particular_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o it_o can_v produce_v such_o good_a effect_n for_o as_o the_o use_n of_o foreign_a trade_n nation_n be_v alike_o unto_o all_o nation_n so_o may_v we_o easy_o perceive_v what_o will_v be_v do_v therein_o by_o stranger_n when_o we_o do_v but_o observe_v our_o own_o proceed_n in_o this_o weighty_a business_n by_o which_o we_o do_v not_o only_o seek_v with_o the_o vent_n of_o our_o own_o commodity_n to_o supply_v our_o want_n of_o foreign_a ware_n but_o also_o to_o enrich_v ourselves_o with_o treasure_n all_o which_o be_v do_v by_o a_o different_a manner_n of_o trade_v according_a to_o our_o own_o occasion_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n whereunto_o we_o do_v trade_n as_o namely_o in_o some_o country_n we_o sell_v our_o commodity_n and_o bring_v away_o their_o ware_n or_o part_n in_o money_n in_o other_o country_n we_o sell_v our_o good_n and_o take_v their_o money_n because_o they_o have_v little_a or_o no_o ware_n that_o fit_v our_o turn_n again_o in_o some_o place_n we_o have_v need_n of_o their_o commodity_n but_o they_o have_v little_a use_n of_o we_o so_o they_o take_v our_o money_n which_o we_o get_v in_o other_o country_n and_o thus_o by_o a_o course_n of_o traffic_n which_o change_v according_a to_o the_o accurrent_n of_o time_n the_o particular_a member_n do_v accommodate_v each_o other_o and_o all_o accomplish_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o destroy_v trade_n which_o will_v ever_o languish_v if_o the_o harmony_n of_o her_o health_n be_v distemper_v by_o the_o disease_n of_o excess_n at_o home_n violence_n abroad_o charge_n and_o restriction_n at_o home_n or_o abroad_o but_o in_o this_o place_n i_o have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v only_o of_o restriction_n which_o i_o will_v perform_v brief_o there_o be_v three_o way_n by_o which_o a_o merchant_n may_v make_v the_o return_n of_o his_o ware_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n that_o be_v to_o say_v in_o money_n in_o commodity_n or_o by_o exchange_n but_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n do_v not_o only_o restrain_v money_n in_o which_o there_o be_v a_o seem_a providence_n and_o justice_n but_o also_o the_o use_n of_o the_o exchange_n by_o bill_n which_o do_v violate_v the_o law_n of_o commerce_n and_o be_v indeed_o a_o act_n without_o example_n in_o any_o place_n of_o the_o world_n where_o we_o have_v trade_n and_o therefore_o to_o be_v consider_v that_o whatsoever_o in_o this_o kind_n we_o shall_v impose_v upon_o stranger_n here_o will_v present_o be_v make_v a_o law_n for_o we_o in_o their_o country_n especial_o where_o we_o have_v our_o great_a trade_n with_o our_o vigilant_a neighbour_n who_o omit_v no_o care_n nor_o occasion_n to_o support_v their_o traffic_n in_o equal_a privilege_n with_o other_o nation_n and_o thus_o in_o the_o first_o place_n we_o shall_v be_v deprive_v of_o that_o freedom_n and_o mean_n which_o now_o we_o have_v to_o bring_v treasure_n into_o the_o kingdom_n and_o therewith_o likewise_o we_o shall_v lose_v the_o vent_n of_o much_o ware_n which_o we_o carry_v to_o divers_a place_n whereby_o our_o trade_n and_o our_o treasure_n will_v decay_v together_o second_o if_o by_o the_o say_a statute_n we_o thrust_v the_o exportation_n of_o our_o ware_n more_o than_o ordinary_a upon_o the_o stranger_n we_o must_v then_o take_v it_o from_o the_o english_a which_o be_v injurious_a to_o our_o merchant_n mariner_n and_o ship_n beside_o the_o hurt_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n invent_v the_o kingdom_n stock_n to_o the_o stranger_n at_o far_o low_a rate_n here_o than_o we_o must_v do_v if_o we_o sell_v it_o to_o they_o in_o their_o own_o country_n as_o be_v prove_v in_o the_o three_o chapter_n three_o whereas_o we_o have_v already_o sufficient_o show_v that_o if_o our_o commodity_n be_v over_o balance_v in_o value_n by_o foreign_a ware_n our_o money_n must_v be_v carry_v out_o how_o be_v it_o possible_a to_o prevent_v this_o by_o tie_v the_o stranger_n hand_n and_o leave_v the_o english_a loose_a shall_v not_o the_o same_o reason_n and_o advantage_n cause_v that_o to_o be_v do_v by_o they_o now_o that_o be_v do_v by_o the_o other_o before_o or_o if_o we_o will_v make_v a_o statute_n without_o example_n to_o prevent_v both_o alike_o shall_v we_o not_o then_o overthrow_v all_o at_o once_o the_o king_n in_o his_o custom_n and_o the_o kingdom_n in_o her_o profit_n for_o such_o a_o restriction_n must_v of_o necessity_n destroy_v much_o trade_n because_o the_o diversity_n of_o occasion_n and_o place_n which_o make_v a_o ample_a trade_n require_v that_o some_o man_n shall_v both_o export_v and_o import_v ware_n some_o export_n only_o other_o import_v some_o deliver_v out_o their_o money_n by_o exchange_n other_o take_v it_o up_o some_o carry_v out_o money_n other_o bring_v it_o in_o and_o this_o in_o a_o great_a or_o lesser_a quantity_n according_a to_o the_o good_a husbandry_n or_o excess_n in_o the_o kingdom_n over_o which_o only_a if_o we_o keep_v a_o strict_a law_n it_o will_v rule_v all_o the_o rest_n and_o without_o this_o all_o other_o statute_n be_v no_o rule_n either_o to_o keep_v or_o procure_v we_o treasure_n last_o to_o leave_v no_o objection_n unanswered_a if_o it_o shall_v be_v say_v that_o a_o statute_n comprehend_v the_o english_a as_o well_o as_o the_o stranger_n must_v needs_o keep_v our_o money_n in_o the_o kingdom_n what_o shall_v we_o get_v by_o this_o if_o it_o hinder_v the_o come_n in_o of_o money_n by_o the_o decay_n of_o that_o ample_a trade_n which_o we_o enjoy_v in_o the_o freedom_n thereof_o be_v not_o the_o remedy_n far_o worse_o than_o the_o disease_n shall_v we_o not_o live_v more_o like_a irishman_n than_o englishman_n when_o the_o king_n revenue_n our_o merchant_n mariner_n ship_n art_n land_n riches_n and_o all_o decay_n together_o with_o our_o trade_n yea_o but_o say_v some_o man_n we_o have_v better_a hope_n than_o so_o for_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o statute_n be_v that_o as_o all_o the_o foreign_a ware_n which_o be_v bring_v in_o shall_v be_v employ_v in_o our_o commodity_n thereby_o to_o keep_v our_o money_n in_o the_o kingdom_n so_o we_o doubt_v not_o but_o to_o send_v out_o a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o our_o own_o ware_n over_o and_o above_o to_o bring_v in_o the_o value_n thereof_o in_o ready_a money_n although_o this_o be_v absolute_o deny_v by_o the_o reason_n afore_o write_v yet_o now_o we_o will_v grant_v it_o because_o we_o desire_v to_o end_v the_o dispute_n for_o if_o this_o be_v true_a that_o other_o nation_n will_v vent_v more_o of_o our_o commodity_n than_o we_o consume_v of_o they_o in_o value_n than_o i_o affirm_v that_o the_o overplus_n must_v necessary_o return_v unto_o we_o in_o treasure_n without_o the_o use_n of_o the_o statute_n which_o be_v therefore_o not_o only_o fruitless_a but_o hurtful_a as_o some_o other_o like_o restriction_n be_v find_v to_o be_v when_o they_o be_v full_o discover_v chap._n xi_o it_o will_v not_o increase_v our_o treasure_n to_o enjoin_v the_o merchant_n that_o export_v fish_n corn_n or_o munition_n to_o return_v all_o or_o part_n of_o the_o value_n in_o money_n victual_n and_o munition_n for_o war_n be_v so_o precious_a in_o a_o commonwealth_n that_o either_o it_o seem_v necessary_a to_o restrain_v the_o exportation_n altogether_o or_o if_o the_o plenty_n permit_v it_o to_o require_v the_o return_n thereof_o in_o so_o much_o treasure_n which_o appear_v to_o be_v reasonable_a and_o without_o difficulty_n because_o spain_n and_o other_o country_n do_v willing_o part_v with_o their_o money_n for_o such_o ware_n although_o in_o other_o occasion_n of_o trade_n they_o straight_o prohibit_v the_o exportation_n thereof_o all_o which_o i_o grant_v to_o be_v true_a yet_o notwithstanding_o we_o must_v consider_v that_o all_o the_o way_n and_o mean_n which_o in_o course_n of_o trade_n force_v treasure_n into_o the_o kingdom_n do_v not_o therefore_o make_v it_o we_o for_o this_o can_v be_v do_v only_o by_o a_o lawful_a gain_n and_o this_o gain_n be_v no_o way_n to_o be_v accomplish_v but_o by_o the_o overballance_n of_o our_o trade_n and_o this_o overballance_n be_v make_v less_o by_o restriction_n therefore_o such_o restriction_n do_v hinder_v the_o increase_n trade_n of_o our_o treasure_n the_o argument_n be_v plain_a and_o needs_o no_o other_o reason_n to_o strengthen_v it_o except_o any_o man_n be_v so_o vain_a to_o think_v that_o restriction_n will_v not_o cause_v the_o less_o ware_n to_o be_v export_v but_o if_o this_o likewise_o shall_v be_v grant_v yet_o to_o enjoin_v the_o merchant_n to_o bring_v in_o money_n for_o victual_n and_o munition_n carry_v out_o will_v not_o cause_v we_o to_o have_v one_o penny_n the_o more_o in_o the_o kingdom_n at_o the_o year_n end_n for_o whatsoever_o be_v force_v in_o one_o way_n must_v out_o again_o another_o way_n because_o only_o so_o much_o will_v remain_v
and_o abide_v with_o we_o as_o be_v gain_v and_o incorporate_v into_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o the_o overbalance_n of_o the_o trade_n this_o may_v be_v make_v plain_a by_o a_o example_n take_v from_o a_o englishman_n who_o have_v occasion_n to_o buy_v and_o consume_v the_o ware_n of_o divers_a stranger_n for_o the_o value_n of_o six_o hundred_o pound_n and_o have_v ware_n of_o his_o own_o for_o the_o value_n of_o one_o thousand_o pound_n he_o sell_v they_o to_o the_o say_a stranger_n and_o present_o force_v all_o the_o money_n from_o they_o into_o his_o own_o power_n yet_o upon_o clear_n of_o the_o reckon_n between_o they_o there_o remain_v only_o four_o hundred_o pound_n to_o the_o say_v englishman_n for_o overballance_n of_o the_o ware_n buy_v and_o sell_v so_o the_o rest_n which_o he_o have_v receive_v be_v return_v back_o from_o whence_o he_o force_v it_o and_o this_o shall_v suffice_v to_o show_v that_o whatsoever_o course_n we_o take_v to_o force_v money_n into_o the_o kingdom_n yet_o so_o much_o only_o will_v remain_v with_o we_o as_o we_o shall_v gain_v by_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o trade_n chap._n xii_o the_o undervalue_v of_o our_o money_n which_o be_v deliver_v or_o receceive_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n here_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n can_v decrease_v our_o treasure_n the_o merchant_n exchange_n by_o bill_n be_v a_o mean_n and_o practice_n whereby_o they_o that_o have_v money_n in_o one_o country_n may_v deliver_v the_o same_o to_o receive_v it_o again_o in_o another_o country_n at_o certain_a time_n and_o rate_n agree_v upon_o whereby_o the_o lender_n and_o the_o borrower_n be_v accommodate_v without_o transport_v of_o treasure_n from_o state_n to_o state_n these_o exchange_n thus_o make_v between_o man_n and_o man_n be_v not_o contract_v at_o the_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o money_n according_a to_o their_o respective_a weight_n and_o fineness_n first_o because_o he_o that_o deliver_v his_o money_n do_v respect_v the_o venture_n of_o the_o debt_n and_o the_o time_n of_o forbearance_n but_o that_o which_o cause_v a_o under_o or_o overvalue_v of_o money_n by_o exchange_n be_v the_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n thereof_o in_o those_o place_n where_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o example_n when_o here_o be_v plenty_n of_o money_n to_o be_v deliver_v for_o amsterdam_n then_o shall_v our_o money_n be_v undervalue_v in_o exchange_n because_o they_o who_o take_v up_o the_o money_n see_v it_o so_o plentiful_o thrust_v upon_o they_o do_v thereby_o make_v advantage_n to_o themselves_o in_o take_v the_o same_o at_o a_o undervalue_n and_o contrariwise_o when_o here_o be_v scarcity_n of_o money_n to_o be_v deliver_v for_o amsterdam_n the_o deliverer_n will_v make_v the_o same_o advantage_n by_o overvalue_a our_o money_n which_o he_o deliver_v and_o thus_o we_o see_v that_o as_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n in_o a_o dear_a commonwealth_n do_v make_v all_o thing_n dear_a or_o good_a cheap_a so_o in_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n it_o have_v ever_o a_o contrary_a work_n wherefore_o in_o the_o next_o place_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o set_v down_o the_o true_a cause_n of_o this_o effect_n as_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n do_v make_v the_o price_n of_o the_o exchange_n high_a or_o low_o so_o the_o over_o or_o under_o balance_n of_o our_o trade_n do_v effectual_o cause_v the_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n and_o here_o we_o must_v understand_v that_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o trade_n be_v either_o general_n or_o particular_a the_o general_n be_v when_o all_o our_o yearly_a traffic_n be_v joint_o value_v as_o i_o have_v former_o show_v the_o particular_a be_v when_o our_o trade_n to_o italy_n france_n turkey_n spain_n and_o other_o country_n be_v several_o consider_v and_o by_o this_o latter_a course_n we_o shall_v perfect_o find_v out_o the_o place_n where_o our_o money_n be_v under_o or_o overvalue_v in_o exchange_n for_o although_o our_o general_a exportation_n of_o ware_n may_v be_v yearly_o more_o in_o value_n than_o that_o which_o be_v import_v whereby_o the_o difference_n be_v make_v good_a to_o we_o in_o so_o much_o treasure_n nevertheless_o the_o particlar_a trade_n do_v work_v diverse_o for_o peradventure_o the_o low_a country_n may_v bring_v we_o more_o in_o value_n than_o we_o sell_v they_o which_o if_o it_o be_v so_o then_o do_v the_o low_a low_o country_n merchant_n not_o only_o carry_v away_o our_o treasure_n to_o balance_v the_o account_n between_o we_o but_o also_o by_o this_o mean_v money_n be_v plentiful_a here_o to_o be_v deliver_v by_o exchange_n it_o be_v therefore_o undervalue_v by_o the_o taker_n as_o i_o have_v before_o declare_v and_o contrariwise_o if_o we_o carry_v more_o ware_n to_o spain_n and_o other_o place_n than_o we_o consume_v of_o they_o then_o do_v we_o bring_v away_o their_o treasure_n and_o likewise_o in_o the_o merchant_n exchange_n we_o overvalue_v our_o own_o money_n yet_o still_o there_o be_v some_o who_o will_v seem_v to_o make_v this_o plain_a by_o demonstration_n that_o the_o undervalue_v of_o our_o money_n by_o exchange_n do_v carry_v it_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o say_v they_o we_o see_v daily_o great_a store_n of_o our_o english_a coin_n carry_v over_o which_o pass_v current_a in_o the_o low-countries_n and_o there_o be_v great_a advantage_n to_o carry_v they_o thither_o to_o save_v the_o loss_n which_o the_o low-countryman_n have_v in_o the_o exchange_n for_o if_o one_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a deliver_v here_o be_v so_o much_o undervalue_v that_o ninty_a pound_n of_o the_o same_o sterling_a money_n carry_v over_o in_o specie_fw-la shall_v be_v sufficient_a to_o make_v repayment_n and_o full_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o say_v hundred_o pound_n at_o amsterdam_n be_v it_o not_o then_o say_v they_o the_o