day_n of_o next_o ensue_a all_o silver_n import_v in_o what_o form_n soever_o it_o be_v whether_o in_o ingot_n dollar_n bar_n or_o cake_n of_o bullion_n if_o it_o be_v not_o coin_v here_o nor_o sell_v for_o inland_n use_v whenever_o it_o be_v export_v aught_o to_o pay_v twenty_o pound_n per_fw-la cent._n custom_n for_o these_o reason_n follow_v he_o that_o import_v silver_n and_o do_v not_o coin_n it_o here_o do_v the_o nation_n no_o service_n by_o his_o import_v it_o but_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o prejudice_n because_o if_o the_o value_n of_o it_o have_v be_v bring_v home_o in_o any_o other_o good_n they_o must_v have_v pay_v the_o king_n custom_n and_o the_o good_n will_v have_v be_v serviceable_a and_o useful_a one_o way_n or_o another_o for_o the_o english_a people_n and_o several_a tradesman_n according_a as_o the_o good_n shall_v happen_v to_o be_v may_v have_v have_v advantage_n by_o they_o but_o be_v bring_v over_o in_o bullion_n and_o ship_v out_o again_o there_o be_v not_o a_o penny_n get_v but_o by_o the_o importer_n and_o exporter_n so_o that_o to_o suffer_v silver_n to_o be_v import_v and_o export_v custom-free_a be_v extreme_o destructive_a to_o the_o interest_n and_o welfare_n of_o the_o nation_n for_o example_n suppose_v there_o be_v little_a or_o no_o cocheneal_a in_o holland_n and_o the_o english_a fleet_n come_v from_o cadiz_n shall_v being_n five_o ton_n home_o when_o the_o price_n in_o england_n be_v twenty_o five_o shilling_n a_o pound_n and_o thirty_o shilling_n a_o pound_n in_o holland_n be_v there_o any_o reason_n why_o this_o cocheneal_a shall_v be_v bring_v into_o england_n by_o english_a ship_n put_v ashore_o here_o and_o afterward_o ship_v for_o holland_n because_o the_o price_n be_v high_a there_o than_o here_o and_o yet_o pay_v no_o custom_n inward_o nor_o outward_o i_o say_v no_o the_o king_n ought_v to_o have_v his_o custom_n pay_v nor_o ought_v it_o to_o be_v so_o with_o silver_n the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v for_o all_o other_o sort_n of_o good_n as_o well_o as_o cocheneal_a if_o they_o may_v be_v bring_v in_o and_o carry_v out_o custom-free_a who_o will_v not_o deal_v in_o those_o that_o be_v so_o for_o suppose_v the_o hollander_n and_o hamburgher_n have_v little_a or_o no_o ship_n it_o be_v reasonable_a the_o english_a merchant_n or_o any_o other_o shall_v import_n good_n in_o england_n and_o when_o they_o think_v fit_a export_v they_o to_o holland_n or_o hamborough_n and_o pay_v no_o custom_n in_o nor_o out_o sure_o they_o ought_v not_o nor_o will_v any_o reasonable_a man_n say_v they_o shall_v unless_o he_o will_v have_v the_o king_n custom_n bring_v to_o nothing_o and_o the_o public_a expense_n bare_o maintain_v out_o of_o the_o crown_n land_n the_o case_n be_v the_o very_a same_o with_o silver_n if_o it_o be_v bring_v in_o here_o and_o ship_v out_o again_o it_o ought_v to_o pay_v a_o very_a considerable_a duty_n outward_o though_o none_o inward_o because_o the_o suffer_v of_o bullion_n to_o be_v export_v without_o pay_v a_o duty_n under_o the_o pretence_n of_o foreign_a silver_n have_v give_v great_a encouragement_n and_o be_v the_o only_a cause_n of_o the_o melt_v down_o of_o our_o coin_n and_o mix_v thousand_o of_o ounce_n of_o it_o with_o a_o few_o dollar_n which_o the_o exporter_n have_v think_v sufficient_a to_o make_v it_o pass_v for_o foreign_a silver_n which_o method_n have_v be_v practise_v for_o some_o year_n past_a have_v swallow_v up_o above_o one_o three_o of_o our_o coyn._n and_o the_o same_o thing_n will_v be_v practise_v more_o than_o it_o ever_o have_v be_v when_o the_o money_n be_v new_o coin_v and_o make_v ready_a for_o they_o unless_o it_o be_v raise_v thirty_o pound_n per_fw-la cent._n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n a_o duty_n lay_v upon_o all_o bullion_n if_o transport_v objection_n what_o man_n will_v bring_v bullion_n into_o the_o kingdom_n if_o he_o may_v not_o do_v what_o he_o please_v with_o it_o either_o coin_n it_o or_o ship_n it_o abroad_o for_o the_o best_a of_o his_o advantage_n answer_n what_o man_n will_v not_o bring_v other_o good_n to_o england_n as_o well_o as_o silver_n if_o he_o may_v import_n and_o export_v they_o custom-free_a good_n that_o pay_v custom_n inward_o in_o reason_n ought_v to_o have_v a_o draw-back_a if_o export_v but_o silver_n pay_v nothing_o inward_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v suffer_v to_o be_v export_v without_o pay_v a_o very_a considerable_a duty_n for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a viz._n the_o melt_v down_o of_o our_o coin_n and_o the_o mix_v great_a quantity_n of_o it_o with_o a_o few_o dollar_n for_o foreign_a use_n some_o other_o may_v object_n and_o say_v if_o the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n be_v raise_v the_o king_n revenue_n landlord_n rent_n officer_n by_o land_n and_o sea_n servant_n wage_n and_o many_o other_o thing_n will_v be_v lessen_v this_o be_v a_o mistake_n and_o a_o false_a imagination_n of_o those_o that_o assert_v it_o for_o want_v of_o well_o consider_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o procurer_n and_o the_o thing_n procure_v together_o with_o the_o influence_n law_n and_o custom_n or_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n will_v have_v on_o both_o for_o example_n suppose_v with_o forty_o new_a half-crown_n weigh_v thirty_o nine_o ounce_n i_o buy_v sixty_o ell_n of_o