proper_o and_o apt_o to_o be_v call_v the_o merchandize_v of_o money_n yet_o because_o that_o through_o the_o practice_n and_o policy_n of_o merchant_n special_o trade_v &_o frequent_v the_o mart_n of_o antwerp_n and_o the_o fair_n of_o lion_n for_o the_o pass_n of_o money_n from_o place_n to_o place_n by_o the_o same_o which_o also_o be_v do_v after_o a_o certain_a sort_n and_o kind_n of_o exchange_v and_o commute_v of_o money_n it_o may_v convenient_o be_v call_v &_o have_v the_o name_n of_o merchandize_v exchange_n forasmuch_o as_o money_n pass_v and_o exchange_v after_o this_o way_n and_o manner_n must_v be_v pay_v again_o according_a to_o the_o condition_n and_o compact_n take_v and_o agree_v upon_o with_o the_o merchant_n for_o the_o price_n &_o valuation_n thereof_o and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o just_a &_o lawful_a valuation_n it_o have_v by_o any_o public_a authority_n of_o that_o commonwealth_n which_o be_v author_n of_o the_o say_a money_n the_o which_o temerarius_fw-la alteration_n of_o public_a coin_n &_o money_n be_v the_o principal_a foundation_n of_o the_o say_a exchange_n and_o of_o the_o gain_n and_o lucre_n proceed_v of_o the_o same_o for_o the_o love_n &_o greediness_n whereof_o the_o other_o lawful_a exchange_n be_v exile_v and_o expel_v both_o out_o of_o spain_n and_o italy_n and_o through_o the_o frequent_v thereof_o the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v corrupt_v in_o all_o country_n and_o special_o in_o england_n by_o the_o busy_a practise_v thereof_o of_o merchant_n between_o antwerp_n and_o england_n which_o have_v bring_v many_o inconvenience_n unto_o this_o commonwealth_n &_o be_v thereby_o the_o only_a author_n why_o all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o merchandize_v bear_v such_o excessive_a price_n as_o they_o do_v at_o this_o day_n within_o the_o realm_n as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v declare_v by_o the_o open_n of_o certain_a circumstance_n essential_o appertain_v to_o the_o same_o exchange_n without_o the_o which_o it_o can_v neither_o be_v understand_v nor_o practise_v and_o so_o shall_v it_o evident_o appear_v that_o all_o th'inormity_n disorder_v the_o price_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o thing_n vendible_a in_o the_o commonwealth_n have_v their_o original_n from_o thence_o chap._n iii_o the_o compact_n and_o condition_n common_o agree_v upon_o in_o merchandise_v exchange_n first_o the_o taker_n and_o receiver_n of_o money_n by_o this_o exchange_n must_v compound_v &_o agree_v with_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o same_o at_o what_o distance_n of_o time_n the_o say_a money_n shall_v be_v pay_v again_o in_o a_o foreign_a country_n or_o city_n appoint_v for_o the_o payment_n thereof_o for_o there_o be_v three_o kind_n of_o diversity_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n most_o common_o in_o use_n at_o this_o day_n among_o merchant_n for_o the_o repayment_n of_o such_o money_n as_o be_v take_v and_o deliver_v by_o this_o exchange_n second_o the_o taker_n and_o receivor_fw-la of_o money_n by_o this_o exchange_n must_v compound_v and_o agree_v with_o the_o deliverer_n thereof_o to_o make_v payment_n again_o in_o the_o foreign_a country_n according_a as_o the_o same_o money_n receive_v be_v value_v by_o the_o merchant_n to_o be_v worth_a in_o the_o currant_n money_n of_o the_o same_o foreign_a country_n and_o according_a to_o the_o price_n and_o valuation_n the_o say_a currant_n money_n have_v in_o this_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n and_o not_o after_o the_o prince_n just_a valuation_n of_o the_o same_o money_n chap._n four_o the_o term_n of_o art_n proper_a to_o marchandise_v exchange_n by_o diversity_n of_o time_n and_o distance_n of_o place_n the_o first_o kind_n of_o diversity_n merchant_n call_v the_o take_n and_o deliver_v of_o money_n at_o sight_n sigh_n at_o sigh_n the_o custom_n whereof_o in_o this_o exchange_n &_o commutation_n compel_v the_o receivor_fw-la of_o the_o money_n upon_o a_o little_a schedule_n or_o bill_n contain_v the_o sum_n &_o value_n of_o the_o foreign_a coin_n and_o money_n which_o must_v be_v pay_v again_o to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o deliverer_n immediate_o as_o the_o say_a schedule_n &_o bill_n shall_v be_v show_v and_o present_v by_o the_o deliverer_n or_o his_o factor_n to_o the_o factor_n or_o servant_n of_o the_o say_a taker_n and_o receivor_fw-la of_o money_n or_o else_o to_o his_o own_o self_n the_o second_o be_v to_o take_v and_o deliver_v money_n by_o or_o at_o usance_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o this_o diversity_n compel_v the_o taker_n of_o money_n by_o this_o exchange_n upon_o his_o bill_n or_o schedule_n to_o pay_v the_o value_n thereof_o again_o in_o foreign_a coin_n or_o money_n at_o the_o end_n of_o one_o month_n next_o immediate_o end_v after_o the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o make_n of_o the_o exchange_n in_o the_o town_n or_o city_n appoint_v thereunto_o in_o the_o say_v schedule_n either_o by_o himself_o his_o factor_n or_o servant_n this_o space_n of_o time_n of_o one_o month_n be_v limit_v for_o this_o second_o distance_n of_o time_n in_o this_o marchandise_v exchange_n usance_n usance_n call_v usance_n between_o london_n and_o antwerp_n and_o other_o mart_a town_n thereabouts_o by_o the_o banker_n and_o exchanger_n of_o the_o same_o exchange_n the_o three_o be_v call_v double_a usance_n usance_n double_a usance_n by_o the_o use_n and_o custom_n whereof_o the_o taker_n and_o receiver_n of_o money_n by_o the_o same_o exchange_n be_v compel_v by_o his_o bill_n or_o schedule_n to_o pay_v the_o value_n thereof_o again_o in_o foreign_a money_n at_o the_o end_n of_o two_o month_n next_o immediate_o end_v after_o the_o day_n that_o the_o money_n be_v first_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n either_o by_o himself_o factor_n or_o servant_n in_o the_o place_n appoint_v and_o assign_v thereunto_o by_o the_o say_a schedule_n and_o here_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o these_o two_o latter_a distance_n of_o time_n be_v make_v long_a and_o short_a for_o the_o payment_n of_o money_n take_v up_o by_o the_o same_o after_o the_o diversity_n of_o any_o of_o the_o say_v two_o kind_n according_a to_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o place_n for_o the_o which_o the_o say_v exchange_n be_v or_o shall_v be_v make_v at_o any_o time_n chap._n v._o the_o diversity_n of_o price_n of_o money_n currant_n in_o merchandise_v exchange_n according_a to_o the_o distance_n of_o place_n and_o difference_n of_o time_n like_a as_o the_o time_n and_o space_n limit_v to_o every_o diversity_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n &_o place_n of_o this_o merchandise_v exchange_n differ_v and_o vary_v one_o from_o another_o between_o england_n and_o antwerp_n and_o other_o mart_a town_n thereabouts_o so_o have_v th'english_fw-fr pound_n pass_v by_o this_o exchange_n between_o the_o one_o country_n and_o the_o other_o at_o diverse_a and_o sundry_a price_n differ_v one_o from_o another_o according_a to_o the_o time_n it_o be_v exchange_v for_o from_o the_o one_o place_n to_o the_o other_o first_o the_o price_n of_o the_o english_a pound_n exchange_v at_o sight_n differ_v from_o the_o same_o pound_n value_v by_o any_o prince_n or_o public_a authority_n ordinary_o four_o or_o five_o penny_n in_o the_o pound_n second_o the_o price_n of_o th'english_fw-fr pound_n exchange_v for_o usance_n differ_v from_o the_o same_o pound_n deliver_v and_o take_v for_o sight_n ordinary_o five_o or_o six_o penny_n in_o the_o pound_n three_o the_o price_n of_o the_o same_o pound_n take_v and_o exchange_v for_o double_a usance_n differ_v from_o the_o pound_n by_o usance_n vi_fw-la or_o seven_o penny_n so_o that_o a_o english_a pound_n exchange_v by_o this_o last_o distance_n of_o time_n differ_v in_o price_n from_o a_o pound_n take_v up_o by_o the_o first_o difference_n of_o time_n twelve_o or_o xiii_o penny_n in_o the_o say_a pound_n many_o other_o diversity_n as_o well_o of_o time_n as_o of_o money_n be_v and_o may_v be_v practise_v &_o exercise_v in_o this_o merchandise_v exchange_n whereof_o to_o discourse_v particular_o be_v too_o long_o and_o tedious_a forsomuch_o as_o this_o brief_a declaration_n of_o these_o diversity_n before_o recite_v may_v suffice_v not_o only_o for_o the_o perceive_v and_o understand_v of_o the_o same_o but_o also_o for_o all_o other_o that_o be_v or_o may_v be_v practise_v in_o the_o say_v merchandise_v exchange_n for_o as_o these_o three_o price_n differ_v proportional_o one_o from_o another_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n so_o do_v all_o other_o price_n thereof_o according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o time_n they_o be_v pass_v for_o chap._n vi_o the_o manner_n of_o raise_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n in_o merchandise_v exchange_n forasmuch_o as_o the_o just_a and_o lawful_a valuation_n of_o money_n can_v maintain_v this_o subtle_a merchandise_v exchange_n every_o piece_n of_o gold_n and_o great_a piece_n of_o silver_n set_v forth_o &_o currant_n in_o any_o commonwealth_n be_v always_o of_o more_o valuation_n after_o that_o it_o be_v