undervalue_v of_o our_o money_n which_o cause_v it_o to_o be_v carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n to_o this_o objection_n i_o will_v make_v a_o full_a and_o plain_a answer_n show_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o undervalue_a of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n but_o the_o overballance_a of_o our_o trade_n that_o carry_v away_o our_o treasure_n for_o suppose_v that_o our_o whole_a trade_n with_o the_o low-countries_n for_o ware_n bring_v into_o this_o realm_n be_v perform_v only_o by_o the_o dutch_a for_o the_o value_n of_o five_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a and_o that_o all_o our_o commodity_n transport_v into_o the_o say_a low-countries_n be_v perform_v only_o by_o the_o english_a for_o four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a be_v it_o not_o then_o manifest_a that_o the_o dutch_a can_v exchange_v only_o four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n with_o the_o english_a upon_o the_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o respective_a standard_n so_o the_o other_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n which_o be_v the_o overballance_n of_o the_o trade_n they_o must_v of_o necessity_n carry_v that_o away_o in_o money_n and_o the_o self_n same_o loss_n of_o treasure_n must_v happen_v if_o there_o be_v no_o exchange_n at_o all_o permit_v for_o the_o dutch_a carry_v away_o our_o money_n for_o their_o ware_n and_o we_o bring_v in_o their_o foreign_a coin_n for_o their_o commodity_n there_o will_v be_v still_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n loss_n now_o let_v we_o add_v another_o example_n ground_v upon_o the_o aforesaid_a proportion_n of_o trade_n between_o we_o and_o the_o low_a country_n the_o dutch_a as_o aforewritten_v may_v exchange_v with_o the_o english_a for_o four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n and_o no_o more_o upon_o the_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o money_n because_o the_o english_a have_v no_o further_o mean_n to_o satisfy_v but_o now_o suppose_v that_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o plenty_n of_o money_n which_o in_o this_o case_n will_v be_v here_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o dutch_a to_o deliver_v by_o exchange_n gain_n our_o money_n according_a to_o that_o which_o have_v be_v already_o say_v be_v undervalue_v ten_o per_n cent_n then_o be_v it_o manifest_a that_o the_o dutch_a must_v deliver_v four_o hundred_o and_o forty_o thousand_o pound_n to_o have_v the_o englishmans_fw-mi four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n in_o the_o low_a country_n so_o that_o there_o will_v then_o remain_v but_o 60000._o pound_n for_o the_o dutch_a to_o carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n to_o balance_v the_o account_n between_o they_o and_o we_o whereby_o we_o may_v plain_o perceive_v that_o the_o undervalue_v of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n will_v not_o carry_v it_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o some_o man_n have_v suppose_v but_o rather_o be_v a_o mean_n to_o make_v a_o less_o quantity_n thereof_o to_o be_v export_v than_o will_v be_v do_v at_o the_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la further_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o the_o english_a merchant_n carry_v out_o as_o much_o ware_n in_o value_n as_o the_o dutch_a merchant_n bring_v in_o whereby_o the_o
mean_n be_v equal_a between_o they_o to_o make_v their_o return_n by_o exchange_n without_o carry_v away_o of_o any_o money_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o either_o state_n and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o dutch_a merchant_n for_o his_o occasion_n or_o advantage_n will_v forsake_v this_o course_n of_o exchange_n and_o will_v venture_v to_o send_v part_n of_o his_o return_n in_o ready_a money_n to_o this_o the_o answer_n be_v that_o hereupon_o it_o must_v follow_v of_o necessity_n that_o the_o dutch_a shall_v want_v just_a so_o much_o mean_n in_o exchange_n with_o the_o english_a who_o therefore_o shall_v be_v force_v to_o bring_v in_o the_o like_a sum_n of_o money_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n as_o the_o dutch_a carry_v out_o of_o this_o realm_n so_o that_o we_o may_v plain_o perceive_v that_o the_o money_n which_o be_v carry_v from_o we_o within_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o trade_n be_v not_o considerable_a for_o they_o do_v return_v to_o we_o again_o and_o we_o lose_v those_o money_n only_o which_o be_v make_v of_o the_o over_o balance_n of_o our_o general_a trade_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o which_o we_o spend_v more_o in_o value_n in_o foreign_a ware_n than_o we_o utter_v of_o our_o own_o commodity_n and_o the_o contrary_a of_o this_o be_v the_o only_a mean_n by_o which_o trade_n we_o get_v our_o treasure_n in_o vain_a therefore_o have_v gerard_n malines_n labour_v so_o long_o and_o in_o so_o many_o print_a book_n to_o make_v the_o world_n believe_v that_o the_o undervalue_v of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n do_v exhaust_v our_o treasure_n which_o be_v a_o mere_a fallacy_n of_o the_o cause_n attribute_v that_o to_o a_o secondary_a mean_n who_o effect_n be_v wrought_v by_o another_o principal_a efficient_a and_o will_v also_o come_v to_o pass_v although_o the_o say_v secondary_a mean_n be_v not_o at_o all_o as_o vain_o also_o have_v he_o propound_v a_o remedy_n by_o keep_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n at_o the_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la by_o public_a authority_n which_o be_v a_o new-found_a office_n without_o example_n in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o world_n be_v not_o only_o fruitless_a but_o also_o hurtful_a as_o have_v be_v sufficient_o prove_v in_o this_o chapter_n and_o therefore_o i_o will_v proceed_v to_o the_o next_o chap._n xiii_o the_o merchant_n who_o be_v a_o mere_a exchanger_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n can_v increase_v or_o decrease_v our_o treasure_n there_o be_v certain_a merchant_n which_o deal_v only_o upon_o all_o advantage_n in_o the_o exchange_n and_o neither_o export_n nor_o import_v ware_n into_o the_o kingdom_n which_o have_v cause_v some_o man_n to_o affirm_v that_o the_o money_n which_o such_o mere_a exchanger_n bring_v in_o or_o carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n be_v not_o comprehend_v in_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n for_o say_v they_o sometime_o when_o our_o sterling_a money_n have_v be_v undervalue_v and_o deliver_v here_o for_o amsterdam_n at_o 10._o per_fw-la cent_n less_o than_o the_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o respective_a standard_n the_o say_v mere_a exchanger_n may_v take_v here_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a &_o carry_v over_o only_o nine_o hundred_o thereof_o in_o specie_fw-la which_o will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o pay_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o so_o upon_o a_o great_a or_o a_o lesser_a sum_n the_o like_a gain_n be_v make_v in_o three_o month_n time_n but_o here_o we_o must_v know_v that_o although_o this_o mere_a exchanger_n deal_v not_o in_o ware_n yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o money_n which_o he_o carry_v away_o in_o manner_n afore-written_a must_v necessary_o proceed_v of_o such_o ware_n as_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o kingdom_n by_o merchant_n so_o that_o still_o it_o fall_v into_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n and_o work_v the_o same_o effect_n as_o if_o the_o merchant_n himself_o have_v carry_v away_o that_o money_n which_o he_o must_v do_v if_o our_o ware_n be_v overballance_v as_o ever_o they_o be_v when_o our_o money_n be_v undervalue_v which_o be_v express_v more_o at_o large_a in_o the_o 12._o chapter_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a when_o the_o mere_a exchanger_n by_o the_o say_a advantage_n shall_v bring_v money_n into_o the_o kingdom_n he_o do_v no_o more_o than_o necessary_o must_v be_v do_v by_o the_o merchant_n himself_o when_o our_o commodity_n overballance_v foreign_a ware_n but_o in_o these_o occasion_n some_o merchant_n have_v rather_o lose_v by_o deliver_v their_o money_n at_o a_o undervalue_n in_o exchange_n than_o undertake_v to_o hazard_v all_o by_o the_o law_n which_o notwithstanding_o these_o mere_a exchanger_n will_v perform_v for_o they_o in_o hope_n of_o gain_n chap._n fourteen_o the_o admirable_a feat_n suppose_v to_o be_v do_v by_o banker_n and_o the_o merchant_n exchange_n although_o i_o have_v already_o write_v something_o concern_v the_o merchant_n exchange_n and_o therein_o of_o the_o undervaluation_n of_o our_o money_n and_o of_o the_o mere_a exchanger_n with_o their_o true_a cause_n and_o effect_n nevertheless_o it_o will_v not_o be_v impertinent_a to_o pursue_v this_o business_n yet_o a_o little_a further_o and_o thereby_o not_o only_o to_o strengthen_v our_o former_a argument_n but_o also_o to_o avoid_v some_o cunning_a delusion_n which_o may_v deceive_v the_o unskilful_a reader_n of_o those_o book_n entitle_v lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la pag._n 409._o and_o the_o maintenance_n of_o free_a trade_n pag._n 16._o wherein_o the_o author_n gerard_n malynes_n set_v down_o the_o admirable_a feat_n as_o he_o term_v they_o which_o be_v to_o be_v do_v by_o banker_n and_o exchanger_n with_o the_o use_n and_o power_n of_o the_o exchange_n but_o how_o these_o wonder_n may_v be_v effect_v he_o altogether_o omit_v leave_v the_o reader_n in_o a_o strange_a opinion_n of_o these_o dark_a mystery_n which_o i_o can_v think_v he_o do_v for_o want_v of_o knowledge_n for_o i_o find_v he_o skilful_a in_o many_o thing_n which_o he_o have_v both_o write_v and_o collect_v concern_v the_o affair_n of_o merchant_n and_o in_o particular_a he_o discourse_v well_o of_o divers_a use_n form_n and_o passage_n of_o the_o exchange_n in_o all_o which_o as_o he_o have_v take_v great_a pain_n for_o the_o good_a of_o other_o so_o do_v his_o work_n of_o this_o kind_n deserve_v much_o praise_n but_o where_o he_o have_v disguise_v his_o own_o knowledge_n with_o sophistry_n to_o further_a some_o private_a end_n by_o hurt_v the_o public_a good_a there_o ought_v he_o to_o be_v discover_v and_o prevent_v unto_o which_o performance_n in_o this_o discourse_n of_o treasure_n i_o find_v myself_o oblige_v and_o therefore_o i_o intend_v to_o effect_v it_o by_o show_v the_o true_a cause_n and_o mean_n whereby_o these_o wonder_n be_v do_v which_o malines_n attribute_v to_o the_o sole_a power_n of_o the_o exchange_n but_o first_o for_o order_n i_o think_v it_o fit_a to_o set_v down_o the_o particular_a feat_n as_o they_o stand_v in_o his_o say_a book_n the_o admirable_a feat_n to_o be_v do_v by_o exchange_n 1._o to_o lay_v their_o money_n with_o gain_n in_o any_o place_n of_o the_o world_n where_o any_o exchange_n lie_v 2._o to_o gain_v and_o wax_v rich_a and_o never_o meddle_v with_o any_o prince_n commodity_n 3._o to_o buy_v any_o prince_n commodity_n and_o never_o bring_v penny_n nor_o pennyworth_n into_o the_o realm_n but_o do_v that_o with_o the_o subject_n money_n 4._o to_o grow_v rich_a and_o live_v without_o adventure_n at_o sea_n or_o travail_n 5._o to_o do_v great_a feat_n have_v credit_n and_o yet_o to_o be_v nought_o worth_a 6._o to_o understand_v whether_o in_o conjecture_v their_o money_n employ_v on_o exchange_n or_o buy_v of_o ware_n will_v be_v more_o profit_n 7._o to_o know_v certain_o what_o the_o merchant_n gain_n upon_o their_o ware_n they_o sell_v and_o buy_v 8._o to_o live_v and_o increase_v upon_o every_o prince_n subject_n that_o continual_o take_v up_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o whether_o they_o gain_v or_o no._n 9_o to_o wind_v out_o every_o prince_n ☞_o treasure_n out_o of_o his_o realm_n who_o subject_n bring_v in_o more_o ware_n than_o they_o carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n 10._o to_o make_v the_o staple_n of_o money_n run_v thither_o where_o the_o rich_a prince_n will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v bring_v and_o pay_v for_o it_o 11._o to_o unfurnish_v the_o poor_a prince_n of_o his_o provision_n of_o money_n that_o keep_v his_o ware_n upon_o interest_n money_n if_o the_o enemy_n will_v seek_v it_o 12._o to_o furnish_v their_o need_n of_o money_n that_o tarry_v the_o sell_n of_o their_o ware_n in_o any_o contract_n until_o they_o make_v they_o come_v to_o their_o price_n 13._o to_o take_v up_o money_n to_o engross_v any_o commodity_n either_o new_a come_v or_o whereof_o they_o have_v some_o store_n to_o bring_v the_o whole_a trade_n of_o that_o commodity_n into_o their_o own_o hand_n to_o sell_v both_o at_o
