who_o the_o same_o be_v set_v over_o by_o tradition_n of_o it_o only_o which_o by_o a_o retrograde_a examination_n will_v appear_v and_o this_o be_v call_v a_o rescounter_n in_o payment_n debt_n rescounter_v by_o bill_n of_o debt_n use_v among_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o seem_v strange_a unto_o all_o man_n that_o be_v ignorant_a of_o this_o custom_n and_o yet_o do_v they_o perceive_v a_o reason_n for_o it_o and_o can_v deny_v the_o commodiousness_n thereof_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n be_v direct_o against_o this_o course_n for_o they_o say_v there_o can_v be_v no_o alienation_n from_o one_o man_n to_o another_o of_o debt_n because_o they_o be_v hold_v choose_v en_fw-fr action_n and_o such_o whereof_o no_o property_n can_v pass_v by_o assignment_n or_o alienation_n and_o many_o good_a lawyer_n do_v wish_v as_o well_o as_o merchant_n that_o there_o be_v a_o act_n of_o parliament_n make_v for_o the_o establish_n of_o the_o like_a course_n in_o england_n by_o reason_n whereof_o let_v we_o in_o the_o next_o chapter_n handle_v this_o matter_n more_o distinct_o and_o declare_v the_o benefit_n which_o the_o realm_n will_v receive_v thereby_o and_o all_o merchant_n and_o other_o negotiate_v for_o great_a sum_n there_o be_v other_o manner_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o contract_n and_o upon_o condition_n and_o casualty_n which_o be_v to_o be_v declare_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n whereunto_o relation_n may_v be_v have_v hereafter_o chap._n xii_o of_o the_o transfer_v or_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n obligatorie_n between_o merchant_n and_o other_o we_o have_v in_o some_o measure_n in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n declare_v the_o use_n and_o custom_n of_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o transfer_v and_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n obligatorie_n or_o bill_n of_o debt_n which_o they_o give_v each_o to_o other_o for_o the_o payment_n of_o commodity_n buy_v and_o sell_v by_o way_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n it_o rest_v now_o to_o speak_v thereof_o more_o ample_o for_o the_o sincerity_n of_o plain_a deal_n have_v hitherto_o be_v inviolable_a sea_n the_o manner_n of_o bill_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n which_o every_o man_n of_o credit_n and_o reputation_n give_v of_o his_o own_o hand_n write_v or_o make_v by_o his_o servant_n and_o by_o he_o subscribe_v without_o any_o seal_n or_o witness_v thereunto_o and_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o such_o a_o merchant_n or_o person_n or_o to_o the_o bearer_n of_o the_o bill_n at_o such_o time_n or_o time_n of_o payment_n as_o be_v agree_v and_o conclude_v between_o the_o party_n either_o for_o money_n or_o commodity_n lend_v or_o buy_v and_o so_o declare_v in_o the_o say_a bill_n according_a to_o the_o form_n hereafter_o express_v this_o custom_n be_v much_o practise_v by_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n beyond_o the_o sea_n at_o middleborough_n amsterdam_n antuerp_n hamborough_n and_o other_o place_n where_o they_o do_v trade_n in_o manner_n follow_v as_o we_o have_v note_v a_o merchant_n have_v many_o of_o these_o bill_n which_o he_o have_v receive_v for_o his_o clothes_n sell_v unto_o draper_n or_o other_o merchant_n dwell_v in_o several_a town_n and_o place_n will_v resort_v unto_o a_o shopkeeper_n or_o another_o merchant_n common_o accompany_v with_o a_o mediator_n or_o broker_n to_o buy_v a_o good_a round_a quantity_n of_o silk_n ware_n debt_n the_o set_n over_o of_o
thereof_o and_o not_o to_o the_o lender_n i_o mean_v of_o peril_n proceed_v by_o storm_n violence_n spoil_n or_o such_o like_a occasion_n which_o can_v be_v eschew_v by_o any_o diligence_n of_o the_o borrower_n therefore_o if_o the_o borrower_n employ_v that_o money_n upon_o commodity_n and_o that_o the_o say_v commodity_n become_v forfeit_v for_o nonpaiment_n of_o custom_n the_o lender_n shall_v be_v clear_a of_o any_o damage_n thereby_o it_o be_v also_o to_o be_v note_v that_o money_n lend_v at_o maritime_a interest_n without_o hazard_n but_o upon_o security_n shall_v pay_v no_o profit_n otherwise_o than_o the_o money_n lend_v at_o interest_n because_o the_o security_n be_v give_v over_o and_o above_o for_o the_o lender_n assurance_n again_o suppose_v it_o be_v money_n not_o enter_v in_o the_o pursers_n book_n and_o yet_o lend_v for_o the_o need_n of_o the_o company_n within_o the_o ship_n during_o the_o voyage_n if_o before_o the_o day_n appoint_v for_o the_o payment_n shipwreck_n or_o spoil_v happen_v than_o shall_v the_o loss_n come_v in_o contribution_n between_o they_o because_o if_o that_o money_n have_v be_v lie_v by_o the_o lender_n still_o unlent_a it_o have_v be_v in_o common_a danger_n with_o the_o rest_n but_o if_o the_o time_n appoint_v be_v pass_v with_o the_o peril_n aforesaid_a then_o shall_v the_o borrower_n pay_v that_o money_n so_o borrow_v free_a from_o all_o contribution_n further_o in_o case_n the_o borrower_n detain_v any_o such_o money_n lend_v as_o aforesaid_a beyond_o the_o time_n appoint_v for_o the_o repay_v he_o shall_v at_o his_o return_n not_o only_o pay_v the_o profit_n agree_v upon_o before_o the_o voyage_n but_o also_o augment_v the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o long_a time_n and_o shall_v pay_v the_o profit_n of_o that_o first_o condition_n according_o some_o merchant_n there_o be_v that_o will_v deliver_v money_n in_o nature_n of_o vsura_fw-la maritima_n join_v the_o use_n money_n and_o danger_n of_o the_o sea_n either_o upon_o the_o ship_n or_o good_n all_o in_o one_o consideration_n and_o so_o take_v 25_o or_o 30_o upon_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o return_n of_o such_o a_o ship_n from_o such_o a_o voyage_n wherein_o they_o have_v a_o eye_n to_o the_o person_n that_o take_v up_o the_o money_n make_v account_n to_o be_v better_o assure_v by_o a_o vigilant_a eye_n upon_o a_o merchant_n traffic_n who_o they_o must_v trust_v if_o they_o will_v make_v benefit_n of_o their_o money_n rather_o than_o to_o deliver_v their_o money_n unto_o another_o of_o who_o deal_n they_o can_v give_v so_o good_a a_o judgement_n assurance_n combination_n of_o interest_n money_n and_o assurance_n as_o for_o example_n they_o know_v that_o such_o a_o merchant_n do_v deal_v for_o turkey_n and_o that_o in_o know_a ship_n traffic_v that_o way_n the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n go_v unto_o he_o and_o make_v a_o offer_n to_o lend_v he_o 1000_o will_v for_o a_o voyage_n to_o be_v make_v with_o kersey_n and_o tin_n to_o tripoli_n and_o that_o he_o will_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o that_o money_n during_o all_o the_o voyage_n which_o he_o know_v be_v common_o perform_v within_o the_o year_n for_o say_v he_o you_o know_v that_o i_o be_o a_o assuror_n and_o you_o do_v use_v to_o assure_v your_o good_n and_o to_o increase_v your_o trade_n you_o take_v up_o money_n at_o use_n of_o other_o in_o small_a sum_n it_o may_v therefore_o be_v very_o commodious_a for_o we_o both_o to_o include_v the_o price_n of_o assurance_n and_o the_o use_n money_n together_o and_o so_o with_o the_o return_n you_o shall_v be_v provide_v to_o pay_v i_o again_o if_o god_n do_v prosper_v the_o ship_n and_o make_v homeward_o speedy_o if_o not_o i_o can_v demand_v nothing_o of_o you_o and_o must_v be_v content_v to_o bear_v the_o loss_n with_o patience_n hereupon_o a_o contract_n be_v make_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o be_v account_v for_o the_o use_n money_n joint_o contract_n of_o interest_n and_o assurance_n joint_o and_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o adventure_n of_o the_o good_n outward_o and_o another_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o adventure_n of_o the_o return_n homeward_o in_o conclusion_n there_o be_v 30_o pro_fw-la ceinto_o so_o that_o upon_o the_o return_n of_o the_o say_a ship_n he_o be_v to_o have_v 1300_o will_v within_o such_o a_o time_n as_o they_o common_o agree_v be_v it_o one_o or_o two_o month_n after_o this_o be_v a_o good_a bargain_n for_o the_o lender_n howsoever_o the_o borrower_n of_o the_o money_n may_v speed_v for_o the_o lender_n have_v not_o to_o do_v with_o the_o sale_n of_o the_o good_n nor_o with_o the_o return_n of_o they_o but_o he_o will_v be_v sure_a that_o at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o ship_n he_o may_v have_v his_o money_n pay_v he_o not_o only_o by_o the_o provenue_n of_o the_o kersey_n and_o tin_n which_o be_v buy_v with_o the_o thousand_o pound_n he_o lend_v but_o also_o with_o the_o return_n of_o all_o other_o good_n which_o the_o borrower_n do_v lade_v more_o in_o the_o say_a ship_n for_o tripoli_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o in_o like_a manner_n for_o other_o place_n chap._n xxxii_o of_o ship_n and_o navigation_n under_o the_o name_n navis_fw-la be_v all_o kind_n of_o ship_v understand_v and_o navigium_fw-la be_v a_o general_a word_n many_o time_n use_v for_o navigation_n so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o of_o any_o moment_n to_o describe_v the_o diversity_n of_o ship_n as_o carrack_n galleon_n galleass_n galley_n centaureis_fw-la ship_n of_o war_n flyboats_n buss_n and_o all_o other_o kind_n of_o ship_n and_o vessel_n but_o that_o we_o may_v understand_v the_o sea_n law_n and_o custom_n observe_v therein_o appertain_v to_o the_o law_n merchant_n as_o also_o those_o thing_n which_o proper_o may_v concern_v ship_n as_o follow_v all_o ship_n be_v make_v for_o fail_v be_v to_o be_v prepare_v according_o both_o for_o goodness_n and_o sit_v timber_n and_o convenient_a build_n as_o for_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rudder_n of_o the_o ship_n upon_o the_o right_a parallel_n of_o the_o keel_n of_o the_o ship_n equality_n the_o parallel_n of_o equality_n for_o therein_o consist_v a_o main_a point_n for_o swift_a sail_v which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v a_o great_a defect_n in_o many_o ship_n partly_o new_o build_v and_o repair_v for_o new_a timber_n and_o old_a mix_v together_o do_v never_o endure_v long_o especial_o if_o the_o ship_n be_v not_o repair_v in_o time_n before_o she_o be_v much_o decay_v which_o often_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o the_o owner_n of_o it_o can_v agree_v therein_o the_o law_n therefore_o be_v commendable_a that_o if_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o owner_n or_o those_o that_o have_v the_o great_a interest_n and_o part_n therein_o cause_n the_o same_o to_o be_v repair_v that_o he_o who_o provide_v not_o his_o money_n for_o his_o part_n within_o four_o month_n after_o shall_v lose_v his_o part_n to_o the_o other_o owner_n if_o he_o refuse_v to_o be_v conformable_a with_o the_o rest_n or_o with_o his_o partner_n in_o the_o say_a ship_n who_o do_v disburse_v the_o same_o and_o moreover_o he_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o money_n also_o for_o the_o time_n that_o the_o same_o be_v lay_v out_o some_o make_v a_o question_n whether_o a_o ship_n so_o amend_v &_o repair_v shall_v be_v take_v to_o be_v the_o same_o but_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o so_o long_o as_o the_o keel_n of_o the_o ship_n remain_v it_o be_v still_o the_o same_o ship_n and_o not_o to_o be_v call_v another_o ship_n so_o be_v it_o always_o belong_v unto_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n although_o they_o have_v fabricate_v &_o amend_v the_o same_o with_o another_o man_n timber_n for_o the_o sell_n of_o a_o ship_n be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a course_n to_o alienate_v the_o same_o but_o the_o quiet_a possession_n thereof_o must_v be_v deliver_v upon_o the_o sale_n make_v and_o although_o the_o sale_n be_v make_v and_o the_o possession_n of_o a_o ship_n deliver_v if_o nevertheless_o it_o afterward_o shall_v appear_v that_o some_o have_v commit_v piracie_n with_o the_o same_o the_o party_n who_o lose_v his_o good_n may_v lay_v a_o action_n to_o the_o ship_n in_o place_n convenient_a hence_o the_o proverb_n arise_v water_n a_o ship_n which_o can_v drink_v of_o all_o water_n that_o such_o a_o ship_n can_v drink_v of_o all_o water_n albeit_o this_o law_n be_v not_o general_a no_o more_o than_o a_o ship_n drive_v by_o tempest_n into_o a_o harbour_n or_o port_n be_v subject_a to_o pay_v custom_n there_o albeit_o some_o demand_v the_o same_o although_o no_o bulk_n be_v break_v which_o seem_v to_o be_v unreasonable_a a_o contract_n therefore_o take_v his_o strength_n from_o the_o party_n contract_v and_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n thereof_o it_o be_v therefore_o
occasion_n to_o ask_v he_o pix_n trial_o of_o the_o pix_n whether_o the_o last_o and_o supreme_a trial_n of_o the_o money_n which_o be_v make_v common_o once_o a_o year_n before_o the_o lord_n at_o the_o star-chamber_n be_v do_v in_o like_a manner_n and_o he_o answer_v i_o it_o be_v and_o withal_o he_o desire_v i_o to_o resolve_v the_o question_n between_o the_o warden_n and_o the_o mintmaster_n concern_v the_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n hide_v from_o report_n as_o it_o be_v suppose_v according_a to_o our_o former_a conference_n i_o tell_v he_o that_o according_a to_o the_o issue_n join_v between_o he_o and_o i_o that_o the_o mintmaster_n have_v not_o pocket_v up_o any_o such_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n as_o his_o account_n be_v charge_v withal_o i_o will_v make_v that_o plain_a by_o demonstration_n which_o he_o say_v be_v his_o desire_n whereupon_o i_o frame_v my_o answer_n as_o follow_v money_n four_o assay_n of_o bullion_n and_o money_n i_o make_v no_o doubt_n sir_n but_o you_o have_v mark_v my_o observation_n of_o the_o four_o several_a assay_n make_v concern_v bullion_n and_o money_n namely_o the_o first_o of_o the_o ingot_n before_o melt_v the_o second_o of_o the_o pot_n assay_v after_o melt_v the_o three_o of_o the_o money_n complete_a make_v thereof_o and_o the_o four_o and_o supreme_a trial_n of_o money_n at_o the_o star-chamber_n as_o it_o be_v before_o the_o king_n and_o his_o council_n all_o which_o be_v do_v in_o manner_n alike_o you_o have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n tell_v i_o that_o their_o operation_n or_o effect_n be_v also_o alike_o for_o the_o trial_n of_o the_o ingot_n there_o the_o copple_n have_v drink_v in_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n for_o the_o pot_n assay_v there_o two_o penny_n weight_n be_v drink_v in_o also_o the_o assay_v make_v of_o the_o complete_a money_n have_v drink_v in_o the_o like_o two_o penny_n weight_n and_o last_o of_o all_o the_o high_a trial_n of_o all_o have_v drink_v in_o the_o like_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n how_o can_v it_o then_o be_v pocket_v up_o by_o the_o mintmaster_n when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o bullion_n remain_v in_o the_o pot_n find_v in_o the_o money_n and_o confirm_v to_o be_v so_o by_o the_o supreme_a trial_n and_o why_o shall_v the_o mint-master_n account_v be_v charge_v either_o with_o a_o imaginary_a or_o substantial_a thing_n which_o he_o never_o have_v or_o enjoy_v resolution_n a_o tacite_fw-la resolution_n to_o this_o the_o assay-master_n answer_v rather_o by_o sign_n than_o word_n say_v it_o be_v otherwise_o take_v and_o understand_v and_o himself_o take_v now_o better_a notice_n of_o it_o and_o wish_v that_o truth_n may_v prevail_v according_a to_o the_o say_n magna_fw-la est_fw-la veritas_fw-la praevalet_fw-la praevaluit_fw-la &_o praevalebit_fw-la and_o so_o end_v our_o suppose_a discourse_n now_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o mystery_n of_o the_o mint_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o recompense_v they_o that_o may_v take_v offence_n for_o discuss_v the_o premise_n and_o let_v we_o be_v like_o nathaniel_n in_o who_o there_o be_v no_o guile_n qui_fw-la vadit_fw-la planè_fw-la vadit_fw-la sanè_fw-la howbeit_o discretion_n be_v requisite_a the_o assay_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v most_o make_v according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o mark_n which_o be_v eight_o ounce_n troy_n and_o they_o take_v twenty_o grain_n to_o make_v their_o assay_n by_o which_o be_v correspondent_a with_o our_o fifteen_o grain_n us._n thirty_o two_o grain_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v more_o than_o 24_o grain_n with_o us._n for_o they_o divide_v their_o english_a or_o penny_n weight_n in_o thirty_o two_o ass_n or_o grain_n which_o from_o twenty_o four_o unto_o thirty_o two_o differ_v one_o three_o part_n so_o be_v fifteen_o unto_o twenty_o also_o a_o three_o part_n for_o this_o mark_n weight_n of_o eight_o ounce_n be_v twofold_a the_o one_o be_v call_v english_a weight_n and_o the_o other_o french_a weight_n in_o the_o low_a country_n but_o the_o english_a weight_n be_v most_o use_v which_o be_v divide_v into_o eight_o ounce_n every_o ounce_n twenty_o english_a or_o penny_n weight_n mark_n english_a mark_n and_o every_o english_a thirty_o two_o grain_n as_o aforesaid_a be_v 5120_o grain_n to_o the_o mark_n this_o mark_n and_o one_o half_a make_v within_o a_o little_a our_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n for_o the_o pound_n weight_n be_v in_o grain_n 7680._o the_o french_a weight_n call_v penny_n weight_n be_v also_o eight_o ounce_n mark_n french_a mark_n every_o ounce_n four_o and_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n twenty_o four_o grain_n be_v 6912_o grain_n for_o the_o twelve_o ounce_n or_o 4608_o grain_n for_o the_o eight_o ounce_n these_o grain_n be_v also_o divide_v in_o twenty_o four_o garobe_n or_o prime_n and_o the_o prime_n in_o twenty_o four_o second_o and_o the_o second_o in_o 24_o tercy_n or_o malloquen_n which_o be_v superfluous_a notwithstanding_o all_o the_o say_a weight_n and_o division_n to_o make_v assay_n they_o use_v another_o weight_n weight_n assay_v weight_n which_o every_o man_n make_v according_a to_o his_o fancy_n but_o most_o common_o they_o will_v divide_v the_o mark_n in_o twelve_o denier_n or_o penny_n and_o the_o penny_n into_o twenty_o four_o grain_n and_o then_o grain_n subdivide_v of_o paper_n make_v ⅛_n 1_o 10_o and_o 1_o 32_o part_n of_o a_o grain_n which_o concur_v near_a with_o our_o assay_n weight_n for_o if_o one_o pound_n of_o silver_n do_v contain_v 1_o 12_o part_n copper_n they_o call_v this_o eleven_o denier_n fine_a as_o we_o say_v eleven_o ounce_n fine_a for_o the_o gold_n likewise_o they_o do_v use_v the_o same_o weight_n account_v for_o every_o denier_n or_o penny_n weight_n two_o carrat_n so_o twenty_o four_o carrat_n for_o twelve_o denier_n or_o ounce_n and_o consequent_o eleven_o denier_n be_v twenty_o two_o carrat_n etc._n etc._n so_o the_o gold_n mark_n be_v twenty_o four_o carrat_n mark_n gold_n mark_n silver_n mark_n a_o carrot_fw-la be_v twelve_o grain_n so_o 288_o in_o the_o mark_n so_o the_o silver_n mark_v of_o twelve_o denier_n of_o twenty_o four_o grain_n be_v 288_o grain_n also_o which_o be_v big_a grain_n divide_v into_o four_o prime_n or_o siliquas_fw-la be_v 1152._o they_o use_v also_o a_o manner_n of_o speech_n to_o say_v twelve_o shilling_n to_o the_o mark_n pound_n pound_n mark_v pound_n every_o shilling_n twelve_o penny_n and_o every_o penny_n twenty_o four_o grain_n be_v 3456_o grain_n in_o the_o mark_n all_o which_o be_v do_v to_o make_v the_o knowledge_n of_o these_o thing_n intricate_a in_o like_a manner_n for_o the_o sheir_a of_o their_o money_n money_n shire_n money_n they_o will_v for_o every_o piece_n make_v a_o penny_n as_o if_o there_o be_v make_v seventie_o eight_o piece_n out_o of_o a_o mark_n they_o will_v say_v it_o ☞_o hold_v six_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n in_o the_o shire_n or_o for_o 62_o piece_n five_o shilling_n two_o penny_n and_o so_o obscure_a thing_n to_o take_v advantage_n upon_o other_o for_o the_o mint-master_n of_o the_o low_a country_n and_o germany_n be_v very_o experience_v in_o mint_n matter_n and_o the_o assay_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o grain_n may_v deceive_v much_o if_o by_o trial_n the_o calculation_n be_v not_o right_o make_v and_o if_o the_o say_a mint-master_n be_v not_o subtle_a yet_o the_o general_n which_o follow_v the_o prince_n or_o state_n do_v nothing_o else_o but_o study_n these_o thing_n always_o therefore_o let_v we_o observe_v more_o particular_n of_o their_o proceed_n as_o follow_v in_o the_o make_n of_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n they_o will_v use_v many_o time_n to_o make_v piece_n of_o fine_a gold_n and_o courser_n gold_n as_o the_o imperial_a royal_a and_o the_o half_a royal_a the_o one_o twenty_o three_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n and_o the_o other_o but_o eighteen_o carrat_n or_o the_o flanders_n crown_n of_o 22_o carrat_n in_o germany_n the_o ducat_n and_o the_o gold_n guildren_n which_o for_o work_n be_v mix_v be_v serviceable_a admit_v by_o connivance_n the_o melt_a of_o the_o money_n rather_o than_o for_o want_v of_o it_o bullion_n shall_v not_o be_v bring_v to_o their_o mint_n therefore_o they_o also_o take_v little_a for_o the_o coinage_n because_o it_o shall_v soon_o come_v unto_o they_o than_o unto_o other_o minter_n where_o the_o coinage_n or_o seignoriage_n be_v great_a and_o albeit_o the_o same_o be_v but_o small_a yet_o will_v they_o find_v mean_n to_o make_v other_o prince_n to_o pay_v the_o same_o transportation_n money_n make_v for_o transportation_n and_o cause_n money_n to_o be_v make_v for_o transportation_n especial_o for_o the_o east_n country_n to_o buy_v corn_n to_o bring_v the_o same_o unto_o their_o magazine_n whereby_o trade_n be_v increase_v and_o spain_n and_o portugal_n supply_v the_o same_o by_o suffer_v money_n to_o be_v