give_v light_n unto_o other_o but_o happy_o reserve_v to_o honour_v your_o lordship_n and_o these_o our_o day_n withal_o and_o since_o the_o case_n of_o customer_n stand_v so_o far_o prejudge_v that_o even_o their_o cry_n seem_v but_o echo_n in_o the_o out-torts_a the_o out-torts_a desert_n round_o about_o the_o plain_n near_o the_o forest_n of_o shift_n the_o sound_n whereof_o most_o man_n pass_v by_o but_o hear_v not_o many_o hear_v but_o understand_v not_o some_o few_o understand_v but_o regard_v not_o and_o no_o man_n pity_v and_o that_o their_o painful_a apology_n be_v leave_v to_o the_o ignorant_a to_o prostitute_v public_o and_o turn_v into_o sin_n whilst_o they_o sit_v still_o in_o silence_n like_o barnes_n so_o dinge_v that_o they_o dare_v not_o greit_v let_v experience_n tell_v jealousy_a how_o she_o torment_v traffic_n by_o clog_a her_o service_n her_o custom_n service_n service_n with_o swarm_n of_o such_o instrument_n as_o love_v her_o custom_n but_o as_o rat_n do_v love_n cheese_n and_o let_v nature_n tell_v suspicion_n how_o traffic_n appeal_v that_o whilst_o her_o house_n her_o custom_n house_n house_n as_o place_n infect_v or_o haunt_v with_o spirit_n be_v either_o abandon_v or_o by_o extremity_n make_v subject_a to_o shift_n the_o freewill_n offering_n the_o effect_n of_o loyalty_n the_o true-love-knot_n knit_v between_o subject_n &_o prince_n and_o token_n of_o custom_n of_o custom_n affection_n religious_o move_v in_o mind_n admire_v the_o glorious_a object_n of_o their_o own_o welfare_n &_o good_a from_o the_o heart_n of_o her_o merchant_n humble_o present_v to_o sovereign_a dignity_n and_o to_o none_o other_o due_a become_v now_o set_v to_o sale_n as_o if_o franckharted_n love_n &_o true-loving_a loyalty_n the_o homage_n of_o subject_n and_o honour_n of_o king_n be_v thing_n transferrent_fw-la from_o that_o prerogative_n which_o give_v they_o life_n and_o be_v or_o subject_a to_o exchange_n or_o vendible_a for_o money_n or_o fit_a for_o heterocliton_n for_o the_o farm_v out_o of_o custom_n offensive_a to_o nature_n and_o unto_o traffic_n mere_o heterocliton_n farmer_n dryve_v traffic_n thus_o from_o the_o lyme-kill_a to_o the_o coalpit_n every_o way_n decay_v her_o port_n deteriores_fw-la et_fw-la licentijs_fw-la sumus_fw-la omnes_fw-la deteriores_fw-la &_o disgrace_v her_o servant_n but_o as_o inveterate_a error_n hold_v still_o their_o advantage_n and_o be_v never_o overthrow_v till_o from_o sign_n unto_o cause_n by_o effect_n it_o appear_v how_o the_o world_n in_o matter_n of_o traffic_n have_v be_v abuse_v overruled_n and_o overseen_a so_o when_o truth_n the_o daughter_n of_o time_n by_o practice_n and_o proof_n shall_v be_v bring_v to_o light_n then_o shall_v ignorance_n and_o impudency_n stand_v both_o confound_v &_o jealousy_n herself_o see_v that_o in_o customer_n virtue_n be_v not_o vice_n for_o if_o it_o be_v true_a that_o truth_n have_v swear_v customer_n have_v write_v &_o experience_n confirm_v to_o wit_n that_o look_v what_o the_o soul_n be_v to_o the_o outward_a action_n of_o the_o body_n in_o order_v each_o member_n so_o as_o to_o nature_n seem_v fit_a for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o whole_a man_n the_o same_o be_v traffic_n in_o dispose_v mystery_n and_o trade_n to_o the_o behoof_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n the_o king_n the_o the_o king_n daystar_n be_v rise_v and_o the_o prince_n the_o the_o prince_n dawn_v appear_v which_o give_v life_n to_o our_o hope_n make_v we_o breath_n out_o thus_o much_o and_o say_v the_o time_n may_v come_v when_o this_o hearty_a zeal_n of_o we_o to_o our_o sovereign_n honour_n and_o his_o people_n happiness_n may_v be_v better_o regard_v and_o deserve_v not_o only_a thanks_o and_o good_a word_n but_o make_v all_o man_n confess_v themselves_o merchant_n at_o least_o to_o owe_v as_o much_o to_o these_o weak_a endeavour_n of_o customer_n even_o those_o of_o the_o despise_a out-port_n of_o this_o realm_n i_o say_v not_o as_o one_o port_n one_o town_n or_o one_o city_n of_o london_n but_o many_o port_n many_o town_n and_o many_o city_n like_o london_n and_o all_o their_o wealth_n beside_o be_v worth_a some_o few_o private_a particular_a and_o prevent_v person_n except_v the_o censure_n whereof_o i_o most_o humble_o submit_v to_o judgement_n and_o wisdom_n with_o this_o caution_n &_o final_a conclusion_n that_o truth_n lie_v deep_a and_o few_o there_o be_v that_o undertake_v the_o toil_n to_o delve_v till_o they_o find_v she_o and_o though_o public_a harm_n &_o private_a disgace_n to_o man_n of_o my_o call_v have_v single_v i_o forth_o and_o press_v i_o forward_o to_o work_v thus_o alone_o for_o the_o common-good_a the_o burden_n whereof_o make_v i_o cry_v aloud_o i_o must_v confess_v that_o in_o these_o apology_n and_o force_v defence_n accuse_v no_o man_n for_o that_o be_v the_o devil_n part_n from_o the_o beginning_n nor_o at_o war_n with_o any_o but_o sin_n and_o dishonesty_n nil_fw-la magis_fw-la in_o votis_n nec_fw-la habui_fw-la nec_fw-la habeo_fw-la quam_fw-la ut_fw-la inter_fw-la plures_fw-la aliquos_fw-la inveniam_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la istis_fw-la judicare_fw-la queant_fw-la judicare_fw-la autem_fw-la non_fw-la possunt_fw-la nisi_fw-la vicunque_fw-la literati_fw-la aut_fw-la rerum_fw-la usu_fw-la periti_fw-la ex_fw-la hijs_fw-la satis_fw-la mihj_fw-la pauci_fw-la lectores_fw-la sit_v erit_fw-la si_fw-la vel_fw-la unus_fw-la in_o appeal_n therefore_o to_o the_o grave_a and_o wise_a in_o high_a authority_n i_o have_v think_v it_o meet_a &_o safe_a for_o triple_a respect_n to_o present_v myself_o and_o my_o poor_a service_n to_o your_o honourable_a lordship_n by_o who_o special_a favour_n next_o god_n and_o my_o sovereign_n i_o be_o that_o i_o be_o and_o so_o desire_v to_o be_v know_v your_o ll_o by_o several_a duty_n devote_o bound_v tho_n milles._n the_o chapter_n contain_v the_o matter_n handle_v in_o this_o treatise_n ¶_o a_o preface_n or_o introduction_n to_o the_o matter_n handle_v in_o the_o treatise_n of_o exchange_n ¶_o 1_n the_o antiquity_n necessity_n &_o use_v of_o lawful_a exchange_n and_o a_o description_n thereof_o ¶_o 2_o how_o merchant_n have_v devise_v and_o introduce_v another_o kind_n of_o exchange_n call_v merchandise_v exchange_n ¶_o 3_o the_o compact_n and_o condition_n common_o agree_v upon_o in_o merchandise_v exchange_n ¶_o 4_o the_o term_n of_o art_n proper_a to_o merchandise_v exchange_n by_o diversity_n of_o time_n and_o distance_n of_o place_n ¶_o 5_o the_o diversity_n of_o price_n of_o money_n currant_n in_o merchandise_v exchange_n according_a to_o the_o distance_n of_o place_n &_o difference_n of_o time_n ¶_o 6_o the_o manner_n of_o raise_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n in_o merchandise_v exchange_n ¶_o 7_o the_o difference_n between_o the_o lawful_a exchange_n and_o merchandise_v exchange_n ¶_o 8_o the_o first_o stand_v bank_n and_o pillar_n of_o merchandise_v exchange_n and_o a_o description_n thereof_o ¶_o 9_o three_o practice_n and_o five_o abuse_n hurtful_a and_o pernicious_a to_o all_o commonwealth_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n ¶_o 10_o however_o and_o by_o who_o the_o practise_n of_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o all_o excessive_a price_n in_o commodity_n &_o thing_n vendible_a to_o the_o prevent_n &_o pervert_v of_o all_o lawful_a traffic_n &_o orderly_o deal_v within_o the_o realm_n &_o commonwealth_n of_o england_n ¶_o a_o abridgement_n of_o the_o special_a inconvenience_n to_o this_o realm_n of_o england_n handle_v in_o the_o foresay_a ten_o chapter_n ¶_o a_o general_a conclusion_n a_o treatise_n of_o exchange_n in_o merchandise_n and_o merchandise_v exchange_n ¶_o a_o preface_n or_o introduction_n to_o the_o matter_n handle_v in_o the_o treatise_n of_o exchange_n all_o thing_n whatsoever_o tend_v natural_o to_o some_o end_n which_o end_v be_v the_o perfection_n of_o that_o for_o which_o it_o work_v be_v only_o attain_v unto_o by_o apt_a &_o fit_a mean_n that_o which_o appoint_v &_o moderate_v fitness_n &_o form_n in_o work_v be_v term_v a_o law_n by_o which_o as_o by_o rule_n the_o world_n and_o all_o thing_n therein_o be_v distinguish_v and_o stint_v which_o limitation_n be_v both_o the_o perfection_n and_o preservation_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o measure_v therefore_o work_v by_o proportion_n be_v the_o way_n to_o perfection_n and_o since_o nothing_o do_v perish_v but_o through_o the_o too_o much_o or_o too_o little_a of_o that_o the_o due_a proportion_a measure_n whereof_o do_v give_v perfection_n measure_n be_v also_o the_o preservation_n of_o all_o thing_n for_o to_o proportion_n excess_n and_o defect_n be_v opposite_n justice_n then_o be_v the_o foreconceived_a end_n of_o all_o action_n be_v prescribe_v and_o perfect_v by_o law_n and_o preserve_v by_o measure_n which_o be_v the_o heavenly_a charge_n of_o earthly_a prince_n set_v forth_o &_o limit_n their_o sovereignty_n &_o prerogative_n sacred_a &_o royal_a otherwise_o in_o regard_n of_o their_o humane_a substance_n and_o quality_n transcendent_a for_o it_o be_v say_v they_o be_v god_n in_o