lose_v so_o much_o treasure_n and_o that_o this_o be_v a_o act_n direct_o against_o the_o long_a continue_a law_n make_v and_o confirm_v by_o the_o wisdom_n of_o this_o kingdom_n in_o the_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n and_o that_o many_o place_n nay_o spain_n itself_o which_o be_v the_o fountain_n of_o money_n forbid_v the_o exportation_n thereof_o some_o case_n only_o except_v to_o all_o which_o i_o may_v answer_v that_o venice_n florence_n genoa_n the_o low_a country_n and_o divers_a other_o place_n permit_v it_o their_o people_n applaud_v it_o and_o find_v great_a benefit_n by_o it_o but_o all_o this_o make_v a_o noise_n and_o prove_v nothing_o we_o must_v therefore_o come_v to_o those_o reason_n which_o concern_v the_o business_n in_o question_n first_o i_o will_v take_v that_o for_o grant_v which_o no_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v deny_v that_o we_o have_v no_o other_o mean_n to_o get_v treasure_n but_o by_o foreign_a trade_n for_o mine_n we_o have_v none_o which_o do_v afford_v it_o and_o how_o this_o money_n be_v get_v in_o the_o manage_n of_o our_o say_a trade_n i_o have_v already_o show_v that_o it_o be_v do_v by_o make_v our_o commodity_n which_o be_v export_v yearly_a to_o over_o balance_n in_o value_n the_o foreign_a ware_n which_o we_o consume_v so_o that_o it_o rest_v only_o to_o show_v how_o our_o money_n may_v be_v add_v to_o our_o commodity_n and_o be_v joint_o export_v may_v so_o much_o the_o more_o increase_v our_o treasure_n we_o have_v already_o suppose_v our_o yearly_a consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n to_o be_v for_o the_o value_n of_o twenty_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n and_o our_o exportation_n to_o exceed_v that_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n which_o sum_n we_o have_v thereupon_o affirm_v be_v bring_v to_o we_o in_o treasure_n to_o balance_v the_o account_n but_o now_o if_o we_o add_v three_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n more_o in_o ready_a money_n unto_o our_o former_a exportation_n in_o ware_n what_o profit_n can_v we_o have_v will_n some_o man_n say_v although_o by_o this_o mean_v we_o shall_v bring_v in_o so_o much_o ready_a money_n more_o than_o we_o do_v before_o see_v that_o we_o have_v carry_v out_o the_o like_a value_n to_o this_o the_o answer_n be_v that_o when_o we_o have_v prepare_v our_o exportation_n of_o ware_n and_o send_v out_o as_o much_o of_o every_o thing_n as_o we_o can_v spare_v or_o vent_v abroad_o it_o be_v not_o money_n therefore_o say_v that_o then_o we_o shall_v add_v our_o money_n thereunto_o to_o fetch_v in_o the_o more_o money_n immediate_o but_o rather_o first_o to_o enlarge_v our_o trade_n by_o enable_v we_o to_o bring_v in_o more_o foreign_a ware_n which_o be_v send_v out_o again_o will_v in_o due_a time_n much_o increase_v our_o treasure_n for_o although_o in_o this_o manner_n we_o do_v yearly_o multiply_v our_o importation_n to_o the_o maintenance_n of_o more_o ship_n and_o mariner_n improvement_n of_o his_o majesty_n custom_n and_o other_o benefit_n yet_o our_o consumption_n of_o those_o foreign_a ware_n be_v no_o more_o than_o it_o be_v before_o so_o that_o all_o the_o say_a increase_n of_o commodity_n bring_v in_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o our_o ready_a money_n send_v out_o as_o be_v afore_o write_v do_v in_o the_o end_n become_v a_o exportation_n unto_o we_o of_o a_o far_o great_a value_n than_o our_o say_a money_n be_v be_v which_o be_v prove_v by_o three_o several_a example_n follow_v 1._o for_o i_o suppose_v that_o 100000._o l._n be_v send_v in_o our_o ship_n to_o the_o east_n country_n will_v buy_v there_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o quarter_n of_o wheat_n clear_o aboard_o the_o ship_n which_o be_v after_o bring_v into_o england_n and_o house_v to_o export_v the_o same_o at_o the_o best_a time_n for_o vent_v thereof_o in_o spain_n or_o italy_n it_o can_v yield_v less_o in_o those_o part_n than_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n to_o make_v the_o merchant_n but_o a_o saver_n yet_o by_o this_o reckon_n we_o see_v the_o kingdom_n have_v double_v that_o treasure_n 2._o again_o this_o profit_n will_v be_v far_o great_a when_o we_o trade_v thus_o in_o remote_a country_n as_o for_o example_n if_o we_o send_v one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n into_o the_o east-indies_n to_o buy_v pepper_n there_o and_o bring_v it_o commonwealth_n hither_o and_o from_o hence_o send_v it_o for_o italy_n or_o turkey_n it_o must_v yield_v seven_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n at_o least_o in_o those_o place_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o excessive_a charge_n which_o the_o merchant_n disburse_v in_o those_o long_a voyage_n in_o ship_n wage_n victual_n insurance_n interest_n custom_n impost_n and_o the_o like_a all_o which_o notwithstanding_o the_o king_n and_o the_o kingdom_n get_v 3._o but_o where_o the_o voyage_n be_v short_a &_o the_o ware_n rich_a which_o therefore_o will_v not_o employ_v much_o ship_n the_o profit_n will_v be_v far_o less_o as_o when_o another_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n shall_v be_v employ_v in_o turkey_n in_o raw_a silk_n and_o bring_v hither_o to_o be_v after_o transport_v from_o hence_o into_o france_n the_o low_a country_n or_o germany_n the_o merchant_n shall_v have_v good_a gain_n although_o he_o sell_v it_o there_o but_o for_o one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n and_o thus_o take_v the_o voyage_n altogether_o in_o their_o medium_fw-la the_o money_n export_v will_v be_v return_v unto_o we_o more_o than_o treble_v but_o if_o any_o man_n will_v yet_o object_v that_o these_o return_n come_v to_o we_o in_o ware_n and_o not_o real_o in_o money_n as_o they_o be_v issue_v out_o the_o answer_n be_v keep_v our_o first_o ground_n that_o if_o our_o consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n be_v no_o more_o yearly_a than_o be_v already_o suppose_a and_o that_o our_o exportation_n be_v so_o mightliy_v increase_v by_o this_o manner_n of_o trade_n with_o ready_a money_n as_o be_v before_o declare_v it_o be_v not_o then_o possible_a but_o that_o all_o the_o overbalance_n or_o difference_n shall_v return_v either_o in_o money_n or_o in_o such_o ware_n as_o we_o must_v export_v again_o which_o as_o be_v already_o plain_o show_v will_v be_v still_o a_o great_a mean_n to_o increase_v our_o treasure_n for_o it_o be_v in_o the_o stock_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o in_o the_o estate_n of_o private_a man_n who_o have_v store_n of_o ware_n do_v not_o therefore_o say_v that_o they_o will_v not_o venture_v out_o or_o trade_n with_o their_o money_n for_o this_o be_v ridiculous_a but_o do_v also_o turn_v that_o into_o ware_n whereby_o they_o multiply_v their_o money_n and_o so_o by_o a_o continual_a and_o orderly_a change_n of_o one_o into_o the_o other_o grow_v rich_a and_o when_o they_o please_v turn_v all_o their_o year_n estate_n into_o treasure_n for_o they_o that_o have_v ware_n can_v want_v money_n neither_o be_v it_o say_v that_o money_n be_v the_o life_n of_o trade_n as_o if_o it_o can_v not_o subsist_v without_o the_o same_o for_o we_o know_v that_o there_o be_v great_a trade_n by_o way_n of_o commutation_n or_o barter_n when_o there_o be_v little_a money_n stir_v in_o the_o world_n the_o italian_n and_o some_o other_o nation_n have_v such_o remedy_n against_o this_o want_n that_o it_o can_v neither_o decay_v nor_o hinder_v their_o trade_n for_o they_o transfer_v bill_n of_o debt_n and_o have_v bank_n both_o public_a and_o private_a wherein_o they_o do_v assign_v their_o credit_n from_o one_o to_o another_o daily_o for_o very_o great_a sum_n with_o ease_n and_o satisfaction_n by_o write_n only_o whilst_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o mass_n of_o treasure_n which_o give_v foundation_n to_o these_o credit_n be_v employ_v in_o foreign_a trade_n as_o a_o merchandise_n and_o by_o the_o say_a mean_n they_o have_v little_a other_o use_n of_o money_n in_o those_o country_n more_o than_o for_o their_o ordinary_a expense_n it_o be_v not_o therefore_o the_o keep_n of_o our_o money_n in_o the_o kingdom_n but_o the_o necessity_n and_o use_n of_o our_o ware_n in_o foreign_a country_n and_o our_o want_n of_o their_o commodity_n that_o cause_v the_o vent_n and_o consumption_n on_o all_o side_n which_o make_v a_o quick_a and_o ample_a trade_n if_o we_o be_v once_o poor_a and_o now_o have_v gain_v some_o store_n of_o money_n by_o trade_n with_o resolution_n to_o keep_v it_o still_o in_o the_o realm_n shall_v this_o cause_n other_o nation_n to_o spend_v more_o of_o our_o commodity_n than_o former_o they_o have_v do_v whereby_o we_o may_v say_v that_o our_o trade_n be_v quicken_v and_o enlarge_v no_o very_o it_o will_v produce_v no_o such_o good_a effect_n but_o rather_o according_a to_o the_o alteration_n of_o time_n by_o their_o true_a cause_n we_o may_v expect_v the_o contrary_a for_o all_o man_n do_v consent_v that_o plenty_n of_o money_n in_o a_o kingdom_n do_v make_v the_o native_a commodity_n dear_a
yet_o all_o this_o and_o more_o will_v soon_o be_v lose_v again_o in_o the_o future_a great_a income_n of_o his_o majesty_n when_o by_o this_o mean_v they_o must_v be_v pay_v yearly_o with_o money_n of_o less_o intrinsique_n value_v then_o former_o nor_o can_v it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o whole_a loss_n of_o the_o kingdom_n will_v be_v the_o profit_n of_o the_o king_n they_o differ_v infinite_o for_o all_o man_n estate_n be_v it_o lease_n land_n debt_n ware_n or_o money_n must_v suffer_v in_o their_o proportion_n whereas_o his_o majesty_n shall_v have_v the_o gain_n only_o upon_o so_o much_o ready_a money_n as_o may_v be_v new_o coin_v which_o in_o comparison_n will_v prove_v a_o very_a small_a matter_n for_o although_o they_o who_o have_v other_o estate_n in_o money_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o great_a number_n and_o to_o be_v worth_a pound_n five_o or_o ten_o thousand_o l._n per_fw-la man_n more_o or_o less_o which_o amount_v to_o many_o million_o in_o all_o yet_o be_v they_o not_o 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countryman_n will_v turn_v coiner_n and_o venture_v a_o hang_n for_o this_o profit_n so_o that_o his_o majesty_n in_o the_o end_n shall_v get_v little_a by_o such_o alteration_n yea_o but_o say_v some_o man_n if_o his_o majesty_n raise_v the_o money_n great_a store_n of_o treasure_n will_v also_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o mint_n from_o foreign_a part_n for_o we_o have_v see_v by_o experience_n that_o the_o late_a raise_n of_o our_o gold_n ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o do_v bring_v in_o great_a store_n thereof_o more_o than_o we_o be_v accustom_v to_o have_v in_o the_o kingdom_n the_o which_o as_o i_o can_v deny_v so_o do_v i_o likewise_o affirm_v that_o this_o gold_n carry_v away_o all_o or_o the_o most_o part_n of_o our_o silver_n which_o be_v not_o overworn_a or_o too_o light_a as_o we_o may_v easy_o perceive_v by_o the_o present_a use_n of_o our_o money_n in_o their_o respective_a quality_n and_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o change_n be_v because_o our_o silver_n be_v not_o raise_v in_o 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to_o as_o much_o profit_n after_o the_o raise_n thereof_o as_o before_o the_o alteration_n but_o peradventure_o some_o man_n will_v yet_o say_v that_o if_o our_o money_n be_v raise_v and_o other_o country_n raise_v not_o it_o will_v cause_v more_o bullion_n and_o foreign_a coin_n to_o be_v bring_v in_o than_o heretofore_o if_o this_o be_v do_v it_o must_v be_v perform_v either_o by_o the_o merchant_n who_o have_v export_v ware_n or_o by_o the_o merchant_n who_o intend_v to_o buy_v off_o our_o commodity_n and_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o neither_o of_o these_o can_v have_v more_o advantage_n or_o benefit_n by_o this_o art_n now_o than_o they_o may_v have_v have_v before_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o money_n for_o if_o their_o say_a bullion_n and_o foreign_a coin_n be_v more_o worth_a than_o former_o in_o our_o pound_n shilling_n and_o penny_n yet_o what_o shall_v they_o get_v by_o that_o when_o these_o money_n be_v base_a or_o light_a and_o that_o therefore_o they_o be_v rise_v in_o proportion_n so_o we_o may_v plain_o see_v that_o these_o innovation_n be_v no_o good_a mean_n to_o bring_v treasure_n into_o the_o kingdom_n nor_o yet_o to_o keep_v it_o here_o when_o we_o have_v it_o chap._n ix_o a_o toleration_n for_o foreign_a coin_n to_o pass_v currant_n here_o at_o high_a rate_n than_o their_o value_n with_o our_o standard_n will_v not_o increase_v our_o treasure_n the_o discreet_a merchant_n for_o the_o better_a direct_v of_o his_o trade_n and_o his_o exchange_n by_o bill_n to_o and_o from_o the_o several_a place_n of_o the_o world_n where_o he_o be_v acustome_v to_o deal_v do_v careful_o learn_v the_o parity_n or_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o money_n according_a to_o their_o weight_n and_o fineness_n compare_v with_o our_o standard_n whereby_o he_o be_v able_a to_o coin_n know_v perfect_o the_o just_a profit_n or_o loss_n of_o his_o affair_n and_o i_o make_v no_o doubt_n but_o that_o we_o trade_n to_o divers_a place_n where_o we_o vent_v off_o our_o native_a commodity_n yearly_a to_o a_o great_a value_n and_o yet_o find_v few_o or_o no_o ware_n there_o fit_v our_o use_n whereby_o we_o be_v enforce_v to_o make_v our_o return_n in_o ready_a money_n which_o by_o we_o be_v either_o carry_v into_o some_o other_o country_n to_o be_v convert_v into_o ware_n which_o we_o want_v or_o else_o it_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n in_o specie_fw-la which_o be_v tolerate_v to_o pass_v current_n here_o in_o payment_n at_o high_a rate_n than_o they_o be_v worth_a to_o be_v coin_v into_o sterling_a money_n that_o seem_v very_o probable_a that_o the_o great_a quantity_n will_v be_v bring_v in_o but_o when_o all_o the_o circumstance_n be_v due_o consider_v this_o course_n likewise_o will_v be_v find_v as_o weak_a as_o the_o rest_n to_o increase_v our_o treasure_n first_o the_o toleration_n itself_o do_v break_v the_o law_n of_o intercourse_n and_o will_v soon_o move_v other_o prince_n to_o perform_v the_o same_o act_n or_o worse_a against_o we_o and_o so_o frustrate_v our_o hope_n second_o if_o money_n be_v the_o true_a measure_n of_o all_o our_o other_o mean_n and_o foreign_a coin_n tolerate_v to_o pass_v current_n among_o we_o at_o high_a rate_n than_o they_o be_v worth_a be_v compare_v with_o our_o standard_n it_o follow_v that_o the_o common_a wealth_n shall_v not_o be_v just_o distribute_v when_o it_o pass_v by_o a_o false_a measure_n three_o if_o the_o advantage_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a coin_n be_v but_o small_a it_o will_v bring_v in_o little_a or_o no_o treasure_n because_o the_o merchant_n will_v rather_o bring_v in_o ware_n upon_o which_o there_o be_v usual_o a_o competent_a gain_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o we_o permit_v a_o great_a advantage_n to_o the_o foreign_a coin_n than_o that_o gain_n will_v carry_v away_o all_o our_o starling_n money_n and_o so_o i_o leave_v this_o business_n in_o a_o dilemma_n and_o fruitless_a as_o all_o other_o course_n will_v ever_o prove_v which_o seek_v for_o the_o gain_n or_o loss_n of_o our_o treasure_n out_o of_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o general_a foreign_a trade_n as_o i_o will_v endeavour_v yet_o further_o to_o demonstrate_v chap._n x._o the_o observation_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n to_o be_v make_v by_o stranger_n can_v increase_v nor_o yet_o preserve_v our_o treasure_n to_o keep_v our_o money_n in_o the_o kingdom_n be_v a_o work_n of_o no_o less_o skill_n and_o difficulty_n than_o to_o augment_v our_o treasure_n for_o the_o cause_n of_o their_o preservation_n and_o production_n be_v the_o same_o in_o nature_n the_o statute_n for_o employment_n of_o stranger_n ware_n into_o our_o commodity_n seem_v at_o the_o first_o to_o be_v a_o good_a and_o a_o lawful_a way_n lead_v to_o those_o end_n but_o upon_o the_o examination_n of_o the_o
