do_v pay_v for_o it_o factor_n therefore_o must_v be_v very_o careful_a to_o follow_v the_o commission_n give_v they_o very_o orderly_o and_o punctual_o and_o because_o merchant_n be_v not_o able_a to_o prescribe_v every_o thing_n so_o exact_o unto_o their_o factor_n as_o be_v convenient_a it_o behoove_v they_o to_o make_v good_a choice_n of_o the_o person_n which_o they_o do_v employ_v for_o their_o welfare_n depend_v upon_o traffic_n otherwise_o the_o factor_n grow_v rich_a and_o the_o merchant_n poor_a because_o his_o gain_n of_o factoridge_n be_v certain_a howsoever_o the_o success_n of_o merchant_n employment_n do_v prove_v but_o have_v a_o good_a factor_n which_o word_n good_a impli_v all_o and_o more_o than_o a_o honest_a factor_n who_o may_v be_v honest_a and_o nevertheless_o simple_a in_o his_o proceed_n and_o other_o also_o may_v be_v wise_a and_o not_o honest_a this_o good_a factor_n therefore_o may_v be_v trust_v addition_n ample_n commission_n with_o a_o addition_n and_o all_o commission_n give_v unto_o he_o may_v be_v ample_a with_o addition_n of_o these_o word_n dispose_v do_v &_o deal_v therein_o as_o if_o it_o be_v your_o own_o &_o this_o be_v so_o find_v the_o factor_n be_v to_o be_v excuse_v although_o it_o shall_v turn_v to_o loss_n because_o it_o be_v intend_v he_o do_v it_o for_o the_o best_a according_a to_o his_o discretion_n which_o be_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v the_o true_a director_n make_v a_o conscience_n to_o see_v their_o master_n loss_n if_o they_o can_v prevent_v it_o but_o be_v limit_v to_o the_o contrary_a they_o can_v but_o grieve_v when_o their_o counsel_n and_o advice_n do_v not_o take_v place_n either_o in_o the_o sell_n of_o commodity_n in_o time_n foresee_v a_o great_a loss_n or_o buy_v some_o commodity_n dear_a over_o hasty_o as_o also_o in_o keep_v a_o commodity_n without_o purloin_v the_o same_o commission_n a_o passionate_a commission_n sometime_o upon_o a_o passionate_a humour_n as_o a_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n do_v of_o late_a year_n to_o his_o factor_n in_o london_n for_o be_v a_o loser_n by_o some_o spanish_a wine_n by_o write_v in_o these_o word_n my_o will_n be_v that_o upon_o the_o receipt_n of_o this_o my_o letter_n you_o go_v to_o the_o next_o ironmonger_n and_o buy_v a_o hammer_n and_o run_v into_o the_o cellar_n and_o strike_v out_o the_o head_n of_o all_o the_o butt_n of_o wine_n and_o let_v it_o run_v into_o the_o sellor_n for_o see_v the_o devil_n have_v eat_v the_o horse_n let_v he_o have_v the_o bridle_n too_o the_o factor_n do_v herein_o use_v his_o discretion_n and_o keep_v the_o wine_n which_o he_o afterward_o sell_v to_o benefit_n for_o he_o remember_v that_o loser_n have_v leave_v to_o speak_v servant_n difference_n by_o law_n between_o a_o factor_n and_o a_o servant_n factor_n do_v deal_v most_o common_o for_o diverse_a man_n and_o every_o man_n bear_v the_o hazard_n of_o their_o action_n but_o if_o a_o servant_n do_v deal_v for_o other_o by_o his_o master_n direction_n and_o they_o break_v the_o servant_n can_v be_v no_o loser_n for_o he_o be_v take_v to_o have_v no_o other_o credit_n but_o his_o master_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o intimation_n citation_n attachment_n and_o other_o lawful_a course_n be_v execute_v against_o servant_n and_o take_v no_o place_n against_o factor_n unless_o they_o have_v procuration_n now_o let_v we_o set_v down_o such_o observation_n as_o factor_n ought_v to_o know_v observation_n concern_v factor_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v sell_v at_o one_o time_n unto_o one_o man_n several_a parcel_n of_o commodity_n or_o good_n belong_v to_o diverse_a man_n account_n to_o be_v pay_v joint_o in_o one_o or_o more_o payment_n without_o any_o distinction_n make_v by_o the_o buyer_n for_o what_o parcel_n he_o