regard_n of_o justice_n but_o their_o person_n shall_v die_v like_o men._n justice_n be_v distributive_a or_o commutative_a commutative_a justice_n enclude_v traffic_n the_o end_n of_o traffic_n be_v equality_n in_o supply_v necessity_n ut_fw-la quod_fw-la uspiam_fw-la nascitur_fw-la boni_fw-la id_fw-la apud_fw-la omnes_fw-la affluat_fw-la either_o by_o barter_v ware_n for_o ware_n or_o by_o some_o midd_n or_o mean_v certain_a and_o indifferent_a to_o prevent_v advantage_n the_o end_n therefore_o in_o traffic_n be_v equity_n and_o the_o use_n exchange_n the_o measure_n be_v by_o public_a consent_n of_o all_o nation_n call_v money_n and_o as_o the_o standart_n of_o all_o kind_n of_o measure_n for_o general_a justice_n like_o urim_n and_o thummim_n be_v the_o prince_n charge_v only_o give_v thereby_o weight_n and_o content_a length_n and_o breadth_n to_o all_o proportion_n so_o the_o coin_v of_o money_n and_o the_o valuation_n thereof_o be_v a_o measure_n of_o principal_a excellency_n and_o peculiar_a to_o traffic_n be_v immediate_o uni_fw-la soli_fw-la et_fw-la semper_fw-la a_o essential_a part_n of_o sovereign_a authority_n out_o of_o which_o premise_n this_o must_v be_v conclude_v that_o either_o to_o coin_v money_n or_o be_v coin_a to_o alter_v the_o true_a valuation_n thereof_o in_o what_o kind_n soever_o be_v in_o subject_n whosoever_o when_o and_o wheresoever_o to_o presume_v upon_o the_o majesty_n of_o sovereign_a prince_n to_o profane_v the_o sacred_a seat_n of_o justice_n to_o contemn_v public_a authority_n and_o in_o traffic_n to_o prevent_v and_o pervert_v all_o order_n and_o equity_n a_o capital_a sin_n against_o god_n and_o nature_n ¶_o thus_o much_o only_o be_v add_v by_o way_n of_o preface_n by_o the_o customer_n of_o the_o out-port_n who_o for_o the_o effect_n sake_n be_v every_o way_n bind_v to_o advance_v the_o cause_n that_o which_o follow_v of_o the_o matter_n and_o use_n of_o traffic_n be_v proper_a to_o merchant_n hear_v therefore_o a_o loyal_a merchant_n experience_n write_v in_o his_o own_o style_n and_o phrase_n of_o exchange_n in_o merchandise_n and_o marchandise_v exchange_n in_o order_n as_o follow_v tractent_fw-la fabrilia_fw-la fabri_fw-la chap._n i._o ¶_o the_o antiquity_n necessity_n and_o use_v of_o lawful_a exchange_n and_o a_o description_n thereof_o it_o be_v apparent_a to_o such_o as_o be_v conversant_a in_o record_n of_o time_n and_o old_a writer_n that_o the_o exercise_n of_o exchange_n be_v a_o thing_n of_o great_a antiquity_n bear_v with_o traffic_n itself_o and_o as_o it_o seem_v beget_v the_o first_o name_n and_o title_n of_o those_o which_o be_v call_v in_o latin_a numularii_n argentarii_fw-la and_o colybistae_n that_o be_v to_o say_v public_a and_o common_a exchanger_n and_o commutor_n of_o bullion_n strange_a and_o foreign_a coin_n to_o all_o manner_n of_o stranger_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o those_o country_n and_o commonwealth_n where_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v proportion_v and_o authorise_v by_o the_o prince_n &_o governor_n of_o the_o same_o and_o because_o the_o office_n of_o exchange_v and_o courtesy_n of_o lend_v money_n in_o a_o commonwealth_n after_o a_o easy_a &_o tolerable_a reckon_n be_v very_o necessary_a and_o expedient_a the_o old_a civil_a law_n do_v grant_v and_o permit_v to_o this_o honest_a kind_n of_o exchange_n a_o certain_a rate_n in_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n for_o the_o interest_n of_o such_o money_n as_o be_v lend_v to_o such_o as_o have_v need_v and_o a_o certain_a exercise_n and_o use_v of_o the_o same_o be_v sometime_o allow_v and_o admit_v in_o england_n as_o when_o the_o table_n of_o exchange_n be_v set_v up_o &_o erect_v in_o diverse_a town_n thereof_o in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o and_o other_o king_n reign_v succeed_v he_o the_o exchanger_n &_o keeper_n of_o which_o table_n do_v change_v to_o all_o manner_n of_o foreign_a merchant_n and_o stranger_n which_o resort_v thither_o aswell_o bullion_n as_o all_o foreign_a coin_n and_o money_n which_o they_o bring_v thither_o for_o the_o currant_n money_n of_o the_o realm_n according_a to_o the_o prince_n just_a valuation_n thereof_o and_o this_o manner_n of_o exchange_n seem_v also_o to_o be_v the_o first_o occasion_n of_o the_o erect_n of_o those_o shop_n of_o exchange_n which_o at_o this_o day_n be_v call_v in_o spain_n and_o italy_n cambios_fw-la and_o bancos_fw-la which_o at_o the_o first_o institution_n of_o they_o be_v appoint_v for_o great_a safeguard_n and_o commodity_n of_o such_o as_o have_v money_n for_o that_o they_o may_v without_o danger_n lie_v into_o the_o say_a cambios_fw-la and_o banckes_n as_o it_o be_v in_o deposito_fw-la what_o sum_n of_o money_n they_o will_v for_o the_o which_o the_o cambiador_n and_o bankar_n will_v be_v answerable_a as_o for_o a_o thing_n deposit_v and_o commit_v to_o their_o custody_n and_o will_v also_o make_v payment_n thereof_o according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o say_a depositor_n which_o far_o do_v use_v to_o change_v silver_n for_o gold_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o foreign_a coin_n and_o money_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o those_o country_n and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o lawful_a valuation_n of_o the_o same_o and_o moreover_o by_o these_o cambiador_n or_o bankar_n sometime_o there_o be_v way_n and_o mean_v take_v to_o make_v exchange_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o for_o such_o as_o have_v occasion_n for_o to_o travel_v and_o pass_v country_n likewise_o according_a to_o the_o just_a and_o public_a valuation_n of_o such_o coin_n and_o money_n the_o reward_n and_o salary_n of_o cambiador_n for_o their_o labour_n and_o pain_n in_o keep_v money_n exchange_v white_a money_n for_o gold_n or_o foreign_a coin_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o spain_n within_o this_o thirty_o year_n be_v not_o above_o two_o and_o a_o half_a in_o the_o thousand_o for_o the_o space_n of_o on_o fair_a which_o common_o endure_v there_o six_o week_n and_o this_o interest_n and_o gain_n amount_v not_o above_o three_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o whole_a year_n this_o manner_n of_o exchange_n be_v not_o only_o to_o be_v suffer_v &_o permit_v in_o a_o commonwealth_n but_o as_o it_o appear_v very_o necessary_a expedient_a and_o commodious_a to_o the_o same_o not_o only_o for_o the_o exchange_v of_o bullion_n and_o coin_n within_o the_o self_n same_o realm_n and_o commonwealth_n but_o also_o for_o the_o pass_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o for_o such_o as_o have_v affair_n to_o travel_v country_n as_o the_o ambassador_n of_o prince_n do_v whereby_o be_v diverse_a peril_n avoid_v that_o they_o shall_v run_v in_o carry_v of_o ready_a money_n about_o they_o so_o that_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v not_o practise_v of_o such_o as_o traffic_v merchandise_n and_o will_v employ_v their_o money_n so_o exchange_v again_o in_o ware_n and_o commodity_n to_o be_v return_v into_o their_o own_o country_n for_o to_o all_o such_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v always_o prohibit_v in_o england_n as_o a_o thing_n discommodious_a and_o pernicious_a both_o to_o the_o prince_n and_o commonwealth_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o diverse_a act_n of_o parliament_n provide_v to_o that_o end_n describe_v exchange_n describe_v ¶_o exchange_v therefore_o be_v a_o certain_a lawful_a kind_n of_o commutation_n and_o change_v of_o money_n appoint_v by_o the_o public_a authority_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n either_o for_o the_o change_n of_o bullion_n strange_a and_o foreign_a coin_n bring_v thither_o according_a to_o such_o valuation_n as_o the_o say_a bullion_n and_o coin_n have_v or_o be_v esteem_v at_o by_o the_o common_a authority_n of_o the_o same_o commonwealth_n and_o country_n or_o else_o it_o be_v a_o certain_a mean_n for_o the_o commutation_n and_o exchange_v of_o money_n from_o one_o realm_n or_o country_n to_o another_o according_a to_o the_o just_a and_o lawful_a valuation_n of_o money_n price_v &_o set_v forth_o by_o the_o public_a authority_n of_o such_o country_n and_o realm_n chap._n ii_o how_o merchant_n have_v devise_v and_o introduce_v another_o kind_n of_o exchange_n but_o under_o the_o colour_n and_o pretence_n of_o this_o lawful_a exchange_n and_o commutation_n of_o money_n merchant_n of_o late_a year_n have_v devise_v and_o bring_v up_o another_o manner_n of_o exchange_n of_o coin_n to_o the_o which_o they_o do_v also_o common_o give_v this_o plain_a and_o simple_a name_n exchange_v when_o indeed_o it_o be_v not_o so_o but_o a_o mere_a faeneration_n and_o a_o make_v a_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n of_o money_n for_o that_o in_o the_o same_o and_o by_o the_o same_o they_o buy_v and_o sell_v raise_v and_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o money_n as_o well_o as_o they_o do_v raise_v and_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o any_o other_o ware_n &_o merchandize_n they_o traffic_v in_o wherefore_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v call_v simple_o exchange_n but_o