bay_n at_o twenty_o penny_n a_o ell_n and_o with_o forty_o clip_v half-crown_n weigh_v twelve_o ounce_n you_o buy_v as_o many_o bay_n every_o way_n equal_a to_o i_o in_o goodness_n have_v you_o not_o as_o much_o for_o your_o light_a money_n as_o i_o have_v for_o i_o that_o be_v heavy_a do_v not_o daily_a experience_n show_v it_o that_o a_o shilling_n clip_v buy_v and_o pay_v for_o as_o much_o as_o a_o shilling_n unclipped_a do_v not_o that_o which_o be_v value_v six_o penny_n in_o copper_n money_n buy_v as_o much_o as_o six_o penny_n in_o silver_n will_v although_o the_o copper_n in_o its_o intrinsic_a value_n be_v not_o worth_a above_o a_o groat_n these_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o law_n and_o custom_n when_o denomination_n have_v give_v they_o the_o power_n of_o operation_n and_o it_o will_v be_v the_o same_o in_o the_o new_a coin_v money_n a_o shilling_n weigh_v ninety_o one_o grain_n and_o a_o half_a will_v pass_v for_o nineteen_o penny_n halfpenny_n and_o buy_v and_o pay_v for_o so_o much_o as_o well_o as_o nineteen_o penny_n halfpenny_n do_v now_o and_o the_o new_a crown-piece_n when_o value_v at_o six_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n will_v buy_v and_o pay_v for_o as_o many_o good_n as_o six_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n now_o do_v when_o establish_v by_o law_n and_o custom_n to_o pass_v no_o more_o for_o five_o shilling_n but_o for_o six_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n in_o short_a the_o value_v the_o crown-piece_n at_o six_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n will_v neither_o affect_v nor_o lessen_v the_o king_n revenue_n the_o landlord_n rent_n the_o officer_n by_o sea_n and_o land_n servant_n wage_n nor_o any_o thing_n else_o of_o that_o kind_n but_o it_o will_v have_v a_o very_a great_a influence_n upon_o the_o work_a silversmith_n and_o such_o as_o use_v to_o melt_v down_o the_o coin_n for_o exportation_n they_o only_o will_v be_v defeat_v but_o no_o body_n else_o will_v be_v prejudice_v by_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n and_o therefore_o such_o person_n may_v think_v they_o have_v reason_n to_o exclaim_v against_o it_o but_o for_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o they_o and_o all_o such_o who_o shall_v offer_v any_o argument_n against_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n i_o shall_v only_o ask_v they_o this_o question_n which_o will_v determine_v the_o thing_n and_o put_v a_o end_n to_o all_o their_o weak_a dispute_n what_o if_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n shall_v shut_v up_o all_o his_o port_n in_o america_n and_o bring_v no_o silver_n from_o thence_o for_o seven_o year_n or_o more_o or_o how_o if_o any_o difference_n or_o disorder_n shall_v fall_v among_o the_o spaniard_n and_o native_n there_o and_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n to_o hinder_v the_o mine_n from_o work_v so_o that_o they_o shall_v export_v no_o silver_n from_o thence_o in_o that_o time_n will_v not_o your_o crown-piece_n be_v worth_a seven_o shilling_n then_o yes_o sir_n it_o will_v be_v worth_a eight_o shilling_n and_o more_o and_o happy_a will_v he_o be_v that_o can_v get_v it_o and_o one_o shilling_n or_o a_o eight_o part_n of_o the_o crown-piece_n then_o will_v buy_v and_o pay_v for_o as_o much_o as_o a_o shilling_n do_v now_o without_o lessen_v the_o king_n revenue_n landlord_n rent_n or_o any_o thing_n else_o and_o those_o person_n who_o have_v offer_v argument_n against_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n or_o the_o hold_n up_o the_o price_n of_o guinneas_n have_v rash_o do_v it_o without_o consider_v the_o follow_a circumstance_n and_o
if_o any_o offer_v to_o pay_v they_o at_o more_o than_o thirty_o shilling_n to_o be_v forfeit_v to_o the_o informer_n by_o carry_v the_o offender_n before_o some_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o prove_v it_o by_o two_o good_a and_o substantial_a witness_n and_o that_o all_o the_o present_a species_n of_o gold_n coin_n pass_v in_o their_o proportion_n they_o hold_v to_o guinneas_n of_o full_a weight_n this_o be_v one_o of_o the_o act_n of_o favour_n you_o be_v desire_v to_o petition_v his_o majesty_n for_o and_o it_o be_v hope_v he_o and_o you_o will_v dispense_v therewith_o which_o will_v make_v the_o people_n more_o cheerful_a in_o pay_v their_o tax_n and_o be_v of_o great_a advantage_n to_o all_o trade_n in_o the_o city_n but_o especial_o in_o the_o country_n when_o the_o money_n be_v bring_v in_o to_o be_v new_o coin_v this_o will_v be_v a_o great_a help_n to_o make_v all_o payment_n and_o receipt_n easy_a and_o expeditious_a and_o will_v total_o prevent_v and_o take_v away_o those_o scruple_n people_n be_v now_o possess_v with_o in_o pay_v and_o receive_v they_o three_o that_o the_o same_o proclamation_n give_v notice_n to_o all_o sheriff_n justice_n of_o the_o peace_n mayor_n of_o city_n and_o county_n town_n that_o they_o and_o every_o of_o they_o observe_v and_o perform_v such_o order_n and_o direction_n concern_v plate_n clip_v and_o vnclipped_a money_n in_o each_o and_o every_o of_o their_o respective_a county_n and_o the_o particular_a parish_n thereof_o as_o shall_v be_v further_o set_v out_o by_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o that_o they_o meet_v and_o consult_v about_o this_o affair_n in_o twenty_o day_n time_n next_o after_o the_o publish_v of_o the_o