according_o the_o double_a guilder_n of_o albertus_n ten_o ounce_n 15_o penny_n weight_n and_o 14_o â…—_n piece_n the_o single_a guilder_n the_o half_a and_o quarter_n of_o the_o same_o fineness_n and_o piece_n according_o the_o piece_n of_o four_o two_o and_o one_o stiver_n since_o 1590._o the_o piece_n of_o eight_o rial_n of_o spain_n of_o eleven_o ounce_n four_o penny_n weight_n and_o 13_o ½_n piece_n the_o say_v piece_n make_v at_o mexico_n in_o the_o indies_n eleven_o ounce_n fine_a and_z 13_o â…”_n piece_n the_o lion_n doller_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n of_o nine_o ounce_n fine_a and_o thirteen_o piece_n the_o silver_n ryder_n of_o guilder_n and_o friesland_n correspondent_a with_o the_o state_n doller_n of_o nine_o ounce_n the_o dollar_n of_o gelder_n and_n vtrecht_n ten_o ounce_n ten_o and_o twelve_o penny_n fine_a and_o thirteen_o piece_n the_o great_a silver_n royal_a of_o the_o state_n correspondent_a with_o the_o philip_n doller_n the_o 1_o 20_o part_n of_o the_o 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and_o eight_o the_o half_a stiver_n for_o other_o copper_n money_n read_v the_o five_o precedent_n chapter_n of_o money_n standard_n error_n of_o trial_n piece_n for_o the_o standard_n so_o i_o do_v conclude_v this_o chapter_n with_o a_o error_n commit_v in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o standard_n trial_o piece_n use_v in_o most_o kingdom_n and_o state_n to_o charge_v the_o mint-master_n to_o make_v the_o money_n by_o wherein_o they_o do_v not_o proceed_v according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o arithmetic_n by_o observe_v true_a weight_n and_o fineness_n for_o if_o it_o be_v appoint_v to_o make_v a_o standard_n piece_n of_o ten_o ounce_n fine_a they_o will_v take_v certain_a ounce_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o copper_n proportionable_a thereunto_o and_o melt_v they_o together_o and_o be_v make_v into_o a_o plate_n of_o silver_n divide_v the_o same_o into_o three_o equal_a part_n to_o be_v deliver_v one_o to_o the_o king_n another_z to_o the_o warden_n and_o the_o three_o to_o the_o mintmaster_n and_o hereof_o be_v assay_n make_v both_o of_o this_o piece_n and_o the_o money_n and_o so_o compare_v together_o as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v take_v eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n both_o in_o weight_n and_o melt_v they_o together_o make_v twelve_o ounce_n by_o weight_n and_o never_o weight_n they_o after_o they_o be_v commix_v but_o say_v this_o be_v sterling_a standard_n whereas_o the_o weight_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o of_o the_o other_o do_v proportionate_a the_o standard_n by_o weight_n for_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o waste_n of_o copper_n this_o be_v better_a than_o standard_n and_o aught_o to_o be_v make_v exact_o so_o that_o the_o piece_n also_o be_v to_o be_v correspondent_a to_o the_o pound_n weight_n for_o the_o foundation_n rise_v from_o hence_o as_o in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n appear_v chap._n ix_o of_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n and_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n valuation_n of_o money_n be_v the_o spirit_n which_o give_v life_n unto_o coin_n for_o without_o it_o weight_n and_o fineness_n be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o bullion_n or_o material_n this_o valuation_n be_v twofold_a money_n two_o fold_n be_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n the_o first_o be_v do_v by_o public_a authority_n of_o prince_n and_o state_n whereby_o the_o piece_n of_o coin_n be_v esteem_v at_o a_o price_n certain_a both_o for_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o go_v currant_n for_o that_o value_n within_o their_o kingdom_n and_o dominion_n the_o second_o be_v the_o valuation_n of_o merchant_n by_o way_n of_o exchange_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n which_o be_v predominant_a and_o overrule_v the_o former_a as_o heretofore_o have_v be_v touch_v and_o now_o will_v be_v prove_v the_o king_n or_o prince_n valuation_n be_v effect_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n valuation_n king_n valuation_n viz._n by_o inhaunce_v the_o price_n of_o the_o coin_n by_o proclamation_n second_o by_o embeasil_v the_o standard_n of_o money_n by_o allay_n and_o three_o by_o alter_v the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n the_o merchant_n valuation_n be_v also_o effect_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n valuation_n merchant_n valuation_n viz._n by_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n rise_v and_o fall_v from_o time_n to_o time_n by_o the_o toleration_n of_o the_o coin_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n between_o they_o and_o by_o the_o combination_n with_o mint-master_n inhance_v the_o price_n of_o the_o mark_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o all_o these_o in_o order_n brief_o the_o king_n valuation_n be_v derive_v or_o draw_v from_o the_o very_a piece_n or_o piece_n make_v out_o of_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n or_o the_o mark_n of_o eight_o ounce_n which_o the_o roman_n do_v call_v nummus_fw-la à _fw-la numerando_fw-la to_o tell_v or_o reckon_v by_o the_o saxon_n give_v it_o the_o name_n pfemimg_n or_o pennimick_n in_o ducth_z from_z whence_o the_o word_n penny_n be_v derive_v for_o they_o cut_v twenty_o piece_n out_o of_o the_o pound_n troy_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n make_v twenty_o penny_n every_o way_n that_o be_v to_o say_v twenty_o penny_n in_o weight_n twenty_o penny_n in_o value_n piece_n weight_n and_o finesse_n both_o alike_o with_o the_o number_n of_o piece_n and_o consequent_o divide_v the_o fineness_n also_o by_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n in_o twenty_o and_o four_o grain_n which_o be_v the_o ancient_a sterling_a standard_n of_o osbright_n the_o saxon_a king_n seven_o hundred_o year_n past_a which_o valuation_n so_o continue_v until_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o and_o until_o henry_n the_o six_o and_o then_o be_v value_v at_o thirty_o penny_n the_o say_a ounce_n and_o continue_v until_o edward_n the_o four_o sea_n the_o ounce_n of_o silver_n advance_v because_o of_o the_o inhance_a of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o then_o value_v at_o forty_o penny_n and_o so_o continue_v until_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o then_o be_v value_v at_o forty_o and_o five_o penny_n and_o so_o continue_v until_o queen_n elizabeth_n who_o after_o the_o decry_v of_o the_o base_a money_n make_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o which_o king_n henry_n his_o father_n have_v cause_v to_o be_v coin_a do_v restore_v the_o sterling_a standard_n to_o her_o great_a benefit_n by_o value_v the_o say_a ounce_n at_o sixty_o penny_n or_o 5_o ss_z inhaunce_v the_o same_o one_o full_a three_o part_n so_o that_o one_o of_o those_o penny_n become_v three_o penny_n by_o valuation_n and_o gold_n be_v raise_v according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o eleven_o of_o fine_a silver_n to_o one_o of_o fine_a gold_n or_o eleven_o of_o standard_n silver_n to_o one_o of_o crown_n gold_n which_o valuation_n of_o silver_n have_v continue_v hitherto_o with_o little_a alteration_n but_o beyond_o the_o sea_n there_o have_v be_v great_a inhance_a both_o for_o the_o coin_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n as_o well_o in_o france_n as_o in_o the_o low-countries_n and_o germany_n to_o england_n incredible_a loss_n as_o be_v at_o large_a declare_v in_o our_o commonwealth_n our_o the_o canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n treatise_n of_o exchange_n this_o daily_o inhaunce_v beyond_o the_o sea_n begin_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o who_o go_v about_o to_o reform_v the_o same_o but_o afterward_o find_v that_o if_o he_o shall_v enhance_v his_o price_n of_o money_n likewise_o they_o will_v still_o advance_v they_o more_o and_o more_o he_o begin_v but_o moderate_o and_o whereas_o the_o angel_n noble_a so_o call_v be_v at_o six_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n enhance_v angel_n noble_a enhance_v he_o â—aused_v the_o same_o to_o be_v value_v at_o seven_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n by_o a_o proclamation_n in_o the_o eighteen_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n and_o within_o two_o month_n after_o at_o seven_o shilling_n
to_o one_o of_o gold_n in_o france_n the_o mark_n of_o gold_n value_v at_o seventie_o four_o crown_n and_o the_o silver_n at_o 6_o â…“_n crown_n make_v the_o proportion_n 11_o 11_o 19_o part_n but_o value_v the_o french_a crown_n at_o three_o frankes_n be_v eleven_o to_o one_o in_o england_n the_o angel_n at_o ten_o shilling_n and_o the_o silver_n at_o sixty_o shilling_n the_o pound_n troy_n of_o 12_o ounce_n be_v that_o six_o angel_n do_v weigh_v a_o ounce_n make_v also_o eleven_o to_o one_o in_o germany_n one_o mark_n of_o silver_n at_o 8_o ½_n gold_n guilder_n make_v 11_o â…”_n for_o 1_o but_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n be_v alter_v have_v also_o alter_v the_o same_o in_o rome_n the_o pound_n of_o silver_n at_o 108_o carlini_n and_o the_o ducat_n of_o gold_n 99_o ¼_n be_v 12_o to_o 1._o so_o at_o milan_n the_o ducat_n 112_o and_o the_o teaston_n 28_o be_v but_o 9_o â…“_n for_o 1._o the_o silver_n be_v so_o in_o request_n there_o for_o the_o make_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n thread_n that_o be_v to_o say_v silver_n thread_n guilt_n and_o white_a now_o for_o all_o place_n of_o momentary_a traffic_n it_o be_v 12_o to_o 1_o and_o in_o england_n 13_o ½_n to_o 1_o as_o have_v be_v declare_v the_o valuation_n of_o foreign_a coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n publish_v in_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n on_o the_o 21_o day_n of_o julie_n 1622_o with_o the_o order_n establish_v by_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o say_a country_n for_o the_o better_a observation_n of_o the_o say_a valuation_n which_o never_o the_o less_o be_v continual_o infringe_v from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v in_o other_o country_n so_o that_o to_o observe_v our_o own_o rule_n according_a to_o equality_n and_o equity_n will_v be_v find_v the_o best_a and_o safe_a course_n of_o politic_a government_n  _fw-fr guilder_n stivers_n flemish_n the_o great_a golden_a rider_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n 11_o 6_o or_o 37_o sâ—_n 8_o do_v the_o half_a of_o the_o say_a rider_n 5_o 13_o 18_o 10_o the_o double_a ducat_n of_o the_o say_a province_n with_o the_o letter_n 8_o 10_o 28_o 4_o the_o french_a crown_n 3_o 18_o 13_o 0_o the_o pistolet_n of_o spain_n of_o four_o pistolet_n 15_o 8_o 51_o 4_o the_o double_a pistolet_n of_o spain_n 7_o 14_o 25_o 8_o the_o single_a pistolet_n after_o the_o rate_n 3_o 17_o 12_o 10_o the_o albertin_n or_o ducat_n of_o albertus_n of_o austria_n 5_o 13_o 18_o 10_o the_o double_a rose_n noble_a of_o england_n 18_o 12_o 62_o 0_o the_o rose_n noble_a of_o henricus_n edward_n and_o queen_n elizabeth_n 9_o 6_o 31_o 0_o the_o henricus_n noble_a 8_o 6_o 27_o 8_o the_o flemish_a noble_a old_a and_o new_a of_o the_o unite_a country_n 8_o 0_o 26_o 8_o the_o old_a angel_n of_o england_n 6_o 4_o 20_o 8_o the_o new_a rider_n of_o gelder_n and_n friesland_n 3_o 13_o 12_o 2_o the_o gold_n guilder_n of_o those_o mint_n 3_o 2_o 10_o 4_o all_o which_o coin_n be_v to_o be_v weigh_v with_o their_o accustom_a weight_n and_o the_o remedy_n of_o two_o grain_n and_o no_o more_o with_o some_o little_a advantage_n over_o or_o at_o the_o least_o be_v within_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o balance_n provide_v always_o that_o the_o coin_n of_o their_o due_a fineness_n although_o they_o be_v light_a shall_v be_v currant_n pay_v for_o every_o grain_n want_v two_o stiver_n silver_n coin_n  _fw-fr guilder_n stivers_n flemish_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ss_z d._n the_o lion_n doller_n of_o the_o low_a province_n 2_o 0_o 6_o 8_o the_o rickx_n dollar_n in_o general_n 2_o 10_o 8_o 4_o the_o cross_n doller_n of_o albertus_n 2_o 7_o 7_o 10_o the_o spanish_a rial_n of_o 8_o 2_o 8_o 8_o 0_o the_o doller_n of_o zealand_n and_o frise_n with_o the_o eagle_n 1_o 10_o 5_o 0_o the_o floren_n or_o guilder_n of_o friesland_n 1_o 8_o 4_o 8_o the_o english_a shilling_n and_o of_o great_a britain_n 0_o 10_o ½_n 1_o 9_o the_o mark_n piece_n or_o thistle_n of_o scotland_n 0_o 12_o 2_o 0_o the_o harp_n of_o scotland_n and_o ireland_n 0_o 8_o 1_o 4_o and_o if_o any_o of_o the_o say_a piece_n be_v find_v to_o want_v of_o their_o weight_n and_o the_o appoint_a remedy_n within_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o balance_n or_o some_o little_a advantage_n over_o they_o shall_v be_v currant_n pay_v for_o every_o grain_n want_v two_o penny_n hollandt_n whereof_o 16_o make_v one_o stiver_n and_o the_o english_a groat_n be_v make_v bullion_n or_o shall_v not_o be_v currant_n small_a money_n for_o ordinary_a payment_n the_o shilling_n of_o all_o the_o several_a province_n respective_o and_o of_o the_o mint_n of_o nimogen_n deventer_n campen_n and_o swoll_n 6_o stivers_n the_o half_a shilling_n after_o the_o rate_n 3_o stivers_n the_o piece_n call_v flab_n of_o groninghen_n 4_o stiver_n the_o double_a 8_o stivers_n the_o twintigst_a part_n of_o the_o great_a silver_n royal_a 2_o ½_n stivers_n the_o double_a and_o single_a stiver_n of_o all_o these_o country_n 2_o &_o 1_o stiver_n money_n the_o ten_o to_o be_v receive_v in_o copper_n money_n 1_o of_o all_o which_o small_a money_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o rent_n interest_n or_o abatement_n of_o the_o same_o as_o also_o of_o all_o manner_n of_o merchandise_n exceed_v in_o one_o parcel_n the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o guilder_n no_o man_n shall_v be_v bind_v to_o receive_v more_o than_o the_o ten_o penny_n 2_o the_o duyt_n according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o province_n make_v in_o the_o provincial_a mint_n and_o none_o other_o be_v as_o yet_o tolerate_v for_o a_o duyt_n and_o all_o other_o copper_n money_n of_o the_o provincial_a mint_n be_v also_o tolerate_v to_o be_v pay_v out_o for_o one_o penny_n the_o piece_n the_o 16_o whereof_o make_v one_o hollandt_n stiver_n and_o not_o above_o whereas_o we_o do_v intend_v hereafter_o to_o prohibit_v the_o same_o to_o be_v currant_n for_o any_o price_n because_o we_o will_v provide_v ourselves_o forthwith_o with_o so_o much_o copper_n money_n as_o the_o commodiousness_n shall_v require_v 3_o we_o do_v also_o prohibit_v from_o henceforth_o no_o copper_n money_n to_o be_v bring_v into_o these_o country_n above_o two_o stiver_n upon_o pain_n often_o stiver_n for_o every_o piece_n to_o be_v forfeit_v and_o whosoever_o shall_v issue_v any_o copper_n money_n above_o the_o say_a price_n shall_v incur_v the_o like_a penalty_n of_o ten_o stiver_n for_o every_o piece_n 4_o and_o all_o the_o say_a coin_n shall_v be_v currant_n in_o these_o province_n for_o the_o price_n aforesaid_a declare_v all_o other_o piece_n for_o bullion_n melt_v all_o other_o coin_n make_v bullion_n to_o be_v melt_v which_o by_o this_o our_o proclamation_n be_v not_o value_v prohibit_v any_o of_o the_o say_a piece_n to_o be_v offer_v or_o receive_v as_o also_o to_o press_v any_o of_o those_o which_o be_v value_v to_o be_v pay_v at_o a_o high_a price_n than_o they_o be_v value_v and_o likewise_o offer_v to_o put_v forth_o other_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n value_v which_o be_v clip_v wash_v break_a mend_v neiled_a or_o otherwise_o augment_v in_o weight_n upon_o forfeiture_n of_o all_o the_o say_a coin_n so_o to_o be_v offer_v at_o high_a rate_n than_o this_o proclamation_n do_v permit_v and_o if_o the_o fact_n be_v not_o instant_o discover_v to_o forfeit_v the_o value_n thereof_o and_o moreover_o the_o quadruple_a or_o the_o value_n thereof_o or_o 24_o guilder_n in_o lieu_n thereof_o if_o the_o say_a coin_n do_v not_o amount_v to_o six_o guilder_n for_o the_o first_o time_n the_o second_o time_n double_a and_o for_o the_o three_o time_n quadruple_a and_o moreover_o arbitrable_a correction_n according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o fact_n 5_o without_o that_o any_o distinction_n shall_v be_v make_v whether_o the_o say_v coin_n be_v instant_o pay_v from_o foreign_a part_n or_o send_v from_o some_o one_o province_n or_o town_n into_o another_o in_o which_o case_n if_o the_o receiver_n thereof_o will_v be_v free_v of_o the_o say_a forfeiture_n he_o be_v to_o give_v notice_n of_o it_o within_o twenty_o and_o four_o hour_n after_o the_o receipt_n thereof_o unto_o the_o magistrate_n or_o other_o officer_n to_o be_v thereunto_o appoint_v to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v proceed_v therein_o against_o the_o sender_n of_o the_o say_a coin_n as_o it_o shall_v or_o may_v appertain_v 6_o yet_o shall_v the_o say_a receiver_n keep_v the_o say_v coin_v whole_o to_o himself_o if_o the_o say_a money_n be_v send_v unto_o he_o in_o payment_n of_o a_o former_a debt_n and_o nevertheless_o have_v his_o action_n against_o the_o party_n for_o so_o much_o as_o they_o shall_v want_v of_o the_o say_a valuation_n and_o if_o the_o say_a coin_n be_v send_v for_o any_o debt_n as_o yet_o not_o due_a or_o to_o be_v make_v the_o say_a
a_o regard_n to_o the_o quality_n of_o person_n be_v due_o observe_v albeit_o the_o lender_n of_o the_o money_n can_v have_v take_v more_o when_o the_o borrower_n will_v give_v it_o to_o serve_v his_o occasion_n without_o this_o precise_a observation_n of_o the_o quality_n of_o person_n a_o matter_n considerable_a now_o adays_o since_o the_o west-indies_n have_v be_v discover_v whereby_o the_o currant_n of_o money_n be_v divide_v into_o many_o country_n and_o run_v also_o according_a to_o occasion_n and_o the_o policy_n of_o state_n and_o merchant_n usury_n difference_n of_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n for_o the_o toleration_n and_o permission_n to_o deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n do_v differ_v in_o the_o rate_n in_o most_o country_n take_v in_o one_o place_n more_o and_o in_o another_o less_o according_a to_o the_o traffic_n and_o merchant_n devise_n money_n a_o policy_n by_o plenty_n of_o money_n in_o poland_n lituania_n prussia_n and_o other_o country_n adjacent_a when_o they_o do_v abound_v in_o corn_n money_n be_v common_o very_o scarce_o and_o the_o price_n of_o corn_n thereby_o much_o abate_v at_o which_o time_n they_o will_v rather_o tolerate_v or_o proclaim_v the_o money_n to_o be_v enhance_v in_o price_n or_o to_o be_v deliver_v at_o interest_n after_o fifteen_o twenty_o and_o sometime_o twenty_o and_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o a_o year_n or_o a_o lesser_a time_n hereupon_o present_o great_a store_n of_o money_n come_v from_o all_o place_n thither_o which_o make_v the_o price_n of_o money_n to_o rise_v afterward_o when_o many_o ship_n be_v lade_v and_o the_o fleet_n depart_v from_o amsterdam_n and_o other_o place_n than_o the_o interest_n begin_v to_o fall_v according_o in_o the_o low-countries_n it_o be_v lawful_a for_o a_o merchant_n to_o take_v twelve_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n and_o after_o the_o rate_n for_o the_o long_o or_o short_a time_n within_o the_o year_n but_o this_o rate_n may_v not_o be_v exceed_v unless_o it_o be_v upon_o some_o condition_n of_o casualty_n or_o adventure_n the_o roman_n and_o grecian_n make_v a_o difference_n as_o have_v be_v note_v according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o justinian_n but_o the_o take_n of_o one_o in_o the_o month_n be_v most_o usual_a because_o merchant_n be_v the_o most_o lender_n and_o this_o twelve_o pro_fw-la centum_fw-la be_v to_o be_v understand_v also_o to_o be_v interest_n upon_o interest_n wherein_o equity_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v interest_n interest_n upon_o interest_n for_o this_o twelve_o pound_n be_v deliver_v out_o again_o unto_o another_o be_v pro_fw-la rata_fw-la as_o beneficial_a as_o the_o 100_o will_v principal_a albeit_o in_o case_n of_o damage_n when_o matter_n between_o man_n be_v grow_v litigious_a and_o depend_v in_o suit_n than_o the_o court_n of_o equity_n will_v account_v the_o whole_a time_n for_o the_o forbearance_n of_o the_o money_n according_a to_o the_o year_n past_a without_o any_o interest_n upon_o interest_n politician_n or_o statesman_n be_v to_o have_v a_o serious_a consideration_n of_o the_o operation_n of_o this_o