pay_v any_o sum_n in_o part_n of_o payment_n of_o the_o say_a debt_n weekly_a or_o monthly_o as_o shopkeeper_n do_v then_o be_v the_o say_a factor_n to_o make_v a_o proportionable_a distribution_n of_o the_o money_n so_o receive_v upon_o every_o man_n account_n sold._n commodity_n buy_v and_o sold._n according_a to_o the_o sum_n that_o every_o man_n parcel_n do_v amount_v unto_o until_o all_o be_v pay_v and_o if_o any_o loss_n do_v happen_v or_o that_o all_o be_v not_o pay_v the_o say_a loss_n be_v to_o be_v distribute_v upon_o every_o man_n account_n according_o if_o a_o factor_n do_v sell_v afterward_o more_o good_n to_o the_o say_a man_n or_o any_o other_o who_o be_v already_o indebt_v for_o other_o commodity_n former_o buy_v as_o aforesaid_a be_v it_o for_o his_o own_o account_n or_o other_o man_n account_n and_o in_o the_o interim_n receive_v some_o more_o money_n in_o part_n of_o payment_n and_o account_n between_o they_o then_o be_v the_o say_a factor_n to_o distribute_v the_o say_a money_n as_o before_o until_o the_o say_v old_a and_o precedent_a debt_n be_v first_o pay_v unless_o there_o be_v cause_n of_o controversy_n for_o they_o or_o that_o the_o payment_n be_v endorse_v upon_o the_o bill_n make_v for_o the_o late_a good_n sell_v unto_o that_o man_n for_o that_o bill_n may_v be_v transfer_v or_o set_v over_o unto_o another_o man_n and_o so_o be_v not_o he_o the_o receiver_n of_o that_o money_n but_o the_o other_o man_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v sell_v good_n to_o another_o man_n payable_a at_o time_n for_o his_o own_o account_n and_o rcieve_v the_o money_n for_o the_o same_o at_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n let_v other_o man_n money_n remain_v in_o that_o man_n hand_n unpay_v for_o good_n by_o he_o former_o sell_v this_o factor_n be_v to_o be_v answerable_a for_o that_o money_n unto_o those_o other_o man_n although_o he_o shall_v never_o recover_v one_o penny_n of_o it_o for_o he_o can_v without_o fraud_n bear_v with_o the_o nonpayment_n of_o other_o man_n money_n after_o they_o be_v due_a and_o procure_v the_o payment_n of_o his_o own_o money_n to_o another_o man_n loss_n and_o prejudice_n in_o like_a case_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v sell_v unto_o a_o man_n certain_a good_n of_o another_o man_n account_n either_o by_o itself_o or_o among_o other_o parcel_n and_o this_o factor_n give_v not_o advice_n to_o the_o owner_n or_o proprietary_n of_o the_o sale_n of_o the_o say_a good_n but_o afterward_o have_v have_v more_o deal_n with_o that_o man_n in_o sell_v of_o good_n and_o receive_v of_o money_n this_o man_n become_v insoluent_a the_o factor_n be_v to_o make_v good_a that_o debt_n for_o the_o say_v good_n so_o sell_v because_o he_o give_v no_o advice_n to_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o sale_n of_o the_o say_a good_n at_o convenient_a time_n even_o as_o if_o he_o have_v sell_v those_o good_n unto_o a_o man_n contrary_n to_o the_o commission_n give_v unto_o he_o for_o the_o salary_n of_o factoridge_n bind_v he_o thereunto_o if_o a_o factor_n by_o order_n or_o commission_n of_o a_o merchant_n do_v buy_v any_o commodity_n above_o the_o price_n limit_v unto_o he_o by_o the_o say_a merchant_n or_o that_o they_o be_v not_o of_o that_o sort_n goodness_n or_o kind_n as_o he_o be_v will_v to_o do_v this_o factor_n be_v to_o keep_v the_o same_o for_o his_o own_o account_n and_o the_o merchant_n may_v disclaim_v the_o buy_n of_o they_o the_o like_a he_o may_v do_v if_o the_o factor_n have_v buy_v a_o commodity_n according_a to_o his_o commission_n do_v ship_n the_o same_o for_o another_o place_n than_o he_o have_v commission_n to_o do_v if_o a_o factor_n do_v sell_v a_o commodity_n under_o the_o price_n limit_v unto_o he_o he_o be_v to_o make_v good_a the_o loss_n or_o difference_n of_o the_o