say_v act._n four_o that_o the_o say_a act_n of_o parliament_n direct_v that_o a_o office_n or_o office_n shall_v be_v set_v up_o in_o or_o near_o every_o city_n or_o county_n town_n of_o england_n and_o wales_n with_o one_o in_o berwick_n upon_o tweed_n which_o office_n or_o office_n shall_v be_v set_v up_o where_o and_o in_o what_o place_n or_o place_n the_o sheriff_n mayor_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n find_v most_o convenient_a and_o fit_a for_o this_o business_n and_o the_o ease_n of_o themselves_o and_o the_o people_n and_o that_o the_o say_a office_n or_o office_n shall_v be_v set_v up_o and_o attend_v by_o they_o or_o their_o deputy_n to_o take_v in_o and_o receive_v all_o clip_v and_o vnclipped_a money_n and_o all_o such_o plate_n as_o shall_v be_v bring_v thither_o in_o order_n to_o be_v new_o coin_v to_o which_o office_n all_o clip_v and_o vnclipped_a money_n shall_v be_v bring_v which_o shall_v there_o be_v tell_v weigh_v number_v mark_v and_o seal_v up_o by_o its_o self_n if_o it_o be_v twenty_o four_o pound_n weight_n or_o upward_o with_o the_o owner_n name_n set_v on_o it_o and_o the_o county_n and_o parish_n where_o he_o or_o she_o live_v which_o shall_v be_v do_v by_o the_o sheriff_n mayor_n justice_n of_o the_o peace_n or_o their_o deputy_n whilst_o the_o owner_n or_o person_n that_o bring_v it_o be_v present_a and_o the_o say_a sheriff_n mayor_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n shall_v be_v answerable_a for_o it_o and_o for_o all_o plate_n that_o shall_v be_v bring_v thither_o and_o shall_v make_v good_a the_o loss_n if_o any_o shall_v happen_v by_o fraud_n or_o mistake_v whilst_o it_o be_v in_o their_o office_n or_o custody_n five_o that_o the_o sheriff_n or_o his_o deputy_n shall_v give_v a_o note_n to_o each_o particular_a person_n of_o the_o value_n weight_n mark_n and_o number_n of_o their_o money_n at_o the_o time_n it_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o office_n as_o be_v aforesaid_a upon_o such_o stamp_v and_o marble_v paper_n as_o shall_v be_v provide_v for_o that_o purpose_n which_o note_n shall_v be_v sign_v first_o by_o the_o sheriff_n and_o witness_v by_o one_o or_o more_o of_o the_o other_o principal_n and_o four_o of_o their_o deputy_n which_o four_o deputy_n shall_v be_v sufficient_a to_o attend_v one_o office_n in_o any_o market_n or_o parish-town_n all_o which_o shall_v be_v do_v at_o the_o cost_n and_o charge_n of_o each_o county_n and_o the_o particular_a parish_n thereof_o for_o the_o allowance_n that_o shall_v be_v pay_v the_o sheriff_n mayor_n justice_n of_o the_o peace_n or_o their_o deputy_n out_o of_o the_o new_a coin_v money_n hereafter_o mention_v when_o it_o be_v return_v from_o the_o tower_n which_o note_v so_o give_v the_o people_n shall_v be_v to_o this_o effect_n follow_v derb._n ss_z i_o t._n b._n sheriff_n of_o the_o county_n of_o derby_n do_v hereby_o own_o and_o acknowledge_v i_o have_v receive_v of_o mr._n c._n d._n of_o middleton_n in_o the_o parish_n of_o worksworth_n and_o county_n aforesaid_a one_o hundred_o pound_n eighteen_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n in_o money_n weigh_v twenty_o four_o pound_n eleven_o ounce_n sixteen_o penny_n weight_n and_o twenty_o grain_n number_v 22_o and_o mark_v a._n for_o which_o i_o promise_v to_o be_v accountable_a to_o the_o say_v c._n d._n his_o executor_n administrator_n or_o assign_v for_o the_o like_a weight_n in_o new_a coin_v money_n if_o the_o say_a cash_n prove_v to_o be_v equal_a to_o standard_n silver_n when_o assay_v at_o the_o tower_n by_o the_o master_n of_o the_o mint_n but_o if_o they_o return_v it_o better_o or_o worse_o than_o standard_n silver_n then_o to_o pay_v he_o the_o say_v c._n d._n his_o executor_n administrator_n or_o assign_v all_o they_o return_v back_o to_o i_o whether_o it_o be_v a_o great_a or_o lesser_a weight_n in_o new_a coin_v money_n than_o the_o cash_n abovementioned_a be_v which_o payment_n shall_v be_v well_o and_o true_o make_v in_o twenty_o day_n next_o after_o it_o be_v bring_v back_o from_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n to_o the_o county_n office_n only_o abate_v the_o allowance_n grant_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n witness_v my_o hand_n this_o ______o day_n of_o ______o 1696._o test_n w._n s._n mayor_n e._n m._n f._n g._n h._n p._n p._n h._n t._n b._n six_o that_o the_o say_a act_n of_o parliament_n do_v in_o like_a manner_n give_v notice_n that_o all_o such_o as_o shall_v voluntary_o bring_v or_o send_v any_o old_a or_o new_a plate_n to_o these_o office_n in_o order_n to_o be_v send_v to_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n to_o be_v coin_v if_o the_o plate_n so_o bring_v thither_o be_v fine_a or_o courser_n than_o standard_n silver_n be_v than_o they_o to_o receive_v a_o great_a or_o lesser_a weight_n in_o new_a money_n for_o it_o than_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o plate_n be_v according_a as_o it_o shall_v be_v find_v fine_a or_o courser_n than_o standard_n silver_n by_o the_o assay-master_n of_o the_o mint_n for_o which_o plate_n when_o deliver_v into_o the_o office_n a_o note_n shall_v be_v give_v to_o the_o owner_n or_o to_o the_o person_n that_o bring_v it_o for_o the_o owner_n use_v which_o shall_v be_v sign_v by_o the_o sheriff_n and_o witness_v by_o one_o or_o more_o of_o the_o other_o principal_n whether_o mayor_n or_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o