their_o pleasure_n 14._o to_o hide_v their_o carry_v away_o of_o any_o prince_n money_n 15._o to_o fetch_v away_o any_o prince_n fine_a money_n with_o his_o own_o or_o any_o other_o prince_n base_a money_n 16._o to_o take_v up_o prince_n base_a money_n and_o to_o turn_v into_o his_o fine_a money_n and_o to_o pay_v the_o deliverer_n with_o his_o own_o and_o gain_v too_o 17._o to_o take_v upon_o credit_n into_o their_o hand_n for_o a_o time_n all_o the_o merchant_n money_n that_o will_v be_v deliver_v and_o pay_v they_o with_o their_o own_o and_o gain_v too_o 18._o to_o make_v the_o realm_n gain_v of_o all_o other_o realm_n who_o subject_n live_v most_o by_o their_o own_o commodity_n and_o sell_v yearly_a the_o overplus_n into_o the_o world_n and_o both_o occupy_v that_o increase_n yearly_a and_o also_o their_o old_a store_n of_o treasure_n upon_o exchange_n 19_o to_o undoo_v realm_n and_o prince_n that_o look_v not_o to_o their_o commonwealth_n when_o the_o merchant_n wealth_n be_v such_o that_o the_o great_a house_n conspire_v together_o so_o to_o rule_v the_o exchange_n that_o when_o they_o will_v be_v deliverer_n they_o will_v receive_v in_o another_o place_n above_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o mint_n of_o the_o prince_n money_n deliver_v and_o when_o they_o will_v be_v taker_n they_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o in_o another_o place_n under_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o mint_n of_o the_o prince_n money_n take_v up_o 20._o to_o get_v ready_a money_n to_o buy_v any_o commodity_n that_o be_v offer_v cheap_a 21._o to_o compass_v ready_a money_n to_o get_v any_o offer_a bargain_n out_o of_o another_o man_n hand_n and_o so_o by_o out-bidding_a other_o oftentimes_o to_o raise_v the_o ware_n 22._o to_o get_v a_o part_n and_o sometime_o all_o his_o gain_n that_o employ_v money_n take_v up_o by_o exchange_n in_o ware_n and_o so_o make_v other_o travail_v for_o their_o gain_n 23._o to_o keep_v prince_n for_o have_v any_o custom_n subsidy_n or_o tax_n upon_o their_o money_n as_o they_o employ_v it_o not_o 24._o to_o value_v just_o any_o ware_n they_o carry_v into_o any_o country_n by_o set_v they_o at_o that_o value_n as_o the_o money_n that_o buy_v they_o be_v then_o at_o by_o exchange_n in_o the_o country_n whither_o they_o be_v carry_v if_o i_o have_v a_o desire_n to_o amplify_v in_o the_o explanation_n of_o these_o wonder_n they_o will_v afford_v i_o matter_n enough_o to_o make_v a_o large_a volume_n but_o my_o intent_n be_v to_o do_v it_o as_o brief_o as_o possible_o i_o may_v without_o obscurity_n and_o before_o i_o begin_v i_o can_v choose_v but_o laugh_v to_o think_v how_o a_o worthy_a lawyer_n may_v be_v deject_v in_o his_o laudable_a study_n when_o he_o shall_v see_v more_o cunning_a in_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la by_o a_o little_a part_n of_o the_o merchant_n profession_n then_o in_o all_o the_o lawcase_n of_o his_o learned_a author_n for_o this_o exchange_n go_v beyond_o conjure_v i_o think_v very_o that_o neither_o doctor_n faustus_n nor_o banks_n his_o horse_n can_v ever_o do_v such_o admirable_a feat_n although_o it_o be_v sure_a they_o have_v a_o devil_n to_o help_v they_o but_o we_o merchant_n deal_v not_o with_o such_o spirit_n we_o delight_v not_o to_o be_v think_v the_o worker_n of_o lie_a wonder_n and_o therefore_o i_o endeavour_v here_o to_o show_v the_o plainness_n of_o our_o deal_n in_o these_o suppose_a feat_n to_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o laudable_a course_n of_o trade_n and_o first_o to_o lay_v our_o money_n with_o gain_n to_o any_o place_n of_o the_o world_n where_o exchange_n lie_v how_o can_v this_o be_v do_v will_n some_o man_n say_v for_o amsterdam_n when_o the_o loss_n by_o exchange_n be_v sometime_o eight_o or_o ten_o per_fw-la cent_n more_fw-it or_o less_o for_o one_o month_n usance_n the_o answer_n be_v that_o here_o i_o must_v consider_v first_o that_o the_o principal_a efficient_a exchange_n cause_n of_o this_o loss_n be_v a_o great_a value_n in_o ware_n bring_v from_o amsterdam_n than_o we_o carry_v thither_o which_o make_v more_o deliverer_n than_o taker_n here_o by_o exchange_n whereby_o the_o money_n be_v undervalue_v to_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o taker_n hereupon_o the_o deliverer_n rather_o than_o he_o will_v lose_v by_o his_o money_n do_v consider_v those_o country_n unto_o which_o we_o carry_v more_o ware_n in_o value_n than_o we_o receive_v from_o they_o as_o namely_o spain_n italy_n and_o other_o to_o which_o place_n he_o be_v sure_a for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a that_o he_o shall_v ever_o deliver_v his_o money_n with_o profit_n but_o now_o you_o will_v say_v that_o the_o money_n be_v further_a from_o amsterdam_n than_o before_o how_o shall_v it_o be_v get_v together_o yes_o well_o enough_o and_o the_o far_o about_o will_v prove_v the_o near_a way_n home_o if_o it_o come_v at_o last_o with_o good_a profit_n the_o first_o part_n whereof_o be_v make_v as_o we_o have_v suppose_v in_o spain_n from_o thence_o i_o consider_v where_o to_o make_v my_o second_o gain_n and_o find_v that_o the_o florentine_n send_v out_o a_o great_a value_n in_o cloth_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n wrought_v silk_n and_o rash_n to_o spain_n than_o they_o receive_v in_o fleece_n wool_n west-india_n hide_v sugar_n and_o cochineal_n i_o know_v i_o can_v miss_v of_o my_o purpose_n by_o deliver_v my_o money_n for_o florence_n where_o still_o upon_o the_o same_o ground_n i_o direct_v my_o course_n from_o thence_o to_o venice_n and_o there_o find_v that_o my_o next_o benefit_n must_v be_v at_o frankfort_n or_o antwerp_n until_o at_o last_o i_o come_v to_o amsterdam_n by_o a_o short_a or_o long_a course_n according_a to_o such_o occasion_n of_o advantage_n as_o the_o time_n and_o place_n shall_v afford_v i_o and_o thus_o we_o see_v still_o that_o the_o profit_n and_o loss_n upon_o the_o exchange_n be_v guide_v and_o rule_v by_o the_o over_o or_o under_o balance_n of_o the_o several_a trade_n which_o be_v predominant_a and_o active_a make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n high_a or_o low_o which_o be_v therefore_o passive_a the_o contrary_a whereof_o be_v so_o often_o repeat_v by_o the_o say_a malynes_n to_o the_o second_o four_o fourteen_o and_o twenty_o three_o i_o say_v that_o all_o these_o be_v the_o proper_a work_n of_o the_o mere_a exchanger_n and_o that_o his_o action_n can_v work_v to_o the_o good_a or_o hurt_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n i_o have_v already_o sufficient_o show_v in_o the_o last_o chap._n and_o therefore_o here_o i_o may_v spare_v that_o labour_n to_o the_o three_o it_o be_v true_a i_o can_v deliver_v one_o thousand_o pound_n here_o by_o exchange_n to_o receive_v the_o value_n in_o spain_n where_o with_o this_o spanish_a money_n i_o can_v buy_v and_o bring_v away_o so_o much_o spanish_a ware_n but_o all_o this_o do_v not_o prove_v but_o that_o in_o the_o end_n the_o english_a money_n or_o commodity_n must_v pay_v for_o the_o say_a ware_n for_o if_o i_o deliver_v my_o thousand_o pound_n here_o to_o a_o english_a man_n he_o must_v pay_v i_o in_o spain_n either_o by_o good_n already_o send_v or_o to_o be_v send_v thither_o or_o if_o i_o deliver_v it_o here_o to_o a_o spaniard_n he_o take_v it_o of_o i_o with_o intent_n to_o employ_v it_o in_o our_o ware_n so_o that_o every_o way_n we_o must_v pay_v the_o stranger_n for_o what_o we_o have_v from_o he_o be_v there_o any_o feat_n in_o all_o this_o worthy_a your_o admiration_n to_o the_o five_o thirteen_o twenty_o and_o twenty_o first_o i_o must_v answer_v these_o wonder_n by_o heap_n where_o i_o find_v they_o to_o be_v all_o one_o matter_n in_o divers_a form_n and_o such_o froth_n also_o that_o every_o idiot_n know_v they_o and_o can_v say_v that_o he_o who_o have_v credit_n can_v contract_v buy_v sell_v and_o take_v up_o much_o money_n by_o exchange_n which_o he_o may_v do_v as_o well_o also_o at_o interest_n yet_o in_o these_o course_n they_o be_v not_o always_o gainer_n for_o sometime_o they_o live_v by_o the_o loss_n as_o well_o as_o they_o who_o have_v less_o credit_n to_o the_o six_o and_o seven_o here_o be_v more_o poor_a stuff_n for_o when_o i_o know_v the_o current_a price_n of_o my_o ware_n both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n i_o may_v easy_o conjecture_v whether_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o exchange_n or_o the_o gain_n which_o i_o expect_v upon_o my_o wareswil_n be_v great_a and_o again_o as_o every_o merchant_n know_v well_o what_o he_o gain_v upon_o the_o ware_n he_o buy_v and_o sell_v so_o may_v any_o other_o man_n do_v the_o like_a that_o can_v tell_v how_o the_o say_a merchant_n have_v proceed_v but_o what_o be_v all_o this_o to_o make_v we_o admire_v the_o exchange_n to_o the_o eight_o and_o twelve_o as_o banker_n and_o exchanger_n do_v furnish_v man_n with_o money_n for_o their_o occasion_n so_o
nobility_n who_o in_o genova_n be_v merchant_n which_o fall_v not_o out_o so_o in_o a_o monarchy_n where_o between_o the_o come_n in_o of_o a_o prince_n and_o the_o mean_n of_o private_a man_n there_o be_v this_o distinction_n of_o meum_fw-la &_o tuum_fw-la but_o in_o the_o occasion_n and_o danger_n of_o a_o republic_n or_o commonwealth_n where_o liberty_n and_o government_n may_v be_v change_v into_o servitude_n there_o the_o proper_a substance_n of_o private_a man_n be_v the_o public_a treasure_n ready_a to_o be_v spend_v with_o their_o life_n in_o defence_n of_o their_o own_o sovereignty_n to_o the_o 24._o if_o a_o merchant_n shall_v buy_v ware_n here_o with_o intention_n to_o send_v they_o for_o venice_n and_o then_o value_v they_o as_o the_o exchange_n come_v from_o thence_o to_o london_n he_o may_v find_v himself_o far_o wide_a of_o his_o reckon_n for_o before_o his_o good_n arrive_v at_o venice_n both_o the_o price_n of_o his_o ware_n and_o the_o rate_n of_o the_o exchange_n may_v alter_v very_o much_o but_o if_o the_o meaning_n of_o the_o author_n be_v that_o this_o valuation_n may_v be_v make_v after_o the_o good_n arrive_v and_o be_v sell_v at_o venice_n and_o the_o money_n remit_v hither_o by_o exchange_n or_o else_o the_o money_n which_o buy_v the_o say_v ware_n here_o may_v be_v value_v as_o the_o exchange_n pass_v at_o that_o time_n from_o hence_o to_o venice_n be_v not_o all_o this_o very_a common_a and_o easy_a business_n unworthy_a to_o be_v put_v into_o the_o number_n of_o admirable_a feat_n to_o the_o ten_o although_o a_o rich_a prince_n have_v great_a power_n yet_o be_v there_o not_o power_n in_o every_o rich_a prince_n to_o make_v the_o staple_n of_o money_n run_v where_o he_o please_v for_o the_o staple_n of_o any_o thing_n be_v not_o where_o it_o may_v be_v have_v but_o where_o the_o thing_n do_v most_o of_o all_o abound_v whereupon_o we_o common_o say_v that_o the_o spaniard_n in_o regard_n of_o his_o great_a treasure_n in_o the_o west_n indies_n have_v the_o fountain_n or_o staple_n of_o money_n which_o he_o move_v and_o cause_v to_o run_v into_o italy_n germany_n the_o low_a country_n or_o other_o place_n where_o his_o occasion_n do_v require_v it_o either_o for_o peace_n or_o war._n neither_o be_v this_o effect_v by_o any_o singular_a power_n of_o the_o exchange_n but_o by_o divers_a way_n and_o mean_n fit_v those_o place_n where_o the_o money_n be_v to_o be_v employ_v for_o if_o the_o use_n thereof_o be_v upon_o the_o confine_n of_o france_n to_o maintain_v a_o war_n there_o then_o may_v it_o be_v safe_o send_v in_o specie_fw-la on_o carriage_n by_o land_n if_o in_o italy_n on_o galley_n by_o sea_n if_o in_o the_o low_a country_n on_o ship_n by_o sea_n also_o but_o yet_o with_o more_o danger_n in_o regard_n of_o his_o potent_a enemy_n in_o that_o passage_n wherefore_o in_o this_o occasion_n although_o the_o exchange_n be_v not_o absolute_o necessary_a yet_o be_v it_o very_o useful_a and_o because_o the_o spaniard_n want_v of_o commodity_n from_o germany_n and_o the_o low_a country_n be_v great_a in_o value_n than_o the_o spanish_a ware_n which_o be_v carry_v into_o those_o part_n therefore_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n can_v be_v furnish_v there_o from_o his_o own_o subject_n with_o money_n by_o exchange_n but_o be_v and_o have_v be_v a_o long_a time_n enforce_v to_o carry_v a_o great_a part_n of_o his_o treasure_n in_o galley_n for_o italy_n where_o flanders_n the_o italian_n and_o among_o they_o the_o merchant_n of_o genova_n especial_o do_v take_v the_o same_o and_o repay_v the_o value_n thereof_o in_o flanders_n whereunto_o they_o be_v enable_v by_o their_o great_a trade_n with_o many_o rich_a commodity_n which_o they_o send_v continual_o out_o of_o italy_n into_o those_o country_n and_o the_o place_n thereabouts_o from_o whence_o the_o italian_n return_v no_o great_a value_n in_o ware_n but_o deliver_v their_o money_n for_o the_o service_n of_o spain_n and_o receive_v the_o value_n by_o exchange_n in_o italy_n out_o of_o the_o spanish_a treasure_n which_o be_v bring_v thither_o in_o galley_n as_o be_v afore-written_a so_o that_o by_o this_o we_o plain_o see_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o power_n of_o exchange_n that_o do_v enforce_v treasure_n where_o the_o rich_a prince_n will_v have_v it_o but_o it_o be_v the_o money_n proceed_v of_o ware_n in_o foreign_a trade_n that_o do_v enforce_v the_o exchange_n and_o rule_v the_o price_n thereof_o high_a or_o low_o according_a to_o the_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o the_o say_a money_n which_o in_o this_o discourse_n upon_o all_o occasion_n i_o think_v i_o have_v repeat_v near_o as_o often_o as_o malynes_n in_o his_o book_n do_v make_v the_o exchange_n to_o be_v a_o essential_a part_n of_o trade_n to_o be_v active_a predominant_a overrule_a the_o price_n of_o ware_n and_o money_n life_n spirit_n and_o the_o worker_n of_o admirable_a feat_n all_o which_o we_o have_v now_o brief_o expound_v and_o let_v no_o man_n admire_v why_o he_o himself_o do_v not_o take_v this_o pain_n for_o than_o he_o shall_v not_o only_o have_v take_v away_o the_o great_a opinion_n which_o he_o labour_v to_o maintain_v of_o the_o exchange_n but_o also_o by_o a_o true_a discovery_n of_o the_o right_a operation_n thereof_o he_o shall_v utter_o have_v overthrow_v his_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la which_o project_n if_o it_o have_v prevail_v will_v have_v be_v a_o good_a business_n for_o the_o dutch_a and_o to_o the_o great_a hurt_n of_o this_o commonwealth_n as_o have_v be_v sufficient_o prove_v in_o the_o 12._o chapter_n now_o therefore_o let_v the_o learned_a lawyer_n fall_v cheerful_o to_o his_o book_n again_o for_o the_o merchant_n can_v put_v he_o down_o if_o he_o have_v no_o more_o skill_n than_o be_v in_o his_o exchange_n be_v these_o such_o admirable_a feat_n when_o they_o may_v be_v so_o easy_o know_v and_o do_v in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n well_o then_o if_o by_o this_o discovery_n we_o have_v ease_v the_o lawyer_n mind_n and_o take_v off_o the_o edge_n of_o his_o admiration_n let_v he_o now_o play_v his_o part_n and_o take_v out_o a_o writ_n of_o error_n against_o the_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la for_o this_o project_n have_v misinform_v many_o and_o put_v we_o to_o trouble_v to_o expound_v these_o riddle_n nay_o but_o stay_v awhile_o can_v all_o this_o pass_n for_o current_n to_o slight_v a_o business_n thus_o which_o the_o author_n say_v have_v be_v so_o serious_o observe_v by_o that_o famous_a council_n and_o those_o worthy_a merchant_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n of_o bless_a memory_n and_o also_o condemn_v by_o those_o french_a king_n lewis_z the_o 9_o philip_n the_o fair_a and_o philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n with_o confiscation_n of_o the_o banker_n good_n i_o must_v confess_v that_o all_o this_o require_v a_o answer_n which_o in_o part_n be_v already_o do_v by_o the_o author_n himself_o for_o he_o say_v that_o the_o wisdom_n of_o our_o state_n find_v out_o the_o evil_a but_o they_o miss_v of_o the_o remedy_n and_o yet_o what_o remedy_n this_o shall_v be_v no_o man_n can_v tell_v for_o there_o be_v none_o apply_v but_o all_o practice_n and_o use_v in_o exchange_n stand_v still_o to_o this_o day_n in_o such_o manner_n and_o form_n as_o they_o do_v at_o the_o time_n when_o these_o feat_n be_v discover_v for_o the_o state_n know_v well_o that_o there_o need_v no_o remedy_n where_o there_o be_v no_o disease_n well_o then_o how_o shall_v we_o be_v able_a to_o answer_v the_o proceed_n of_o the_o french_a king_n who_o do_v absolute_o condemn_v the_o banker_n and_o confiscate_v their_o good_n yes_o well_o enough_o for_o the_o banker_n may_v perhaps_o be_v condemn_v for_o something_o do_v in_o their_o exchange_n against_o the_o law_n and_o yet_o their_o profession_n may_v still_o be_v lawful_a as_o it_o be_v in_o italy_n and_o france_n itself_o to_o this_o day_n nay_o we_o will_v grant_v likewise_o that_o the_o bank_n be_v banish_v when_o the_o banker_n be_v punish_v yet_o all_o this_o prove_v nothing_o against_o exchanger_n for_o king_n and_o state_n enact_v many_o statute_n and_o sudden_o repeal_v they_o they_o do_v and_o undo_v prince_n may_v err_v or_o else_o malynes_n be_v gross_o mistake_v where_o he_o set_v down_o 35._o several_a statute_n and_o other_o ordinance_n 79._o enact_v by_o this_o state_n in_o 350._o year_n time_n to_o remedy_v the_o decay_n of_o trade_n and_o yet_o all_o be_v find_v defective_a only_o his_o reformation_n of_o the_o exchange_n or_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la be_v effectual_a if_o we_o will_v believe_v he_o but_o we_o know_v better_o and_o so_o we_o leave_v he_o i_o may_v here_o take_v occasion_n to_o say_v something_o against_o another_o project_n of_o the_o same_o brood_n that_o late_o attend_v upon_o the_o success_n of_o this_o par_fw-fr