usury_n politic_a action_n usury_n a_o measure_n of_o man_n action_n as_o a_o property_n inherent_a unto_o money_n because_o that_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n man_n do_v measure_v all_o their_o action_n by_o trade_n and_o traffic_n or_o purchase_v build_v plant_v and_o bargain_n in_o all_o thing_n according_o and_o usury_n be_v so_o inherent_a and_o do_v proper_o grow_v with_o the_o decay_n of_o traffic_n usury_n the_o decay_n of_o trade_n increase_v usury_n as_o pasturage_n do_v increase_v with_o the_o decrease_n of_o till_v whereupon_o the_o follow_a consideration_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v as_o matter_n of_o moment_n especial_o in_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n which_o have_v no_o gold_n or_o silver_n mine_n of_o great_a value_n but_o abundance_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n return_v for_o the_o great_a plenty_n and_o quantity_n of_o their_o home_n commodity_n wherein_o the_o high_a continual_a rate_n of_o usury_n may_v prove_v more_o prejudicial_a than_o the_o abovesaid_a policy_n of_o poland_n lituania_n or_o other_o country_n can_v be_v beneficial_a unto_o they_o for_o we_o see_v that_o general_o all_o merchant_n when_o they_o have_v get_v any_o great_a wealth_n with_o we_o leave_v trade_v and_o fall_v to_o usury_n the_o gain_n whereof_o be_v easy_a certain_a and_o great_a whereas_o in_o other_o country_n merchant_n continue_v from_o generation_n to_o generation_n to_o enrich_v themselves_o and_o the_o state_n as_o we_o find_v diverse_a renown_a family_n in_o germany_n italy_n spain_n and_o other_o country_n there_o be_v this_o last_o year_n a_o tract_n against_o usury_n present_v to_o the_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n of_o england_n 1621._o anno_fw-la 1621._o show_v the_o inconvenience_n of_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n after_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o lesser_a rate_n of_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o take_v in_o the_o low-countries_n where_o money_n be_v so_o plentiful_a and_o upon_o this_o difference_n be_v a_o certain_a operation_n of_o usury_n note_v to_o be_v predominant_a over_o we_o both_o in_o our_o trade_n and_o other_o affair_n first_o it_o be_v allege_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n usury_n reason_n against_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n not_o only_o rich_a tradesman_n give_v over_o trade_n but_o a_o number_n of_o beginner_n be_v undo_v and_o discourage_v thereby_o their_o industry_n serve_v but_o to_o enrich_v other_o and_o beggar_n themselves_o second_o that_o many_o trade_n themselves_o be_v decay_v thereby_o because_o they_o can_v afford_v so_o great_a a_o gain_n as_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o whereas_o if_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n be_v no_o high_a than_o in_o other_o country_n they_o have_v subsist_v and_o flourish_v still_o and_o perhaps_o with_o as_o much_o advantage_n to_o the_o public_a as_o those_o that_o do_v bring_v more_o to_o the_o private_a adventure_n which_o ought_v to_o go_v together_o or_o else_o the_o common_a good_a of_o the_o state_n be_v seldom_o great_o advance_v three_o that_o by_o this_o disadvantage_n between_o six_o and_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o other_o nation_n and_o especial_o our_o industrious_a neighbour_n do_v out_o trade_n and_o undersell_v we_o for_o they_o almost_o double_a the_o use_n allow_v which_o we_o can_v by_o pay_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o whereby_o also_o all_o contribution_n to_o the_o war_n work_n of_o piety_n and_o glory_n of_o state_n be_v better_a cheap_a to_o they_o than_o to_o we_o as_o also_o the_o building_n of_o ship_n or_o hire_v of_o they_o and_o all_o other_o thing_n four_o that_o above_o all_o the_o rest_n it_o make_v the_o land_n itself_o of_o small_a value_n cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v sell_v so_o good_a cheap_a that_o man_n do_v not_o seek_v by_o industry_n any_o more_o to_o improve_v they_o which_o be_v plain_a both_o by_o example_n and_o demonstration_n for_o we_o see_v in_o other_o country_n where_o the_o use_n of_o money_n be_v at_o a_o low_a rate_n land_n be_v general_o sell_v for_o thirty_o forty_o and_o some_o for_o fifty_o year_n purchase_n be_v the_o best_a assurance_n and_o secure_a inheritance_n which_o man_n have_v and_o therefore_o bear_v still_o a_o rate_n above_o money_n which_o will_v increase_v if_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n do_v decrease_v and_o consequent_o labourer_n wage_n and_o other_o dependence_n thereupon_o which_o be_v therein_o more_o ample_o declare_v the_o scope_n of_o all_o tend_v to_o have_v a_o moderation_n in_o the_o price_n of_o usury_n usury_n objection_n to_o the_o moderation_n of_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n hereunto_o be_v certain_a objection_n also_o allege_v and_o their_o answer_n to_o maintain_v the_o rate_n of_o usury_n at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o with_o we_o in_o england_n albeit_o other_o nation_n take_v but_o four_o five_o and_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o or_o 6_o ¼_n which_o be_v call_v rend_v after_o the_o penny_n sixteen_o for_o six_o time_n sixteen_o and_o one_o four_o make_v a_o hundred_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o low-countries_n the_o objection_n be_v few_o in_o number_n first_o the_o long_a continuance_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o thing_n be_v well_o enough_o second_o that_o sudden_a change_n be_v dangerous_a three_o that_o money_n will_v sudden_o be_v call_v in_o and_o the_o borrower_n be_v much_o prejudice_v four_o that_o money_n will_v be_v hard_a to_o come_v by_o and_o commerce_n much_o hinder_v and_o last_o that_o merchant_n stranger_n money_n now_o go_v here_o at_o use_n will_v be_v carry_v away_o again_o if_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n shall_v be_v call_v down_o objection_n answer_v to_o the_o objection_n the_o answer_n to_o the_o first_o and_o second_o objection_n be_v that_o the_o practice_n of_o usury_n have_v not_o be_v so_o general_o use_v as_o it_o be_v now_o when_o man_n
that_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o till_o the_o last_o that_o move_v the_o instrument_n that_o strike_v the_o clock_n or_o like_v as_o in_o a_o press_n go_v in_o at_o a_o straight_a where_o the_o foremost_a be_v drive_v by_o he_o that_o be_v next_o he_o and_o the_o next_o by_o he_o that_o follow_v he_o and_o the_o three_o by_o some_o violent_a and_o strong_a thing_n that_o drive_v he_o forward_o which_o be_v the_o first_o and_o principal_a cause_n of_o put_v forward_o all_o the_o rest_n afore_o he_o if_o he_o be_v keep_v back_o and_o stay_v all_o they_o that_o go_v afore_o will_v stay_v withal_o this_o be_v therefore_o call_v causa_fw-la efficiens_fw-la and_o so_o be_v usury_n politic_a unless_o the_o bite_n of_o it_o be_v hinder_v as_o shall_v be_v declare_v the_o most_o favourable_a extortion_n by_o usury_n upon_o pawn_n of_o any_o mooveable_a thing_n be_v after_o six_o penny_n for_o 20_o shilling_n for_o one_o month_n of_o 28_o day_n which_o be_v above_o thirty_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n and_o two_o penny_n for_o the_o bill_n money_n of_o half_a a_o crown_n or_o eight_o penny_n or_o 12_o penny_n for_o the_o bill_n money_n of_o â—0_n shilling_n which_o be_v more_o than_o the_o interest_n and_o this_o rate_n will_v be_v take_v if_o it_o be_v for_o one_o week_n that_o the_o pawn_n be_v redeem_v again_o for_o the_o intent_n be_v always_o take_v to_o be_v for_o one_o month_n and_o under_o colour_n of_o the_o bill_n money_n there_o be_v for_o register_n of_o the_o pawn_n likewise_o exaction_n make_v since_o there_o be_v a_o register_n appoint_v who_o do_v not_o take_v knowledge_n of_o the_o twentieth_o part_n of_o the_o pawn_n but_o what_o they_o will_v declare_v other_o do_v take_v eight_o penny_n for_o the_o month_n or_o week_n with_o the_o like_a allowance_n for_o bill_n money_n and_o register_n which_o come_v to_o above_o fifty_o in_o the_o hundred_o the_o usual_a rate_n upon_o small_a thing_n be_v twelve_o penny_n for_o the_o week_n or_o month_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o this_o be_v sixty_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o with_o bill_n money_n above_o eighty_o nay_o there_o be_v take_v the_o shilling_n penny_n by_o the_o week_n of_o the_o fishwife_n and_o other_o woman_n sell_v small_a ware_n up_o and_o down_o street_n which_o be_v above_o 400_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n beside_o the_o bill_n money_n what_o this_o come_v unto_o in_o divide_a small_a sum_n be_v incredible_a this_o bill_n be_v make_v to_o deceive_v the_o law_n and_o the_o form_n of_o it_o be_v buy_v of_o john_n a_o style_n one_o pair_n of_o stocking_n one_o shirt_n one_o band_n and_o a_o hat_n for_o five_o shilling_n witness_v my_o hand_n the_o ten_o of_o may_v 1622._o io._n a_o style_n and_o since_o the_o register_n be_v make_v much_o be_v pawn_v without_o make_v of_o any_o bill_n and_o not_o conteâ—ted_v with_o this_o horrible_a extortion_n they_o will_v let_v out_o for_o gain_v many_o of_o these_o pawn_n and_o so_o wear_v they_o out_o or_o at_o last_o take_v the_o forfeieure_fw-fr of_o they_o be_v sure_a to_o lend_v about_o the_o three_o and_o four_o pâ—rt_n of_o the_o value_n by_o these_o mean_n devour_v and_o consume_v the_o poor_a householder_n and_o mechanical_a man_n it_o be_v only_o the_o remarkable_a sin_n of_o oppression_n by_o exaction_n note_v in_o the_o holy_a scripture_n for_o which_o the_o first_o world_n be_v drown_v lombard_n the_o use_n of_o lombard_n this_o cause_v politician_n or_o statesman_n to_o admit_v the_o use_n of_o lombard_n in_o their_o commonweal_n to_o moderate_v this_o intolerable_a exaction_n of_o usury_n so_o call_v lombard_n of_o certain_a italian_n which_o come_v out_o of_o lombardie_n whereof_o lombardstreet_n yet_o bear_v the_o name_n since_o henry_n the_o three_o his_o time_n thâ—se_o lombard_n do_v take_v also_o extreme_a rate_n of_o twenty_o and_o twenty_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o as_o the_o jew_n do_v and_o of_o late_a year_n they_o have_v be_v by_o public_a authority_n admit_v in_o lombard_n of_o the_o low-countries_n to_o take_v after_o three_o half_a penny_n a_o week_n for_o the_o pound_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o one_o penny_n for_o the_o bill_n but_o not_o to_o be_v bind_v to_o pay_v for_o the_o month_n which_o be_v also_o a_o great_a rate_n wherein_o they_o be_v compare_v unto_o retailer_n of_o small_a ware_n as_o chandler_n and_o such_o like_a which_o may_v get_v 25_o and_o 30_o in_o the_o hundred_o upon_o ware_n sell_v by_o retail_v and_o these_o man_n be_v the_o retailer_n of_o money_n and_o have_v allowance_n according_o which_o in_o the_o low-countries_n be_v almost_o in_o every_o city_n and_o pay_v for_o it_o a_o yearly_a sum_n of_o money_n to_o the_o state_n but_o now_o of_o late_a all_o this_o kind_n of_o people_n be_v put_v out_o commerce_n house_n of_o commerce_n and_o there_o be_v pawne-house_n call_v house_n of_o commerce_n erect_v where_o the_o borrower_n pai_v but_o after_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o some_o allowance_n towards_o charge_n under_o the_o moderation_n of_o the_o justinian_n law_n and_o this_o be_v declare_v to_o be_v do_v for_o the_o reason_n follow_v that_o the_o intolerable_a usury_n commit_v by_o the_o lombard_n might_n be_v prevent_v that_o the_o pawn_n shall_v not_o be_v wear_v or_o use_v but_o safe_o keep_v to_o be_v by_o they_o restore_v at_o all_o time_n have_v man_n and_o woman_n to_o look_v unto_o they_o that_o the_o use_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n for_o one_o week_n be_v but_o one_o farthing_n â…—_n part_n towards_o the_o payment_n of_o warehouse_n and_o house_n room_n keep_v of_o the_o pawn_n and_o entertainment_n of_o servant_n wage_n and_o other_o to_o manage_v the_o same_o that_o almost_o the_o value_n of_o the_o pawn_n may_v be_v have_v thereupon_o if_o the_o borrower_n will_v desire_v it_o one_o year_n time_n and_o six_o week_n consider_v with_o the_o charge_n during_o all_o which_o time_n he_o may_v redeem_v the_o same_o and_o pay_v but_o after_o the_o rate_n but_o after_o the_o expiration_n of_o that_o time_n than_o the_o pawn_n to_o be_v sell_v in_o a_o public_a outcry_n by_o a_o swear_a officer_n to_o be_v oppoint_v by_o the_o magistrate_n and_o what_o soever_o be_v make_v more_o thereof_o than_o the_o principal_a money_n borrow_v and_o the_o charge_n to_o be_v restore_v unto_o the_o party_n or_o he_o that_o bring_v the_o ticket_n or_o to_o their_o heir_n or_o within_o two_o year_n to_o the_o magistrate_n if_o no_o man_n claim_v the_o same_o to_o be_v distribute_v to_o the_o poor_a that_o steal_a good_n may_v by_o these_o mean_n be_v detect_v and_o thievery_n decrease_v and_o man_n life_n preserve_v for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o prince_n and_o staâ—e_v i_o hope_v no_o man_n will_v deny_v but_o this_o be_v a_o commendable_a course_n take_v for_o the_o comfort_n of_o the_o common_a people_n that_o by_o intolerable_a usury_n they_o be_v not_o destroy_v but_o as_o necessary_a member_n of_o the_o common_a wealth_n they_o may_v live_v in_o their_o vocation_n and_o profession_n sure_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o london_n be_v worthy_a of_o perpetual_a commendation_n for_o the_o education_n of_o orphan_n but_o if_o a_o orphan_n come_v to_o be_v a_o householder_n and_o live_v honest_o by_o his_o handy_a work_n and_o labour_n and_o have_v thereby_o get_v a_o little_a estate_n of_o thirty_o or_o forty_o pound_n in_o some_o year_n and_o then_o be_v visit_v with_o sickness_n whereunto_o all_o man_n be_v subject_a he_o be_v constrain_v to_o pawn_v his_o good_n or_o substance_n unto_o these_o uncharitable_a people_n what_o a_o miserable_a and_o pitiful_a thing_n it_o be_v to_o see_v his_o poor_a family_n undo_v by_o these_o mean_n as_o it_o be_v in_o a_o moment_n lose_v that_o which_o with_o great_a care_n labour_n and_o sweat_v of_o his_o brow_n he_o have_v be_v gather_v for_o many_o year_n together_o god_n be_v my_o witness_n that_o the_o consideration_n hereof_o have_v move_v my_o soul_n with_o compassion_n and_o true_a commiseration_n which_o impli_v a_o help_a hand_n for_o it_o be_v now_o above_o twenty_o year_n that_o i_o have_v move_v continual_o those_o that_o be_v in_o authority_n and_o other_o that_o have_v be_v to_o be_v please_v to_o take_v some_o course_n to_o prevent_v this_o enormity_n some_o that_o god_n have_v call_v either_o void_a of_o charity_n or_o seek_v privatum_fw-la commodum_fw-la have_v be_v remiss_a to_o further_o the_o same_o and_o for_o as_o much_o as_o i_o be_o in_o a_o manner_n hopeless_a of_o any_o success_n and_o that_o it_o behoove_v i_o be_v strike_v in_o year_n to_o number_v my_o day_n i_o think_v convenient_a to_o publish_v the_o last_o project_n and_o offer_n which_o have_v be_v make_v to_o the_o same_o effect_n two_o manner_n of_o way_n wherein_o i_o
have_v spend_v time_n labour_n and_o no_o small_a charge_n in_o hope_n that_o hereafter_o it_o may_v do_v good_a to_o the_o public_a house_n pawn_v house_n if_o some_o divine_a be_v move_v to_o further_a it_o the_o first_o be_v according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o amsterdam_n to_o which_o end_n the_o substance_n of_o the_o petition_n of_o honest_a and_o religious_a man_n his_o majesty_n subject_n be_v as_o follow_v first_o that_o authority_n be_v give_v to_o a._n b._n to_o erect_v pawne-house_n in_o all_o convenient_a place_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n ireland_n and_o the_o dominion_n of_o wales_n for_o and_o during_o the_o term_n of_o one_o and_o twenty_o year_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o all_o person_n and_o person_n shall_v and_o may_v have_v at_o all_o convenient_a time_n money_n upon_o pawn_n of_o or_o upon_o all_o movable_a good_n chattel_n and_o lease_n or_o any_o thing_n which_o shall_v be_v agree_v upon_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n that_o the_o undertaker_n may_v be_v authorise_v or_o licence_v to_o take_v for_o the_o attendance_n labour_n and_o pain_n recompense_n of_o officer_n and_o servant_n wage_n house-rent_n and_o all_o other_o charge_v incident_a thereunto_o as_o follow_v for_o register_n and_o keep_n of_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v amount_v to_o fifty_o pound_n or_o more_o one_o farthing_n for_o every_o pound_n by_o the_o month_n for_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v amount_v to_o ten_o pound_n or_o more_o until_o fifty_o pound_n for_o every_o pound_n one_o half_a penny_n by_o the_o month_n for_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v not_o amount_v to_o ten_o pound_n for_o every_o pound_n one_o penny_n by_o the_o month_n for_o every_o bill_n give_v for_o pawn_n under_o ten_o pound_n one_o penny_n and_o be_v of_o ten_o pound_n or_o above_o whatsoever_o it_o come_v unto_o but_o two_o penny_n with_o such_o clause_n condition_n and_o caution_n as_o shall_v be_v requisite_a for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o say_a undertaker_n and_o agreeable_a with_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n pay_v unto_o the_o king_n majesty_n a_o reasonable_a sum_n of_o money_n yearly_a etc._n etc._n the_o say_v allowance_n be_v inferior_a to_o the_o moderation_n of_o the_o emperor_n justinian_n his_o law_n and_o will_v be_v find_v very_o reasonable_a consider_v that_o by_o the_o toleration_n of_o usury_n politic_a man_n can_v deliver_v their_o money_n in_o very_a great_a sum_n at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o free_o and_o without_o such_o trouble_n chap._n xiii_o of_o mons_fw-la pietatis_fw-la or_o bank_n of_o charity_n the_o second_o mean_a to_o suppress_v the_o bite_a usury_n of_o extortion_n upon_o the_o common_a people_n be_v by_o provide_v a_o course_n that_o they_o may_v have_v money_n upon_o pawn_n without_o pay_v any_o interest_n or_o usury_n for_o the_o loan_n of_o it_o according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n in_o flanders_n which_o be_v more_o please_a but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o universal_a as_o the_o pawn_n house_n be_v where_o great_a sum_n be_v to_o be_v have_v to_o accommodate_v merchant_n and_o all_o man_n to_o prevent_v the_o general_a abuse_n albeit_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o the_o extortion_n upon_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n be_v more_o heinous_a and_o detestable_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o roman_n he_o that_o take_v usury_n of_o the_o poor_a be_v more_o punish_v than_o he_o that_o do_v steal_v from_o the_o rich_a as_o be_v before_o declare_v in_o italy_n there_o be_v montes_n pietatis_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v mount_n or_o bank_n of_o charity_n place_n where_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n be_v by_o legacy_n give_v for_o relief_n of_o the_o poor_a to_o borrow_v upon_o pawn_n and_o to_o pay_v only_o after_o three_o or_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o most_o to_o maintain_v the_o officer_n and_o to_o bear_v the_o charge_n of_o such_o a_o erect_a mount_n for_o ever_o but_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n as_o aforesaid_a may_v be_v think_v more_o reasonable_a pay_v the_o officer_n out_o of_o the_o contribution_n which_o by_o their_o mean_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v according_a to_o the_o order_n which_o be_v hereafter_o declare_v usury_n money_n to_o be_v give_v to_o suppress_v usury_n for_o every_o man_n be_v willing_a to_o give_v for_o the_o suppression_n of_o intolerable_a and_o abominable_a usury_n the_o rich_a that_o be_v charitable_o dispose_v will_v give_v because_o usury_n politic_a shall_v not_o be_v bite_v the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n will_v be_v contributory_a because_o of_o the_o commodiousnes_n of_o it_o for_o who_o will_v not_o give_v six_o penny_n or_o twelve_o penny_n every_o quarter_n of_o the_o year_n when_o he_o may_v borrow_v a_o reasonable_a sum_n of_o money_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n for_o it_o for_o one_o year_n or_o a_o long_a time_n according_a to_o occasion_n i_o be_o sure_a of_o most_o man_n inclination_n by_o a_o attempt_n make_v of_o the_o practice_n hereof_o some_o year_n since_o for_o after_o the_o name_n take_v of_o above_o 1500_o person_n that_o be_v willing_a to_o contribute_v yearly_a and_o some_o divine_n and_o other_o that_o will_v lend_v free_o 50_o will_v 100_o will_v or_o more_o for_o some_o year_n and_o some_o 500_o will_v i_o make_v a_o alphabetical_a register_n of_o they_o which_o be_v deliver_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o great_a personage_n who_o as_o it_o seem_v be_v not_o worthy_a of_o the_o honour_n thereof_o but_o to_o my_o remembrance_n it_o amount_v to_o some_o 2000_o will_v for_o money_n give_v and_o to_o be_v lend_v and_o above_o six_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a during_o the_o life_n of_o the_o