four_o of_o their_o deputy_n as_o be_v aforesaid_a and_o if_o any_o person_n or_o person_n shall_v desire_v it_o they_o may_v mix_v their_o money_n and_o plate_n and_o put_v all_o in_o one_o parcel_n and_o take_v a_o note_n for_o the_o whole_a mention_v both_o the_o money_n and_o plate_n and_o the_o weight_n thereof_o derb._n ss_z i_o a._n b._n sheriff_n of_o the_o county_n of_o derby_n do_v hereby_o own_o and_o acknowledge_v i_o have_v receive_v of_o mr._n e._n f._n of_o crumford_n in_o the_o parish_n of_o worksworth_n and_o county_n aforesaid_a two_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o pound_n twelve_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n in_o money_n weigh_v forty_o four_o pound_n eight_o ounce_n ten_o penny_n weight_n and_o fourteen_o grain_n together_o with_o one_o parcel_n of_o plate_n consist_v of_o eight_o porringer_n six_o tankard_n ten_o spoon_n one_o candlestick_n and_o a_o pair_n of_o snuffer_n contain_v and_o weigh_v twenty_o two_o pound_n six_o ounce_n and_o four_o penny_n weight_n which_o money_n and_o plate_n be_v put_v all_o together_o and_o seal_v up_o be_v number_v 23_o and_o mark_v b_o for_o which_o i_o promise_v to_o be_v accountable_a to_o the_o say_v e._n f._n his_o executor_n administrator_n or_o assign_v for_o the_o like_a weight_n in_o new_a coin_v money_n if_o the_o say_v cash_n and_o plate_n prove_v to_o be_v equal_a to_o standard_n silver_n when_o assay_v at_o the_o tower_n by_o the_o master_n of_o the_o mint_n but_o if_o they_o return_v it_o better_o or_o worse_o than_o standard_n silver_n then_o to_o pay_v he_o the_o say_v e._n f._n his_o executor_n administrator_n or_o assign_v all_o they_o return_v back_o to_o i_o whether_o it_o be_v a_o great_a or_o lesser_a weight_n in_o new_a coin_v money_n than_o the_o cash_n and_o
the_o county_n be_v coin_v and_o the_o deputy_n shall_v endeavour_v to_o make_v their_o parcel_n of_o money_n and_o plate_n as_o large_a as_o they_o can_v thereby_o to_o prevent_v the_o multitude_n of_o essay_n in_o the_o tower_n of_o which_o parcel_n there_o shall_v be_v none_o under_o twenty_o four_o pound_n weight_n except_o it_o be_v the_o last_o conclude_v parcel_n in_o a_o parish_n as_o be_v before-said_a and_o that_o the_o loss_n of_o all_o counterfeit_n money_n remain_v where_o it_o fall_v or_o upon_o they_o in_o who_o hand_n it_o be_v eleven_o that_o the_o office_n for_o take_v and_o receive_v the_o money_n and_o plate_n within_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o bill_n of_o mortality_n be_v keep_v at_o guild-hall_n in_o the_o say_a city_n and_o that_o the_o mayor_n sheriff_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n belong_v to_o the_o say_a city_n or_o their_o deputy_n shall_v give_v their_o attendance_n there_o in_o fourteen_o day_n next_o after_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n be_v publish_a and_o shall_v provide_v book_n bag_n weight_n and_o scale_n print_a note_n and_o all_o other_o thing_n that_o shall_v or_o may_v relate_v to_o this_o affair_n for_o the_o well-ordering_a and_o dispatch_a this_o business_n and_o shall_v keep_v account_n of_o all_o person_n money_n and_o plate_n that_o shall_v be_v bring_v thither_o and_o undertake_v the_o charge_n of_o carry_v and_o fetch_a it_o to_o and_o from_o the_o tower_n and_o deliver_v it_o out_o again_o to_o who_o it_o may_v belong_v for_o which_o the_o say_a officer_n or_o deputy_n shall_v deduct_v and_o pay_v themselves_o out_o of_o every_o person_n be_v money_n and_o plate_n when_o new_o coin_v at_o the_o time_n they_o deliver_v it_o they_o forth_o one_o shilling_n to_o be_v stop_v out_o of_o every_o hundred_o pound_n which_o shall_v be_v all_o the_o charge_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o such_o as_o live_v within_o the_o bill_n of_o mortality_n shall_v be_v at_o in_o and_o about_o the_o same_o and_o for_o a_o great_a or_o lesser_a sum_n than_o one_o hundred_o pound_n more_o or_o less_o according_a to_o that_o in_o proportion_n which_o twelve_o penny_n for_o one_o hundred_o pound_n if_o a_o million_o of_o money_n be_v coin_v out_o of_o the_o clip_v and_o vnclipped_a money_n and_o plate_n in_o that_o compass_n will_v come_v to_o five_o hundred_o pound_n which_o will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o defray_v the_o charge_n of_o attendance_n in_o this_o affair_n which_o can_v be_v above_o three_o month_n in_o do_v and_o if_o there_o be_v eight_o or_o ten_o deputy_n or_o officer_n employ_v about_o it_o fifty_o pound_n a_o man_n for_o three_o month_n be_v very_o good_a pay_n twelve_o that_o the_o allowance_n or_o satisfaction_n that_o shall_v be_v make_v to_o other_o officer_n and_o deputy_n belong_v to_o the_o sheriff_n mayor_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n in_o all_o other_o place_n aught_o to_o be_v rate_v proportionable_o to_o what_o money_n there_o may_v be_v judge_v to_o be_v in_o the_o county_n and_o to_o the_o situation_n or_o distance_n the_o county_n lie_v from_o london_n for_o which_o i_o humble_o propose_v as_o follow_v for_o middlesex_n surry_n sussex_n kent_n suffolk_z essex_n hartford-shire_n berk-shire_n hamp-shire_n buckingham-shire_n oxford-shire_n bedford-shire_n northamptonshire_n huntingtonshire_n and_o cambridge-shire_n two_o shilling_n out_o of_o every_o hundred_o pound_n of_o new_a coin_v money_n for_o the_o county_n of_o norfolk_n rutland_z lincoln_n nottingham_n derby_n stafford_z