england_n treasure_n by_o foreign_a trade_n or_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n be_v the_o rule_n of_o our_o treasure_n write_a by_o thomas_n mun_n of_o lond._n merchant_n and_o now_o publish_v for_o the_o common_a good_a by_o his_o son_n john_n mun_n of_o bearsted_n in_o the_o county_n of_o kent_n esquire_n london_n print_v by_o j._n g._n for_o thomas_n clark_n and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v at_o his_o shop_n at_o the_o south_n entrance_n of_o the_o royal_a exchange_n 1664._o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a thomas_n earl_n of_o southampton_a lord_n high_a treasurer_n of_o england_n lord_n warden_n of_o the_o new_a forest_n knight_n of_o the_o most_o noble_a order_n of_o the_o garter_n and_o one_o of_o his_o majesty_n most_o honourable_a privy_a council_n my_o lord_n i_o present_v this_o ensue_a treatise_n to_o your_o lordship_n as_o its_o proper_a patron_n to_o who_o by_o virtue_n of_o your_o great_a trust_n the_o great_a doubtless_o in_o this_o kingdom_n the_o management_n of_o his_o majesty_n treasure_n and_o improvement_n of_o his_o revenue_n be_v most_o peculiar_o commit_v the_o title_n of_o it_o england_n treasure_n by_o foreign_a trade_n alone_o berpeak_v your_o notice_n the_o argument_n be_v of_o so_o public_a a_o nature_n may_v invite_v your_o perusal_n but_o the_o tract_n itself_o will_v i_o hope_v deserve_v your_o lordship_n protection_n it_o be_v leave_v i_o in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o legacy_n by_o my_o father_n for_o who_o sake_n i_o can_v but_o value_v it_o as_o one_o of_o my_o best_a movable_n and_o as_o such_o i_o dedicate_v it_o to_o your_o lordship_n he_o be_v in_o his_o time_n famous_a among_o merchant_n and_o well_o know_v to_o most_o man_n of_o business_n for_o his_o general_a experience_n in_o affair_n and_o notable_a insight_n into_o trade_n neither_o be_v he_o less_o observe_v for_o his_o integrity_n to_o his_o prince_n and_o zeal_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n the_o serious_a discourse_n of_o such_o man_n be_v common_o not_o unprofitable_a to_o your_o lordship_n judgement_n i_o submit_v this_o treatise_n and_o my_o presumption_n herein_o to_o your_o pardon_n my_o lord_n your_o most_o faithful_a and_o obedient_a servant_n john_n mun_n white-hall_n march_v 24._o 1663._o 4._o let_v this_o discourse_n of_o trade_n be_v print_v henry_n bennet_n the_o argument_n chap._n i._n the_o knowledge_n and_o quality_n which_o be_v require_v to_o be_v in_o a_o perfect_a merchant_n of_o foreign_a trade_n pag._n 2_o chap._n ii_o the_o general_a rule_n whereby_o this_o kingdom_n be_v enrich_v and_o our_o treasure_n augment_v pag._n 11_o chap._n iii_o the_o particular_a way_n and_o mean_n to_o increase_v the_o exportation_n of_o our_o commodity_n and_o to_o decrease_v our_o consumption_n f_o foreign_a ware_n pag._n 15_o chap_n iv._o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v a_o mean_n to_o increase_v our_o treasure_n pag._n 34_o chap._n v._o foreign_a trade_n be_v the_o only_a mean_n to_o improve_v the_o price_n of_o our_o land_n pag._n 51_o chap._n vi_o the_o spanish_a treasure_n can_v be_v keep_v from_o other_o kingdom_n by_o any_o prohibition_n make_v in_o spain_n pag._n 56_o chap._n vii_o the_o diversity_n of_o gain_n by_o foreign_a trade_n pag._n 64_o chap._n viii_o the_o enhance_a or_o debase_v our_o money_n can_v enrich_v the_o kingdom_n with_o treasure_n nor_o hinder_v the_o exportation_n thereof_o pag._n 70_o chap._n ix_o atollration_n for_o foreign_a coin_n to_o pass_v current_n here_o at_o high_a rate_n than_o their_o value_n with_o our_o standard_n will_v not_o increase_v our_o treasure_n pag._n 79_o chap._n x._o the_o observation_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n to_o be_v make_v by_o stranger_n can_v increase_v nor_o yet_o preserve_v our_o treasure_n pag._n 82_o chap._n xi_o it_o will_v not_o increase_v our_o treasure_n to_o enjoin_v the_o merchant_n that_o export_v fish_n corn_n or_o munition_n to_o return_v all_o or_o part_n of_o the_o value_n in_o money_n pag._n 90_o chap._n xii_o the_o undervaluation_n of_o our_o money_n which_o be_v deliver_v or_o receive_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n here_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n can_v decrease_v our_o treaâ—ure_n pag._n 94_o chap._n xiii_o the_o merchant_n who_o be_v a_o mere_a exchanger_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n can_v increase_v or_o decrease_v our_o treasure_n pag._n 105_o chap._n fourteen_o the_o admirable_a feat_n suppose_v to_o be_v do_v by_o banker_n and_o the_o merchant_n exchange_n pag._n 108_o chap._n xv._n of_o some_o excess_n and_o evil_n in_o the_o commonwealth_n which_o notwithstanding_o decay_v not_o our_o trade_n nor_o treasure_n pag._n 142_o chap._n xvi_o how_o the_o revenue_n and_o income_n of_o prince_n may_v just_o be_v raise_v pag._n 150_o chap._n xvii_o whether_o it_o be_v necessary_a for_o great_a prince_n to_o lay_v up_o store_n of_o treasure_n pag._n 161_o chap._n xviii_o how_o much_o treasure_n a_o prince_n may_v convenient_o lay_v up_o yearly_o pag._n 167_o chap._n xix_o of_o some_o different_a effect_n which_o proceed_v from_o natural_a and_o artificial_a wealth_n pag._n 175_o chap._n xx._n the_o order_n and_o mean_n whereby_o we_o may_v draw_v up_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n which_o be_v the_o rule_n of_o our_o treasure_n pag._n 192_o chap._n xxi_o the_o conclusion_n upon_o all_o that_o have_v be_v say_v concern_v the_o exportation_n or_o importation_n of_o treasure_n pag._n 217_o england_n treasure_n by_o foreign_a trade_n or_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n be_v the_o rule_n of_o our_o treasure_n my_o son_n in_o a_o former_a discourse_n i_o have_v endeavour_v after_o my_o manner_n brief_o to_o teach_v thou_o two_o thing_n the_o first_o be_v piety_n how_o to_o fear_v god_n aright_o according_a to_o his_o work_n and_o word_n the_o second_o be_v policy_n how_o to_o love_v and_o serve_v thy_o country_n by_o instruct_v thou_o in_o the_o duty_n and_o proceed_n of_o sundry_a vocation_n which_o either_o order_n or_o else_o act_v the_o affair_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n in_o which_o as_o some_o thing_n do_v especial_o tend_v to_o preserve_v and_o other_o be_v more_o apt_a to_o enlarge_v the_o same_o so_o be_o i_o now_o to_o speak_v of_o money_n which_o do_v indifferent_o serve_v to_o both_o those_o happy_a end_n wherein_o i_o will_v observe_v this_o order_n first_o to_o show_v the_o general_a mean_n whereby_o a_o kingdom_n may_v be_v enrich_v and_o then_o proceed_v to_o those_o particular_a course_n by_o which_o prince_n be_v accustom_v to_o be_v supply_v with_o treasure_n but_o first_o of_o all_o i_o will_v say_v something_o of_o the_o merchant_n because_o he_o must_v be_v a_o principal_a agent_n in_o this_o great_a business_n chap._n i._n the_o quality_n which_o be_v require_v in_o a_o perfect_a merchant_n of_o foreign_a trade_n the_o love_n and_o service_n of_o our_o country_n consist_v not_o so_o much_o in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o those_o duty_n which_o be_v to_o be_v perform_v by_o other_o as_o in_o the_o skilful_a practice_n of_o that_o which_o be_v do_v by_o ourselves_o and_o therefore_o my_o son_n vocation_n it_o be_v now_o fit_a that_o i_o say_v something_o of_o the_o merchant_n which_o i_o hope_v in_o due_a time_n shall_v be_v thy_o vocation_n yet_o herein_o be_v my_o thought_n free_a from_o all_o ambition_n although_o i_o rank_v thou_o in_o a_o place_n of_o so_o high_a estimation_n for_o the_o merchant_n be_v worthy_o call_v the_o steward_n of_o the_o kingdom_n stock_n by_o way_n of_o commerce_n with_o other_o nation_n a_o work_n of_o no_o less_o reputation_n than_o trust_v which_o ought_v to_o be_v perform_v with_o great_a skill_n and_o conscience_n that_o so_o the_o private_a gain_n may_v ever_o accompany_v the_o public_a good_a and_o because_o the_o nobleness_n of_o this_o profession_n may_v the_o better_o stir_v up_o thy_o desire_n and_o endeavour_n to_o obtain_v those_o ability_n which_o may_v effect_v it_o worthy_o i_o will_v brief_o set_v down_o the_o excellent_a quality_n which_o be_v require_v in_o a_o perfect_a merchant_n 1._o he_o ought_v to_o be_v a_o good_a penman_n a_o good_a arithmetician_n and_o a_o good_a accountant_a by_o that_o noble_a order_n of_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n which_o be_v use_v only_o among_o merchant_n also_o to_o be_v expert_a in_o the_o order_n and_o form_n of_o charter-party_n bill_n of_o lade_n invoyce_n contract_n bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o policy_n os_fw-la insurance_n 2._o he_o ought_v to_o know_v the_o measure_n weight_n and_o money_n of_o all_o foreign_a country_n especial_o where_o we_o have_v trade_n &_o the_o money_n not_o only_o by_o their_o several_a denomination_n but_o also_o by_o their_o intrinsique_n value_v in_o weight_n &_o fineness_n compare_v with_o the_o standard_n of_o this_o kingdom_n without_o which_o he_o can_v well_o direct_v his_o affair_n 3._o he_o ought_v to_o know_v the_o custom_n toll_n tax_n
which_o as_o it_o be_v to_o the_o profit_n of_o some_o private_a man_n in_o their_o revenue_n so_o be_v it_o direct_o against_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o public_a in_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o trade_n for_o as_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v ware_n dear_a so_o dear_a ware_n decline_v their_o use_n and_o consumption_n as_o have_v be_v already_o plain_o show_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n upon_o that_o particular_a of_o our_o cloth_n and_o although_o this_o be_v a_o very_a hard_a lesson_n for_o some_o great_a land_a man_n to_o learn_v yet_o i_o be_o sure_a it_o be_v a_o true_a lesson_n for_o all_o the_o land_n to_o observe_v lest_o when_o we_o have_v gain_v some_o store_n of_o money_n by_o trade_n we_o lose_v it_o again_o by_o not_o trade_v with_o our_o money_n i_o know_v a_o prince_n in_o italy_n of_o famous_a memory_n ferdinando_n the_o first_o great_a duke_n of_o tuscanie_n who_o be_v very_o rich_a in_o treasure_n endeavour_v therewith_o to_o enlarge_v his_o trade_n by_o issue_v out_o to_o his_o merchant_n great_a sum_n of_o money_n for_o very_o small_a profit_n i_o myself_o have_v forty_o thousand_o crown_n of_o he_o gratis_o for_o a_o whole_a year_n although_o he_o know_v that_o i_o will_v present_o send_v it_o away_o in_o specie_fw-la for_o the_o part_n of_o turkey_n to_o be_v employ_v in_o ware_n for_o his_o country_n he_o be_v well_o assure_v that_o in_o this_o course_n of_o trade_n it_o will_v return_v again_o according_a to_o the_o old_a say_n with_o a_o duck_n in_o the_o mouth_n this_o noble_a and_o industrious_a prince_n by_o his_o care_n and_o diligence_n to_o countenance_n and_o favour_n merchant_n in_o their_o affair_n do_v so_o increase_v the_o practice_n thereof_o that_o there_o be_v scarce_o a_o nobleman_n or_o gentleman_n in_o all_o his_o dominion_n that_o do_v not_o merchandise_n either_o by_o himself_o or_o in_o partnership_n with_o other_o whereby_o within_o these_o thirty_o year_n the_o trade_n to_o his_o port_n of_o leghorn_n be_v so_o much_o increase_v that_o of_o a_o poor_a little_a town_n as_o i_o myself_o know_v it_o it_o be_v now_o become_v a_o fair_a and_o strong_a city_n be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o famous_a place_n for_o trade_n in_o all_o christendom_n and_o yet_o it_o be_v worthy_a our_o observation_n that_o the_o multitude_n of_o ship_n and_o ware_n which_o come_v thither_o from_o england_n the_o low_a country_n and_o other_o place_n have_v little_a or_o no_o mean_n to_o make_v their_o return_n from_o thence_o but_o only_o in_o ready_a money_n which_o they_o may_v and_o do_v carry_v away_o free_o at_o all_o time_n to_o the_o incredible_a advantage_n of_o the_o say_v great_a duke_n of_o tuscanie_n and_o his_o subject_n who_o be_v much_o enrich_v by_o the_o continual_a great_a concourse_n of_o merchant_n from_o all_o the_o state_n of_o the_o neighbour_n prince_n bring_v they_o plenty_n of_o money_n daily_o to_o supply_v their_o want_n of_o the_o say_a ware_n and_o thus_o we_o see_v that_o the_o current_n of_o merchandise_n which_o carry_v away_o their_o treasure_n become_v a_o flow_a stream_n to_o fill_v they_o again_o in_o a_o great_a measure_n with_o money_n there_o be_v yet_o a_o objection_n or_o two_o as_o weak_a as_o all_o the_o rest_n that_o be_v if_o we_o trade_v with_o our_o money_n we_o shall_v issue_v out_o the_o less_o ware_n as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v say_v those_o country_n which_o heretofore_o have_v occasion_n to_o consume_v our_o cloth_n lead_v tin_n iron_n fish_n and_o the_o like_a shall_v now_o make_v use_n of_o our_o money_n in_o the_o place_n of_o those_o necessary_n which_o be_v most_o absurd_a to_o affirm_v or_o that_o the_o merchant_n have_v not_o rather_o carry_v out_o ware_n by_o which_o there_o be_v ever_o some_o gain_n expect_v than_o to_o export_v money_n which_o be_v still_o but_o the_o same_o without_o any_o increase_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a there_o be_v many_o country_n which_o may_v yield_v we_o very_o profitable_a trade_n for_o our_o money_n which_o otherwise_o afford_v we_o no_o trade_n at_o all_o