benefactor_n so_o that_o no_o man_n have_v cause_n to_o doubt_v of_o the_o collection_n of_o a_o great_a stock_n for_o so_o godly_a a_o work_n if_o authority_n be_v have_v when_o this_o be_v do_v upon_o the_o only_a hope_n and_o surmise_v thereof_o to_o the_o effect_v whereof_o i_o will_v be_v willing_a still_o to_o do_v my_o best_a endeavour_n now_o the_o order_n be_v as_o follow_v order_n to_o be_v observe_v for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o mount_n of_o charity_n consist_v of_o two_o house_n within_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o the_o suburb_n thereof_o and_o one_o house_n at_o westminster_n where_o all_o man_n may_v borrow_v money_n in_o small_a sum_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n or_o loan_n for_o the_o same_o upon_o pawn_n to_o be_v deliver_v for_o caution_n or_o security_n of_o the_o say_a money_n according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n in_o flanders_n and_o other_o country_n 1_o imprimis_fw-la that_o all_o man_n of_o what_o quality_n or_o condition_n soever_o they_o be_v be_v destitute_a of_o money_n shall_v have_v money_n at_o all_o convenient_a time_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n or_o loan_n for_o the_o same_o but_o deliver_v only_o a_o pawn_n of_o any_o movable_a thing_n so_o it_o be_v not_o above_o forty_o shilling_n at_o any_o one_o time_n until_o a_o competent_a stock_n be_v raise_v for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o say_a mount_n of_o charity_n for_o ever_o 2_o item_n whereas_o the_o say_a stock_n be_v raise_v and_o to_o be_v increase_v by_o mean_n of_o charitable_a and_o conscionable_a person_n which_o either_o do_v free_o lend_v money_n without_o take_v interest_n for_o the_o same_o or_o do_v free_o give_v in_o money_n and_o yearly_a contribution_n according_a to_o their_o virtuous_a disposition_n which_o money_n may_v in_o progress_n of_o time_n amount_v to_o a_o notable_a sum_n the_o treasurer_n general_a therefore_o shall_v be_v a_o man_n sufficient_a and_o of_o honest_a behaviour_n careful_a to_o appoint_v swear_v honest_a man_n upon_o surety_n to_o collect_v the_o say_v money_n and_o for_o keep_v of_o the_o pawn_n with_o their_o clerk_n and_o other_o attendant_n and_o the_o surueior_fw-fr of_o account_n shall_v be_v a_o man_n diligent_a and_o skilful_a in_o account_n all_o for_o the_o better_a encouragement_n of_o the_o say_v charitable_a giver_n and_o free_a lender_n for_o the_o advancement_n of_o this_o charitable_a work_n 3_o item_n whereas_o the_o like_a house_n call_v saint_n george_n be_v heretofore_o erect_v at_o genova_n in_o italy_n by_o noble_a knight_n bind_v in_o honour_n to_o see_v the_o people_n relieve_v from_o oppression_n bite_v usury_n and_o extortion_n which_o by_o all_o virtuous_a knight_n be_v at_o all_o time_n approve_v and_o commend_v there_o shall_v be_v keep_v one_o pair_n of_o table_n in_o every_o house_n contain_v the_o name_n of_o such_o honourable_a person_n and_o virtuous_a knight_n '_o as_o shall_v be_v yearly_a contributaries_n by_o quarterly_a payment_n during_o their_o natural_a life_n or_o lend_v any_o sum_n of_o money_n gratis_o for_o a_o time_n together_o with_o the_o name_n of_o such_o well_o dispose_v person_n as_o by_o
and_o arithmetical_a proportion_n and_o the_o rule_n quadrant_n quadrant_n the_o rule_n quadrant_n or_o the_o golden_a rule_n of_o arithmetic_n prove_v unto_o any_o man_n of_o understanding_n that_o in_o calculation_n these_o four_o thing_n must_v concur_v first_o principal_a principal_a you_o may_v find_v out_o by_o your_o interest_n money_n and_o the_o time_n after_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n what_o the_o sum_n be_v which_o be_v deliver_v at_o interest_n second_o rate_n rate_n at_o what_o rate_n according_a to_o the_o time_n such_o a_o sum_n be_v deliver_v three_o time_n time_n the_o time_n for_o which_o it_o be_v deliver_v at_o such_o a_o rate_n and_o last_o interest_n interest_n what_o the_o interest_n money_n be_v for_o the_o sum_n deliver_v according_a to_o the_o time_n and_o all_o these_o posito_fw-la in_fw-la any_o one_o sum_n for_o all_o will_v manifest_v the_o delivery_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o one_o whole_a year_n of_o twelve_o ordinary_a month_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o if_o it_o be_v so_o deliver_v out_o for_o by_o invert_v postpound_v and_o suppose_v all_o must_v produce_v these_o just_a and_o positive_a sum_n whereby_o you_o may_v be_v assure_v whether_o you_o term_v your_o money_n deliver_v out_o according_a to_o the_o art_n and_o rule_v of_o arithmetic_n the_o principle_n whereof_o be_v infallible_a or_o whether_o be_v deceive_v therein_o you_o have_v unaware_o make_v a_o usurious_a contract_n as_o many_o do_v ignorant_o calculator_n auditor_n or_o calculator_n the_o civilians_n especial_o benvenutâ—_n straccha_n term_v those_o which_o we_o call_v auditor_n or_o accountant_n calculatores_fw-la which_o in_o deed_n be_v to_o be_v very_o judicious_a in_o matter_n of_o account_n as_o skilful_a in_o the_o account_v able_a by_o position_n to_o find_v out_o hide_v sum_n for_o it_o fall_v out_o many_o time_n in_o prince_n account_n that_o sum_n be_v name_v which_o have_v relation_n to_o other_o sum_n and_o must_v by_o supposition_n be_v find_v out_o and_o can_v be_v do_v as_o they_o say_v calculando_fw-la for_o example_n a_o sum_n of_o money_n be_v deliver_v out_o for_o three_o year_n every_o year_n to_o be_v pay_v whereof_o the_o first_o sum_n posito_fw-la be_v 500_o will_v and_o the_o four_o or_o last_o sum_n be_v 665_o will_v â—0_n ss_z between_o these_o two_o you_o be_v to_o find_v two_o sum_n proportionable_a multiply_v 500_o will_v within_o itself_o be_v 500000_o with_o this_o multiply_v the_o 665_o will_v 10_o ss_z of_o the_o product_n take_v your_o cubike_a root_n be_v 550_o for_o the_o second_o sum_n now_o to_o find_v your_o three_o sum_n multiply_v 665_o 10_o with_o 550_o be_v â—3200_n your_o quadrant_n root_n be_v medium_fw-la between_o 2_o and_o 4_o be_v 605_o and_o so_o you_o have_v your_o sum_n and_o the_o interest_n you_o find_v to_o be_v 10_o pro_fw-la cent_n the_o like_a for_o 5_o 6_o or_o more_o sum_n which_o by_o geometâ—iâ—_n be_v yet_o more_o easy_a penny_n reduction_n of_o maluady_n into_o ducat_n shilling_n and_o penny_n so_o we_o find_v that_o for_o matter_n of_o division_n to_o reduce_v million_o of_o maluady_n in_o spain_n into_o ducat_n without_o much_o division_n by_o 375_o maluady_n for_o the_o ducat_n and_o then_o the_o shilling_n and_o penny_n of_o ducat_n make_v in_o bill_n of_o exchange_n take_v â…“_n part_n of_o the_o sum_n and_o the_o overplus_n if_o any_o be_v put_v it_o down_o for_o shilling_n and_o penny_n than_o in_o like_a manner_n take_v â…•_n of_o that_o sum_n and_o again_o â…•_n of_o that_o sum_n and_o last_o â…•_n of_o that_o sum_n be_v â…—_n derive_v from_o â…“_n and_o you_o have_v your_o ducat_n shilling_n and_o penny_n of_o ducat_n in_o vntratto_n as_o the_o italian_a say_v in_o like_a manner_n divide_v by_o all_o the_o number_n contain_v in_o the_o table_n of_o multiplication_n for_o 42_o take_v â…™_n and_o 1_o 7_o for_o 63_o take_v 1_o 7_o and_o 1_o 9_o part_n and_o so_o of_o all_o the_o other_o sum_n for_o six_o time_n seven_o be_v forty_o and_o two_o chap._n xvi_o of_o usurious_a contract_n i_o need_v not_o to_o make_v double_a inculcation_n against_o usury_n for_o the_o civillians_n have_v be_v so_o precise_a in_o the_o description_n of_o usurious_a contract_n vsuris_fw-la doctor_n wilsoâ—_n de_fw-fr vsuris_fw-la which_o doctor_n wâ—lson_n have_v note_v that_o it_o be_v hard_o for_o any_o merchant_n to_o escape_v the_o censure_v of_o be_v a_o usurer_n albeit_o not_o in_o danger_n of_o the_o statute_n which_o be_v very_o necessary_a for_o all_o merchant_n to_o take_v notice_n of_o but_o he_o conclude_v lend_v no_o usury_n without_o lend_v that_o where_o there_o be_v no_o lend_v there_o can_v be_v no_o usury_n wherein_o he_o make_v a_o distinction_n between_o mutuum_fw-la locatio_fw-la and_o commodatum_fw-la declare_v mutuum_fw-la to_o be_v where_o my_o good_n be_v make_v thou_o locatio_fw-la where_o a_o thing_n be_v â—ut_v forth_o or_o let_v to_o hire_n the_o property_n still_o remain_v in_o the_o owner_n who_o bear_v the_o adventure_n thereof_o and_o commodatum_fw-la to_o be_v a_o let_v or_o lend_v without_o alteration_n of_o the_o property_n also_o but_o free_a without_o any_o gain_n at_o all_o where_o for_o hire_v a_o gain_n be_v take_v and_o so_o he_o make_v a_o description_n of_o vsuror_n if_o they_o deal_v in_o manner_n follow_v if_o any_o commodity_n be_v sell_v unto_o any_o man_n who_o buy_v the_o same_o by_o mean_n of_o a_o broker_n or_o otherwise_o to_o make_v a_o shift_n and_o to_o sell_v the_o same_o instant_o to_o make_v money_n of_o to_o supply_v his_o occasion_n lose_v thereby_o as_o he_o must_v of_o necessity_n the_o seller_n of_o this_o commodity_n be_v a_o usurer_n in_o this_o case_n if_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o the_o say_a seller_n do_v buy_v or_o cause_v the_o say_a commodity_n to_o be_v buy_v again_o direct_o or_o indirect_o the_o statute_n against_o usury_n will_v take_v hold_n of_o he_o and_o that_o very_o just_o i_o do_v borrow_v of_o a_o man_n one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o three_o month_n promise_v to_o give_v his_o wife_n a_o satin_n gown_n or_o a_o amble_a gelding_n hereupon_o he_o forbear_v his_o money_n for_o many_o month_n more_o without_o interest_n it_o be_v usury_n i_o do_v bind_v my_o land_n worth_n twenty_o pound_n by_o the_o year_n to_o a_o man_n for_o one_o hundred_o pound_n in_o money_n for_o a_o year_n and_o do_v not_o pass_v it_o by_o bargain_n and_o sale_n if_o the_o creditor_n do_v take_v the_o revenue_n and_o his_o principal_n it_o be_v usury_n be_v it_o that_o a_o man_n dare_v a_o hundred_o pound_n free_o and_o hope_v assure_o to_o have_v some_o thankful_a recompense_n at_o the_o year_n end_n this_o be_v mentalis_fw-la vsura_fw-la what_o if_o one_o lend_v money_n in_o hope_n to_o get_v a_o office_n this_o be_v also_o usury_n if_o one_o lend_v a_o man_n money_n for_o a_o certain_a time_n because_o the_o same_o man_n shall_v speak_v a_o good_a word_n for_o he_o or_o do_v he_o a_o certain_a pleasure_n it_o be_v a_o rule_v case_n that_o for_o so_o much_o as_o a_o covenant_n be_v past_a it_o be_v usury_n i_o do_v lend_v you_o one_o hundred_o pound_n that_o you_o shall_v do_v as_o much_o for_o i_o when_o i_o shall_v demand_v it_o of_o you_o this_o be_v usury_n because_o a_o contract_n be_v simple_o make_v without_o any_o addition_n of_o time_n appoint_v whereas_o if_o he_o have_v ask_v so_o much_o at_o the_o year_n end_n than_o it_o have_v be_v no_o usury_n but_o permutation_n when_o one_o good_a turn_n be_v do_v for_o another_o and_o the_o time_n know_v certain_a a_o lord_n do_v lend_v his_o tenant_n money_n with_o this_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v plough_v his_o land_n if_o he_o do_v not_o pay_v they_o for_o their_o labour_n but_o with_o the_o use_n it_o be_v usury_n i_o will_v borrow_v and_o one_o sell_v i_o ware_n for_o more_o than_o they_o be_v worth_a by_o the_o half_a the_o seller_n be_v a_o usurer_n i_o do_v sell_v commodity_n unto_o a_o man_n for_o six_o month_n at_o a_o reasonable_a price_n and_o afterward_o he_o pay_v i_o in_o ready_a money_n deduct_v the_o interest_n for_o the_o time_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o this_o be_v usury_n the_o father-in-law_n do_v lend_v his_o son_n a_o sum_n of_o money_n and_o take_v in_o pawn_n the_o possession_n of_o the_o dower_n and_o convert_v the_o fruit_n thereof_o to_o himself_o for_o the_o lone_a of_o money_n this_o father-in-law_n be_v a_o usurer_n he_o that_o buy_v before_o hand_n corn_n wine_n or_o oil_n so_o good_a cheap_a as_o he_o be_v sure_a not_o to_o be_v a_o loser_n but_o a_o gainer_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o harvest_n the_o same_o man_n be_v a_o usurer_n i_o do_v lend_v one_o hundred_o pound_n to_o my_o friend_n
to_o give_v twenty_o per_fw-la 100_o for_o the_o year_n and_o so_o from_o year_n to_o year_n and_o die_v the_o principal_a be_v they_o one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o eight_o life_n by_o equality_n decrease_v the_o penny_n 8_o be_v 12_o will_v 10_o ss_z for_o two_o life_n 11_o will_v 2_o ss_z for_o three_o life_n 10_o will_v for_o four_o life_n 9_o will_v 1_o ss_z 9_o penny_n be_v 6_o will_v 5_o ss_z for_o eight_o life_n the_o city_n of_o amsterdam_n be_v wont_a to_o give_v good_a consideration_n and_o do_v observe_v this_o order_n upon_o a_o hundred_o gelder_n for_n eight_o life_n give_v 16_o 13_o 4_o life_n observation_n of_o money_n deliver_v upon_o life_n of_o nine_o life_n 19_o 1_o 0_o upon_o ten_o life_n they_o give_v 22_o 4_o 5_o upon_o eleven_o life_n 26_o 13_o 4_o upon_o twelve_o life_n 33_o 6_o 8_o upon_o seven_o life_n 14_o 6_o 4_o upon_o six_o life_n 13_o 6_o 8_o here_o you_o be_v to_o remember_v the_o observation_n of_o assuror_n whether_o the_o person_n be_v young_a or_o old_a sober_a in_o their_o diet_n and_o behaviour_n much_o travel_v abroad_o or_o stay_v at_o home_n subject_a to_o sickness_n and_o the_o like_a consideration_n house_n rent_n upon_o house_n money_n deliver_v upon_o annuity_n for_o rent_n seem_v more_o reasonable_a than_o pension_n upon_o life_n because_o you_o bear_v only_o the_o adventure_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o house_n or_o destruction_n of_o they_o in_o time_n of_o war_n and_o much_o more_o shall_v be_v give_v without_o pawn_n than_o with_o pawn_n or_o mortgage_n it_o be_v commodious_a for_o a_o man_n have_v waste_a ground_n and_o intend_v to_o build_v upon_o they_o to_o take_v much_o money_n upon_o rent_n after_o 6_o ¼_n pro_fw-la cent_n which_o many_o city_n give_v continual_o to_o increase_v their_o wealth_n and_o inhabitant_n and_o because_o the_o valuation_n of_o their_o money_n do_v often_o alter_v and_o be_v enhance_v whereby_o all_o thing_n become_v dear_a specie_fw-la rent_n pay_v in_o specie_fw-la the_o party_n be_v advise_v to_o have_v their_o rent_n pay_v in_o specie_fw-la in_o crown_n dollar_n ducat_n to_o be_v pay_v as_o former_o they_o be_v currant_n the_o danger_n in_o time_n of_o war_n cause_v rent_n to_o decrease_v for_o the_o ancient_a rent_n be_v always_o first_o to_o be_v pay_v although_o all_o other_o be_v loser_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xix_o of_o the_o denomination_n and_o division_n of_o money_n of_o diverse_a country_n the_o denomination_n division_n and_o subdivision_n of_o the_o money_n of_o all_o country_n be_v most_o necessary_a for_o merchant_n and_o all_o other_o to_o be_v know_v because_o without_o it_o they_o sail_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n without_o compass_n abandon_v at_o all_o uncertainty_n and_o danger_n to_o have_v true_a equality_n and_o equity_n observe_v in_o their_o buy_n and_o selling_n and_o that_o more_o especial_o if_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v neglect_v as_o shall_v be_v declare_v hereafter_o some_o of_o these_o money_n be_v imaginary_a and_o some_o be_v substantial_a or_o real_a in_o specie_fw-la and_o yet_o not_o concur_v in_o price_n or_o value_n england_n england_n in_o england_n concern_v silver_n coin_n there_o be_v the_o crown_n of_o five_o shilling_n and_o the_o half_a crown_n of_o two_o shilling_n six_o penny_n the_o shilling_n the_o six_o penny_n the_o four_o penny_n or_o groat_n the_o three_o penny_n two_o penny_n three_o half_a penny_n the_o penny_n and_o half_a penny_n of_o sterling_a silver_n and_o the_o farthing_n of_o copper_n the_o ordinary_a golden_a coin_n be_v the_o unite_v piece_n of_o 22_o shilling_n the_o half_a of_o eleven_o shilling_n and_o the_o crown_n or_o quarter_n of_o five_o shilling_n six_o penny_n and_o the_o â…›_n part_v two_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n and_o the_o five_o piece_n coin_a at_o four_o shilling_n make_v twenty_o two_o shilling_n with_o the_o rose_n and_o the_o thistle_n the_o laureate_a king_n james_n of_o twenty_o two_o carrat_n fine_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o the_o half_a piece_n scotland_n scotland_n in_o scotland_n be_v the_o cross_a dagger_n piece_n of_o eleven_o shilling_n and_o the_o half_a of_o it_o and_o their_o rider_n of_o ten_o shilling_n six_o penny_n and_o for_o their_o silver_n coin_v the_o mark_n piece_n value_v at_o 13_o penny_n ½_n in_o england_n and_o the_o half_a of_o the_o same_o as_o also_o six_o small_a piece_n of_o above_o two_o penny_n for_o the_o say_a mark_n ireland_n ireland_n in_o ireland_n where_o no_o mint_n have_v be_v since_o king_n edward_n the_o four_o of_o england_n the_o fifteen_o shilling_n sterling_a make_v twenty_o shilling_n irish_a and_o the_o silver_n harp_n of_o nine_o penny_n sterling_a be_v there_o currant_n for_o twelve_o penny_n and_o the_o moiety_n thereof_o according_o and_o the_o abovesaid_a gold_n coin_n be_v currant_n as_o in_o england_n or_o in_o sterling_a reduce_v into_o their_o irish_a money_n one_o three_o part_n more_o so_o that_o the_o twenty_o shilling_n piece_n of_o laureate_a king_n james_n be_v there_o four_o noble_n and_o all_o other_o division_n of_o it_o according_o so_o the_o english_a shilling_n be_v sixteen_o penny_n irish_a and_o the_o part_n of_o it_o according_o all_o other_o old_a irish_a coin_n be_v out_o of_o use_n and_o little_a quantity_n to_o be_v find_v of_o it_o in_o germany_n they_o make_v all_o their_o money_n by_o the_o account_n of_o batsen_n every_o bat_n four_o creutzer_n coin_v piece_n of_o three_o six_o germany_n germany_n and_o twelve_o creutzer_n so_o the_o ducat_n of_o hungary_n make_v 27_o batse_n the_o gold_n gelder_n eighteen_o batse_n the_o polish_v gelder_n or_o dolor_n fifteen_o batse_n teaston_n five_o batse_n the_o say_a gold_n gelder_n be_v value_n anno_fw-la 1520_o to_o be_v currant_n in_o holland_n for_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n whereby_o their_o corn_n be_v buy_v and_o sell_v which_o be_v erroneous_a and_o imaginary_a because_o there_o be_v no_o such_o piece_n in_o specie_fw-la so_o be_v the_o dolor_n and_o the_o silver_n gelder_n call_v gros_n or_o vnciales_n weigh_v a_o ounce_n the_o ancient_a roman_n call_v a_o ounce_n a_o gelder_n and_o the_o eight_o ounce_n make_v one_o mark_n and_o 12_o ounce_n or_o gelders_n be_v reckon_v for_o one_o pound_n and_o there_o be_v coin_a piece_n call_v nummi_fw-la dragmi_fw-la alius_fw-la grosleyn_n be_v the_o eight_o part_n of_o a_o dolor_n angelicy_n be_v the_o â…™_n of_o a_o dolor_n make_v three_o batse_n or_o twelve_o creutzer_n call_v schriekenborger_n the_o say_v angelici_fw-la be_v tribute_n peny_n which_o be_v allay_v and_o make_v worse_o do_v obtain_v the_o name_n of_o bat_n as_o it_o be_v seek_v of_o a_o benefit_n which_o since_o have_v be_v more_o embase_v and_o therefore_o deserve_v that_o name_n of_o batse_n they_o be_v call_v in_o thuringia_n gulielmi_n and_o in_o bohemia_n bohemici_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o say_a tribute_n whereof_o they_o have_v also_o 12_o piece_n divide_o for_o 12_o penny_n which_o penny_n be_v all_o germany_n over_o two_o heller_n by_o way_n of_o account_n the_o dolor_n be_v first_o make_v upon_o sixty_o and_o five_o creutzer_n which_o in_o those_o coin_n so_o embase_v be_v answer_v by_o 72_o creutzers_n and_o in_o othâ—â—_n city_n of_o germany_n they_o reckon_v as_o follow_v upon_o diverse_a coin_n 〈◊〉_d make_v and_o some_o imaginary_a at_o augusta_n they_o have_v small_a money_n gross_v of_o three_o batse_n augusta_n augusta_n lion_n piece_n whereof_o two_o make_v a_o creutzer_n the_o blackepennie_n four_o to_o one_o creutzer_n snubourgh_n blaphart_n or_o bohomicos_fw-la of_o three_o and_o 3_o ½_n creutzer_n the_o rycke_v dolor_n be_v thirty_o albes_fw-la of_o eight_o penny_n every_o albe_n or_o seventie_o and_o two_o creutzer_n for_o the_o say_a dolor_n at_o frankford_n they_o divide_v their_o florin_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n frankford_n frankford_n by_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o every_o shilling_n in_o twelve_o heller_n according_a to_o the_o pound_n at_o norenbourgh_n in_o like_a manner_n and_o the_o creutzer_n be_v four_o penny_n norenborough_n norenborough_n every_o penny_n two_o heller_n and_o five_o penny_n call_v a_o fynfer_v or_o five_o pennick_n at_o strasborough_n they_o use_v blapharts_n gross_v strasborough_n strasborough_n bohemicos_fw-la of_o three_o creutzer_n every_o blaphart_n six_o penny_n of_o two_o heller_n or_o four_o ortlyn_n at_o bohemia_n as_o in_o germany_n and_o the_o bohemici_n bohemia_n bohemia_n be_v whitgrosse_v of_o three_o creutzer_n the_o doller_n be_v twenty_o four_o bohemicos_fw-la of_o twelve_o angster_n every_o bohemico_fw-la ten_o penny_n and_o one_o mark_n be_v forty_o bohemicos_fw-la and_o scoc_n be_v sixty_o bohemicos_fw-la vienna_n vienna_n at_o vienna_n the_o rycke_v doller_n be_v eight_o shilling_n and_o the_o ducat_n twelve_o shilling_n trioll_n trioll_n at_o trioll_n the_o doller_n at_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n of_o five_o fynfer_v or_o heller_n the_o creutzer_n hungary_n hungary_n