leicester_n worcester_n warwick_z gloucester_z wilt-shire_n dorset_n and_o somersetshire_n two_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n out_o of_o every_o hundred_o pound_n and_o that_o all_o other_o county_n of_o england_n and_o wales_n may_v have_v three_o shilling_n per_fw-la cent._n in_o regard_n of_o their_o distance_n also_o that_o the_o essay-master_n in_o the_o tower_n shall_v make_v such_o further_a provision_n for_o the_o quick_a and_o speedy_a dispatch_n of_o the_o essay_n that_o be_v to_o be_v make_v for_o each_o county_n as_o shall_v be_v find_v sufficient_a to_o discharge_v two_o county_n every_o month_n after_o the_o essay_n for_o the_o city_n of_o london_n be_v finish_v and_o that_o no_o refiner_n in_o the_o city_n of_o london_n be_v admit_v to_o buy_v any_o old_a plate_n during_o the_o time_n of_o this_o coinage_n without_o carry_v it_o to_o the_o office_n in_o guild-hall_n in_o order_n to_o be_v coin_v but_o that_o such_o refiner_n may_v be_v employ_v at_o the_o county-mint_n hereafter_o mention_v thirteen_o have_v thus_o prescribe_v a_o feasible_a and_o quick_a way_n for_o bring_v the_o money_n and_o plate_n to_o the_o tower_n in_o order_n to_o a_o new_a coinage_n it_o be_v necessary_a now_o to_o mention_v what_o price_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v value_v at_o so_o as_o to_o preserve_v it_o from_o be_v melt_v down_o and_o ship_v off_o as_o it_o have_v be_v under_o the_o pretence_n of_o foreign_a bullion_n it_o be_v also_o convenient_a to_o consider_v how_o you_o may_v prevent_v the_o consumption_n that_o be_v make_v of_o it_o in_o england_n by_o the_o work_a silversmith_n who_o daily_o turn_v it_o into_o various_a sort_n of_o plate_n for_o unless_o you_o take_v such_o method_n as_o will_v remedy_v or_o prevent_v these_o two_o thing_n the_o call_v in_o of_o the_o money_n to_o be_v new_o coin_v will_v absolute_o be_v destructive_a to_o the_o nation_n and_o it_o have_v better_o be_v let_v alone_o as_o it_o now_o be_v than_o to_o meddle_v with_o it_o if_o you_o do_v not_o all_o you_o can_v to_o prevent_v they_o viz._n the_o first_o be_v the_o convert_v it_o into_o plate_n for_o inland_n use_v the_o second_o be_v the_o melt_v of_o it_o down_o for_o foreign_a use_n therefore_o if_o you_o take_v such_o method_n as_o will_v conduce_v to_o annihilate_v these_o two_o destructive_a thing_n yourselves_o and_o the_o people_n of_o this_o nation_n will_v find_v the_o benefit_n thereof_o which_o be_v in_o vain_a for_o they_o to_o expect_v or_o you_o to_o believe_v till_o they_o be_v remove_v so_o that_o to_o prevent_v the_o silversmith_n from_o turn_v the_o new_a coin_v money_n into_o plate_n it_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o future_a that_o all_o kind_n of_o plain_a plate_n as_o tankard_n spoon_n fork_n porringer_n dish_n plate_n candlestick_n and_o all_o other_o sort_n of_o bulky_a plate_n be_v not_o admit_v to_o be_v sell_v when_o they_o be_v wrought_v up_o for_o any_o more_o than_o weight_n for_o weight_n in_o new_a money_n allow_v two_o penny_n a_o ounce_n over_o and_o above_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o money_n for_o the_o fashion_n as_o they_o call_v it_o in_o regard_n their_o solder_v and_o allay_v that_o be_v put_v in_o some_o of_o they_o pay_v for_o most_o of_o the_o workmanship_n and_o this_o they_o may_v very_o well_o do_v especial_o if_o you_o please_v to_o settle_v the_o price_n of_o bullion_n as_o it_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o this_o paragraph_n for_o whilst_o the_o circumstance_n of_o silver_n coin_n and_o plate_n remain_v thus_o that_o a_o ounce_n of_o plate_n may_v be_v sell_v for_o seven_o shilling_n under_o a_o pretence_n there_o be_v six_o penny_n a_o ounce_n of_o it_o for_o the_o fashion_n what_o silver-smith_n can_v you_o believe_v there_o be_v that_o will_v not_o give_v six_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n a_o ounce_n for_o new_a money_n when_o at_o one_o hundred_o ounce_n there_o be_v fifty_o shilling_n get_v by_o melt_v it_o down_o and_o work_v it_o up_o beside_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o solder_v and_o the_o alloy_n where_o and_o when_o they_o can_v convenient_o place_v it_o which_o many_o of_o they_o daily_a practice_n and_o can_v be_v prevent_v from_o do_v it_o therefore_o whilst_o the_o plate_n carry_v a_o high_a price_n than_o the_o new_a coin_v money_n you_o may_v conclude_v the_o money_n will_v be_v melt_v down_o and_o turn_v into_o plate_n as_o the_o silversmith_n have_v occasion_n to_o use_v it_o for_o if_o you_o please_v to_o consider_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n what_o reason_n be_v there_o to_o be_v give_v why_o a_o pound_n of_o plate_n in_o a_o man_n house_n shall_v cost_v more_o or_o be_v of_o great_a value_n than_o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o new_a money_n when_o the_o latter_a will_n always_o be_v more_o ready_a to_o supply_v a_o man_n want_n whilst_o he_o have_v a_o grain_n of_o it_o than_o the_o former_a and_o the_o money_n have_v workmanship_n bestow_v on_o it_o as_o well_o as_o the_o plate_n which_o when_o any_o have_v occasion_n to_o part_v with_o must_v sell_v to_o loss_n beside_o the_o money_n be_v general_o fine_a and_o better_a silver_n and_o therefore_o deserve_v to_o bear_v a_o better_a price_n from_o hence_o it_o appear_v whilst_o you_o suffer_v plate_n to_o bear_v a_o high_a price_n than_o the_o new_a coin_v money_n it_o