because_o they_o have_v no_o use_n of_o our_o ware_n as_o namely_o the_o east-indies_n for_o one_o in_o the_o first_o beginning_n thereof_o although_o since_o by_o industry_n in_o our_o commerce_n with_o those_o nation_n we_o have_v bring_v they_o into_o the_o use_n of_o much_o of_o our_o lead_n cloth_n tin_n and_o other_o thing_n which_o be_v a_o good_a addition_n to_o the_o former_a vent_n of_o our_o commodity_n again_o some_o man_n have_v allege_v that_o those_o country_n which_o permit_v money_n to_o be_v carry_v out_o do_v it_o because_o they_o have_v few_o or_o no_o ware_n to_o trade_v withal_o but_o we_o have_v great_a store_n of_o commodity_n and_o therefore_o their_o action_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v our_o example_n to_o this_o the_o answer_n be_v brief_o that_o if_o we_o have_v such_o a_o quantity_n of_o ware_n as_o do_v full_o provide_v we_o of_o all_o thing_n needful_a from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n why_o shall_v we_o then_o doubt_v that_o our_o money_n send_v out_o in_o trade_n must_v not_o necessary_o come_v back_o again_o in_o treasure_n together_o with_o the_o great_a gain_n which_o it_o may_v procure_v in_o such_o manner_n as_o be_v before_o set_v down_o and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o those_o nation_n which_o send_v out_o their_o money_n do_v it_o because_o they_o have_v but_o few_o ware_n of_o their_o own_o how_o come_v they_o then_o to_o have_v so_o much_o treasure_n as_o we_o ever_o see_v in_o those_o place_n which_o suffer_v it_o free_o to_o be_v export_v at_o all_o time_n and_o by_o whosoever_o i_o answer_v even_o by_o trade_v with_o their_o money_n for_o by_o what_o other_o mean_n can_v they_o get_v it_o have_v no_o mine_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n thus_o may_v we_o plain_o see_v that_o when_o this_o weighty_a business_n be_v due_o consider_v in_o his_o end_n as_o all_o our_o humane_a action_n ought_v well_o to_o be_v weigh_v it_o be_v find_v much_o contrary_a to_o that_o which_o most_o man_n esteem_v thereof_o because_o they_o search_v no_o further_o than_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o work_n which_o mis-informs_a their_o judgement_n and_o lead_v end_n they_o into_o error_n for_o if_o we_o only_o behold_v the_o action_n of_o the_o husbandman_n in_o the_o seedtime_n when_o he_o cast_v away_o much_o good_a corn_n into_o the_o ground_n we_o will_v rather_o account_v he_o a_o mad_a man_n than_o a_o husbandman_n but_o when_o we_o consider_v his_o labour_n in_o the_o harvest_n which_o be_v the_o end_n of_o his_o endeavour_n we_o find_v the_o worth_n and_o plentiful_a increase_n of_o his_o action_n chap._n v._o foreign_a trade_n be_v the_o only_a mean_n to_o improve_v the_o price_n of_o our_o land_n iit_fw-la be_v a_o common_a say_n that_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v all_o thing_n dear_a or_o good_a or_o cheap_a and_o this_o money_n be_v either_o get_v or_o lose_v in_o foreign_a trade_n by_o the_o over_o or_o under_o balance_v of_o the_o same_o as_o i_o have_v already_o show_v it_o rest_v now_o that_o i_o distinguish_v the_o seem_a plenty_n of_o money_n from_o that_o which_o be_v only_o substantial_a and_o able_a to_o perform_v the_o work_n for_o there_o be_v divers_a way_n and_o mean_n whereby_o to_o procure_v plenty_n of_o money_n into_o a_o kingdom_n which_o do_v not_o enrich_v but_o rather_o empoverish_v the_o same_o by_o the_o several_a inconvenience_n which_o ever_o accompany_v such_o alteration_n as_o first_o if_o we_o melt_v down_o our_o plate_n into_o coin_n which_o suit_v not_o with_o the_o majesty_n of_o so_o great_a a_o kingdom_n except_o in_o case_n of_o great_a extremity_n it_o will_v cause_v plenty_n of_o money_n for_o a_o time_n yet_o shall_v we_o be_v nothing_o the_o rich_a but_o rather_o this_o treasure_n be_v thus_o alter_v be_v make_v the_o more_o apt_a to_o be_v carry_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n if_o we_o exceed_v our_o mean_n by_o excess_n in_o foreign_a ware_n or_o maintain_v a_o war_n by_o sea_n or_o land_n where_o we_o do_v not_o feed_v and_o clothe_v the_o soldier_n and_o supply_v the_o army_n with_o our_o own_o native_a provision_n by_o which_o disorder_v our_o treasure_n will_v soon_o be_v exhaust_v again_o if_o we_o think_v to_o bring_v in_o store_n of_o money_n by_o suffer_v foreign_a coin_n to_o pass_v current_n at_o high_a rate_n than_o their_o intrinsic_a value_n compare_v with_o our_o standard_n or_o by_o debase_v or_o by_o enhance_a our_o own_o money_n all_o these_o have_v their_o several_a inconvenience_n and_o difficulty_n which_o hereafter_o i_o will_v declare_v but_o admit_v that_o by_o this_o mean_v plenty_n of_o money_n may_v be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n yet_o shall_v we_o be_v nothing_o the_o rich_a neither_o can_v such_o treasure_n so_o get_v long_o remain_v
france_n italy_n and_o other_o member_n of_o her_o general_a trade_n then_o will_v there_o remain_v five_o hundred_o thousand_o rial_n of_o eight_o clear_a gain_n by_o the_o balance_n of_o this_o trade_n and_o this_o comparison_n hold_v between_o all_o other_o nation_n both_o for_o the_o manner_n of_o get_v and_o the_o proportion_n that_o be_v yearly_o get_v but_o if_o yet_o a_o question_n shall_v be_v make_v whether_o all_o nation_n get_v treasure_n and_o spain_n only_o lose_v it_o i_o answer_v no_o for_o some_o country_n by_o war_n or_o by_o excess_n do_v lose_v that_o which_o they_o have_v get_v as_o well_o as_o spain_n by_o war_n and_o want_v of_o ware_n do_v lose_v that_o which_o be_v its_o own_o chap._n vii_o the_o diversity_n of_o gain_n by_o foreign_a trade_n in_o the_o course_n of_o foreign_a trade_n there_o be_v three_o sort_n of_o gain_n the_o first_o be_v that_o of_o the_o commonwealth_n which_o may_v be_v do_v when_o the_o merchant_n who_o be_v the_o principal_a agent_n therein_o shall_v lose_v the_o second_o be_v the_o gain_n of_o the_o merchant_n which_o he_o do_v sometime_o just_o and_o worthy_o effect_v although_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v a_o loser_n the_o three_o be_v the_o gain_n of_o the_o king_n whereof_o he_o be_v ever_o certain_a even_o when_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o the_o merchant_n shall_v be_v both_o loser_n concern_v the_o first_o of_o these_o we_o have_v already_o sufficient_o show_v the_o way_n and_o mean_n whereby_o a_o commonwealth_n may_v be_v enrich_v in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n whereof_o it_o be_v needless_a here_o to_o make_v any_o repetition_n only_o i_o do_v in_o this_o place_n affirm_v that_o such_o happiness_n may_v be_v in_o the_o commonwealth_n when_o the_o merchant_n in_o his_o particular_a shall_v have_v no_o occasion_n to_o rejoice_v as_o for_o example_n suppose_v the_o east-india_n company_n send_v out_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n into_o the_o east-indies_n and_o receive_v home_o for_o the_o same_o the_o full_a value_n of_o three_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n hereby_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o this_o part_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v treble_v and_o yet_o i_o may_v bold_o say_v that_o which_o i_o can_v well_o prove_v that_o the_o say_a company_n of_o merchant_n shall_v lose_v at_o least_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n by_o such_o a_o adventure_n if_o the_o return_n be_v make_v in_o spice_n indigo_n calico_n benjamin_n refine_a saltpetre_n and_o such_o other_o bulkey_n ware_n in_o their_o several_a proportion_n according_a to_o their_o vent_n and_o use_v in_o these_o part_n of_o europe_n for_o the_o freight_n of_o ship_n the_o insurance_n of_o the_o adventure_n the_o charge_n of_o factor_n abroad_o and_o officer_n at_o home_n the_o forbearance_n of_o the_o stock_n his_o majesty_n custom_n and_o impost_n with_o other_o petty_a charge_n incident_a can_v be_v less_o than_o two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n which_o be_v add_v to_o the_o principal_n produce_v the_o say_a loss_n and_o thus_o we_o see_v that_o not_o only_o the_o kingdom_n but_o also_o the_o king_n by_o his_o custom_n and_o impost_n may_v get_v notorious_o even_o when_o the_o merchant_n notwithstanding_o shall_v lose_v grievous_o which_o give_v we_o good_a occasion_n here_o to_o consider_v how_o much_o more_o the_o realm_n be_v enrich_v by_o this_o noble_a trade_n when_o all_o thing_n pass_v so_o happy_o that_o the_o merchant_n be_v a_o gainer_n also_o with_o the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o affirm_v that_o a_o merchant_n by_o his_o laudable_a endeavour_n may_v both_o carry_v out_o and_o bring_v in_o ware_n to_o his_o advantage_n by_o sell_v they_o and_o buy_v they_o to_o good_a profit_n which_o be_v the_o end_n of_o his_o labour_n when_o nevertheless_o the_o commonwealth_n shall_v decline_v and_o grow_v poor_a by_o a_o disorder_n in_o the_o people_n when_o through_o pride_n and_o other_o excess_n they_o do_v consume_v more_o foreign_a ware_n in_o value_n then_o the_o wealth_n of_o the_o kingdom_n can_v satisfy_v and_o pay_v by_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o own_o commodity_n which_o be_v the_o very_a quality_n of_o a_o unthrift_n who_o spend_v beyond_o his_o mean_n last_o the_o king_n be_v ever_o sure_a to_o get_v by_o trade_n when_o both_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o merchant_n shall_v lose_v several_o as_o afore-written_a or_o joint_o as_o it_o may_v and_o do_v sometime_o happen_v when_o at_o one_o and_o the_o same_o time_n our_o commodity_n be_v overbalance_v by_o foreign_a ware_n consume_v and_o that_o the_o merchant_n success_n prove_v no_o better_o than_o be_v before_o declare_v but_o here_o we_o must_v not_o take_v the_o king_n gain_n in_o this_o large_a sense_n for_o so_o we_o may_v say_v that_o his_o majesty_n shall_v get_v although_o half_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v lose_v we_o will_v rather_o suppose_v that_o whereas_o the_o whole_a trade_n of_o the_o realm_n for_o exportation_n and_o importation_n be_v now_o find_v for_o to_o be_v about_o the_o yearly_a value_n of_o four_o million_o and_o a_o half_a of_o pound_n it_o may_v be_v yet_o increase_v two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la more_fw-it by_o the_o importation_n and_o consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n by_o this_o mean_n we_o know_v that_o the_o king_n shall_v be_v a_o gainer_n near_o twenty_o thousand_o pound_n but_o the_o commonwealth_n shall_v lose_v the_o whole_a two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n thus_o spend_v in_o excess_n and_o the_o merchant_n may_v be_v a_o loser_n also_o when_o the_o trade_n shall_v in_o this_o manner_n be_v increase_v to_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o king_n who_o notwithstanding_o shall_v be_v sure_a in_o the_o end_n to_o have_v the_o great_a loss_n if_o he_o prevent_v not_o such_o unthrifty_a course_n as_o do_v impoverish_v his_o subject_n chap._n viii_o the_o enhanse_a or_o debase_v our_o money_n can_v enrich_v the_o kingdom_n with_o treasure_n nor_o hinder_v the_o exportation_n thereof_o there_o be_v three_o way_n by_o which_o the_o money_n of_o a_o kingdom_n be_v common_o alter_v the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o coin_n in_o their_o several_a denomination_n be_v make_v currant_n at_o more_o or_o less_o pound_n shilling_n or_o penny_n than_o former_o the_o second_o be_v when_o the_o say_v coin_n be_v alter_v in_o their_o weight_n and_o yet_o continue_v currant_n at_o the_o former_a rate_n the_o three_o be_v when_o the_o standard_n be_v either_o debase_v or_o enrich_v in_o the_o fineness_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n yet_o the_o money_n continue_v in_o their_o former_a value_n in_o all_o occasion_n of_o want_n or_o plenty_n of_o money_n in_o the_o kingdom_n we_o do_v ever_o find_v divers_a man_n who_o use_v their_o wit_n for_o a_o remedy_n to_o supply_v the_o first_o and_o preserve_v the_o last_o they_o fall_v present_o upon_o alter_v the_o money_n for_o say_v they_o the_o raise_n of_o the_o coin_n in_o value_n will_v cause_v it_o to_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n from_o divers_a place_n in_o hope_n of_o the_o gain_n and_o the_o debase_v of_o the_o money_n in_o the_o fineness_n or_o weight_n will_v keep_v it_o here_o for_o fear_n of_o the_o loss_n but_o these_o man_n please_v themselves_o with_o the_o begin_n only_o of_o this_o weighty_a business_n consider_v not_o the_o progress_n and_o end_v thereof_o whereunto_o we_o ought_v especial_o to_o direct_v our_o thought_n and_o endeavove_n for_o we_o must_v know_v that_o money_n mean_n be_v not_o only_o the_o true_a measure_n of_o all_o our_o other_o mean_n in_o the_o kingdom_n but_o also_o of_o our_o foreign_a commerce_n with_o stranger_n which_o therefore_o ought_v to_o be_v keep_v just_a and_o constant_a to_o avoid_v those_o confusion_n which_o ever_o accompany_v such_o alteration_n for_o first_o at_o home_n if_o the_o common_a measure_n be_v change_v our_o land_n lease_n ware_n both_o foreign_a and_o domestic_a must_v alter_v in_o proportion_n and_o although_o this_o be_v not_o do_v without_o much_o trouble_n and_o damage_n also_o to_o some_o man_n yet_o in_o short_a time_n this_o must_v necessary_o come_v to_o pass_v for_o that_o be_v not_o the_o denomination_n of_o our_o pound_n shilling_n and_o penny_n which_o be_v respect_v but_o the_o intrinsique_n value_n of_o our_o coin_n unto_o which_o we_o have_v little_a reason_n to_o add_v any_o further_a estimation_n or_o worth_n if_o it_o lay_v in_o our_o power_n to_o do_v it_o for_o this_o will_v be_v a_o special_a service_n to_o spain_n spain_n and_o a_o act_n against_o ourselves_o to_o endear_v the_o commodity_n of_o another_o prince_n neither_o can_v these_o course_n which_o so_o much_o hurt_v the_o subject_n any_o way_n help_v the_o king_n as_o some_o man_n have_v imagine_v for_o although_o the_o debase_v or_o lighten_v of_o all_o our_o money_n shall_v bring_v a_o present_a benefit_n for_o once_o only_o to_o the_o mint_n