price_n unless_o he_o can_v give_v a_o sufficient_a reason_n of_o his_o do_v so_o wherein_o he_o be_v to_o consider_v the_o disposition_n of_o the_o merchant_n for_o who_o he_o deal_v as_o be_v before_o note_v if_o a_o factor_n buy_v commodity_n according_a to_o his_o commission_n and_o afterward_o the_o price_n of_o they_o rise_v and_o thereupon_o fraudulent_o he_o lade_v they_o for_o another_o place_n contrary_a to_o his_o commission_n to_o take_v the_o benefit_n thereof_o in_o this_o case_n the_o merchant_n shall_v recover_v damage_n against_o the_o factor_n by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n upon_o proof_n make_v thereof_o if_o a_o factor_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o a_o merchant_n do_v buy_v a_o commodity_n for_o that_o merchant_n account_n with_o the_o say_v merchant_n money_n or_o by_o his_o credit_n and_o the_o factor_n give_v no_o advice_n of_o the_o buy_n of_o it_o to_o the_o say_a merchant_n but_o do_v sell_v the_o same_o again_o for_o his_o own_o benefit_n and_o gain_v the_o merchant_n shall_v recover_v this_o benefit_n of_o the_o say_a factor_n by_o the_o office_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n and_o shall_v be_v moreover_o amerce_v for_o
and_o to_o conclude_v concern_v fraightment_n and_o charterpaâ—ties_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o equity_n in_o all_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v and_o especial_o in_o sea-fairing_n cause_n and_o cavillation_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v as_o for_o example_n a_o merchant_n freight_v a_o ship_n with_o all_o his_o furniture_n by_o the_o month_n and_o put_v into_o she_o the_o master_n and_o mariner_n and_o victual_v the_o same_o at_o his_o charge_n and_o make_v a_o charterpartie_n with_o the_o owner_n promise_v to_o pay_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o furniture_n twenty_o pound_n every_o month_n at_o her_o return_n into_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n and_o so_o lade_v in_o she_o for_o the_o strait_n regard_v equity_n in_o seafaring_a cause_n much_o to_o be_v regard_v and_o to_o go_v from_o port_n to_o port_n in_o several_a place_n with_o merchandise_n and_o after_o two_o year_n or_o thereabouts_o have_v take_v her_o lade_n in_o barbary_n come_v for_o london_n and_o by_o storm_n and_o tempest_n the_o ship_n be_v cast_v away_o near_o dover_n and_o the_o good_n be_v save_v hereupon_o the_o merchant_n deny_v to_o pay_v the_o freight_n monthly_o to_o be_v reckon_v because_o the_o ship_n do_v not_o arrive_v in_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n according_a to_o the_o word_n in_o the_o charterpartie_n herein_o the_o owner_n be_v much_o wrong_v for_o the_o money_n be_v due_a monthly_a and_o the_o place_n be_v name_v only_o to_o signify_v the_o time_n when_o the_o money_n be_v due_a to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o ship_n deserve_v wage_n like_a unto_o a_o labourer_n or_o like_o a_o mariner_n which_o serve_v by_o the_o month_n who_o be_v to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o time_n he_o have_v serve_v although_o he_o die_v before_o the_o voyage_n be_v end_v as_o we_o find_v daily_o that_o the_o east-indies_n company_n pay_v to_o their_o wife_n or_o friend_n the_o labourer_n be_v worthy_a of_o his_o hire_n the_o ship_n be_v not_o freight_v by_o the_o great_a to_o run_v that_o adventure_n which_o be_v note_v before_o neither_o be_v she_o want_v her_o furniture_n of_o cable_n anchor_n sail_n rope_n or_o any_o thing_n whereby_o she_o be_v disable_v to_o perform_v the_o voyage_n and_o may_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o cast_v away_o for_o if_o it_o be_v so_o then_o there_o be_v great_a cause_n give_v to_o deny_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o freight_n again_o where_o