currant_n money_n in_o this_o foresay_a exchange_n by_o two_o penny_n four_o penny_n or_o six_o penny_n in_o a_o piece_n more_o or_o less_o according_a to_o the_o quantity_n and_o substance_n it_o be_v of_o than_o it_o be_v by_o the_o prince_n and_o public_a authority_n of_o the_o country_n where_o it_o be_v first_o coin_a which_o policy_n in_o raise_v of_o money_n be_v chief_o practise_v of_o the_o banker_n of_o antwerp_n to_o allure_v merchant_n of_o all_o other_o part_n to_o bring_v thither_o ready_a money_n and_o therefore_o make_v they_o the_o coin_n of_o all_o other_o country_n more_o worth_a with_o they_o then_o in_o any_o other_o country_n else_o although_o they_o be_v not_o so_o allow_v and_o except_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o their_o country_n yet_o be_v thus_o value_v by_o they_o they_o be_v make_v the_o common_a currant_n money_n to_o buy_v and_o sell_v all_o manner_n of_o ware_n &_o merchandize_v there_o traffic_v and_o the_o way_n to_o pass_v and_o practice_v their_o exchange_n with_o and_o because_o they_o will_v not_o have_v the_o prince_n lawful_a money_n to_o be_v the_o mean_a to_o buy_v &_o sell_v all_o thing_n with_o they_o compound_v in_o all_o their_o contract_n bargain_n and_o exchange_n to_o have_v the_o payment_n make_v in_o this_o their_n invent_v money_n which_o they_o call_v currant_n money_n in_o merchandise_n and_o furthermore_o by_o this_o licentious_a liberty_n that_o they_o usurp_v in_o prise_v and_o value_v all_o prince_n money_n they_o make_v many_o sort_n of_o money_n currant_n among_o they_o which_o common_a authority_n do_v not_o permit_v nor_o allow_v to_o be_v payable_a nor_o currant_n in_o the_o country_n whereby_o they_o have_v great_o increase_v and_o advance_v the_o trade_n and_o concourse_n of_o merchant_n in_o those_o part_n and_o country_n notwithstanding_o therewithal_o have_v proceed_v the_o great_a occasion_n of_o the_o excessive_a price_n which_o reign_v upon_o ware_n merchandize_n and_o commodity_n in_o all_o country_n at_o this_o day_n chap._n vii_o the_o difference_n between_o the_o lawful_a exchange_n and_o merchandise_v exchange_n in_o the_o exchange_n which_o before_o be_v call_v tolerable_a and_o lawful_a exchange_n the_o price_n and_o valuation_n set_v forth_o by_o public_a authority_n be_v chief_o to_o be_v consider_v and_o regard_v in_o the_o money_n exchange_v thereby_o to_o the_o end_n that_o a_o just_a &_o equal_a payment_n may_v be_v make_v again_o thereof_o to_o the_o party_n that_o deliver_v his_o money_n by_o the_o say_a exchange_n as_o for_o example_n if_o the_o ambassador_n of_o a_o prince_n have_v need_n of_o 100_o li._n english_a to_o be_v pay_v he_o at_o antwerp_n and_o will_v deliver_v his_o 100_o li._n in_o london_n to_o have_v the_o just_a value_n thereof_o pay_v he_o again_o in_o flemish_a money_n at_o his_o or_o the_o come_n of_o his_o letter_n to_o antwerp_n here_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v only_o what_o and_o how_o much_o the_o english_a pound_n be_v worth_a flemish_a by_o the_o prince_n valuation_n of_o those_o party_n the_o valuation_n whereof_o be_v at_o the_o least_o xxii_o shilling_n and_o vi_o penny_n flemish_n after_o which_o valuation_n the_o hundred_o pound_n english_a shall_v make_v flemish_n 112._o li._n 10_o sh_n likewise_o if_o he_o will_v have_v a_o 100_o crown_n of_o the_o sun_n pay_v he_o in_o paris_n in_o france_n for_o the_o value_n thereof_o deliver_v in_o london_n by_o the_o exchange_n forsomuch_o as_o it_o be_v know_v that_o the_o french_a crown_n be_v value_v in_o england_n at_o vi_o sh_z english_z &_o in_o france_n it_o be_v value_v by_o the_o prince_n at_o 50._o sous_fw-fr now_o vi_o sh_n in_o enlish_n after_o 2._o sous_fw-fr and_o a_o half_a for_o the_o english_a grot_n amount_v to_o 45._o sous_fw-fr in_o the_o crown_n so_o that_o a_o hundred_o crown_n amount_v to_o 4500._o sous_fw-fr in_fw-la french_a and_o after_o the_o french_a valuation_n of_o the_o crown_n they_o amount_v to_o 5000._o sous_fw-fr so_o that_o for_o a_o hundred_o crown_n at_o the_o value_n thereof_o deliver_v in_o england_n by_o this_o lawful_a exchange_n he_o ought_v to_o receive_v in_o france_n 111._o crown_n 5._o sous_fw-fr as_o he_o do_v at_o antwerp_n for_o his_o 100_o li._n a_o 112._o li._n 10._o st_o flemish_n and_o this_o exchange_n may_v be_v make_v without_o the_o merchant_n three_o diversity_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n very_o well_o true_o and_o just_o because_o neither_o party_n seek_v to_o buy_v and_o sell_v money_n thereby_o but_o to_o commute_v and_o exchange_v it_o according_a to_o the_o just_a value_n give_v to_o the_o same_o by_o the_o prince_n and_o common_a authority_n of_o both_o country_n so_o that_o neither_o the_o taker_n nor_o deliverer_n shall_v have_v any_o more_o or_o less_o then_o that_o be_v due_a to_o they_o although_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n do_v tarry_v or_o be_v content_v to_o tarry_v 15._o or_o 20._o day_n for_o the_o receit_n of_o his_o money_n the_o receivor_fw-la receive_v no_o damage_n nor_o hindrance_n thereby_o but_o rather_o commodity_n and_o profit_n nor_o yet_o the_o deliverer_n if_o he_o have_v his_o money_n to_o serve_v his_o purpose_n at_o the_o time_n appoint_v so_o that_o here_o be_v no_o necessity_n of_o interest_n to_o be_v pay_v to_o any_o party_n for_o the_o forbear_n of_o money_n and_o sure_o this_o be_v only_o the_o use_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o exchange_n at_o the_o first_o beginning_n thereof_o to_o the_o which_o if_o it_o be_v restore_v again_o the_o prince_n ambassador_n of_o england_n lie_v in_o france_n and_o in_o other_o place_n shall_v not_o lose_v 7._o or_o 8._o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o two_o or_o three_o month_n space_n in_o take_v up_o of_o money_n for_o paris_n to_o be_v pay_v again_o at_o antwerp_n and_o from_o thence_o at_o london_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n to_o do_v their_o prince_n and_o country_n service_n but_o shall_v rather_o be_v gainer_n by_o the_o lawful_a and_o honest_a exchange_n as_o reason_n and_o conscience_n declare_v they_o shall_v be_v and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o may_v the_o banker_n and_o cambiador_n be_v allow_v for_o his_o pain_n and_o labour_n for_o the_o receive_n and_o pay_v of_o the_o money_n somewhat_o after_o the_o old_a manner_n of_o spain_n and_o italy_n which_o be_v after_o the_o rate_n of_o three_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n and_o so_o shall_v he_o not_o be_v evil_o pay_v therefore_o nor_o yet_o the_o payer_n and_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n by_o exchange_n over_o burden_a and_o charge_v as_o they_o be_v now_o a_o day_n eat_v out_o of_o house_n and_o home_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n if_o only_o this_o lawful_a exchange_n be_v restore_v again_o for_o the_o pass_n of_o money_n from_o country_n to_o country_n contrariwise_o in_o this_o corrupt_a and_o crafty_a exchange_n and_o commutation_n of_o money_n the_o say_v public_a valuation_n of_o money_n be_v altogether_o neglect_v seclude_v and_o put_v out_o of_o mind_n and_o only_o the_o price_n and_o valuation_n that_o money_n have_v give_v to_o it_o by_o mere_a chance_n in_o the_o same_o exchange_n consider_v and_o pass_v upon_o and_o so_o neither_o can_v equality_n nor_o indifferency_n be_v observe_v in_o the_o payment_n again_o of_o the_o money_n take_v and_o deliver_v by_o the_o same_o exchange_n but_o that_o one_o of_o the_o party_n must_v be_v burden_a thereby_o nip_v and_o oppress_v for_o that_o it_o be_v buy_v &_o sell_v at_o low_a and_o high_a price_n than_o it_o ought_v to_o have_v by_o public_a authority_n according_a to_o the_o pleasure_n of_o merchant_n seek_v lucre_n and_o gain_n thereby_o as_o for_o example_n if_o one_o in_o london_n will_v have_v a_o hundred_o crown_n pay_v he_o in_o paris_n by_o that_o exchange_n first_o at_o his_o deliver_v in_o london_n of_o his_o 100_o crown_n he_o must_v compound_v &_o agree_v with_o he_o he_o make_v his_o exchange_n withal_o how_o much_o english_a money_n he_o shall_v deliver_v in_o london_n for_o every_o french-crown_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o paris_n again_o for_o the_o prince_n valuation_n will_v not_o serve_v but_o he_o must_v agree_v upon_o a_o new_a price_n of_o english_a money_n for_o the_o say_a crown_n so_o where_o it_o be_v worth_a in_o england_n by_o the_o prince_n valuation_n but_o uj_o shilling_n the_o exchanger_n will_v have_v six_o shilling_n four_o penny_n or_o six_o penny_n or_o peradventure_o a_o noble_a according_a as_o the_o occasion_n of_o time_n serve_v for_o every_o crown_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o paris_n and_o sometime_o more_o so_o that_o where_o by_o equity_n and_o conscience_n which_o be_v know_v by_o the_o prince_n and_o public_a valuation_n of_o the_o crown_n the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n in_o england_n shall_v receive_v for_o his_o hundred_o crown_n deliver_v in_o england_n a_o hundred_o and_o eleven_o crown_n and_o five_o sous_fw-fr