clothes_n which_o cost_v he_o six_o hundred_o pound_n and_o the_o custom_n and_o charge_n forty_o pound_n and_o hereupon_o he_o arm_v two_o account_n under_o the_o name_n of_o voyage_n into_o spain_n or_o voyage_n to_o lixborne_n or_o some_o other_o such_o name_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n as_o every_o man_n think_v good_a so_o these_o voyage_n be_v debtor_n for_o the_o commodity_n custom_n and_o charge_n thereof_o and_o the_o magazine_n be_v discharge_v and_o make_v creditor_n as_o abovesaid_a discharge_v magazine_n discharge_v and_o likewise_o cash_n be_v make_v creditor_n have_v pay_v the_o custom_n imposition_n and_o charge_n aforesaid_a this_o merchant_n not_o willing_a to_o bear_v so_o great_a a_o adventure_n of_o six_o hundred_o pound_n or_o seven_o hundred_o pound_n in_o one_o ship_n do_v cause_n himself_o to_o be_v assure_v of_o three_o hundred_o pound_n in_o every_o ship_n assurance_n money_n for_o assurance_n at_o four_o and_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o and_o pay_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o assuror_n hereupon_o he_o make_v the_o say_a voyage_n debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n for_o so_o much_o namely_o thirteen_o pound_n for_o lixborne_n and_o sixteen_o pound_n for_o seville_a and_o so_o commit_v the_o same_o to_o god_n will_v and_o pleasure_n and_o all_o these_o parcel_n be_v enter_v into_o the_o book_n receive_v money_o receive_v and_o b._n m._n the_o mercer_n do_v pay_v more_o two_o hundred_o pound_n whereof_o cash_n be_v make_v debtor_n and_o b._n m._n be_v make_v creditor_n and_o discharge_v of_o the_o 3_o hundred_o pound_n he_o do_v owe_v interest_n money_o deliver_v aâ—_n interest_n whereby_o the_o merchant_n find_v some_o money_n to_o spare_v he_o deliver_v out_o two_o hundred_o pound_n at_o interest_n unto_o another_o merchant_n for_o six_o month_n and_o thereupon_o he_o make_v this_o merchant_n c.d._n debtor_n &_o cash_n creditor_n declare_v to_o have_v his_o bond_n of_o three_o hundred_o pound_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o two_o hundred_o and_o ten_o pound_n at_o such_o a_o day_n in_o such_o a_o place_n money_n interest_n money_n and_o for_o the_o interest_n money_n of_o ten_o pound_n he_o make_v he_o likewise_o debtor_n and_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n but_o some_o man_n do_v make_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o interest_n which_o be_v at_o a_o man_n pleasure_n now_o the_o two_o hundred_o pound_n which_o n._n w._n owe_v be_v due_a use_n money_n owe_v continue_v at_o use_n and_o he_o desire_v to_o keep_v the_o money_n for_o six_o month_n at_o interest_n and_o to_o give_v his_o bond_n for_o it_o which_o be_v so_o agree_v between_o they_o the_o interest_n be_v ten_o pound_n for_o which_o he_o make_v likewise_o n.w._n debtor_n and_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n the_o merchant_n estate_n stand_v now_o thus_o book_n view_v of_o a_o merchant_n estate_n by_o the_o book_n at_o hamborough_n one_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o pound_n at_o seville_a seven_o hundred_o thirty_o and_o six_o pound_n at_o lixborne_a six_o hundred_o fifty_o and_o three_o pound_n at_o interest_n four_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n with_o the_o interest_n and_o but_o little_a money_n in_o cash_n because_o of_o his_o daily_a expense_n suppose_v now_o that_o the_o ship_n of_o the_o company_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n be_v come_v from_o hamborough_n voyage_n return_v of_o voyage_n and_o our_o merchant_n clothes_n be_v sell_v to_o diverse_a merchant_n and_o other_o there_o to_o be_v pay_v at_o six_o and_o six_o month_n anticipation_n money_o pay_v by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n for_o which_o they_o have_v give_v their_o bill_n obligatorie_n to_o pay_v the_o same_o according_o but_o some_o of_o these_o merchant_n be_v desirous_a to_o pay_v their_o money_n by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n have_v interest_n allow_v they_o for_o it_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o eight_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n and_o so_o pay_v ready_a money_n to_o our_o merchant_n factor_n and_o thereupon_o the_o say_a factor_n make_v over_o by_o exchange_n four_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a by_o two_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o at_o usance_n which_o be_v two_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n by_o merchant_n stranger_n exchange_n money_n make_v over_o by_o exchange_n these_o merchant_n stranger_n do_v accept_v the_o say_v bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o you_o make_v they_o several_o debtor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o your_o factor_n of_o hamborough_n creditor_n for_o the_o say_v four_o hundred_o pound_n moreover_o your_o factor_n have_v set_v over_o some_o of_o those_o merchant_n bill_n of_o debt_n for_o foreign_a commodity_n and_o have_v take_v in_o payment_n two_o case_n of_o velvet_n sea_n velvet_n buy_v beyond_o the_o sea_n which_o do_v cost_v eight_o hundred_o pound_n and_o he_o send_v they_o in_o these_o ship_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o charge_n custom_n and_o factoridge_n of_o the_o say_a velvet_n amount_v to_o forty_o pound_n so_o the_o velvet_n cost_v in_o all_o eight_o hundred_o and_o forty_o pound_n for_o this_o you_o make_v a_o new_a account_n for_o velvet_n or_o the_o return_n of_o the_o hamborough_n voyage_n debtor_n and_o your_o factor_n creditor_n for_o the_o say_v eight_o hundred_o and_o forty_o pound_n exchange_n money_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o because_o you_o be_v to_o pay_v great_a custom_n and_o imposition_n of_o these_o velvet_n and_o your_o cash_n be_v not_o well_o provide_v you_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n here_o sixty_o pound_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o your_o factor_n at_o hamborough_n and_o deliver_v your_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o and_o receive_v the_o money_n now_o cash_n be_v make_v debtor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o your_o factor_n that_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o money_n be_v make_v creditor_n for_o it_o according_o they_o cloth_n sell_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o account_v send_v of_o they_o this_o factor_n do_v now_o by_o land_n send_v unto_o you_o the_o account_n of_o your_o hundred_o clothes_n sell_v unto_o diverse_a merchant_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o this_o account_n be_v make_v in_o hamborough_n or_o lup_n money_n and_o it_o be_v suppose_v among_o merchant_n that_o six_o and_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n of_o their_o money_n be_v correspondent_a to_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a according_a to_o this_o you_o reduce_v your_o hamborough_n money_n into_o sterling_a money_n after_o the_o rate_n sterling_a hamborough_n money_n reduce_v into_o sterling_a and_o your_o factor_n in_o the_o say_a account_n have_v already_o deduct_v his_o factorige_n custom_n and_o all_o charge_n incident_a upon_o the_o clothes_n sell_v by_o he_o so_o that_o cast_v your_o account_n upon_o the_o net_n provenu_fw-fr of_o your_o clothes_n he_o have_v receive_v clear_a money_n one_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o pound_n sterling_a hereof_o now_o you_o do_v make_v your_o factor_n debtor_n and_o the_o voyage_n for_o hamborough_n creditor_n and_o come_v to_o your_o leidger_n book_n you_o find_v the_o say_a voyage_n debtor_n one_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o pound_n and_o now_o to_o be_v make_v creditor_n one_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o pound_n so_o you_o find_v here_o be_v two_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n clear_a gain_n by_o the_o account_n unless_o you_o shall_v become_v a_o loser_n in_o the_o velvet_n for_o the_o money_n deduct_v for_o interest_n to_o he_o that_o pay_v before_o his_o time_n be_v already_o deduct_v in_o the_o account_n of_o clothes_n so_o that_o to_o clear_v this_o account_n of_o the_o voyage_n you_o make_v the_o same_o debtor_n for_o the_o say_v two_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n and_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n for_o the_o same_o you_o have_v now_o sell_v your_o two_o case_n of_o velvet_n the_o one_o for_o ready_a money_n and_o the_o other_o at_o six_o and_o six_o month_n day_n of_o payment_n to_o w.w._n mercer_n amount_v to_o five_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n who_o you_o have_v make_v debtor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o your_o velvet_n creditor_n and_o for_o the_o other_o you_o have_v make_v cash_n debtor_n for_o four_o hundred_o ninety_o pound_n which_o you_o have_v receive_v and_o likewise_o your_o velvet_n creditor_n for_o the_o same_o sum_n so_o in_o both_o one_o thousand_o and_o ten_o pound_n and_o cast_v up_o your_o charge_n custom_n and_o imposition_n of_o your_o velvet_n you_o find_v they_o to_o amount_v unto_o 80_o will_v and_o for_o this_o sum_n you_o make_v velvet_n debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n so_o your_o velvet_n do_v cost_v with_o all_o the_o say_a charge_n 920_o will_v and_o they_o be_v sell_v for_o 1010_o will_v so_o there_o be_v 90_o will_v advance_v by_o the_o say_a velvet_n whereof_o to_o clear_v this_o account_n you_o make_v velvet_n debtor_n and_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n as_o aforesaid_a have_v now_o money_n in_o
rate_n according_a to_o which_o calculation_n the_o say_v royal_a of_o eight_o be_v by_o we_o receive_v at_o five_o shilling_n and_o two_o penny_n which_o be_v but_o four_o shilling_n 2_o ½_n penny_n or_o thereabouts_o the_o difference_n be_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o less_o than_o two_o month_n time_n add_v hereunto_o the_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o to_o be_v have_v by_o the_o say_v royal_n of_o eight_o that_o the_o same_o be_v better_o in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n than_o our_o six_o penny_n sterling_a which_o be_v take_v to_o answer_v the_o say_v royal_a by_o a_o common_a calculation_n by_o reason_n whereof_o there_o will_v be_v give_v so_o much_o in_o his_o majesty_n mint_n or_o thereabouts_o that_o be_v to_o say_v four_o shilling_n and_o five_o penny_n or_o at_o the_o least_o four_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n ½_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o five_o shilling_n sterling_a for_o a_o ounce_n of_o that_o standard_n so_o together_o be_v twenty_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o benefit_n 1622._o a_o treatise_n of_o free_a trade_n 1622._o which_o cause_v a_o merchant_n adventurer_n to_o set_v down_o in_o print_v a_o interrogation_n in_o this_o manner_n who_o will_v procure_v licence_n in_o spain_n to_o bring_v real_n into_o england_n to_o sell_v they_o here_o at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o gain_n which_o be_v less_o than_o the_o exchange_n from_o thence_o will_v yield_v when_o he_o may_v have_v for_o the_o same_o 25_o in_o the_o 100_o in_o holland_n a_o matter_n whereby_o merchant_n be_v easy_o induce_v to_o divert_v the_o say_a royal_n from_o the_o realm_n to_o those_o and_o other_o country_n and_o by_o the_o common_a understanding_n to_o remedy_v the_o same_o it_o be_v think_v there_o be_v no_o mean_n to_o meet_v with_o foreign_a nation_n in_o the_o inhance_a of_o money_n but_o we_o must_v do_v the_o like_a albeit_o experience_n have_v show_v long_o since_o that_o this_o be_v not_o effectual_a nor_o any_o true_a remedy_n now_o if_o we_o will_v consider_v thing_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n aforesaid_a it_o will_v plain_o appear_v that_o the_o say_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n more_o than_o in_o england_n be_v but_o imaginary_a if_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n be_v reform_v for_o let_v five_o of_o these_o royal_n of_o eight_o be_v buy_v in_o england_n for_o twenty_o two_o shilling_n and_o be_v transport_v into_o holland_n and_o there_o buy_v commodity_n with_o the_o same_o which_o be_v according_a as_o the_o price_n of_o they_o be_v enhance_v for_o as_o the_o money_n rise_v in_o price_n so_o do_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n it_o may_v fall_v out_o the_o say_a merchant_n shall_v become_v loser_n by_o the_o commodity_n so_o that_o the_o same_o can_v be_v term_v causa_fw-la movens_fw-la but_o the_o spanish_a merchant_n which_o cause_n their_o royal_n to_o be_v send_v into_o holland_n or_o zealand_n from_o spain_n or_o from_o the_o down_n rely_v whole_o upon_o the_o low-exchange_n whereby_o they_o be_v enable_v to_o deliver_v there_o their_o money_n by_o exchange_n at_o a_o undervalue_v at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n flemish_n and_o under_o for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a whereby_o the_o kingdom_n make_v good_a unto_o they_o the_o say_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o consist_v between_o the_o price_n of_o forty_o two_o stiver_n and_o fifty_o one_o stiver_n which_o be_v almost_o eighteen_o pro_fw-la hundred_o if_o the_o royal_a go_v but_o for_o fifty_o stiver_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n so_o that_o if_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v according_o which_o will_v be_v above_o thirty_o seven_o shilling_n six_o penny_n this_o gain_n will_v not_o be_v at_o all_o and_o money_n will_v be_v import_v unto_o we_o and_o not_o export_v for_o the_o rule_n be_v infallable_n exchange_n a_o maxim_n in_o exchange_n that_o when_o the_o exchange_n answer_v the_o true_a value_n of_o money_n according_a to_o their_o intrinsicke_a weight_n and_o fineness_n and_o their_o extrinsicke_a valuation_n they_o be_v never_o export_v because_o the_o say_a gain_n be_v answer_v by_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o transportation_n to_o make_v this_o evident_a in_o the_o rickx_n doller_n which_o be_v the_o main_a and_o most_o usual_a coin_n in_o germany_n eastland_n the_o unite_a and_o reconcile_v low-countries_n before_o their_o late_a proclamation_n and_o currant_n in_o many_o other_o country_n observe_v we_o that_o the_o say_v doller_n be_v value_v at_o two_o mark_n lubish_n 1575._o a_o shilling_n lubish_n and_o a_o stiver_n flemish_n be_v all_o one_o 1575._o every_o mark_n be_v sixteen_o shilling_n lubish_n or_o sixteen_o stiver_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1575._o the_o say_a rickx_n doller_n be_v still_o coin_a in_o the_o empire_n for_o thirty_o two_o shilling_n or_o stiver_n and_o so_o currant_n by_o valuation_n in_o the_o low-countries_n whereby_o they_o be_v all_o one_o in_o denomination_n and_o effect_n but_o the_o war_n in_o the_o low-countries_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o inhance_a of_o this_o doller_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o thirty_o five_o stiver_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1586_o to_o forty_o five_o stiver_n or_o to_o fifty_o two_o stiver_n now_o by_o intermissive_a valuation_n and_o time_n howbeit_o at_o hamborough_n stoade_n and_o other_o place_n in_o germany_n the_o say_a doller_n do_v remain_v still_o at_o thirty_o two_o shilling_n lubish_n or_o two_o mark_n and_o as_o the_o say_v doller_n do_v enhance_v in_o price_n so_o do_v they_o in_o the_o low-countries_n coin_v new_a stiver_n according_o sometime_o light_a in_o weight_n fallacy_n a_o great_a fallacy_n and_o at_o other_o time_n embase_v by_o copper_n or_o alloy_n and_o yet_o in_o account_n the_o stiver_n do_v and_o do_v remain_v the_o ground_n of_o all_o their_o money_n but_o the_o say_v doller_n hold_v his_o standard_n agreeable_a to_o the_o first_o doller_n call_v the_o burgundian_n doller_n with_o saint_n andrew_n cross_n coin_a in_o the_o year_n 1567._o which_o be_v in_o fineness_n ten_o ounce_n twelve_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o four_o and_o one_o half_a of_o these_o dollar_n be_v make_v equivolent_a to_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a as_o a_o public_a measure_n between_o we_o and_o the_o low-countries_n germany_n and_o other_o place_n where_o this_o doller_n go_v currant_n as_o you_o may_v observe_v in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n these_o dollar_n have_v since_o be_v imitate_v and_o make_v by_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n in_o their_o several_a mint_n alter_v only_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o several_a province_n as_o also_o by_o the_o archduke_n albertus_n in_o the_o reconcile_a low_a province_n and_o the_o price_n of_o they_o at_o hamborough_n stoad_n and_o other_o place_n be_v but_o advance_v to_o one_o stiver_n or_o shilling_n lubish_n more_o that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n lubish_n go_v the_o same_o go_v in_o the_o low-countries_n for_o forty_o five_o stiver_n which_o make_v the_o diversity_n of_o the_o say_v par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n for_o the_o low-countries_n and_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n for_o hamborough_n netherlands_o in_o the_o netherlands_o be_v all_o one_o in_o substance_n this_o doller_n be_v since_o that_o time_n as_o i_o say_v enhance_v to_o fifty_o two_o stiver_n in_o the_o low-countries_n which_o make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n above_o thirty_o eight_o shilling_n or_o rather_o thirty_o nine_o shilling_n and_o shall_v the_o kingdom_n suffer_v this_o and_o not_o alter_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_o but_o be_v content_v to_o take_v thirty_o four_o or_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n and_o after_o that_o rate_n undersell_v all_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n germany_n in_o germany_n this_o doller_n be_v likewise_o since_o that_o time_n more_o enhance_v in_o germany_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o leave_v the_o excessive_a valuation_n in_o remote_a place_n let_v we_o note_v the_o valuation_n of_o hamborough_n where_o it_o have_v be_v at_o fifty_o four_o stiver_n the_o doller_n which_o make_v the_o exchange_n above_o forty_o shilling_n of_o their_o money_n for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o although_o we_o have_v raise_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n from_o twenty_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n to_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n and_o thereabouts_o shall_v we_o rest_v here_o and_o go_v no_o further_o have_v we_o reason_n to_o do_v it_o in_o part_n and_o not_o in_o the_o whole_a according_a to_o justice_n equity_n and_o true_a policy_n and_o shall_v we_o be_v like_o a_o man_n that_o by_o halt_v in_o jest_n become_v lame_a in_o earnest_n absic_n ignorantia_fw-la the_o money_n in_o christendom_n which_o have_v their_o ebb_a and_o flow_v do_v show_v their_o operation_n upon_o commodity_n operation_n the_o course_n of_o money_n and_o exchange_n be_v contraty_n in_o operation_n make_v by_o