it_o be_v allege_v that_o the_o say_a owner_n have_v make_v assurance_n upon_o the_o ship_n for_o more_o than_o the_o same_o be_v worth_a and_o do_v thereby_o recover_v of_o the_o assuror_n a_o benefit_n towards_o his_o loss_n this_o do_v not_o concern_v the_o merchant_n but_o the_o assuror_n and_o if_o the_o assurance_n be_v orderly_o make_v the_o say_a assuror_n have_v pay_v the_o same_o due_o that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o the_o policy_n or_o writing_n of_o assurance_n do_v declare_v that_o the_o owner_n do_v value_v his_o ship_n in_o such_o a_o sum_n whereof_o hereafter_o you_o may_v read_v in_o the_o proper_a place_n entreat_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o assurance_n a_o merchant_n value_v one_o barrel_n of_o saffroh_n at_o 1000_o will_v have_v private_o put_v so_o much_o in_o gold_n in_o the_o same_o the_o gold_n be_v take_v but_o the_o saffron_n be_v deliver_v and_o the_o assuror_n do_v pay_v for_o the_o gold_n and_o the_o like_a be_v for_o pearl_n or_o other_o thing_n so_o value_v item_n when_o coffer_n pack_n or_o pipe_n and_o other_o mark_v commodity_n or_o good_n be_v deliver_v close_o pack_v or_o seal_v and_o afterward_o shall_v be_v receive_v open_a and_o loose_a the_o master_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v for_o it_o until_o a_o due_a trial_n and_o that_o consideration_n thereof_o be_v have_v he_o must_v also_o answer_v for_o the_o harm_n which_o rat_n do_v in_o the_o ship_n to_o any_o merchandise_n for_o want_n of_o a_o cat._n the_o merchant_n on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v to_o be_v bind_v by_o the_o say_a charterpartie_n to_o pay_v the_o freight_n of_o the_o good_n by_o he_o lade_v either_o by_o the_o last_o tun_n or_o by_o the_o pack_n and_o fardel_n according_a to_o the_o agreement_n account_v for_o a_o last_o tun_n or_o other_o thing_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o a_o tun_n lade_v wherein_o pesterable_a ware_n which_o take_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o room_n be_v except_v and_o must_v be_v agree_v for_o and_o the_o good_n lade_v be_v liable_a for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o freight_n the_o merchant_n likewise_o do_v covenant_n to_o pay_v pilotage_n if_o a_o pilot_n be_v use_v to_o bring_v the_o ship_n into_o the_o harbour_n also_o primage_n and_o petilodmanidge_n to_o the_o master_n for_o the_o use_n of_o his_o cable_n to_o discharge_v the_o good_n petilodmenidge_n pilotage_n primage_n petilodmenidge_n and_o to_o the_o mariner_n to_o charge_n and_o discharge_v they_o which_o may_v be_v six_o penny_n or_o twelve_o penny_n for_o the_o tun_n lade_v with_o some_o other_o clause_n and_o agreement_n make_v between_o the_o say_a merchant_n and_o master_n wherein_o it_o be_v not_o a_o miss_n to_o limit_v a_o good_a sum_n of_o money_n on_o either_o side_n to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o charterpartie_n and_o to_o covenant_n the_o same_o by_o the_o say_a charterpartie_n whereof_o i_o do_v here_o prescribe_v but_o one_o form_n consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o condition_n therein_o use_v as_o the_o merchant_n and_o master_n can_v agree_v which_o every_o scrivener_n do_v usual_o make_v according_o as_o in_o this_o chapter_n be_v rehearse_v *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xxii_o of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n his_o power_n and_o duty_n of_o the_o master_n to_o the_o merchant_n oleron_n law_n of_o oleron_n the_o whole_a power_n and_o charge_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o master_n require_v a_o stay_a man_n and_o of_o experience_n whereunto_o the_o owner_n be_v to_o take_v great_a heed_n for_o his_o power_n be_v describe_v partly_o by_o the_o owner_n or_o setter_n forth_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o