at_o paris_n he_o now_o by_o this_o merchant_n exchange_n shall_v receive_v at_o the_o most_o not_o above_o 105._o crown_n or_o 102_o crown_n and_o sometime_o less_o than_o the_o hundred_o crown_n so_o that_o by_o this_o one_o example_n appear_v sufficient_o what_o a_o difference_n it_o be_v to_o pass_v money_n by_o the_o lawful_a exchange_n which_o be_v rule_v and_o order_v by_o the_o stable_n &_o constant_a price_n give_v to_o money_n by_o public_a authority_n and_o by_o this_o other_o fallible_a exchange_n depend_v only_o upon_o the_o alterable_a price_n of_o money_n give_v after_o the_o instable_n affection_n of_o covetous_a merchant_n chap._n viii_o the_o first_o stand_v bank_n and_o pillar_n of_o merchandise_v exchange_n and_o a_o description_n thereof_o the_o first_o &_o principal_a pillar_n of_o all_o may_v rome_n most_o worthy_o be_v take_v and_o repute_v where_o such_o great_a rapine_n rome_n usury_n first_o hatch_v in_o rome_n avarice_n and_o other_o filthiness_n if_o so_o in_o common_a use_n that_o it_o be_v figure_v in_o the_o scripture_n by_o the_o beast_n and_o harlot_n with_o who_o all_o the_o prince_n merchant_n &_o rich_a man_n of_o the_o earth_n have_v commit_v abomination_n and_o of_o who_o they_o have_v learn_v the_o love_n of_o money_n that_o be_v idolatry_n who_o antichristian_a prince_n and_o governor_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o anates_fw-la and_o other_o great_a tribute_n exact_v special_o of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a person_n of_o all_o other_o realm_n invent_v this_o commutation_n and_o exchange_n as_o the_o most_o expedient_a and_o commodious_a mean_n for_o the_o convey_v of_o their_o revenue_n unto_o they_o so_o that_o the_o holy_a father_n begin_v first_o in_o the_o babilonicall_a rome_n the_o erection_n of_o a_o stand_a bank_n for_o the_o traffic_n and_o merchandise_v exchange_n by_o which_o mean_v it_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v in_o exercise_n for_o the_o transport_v of_o money_n as_o a_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n by_o the_o ministry_n of_o merchant_n from_o all_o place_n of_o christendom_n to_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n rome_n rome_n unto_o the_o which_o in_o continuance_n the_o say_a merchant_n be_v so_o delight_v with_o that_o trade_n have_v devise_v to_o adjoine_v three_o other_o city_n for_o stand_v bank_n and_o pillar_n of_o the_o same_o exchange_n as_o venice_n lion_n and_o antwerp_n which_o four_o place_n be_v therefore_o call_v standing-banck_n antwerp_n venice_n lion_n antwerp_n because_o the_o exchanger_n and_o banker_n thereof_o do_v exercise_v the_o same_o exchange_n public_o and_o have_v their_o open_a shop_n for_o the_o same_o purpose_n at_o this_o day_n in_o all_o the_o say_a town_n and_o moreover_o they_o have_v as_o it_o be_v some_o kind_n of_o warrant_n liberties_n and_o previledge_n from_o the_o superior_a power_n of_o the_o same_o town_n for_o the_o more_o sure_a and_o safe_a traffic_n therein_o by_o which_o previledge_n at_o the_o least_o in_o these_o other_o three_o city_n under_o the_o pretence_n and_o colour_n to_o be_v lawful_a exchanger_n and_o honest_a merchant_n all_o honest_a trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v corrupt_v throughout_o all_o the_o town_n &_o region_n of_o europe_n but_o special_o in_o england_n all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n &_o other_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v grow_v thereby_o to_o excessive_a price_n from_o whence_o also_o spring_n daily_o more_o and_o more_o abuse_n and_o absurdity_n in_o the_o trade_n and_o manner_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o occupier_n throughout_o all_o christendom_n exchange_n the_o description_n of_o merchandise_v exchange_n therefore_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v a_o unlawful_a commutation_n of_o money_n make_v between_o party_n upon_o certain_a subtle_a compact_n &_o condition_n for_o the_o pass_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o according_a to_o the_o private_a valuation_n give_v by_o merchant_n and_o banckars_n to_o the_o coin_n and_o money_n of_o all_o prince_n and_o common_a wealth_n devise_v and_o invent_v of_o they_o only_o for_o their_o private_a benefit_n and_o gain_v to_o the_o confusion_n of_o all_o good_a order_n in_o merchandise_v and_o the_o corruption_n of_o all_o honest_a occupy_v and_o traffic_n in_o any_o common_a wealth_n chap._n ix_o three_o practice_n and_o five_o abuse_n hurtful_a and_o pernicious_a to_o all_o commonwealth_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n first_o merchant_n do_v make_v thereby_o all_o prince_n coin_n and_o money_n to_o be_v as_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n buy_v and_o sell_v the_o same_o for_o more_o and_o less_o price_n as_o well_o as_o any_o other_o kind_n of_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n they_o traffic_v in_o contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o money_n and_o also_o the_o law_n and_o ordinance_n of_o all_o prince_n and_o commonwealth_n by_o who_o authority_n only_o coin_n of_o money_n ought_v to_o have_v their_o price_n and_o valuation_n and_o that_o unalterable_a for_o the_o preserve_n of_o a_o equity_n in_o all_o thing_n vendible_a in_o the_o country_n and_o commonwealth_n second_o merchant_n do_v use_v by_o that_o mean_n to_o serve_v their_o turn_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o therewith_o to_o buy_v ware_n and_o merchandise_n by_o which_o policy_n they_o hinder_v prince_n and_o commonwealth_n of_o such_o toll_n and_o custom_n as_o they_o shall_v pay_v to_o they_o upon_o their_o ware_n and_o commodity_n that_o they_o will_v bring_v and_o convey_v into_o their_o dominion_n and_o country_n to_o do_v their_o feat_n with_o if_o this_o merchandise_v of_o money_n be_v not_o whereby_o also_o many_o merchant_n do_v colour_n the_o convey_v of_o ready_a money_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n and_o special_o it_o be_v a_o great_a let_v impediment_n &_o hindrance_n to_o the_o bring_n in_o of_o bullion_n into_o this_o realm_n which_o all_o foreign_a merchant_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v when_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v vent_v &_o utter_v at_o calais_n or_o at_o the_o staple_n town_n within_o england_n before_o the_o two_o society_n of_o english_a merchant_n begin_v to_o usurp_v such_o liberty_n for_o the_o traffic_n as_o they_o pretend_v at_o this_o day_n to_o enjoy_v by_o lawful_a authority_n three_o merchant_n at_o this_o day_n do_v practice_v to_o buy_v and_o sell_v only_o according_a to_o the_o price_n and_o valuation_n that_o money_n have_v by_o the_o disorder_n of_o this_o merchandising-exchange_n and_o do_v omit_v and_o pass_v over_o the_o just_a and_o lawful_a valuation_n of_o money_n give_v and_o set_v forth_o in_o every_o country_n by_o the_o prince_n and_o common_a authority_n thereof_o money_n be_v the_o only_a mean_a to_o preserve_v a_o mediocrity_n and_o a_o equality_n in_o the_o price_n of_o all_o thing_n vendible_a in_o any_o country_n or_o commonwealth_n and_o so_o have_v they_o be_v the_o occasion_n why_o the_o price_n and_o estimation_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o commodity_n be_v so_o excessive_o enhance_v &_o rise_v in_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n at_o this_o day_n ¶_o 1._o first_o by_o the_o occasion_n of_o this_o exchange_n usury_n usury_n many_o person_n in_o diverse_a place_n before_o entangle_v and_o wrap_v in_o &_o with_o heavy_a burden_n bite_v and_o inextricable_a usury_n 2._o second_o it_o cause_v the_o traffic_n with_o the_o use_n &_o custom_n of_o borrow_v and_o lend_v of_o money_n in_o a_o commonwealth_n to_o be_v hard_a dear_a and_o scant_o which_o be_v a_o very_a necessary_a and_o expedient_a thing_n to_o be_v liberal_o frank_o and_o free_o use_v 3._o