plenty_n the_o price_n thereof_o dear_a or_o by_o scarcity_n better_o cheap_a as_o have_v be_v note_v but_o exchange_n have_v a_o contrary_a means_n of_o work_v for_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v a_o low_a exchange_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v a_o high_a exchange_n and_o the_o price_n to_o rise_v which_o be_v of_o great_a consideration_n because_o it_o overrule_v money_n and_o commodity_n which_o never_o enter_v in_o the_o politic_a study_n of_o aristotle_n seneca_n or_o cicero_n who_o be_v but_o in_o the_o infancy_n of_o trade_n and_o civilians_n can_v tell_v we_o that_o commercium_fw-la be_v quasi_fw-la commutatio_fw-la mercium_fw-la but_o go_v no_o further_o in_o this_o just_a and_o princely_a study_n of_o state_n affair_n to_o augment_v by_o all_o lawful_a mean_n of_o ius_n gentium_fw-la the_o wealth_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o territory_n as_o also_o to_o prevent_v the_o diminution_n thereof_o by_o the_o carry_v away_o of_o their_o money_n and_o treasure_n true_a it_o be_v that_o the_o statute_n law_n of_o england_n have_v have_v a_o care_n hereof_o but_o the_o remedy_n have_v be_v hitherto_o defective_a by_o mistake_v the_o efficient_a cause_n thereof_o which_o remedy_n may_v be_v distinguish_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n 1_o first_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n for_o merchant_n stranger_n commodity_n commodity_n make_v for_o three_o especial_a cause_n 1_o for_o the_o advance_v of_o the_o price_n and_o sale_n of_o our_o native_a commodity_n 2_o to_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n 3_o to_o preserve_v the_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n 14._o r._n 2._o 2_o the_o lodging_n of_o merchant_n stranger_n with_o free_a host_n who_o have_v a_o inspection_n in_o their_o negotiation_n for_o commodity_n and_o money_n 3_o the_o keep_n of_o staple_n for_o wool_n woolfel_n and_o other_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o their_o corrector_n and_o broker_n to_o register_v merchant_n stranger_n deal_n 4_o to_o cause_n denizen_n to_o pay_v stranger_n custom_n inward_o and_o outward_o 5_o the_o sundry_a treaty_n and_o conference_n with_o the_o commissioner_n of_o other_o prince_n about_o merchandise_n money_n and_o exchange_n 6_o the_o severe_a proclamation_n for_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o statute_n make_v for_o and_o concern_v the_o same_o and_o the_o article_n of_o intercourse_n 7_o the_o prohibition_n to_o export_v commodity_n but_o at_o great_a port_n 8_o the_o prohibition_n for_o stranger_n to_o sell_v ware_n by_o retail_v 9_o the_o prohibition_n for_o english_a merchant_n to_o ship_n good_n in_o strange_a bottom_n 10_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n make_v felony_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n money_n money_n 11_o the_o attendance_n of_o searcher_n waiter_n and_o other_o officer_n 12_o the_o strict_a information_n in_o the_o exchequer_n and_o other_o court_n 13_o the_o swear_n of_o the_o master_n of_o ship_n for_o exportation_n of_o money_n 14_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o overheavinesse_n of_o our_o pound_n weight_n troy_n in_o the_o tower_n 15_o the_o overrichnesse_n of_o our_o sterling_a standard_n of_o money_n 16_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n 17_o the_o make_n of_o more_o price_n out_o of_o the_o pound_n troy_n by_o the_o sheyre_n 18_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n coin_n in_o price_n 19_o the_o embase_v of_o money_n by_o alloy_n or_o copper_n 20_o the_o use_n of_o many_o standard_n of_o money_n and_o reduce_v to_o two_o again_o 21_o the_o increase_n of_o coinage_n money_n to_o hinder_v the_o exportation_n 22_o the_o prohibition_n to_o cull_v out_o heavy_a piece_n to_o melt_v or_o transport_v 23_o the_o banish_n of_o light_a spanish_a money_n and_o gold_n to_o be_v melt_v 24_o the_o give_v more_o for_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n 25_o the_o prohibition_n for_o goldsmith_n to_o buy_v gold_n or_o bullion_n 26_o the_o make_n of_o the_o principal_a foreign_a coin_n currant_n in_o england_n 27_o the_o bind_v of_o merchant_n to_o bring_v in_o bullion_n 28_o the_o prohibition_n to_o pay_v gold_n unto_o merchant_n stranger_n 29_o the_o prohibition_n to_o take_v gain_n upon_o coin_n 30_o the_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n to_o be_v deliver_v by_o weight_n to_o restore_v by_o tale_n 31_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n and_o undervalue_v of_o silver_n 32_o the_o punishment_n of_o transporter_n in_o the_o star-chamber_n by_o fines_n 33_o exchange_n exchange_n the_o prohibition_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n to_o make_v exchange_n for_o money_n for_o foreign_a part_n without_o the_o king_n especial_a licence_n 34_o money_n deliver_v to_o sir_n thomas_n gresham_n knight_n out_o of_o the_o exchequer_n to_o rule_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n 35_o the_o office_n of_o the_o king_n royal_a exchanger_n never_o put_v in_o practice_n since_o the_o merchandise_v exchange_n begin_v erect_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o in_o the_o eleven_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n by_o a_o act_n make_v at_o acton_n burnell_n as_o aforesaid_a here_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v the_o statute_n of_o employment_n to_o be_v defective_a when_o merchant_n both_o english_a and_o stranger_n have_v a_o ability_n give_v they_o by_o exchange_n to_o take_v up_o money_n here_o and_o to_o deliver_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o payable_a beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o can_v send_v over_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la and_o be_v a_o great_a gainer_n thereby_o insomuch_o that_o if_o i_o receive_v here_o one_o hundred_o piece_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n i_o can_v send_v nintie_a piece_n to_o pay_v my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o put_v ten_o piece_n in_o my_o pocket_n for_o a_o overplus_n and_o gain_n the_o like_a may_v be_v do_v by_o make_v over_o money_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o by_o exchange_n which_o be_v receive_v i_o can_v transport_v with_o 15_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n in_o two_o month_n and_o less_o and_o advance_v a_o hundred_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o one_o year_n which_o exceed_v all_o the_o benefit_n to_o be_v make_v by_o commodity_n wherewith_o i_o need_v not_o to_o intermeddle_v neither_o can_v the_o say_a statute_n be_v any_o help_n herein_o to_o remedy_v the_o same_o this_o gain_n arise_v by_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o inhance_a and_o overualuation_n of_o foreign_a coin_n so_o that_o the_o cause_n be_v extrinsique_n and_o comprise_v under_o the_o say_a exchange_n of_o money_n and_o not_o intrinsique_n in_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o money_n which_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o course_n of_o true_a exchange_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n and_o thereupon_o it_o follow_v that_o neither_o difference_n of_o weight_n fineness_n of_o standard_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n or_o their_o proper_a valuation_n of_o money_n can_v be_v any_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n so_o long_o as_o a_o due_a course_n be_v hold_v in_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v ground_v thereupon_o hence_o arise_v the_o facility_n of_o the_o remedy_n by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o exchange_n in_o cause_v our_o money_n to_o be_v true_o answer_v by_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o very_a value_n or_o above_o the_o same_o which_o cut_v off_o the_o say_a gain_n have_v by_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n and_o cause_v also_o in_o effect_n that_o the_o foreign_a coin_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o take_v in_o payment_n above_o their_o value_n although_o they_o be_v receive_v at_o a_o high_a rate_n because_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v sell_v according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n which_o counteruail_v the_o same_o according_a to_o their_o inhaunce_n of_o coin_n or_o embase_v of_o the_o same_o by_o allay_n or_o copper_n all_o man_n of_o common_a understanding_n when_o they_o do_v hear_v of_o the_o raise_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v ready_a to_o say_v we_o must_v do_v the_o like_a for_o they_o conceive_v the_o say_n of_o cato_n tu_fw-la quoque_fw-la fac_fw-la simile_n sic_fw-la ars_fw-la deluditur_fw-la arte_fw-la to_o be_v a_o proper_a application_n hereunto_o but_o they_o do_v not_o enter_v into_o consideration_n what_o alteration_n it_o will_v bring_v to_o the_o state_n and_o that_o the_o matter_n may_v run_v ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la as_o shall_v be_v declare_v but_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o this_o will_v be_v a_o sufficient_a remedy_n to_o enhance_v or_o money_n as_o they_o do_v they_o to_o embase_v our_o coin_n as_o they_o do_v they_o and_o to_o imitate_v overualuation_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o they_o do_v which_o require_v a_o continual_a labour_n charge_n and_o innovation_n be_v it_o not_o a_o excellent_a thing_n that_o all_o this_o can_v be_v do_v by_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n with_o great_a facility_n and_o that_o without_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o money_n at_o home_n or_o meddle_v with_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n
of_o the_o sterling_a standard_n this_o be_v to_o be_v do_v only_o by_o his_o majesty_n proclamation_n according_a to_o the_o statut_fw-la of_o exchange_n prohibit_v that_o after_o three_o month_n next_o ensue_a the_o same_o no_o man_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n by_o bill_n or_o otherwise_o for_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o foreign_a part_n or_o to_o be_v rechange_v towards_o this_o realm_n under_o the_o true_a par_fw-fr or_o value_n for_o value_n of_o our_o money_n and_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n but_o at_o the_o say_a rate_n or_o above_o the_o same_o as_o merchant_n can_v agree_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o broker_n or_o among_o themselves_o wealth_n the_o way_n to_o restore_v england_n wealth_n but_o never_o under_o the_o say_a rate_n which_o shall_v be_v declare_v in_o a_o pair_n of_o table_n public_o to_o be_v see_v upon_o the_o royal_a exchange_n in_o london_n according_a to_o the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o the_o say_a table_n shall_v be_v alter_v in_o price_n as_o occasion_n shall_v be_v minister_v beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o several_a respective_a place_n of_o exchange_n either_o by_o their_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n by_o valuation_n or_o by_o embase_v of_o the_o same_o by_o allay_n as_o have_v be_v note_v which_o by_o a_o vigilant_a eye_n may_v be_v observe_v and_o will_v be_v a_o cause_n to_o make_v other_o nation_n more_o constant_a in_o the_o course_n of_o their_o money_n and_o this_o will_v be_v execute_v more_o of_o course_n than_o by_o authority_n because_o gain_v do_v bear_v the_o sway_n and_o command_v with_o most_o man_n for_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n be_v here_o the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n general_o will_v easy_o be_v induce_v to_o make_v the_o most_o of_o his_o own_o receive_v by_o exchange_n more_o for_o our_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o english_a merchant_n be_v the_o taker_n of_o the_o say_a money_n will_v not_o be_v so_o inâ—urious_a to_o the_o state_n as_o to_o give_v less_o beyond_o the_o sea_n than_o the_o value_n of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o if_o he_o will_v the_o deliverer_n will_v not_o let_v he_o have_v it_o beside_o that_o the_o taker_n occasion_n be_v enforce_v by_o necessity_n and_o he_o can_v be_v no_o loose_a for_o by_o direction_n he_o will_v sell_v his_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_o because_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n do_v still_o govern_v the_o sale_n and_o buy_v of_o commodity_n as_o aforesaid_a english_a merchant_n be_v the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n alter_v there_o according_o will_v have_v the_o like_a consideration_n and_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n will_v provoke_v he_o thereunto_o and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o taker_n the_o english_a merchant_n may_v bring_v over_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la wherein_o he_o shall_v become_v again_o the_o course_n be_v agreeable_a to_o justice_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n or_o ius_fw-la gentium_fw-la and_o will_v not_o hinder_v the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v and_o fall_v as_o formerly_z but_o keep_v all_o in_o due_a order_n with_o these_o consideration_n caution_n and_o prevention_n as_o shall_v be_v set_v down_o to_o prevent_v all_o inconueniency_n proceed_v by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n which_o fall_v general_o upon_o all_o man_n in_o the_o endear_n of_o thing_n coin_n inconueniency_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o coin_n &_o particular_o upon_o landlord_n and_o creditor_n in_o their_o rent_n and_o contract_n and_o especial_o upon_o the_o king_n majesty_n land_n the_o statute_n of_o employment_n must_v also_o be_v observe_v to_o make_v the_o remedy_n more_o complete_a with_o a_o register_n to_o record_v the_o money_n which_o foreign_a mariner_n do_v receive_v for_o freight_n come_v from_o norway_n and_o other_o place_n make_v above_o one_o hundred_o voyage_n yearly_a as_o also_o many_o other_o ship_n bring_v corn_n into_o the_o northern_a and_o western_a part_n of_o the_o real_a i_o and_o export_v money_n for_o it_o russian_n the_o policy_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o russian_n the_o turk_n persian_a and_o russian_a have_v herein_o surpass_v we_o in_o true_a policy_n by_o keep_v the_o price_n of_o their_o exchange_n high_a much_o above_o the_o valuation_n of_o their_o money_n so_o that_o they_o have_v no_o trade_n by_o exchange_n nor_o money_n but_o only_o for_o commodity_n whereby_o they_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o they_o as_o also_o the_o exportation_n of_o their_o money_n albeit_o the_o use_n of_o our_o commodity_n be_v in_o those_o country_n very_o great_a remedy_n objection_n to_o the_o remedy_n the_o objection_n make_v by_o some_o against_o this_o sole_a remedy_n be_v easy_o to_o be_v answer_v for_o they_o be_v ground_v upon_o supposition_n against_o assure_a experience_n 1_o some_o make_v doubt_n that_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v rise_v there_o will_v be_v no_o taker_n of_o money_n and_o then_o the_o deliverer_n be_v more_o thrust_v upon_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n 2_o other_o say_v that_o those_o merchant_n which_o have_v sell_v their_o cloth_n beyond_o the_o sea_n shall_v receive_v a_o loss_n in_o the_o make_n over_o of_o their_o money_n from_o thence_o by_o deliver_v more_o there_o in_o exchange_n than_o now_o they_o do_v 3_o other_o say_v that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o vent_v their_o clothes_n according_a to_o the_o high_a exchange_n especial_o now_o that_o cloth_n be_v out_o of_o request_n and_o will_v have_v the_o matter_n of_o reformation_n defer_v until_o another_o time_n in_o their_o opinion_n more_o commodious_a answer_n answer_n the_o first_o objection_n be_v answer_v before_o that_o the_o taker_n be_v rule_v by_o the_o deliverer_n who_o will_v not_o give_v his_o money_n in_o exchange_n under_o the_o true_a value_n according_a to_o the_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v and_o the_o deliverer_n be_v the_o merchant_n stranger_n here_o will_v soon_o be_v thrust_v upon_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n for_o by_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n he_o shall_v have_v no_o gain_n whereas_o some_o of_o the_o discreet_a sort_n will_v not_o have_v the_o say_a statute_n too_o strict_o press_v upon_o the_o stranger_n because_o the_o trade_n shall_v not_o be_v drive_v into_o their_o hand_n mediocria_fw-la firma_fw-la to_o the_o second_o the_o proclamation_n limit_v a_o time_n for_o execution_n give_v merchant_n ability_n to_o recover_v their_o money_n or_o to_o sell_v their_o bill_n of_o debt_n for_o money_n or_o to_o buy_v commodity_n for_o they_o as_o the_o manner_n be_v to_o the_o three_o experience_n make_v a_o full_a answer_n to_o both_o that_o there_o do_v not_o want_v taker_n when_o the_o late_a inhaunce_n at_o hamborough_n cause_v the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v from_o under_o twenty_o and_o eight_o shilling_n to_o above_o thirty_o and_o five_o shilling_n which_o be_v more_o than_o the_o present_a alteration_n will_v be_v and_o wool_n be_v at_o thirty_o and_o three_o shilling_n the_o tod_n which_o be_v now_o fall_v under_o twenty_o shilling_n so_o that_o the_o vent_n of_o our_o cloth_n be_v not_o hinder_v when_o it_o be_v sell_v dear_a by_o one_o full_a three_o part_n but_o there_o be_v above_o eighty_o thousand_o clothes_n sell_v yearly_a where_o there_o be_v now_o sell_v but_o forty_o thousand_o clothes_n the_o time_n be_v also_o to_o be_v think_v more_o convenient_a to_o advance_v a_o commodity_n be_v underualued_a than_o to_o do_v it_o when_o the_o price_n be_v high_a for_o this_o pleurisy_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v dangerous_a and_o admit_v no_o time_n of_o cure_v like_o the_o fire_n in_o a_o city_n which_o permit_v not_o any_o inquiry_n to_o examine_v how_o the_o same_o begin_v but_o require_v every_o man_n help_n to_o quench_v the_o same_o and_o whereas_o it_o be_v allege_v in_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o inhance_a of_o coin_n e.m._n treatise_n of_o free_a trad_a e.m._n that_o which_o be_v equal_a to_o all_o when_o he_o that_o buy_v dear_a shall_v sell_v dear_a can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v injurious_a unto_o any_o this_o opinion_n be_v without_o consideration_n of_o the_o alteration_n of_o weight_n and_o measure_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n that_o be_v exchange_n for_o money_n and_o what_o the_o same_o may_v produce_v to_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n albeit_o that_o between_o man_n and_o man_n it_o may_v prove_v alike_o in_o some_o respect_n to_o make_v this_o evident_a suppose_v two_o merchant_n the_o one_o dwell_v in_o london_n and_o the_o other_o dwell_v at_o amsterdam_n do_v contract_n together_o that_o the_o londoner_n send_v clothes_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o amsterdam_n the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n send_v he_o velvet_n and_o silk_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o london_n and_o in_o the_o account_n to_o be_v keep_v between_o they_o
against_o the_o law_n 5_o that_o they_o do_v not_o award_v any_o thing_n whereby_o any_o matter_n already_o determine_v by_o decree_n in_o chancery_n or_o judgement_n at_o the_o common_a law_n or_o any_o sentence_n judicial_o give_v in_o the_o cause_n be_v infringe_v or_o meddle_v withal_o these_o point_n ought_v to_o be_v observe_v for_o the_o reason_n follow_v for_o touch_v the_o first_o if_o the_o award_n be_v not_o deliver_v up_o in_o write_v under_o the_o arbitrator_n hand_n and_o seal_n if_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o bond_n do_v so_o limit_v the_o same_o then_o have_v they_o no_o authority_n to_o do_v the_o same_o after_o the_o time_n which_o be_v limit_v unto_o they_o by_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o party_n for_o the_o second_o point_n reason_n require_v in_o all_o humane_a action_n a_o reciprocal_a act_n from_o one_o man_n to_o another_o by_o deed_n of_o performance_n call_v quid_fw-la pro_fw-la quo_fw-la quo_fw-la the_o reason_n of_o quid_fw-la pro_fw-la quo_fw-la although_o it_o be_v a_o man_n sallarie_n for_o his_o pain_n which_o in_o some_o case_n cause_v man_n to_o award_v that_o each_o party_n shall_v pay_v so_o much_o to_o the_o scrivener_n or_o notary_n for_o write_v the_o say_a award_n but_o this_o be_v no_o collateral_a act_n between_o the_o party_n neither_o be_v it_o any_o matter_n compromit_v to_o the_o arbitrator_n it_o be_v therefore_o better_a to_o express_v and_o award_n that_o each_o party_n shall_v seal_v and_o deliver_v either_o general_a acquittance_n each_o to_o other_o or_o with_o some_o exception_n therein_o as_o the_o award_n will_v lead_v they_o the_o three_o point_n be_v considerable_a where_o the_o difference_n be_v by_o both_o party_n or_o either_o of_o they_o deliver_v in_o article_n in_o write_v to_o the_o arbitrator_n for_o herein_o it_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o say_v that_o the_o say_a arbitrator_n shall_v have_v power_n and_o authority_n to_o determine_v all_o question_n difference_n doubt_n controversy_n matter_n of_o account_n reckon_n or_o any_o other_o usual_a or_o general_a word_n from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o world_n until_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bond_n but_o they_o must_v give_v their_o award_n upon_o every_o particular_a article_n and_o upon_o all_o of_o they_o the_o four_o point_n that_o the_o arbitrator_n do_v not_o award_v any_o thing_n which_o be_v unlawful_a be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o all_o thing_n which_o be_v evil_a in_o themselves_o call_v malum_fw-la in_o se_fw-la and_o of_o thing_n call_v evil_a because_o they_o be_v upon_o some_o respect_n and_o consideration_n prohibit_v and_o therefore_o term_v malum_fw-la prohibitum_fw-la as_o the_o wear_n of_o hat_n at_o all_o time_n transportation_n of_o corn_n eat_v of_o flesh_n in_o lent_n and_o the_o like_a wherein_o there_o be_v a_o further_a consideration_n which_o require_v a_o distinction_n as_o for_o example_n a_o arbitrator_n or_o many_o arbitrator_n do_v award_n law_n a_o notable_a good_a distinction_n in_o law_n that_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n shall_v be_v pay_v unto_o such_o a_o man_n during_o all_o the_o time_n he_o be_v unmarried_a be_v good_a in_o law_n but_o to_o bind_v the_o party_n by_o award_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o marry_v because_o he_o shall_v enjoy_v the_o money_n still_o be_v unlawful_a and_o void_a by_o the_o law_n the_o five_o point_n be_v of_o very_o great_a consequence_n to_o bind_v the_o action_n of_o man_n to_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o law_n whereunto_o such_o reverence_n be_v due_a that_o decree_n judgement_n and_o sentence_n of_o judicial_a court_n of_o record_n be_v always_o of_o a_o high_a nature_n than_o arbitrator_n award_v nevertheless_o in_o many_o doubtful_a question_n the_o civilians_n themselves_o after_o long_o and_o curious_a debate_n do_v assign_v they_o to_o be_v determine_v by_o arbitrator_n have_v skill_n and_o knowledge_n of_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n which_o