do_v they_o likewise_o who_o let_v out_o their_o money_n at_o interest_n with_o the_o same_o hope_n and_o like_a advantage_n which_o many_o time_n notwithstanding_o fail_v they_o as_o well_o as_o the_o borrower_n often_o labour_v only_o for_o the_o lender_n profit_n to_o the_o nine_o and_o eighteen_o here_o my_o author_n have_v some_o secret_a meaning_n or_o be_v conscious_a of_o his_o own_o error_n do_v mark_v these_o two_o wonder_n with_o a_o ☞_o in_o the_o margin_n for_o why_o shall_v this_o great_a work_n of_o enrich_v or_o impoverish_v of_o kingdom_n be_v attribute_v to_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v do_v only_o by_o those_o mean_n that_o do_v over_o or_o underballance_n our_o foreign_a trade_n as_o i_o have_v already_o so_o often_o show_v and_o as_o the_o very_a word_n of_o malynes_n himself_o in_o these_o two_o place_n may_v intimate_v to_o a_o judicious_a reader_n to_o the_o fifteen_o and_o sixteen_o i_o confess_v that_o the_o exchange_n may_v be_v use_v in_o turn_v base_a money_n into_o gold_n or_o silver_n as_o when_o a_o stranger_n may_v coin_v and_o bring_v over_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o farthing_n which_o in_o short_a time_n he_o may_v disperse_v or_o convert_v into_o good_a money_n and_o then_o deliver_v the_o same_o here_o by_o exchange_n to_o receive_v the_o value_n in_o his_o own_o country_n or_o he_o may_v do_v this_o feat_n by_o carry_v away_o the_o say_v good_a money_n in_o specie_fw-la without_o use_v the_o exchange_n at_o all_o if_o he_o dare_v venture_v the_o penalty_n of_o the_o law_n the_o spaniard_n know_v well_o who_o be_v the_o common_a coiner_n of_o christendom_n that_o dare_v venture_v to_o bring_v they_o store_n of_o copper_n money_n of_o the_o spanish_a stamp_n and_o carry_v away_o the_o value_n in_o good_a rial_n of_o eight_o wherein_o notwithstanding_o all_o their_o cunning_a device_n they_o be_v sometime_o take_v tardy_a to_o the_o 17._o the_o banker_n be_v always_o ready_a to_o receive_v such_o sum_n of_o money_n as_o be_v put_v into_o their_o hand_n by_o man_n of_o all_o degree_n who_o have_v no_o skill_n or_o good_a mean_n themselves_o to_o manage_v the_o same_o upon_o the_o exchange_n to_o profit_v it_o be_v likewise_o true_a that_o the_o banker_n do_v repay_v all_o man_n with_o their_o own_o and_o yet_o reserve_v good_a gain_n to_o themselves_o which_o they_o do_v aswell_o deserve_v for_o their_o ordinary_a provision_n or_o allowance_n as_o those_o factor_n do_v which_o buy_v or_o sell_v for_o merchant_n by_o commission_n and_o be_v not_o this_o likewise_o both_o just_a and_o very_o common_a to_o the_o 11._o i_o must_v confess_v that_o 17._o here_o be_v a_o wonder_n indeed_o that_o a_o poor_a prince_n shall_v keep_v either_o his_o war_n ot_fw-mi ware_n i_o take_v both_o together_o as_o the_o author_n set_v they_o down_o both_o way_n differ_v in_o his_o say_v two_o book_n upon_o interest_n money_n for_o what_o need_v the_o enemy_n of_o such_o a_o poor_a prince_n deal_v with_o the_o banker_n to_o disappoint_v he_o or_o defeat_v he_o of_o his_o money_n in_o time_n of_o want_n when_o the_o interest_n itself_o will_v do_v this_o fast_n enough_o and_o so_o i_o leave_v this_o poor_a stuffâ—_n to_o the_o 19_o i_o have_v live_v long_o in_o italy_n where_o the_o great_a bank_n and_o banker_n oâ—_n christendom_n do_v trade_n yet_o can_v never_o see_v nor_o hear_v that_o they_o do_v or_o be_v able_a to_o rule_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n by_o confederacy_n but_o still_o the_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n do_v always_o over-rule_v they_o and_o make_v the_o exchange_n to_o run_v at_o â—â—â—h_n or_o low_a rate_n 〈◊〉_d the_o 22._o the_o exchange_n by_o custom_n bill_n between_o merchant_n and_o merchant_n in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n can_v hinder_v prince_n of_o their_o custom_n and_o impost_n for_o the_o money_n which_o one_o man_n deliver_v because_o he_o will_v not_o or_o have_v not_o occasion_n to_o employ_v it_o in_o ware_n another_o man_n take_v because_o he_o either_o will_v or_o have_v already_o lay_v it_o out_o in_o merchandise_n but_o it_o be_v true_a that_o when_o the_o wealth_n of_o a_o kingdom_n consist_v much_o in_o ready_a money_n and_o that_o there_o be_v also_o good_a mean_n and_o conveniency_n in_o such_o a_o kingdom_n to_o trade_n with_o the_o same_o into_o foreign_a part_n either_o by_o sea_n or_o land_n or_o by_o both_o these_o way_n if_o then_o this_o trade_n be_v neglect_v the_o king_n shall_v be_v defeat_v of_o those_o profit_n and_o if_o the_o exchange_n be_v the_o cause_n thereof_o then_o must_v we_o learn_v in_o what_o manner_n this_o be_v do_v for_o we_o may_v exchange_v either_o among_o ourselves_o or_o with_o stranger_n if_o among_o ourselves_o the_o commonwealth_n can_v be_v enrich_v thereby_o for_o the_o gain_n of_o one_o subject_n be_v the_o loss_n of_o another_o and_o if_o we_o exchange_v with_o stranger_n than_o our_o profit_n be_v the_o gain_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n yet_o by_o none_o of_o these_o way_n can_v the_o king_n receive_v any_o benefit_n in_o his_o custom_n let_v we_o therefore_o seek_v out_o the_o place_n where_o such_o exchange_v be_v use_v and_o set_v down_o the_o reason_n why_o this_o practice_n be_v permit_v in_o search_n whereof_o we_o shall_v only_o find_v one_o place_n of_o note_n in_o all_o christendom_n which_o be_v genova_n whereof_o i_o intend_v to_o say_v something_o as_o brief_o as_o i_o can_v the_o state_n of_o genova_n be_v small_a genova_n and_o not_o very_o fertile_a have_v little_a natural_a wealth_n or_o material_n to_o employ_v the_o people_n nor_o yet_o victual_n sufficient_a to_o feed_v they_o but_o nevertheless_o by_o their_o industry_n in_o former_a time_n by_o foreign_a trade_n into_o egypt_n soria_n constantinople_n and_o all_o those_o levant_n part_n for_o spice_n drug_n raw_a silk_n and_o many_o other_o rich_a ware_n with_o which_o they_o serve_v the_o most_o place_n of_o europe_n they_o grow_v to_o a_o incredible_a wealth_n which_o give_v life_n unto_o the_o strength_n of_o their_o city_n the_o pomp_n of_o their_o building_n and_o other_o singular_a beauty_n but_o after_o the_o foundation_n and_o increase_n of_o that_o famous_a city_n of_o venice_n the_o say_a trade_n turn_v that_o way_n and_o since_o likewise_o the_o great_a part_n thereof_o do_v come_v into_o england_n spain_n and_o the_o low_a country_n by_o navigation_n direct_o from_o the_o east_n indies_n which_o alteration_n in_o the_o traffic_n have_v force_v they_o of_o genova_n to_o change_v their_o course_n of_o trade_n with_o ware_n into_o exchange_v of_o their_o money_n which_o for_o gain_v they_o spread_v not_o only_o into_o divers_a country_n where_o the_o trade_n be_v perform_v with_o merchandise_n but_o more_o especial_o they_o do_v therewith_o serve_v the_o want_n of_o the_o spaniard_n in_o flanders_n and_o other_o place_n for_o their_o war_n whereby_o the_o private_a merchant_n be_v much_o enrich_v but_o the_o public_a treasure_n by_o this_o course_n be_v not_o increase_v and_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o genova_n do_v suffer_v this_o inconvenience_n be_v these_o first_o and_o principal_o they_o be_v force_v to_o leave_v those_o trade_n which_o they_o can_v keep_v from_o other_o nation_n who_o have_v better_a mean_n by_o situation_n ware_n ship_n munition_n and_o the_o like_a to_o perform_v these_o affair_n with_o more_o advantage_n than_o they_o be_v able_a to_o do_v second_o they_o proceed_v like_o a_o wise_a state_n who_o still_o retain_v as_o much_o trade_n as_o they_o can_v although_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o procure_v the_o twenty_o part_n of_o that_o which_o they_o have_v for_o have_v few_o or_o no_o material_n of_o their_o own_o to_o employ_v their_o people_n yet_o they_o supply_v this_o want_n by_o the_o fleece-wools_a of_o spain_n and_o raw_a silk_n of_o sicilia_n work_v they_o into_o velvet_n damask_n satin_n woollen-drapery_n and_o other_o manufacture_n three_o whereas_o they_o find_v no_o mean_n in_o their_o own_o country_n to_o employ_v and_o trade_v their_o great_a wealth_n to_o profit_n they_o content_v themselves_o to_o do_v it_o in_o spain_n and_o other_o place_n either_o in_o merchandise_n or_o by_o exchange_v their_o money_n for_o gain_v to_o those_o merchant_n who_o trade_n therewith_o in_o ware_n and_o thus_o wheresoever_o they_o live_v abroad_o for_o a_o time_n circuit_v the_o world_n for_o gain_v yet_o in_o the_o end_n the_o centre_n of_o this_o profit_n be_v in_o their_o own_o native_a country_n last_o the_o government_n of_o genova_n be_v aristocracy_n they_o be_v assure_v that_o although_o the_o public_a get_v little_a yet_o if_o their_o private_a merchant_n gain_v much_o from_o stranger_n they_o shall_v do_v well_o enough_o because_o the_o rich_a and_o secure_a treasure_n of_o a_o free_a state_n be_v the_o riches_n of_o the_o
pretence_n of_o sanctity_n as_o be_v do_v for_o the_o catholic_n cause_n the_o propagation_n of_o the_o church_n the_o suppression_n of_o heretic_n and_o such_o like_a delusion_n serve_v only_o to_o further_a their_o own_o ambition_n whereof_o in_o this_o place_n it_o shall_v be_v needless_a to_o make_v any_o large_a discourse_n chap._n xvii_o whether_o it_o be_v necessary_a for_o great_a prince_n to_o lay_v up_o store_n of_o treasure_n before_o we_o set_v down_o the_o quantity_n of_o treasure_n which_o prince_n may_v convenient_o lay_v up_o yearly_a without_o hurt_v the_o commonwealth_n it_o will_v be_v fit_a to_o examine_v whether_o the_o act_n itself_o of_o treasure_v be_v necessary_a for_o in_o common_a conference_n we_o ever_o find_v some_o man_n who_o do_v so_o much_o dote_v or_o hope_n upon_o the_o liberality_n of_o prince_n that_o they_o term_v it_o baseness_n and_o conceive_v it_o needless_a for_o they_o to_o lay_v up_o store_n of_o treasure_n account_v the_o honour_n and_o safety_n of_o great_a prince_n to_o consist_v more_o in_o their_o bounty_n than_o in_o their_o money_n which_o they_o labour_v to_o confirm_v by_o the_o example_n of_o caesar_n alexander_n and_o other_o who_o hate_v covetousness_n achieve_v may_v act_n and_o victory_n by_o lavish_a gift_n and_o liberal_a expense_n unto_o which_o they_o add_v also_o the_o little_a fruit_n which_o come_v by_o that_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n which_o king_n david_n lay_v up_o and_o leave_v to_o his_o son_n solomon_n who_o notwithstanding_o this_o and_o all_o his_o other_o rich_a present_n and_o wealthy_a traffic_n in_o a_o quiet_a reign_n consume_v all_o with_o pomp_n and_o vain_a delight_n except_v only_o that_o which_o be_v spend_v in_o building_n of_o the_o temple_n whereupon_o say_v they_o if_o so_o much_o treasure_n gather_v by_o so_o just_a a_o king_n effect_v so_o little_a what_o shall_v we_o hope_v for_o by_o the_o endeavour_n of_o this_o kind_n in_o other_o prince_n sardanapalus_n leave_v ten_o million_o of_o pound_n to_o they_o that_o slay_v he_o darius_n leave_v twenty_o million_o of_o pound_n to_o alexander_n that_o take_v he_o nero_n be_v leave_v rich_a and_o extort_v much_o from_o his_o best_a subject_n give_v away_o above_o twelve_o million_o of_o pound_n to_o his_o base_a flatterer_n and_o such_o unworthy_a person_n which_o cause_v galba_n after_o he_o to_o revoke_v those_o gift_n a_o prince_n who_o have_v store_n of_o money_n hate_v peace_n despise_v the_o friendship_n of_o his_o neighbour_n and_o ally_n enter_v not_o only_o into_o unnecessary_a but_o also_o into_o dangerous_a war_n to_o the_o ruin_n and_o overthrow_v sometime_o of_o his_o own_o estate_n all_o which_o with_o divers_a other_o weak_a argument_n of_o this_o kind_n which_o for_o brevity_n i_o omit_v make_v nothing_o against_o the_o lawful_a gather_n and_o mass_v up_o of_o treasure_n by_o wise_a and_o provident_a prince_n if_o they_o be_v right_o understand_v for_o first_o concern_v those_o worthy_n who_o have_v obtain_v to_o the_o high_a top_n of_o honour_n and_o dignity_n by_o their_o great_a gift_n and_o expense_n who_o know_v not_o that_o this_o have_v be_v do_v rather_o upon_o the_o spoil_n of_o their_o enemy_n than_o out_o of_o their_o own_o coffer_n which_o be_v indeed_o a_o bounty_n that_o cause_v neither_o loss_n nor_o peril_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a those_o prince_n which_o do_v not_o provident_o lay_v up_o treasure_n or_o do_v imoderate_o consume_v the_o same_o hand_n when_o they_o have_v it_o will_v sudden_o come_v to_o want_v and_o misery_n for_o there_o be_v nothing_o do_v so_o soon_o decay_v as_o excessive_a bounty_n in_o use_v whereof_o they_o want_v the_o mean_n to_o use_v it_o and_o this_o be_v king_n solomon_n case_n notwithstanding_o his_o infinite_a treasure_n which_o make_v he_o overburthen_n his_o subject_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o for_o this_o cause_n many_o of_o they_o rebel_v against_o his_o son_n rehoboam_n who_o thereby_o lose_v a_o great_a part_n of_o his_o dominion_n be_v so_o gross_o mislead_v by_o his_o young_a counsellor_n therefore_o a_o prince_n that_o will_v not_o oppress_v his_o people_n and_o yet_o be_v able_a to_o maintain_v his_o estate_n and_o defend_v his_o right_n that_o will_v not_o run_v himself_o into_o poverty_n contempt_n hate_n and_o danger_n must_v lay_v up_o treasure_n and_o be_v thrifty_a for_o further_a proof_n whereof_o i_o may_v yet_o produce_v some_o other_o example_n which_o here_o i_o do_v omit_v as_o needless_a only_o i_o will_v add_v this_o as_o a_o necessary_a rule_n to_o be_v observe_v that_o when_o more_o treasure_n must_v be_v raise_v than_o can_v be_v receive_v by_o the_o ordinary_a tax_n it_o ought_v ever_o to_o be_v do_v with_o equality_n to_o avoid_v the_o hate_n of_o the_o people_n who_o be_v never_o please_v except_o their_o contribution_n be_v grant_v by_o general_a consent_n for_o which_o purpose_n the_o invention_n of_o parliament_n be_v a_o excellent_a policy_n of_o government_n to_o keep_v a_o sweet_a concord_n between_o a_o king_n and_o his_o subject_n by_o restrain_v the_o insolency_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o redress_v the_o injury_n of_o the_o commons_o without_o engage_v a_o prince_n to_o adhere_v to_o either_o party_n but_o indifferent_o to_o favour_n both_o there_o can_v nothing_o be_v devise_v with_o more_o judgement_n for_o the_o common_a quiet_n of_o a_o kingdom_n or_o with_o great_a care_n for_o the_o safety_n of_o a_o king_n who_o hereby_o have_v also_o good_a mean_n to_o dispatch_v those_o thing_n by_o other_o which_o will_v move_v envy_n and_o to_o execute_v that_o himself_o which_o will_v merit_v thanks_o chap._n xviii_o how_o much_o treasure_n a_o prince_n may_v convenient_o lay_v up_o yearly_o thus_o far_o we_o have_v show_v the_o ordinary_a and_o extraordinary_a income_n of_o prince_n the_o conveniency_n thereof_o and_o to_o who_o only_o it_o do_v necessary_o and_o just_o belong_v to_o take_v the_o extraordinary_a contribution_n of_o their_o subject_n it_o rest_v now_o to_o examine_v what_o proportion_n of_o treasure_n each_o particular_a prince_n may_v convenient_o lay_v up_o yearly_o this_o business_n do_v seem_v at_o the_o first_o to_o be_v very_o plain_a and_o easy_a for_o if_o a_o prince_n have_v two_o million_o yearly_a revenue_n and_o spend_v but_o one_o why_o shall_v he_o not_o lay_v up_o the_o other_o indeed_o i_o must_v confess_v that_o this_o course_n be_v ordinary_a in_o the_o mean_n and_o get_n of_o private_a man_n but_o in_o the_o affair_n of_o prince_n it_o be_v far_o different_a there_o be_v other_o circumstance_n to_o be_v consider_v for_o although_o the_o revenue_n of_o a_o king_n shall_v be_v very_o great_a yet_o if_o the_o gain_n yearly_o of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v but_o small_a this_o latter_a must_v ever_o give_v rule_n and_o proportion_n to_o that_o treasure_n which_o may_v convenient_o be_v lay_v up_o yearly_o for_o if_o he_o shall_v mass_n up_o more_o money_n than_o be_v gain_v by_o the_o overbalance_n of_o his_o foreign_a trade_n he_o shall_v not_o fleece_n but_o flay_v his_o subject_n and_o so_o with_o their_o ruin_n overthrow_v himself_o for_o want_n of_o future_a sheering_n to_o make_v this_o plain_a suppose_v a_o kingdom_n to_o be_v so_o rich_a by_o nature_n and_o art_n that_o it_o may_v supply_v itself_o of_o foreign_a ware_n by_o trade_n and_o yet_o advance_v yearly_a 200000_o l._n in_o ready_a money_n next_o suppose_v all_o the_o king_n revenue_n to_o be_v 900000_o l._n and_o his_o expense_n but_o 400000_o l._n whereby_o he_o may_v lay_v up_o 300000_o l._n more_o in_o his_o coffer_n yearly_a than_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n gain_v from_o stranger_n by_o foreign_a trade_n who_o see_v not_o then_o that_o all_o the_o money_n in_o such_o a_o state_n will_v sudden_o be_v draw_v into_o the_o prince_n treasure_n whereby_o the_o life_n of_o land_n and_o art_n must_v fail_v and_o fall_v to_o the_o ruin_n both_o of_o the_o public_a and_o private_a wealth_n so_o that_o a_o king_n who_o desire_v to_o lay_v up_o much_o money_n must_v endeavour_v by_o all_o good_a mean_n to_o maintain_v and_o increase_v money_n his_o foreign_a trade_n because_o it_o be_v the_o sole_a way_n not_o only_o to_o lead_v he_o to_o his_o own_o end_n but_o also_o to_o enrich_v his_o subject_n to_o his_o far_a benefit_n for_o a_o prince_n be_v esteem_v no_o less_o powerful_a by_o have_v many_o rich_a and_o well_o affect_v subject_n than_o by_o possess_v much_o treasure_n in_o his_o coffer_n but_o here_o we_o must_v meet_v with_o a_o objection_n which_o peradventure_o may_v be_v make_v concern_v such_o state_n whereof_o i_o have_v former_o speak_v which_o be_v of_o no_o great_a extent_n and_o yet_o border_v upon_o mighty_a prince_n be_v therefore_o constrain_v to_o lay_v extraordinary_a tax_n upon_o their_o subject_n whereby_o they_o procure_v to_o themselves_o very_o great_a income_n yearly_a and_o be_v