partly_o by_o the_o common-law_n of_o the_o sea_n by_o mean_n and_o virtue_n whereof_o the_o master_n may_v if_o need_v be_v borrow_v money_n in_o a_o strange_a country_n with_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o company_n upon_o some_o of_o the_o tackle_n or_o furniture_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o else_o sell_v some_o of_o the_o merchant_n good_n provide_v that_o the_o merchant_n be_v repay_v again_o at_o the_o high_a price_n that_o the_o like_a good_n be_v sell_v for_o at_o the_o market_n which_o be_v do_v the_o freight_n of_o those_o good_n so_o sell_v and_o repay_v shall_v be_v also_o repay_v by_o the_o master_n to_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n aswell_o as_o the_o freight_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o merchant_n good_n except_o the_o ship_n perish_v in_o the_o voyage_n in_o this_o case_n only_o the_o price_n that_o the_o good_n be_v buy_v for_o shall_v be_v render_v and_o for_o no_o other_o cause_n may_v the_o master_n take_v up_o money_n or_o sell_v any_o of_o the_o merchant_n good_n although_o it_o be_v in_o the_o danger_n of_o shipwreck_n etc._n the_o duty_n of_o a_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n etc._n etc._n such_o be_v the_o duty_n of_o a_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n that_o be_v provident_a that_o he_o ought_v not_o to_o make_v sail_n and_o put_v forth_o to_o sea_n without_o the_o advice_n and_o consent_n of_o the_o most_o part_n of_o his_o company_n especial_o when_o the_o weather_n be_v stormy_a otherwise_o he_o shall_v answer_v the_o damage_n that_o come_v thereby_o principal_o if_o he_o have_v not_o provide_v a_o expert_a pilot_n or_o if_o the_o ship_n happen_v to_o fall_v over_o in_o the_o harbour_n the_o master_n shall_v be_v punish_v also_o by_o damage_n if_o the_o overloope_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v untyth_n or_o the_o pump_n be_v faulty_a or_o a_o sufficient_a cover_n be_v want_v especial_o for_o corn_n victual_v and_o such_o like_a commodity_n he_o be_v also_o before_o his_o departure_n to_o deliver_v the_o name_n of_o all_o the_o person_n which_o he_o be_v to_o transport_v and_o of_o his_o mariner_n which_o with_o we_o be_v but_o late_o establish_v and_o at_o his_o return_n he_o be_v to_o deliver_v a_o true_a inventory_n of_o the_o good_n of_o any_o person_n which_o shall_v happen_v to_o depart_v this_o life_n in_o that_o voyage_n not_o only_o because_o his_o kindred_n and_o friend_n may_v have_v intelligence_n of_o it_o but_o also_o because_o their_o good_n may_v be_v safe_a and_o forthcoming_a for_o one_o whole_a year_n of_o which_o good_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o bed_n and_o appurtenance_n may_v be_v take_v by_o the_o master_n and_o his_o mate_n to_o their_o use_n as_o also_o such_o clothing_n and_o other_o thing_n then_o upon_o his_o body_n may_v be_v deliver_v to_o the_o boatman_n and_o the_o
as_o for_o the_o erect_n of_o school_n and_o university_n maintenance_n of_o the_o poor_a and_o of_o widow_n and_o orphan_n reparation_n of_o church_n and_o highway_n and_o ditch_n for_o the_o plantation_n of_o collonye_n of_o people_n in_o other_o country_n and_o build_v of_o town_n and_o castle_n for_o their_o maintenance_n as_o also_o to_o erect_v pawne-house_n to_o supply_v the_o necessity_n of_o the_o mechanical_a poor_a suppress_v intolerable_a usury_n whereof_o we_o shall_v entreat_v in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o this_o book_n concern_v money_n the_o etymology_n of_o the_o word_n lotarie_a be_v derive_v from_o the_o word_n lot_n and_o albeit_o all_o lotary_n be_v thing_n casual_a in_o respect_n of_o man_n to_o who_o the_o lot_n fall_v yet_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o providence_n of_o god_n they_o