always_o do_v intend_v expedition_n and_o that_o be_v the_o cause_n wherefore_o a_o umpire_n choose_v upon_o arbitrable_a matter_n authority_n a_o umpire_n have_v absolute_a authority_n have_v a_o absolute_a authority_n to_o himself_o give_v to_o end_v the_o matter_n alone_o without_o hear_v the_o arbitrator_n if_o he_o will_v for_o albeit_o this_o be_v not_o without_o some_o danger_n and_o that_o the_o end_n of_o arbitrator_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v yet_o brevity_n and_o expedition_n of_o justice_n in_o merchant_n affair_n be_v so_o much_o regard_v that_o by_o all_o mean_v the_o same_o aught_o to_o be_v further_v hence_o it_o proceed_v that_o the_o merchant_n court_n govern_v by_o prior_n and_o consul_n whereof_o we_o entreat_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n have_v authority_n to_o reform_v or_o confirm_v the_o sentence_n of_o arbitrator_n consul_n arbitrator_n award_v subject_a to_o the_o prior_n and_o consul_n when_o merchant_n will_v appeal_v their_o arbitrement_n before_o they_o rather_o than_o to_o go_v to_o law_n and_o with_o this_o proviso_n that_o the_o appellation_n of_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o say_a arbitrator_n shall_v not_o be_v receive_v by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n before_o the_o arbitrement_n be_v perform_v by_o the_o party_n that_o do_v appeal_v conditional_o that_o restitution_n shall_v be_v make_v if_o there_o be_v cause_n upon_o the_o end_n of_o the_o process_n and_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n be_v to_o note_v that_o no_o merchant_n nor_o other_o be_v of_o their_o jurisdiction_n can_v transport_v or_o make_v over_o their_o interest_n to_o any_o person_n privilege_v and_o not_o subject_a to_o the_o say_a jurisdiction_n be_v it_o by_o gift_n sale_n or_o exchange_n or_o by_o any_o other_o mean_n to_o the_o end_n thereby_o to_o avoid_v their_o authority_n upon_o pain_n that_o the_o same_o transport_n or_o possessing_n shall_v be_v of_o no_o effect_n and_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o right_n and_o cause_n and_o all_o notary_n who_o shall_v receive_v any_o such_o transport_n shall_v be_v punish_v by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n in_o a_o penalty_n arbitrable_a and_o further_o shall_v be_v condemn_v to_o pay_v unto_o the_o adverse_a party_n all_o his_o cost_n and_o charge_n which_o he_o have_v sustain_v by_o mean_n thereof_o merchant_n reference_n of_o cause_n to_o merchant_n and_o to_o the_o end_n this_o expedition_n may_v by_o all_o mean_n be_v further_v the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n may_v distribute_v and_o refer_v cause_n unto_o the_o most_o ancient_a and_o expert_a merchant_n in_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n to_o make_v a_o true_a report_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o cause_n according_a to_o the_o allegation_n and_o proof_n of_o the_o party_n without_o any_o sallarie_n to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o say_a merchant_n howbeit_o in_o italy_n some_o reward_n be_v give_v upon_o the_o ricorse_n of_o merchant_n these_o merchant_n be_v to_o take_v the_o advice_n of_o the_o advocate_n council_n and_o attorney_n of_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n in_o matter_n difficult_a the_o better_a to_o discern_v the_o right_n of_o the_o cause_n to_o make_v their_o report_n more_o complete_a for_o the_o soon_o end_v of_o it_o according_a to_o reason_n and_o right_n by_o the_o true_a affirmation_n of_o the_o merchant_n and_o not_o by_o feign_a subtle_a and_o crafty_a writing_n which_o oftentimes_o do_v darken_v the_o truth_n under_o the_o colour_n of_o fair_a phrase_n declare_v in_o they_o cause_v protraction_n and_o delay_n arbitrator_n difference_n between_o ludge_n of_o the_o law_n and_o arbitrator_n marcus_n tullius_n cicero_n have_v true_o set_v down_o the_o difference_n which_o be_v between_o judge_n of_o the_o law_n and_o arbitrator_n incline_v to_o the_o most_o easy_a and_o less_o chargeable_a course_n say_v the_o one_o be_v servile_a the_o other_o be_v noble_a the_o one_o be_v bind_v to_o the_o law_n and_o the_o other_o be_v not_o the_o one_o do_v consist_v in_o fact_n the_o other_o in_o justice_n the_o one_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o magistrate_n the_o other_o be_v reserve_v to_o the_o law_n the_o one_o be_v write_v in_o the_o law_n the_o other_o be_v without_o the_o law_n the_o one_o be_v in_o the_o power_n and_o the_o other_o be_v without_o the_o power_n of_o magistrate_n howbeit_o it_o be_v not_o forbid_v but_o all_o justice_n of_o peace_n may_v compound_v difference_n and_o their_o authority_n do_v enable_v they_o better_o thereunto_o and_o in_o this_o regard_n it_o be_v say_v that_o a_o umpire_n do_v represent_v the_o lord_n chancellor_n authority_n because_o that_o the_o commissioner_n report_n of_o the_o master_n and_o other_o of_o the_o chancery_n or_o of_o merchant_n be_v the_o ground_n work_v whereupon_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n do_v deliver_v his_o sentence_n and_o make_v up_o his_o decree_n and_o the_o say_a commissioner_n have_v a_o further_a authority_n and_o power_n than_o arbitrator_n arbitrator_n difference_n between_o commissioner_n and_o arbitrator_n for_o they_o may_v examine_v witness_n upon_o oath_n upon_o
circumstantibus_fw-la and_o empannell_n they_o that_o be_v to_o take_v other_o person_n of_o the_o stander_n by_o which_o be_v do_v before_o the_o judge_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o trial_n when_o the_o jury_n have_v deliver_v up_o their_o verdict_n execution_n verdict_n judgement_n and_o execution_n if_o nothing_o be_v allege_v in_o respite_n of_o judgement_n than_o judgement_n be_v have_v of_o course_n and_o alsoe_o execution_n be_v award_v to_o be_v execute_v as_o the_o final_a end_n of_o law_n nevertheless_o there_o be_v three_o mean_n to_o dissolve_v the_o say_a judgement_n and_o execution_n namely_o by_o a_o writ_n of_o attaint_n a_o writ_n of_o error_n and_o a_o audita_fw-la quaerela_fw-la which_o writ_n be_v ground_v upon_o equity_n by_o law_n and_o conscience_n the_o writ_n of_o attaint_n be_v not_o only_o tedious_a and_o thargeable_a attaint_n write_v of_o attaint_n but_o also_o never_o for_o seldom_o try_v for_o the_o same_o be_v bring_v by_o the_o party_n grieve_v against_o the_o twelve_o man_n and_o the_o party_n for_o who_o the_o sentence_n be_v give_v and_o whereas_o before_o common_o upon_o the_o first_o enquest_n they_o be_v all_o yeoman_n or_o man_n of_o mean_a call_n now_o upon_o this_o attaint_n must_v go_v twenty_o four_o gentleman_n of_o great_a quality_n and_o forty_o eight_o must_v be_v warn_v to_o appear_v then_o there_o must_v in_o the_o attaint_n no_o more_o evidence_n be_v bring_v in_o but_o only_o that_o which_o be_v bring_v in_o and_o allege_v before_o the_o first_o enquest_n which_o not_o appear_v of_o record_n be_v hard_o to_o be_v make_v a_o plain_a matter_n again_o gentleman_n and_o other_o be_v loath_a to_o discredit_v their_o neighbour_n yet_o if_o the_o matter_n be_v so_o apparent_a that_o they_o must_v needs_o find_v they_o attaint_v then_o mean_n be_v find_v to_o defer_v the_o judgement_n and_o it_o may_v be_v the_o party_n shall_v be_v bring_v to_o a_o agreement_n or_o at_o the_o least_o one_o of_o they_o that_o be_v of_o the_o attaint_v juror_n will_v die_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n and_o then_o the_o attaint_n cease_v yet_o in_o this_o case_n if_o the_o party_n be_v in_o prison_n which_o bring_v the_o writ_n of_o attaint_n he_o may_v be_v bail_v as_o be_v in_o natura_fw-la brevium_fw-la the_o writ_n of_o error_n be_v more_o easy_a error_n write_v of_o error_n and_o be_v heretofore_o usual_a to_o prolong_v suit_n in_o law_n before_o the_o statute_n of_o jeofaile_v be_v make_v mean_v in_o good_a french_a i'ay_fw-fr failly_fw-fr for_o every_o small_a error_n if_o it_o be_v but_o false_a latin_a will_v overthrow_v a_o cause_n but_o now_o it_o run_v into_o another_o extreme_a for_o if_o the_o party_n grieve_v speak_v in_o arrest_n of_o judgement_n and_o show_v some_o material_a error_n upon_o motion_n make_v the_o adverse_a party_n may_v have_v it_o amend_v as_o often_o as_o error_n be_v open_v the_o record_n therefore_o aught_o to_o be_v first_o remove_v and_o not_o only_o by_o transcript_n be_v put_v into_o another_o court_n but_o the_o party_n be_v to_o plead_v thereunto_o in_o nullo_n est_fw-la erratum_fw-la and_o then_o the_o danger_n of_o open_v error_n be_v pass_v if_o there_o be_v no_o trick_n use_v in_o amend_v of_o the_o record_n under_o hand_n wherein_o lie_v a_o cerciorare_fw-la to_o satisfy_v the_o court_n where_o the_o record_n be_v bring_v namely_o from_o the_o common_a plea_n to_o the_o king_n bench_n court_n from_o the_o king_n bench_n to_o the_o exchequer_n which_o heretofore_o be_v do_v in_o parliament_n and_o therefore_o the_o party_n grieve_v and_o in_o prison_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n can_v be_v bailable_a upon_o a_o writ_n of_o error_n after_o judgement_n and_o execution_n as_o he_o be_v upon_o a_o judgement_n of_o the_o common_a plea_n in_o the_o court_n of_o king_n bench_n for_o this_o court_n of_o king_n bench_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n challenge_v some_o priority_n herein_o quaerela_fw-la the_o writ_n of_o audita_fw-la quaerela_fw-la the_o writ_n of_o audita_fw-la quaerela_fw-la be_v grant_v out_o of_o the_o king_n bench_n court_n if_o the_o judgement_n do_v depend_v there_o and_o returnable_a in_o the_o say_a court_n or_o else_o out_o of_o the_o chancery_n returnable_a in_o the_o king_n bench_n whereupon_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n take_v four_o bail_n in_o the_o vacation_n time_n before_o a_o master_n of_o the_o chancery_n and_o the_o matter_n do_v mere_o depend_v upon_o the_o bail_n the_o suggestion_n of_o the_o writ_n in_o matter_n of_o law_n be_v a_o late_a contract_n after_o judgement_n and_o execution_n a_o escape_n in_o law_n if_o the_o prisoner_n be_v by_o the_o gaoler_n permit_v to_o go_v abroad_o without_o the_o king_n writ_n or_o if_o he_o break_v prison_n in_o which_o case_n the_o gaoler_n be_v to_o pay_v the_o debt_n or_o upon_o a_o payment_n make_v since_o the_o execution_n also_o a_o wrong_a recovery_n by_o a_o executor_n who_o the_o prerogative_n court_n do_v afterward_o disavow_v such_o and_o the_o like_a suggestion_n be_v to_o be_v try_v by_o another_o jury_n upon_o evidence_n to_o be_v produce_v to_o prove_v the_o say_a allegation_n law_n a_o strict_a law_n this_o common_a law_n be_v so_o strict_a that_o the_o proverb_n be_v summum_fw-la ius_fw-la summa_fw-la iniuria_fw-la for_o example_n if_o a_o man_n seize_v of_o land_n in_o fee_n have_v issue_n two_o son_n the_o elder_a son_n go_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o because_o a_o common_a voice_n be_v that_o he_o be_v dead_a the_o young_a brother_n be_v take_v for_o heite_n the_o father_n die_v the_o young_a brother_n enter_v as_o heir_n and_o alienate_v the_o land_n with_o a_o warranty_n and_o die_v without_o any_o heir_n of_o his_o body_n and_o after_o the_o elder_a brother_n come_v again_o and_o claim_v the_o land_n as_o heir_n to_o his_o father_n in_o this_o case_n by_o the_o law_n the_o elder_a brother_n shall_v be_v bar_v by_o the_o warranty_n of_o the_o young_a brother_n again_o partner_n can_v sue_v each_o other_o by_o the_o law_n law_n partner_n can_v sue_v each_o other_o by_o the_o law_n if_o two_o man_n have_v a_o wood_n joint_o and_o the_o one_o sell_v the_o wood_n and_o keep_v all_o the_o money_n whole_o to_o himself_o in_o this_o case_n his_o fellow_n shall_v have_v no_o remedy_n against_o he_o by_o the_o common_a law_n for_o as_o they_o when_o they_o take_v the_o wood_n joint_o put_v each_o other_o in_o trust_n and_o be_v content_v to_o occupy_v and_o deal_v together_o so_o the_o law_n suffer_v they_o to_o order_v the_o profit_n thereof_o the_o law_n therefore_o be_v not_o complete_a without_o the_o court_n of_o chancery_n or_o equity_n for_o the_o imperfection_n and_o rigour_n of_o it_o be_v qualify_v thereby_o call_v to_o be_v aequum_fw-la &_o bonum_fw-la which_o may_v be_v consider_v in_o this_o case_n two_o stranger_n joint_o do_v deliver_v in_o trust_n unto_o a_o widow_n woman_n a_o round_a sum_n of_o money_n with_o condition_n not_o to_o deliver_v the_o same_o out_o of_o her_o hand_n but_o when_o they_o both_o shall_v demand_v the_o same_o within_o a_o while_n after_o one_o of_o they_o come_v unto_o she_o and_o do_v assure_v she_o by_o good_a indices_fw-la and_o probability_n that_o the_o other_o his_o companion_n be_v dead_a and_o thereupon_o do_v entreat_v she_o to_o deliver_v he_o the_o money_n which_o she_o do_v not_o suspect_v any_o fraud_n so_o the_o party_n go_v away_o with_o the_o money_n afterward_o come_v the_o other_o who_o be_v say_v to_o be_v dead_a and_o demand_v the_o money_n of_o the_o woman_n and_o understand_v that_o she_o have_v pay_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o other_o be_v much_o offend_v therewith_o and_o cause_v she_o to_o be_v adiourn_v before_o the_o judge_n the_o woman_n appear_v do_v declare_v the_o matter_n according_a to_o the_o truth_n show_v how_o the_o other_o have_v deceive_v she_o and_o she_o do_v whole_o rely_v upon_o the_o integrity_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o judge_n equity_n example_n of_o law_n and_o equity_n here_o a_o action_n of_o the_o case_n may_v have_v be_v bring_v against_o the_o woman_n by_o the_o law_n and_o cause_v she_o to_o seek_v the_o party_n that_o have_v deceive_v she_o but_o the_o judge_n temper_v the_o rigour_n of_o the_o law_n do_v give_v sentence_n that_o the_o woman_n shall_v pay_v the_o money_n unto_o the_o party_n so_o as_o he_o bring_v his_o companion_n with_o he_o to_o demand_v the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o covenant_n they_o both_o joint_o have_v repose_v a_o trust_n in_o she_o here_o i_o call_v to_o mind_v the_o question_n which_o no_o judge_n can_v determine_v a_o covetous_a doctor_n at_o the_o civil_a law_n will_v not_o instruct_v a_o young_a student_n unless_o he_o do_v pay_v he_o a_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n whereunto_o the_o student_n do_v condescend_v conditional_o that_o he_o shall_v
in_o but_o only_o the_o bring_n in_o of_o more_o commodity_n into_o the_o realm_n than_o they_o carry_v out_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n cause_v no_o more_o commodity_n to_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n than_o be_v carry_v out_o trade_n the_o maintenance_n of_o free_a trade_n ergo_fw-la the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n cause_v not_o more_o money_n to_o be_v carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n than_o be_v bring_v in_o as_o be_v declare_v in_o our_o last_o treatise_n to_o hinder_v the_o inhaunce_n of_o our_o money_n which_o by_o the_o treatise_n of_o free_a trade_n late_o publish_v be_v insist_v upon_o we_o do_v also_o find_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1577_o mounseur_fw-fr garrault_n one_o of_o the_o french_a king_n council_n do_v exhibit_v two_o paradox_n concern_v money_n which_o may_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o former_a seem_v more_o paradoxical_a or_o strange_a nor_o only_o to_o the_o vulgar_a opinion_n but_o also_o to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o wise_a the_o first_o be_v a_o assertion_n that_o money_n have_v not_o change_v their_o value_n the_o other_o that_o by_o the_o inhance_a of_o the_o coin_n or_o the_o price_n of_o money_n paradox_n to_o other_o paradox_n the_o price_n of_o commodity_n become_v abate_v and_o good_a cheap_a and_o that_o by_o the_o reduction_n and_o abatement_n of_o money_n every_o thing_n become_v dear_a and_o for_o as_o much_o say_v he_o that_o the_o matter_n of_o money_n be_v full_a of_o probleame_n and_o may_v be_v dispute_v on_o both_o part_n his_o desire_n be_v that_o some_o gentle_a spirit_n may_v be_v stir_v up_o to_o discourse_n of_o the_o reason_n which_o may_v be_v allege_v touch_v the_o first_o that_o the_o value_n of_o money_n be_v not_o change_v omit_v to_o speak_v of_o the_o cycle_n of_o the_o hebrew_n the_o stater_n of_o the_o persian_n and_o greek_n &_o the_o as_o or_o denier_n of_o the_o roman_n he_o say_v that_o k._n lewis_n 11_o do_v reduce_v the_o disorder_n of_o money_n unto_o their_o former_a estate_n of_o k._n saint_n lewis_n when_o the_o denier_n of_o gold_n be_v esteem_v in_o weight_n unto_o 12_o denier_n of_o silver_n which_o be_v proper_o to_o be_v call_v the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n &_o silver_n heretofore_o note_v and_o hereupon_o he_o show_v how_o the_o say_a proportion_n have_v be_v alter_v yet_o so_o that_o the_o silver_n be_v always_o make_v correspondent_a to_o the_o gold_n and_o when_o the_o gold_n either_o in_o the_o mark_n weight_n of_o 8_o ounce_n be_v enhance_v &_o consequent_o in_o the_o piece_n or_o coin_n the_o silver_n be_v likewise_o enhance_v proportionable_o observe_v the_o say_v 12_o to_o 1_o or_o sometime_o thereabouts_o either_o a_o little_a over_o or_o under_o and_o this_o cause_v he_o to_o say_v that_o money_n have_v not_o change_v their_o value_n it_o be_v only_o a_o comparison_n make_v between_o the_o gold_n &_o silver_n which_o be_v by_o weight_n and_o not_o by_o valuation_n to_o be_v apply_v unto_o every_o piece_n of_o coin_n especial_o to_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o flouredeluce_n or_o sun_n and_o the_o piece_n of_o silver_n call_v douzaine_n allude_v to_o the_o say_v 11_o to_o 1_o and_o the_o application_n thereof_o unto_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v more_o absurd_a the_o weight_n of_o 12_o of_o silver_n to_o 1_o of_o gold_n make_v not_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o mark_n weight_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n much_o less_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o piece_n coin_a of_o the_o say_a mark_n whereby_o we_o see_v how_o one_o distinction_n be_v able_a to_o dispel_v and_o disperse_v the_o foggy_a mystery_n of_o deceitful_a fallacy_n as_o thâ—_n sun_n drive_v away_o the_o wind_n and_o the_o cloud_n heretofore_o by_o i_o observe_v concern_v the_o second_o paradox_n he_o say_v that_o many_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o inhance_a and_o augmentation_n of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n engender_v a_o dearness_n of_o all_o thing_n quia_fw-la suâ—_n praeciarerum_fw-la and_o that_o even_o as_o pro_fw-la imminutione_fw-la quae_fw-la in_o aestimatione_fw-la solidi_fw-la forte_fw-fr tractatur_fw-la omnium_fw-la quoque_fw-la praecia_fw-la rerum_fw-la decrescere_fw-la oportet_fw-la pari_fw-la ratione_fw-la si_fw-la quod_fw-la tractatur_fw-la incrementum_fw-la quoque_fw-la &_o praecia_fw-la rerum_fw-la crescere_fw-la debent_fw-la which_o opinion_n say_v he_o be_v ground_v upon_o the_o politic_a rule_n that_o the_o value_n of_o money_n give_v estimation_n unto_o all_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o ordinary_o observe_v for_o prince_n and_o magistrate_n be_v many_o time_n constrain_v to_o endure_v the_o incommodity_n of_o the_o time_n by_o their_o prudence_n and_o understanding_n so_o that_o all_o law_n be_v not_o observe_v by_o consequence_n follow_v each_o other_o whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o price_n of_o ware_n follow_v not_o the_o price_n of_o money_n but_o the_o common_a custom_n for_o money_n be_v make_v to_o no_o other_o end_n but_o to_o maintain_v and_o continue_v the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n by_o mean_n whereof_o the_o commodity_n and_o necessary_n be_v bring_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o to_o avoid_v the_o ancient_a painful_a and_o troublesome_a permutation_n which_o traffic_n be_v twofold_a namely_o within_o the_o realm_n and_o in_o foreign_a country_n within_o the_o realm_n the_o money_n be_v more_o commodious_a than_o necessary_a but_o for_o the_o stranger_n most_o necessary_a and_o therefore_o must_v be_v of_o a_o fine_a substance_n as_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o be_v enclose_v in_o a_o small_a room_n to_o transport_v great_a matter_n from_o one_o place_n unto_o another_o and_o if_o we_o will_v mere_o consider_v of_o this_o substance_n and_o effect_n of_o strange_a negotiation_n we_o shall_v find_v nothing_o but_o a_o mask_a permutation_n of_o one_o thing_n for_o some_o certain_a quantity_n or_o weight_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n for_o he_o that_o traffick_v in_o foreign_a country_n have_v not_o such_o regard_n to_o the_o value_n impose_v upon_o money_n as_o to_o the_o intrinsique_n goodness_n which_o give_v the_o value_n merchant's_a a_o good_a observation_n to_o be_v have_v by_o merchant's_a and_o have_v the_o same_o function_n in_o other_o place_n according_a to_o which_o inward_a goodness_n he_o set_v a_o price_n unto_o his_o commodity_n to_o make_v thereof_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n as_o he_o have_v lay_v out_o over_o and_o above_o his_o charge_n and_o profit_n so_o that_o the_o money_n remain_v stable_n and_o firm_a the_o price_n of_o ware_n and_o merchandises_n remain_v certain_a without_o any_o augmentation_n to_o show_v that_o there_o be_v no_o inhaunce_v of_o the_o price_n because_o of_o the_o augmentation_n of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n which_o will_v make_v we_o hereafter_o to_o see_v the_o good_a cheapenesse_n of_o all_o thing_n as_o he_o say_v for_o he_o that_o cause_v some_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o come_v within_o the_o realm_n know_v the_o alteration_n of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n according_a to_o the_o unbridled_a will_n of_o the_o people_n will_v make_v the_o price_n of_o his_o commodity_n according_o and_o this_o the_o say_v mounseur_fw-fr garrault_n do_v declare_v by_o example_n of_o velvet_n and_o other_o commodity_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o money_n enhance_v shall_v be_v reduce_v again_o to_o their_o price_n and_o that_o all_o debt_n make_v before_o that_o time_n shall_v be_v satisfy_v a_o lequipollent_a according_a to_o the_o rate_n ut_fw-la pecuniarum_fw-la una_fw-la &_o â—adem_fw-la sit_fw-la semper_fw-la potestas_fw-la &_o perpetua_fw-la estimatione_fw-la difficultatibus_fw-la permutationum_fw-la aequalitate_fw-la quantitatis_fw-la subveniat_fw-la etc._n etc._n money_n the_o power_n of_o money_n transfer_v to_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n many_o other_o reason_n concur_v with_o the_o former_a be_v by_o he_o allege_v which_o i_o omit_v because_o the_o whole_a foundation_n of_o the_o say_a paradox_n be_v mere_o a_o abuse_n of_o the_o people_n as_o himself_o have_v note_v admit_v also_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n and_o final_o confess_v the_o inhance_a of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n and_o consequent_o the_o sale_n of_o commodity_n according_o all_o which_o be_v far_o from_o the_o present_a course_n of_o traffic_n when_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v not_o consider_v withal_o as_o shall_v be_v declare_v true_a it_o be_v as_o the_o civilians_n say_v concern_v contract_n of_o commodity_n sell_v before_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n that_o valour_n monetae_fw-la considerandus_fw-la &_o inspiciendus_fw-la est_fw-la à _fw-la tempore_fw-la contractus_fw-la non_fw-la antem_fw-la à _fw-la tempore_fw-la solutionis_fw-la but_o this_o not_o be_v observe_v be_v the_o cause_n that_o many_o merchant_n do_v agree_v to_o pay_v for_o commodity_n in_o currant_n money_n for_o merchandise_n other_o that_o sell_v commodity_n agree_v to_o be_v pay_v in_o species_n of_o so_o many_o ducat_n dollar_n french_a crown_n or_o other_o