three_o it_o give_v occasion_n to_o all_o manner_n of_o occupier_n although_o they_o follow_v no_o just_a and_o lawful_a trade_n of_o merchandise_n to_o set_v their_o price_n of_o their_o ware_n after_o such_o sort_n and_o rate_n that_o their_o gain_n thereby_o may_v pass_v and_o exceed_v not_o only_o six_o and_o eight_o in_o the_o hundred_o but_o also_o twelve_o for_o a_o small_a time_n 4._o four_o under_o the_o colour_n thereof_o not_o only_o the_o bankar_n of_o antwerp_n and_o lion_n with_o such_o like_a usurer_n open_o and_o by_o profession_n practise_v usury_n do_v exceed_v the_o limit_n of_o all_o honest_a and_o lawful_a interest_n in_o let_v or_o lend_v out_o their_o money_n but_o also_o all_o other_o covetous_a person_n have_v money_n by_o they_o by_o the_o example_n of_o these_o exchaunger_n either_o public_o or_o privy_o either_o open_o or_o secret_o seek_v the_o mean_n and_o way_n to_o put_v out_o their_o money_n for_o the_o like_a gain_n pretend_v and_o allege_v for_o their_o excuse_n that_o they_o put_v and_o let_v out_o their_o money_n in_o company_n with_o these_o exchange_v merchant_n and_o open_a usurer_n upon_o common_a gain_n 5._o five_o many_o merchant_n especial_o such_o as_o have_v grow_v to_o great_a wealth_n and_o riches_n be_v and_o have_v be_v by_o this_o mean_v allure_v and_o entice_v to_o give_v over_o and_o neglect_v all_o manner_n of_o honest_a
reign_v in_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o england_n by_o the_o reason_n whereof_o all_o thing_n be_v grow_v to_o excessive_a price_n also_o since_o these_o two_o aforesaid_a company_n of_o english_a merchant_n usurp_v these_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n to_o themselves_o that_o the_o one_o of_o they_o shall_v transport_v only_a staple_n ware_n to_o the_o staple_n of_o calais_n and_o the_o other_o broad-cloth_n england_n note_v staple-towne_n be_v call_v mart-towne_n begin_v the_o decay_n of_o trade_n &_o town_n in_o england_n with_o such_o other_o commodity_n unto_o the_o marting-towne_n of_o brabant_n the_o most_o part_n of_o all_o the_o good_a town_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n have_v decay_v and_o come_v to_o ruin_n which_o partly_o have_v come_v to_o pass_v by_o the_o reason_n that_o many_o kind_n of_o artificer_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o inhabit_v the_o say_v town_n maintain_v and_o make_v the_o prosperous_a by_o such_o artificial_o as_o they_o make_v there_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o these_o two_o fraternity_n of_o marting-merchant_n be_v utter_o destroy_v &_o consume_v for_o that_o they_o be_v notable_a at_o length_n to_o live_v by_o their_o art_n and_o labour_n these_o foresaid_a merchant_n devise_v and_o cause_v the_o like_a artificial_o as_o the_o say_a artificer_n make_v in_o england_n to_o be_v make_v in_o foreign_a country_n and_o be_v by_o they_o bring_v and_o transport_v into_o england_n and_o sell_v better_a cheap_a somewhat_o &_o low_o price_v then_o those_o of_o english_a make_v may_v be_v aford_v through_o which_o occasion_n the_o english_a artificer_n in_o continuance_n be_v wear_v out_o because_o none_o be_v bring_v up_o under_o other_o to_o follow_v their_o say_a art_n &_o workmanship_n that_o they_o exercise_v forsomuch_o as_o they_o perceive_v that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o live_v by_o such_o kind_n of_o labour_n in_o time_n to_o come_v because_o the_o foreign_a workmanship_n be_v more_o regard_v and_o soon_o buy_v than_o they_o partly_o also_o they_o have_v be_v the_o destruction_n decay_n and_o ruin_n of_o the_o say_a town_n by_o take_v away_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o staple_n from_o the_o say_a town_n for_o the_o utterance_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o all_o the_o time_n traffic_n staple_n town_n always_o within_o england_n make_v the_o realm_n full_a of_o traffic_n from_o edward_n the_o three_o to_o the_o end_n of_o edward_n the_o four_o be_v keep_v in_o good_a town_n of_o england_n or_o at_o least_o ship_v from_o they_o when_o the_o staple_n be_v keep_v at_o calais_n by_o the_o occasion_n whereof_o there_o be_v so_o great_a resort_n of_o people_n unto_o the_o say_a town_n that_o thereby_o they_o be_v enrich_v and_o daily_o prosper_v and_o flourish_v wheresince_o for_o lack_v of_o like_a resort_n and_o traffic_n and_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o foresay_a artificer_n they_o be_v altogethers_o ruinous_a and_o decay_a and_o never_o like_v to_o be_v restore_v so_o long_o as_o these_o merchant_n enjoy_v their_o usurp_a liberty_n moreover_o since_o these_o two_o society_n of_o english_a merchant_n usurp_v unto_o they_o the_o private_a exportation_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n bullion_n the_o hindrance_n of_o bring_v in_o of_o bullion_n the_o liberal_a usual_a and_o daily_o bring_v in_o of_o bullion_n into_o the_o realm_n by_o foreign_a merchant_n out_o of_o all_o foreign_a realm_n to_o buy_v the_o commodity_n of_o england_n have_v decay_v and_o cease_v and_o severe_a and_o great_a punishment_n and_o penalty_n be_v provide_v by_o the_o prince_n of_o such_o foreign_a realm_n against_o all_o they_o which_o shall_v attempt_v the_o convey_v of_o any_o such_o thing_n out_o of_o their_o realm_n into_o england_n where_o in_o time_n pass_v they_o most_o glad_o suffer_v and_o concent_v unto_o it_o for_o that_o it_o be_v open_o know_v to_o all_o prince_n and_o ruler_n of_o commonwealth_n in_o christendom_n that_o what_o kind_n of_o merchant_n soever_o england_n staples_n ever_o keep_v within_o england_n resort_v into_o england_n to_o the_o staple-towne_n for_o the_o and_o carry_v away_o of_o the_o commodity_n &_o merchandise_n thereof_o be_v bind_v by_o the_o act_n and_o order_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o pay_v for_o they_o at_o the_o say_a staple_n in_o ready_a gold_n and_o silver_n afore_o their_o departure_n from_o thence_o as_o may_v appear_v by_o diverse_a act_n make_v in_o diverse_a king_n day_n from_o edward_n the_o three_o unto_o the_o end_n of_o edward_n the_o four_o and_o therefore_o at_o that_o time_n be_v all_o prince_n well_o content_v to_o suffer_v their_o merchant_n to_o carry_v their_o coin_n and_o bullion_n into_o england_n which_o manner_n of_o traffic_n continue_v between_o england_n and_o all_o other_o realm_n till_o that_o these_o merchant_n become_v to_o be_v a_o private_a society_n and_o so_o within_o a_o while_n after_o compound_v &_o agree_v with_o the_o merchant_n of_o holland_n zealand_n brabant_n flanders_n and_o other_o country_n thereabouts_o which_o be_v the_o buyer_n of_o the_o staple-ware_n to_o receive_v their_o money_n for_o such_o staple-ware_n as_o the_o say_v stapler_n sell_v they_o at_o calais_n in_o flemish_a money_n at_o the_o mart_a town_n of_o their_o own_o country_n rate_v set_v and_o value_v the_o english_a pound_n at_o a_o certain_a stint_a price_n of_o flemish_a money_n for_o ever_o thereafter_o to_o be_v pay_v unto_o they_o after_o the_o say_a price_n which_o be_v a_o drift_n drive_v of_o the_o say_v stapler_n of_o england_n to_o bring_v to_o pass_v this_o exchange_v traffic_n to_o the_o intent_n they_o may_v make_v the_o return_n of_o their_o money_n from_o thence_o into_o england_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n whereby_o they_o make_v a_o reckon_n much_o more_o to_o their_o private_a gain_n and_o lucre_n then_o to_o be_v pay_v in_o ready_a money_n at_o the_o staple_n of_o calais_n or_o any_o place_n of_o england_n according_a to_o the_o old_a custom_n although_o that_o manner_n of_o payment_n be_v much_o more_o beneficial_a and_o commodious_a for_o the_o common_a wealth_n of_o the_o whole_a realm_n which_o they_o pass_v not_o upon_o neither_o yet_o do_v so_o they_o may_v gain_v and_o get_v money_n and_o thus_o the_o fair_a lady_n merchandise_v exchange_n entice_v and_o allure_v the_o merchant_n adventurer_n of_o england_n england_n staple_n call_v mart_n town_n a_o deceptio_fw-la visus_fw-la to_o turn_v all_o traffic_n beyond_o sea_n to_o the_o ruin_n of_o england_n to_o procure_v themselves_o in_o fraternity_n and_o to_o seek_v mean_n to_o plant_v their_o mart_a town_n in_o a_o foreign_a realm_n and_o country_n for_o the_o utterance_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n because_o they_o may_v make_v their_o return_n and_o employment_n from_o thence_o into_o englang_n by_o the_o reckon_n of_o money_n currant_n in_o the_o say_v merchandise_v exchange_n and_o by_o this_o mean_n cease_v and_o end_v the_o frank_a and_o free_a bring_v in_o of_o money_n &_o bullion_n into_o england_n by_o foreign_a and_o strange_a merchant_n after_o the_o english_a merchant_n have_v nussele_v themselves_o in_o the_o mart_a town_n beyond_o the_o sea_n so_o that_o now_o a_o day_n no_o money_n or_o bullion_n be_v bring_v into_o england_n by_o merchant_n but_o secret_o and_o as_o it_o be_v by_o stealth_n and_o for_o the_o