be_v certain_a in_o effect_n by_o the_o say_v divine_a dispose_n of_o the_o lot_n insomuch_o that_o howsoever_o the_o word_n fortune_n chance_n fate_n destiny_n and_o casualty_n be_v borrow_v from_o the_o heathen_n it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o respect_v the_o effect_n and_o operation_n of_o god_n towards_o man_n they_o be_v proper_a distinction_n of_o god_n divine_a providence_n and_o hence_o arise_v the_o proverb_n nemo_fw-la sva_fw-la sort_n contentus_fw-la vivit_fw-la *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xlii_o of_o association_n monopoly_n engrossing_n and_o forestallings_n association_n be_v twofold_a the_o one_o be_v do_v by_o public_a authority_n of_o prince_n or_o state_n upon_o grant_n make_v by_o letter_n patent_n which_o be_v proper_o call_v society_n as_o the_o company_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n adventurer_n society_n of_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n which_o be_v of_o 400_o year_n stand_v or_o thereabouts_o reckon_v from_o the_o year_n 1248_o when_o the_o say_v merchant_n obtain_v privilege_n of_o john_n duke_n of_o brabant_n and_o be_v call_v the_o brotherhood_n of_o saint_n thomas_n becket_n of_o canturburie_n which_o be_v confirm_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o henry_n the_o four_o henry_n the_o five_o edward_z the_o four_o henry_n the_o six_o richard_z the_o three_o and_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o who_o give_v they_o the_o name_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n after_o he_o also_o confirm_v by_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o edward_n the_o six_o queen_n marie_n queen_n elizabeth_n and_o last_o by_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n king_n james_n not_o without_o many_o enemy_n and_o opposition_n and_o most_o especial_o of_o late_a tax_v they_o to_o be_v monopolizer_n and_o unprofitable_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v that_o all_o our_o clothes_n be_v not_o dress_v and_o dye_v in_o england_n whereupon_o their_o patent_n be_v for_o a_o time_n suspend_v but_o afterwards_o confirm_v again_o unto_o they_o by_o his_o majesty_n ample_a proclamation_n as_o this_o society_n be_v of_o ancient_a estimation_n so_o be_v their_o government_n very_o commendable_a and_o preserve_v the_o amity_n and_o intercourse_n between_o the_o realm_n and_o other_o neighbour_n prince_n and_o state_n vent_v the_o best_a commodity_n of_o the_o kingdom_n yet_o so_o that_o every_o man_n sell_v free_o at_o his_o pleasure_n without_o any_o combination_n or_o limitation_n to_o the_o great_a honour_n and_o service_n of_o the_o state_n wherein_o they_o may_v daily_o see_v and_o observe_v more_o and_o more_o as_o be_v heretofore_o declare_v etc._n society_n of_o east-indies_n virginia_n etc._n etc._n the_o east-india_n merchant_n be_v also_o a_o society_n but_o their_o adventurer_n run_v all_o into_o main_a stock_n and_o be_v govern_v and_o carry_v all_o joint_o upon_o benefit_n or_o loss_n this_o company_n begin_v in_o the_o year_n 1599_o so_o the_o merchant_n of_o turkey_n be_v a_o society_n also_o the_o virginia_n and_o barmuda_n merchant_n and_o diverse_a other_o be_v society_n incorporate_v by_o his_o majesty_n letter_n patent_n as_o aforesaid_a the_o other_o association_n be_v do_v by_o and_o between_o merchant_n of_o their_o own_o authority_n contract_n partnership_n by_o contract_n join_v themselves_o together_o for_o to_o deal_v and_o trade_n either_o for_o year_n or_o voyage_n and_o this_o be_v proper_o call_v partnership_n where_o one_o man_n do_v adventure_v a_o thousand_o pound_n another_o five_o hundred_o pound_n another_o three_o hundred_o pound_n and_o another_o four_o hundred_o pound_n more_o or_o less_o as_o they_o agree_v among_o themselves_o to_o make_v a_o stock_n every_o