coin_n which_o be_v of_o late_a year_n establish_v to_o prevent_v the_o inhance_a of_o coin_n and_o yet_o it_o can_v be_v sufficient_a to_o prevent_v the_o say_a incertainty_n of_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n if_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o say_a money_n be_v by_o allay_n of_o copper_n alter_v much_o less_o will_v the_o advice_n give_v that_o merchant_n account_n shall_v no_o more_o be_v keep_v in_o liver_n and_o sou_n but_o in_o french_a crown_n to_o hinder_v the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n which_o in_o some_o country_n be_v secret_o practise_v to_o be_v do_v of_o mere_a policy_n when_o by_o public_a authority_n it_o be_v forbid_v and_o may_v be_v effect_v as_o within_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n scotland_n and_o ireland_n and_o other_o his_o majesty_n dominion_n where_o the_o money_n be_v not_o enhance_v between_o man_n and_o man_n and_o remain_v currant_n according_a to_o their_o price_n until_o the_o king_n authority_n do_v alter_v the_o valuation_n by_o proclamation_n albeit_o by_o exchange_n it_o be_v not_o so_o and_o therefore_o according_a to_o my_o three_o paradox_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o the_o imaginary_a money_n in_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o substantial_a money_n in_o specie_fw-la paradox_n the_o three_o paradox_n for_o the_o merchant_n valuation_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o king_n valuation_n of_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n for_o when_o the_o king_n have_v value_v the_o shilling_n piece_n at_o twelve_o penny_n merchant_n undervalue_v the_o same_o in_o exchange_n at_o 11_o ½_n d_o and_z 11_o d_o not_o only_o in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n but_o also_o receive_v beyond_o the_o sea_n the_o enhanced_a money_n above_o their_o value_n and_o not_o value_v of_o they_o in_o exchange_n according_o as_o before_o have_v be_v observe_v concern_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n and_o the_o imaginary_a coin_n or_o rather_o money_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o so_o many_o several_a place_n the_o late_a earl_n of_o donfermel_v lord_n chancellor_n of_o scotland_n do_v propound_v unto_o the_o king_n majesty_n in_o the_o year_n 1610_o donfermel_v proposition_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o donfermel_v a_o certain_a proposition_n touch_v the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n his_o lordship_n be_v of_o a_o excellent_a judgement_n in_o mint_n affair_n that_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o go_v never_o in_o england_n to_o use_v his_o own_o phrase_n all_o queen_n elizabeth_n time_n above_o six_o shilling_n english_a money_n go_v now_o for_o seven_o shilling_n and_o three_o penny_n and_o that_o the_o english_a double_a sovereign_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n go_v in_o france_n for_o eleven_o francque_n or_o twenty_o two_o shilling_n and_o that_o both_o way_n there_o have_v be_v no_o alteration_n in_o the_o standard_n whereupon_o he_o do_v demand_v in_o write_v what_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o say_a difference_n or_o alteration_n if_o this_o proceed_v say_v he_o from_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o gold_n that_o it_o be_v better_a in_o fineness_n and_o allay_n or_o in_o weight_n or_o from_o the_o weakness_n of_o the_o silver_n that_o it_o be_v worse_o than_o it_o be_v either_o in_o finesse_n &_o allay_n or_o in_o weight_n then_o be_v the_o cause_n intrinsic_a and_o substantial_a and_o may_v be_v easy_o consider_v and_o resolve_v if_o it_o be_v good_a or_o evil_n to_o be_v entertain_v maintain_v and_o set_v forward_o or_o reject_v and_o stay_v from_o all_o further_a course_n if_o there_o be_v any_o other_o cause_n or_o reason_n it_o must_v of_o force_n be_v extrinsicke_a and_o accidental_a let_v the_o same_o be_v search_v out_o if_o it_o be_v good_a to_o the_o prince_n and_o estate_n weal_n and_o commodity_n it_o shall_v be_v assist_v and_o continue_v if_o it_o be_v try_v evil_a proceed_v from_o the_o policy_n and_o craft_n of_o tradesman_n tend_v only_o to_o private_a gain_n and_o commodity_n prejudicial_a to_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n to_o be_v gainestood_v and_o expel_v this_o proportion_n be_v send_v unto_o i_o by_o a_o great_a personage_n then_o in_o high_a place_n be_v make_v plain_a by_o demonstration_n to_o proceed_v of_o a_o accidental_a cause_n by_o advance_v the_o valuation_n of_o gold_n partly_o in_o england_n when_o crown_n gold_n be_v value_v from_o fifty_o five_o shilling_n the_o ounce_n to_o three_o pound_n and_o partly_o in_o france_n when_o they_o do_v advance_v the_o french_a crown_n in_o specie_fw-la five_o sou_n advise_v therewithal_o that_o to_o remedy_v the_o same_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v do_v by_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o gold_n still_o more_o and_o more_o but_o in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n between_o france_n and_o we_o otherwise_o we_o shall_v underualue_n too_o much_o the_o silver_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o our_o exceed_a loss_n show_v withal_o how_o easy_o this_o may_v be_v do_v without_o alteration_n of_o the_o proportion_n observe_v between_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o most_o place_n but_o the_o contrary_n be_v approve_v and_o crown_n gold_n be_v more_o enhance_v to_o sixty_o six_o shilling_n the_o ounce_n by_o two_o several_a proclamation_n 1611._o november_n 1611._o which_o have_v prove_v the_o loss_n of_o our_o silver_n in_o bullion_n or_o weighty_a coin_n daily_a breed_n great_a inconvenience_n by_o the_o want_n of_o our_o money_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o undervaluation_n in_o exchange_n and_o not_o by_o undervaluation_n in_o specie_fw-la be_v continual_o export_v none_o import_v but_o divert_v by_o gain_n for_o other_o place_n as_o have_v be_v declare_v all_o which_o come_v to_o pass_v for_o want_v of_o true_a judgement_n and_o experience_n in_o mint_n affair_n with_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o say_v essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n so_o often_o mention_v whereof_o i_o hope_v that_o in_o general_a meeting_n for_o the_o public_a more_o regard_n will_v be_v have_v to_o the_o end_n it_o be_v not_o record_v of_o we_o as_o it_o have_v be_v of_o some_o parlement_n in_o france_n that_o in_o populi_fw-la republica_fw-la sententiae_fw-la numerantur_fw-la non_fw-la ponderantur_fw-la and_o then_o we_o shall_v be_v say_v to_o understand_v the_o par_fw-fr by_o right_a distinction_n between_o the_o active_a and_o passive_a 3._o pâ—ys_n 3._o lib._n ca._n 3._o aristotle_n say_v that_o action_n and_o passion_n be_v mere_o relative_n and_o that_o they_o differ_v no_o more_o than_o the_o way_n from_o thebes_n to_o athens_n and_o from_o athens_n to_o thebes_n let_v we_o discern_v therefore_o the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o and_o we_o shall_v find_v that_o as_o the_o liver_n money_n minister_v spirit_n to_o the_o heart_n commodity_n and_o the_o heart_n to_o the_o brain_n exchange_n so_o do_v the_o brain_n exchange_n minister_v to_o the_o whole_a microcosm_n or_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o traffic_n let_v the_o heart_n therefore_o by_o the_o liver_n receive_v his_o tintured_a chylus_n by_o his_o own_o mouth_n and_o stomach_n and_o the_o blood_n full_a of_o spirit_n shall_v fill_v all_o the_o vein_n and_o supply_v the_o want_n of_o money_n the_o easy_a course_n and_o recourse_n of_o who_o exchange_n shall_v bring_v all_o thing_n in_o tune_n &_o serve_v all_o man_n turn_n for_o even_o as_o there_o be_v two_o course_n observe_v of_o the_o sun_n sun_n two_o course_n of_o exchange_n like_o the_o two_o course_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o one_o annual_a and_o the_o other_o by_o daily_a declination_n rise_v and_o go_v under_o within_o the_o aecliptique_a line_n even_o so_o must_v we_o observe_v in_o exchange_n two_o course_n the_o one_o according_a to_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n the_o other_o rise_v or_o fall_v from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o have_v be_v sufficient_o declare_v whereof_o the_o say_v aristotle_n seneca_n nor_o cicero_n nor_o any_o other_o philosopher_n or_o orator_n can_v take_v notice_n in_o the_o infancy_n of_o trade_n exchange_v not_o be_v then_o invent_v neither_o do_v we_o find_v that_o any_o temporal_a or_o civil_a lawyer_n have_v enter_v into_o this_o important_a study_n for_o the_o welfare_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n by_o the_o rule_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n hitherto_o to_o conclude_v therefore_o this_o paradoxical_a discourse_n i_o can_v omit_v to_o do_v the_o same_o with_o another_o paradox_n by_o i_o observe_v in_o the_o make_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n namely_o that_o a_o man_n may_v commix_v bullion_n to_o make_v a_o certain_a standard_n of_o money_n either_o of_o gold_n and_o silver_n paradox_n a_o very_a strange_a paradox_n and_o after_o the_o commixture_n make_v shall_v alter_v the_o standard_n and_o make_v the_o same_o better_a or_o worse_o without_o put_v any_o allay_n or_o silver_n and_o gold_n unto_o it_o that_o be_v to_o say_v i_o will_v melt_v down_o eleven_o ounce_n and_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n both_o one_o pound_n troy_n
principal_a and_o if_o he_o do_v not_o pay_v than_o the_o surety_n be_v to_o pay_v it_o without_o any_o course_n of_o law_n unless_o he_o be_v order_v by_o the_o court_n of_o merchant_n to_o perform_v the_o same_o because_o that_o thereby_o he_o may_v also_o the_o soon_o recover_v the_o same_o of_o the_o principal_a for_o who_o he_o do_v give_v his_o promise_n it_o be_v also_o a_o custom_n among_o merchant_n that_o if_o a_o merchant_n be_v indebt_v unto_o another_o and_o thereupon_o intreat_v another_o merchant_n to_o desire_v the_o creditor_n to_o respite_n he_o some_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o it_o if_o then_o the_o say_a merchant_n the_o debtor_n do_v not_o pay_v according_o at_o the_o time_n he_o shall_v be_v take_v pro_fw-la confesso_fw-la and_o sentence_n shall_v be_v give_v by_o the_o merchant_n court_n for_o the_o payment_n thereof_o only_o upon_o proof_n make_v that_o he_o do_v will_n another_o to_o crave_v the_o say_a respite_n of_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n by_o trial_n of_o jury_n of_o 12_o man_n upon_o proof_n make_v by_o evidence_n produce_v before_o they_o that_o the_o debtor_n do_v crave_v day_n of_o payment_n so_o that_o they_o will_v thereupon_o deliver_v their_o verdict_n and_o judgement_n and_o execution_n may_v be_v of_o course_n have_v for_o the_o same_o but_o if_o the_o promise_n be_v not_o conditional_a then_o be_v he_o a_o absolute_a surety_n and_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o according_o as_o merchant_n of_o credit_n always_o have_v do_v unaware_o to_o become_v a_o surety_n unaware_o a_o merchant_n may_v also_o be_v come_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o surety_n unaware_o or_o unknown_a unto_o he_o as_o befall_v unto_o a_o friend_n of_o i_o not_o may_o year_n since_o at_o frankford_n in_o germany_n who_o during_o the_o mart_n or_o fair_a go_v into_o a_o merchant_n warehouse_n to_o confer_v of_o some_o business_n with_o he_o where_o he_o find_v another_o merchant_n of_o his_o acquaintance_n to_o cheapen_v some_o parcel_n of_o silk_n ware_n with_o the_o say_v other_o merchant_n to_o who_o this_o man_n as_o it_o seem_v be_v unknown_a whereupon_o the_o seller_n of_o the_o say_a silk_n ware_n take_v occasion_n to_o ask_v my_o friend_n whether_o he_o be_v a_o good_a man_n and_o of_o credit_n and_o he_o answer_v he_o be_v so_o the_o bargain_n be_v make_v and_o good_n be_v deliver_v unto_o the_o say_a merchant_n the_o buyer_n to_o the_o value_n of_o 460_o will_v for_o the_o which_o he_o make_v a_o bill_n obligatorie_n payable_a the_o next_o fair_a follow_v at_o which_o fair_a the_o party_n not_o appear_v demand_n be_v make_v of_o my_o friend_n to_o make_v payment_n of_o the_o say_v 460_o will_v because_o the_o party_n be_v absent_a and_o withal_o some_o doubt_n be_v make_v of_o his_o sufficiency_n my_o friend_n have_v not_o so_o much_o as_o remember_v that_o any_o such_o question_n be_v demand_v of_o he_o but_o the_o party_n do_v put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o it_o by_o circumstance_n and_o will_v be_v pay_v of_o he_o he_o in_o defence_n do_v allege_v it_o to_o be_v nudum_fw-la pactum_fw-la ex_fw-la quo_fw-la non_fw-la oritur_fw-la actio_fw-la and_o so_o not_o bind_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o as_o have_v have_v no_o consideration_n for_o it_o the_o opinion_n of_o merchant_n be_v demand_v wherein_o there_o be_v great_a diversity_n so_o that_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v to_o determine_v the_o same_o and_o by_o the_o say_a law_n according_a to_o the_o title_n de_fw-fr mandato_fw-la consilij_fw-la he_o be_v adjudge_v to_o pay_v the_o say_v 460_o will_v and_o to_o have_v the_o debtor_n bill_n obligatorie_n make_v over_o unto_o he_o etc._n a_o caveat_n for_o merchant_n etc._n etc._n whereof_o he_o can_v never_o recover_v one_o penny_n although_o he_o do_v pay_v the_o whole_a debt_n and_o damage_n for_o the_o party_n become_v insoluent_a this_o may_v be_v a_o good_a caveat_n for_o merchant_n and_o all_o man_n for_o if_o he_o have_v say_v he_o be_v take_v or_o repute_v to_o be_v a_o good_a man_n of_o credit_n or_o i_o take_v he_o to_o be_v so_o he_o have_v be_v clear_v by_o the_o law_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n promise_n considerable_a promise_n some_o promise_n be_v considerable_a according_a to_o reason_n as_o if_o a_o man_n upon_o a_o penalty_n do_v promise_v another_o not_o to_o molest_v or_o trouble_v he_o if_o the_o other_o give_v he_o cause_n of_o offence_n to_o break_v the_o same_o he_o incur_v not_o the_o penalty_n and_o a_o promise_n make_v to_o do_v a_o thing_n be_v always_o understand_v to_o be_v for_o the_o first_o time_n so_o to_o make_v a_o promise_n that_o a_o pawn_n shall_v not_o be_v alienate_v yet_o it_o be_v hold_v by_o diverse_a that_o the_o same_o may_v be_v hipothecate_v unto_o another_o so_o the_o pawn_n be_v preserve_v again_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o a_o shipwright_n do_v promise_n to_o build_v a_o ship_n for_o a_o merchant_n and_o he_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v do_v by_o another_o here_o the_o promise_n be_v break_v by_o the_o law_n albeit_o this_o question_n be_v not_o material_a for_o it_o be_v not_o like_a that_o the_o build_n of_o ship_n can_v be_v do_v without_o contract_n in_o writing_n and_o only_o by_o bare_a promise_n and_o the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v to_o the_o great_a part_n of_o all_o the_o question_n wherewith_o the_o book_n of_o civilians_n be_v freight_v so_o that_o for_o merchant_n understanding_n the_o ancient_a ordinary_a custom_n observe_v in_o the_o course_n of_o the_o say_v essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v plain_o to_o be_v declare_v and_o distinguish_v from_o litigious_a question_n chap._n xi_o of_o the_o revolution_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n even_o as_o the_o whole_a commerce_n and_o traffic_n consist_v of_o our_o land_n commodity_n and_o some_o fish_n on_o the_o sea_n and_o of_o the_o commodity_n of_o foreign_a nation_n so_o from_o hence_o follow_v a_o efficient_a cause_n of_o a_o kind_n of_o revolution_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n because_o the_o commodity_n of_o one_o country_n grow_v rank_a and_o abundant_a be_v transport_v into_o other_o country_n in_o who_o steed_n needful_a commodity_n of_o those_o kingdom_n and_o country_n and_o return_v thither_o which_o be_v a_o neighbourly_a lend_n between_o kingdom_n and_o country_n for_o as_o be_v note_v god_n cause_v nature_n to_o distribute_v her_o benefit_n or_o his_o blessing_n to_o several_a climate_n of_o diverse_a thing_n find_v in_o some_o place_n that_o be_v not_o in_o other_o place_n to_o make_v a_o interchangeable_a course_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n by_o way_n of_o merchandize_v this_o revolution_n of_o trade_n sell_v sundry_a mean_n for_o buy_v and_o sell_v may_v be_v illustrate_v by_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o several_a mean_n whereby_o the_o say_v buy_v and_o sell_v be_v effect_v 1_o the_o first_o be_v buy_v with_o ready_a money_n money_n for_o ready_a money_n which_o be_v common_o the_o best_a and_o with_o most_o advantage_n for_o commodity_n be_v sell_v better_o cheap_a wherein_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o goodness_n and_o necessary_a use_n be_v requisite_a 2_o there_o be_v also_o a_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n time_n for_o ready_a money_n and_o paiable_a at_o time_n paiable_a at_o some_o limit_v time_n or_o time_n of_o payment_n or_o partly_o ready_a money_n and_o partly_o at_o time_n and_o the_o difference_n of_o price_n herein_o be_v common_o above_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o more_o or_o less_o as_o the_o rate_n of_o money_n at_o interest_n be_v in_o the_o place_n of_o commerce_n where_o the_o say_v commodity_n be_v sell_v or_o buy_v and_o according_a to_o the_o plenty_n of_o money_n extant_a unless_o the_o superaboundance_n of_o commodity_n do_v alter_v the_o same_o especial_o if_o the_o commodity_n be_v perishable_a by_o corruption_n time_n and_o accident_n so_o that_o the_o condition_n quality_n or_o goodness_n of_o the_o commodity_n be_v much_o to_o be_v respect_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o when_o commodity_n do_v abound_v at_o the_o first_o and_o the_o wealth_n of_o man_n be_v describe_v by_o cattle_n and_o the_o like_a perishable_a thing_n all_o kind_n of_o metal_n as_o be_v durable_a be_v most_o esteem_v and_o the_o pure_a mettle_n take_v to_o be_v fit_a to_o make_v money_n of_o as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v ample_o declare_v in_o our_o second_n part._n exchange_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n 3_o there_o be_v another_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o buyer_n give_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n or_o many_o bill_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o exchange_n in_o another_o place_n as_o for_o example_n one_o buy_v five_o hundred_o