respect_n of_o private_a gain_n and_o profit_n which_o they_o find_v thereby_o after_o the_o reckon_n they_o make_v thereof_o by_o currantnes_n of_o money_n in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n item_n when_o it_o please_v that_o famous_a prince_n eight_o henry_n the_o eight_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o upon_o good_a consideration_n and_o purpose_n and_o for_o the_o great_a benefit_n of_o his_o people_n and_o common_a wealth_n to_o augment_v and_o increase_v the_o valuation_n and_o price_n of_o his_o coin_n and_o money_n throughout_o all_o his_o realm_n within_o a_o little_a process_n and_o countinuance_n of_o time_n after_o it_o chance_v by_o the_o malice_n and_o wickedness_n of_o man_n such_o a_o quantity_n of_o corrupt_a and_o drossy_a coin_n of_o money_n to_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n out_o of_o foreign_a country_n by_o the_o ministry_n of_o merchant_n as_o it_o have_v be_v suppose_v think_v and_o gather_v by_o certain_a cercumstance_n which_o money_n be_v currant_n as_o well_o as_o the_o true_a and_o lawful_a money_n among_o all_o manner_n of_o person_n within_o the_o realm_n by_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o likeness_n of_o the_o fashion_n and_o form_n that_o it_o have_v with_o the_o true_a and_o lawful_a money_n cause_v many_o inconvenience_n to_o rise_v thereby_o at_o length_n to_o the_o whole_a common_a wealth_n for_o such_o a_o marvellous_a desire_n and_o hastynes_n enter_v into_o all_o kind_n of_o occupier_n by_o the_o loathsomeness_n and_o hatred_n they_o conceive_v of_o the_o say_a dross_n coin_n to_o bestow_v it_o
upon_o one_o thing_n or_o other_o that_o thereupon_o begin_v to_o grow_v some_o disorder_n of_o price_n in_o all_o ware_n and_o commodity_n sell_v in_o this_o kingdom_n which_o be_v first_o perceive_v by_o the_o grave_n and_o fatherly_a governor_n of_o the_o realm_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o bless_a king_n edward_n the_o sixth_o they_o consult_v together_o for_o the_o devise_v of_o some_o way_n to_o be_v take_v to_o avoid_v the_o say_a disorder_n so_o begin_v and_o spring_v and_o the_o best_a mean_n for_o that_o purpose_n be_v think_v by_o their_o wisdom_n to_o be_v the_o diminish_v of_o all_o the_o white_a currant_n coin_n and_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n intend_v by_o that_o mean_n at_o the_o length_n to_o have_v utter_o banish_v from_o thence_o all_o such_o counterfeit_a coin_n take_v leisure_n withal_o study_v &_o care_n to_o do_v it_o with_o as_o much_o ease_n and_o as_o little_a loss_n to_o every_o state_n &_o condition_n as_o can_v be_v devise_v but_o before_o this_o their_o 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bring_v to_o pass_v and_o as_o the_o rest_n of_o all_o state_n of_o the_o ☞_o realm_n will_v have_v yield_v unto_o if_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n have_v be_v destitute_a of_o their_o exchange_n but_o greedy_a lucre_n and_o private_a gain_n can_v not_o suffer_v their_o covetous_a heart_n to_o bear_v any_o little_a loss_n at_o that_o present_a though_o it_o shall_v in_o the_o end_n have_v turn_v to_o the_o common_a benefit_n of_o all_o the_o realm_n and_o so_o forsooth_o without_o further_a help_n they_o use_v the_o policy_n of_o merchandise_v exchange_n their_o practice_n wherein_o be_v as_o it_o be_v to_o disualue_n and_o decry_v the_o price_n of_o the_o english_a pound_n in_o currant_n money_n by_o the_o same_o exchange_n for_o the_o pass_n of_o money_n thereby_o between_o england_n and_o their_o marting-towne_n which_o pound_n have_v be_v currant_n among_o they_o two_o and_o fro_o in_o the_o say_a exchange_n until_o that_o time_n between_o 26_o sh_n and_o 30_o sh_n flemish_a but_o then_o sudden_o they_o decry_v and_o disualued_a it_o to_o 16._o and_o 17_o sh_n flemish_n and_o at_o length_n to_o 13_o sh_n flemish_a before_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o coin_n be_v proclaim_v by_o the_o which_o occasion_n the_o price_n of_o all_o foreign_a ware_n and_o merchandize_n rise_v excessive_o in_o england_n as_o of_o necessity_n they_o must_v for_o the_o less_o flemish_a money_n be_v allow_v for_o the_o english_a pound_n at_o the_o marting-towne_n at_o the_o other_o side_n the_o sea_n in_o their_o fouresayd_a exchange_n the_o dear_a and_o the_o high_a price_n must_v all_o that_o country_n ware_n bear_v buy_v there_o to_o be_v transport_v into_o england_n which_o for_o the_o respect_n of_o the_o base_a price_n of_o th'english_fw-fr money_n must_v needs_o be_v sell_v after_o the_o like_a rate_n in_o england_n for_o whereas_o before_o until_o that_o time_n the_o english_a pound_n have_v be_v worth_a at_o the_o say_a marting-towne_n at_o least_o 26._o ss_z flemish_a then_o by_o this_o abase_v of_o the_o exchange_n 26._o ss_z flemish_n be_v bring_v to_o be_v worth_a at_o the_o end_n 40._o ss_z english_a because_o the_o say_a english_a pound_n be_v no_o more_o in_o value_n but_o 13._o ss_z flemish_a in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o thing_n that_o cost_v but_o 13_o sh_n flemish_a be_v sell_v between_o 20_o and_o 26._o ss_z english_a in_o england_n which_o manner_n of_o sales_n must_v needs_o cause_v all_o manner_n of_o flemish_a ware_n to_o bear_v excessive_a and_o inordinate_a price_n there_o which_o immoderate_a price_n of_o strange_a and_o foreign_a ware_n be_v sufficient_a cause_n to_o be_v allege_v why_o all_o the_o commodity_n of_o england_n do_v first_o arise_v to_o such_o price_n as_o they_o do_v still_o bear_v even_o at_o this_o day_n because_o so_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o the_o say_v flanders_n ware_n be_v bring_v thither_o and_o be_v in_o so_o great_a use_n so_o much_o buy_v and_o spend_v of_o all_o 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adventurer_n by_o the_o sale_n of_o their_o commodity_n although_o their_o gain_n be_v not_o so_o certain_a because_o they_o have_v no_o such_o composition_n with_o the_o merchant_n of_o those_o part_n as_o the_o stapler_n have_v yet_o sell_v they_o after_o such_o rate_n that_o they_o make_v of_o every_o english_a pound_n between_o 26._o and_o 28_o shilling_n flemish_n all_o the_o while_n the_o exchange_n come_v from_o thence_o year_n admirable_a usury_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o 400._o pound_n or_o 500_o pound_n make_v of_o 100_o pound_n in_o one_o year_n between_o 16._o and_o 18_o sh_n for_o the_o english_a pound_n and_o so_o amount_v their_o gain_n to_o above_o 50._o and_o 60._o in_o the_o 100_o for_o a_o month_n space_n or_o at_o the_o most_o for_o the_o space_n of_o one_o mart_n make_v and_o return_v home_o their_o money_n by_o their_o exchange_n during_o the_o time_n of_o which_o exchange_n there_o be_v such_o a_o speedy_a and_o quick_a traffic_n between_o england_n and_o the_o marting-towne_n and_o all_o for_o the_o love_n of_o this_o lucre_n &_o great_a gain_n that_o no_o commodity_n in_o england_n transportable_a for_o those_o part_n can_v lie_v by_o they_o unbought_a and_o this_o mean_n and_o practice_n of_o the_o two_o company_n of_o merchant_n in_o follow_v the_o traffic_n &_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v the_o principal_a cause_n why_o both_o foreign_a ware_n and_o english_a grow_v to_o such_o excessive_a price_n in_o england_n for_o when_o all_o other_o sort_n and_o condition_n of_o person_n of_o the_o realm_n perceive_v that_o the_o better_n and_o amend_v of_o the_o ☞_o coin_n of_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v nothing_o esteem_v among_o the_o merchant_n but_o rather_o less_o regard_v as_o though_o it_o have_v be_v less_o in_o value_n than_o it_o be_v before_o forsomuch_o as_o they_o daily_o increase_v the_o price_n of_o the_o ware_n they_o bring_v from_o the_o marting-towne_n to_o be_v sell_v in_o england_n all_o other_o state_n likewise_o begin_v to_o pass_v and_o set_v nothing_o by_o it_o and_o so_o rather_o covit_v to_o bestow_v it_o rash_o and_o unaduised_o in_o one_o thing_n or_o other_o what_o price_n so_o ever_o thing_n do_v bear_v then_o discreet_o and_o wary_o to_o foresee_v and_o look_v aforehand_o how_o they_o may_v bestow_v it_o for_o the_o bring_n down_o of_o the_o immoderate_a price_n that_o everything_n be_v grow_v unto_o because_o they_o be_v persuade_v that_o the_o say_v english_a coin_n be_v no_o more_o worth_n than_o the_o exchange_v merchant_n value_v it_o at_o in_o so_o much_o that_o the_o clothier_n which_o come_v to_o blackwellhall_n set_v their_o pices_fw-la on_o their_o clothes_n according_a ☞_o as_o they_o learn_v of_o the_o merchant_n the_o price_n of_o money_n come_v from_o the_o marting-towne_n in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n into_o england_n and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o valuation_n thereof_o