the_o account_n of_o all_o the_o ware_n which_o be_v issue_v out_o or_o bring_v into_o the_o kingdom_n and_o although_o it_o be_v true_a they_o can_v exact_o set_v down_o the_o cost_n and_o charge_n of_o other_o man_n good_n buy_v here_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n yet_o nevertheless_o if_o they_o ground_n themselves_o upon_o the_o book_n of_o rate_n they_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o make_v such_o a_o estimate_n as_o may_v well_o satisfy_v this_o enquiry_n for_o it_o be_v not_o expect_v that_o such_o a_o account_n can_v possible_o be_v draw_v up_o to_o a_o just_a balance_n it_o will_v suffice_v only_o that_o the_o difference_n be_v not_o over_o great_a first_o therefore_o concern_v our_o impertation_n exportation_n when_o we_o have_v value_v their_o first_o cost_n we_o must_v add_v twenty_o five_o per_fw-la cent_n thereunto_o for_o the_o charge_n here_o for_o freight_v of_o ship_n insurance_n of_o the_o adventure_n and_o the_o merchant_n gain_n and_o for_o our_o fish_v trade_n which_o pay_v no_o custom_n to_o his_o majesty_n the_o value_n of_o such_o exportation_n may_v be_v easy_o esteem_v by_o good_a observation_n which_o have_v be_v make_v and_o may_v continual_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o increase_n or_o decrease_v of_o those_o affair_n the_o present_a estate_n of_o this_o commodity_n be_v value_v at_o one_o hundred_o and_o forty_o thousand_o pound_n issue_v yearly_a also_o we_o must_v add_v to_o our_o exportation_n all_o the_o money_n which_o be_v carry_v out_o in_o trade_n by_o licence_n from_o his_o majesty_n second_o for_o our_o importation_n of_o foreign_a ware_n the_o custome-book_n serve_v only_o to_o direct_v we_o concern_v the_o quantity_n for_o we_o must_v not_o value_v they_o as_o they_o be_v rate_v here_o but_o as_o they_o cost_v we_o with_o all_o charge_n lade_v into_o our_o ship_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o respective_a place_n where_o they_o be_v buy_v for_o the_o merchant_n gain_n the_o charge_n of_o insurance_n freight_v of_o ship_n custom_n impost_n and_o other_o duty_n here_o which_o do_v great_o endear_v they_o unto_o our_o use_n and_o consumption_n be_v notwithstanding_o but_o commutation_n among_o ourselves_o for_o the_o stranger_n have_v no_o part_n thereof_o wherefore_o our_o say_a importation_n ought_v to_o be_v value_v at_o twenty_o five_o per_fw-la cent_n less_o than_o they_o be_v rate_v to_o be_v worth_a here_o and_o although_o this_o may_v seem_v to_o be_v too_o great_a allowance_n upon_o many_o rich_a commodity_n which_o come_v but_o from_o the_o low_a country_n and_o other_o place_n near_o hand_n yet_o will_v it_o be_v find_v reasonable_a when_o we_o consider_v it_o in_o gross_a commodity_n and_o upon_o ware_n lade_v in_o remote_a country_n as_o our_o pepper_n which_o cost_v we_o with_o charge_n but_o four_o penny_n the_o pound_n in_o the_o east_n indies_n and_o it_o be_v here_o rate_v at_o twenty_o penny_n the_o pound_n so_o that_o when_o all_o be_v bring_v into_o a_o medium_n the_o valuation_n ought_v to_o be_v make_v as_o afore-written_a and_o therefore_o the_o order_n which_o have_v be_v use_v to_o multiply_v the_o full_a rate_n upon_o ware_n inward_o by_o twenty_o will_v produce_v a_o very_a great_a error_n in_o the_o balance_n for_o in_o this_o manner_n the_o ten_o thousand_o bag_n of_o pepper_n which_o this_o year_n we_o have_v bring_v hither_o from_o the_o east_n indies_n shall_v be_v value_v at_o very_a near_o two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n whereas_o be_v all_o this_o pepper_n in_o the_o kingdom_n account_n cost_v not_o above_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n because_o the_o indian_n have_v have_v no_o more_o of_o we_o although_o we_o pay_v they_o extraordinary_a dear_a price_n for_o the_o same_o all_o the_o other_o charge_n as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o be_v but_o a_o change_n of_o effect_n among_o ourselves_o and_o from_o the_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n which_o can_v impoverish_v the_o commonwealth_n but_o it_o be_v true_a that_o whereas_o nine_o thousand_o bag_n of_o the_o say_a pepper_n be_v already_o ship_v out_o for_o divers_a foreign_a part_n these_o and_o all_o other_o ware_n foreign_a or_o domestic_a which_o be_v thus_o transport_v outward_o aught_o to_o be_v cast_v up_o by_o the_o rate_n of_o his_o majesty_n custome-money_n multiply_v by_o twenty_o or_o rather_o by_o twenty_o five_o as_o i_o conceive_v which_o will_v come_v near_o the_o reckon_n when_o we_o consider_v all_o our_o trade_n to_o bring_v they_o into_o a_o medium_n three_o we_o must_v remember_v that_o all_o ware_n export_v or_o import_v by_o stranger_n in_o their_o ship_n be_v esteem_v by_o themselves_o for_o what_o they_o carry_v out_o the_o kingdom_n have_v only_o the_o first_o cost_n and_o the_o custom_n and_o what_o they_o bring_v in_o we_o must_v rate_v itas_fw-la it_o be_v worth_a here_o the_o custom_n impost_n and_o petty_a charge_n only_o deduct_v last_o there_o must_v be_v good_a notice_n take_v of_o all_o the_o great_a loss_n which_o we_o receive_v at_o sea_n in_o our_o ship_n either_o outward_a or_o homeward_o bind_v for_o the_o value_n of_o the_o one_o be_v to_o be_v deduct_v from_o our_o exportation_n and_o the_o value_n of_o the_o other_o be_v to_o be_v add_v to_o our_o importation_n for_o to_o lose_v and_o to_o consume_v do_v produce_v one_o and_o the_o same_o reckon_n likewise_o if_o it_o happen_v that_o his_o majesty_n do_v make_v over_o any_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n to_o maintain_v a_o foreign_a war_n where_o we_o do_v not_o feed_v and_o clothe_v the_o soldier_n and_o provide_v the_o army_n we_o must_v deduct_v all_o this_o charge_n out_o of_o our_o exportation_n or_o add_v it_o to_o our_o importation_n for_o this_o expense_n do_v either_o carry_v out_o or_o hinder_v the_o come_n in_o of_o so_o much_o treasure_n and_o here_o we_o must_v remember_v the_o great_a collection_n of_o money_n which_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v make_v throughout_o the_o realm_n yearly_a from_o our_o recusant_n by_o priest_n and_o jesuit_n who_o secret_o convey_v the_o same_o unto_o their_o college_n cloister_n and_o nunnery_n beyond_o the_o sea_n from_o whence_o it_o never_o return_v to_o we_o again_o in_o any_o kind_n therefore_o if_o this_o prnicious_a mischief_n can_v be_v prevent_v yet_o it_o must_v be_v esteem_v and_o set_v down_o as_o a_o clear_a loss_n to_o the_o kingdom_n except_o to_o balance_v this_o we_o will_v imagine_v that_o as_o great_a a_o value_n may_v perhaps_o come_v in_o from_o foreign_a prince_n to_o their_o pensioner_n here_o for_o favour_n or_o intelligence_n which_o some_o state_n account_v good_a policy_n to_o purchase_v with_o great_a liberality_n the_o receipt_n whereof_o notwithstanding_o be_v plain_a treachery_n there_o be_v yet_o some_o other_o petty_a thing_n which_o seem_v to_o have_v reference_n to_o this_o balance_n of_o which_o the_o say_a officer_n of_o his_o majesty_n custom_n can_v take_v no_o notice_n to_o bring_v they_o into_o the_o account_n as_o namely_o the_o expense_n of_o traveller_n the_o gift_n to_o ambassador_n and_o stranger_n the_o fraud_n of_o some_o rich_a good_n not_o enter_v into_o the_o custom-house_n the_o gain_n which_o be_v make_v here_o by_o stranger_n by_o change_n and_o re-change_n interest_n of_o money_n insurance_n upon_o english_a man_n good_n and_o their_o life_n which_o can_v be_v little_a when_o the_o charge_n of_o their_o live_n here_o be_v deduct_v beside_o that_o the_o very_a like_o advantage_n be_v as_o ample_o minister_v unto_o the_o english_a in_o foreign_a country_n which_o do_v counterpoise_v all_o these_o thing_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v not_o considerable_a in_o the_o draw_v up_o of_o the_o say_a balance_n chap._n xxi_o the_o conclusion_n upon_o all_o that_o have_v be_v say_v concern_v the_o exportation_n or_o importation_n of_o treasure_n the_o sum_n of_o all_o that_o have_v be_v speak_v concern_v the_o enrich_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o increase_n of_o our_o treasure_n by_o commerce_n with_o stranger_n be_v brief_o thus_o that_o it_o be_v a_o certain_a rule_n in_o our_o foreign_a trade_n in_o those_o place_n where_o our_o commodity_n export_v be_v overballance_v in_o value_n by_o foreign_a ware_n bring_v into_o this_o realm_n there_o our_o money_n be_v undervalue_v in_o exchange_n and_o where_o the_o contrary_a of_o this_o be_v perform_v there_o our_o money_n be_v overvalue_v but_o let_v the_o merchant_n exchange_n be_v at_o a_o high_a rate_n or_o at_o a_o low_a rate_n or_o at_o the_o par_fw-fr propari_fw-fr or_o put_v down_o altogether_o let_v foreign_a prince_n enhance_v their_o coin_n or_o debase_v their_o standard_n and_o let_v his_o majesty_n do_v the_o like_a or_o keep_v they_o constant_a as_o they_o now_o stand_v let_v foreign_a coin_n pass_v current_a here_o in_o all_o payment_n at_o high_a rate_n than_o they_o be_v worth_a at_o the_o mint_n let_v the_o statute_n for_o
employment_n by_o stranger_n stand_v in_o force_n or_o be_v repeal_v let_v the_o mere_a exchanger_n do_v his_o worst_a let_v prince_n oppress_v lawyer_n extort_v usurer_n bite_v prodigal_n waste_v and_o last_o let_v merchant_n carry_v out_o what_o money_n they_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o use_v in_o traffic_n yet_o all_o these_o action_n can_v work_v no_o other_o effect_n in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n than_o be_v declare_v in_o this_o discourse_n for_o so_o much_o treasure_n only_o will_v be_v bring_v in_o or_o carry_v out_o of_o a_o commonwealth_n as_o the_o foreign_a trade_n do_v over_o or_o under_o balance_n in_o value_n and_o this_o must_v come_v to_o pass_v by_o a_o necessity_n beyond_o all_o resistance_n so_o that_o all_o other_o course_n which_o tend_v not_o to_o this_o end_n howsoever_o they_o may_v seem_v to_o force_v money_n into_o a_o kingdom_n for_o a_o time_n yet_o be_v they_o in_o the_o end_n not_o only_o fruitless_a but_o also_o hurtful_a they_o be_v like_a to_o violent_a flood_n which_o bear_v down_o their_o bank_n and_o sudden_o remain_v dry_a again_o for_o want_v of_o water_n behold_v then_o the_o true_a form_n and_o worth_n of_o foreign_a trade_n which_o be_v the_o great_a revenue_n of_o the_o king_n the_o honour_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o noble_a profession_n of_o the_o merchant_n the_o school_n of_o our_o art_n the_o supply_n of_o our_o want_n the_o employment_n of_o our_o poor_a the_o improvement_n of_o our_o land_n the_o nursery_n of_o our_o mariner_n the_o wall_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o mean_n of_o our_o treasure_n the_o sinew_n of_o our_o war_n the_o terror_n of_o our_o enemy_n for_o all_o which_o great_a and_o weighty_a reason_n do_v so_o many_o well_o govern_v state_n high_o countenance_v the_o profession_n and_o careful_o cherish_v the_o action_n not_o only_o with_o policy_n to_o increase_v it_o but_o also_o with_o power_n to_o protect_v it_o from_o all_o foreign_a injury_n because_o they_o know_v it_o be_v a_o principal_a in_o reason_n of_o state_n to_o maintain_v and_o defend_v that_o which_o do_v support_v they_o and_o their_o estate_n courteous_a reader_n these_o book_n follow_v be_v sell_v by_o thomas_n clark_n at_o the_o south-entrance_n of_o the_o royal_a exchange_n london_n consuetudo_fw-la vel_fw-la lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la or_o the_o ancient_a law-merchant_n divide_v into_o three_o part_n by_o gerard_n mulens_n merchant_n the_o merchant_n mirror_n or_o direction_n for_o the_o perfect_a order_n or_o keep_v of_o his_o account_n by_o richard_n dafforn_n accountant_a a_o introduction_n to_o merchant_n account_n by_o john_n collins_n accountant_a amphithalamie_n or_o the_o accomptant_n closet_n be_v a_o abridgement_n of_o merchant_n account_n keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n by_o abraham_n liset_n a_o analysis_n or_o resolution_n of_o merchant_n account_n wherein_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o merchant_n account_n be_v anatomize_v by_o ralph_n handson_n accountant_a the_o survey_n of_o london_n contain_v the_o original_n increase_n modern_a estate_n and_o government_n of_o this_o famous_a city_n the_o surgeon_n mate_n or_o military_a and_o domestic_a surgery_n by_o john_n woodall_n master_n in_o chirurgery_n very_o useful_a for_o all_o especial_o for_o surgeon_n a_o learned_a commentary_n or_o exposition_n upon_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o second_o epistle_n of_o saint_n paul_n to_o the_o corinthian_n be_v the_o substance_n of_o many_o sermon_n former_o preach_v at_o gray_n inn_n london_n by_o that_o reverend_n and_o judicious_a divine_a richard_n sibbs_n d._n d._n a_o treatise_n of_o justification_n by_o george_n downame_n d._n d._n a_o explanation_n of_o the_o general_n epistle_n of_o s._n judas_n by_o mr._n samuel_n oat_n etc._n etc._n colonel_n monro_n his_o expedition_n with_o the_o scot_n regiment_n etc._n etc._n a_o commentary_n on_o the_o first_o and_o second_o chapter_n of_o s._n paul_n to_o the_o collossian_o by_o mr._n paul_n bayn_n b._n d._n the_o 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