plate_n abovementioned_a be_v which_o payment_n shall_v be_v well_o and_o true_o make_v in_o twenty_o day_n next_o after_o it_o be_v bring_v back_o from_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n to_o the_o county_n office_n only_o abate_v the_o allowance_n grant_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n witness_v my_o hand_n this_o ______o day_n of_o ______o 1696._o test_n e._n w._n justice_n of_o the_o peace_n w._n m._n mayor_n m._n h._n p._n m._n c._n d._n r._n a._n a._n b._n  _fw-fr lb._n â„¥_o pw_n gr_n weight_n of_o the_o money_n above_o 44_o 08_o 10_o 14_o weight_n of_o the_o plate_n above_o 22_o 06_o 04_o 00_o weigh_v in_o all_o 67_o 02_o 14_o 14_o that_o for_o the_o ease_n and_o conveniency_n of_o the_o people_n the_o sheriff_n mayor_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n shall_v cause_v a_o list_n of_o all_o the_o parish_n in_o the_o county_n to_o be_v draw_v which_o shall_v be_v set_v upon_o the_o cross_n in_o every_o market-town_n of_o the_o say_a county_n which_o list_n shall_v be_v read_v by_o the_o public_a cnyer_n give_v notice_n to_o the_o people_n when_o their_o deputy_n shall_v come_v to_o the_o market-town_n and_o also_o to_o such_o as_o be_v parish-town_n where_o no_o market_n be_v keep_v to_o take_v in_o and_o receive_v the_o account_n and_o weight_n of_o their_o money_n where_o they_o shall_v receive_v all_o sum_n be_v twenty_o shilling_n or_o upward_o but_o no_o sum_n under_o twenty_o shilling_n such_o be_v fit_a for_o one_o friend_n to_o intrust_v with_o another_o where_o have_v first_o tell_v then_o weigh_v and_o enter_v they_o in_o the_o register_n for_o that_o parish_n with_o the_o owner_n name_n and_o his_o or_o her_o place_n of_o abode_n they_o may_v then_o mix_v all_o together_o till_o the_o several_a parcel_n will_v make_v up_o one_o hundred_o pound_n but_o shall_v not_o exceed_v two_o hundred_o pound_n and_o that_o no_o parcel_n of_o money_n or_o plate_n shall_v be_v admit_v to_o be_v send_v to_o the_o tower_n separate_z or_o mix_v that_o be_v not_o twenty_o four_o pound_n weight_n but_o where_o it_o fall_v to_o be_v the_o conclude_a parcel_n in_o a_o parish_n which_o shall_v be_v do_v to_o save_v the_o labour_n of_o make_v too_o many_o assay_n in_o the_o tower_n which_o will_v be_v a_o endless_a and_o troublesome_a thing_n if_o every_o five_o pound_n or_o ten_o pound_n parcel_n shall_v be_v assay_v therefore_o among_o these_o small_a sum_n he_o that_o have_v the_o great_a shall_v have_v a_o note_n of_o the_o whole_a from_o which_o every_o man_n may_v take_v a_o copy_n that_o please_v and_o the_o deputy_n shall_v leave_v a_o copy_n with_o the_o parson_n of_o the_o parish_n enter_v into_o a_o book_n to_o be_v leave_v there_o and_o send_v another_o book_n to_o the_o next_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n have_v first_o enter_v all_o thing_n fair_o down_o in_o the_o register_n he_o keep_v for_o that_o parish_n in_o this_o manner_n follow_v to_o which_o parson_n or_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n if_o any_o shall_v lose_v or_o mis-lay_a their_o account_n they_o may_v have_v recourse_n for_o another_o april_n the_o 24_o 1696._o at_o worksworth_n town_n for_o the_o parish_n of_o worksworth_n take_v and_o receive_v these_o sum_n of_o money_n of_o the_o several_a person_n herein_o mention_v weigh_v as_o follow_v  _fw-fr l._n s._n d._n lb._n â„¥_o pw_n gr_n receive_v of_o john_n adam_n senior_n of_o the_o town_n of_o worksworth_n 05_o 12_o 06._o 01_o 09_o 12_o 16._o receive_v of_o james_n wright_n sen._n of_o ashlyhay_n 10_o 16_o 04._o 02_o 10_o 14_o 12._o receive_v of_o henry_n wylde_n of_o hopton_n 20_o 08_o 06._o 04_o 00_o 12_o 04._o receive_v of_o robert_n merchant_n of_o gaursey-banck_n 30_o 12_o 00._o 07_o 02_o 16_o 18._o receive_v of_o anthony_n wood_n of_o cawlow_n 45_o 14_o 06._o 12_o 04_o 10_o 12._o no_o 24._o and_o mark_v c._n sum._n weight_n  _fw-fr 113_o 03_o 10_o 28_o 04_o 06_o 14._o the_o like_a to_o be_v do_v for_o any_o big_a or_o lesser_a sum_n of_o money_n and_o if_o there_o be_v plate_n then_o to_o incert_v only_o the_o weight_n number_n and_o mark_v of_o it_o eight_o that_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o money_n and_o plate_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o county_n office_n the_o sheriff_n mayor_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n shall_v meet_v of_o which_o there_o shall_v be_v at_o least_o four_o of_o the_o principal_n beside_o the_o sheriff_n and_o four_o of_o their_o deputy_n present_a to_o see_v and_o examine_v the_o value_n weight_n number_n and_o mark_v of_o each_o person_n be_v money_n and_o plate_n and_o that_o their_o name_n be_v annex_v to_o it_o in_o a_o piece_n of_o parchment_n which_o shall_v be_v compare_v with_o the_o register_n there_o keep_v and_o take_v and_o if_o they_o agree_v they_o shall_v then_o cause_v the_o money_n and_o plate_n of_o every_o particular_a parish_n to_o be_v pack_v up_o by_o itself_o though_o in_o several_a parcel_n so_o that_o the_o money_n and_o plate_n of_o one_o parish_n shall_v not_o be_v mix_v in_o the_o same_o bag_n or_o chest_n loose_a with_o that_o of_o another_o and_o there_o shall_v be_v put_v into_o the_o bag_n or_o chest_n two_o piece_n of_o parchment_n upon_o which_o shall_v be_v write_v the_o money_n and_o plate_n belong_v to_o the_o parish_n of_o worksworth_n in_o the_o county_n of_o derby_n and_o another_o