give_v &_o proclaim_v by_o their_o prince_n commonwealth_n merchant_n govern_v the_o commonwealth_n so_o that_o merchant_n bring_v all_o man_n to_o follow_v their_o bow_n as_o concern_v the_o estimation_n of_o english_a money_n where_o they_o in_o the_o mean_a season_n pass_v not_o what_o they_o give_v in_o england_n for_o the_o commodity_n thereof_o though_o they_o sell_v they_o to_o no_o profit_n at_o the_o mart_n because_o the_o return_v of_o the_o money_n from_o the_o marting-towne_n by_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v so_o profitable_a and_o gainful_a unto_o they_o during_o this_o base_a and_o low_a price_n of_o exchange_n likewise_o whereas_o the_o queen_n majesty_n elizabeth_n elizabeth_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o her_o prudent_a and_o grave_a counsellor_n move_v with_o great_a love_n zeal_n and_o pity_n towards_o all_o state_n of_o person_n but_o special_o towards_o the_o poor_a sort_n oppress_v and_o burden_a with_o the_o excessive_a price_n of_o all_o thing_n vendible_a within_o her_o grace_n realm_n which_o spring_v and_o rise_v as_o the_o common_a fame_n go_v by_o the_o occasion_n of_o the_o drossy_a and_o monstrous_a base-money_n currant_n and_o set_v forth_o or_o at_o the_o least_o way_n permit_v to_o be_v currant_n and_o set_v forth_o by_o her_o grace_n predecessor_n throughout_o the_o realm_n like_o a_o most_o godly_a and_o love_a princess_n have_v take_v away_o and_o abolish_v all_o the_o say_a course_n and_o drossy_a money_n &_o coin_n and_o for_o it_o restore_v as_o fine_a silver_n coin_n as_o ever_o be_v currant_n in_o the_o realm_n before_o or_o rather_o fine_a hope_v meaning_n and_o intend_v thereby_o to_o have_v take_v away_o therewith_o the_o corrupnesse_n and_o drossine_n of_o price_n which_o likewise_o all_o thing_n sell_v in_o her_o majesty_n realm_n at_o the_o time_n be_v corrupt_v with_o as_o without_o doubt_n if_o no_o subtle_a policy_n have_v come_v between_o to_o have_v let_v and_o stop_v her_o grace_n wholesome_a purpose_n therein_o it_o will_v have_v effect_v for_o some_o likelihood_n thereof_o begin_v a_o little_a while_n to_o appear_v by_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o price_n of_o victual_n at_o the_o market_n when_o it_o be_v first_o noise_v and_o bruit_v abroad_o that_o by_o a_o certain_a day_n appoint_v and_o limit_v no_o money_n but_o such_o as_o be_v of_o fine_a silver_n or_o gold_n set_v forth_o by_o her_o majesty_n or_o by_o her_o grace_n predecessor_n shall_v be_v paiable_a or_o currant_n thereafter_o within_o the_o realm_n and_o that_o all_o the_o drossy_a coin_n shall_v be_v bring_v to_o her_o mint_n of_o london_n where_o every_o man_n shall_v receive_v for_o the_o same_o pure_a and_o fine_a silver_n money_n of_o her_o grace_n coin_n whereat_o all_o person_n much_o rejoice_v although_o for_o the_o present_a every_o state_n of_o the_o realm_n know_v they_o shall_v receive_v a_o loss_n thereby_o yet_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o benefit_n that_o be_v to_o a_o good_a will_n but_o here_o blind_a covetousness_n with_o greedy_a gain_n and_o lucre_n reign_v in_o the_o marting-merchant_n stir_v up_o their_o wit_n to_o practice_v their_o old_a subtle_a policy_n for_o the_o save_n of_o their_o state_n from_o loss_n which_o be_v to_o bring_v down_o and_o abase_v the_o english_a pound_n in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n for_o the_o return_v home_o of_o their_o money_n into_o england_n from_o their_o marting-towne_n at_o the_o other_o side_n the_o sea_n and_o as_o they_o do_v before_o in_o the_o bless_a time_n of_o king_n edward_n so_o now_o at_o the_o first_o bruit_n and_o rumour_n of_o this_o queen_n most_o noble_a and_o ever_o praisable_a enterprise_n they_o cause_v the_o price_n of_o her_o pound_n of_o money_n to_o be_v value_v in_o their_o exchange_n but_o at_o 16._o and_o 17._o ss_z flemish_n by_o which_o occasion_n as_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v before_o at_o other_o reformation_n of_o money_n the_o price_n of_o all_o those_o country_n commodity_n and_o also_o of_o all_o other_o foreign_a nation_n and_o country_n do_v not_o only_o keep_v their_o old_a excessive_a and_o dear_a price_n in_o england_n but_o do_v rather_o increase_v and_o wax_v high_o and_o so_o do_v likewise_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n follow_v after_o not_o only_o because_o foreign_a ware_n do_v so_o but_o special_o for_o the_o hastiness_n man_n make_v to_o bestow_v their_o money_n upon_o they_o by_o the_o example_n of_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n who_o spare_v not_o to_o buy_v all_o manner_n of_o ware_n transportable_a beyond_o the_o sea_n at_o what_o price_n soever_o be_v demand_v for_o they_o for_o that_o this_o return_v home_o of_o money_n by_o exchange_n make_v they_o great_a gainer_n and_o will_v be_v a_o way_n &_o mean_v if_o the_o worst_a fell_a to_o keep_v and_o save_v they_o from_o all_o loss_n and_o danger_n in_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o money_n which_o all_o other_o state_n and_o condition_n have_v their_o traffic_n within_o the_o realm_n look_v to_o have_v sustain_v and_o bear_v by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o say_a money_n which_o these_o merchant_n adventurer_n do_v provide_v to_o avoid_v through_o this_o their_o peculiar_a traffic_n and_o practice_v by_o toss_v and_o turn_v their_o money_n between_o england_n and_o their_o marting-towne_n by_o the_o say_v merchandise_v exchange_n for_o although_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o they_o transport_v to_o the_o mart_n rise_v from_o 4._o li._n to_o 6._o li._n and_o 7._o li._n english_a yet_o may_v they_o sell_v they_o at_o the_o mart_n as_o good_a cheap_a as_o ever_o they_o do_v and_o be_v great_a gainer_n then_o in_o time_n past_a for_o so_o much_o as_o though_o customable_o they_o do_v make_v afore_o time_n 30._o &_o 34._o ss_z flemish_n of_o a_o pound_n english_a in_o their_o sale_n after_o which_o rate_n they_o make_v 6._o and_o 7._o pound_n 8._o ss_z flemish_a of_o 4._o li._n english_a and_o so_o 150._o pound_n and_o 160._o li._n flemish_n of_o a_o 100_o li._n english_a yet_o because_o they_o return_v their_o money_n by_o exchange_n at_o that_o time_n after_o 28._o ss_z and_o 30._o ss_z or_o 32._o ss_z flemish_n for_o the_o english_a pound_n their_o gain_n pass_v not_o above_o 13._o in_o the_o hundred_o where_o now_o sell_v their_o commodity_n at_o the_o say_a price_n of_o 6._o &_o 7._o li._n flemish_n though_o they_o pay_v also_o for_o they_o so_o much_o in_o england_n of_o english_a money_n after_o which_o reckon_v they_o do_v or_o do_v make_v of_o 100_o li._n english_a but_o 100_o flemish_a yet_o return_v home_o their_o money_n after_o this_o reckon_n and_o low_a exchange_n of_o 16._o and_o 17._o ss_z flemish_n for_o the_o english_a pound_n they_o get_v between_o 17._o &_o 25._o in_o the_o hundred_o notwithstanding_o they_o sell_v not_o under_o 24._o &_o 26._o ss_z flemish_n for_o the_o pound_n english_a during_o the_o say_a low_a exchange_n after_o which_o rate_n although_o they_o make_v but_o 120._o &_o 130._o li._n flemish_n of_o their_o 100_o li._n english_a yet_o make_v they_o in_o england_n at_o the_o return_n of_o their_o money_n by_o the_o foresay_a low_a exchange_n above_o 150._o and_o 160._o li._n english_a of_o their_o 100_o li._n transport_v first_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o mart_n by_o which_o manner_n of_o reckon_n ☜_o their_o gain_n rise_v to_o above_o 50._o and_o 60._o in_o the_o 100_o for_o the_o space_n of_o one_o mart._n and_o so_o by_o this_o policy_n of_o merchandise_v exchange_n merchant_n adventurer_n have_v not_o only_o save_v themselves_o at_o all_o fall_v of_o money_n pass_v in_o england_n &_o have_v hinder_v the_o queen_n majesty_n purpose_n note_n note_n for_o the_o bring_n down_o of_o the_o excessive_a price_n of_o thing_n in_o the_o utter_a abolish_n of_o all_o the_o drossy_a &_o corrupt_a money_n in_o the_o realm_n but_o therewithal_o they_o have_v be_v evermore_o the_o occasion_n and_o author_n of_o the_o disorder_n and_o of_o the_o raise_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o commodity_n in_o the_o realm_n more_o and_o more_o to_o such_o excessive_a and_o inordinate_a price_n as_o either_o they_o have_v bear_v or_o do_v bear_v at_o this_o day_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o other_o kind_n of_o state_n or_o person_n in_o the_o realm_n that_o either_o can_v have_v devise_v or_o else_o that_o go_v about_o to_o frustrate_v her_o majesty_n purpose_n in_o reduce_v all_o the_o base_a coin_n to_o so_o pure_a or_o fine_a substance_n or_o matter_n but_o only_o these_o merchant_n adventurer_n by_o the_o practice_n of_o their_o fraudulent_a exchange_n for_o all_o other_o manner_n of_o person_n of_o the_o realm_n will_v glad_o have_v bear_v the_o loss_n of_o the_o money_n according_a to_o the_o queen_n majesty_n meaning_n because_o they_o perceive_v that_o they_o shall_v thereby_o thereafter_o save_v more_o for_o the_o buy_n of_o thing_n at_o moderate_a and_o