of_o these_o parchment-label_n shall_v be_v fasten_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o chest_n or_o bag._n nine_o that_o all_o the_o officer_n or_o deputy_n employ_v in_o receive_v money_n and_o plate_n and_o all_o such_o that_o be_v any_o way_n concern_v in_o carry_v they_o to_o and_o from_o the_o tower_n shall_v give_v bond_n to_o the_o sheriff_n that_o they_o nor_o none_o of_o they_o shall_v or_o will_v break_v the_o seal_n or_o seal_n or_o open_v the_o parcel_n or_o parcel_n of_o any_o person_n be_v money_n or_o plate_n after_o it_o be_v seal_v up_o and_o that_o they_o will_v not_o take_v out_o change_n nor_o suffer_v to_o be_v take_v out_o or_o change_v any_o of_o the_o say_a money_n or_o plate_n more_o or_o less_o upon_o pain_n of_o forfeit_v for_o every_o sixpence_n shilling_n half-crown_n or_o crown_n they_o shall_v so_o take_v out_o change_n or_o suffer_v to_o be_v taken_z out_o and_o change_v the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n one_o half_a to_o be_v pay_v to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o other_o half_a to_o the_o discoverer_n for_o the_o true_a performance_n of_o which_o each_o or_o every_o of_o they_o shall_v take_v a_o oath_n before_o some_o master_n of_o chancery_n or_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n depute_v on_o purpose_n where_o such_o master_n of_o chancery_n shall_v be_v want_v which_o shall_v be_v to_o this_o effect_n follow_v i_o w._n s._n of_o the_o parish_n of_o worksworth_n and_o county_n of_o derby_n do_v swear_v i_o will_v true_o and_o faithful_o do_v and_o execute_v the_o charge_n and_o trust_v commit_v to_o i_o concern_v the_o money_n and_o plate_n of_o this_o county_n and_o that_o i_o will_v not_o wilful_o break_v the_o seal_n or_o seal_n open_a alter_z or_o change_v the_o money_n or_o plate_n of_o any_o person_n or_o person_n after_o it_o be_v seal_v up_o nor_o will_v suffer_v any_o alteration_n or_o change_n to_o be_v make_v or_o do_v by_o any_o other_o after_z or_o before_o nor_o will_v wilful_o receive_v or_o suffer_v to_o be_v receive_v any_o brass_n or_o iron_n money_n that_o do_v not_o appear_v to_o be_v four_o part_n in_o five_o silver_n to_o be_v mire_v among_o any_o person_n be_v money_n or_o plate_n nor_o will_v i_o hold_v any_o correspondence_n or_o have_v any_o deal_v with_o the_o buyer_n of_o brass_n and_o break_a money_n nor_o will_v i_o wilful_o refuse_v the_o receive_v of_o that_o which_o shall_v appear_v to_o be_v silver_n to_o the_o best_a of_o my_o knowledge_n so_o help_v i_o god_n ten_o that_o the_o sheriff_n mayor_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n in_o every_o county_n shall_v and_o may_v consider_v and_o take_v those_o way_n which_o they_o shall_v think_v or_o find_v most_o convenient_a for_o the_o â—_o ase_a of_o themselves_o and_o the_o people_n and_o if_o they_o find_v it_o convenient_a to_o send_v the_o money_n of_o one_o parish_n up_o to_o be_v new_o coin_v whilst_o the_o money_n in_o another_o parish_n be_v collect_v that_o it_o shall_v and_o may_v be_v lawful_a to_o do_v so_o till_o they_o have_v go_v through_o all_o the_o parish_n in_o the_o county_n by_o which_o mean_n as_o the_o money_n of_o one_o parish_n come_v up_o to_o the_o tower_n the_o money_n of_o another_o parish_n may_v go_v down_o to_o the_o country_n whereby_o the_o people_n necessity_n may_v be_v the_o better_o fit_v than_o if_o they_o shall_v be_v without_o money_n among_o they_o till_o all_o the_o money_n in_o
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and_o free_v from_o most_o of_o their_o damage_n at_o present_a by_o that_o which_o be_v clip_v and_o counterfeit_n and_o the_o money_n when_o new_o coin_v will_n by_o this_o mean_n in_o a_o great_a measure_n be_v prevent_v from_o be_v melt_v down_o and_o send_v abroad_o which_o certain_o will_v be_v do_v if_o any_o lesser_a price_n be_v set_v upon_o it_o for_o as_o you_o have_v before_o hear_v and_o as_o experience_n have_v plain_o prove_v there_o be_v so_o many_o high_a bidder_n abroad_o for_o it_o that_o six_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n a_o ounce_n will_v scarce_o preserve_v it_o from_o they_o and_o if_o the_o war_n continue_v two_o year_n long_o i_o be_o of_o opinion_n you_o will_v certain_o find_v they_o will_v give_v seven_o shilling_n a_o ounce_n for_o it_o before_o they_o will_v be_v without_o it_o so_o that_o to_o call_v the_o money_n in_o and_o to_o suffer_v forty_o five_o pound_n per_fw-la cent._n damage_n by_o it_o and_o when_o new_o coin_v to_o value_v it_o at_o a_o 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and_o six_o penny_n which_o be_v thirty_o per_fw-la cent._n more_o than_o it_o go_v for_o before_o and_o that_o a_o piece_n of_o the_o same_o weight_n and_o fineness_n as_o the_o late_a new_a half-crown_n be_v may_v pass_v for_o three_o shilling_n and_o three_o penny_n and_o the_o shilling_n for_o nineteen_o penny_n halfpenny_n and_o the_o sixpence_n to_o contain_v forty_o five_o grain_n and_o a_o half_a for_o without_o this_o advance_n upon_o the_o money_n when_o new_o coin_v it_o will_v be_v melt_v down_o and_o ship_v off_o for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a if_o this_o method_n be_v take_v than_o the_o coin_n remain_v in_o the_o weight_n and_o purity_n it_o be_v in_o before_o and_o if_o there_o shall_v happen_v to_o be_v plenty_n of_o silver_n at_o any_o time_n hereafter_o you_o may_v then_o reduce_v it_o without_o call_v it_o in_o or_o alter_a the_o form_n according_a as_o you_o find_v we_o be_v then_o supply_v with_o plenty_n of_o bullion_n either_o to_o the_o present_a value_n or_o 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their_o effect_n so_o that_o my_o lord_n and_o gentleman_n what_o you_o have_v chief_o to_o consider_v in_o this_o affair_n i_o humble_o conceive_v be_v for_o the_o great_a part_n include_v in_o these_o follow_a article_n first_o the_o great_a damage_n and_o loss_n there_o will_v be_v by_o the_o clip_v and_o counterfeit_n money_n be_v at_o least_o forty_o five_o pound_n per_fw-la cent._n whether_o it_o be_v better_a to_o raise_v a_o tax_n to_o make_v the_o clip_v money_n good_a at_o the_o same_o time_n when_o the_o money_n be_v call_v in_o or_o to_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n thirty_o pound_n per_fw-la cent._n whereby_o the_o money_n will_v bear_v most_o of_o its_o own_o damage_n and_o excuse_v the_o land_n till_o a_o more_o plentiful_a time_n of_o silver_n come_v and_o then_o the_o coin_n may_v be_v reduce_v again_o as_o you_o see_v cause_n second_o the_o demand_n and_o great_a necessity_n foreigner_n have_v of_o silver_n and_o the_o high_a price_n they_o will_v give_v 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little_a five_o that_o a_o duty_n answerable_a to_o what_o foreigner_n will_v give_v for_o silver_n above_o the_o price_n of_o our_o present_a coin_n be_v lay_v upon_o bullion_n if_o transport_v with_o a_o proviso_n for_o the_o east-india_n company_n and_o all_o our_o plantation_n as_o also_o for_o what_o have_v reference_n to_o his_o majesty_n affair_n which_o duty_n will_v prevent_v the_o melt_v down_o of_o our_o coin_n for_o foreign_a use_n sixthly_a to_o consider_v if_o it_o will_v not_o be_v more_o convenient_a and_o a_o great_a ease_n and_o satisfaction_n to_o the_o people_n as_o also_o a_o help_n to_o finish_v the_o coinage_n with_o a_o quick_a dispatch_n to_o have_v twelve_o mint_n set_v up_o in_o the_o most_o convenient_a place_n of_o england_n and_o wales_n where_o the_o county-office_n shall_v be_v keep_v rather_o than_o to_o bring_v all_o the_o money_n from_o the_o remote_a part_n of_o england_n and_o wales_n to_o london_n and_o that_o there_o be_v a_o refiner_n at_o every_o mint_n to_o melt_v down_o the_o bad_a money_n and_o to_o blow_v the_o base_a metal_n from_o it_o till_o it_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o perfection_n of_o standard_n silver_n seven_o that_o if_o you_o raise_v the_o coin_n thirty_o pound_n per_fw-la cent._n that_o will_v near_o discharge_v the_o loss_n of_o the_o clip_v money_n and_o when_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o register_n of_o every_o particular_a county_n and_o the_o parish_n thereof_o what_o further_a damage_n than_o thirty_o pound_n per_fw-la cent._n each_o parish_n shall_v suffer_v that_o then_o it_o be_v enact_v that_o every_o parish_n shall_v tax_n and_o assess_v itself_o with_o a_o tax_n to_o be_v pay_v at_o four_o yearly_o payment_n to_o make_v the_o remain_v damage_n good_a with_o submission_n i_o humble_o offer_v this_o as_o my_o reason_n because_o in_o all_o public_a affair_n one_o parish_n do_v not_o bear_v the_o charge_n of_o another_o for_o certain_o the_o more_o money_n there_o be_v in_o any_o parish_n the_o 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and_o then_o they_o doubt_v not_o but_o to_o bring_v down_o the_o price_n of_o our_o good_n again_o and_o so_o free_a themselves_o from_o bear_v any_o part_n of_o our_o charge_n of_o the_o war_n therefore_o i_o will_v lay_v down_o this_o for_o a_o maxim_n whilst_o such_o good_n of_o our_o own_o growth_n carry_v a_o high_a price_n as_o be_v export_v for_o foreign_a use_n all_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n wherever_o they_o be_v use_v contribute_v towards_o our_o charge_n of_o the_o war_n and_o when_o such_o good_n be_v low_o here_o we_o only_o bear_v the_o burden_n and_o the_o foreigner_n have_v the_o advantage_n thereof_o therefore_o what_o prudence_n can_v there_o be_v in_o lower_v the_o price_n of_o guinneas_n which_o have_v cause_v so_o much_o good_a if_o guinneas_n fall_v the_o price_n of_o good_n go_v down_o and_o then_o you_o will_v hear_v of_o fresh_a complaint_n from_o these_o people_n and_o place_n follow_v who_o for_o six_o year_n past_a have_v labour_v under_o very_o great_a difficulty_n and_o a_o multitude_n more_o in_o england_n beside_o these_o who_o number_n be_v not_o a_o few_o in_o the_o county_n of_o cornwall_n there_o may_v be_v employ_v in_o the_o tin-mine_n and_o such_o as_o have_v a_o dependence_n upon_o they_o for_o their_o live_n one_o way_n or_o another_o about_o 30000_o people_n and_o upon_o lead-mine_n in_o the_o county_n of_o somerset_n cardigan_n montgomery_n denby_n flint_n shrewsbury_n derby_n york_z westmoreland_z cumberland_n northumberland_n and_o durham_n about_o 120000._o in_o all_o sort_n of_o woolen_n manufacture_n and_o clothing_n trade_n in_o the_o county_n of_o england_n and_o wales_n at_o least_o 1500000._o make_v in_o all_o 1650000._o work_v people_n who_o if_o guinneas_n fall_v and_o the_o price_n of_o good_n go_v down_o at_o a_o time_n when_o the_o money_n be_v call_v in_o and_o they_o charge_v with_o further_a tax_n than_o they_o have_v be_v which_o together_o with_o their_o then_o want_n of_o credit_n add_v to_o to_o 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