man_n to_o have_v his_o profit_n or_o to_o bear_v loss_n and_o adventure_n according_a to_o their_o several_a stock_n in_o one_o or_o many_o voyage_n for_o one_o or_o more_o year_n beside_o the_o money_n take_v up_o at_o use_n to_o trade_n withal_o proportionable_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o their_o stock_n by_o part_n and_o portion_n to_o be_v divide_v into_o so_o many_o part_n as_o they_o agree_v wherein_o the_o condition_n be_v diverse_a which_o must_v be_v observe_v true_o and_o the_o account_v according_o otherwise_o all_o will_v run_v into_o a_o labyrinth_n and_o confusion_n and_o by_o the_o common_a law_n one_o partner_n can_v proceed_v against_o another_o and_o in_o chancery_n the_o suit_n may_v be_v prolong_v for_o the_o life_n of_o a_o man_n unless_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v better_o understand_v and_o the_o auditor_n office_n be_v enable_v to_o end_v these_o business_n with_o brevity_n and_o expedition_n there_o be_v another_o branch_n of_o this_o manner_n of_o partnership_n employment_n partnership_n by_o employment_n which_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o factor_n beyond_o the_o sea_n deal_v for_o diverse_a merchant_n will_v sometime_o make_v employment_n of_o several_a man_n money_n in_o one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n to_o be_v divide_v among_o they_o here_o one_o may_v become_v a_o partner_n unaware_o and_o unknown_a as_o of_o late_o i_o know_v the_o like_a do_v happen_v in_o a_o great_a bargain_n of_o tobacco_n whereupon_o all_o the_o partner_n be_v seven_o in_o number_n be_v fall_v out_o and_o diverse_a of_o they_o be_v in_o law_n this_o course_n although_o use_v be_v very_o dangerous_a especial_o when_o they_o use_v many_o factor_n one_o merchant_n send_v commodity_n to_o his_o factor_n to_o be_v sell_v in_o spain_n and_o give_v order_n that_o by_o that_o mean_v he_o shall_v provide_v money_n for_o his_o part_n of_o the_o employment_n of_o tobacco_n to_o be_v make_v another_o merchant_n he_o send_v a_o letter_n of_o credit_n of_o a_o friend_n of_o he_o that_o so_o much_o money_n shall_v be_v take_v up_o by_o exchange_n for_o antuerpe_n or_o london_n as_o shall_v be_v needful_a for_o his_o part_n another_o merchant_n he_o cause_v so_o much_o money_n to_o be_v make_v over_o to_o his_o factor_n by_o exchange_n â—â—om_n antuerpe_n as_o will_v furnish_v for_o his_o part_n two_o other_o merchant_n dwell_v in_o spain_n do_v furnish_v their_o part_n there_o themselves_o and_o among_o they_o all_o they_o admit_v in_o spain_n one_o factor_n dwell_v there_o to_o buy_v the_o tobacco_n and_o he_o have_v a_o part_n with_o they_o but_o find_v the_o mean_n to_o disburse_v no_o money_n for_o his_o part_n because_o he_o buy_v the_o say_a parcel_n of_o tobacco_n amount_v to_o some_o twelve_o thousand_o ducat_n and_o condition_v to_o pay_v a_o good_a part_n of_o it_o at_o six_o or_o more_o month_n and_o the_o seven_o merchant_n he_o provide_v not_o any_o money_n and_o neverle_n will_v have_v his_o part_n because_o he_o give_v order_n to_o his_o factor_n to_o take_v it_o up_o by_o exchange_n for_o london_n upon_o he_o promise_v that_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o here_o hereupon_o the_o bargain_n and_o employment_n of_o tobacco_n be_v make_v the_o good_n receive_v and_o send_v over_o to_o london_n where_o it_o be_v divide_o deliver_v to_o some_o of_o the_o say_a partner_n to_o be_v sell_v with_o one_o and_o other_o privity_n for_o the_o general_a account_n of_o they_o all_o to_o be_v make_v up_o among_o they_o to_o clear_v the_o say_a account_n and_o every_o man_n to_o have_v his_o part_n of_o the_o benefit_n and_o profit_n and_o likewise_o to_o bear_v such_o loss_n as_o may_v decrease_v their_o profit_n according_a to_o equity_n and_o conscience_n interim_n it_o happen_v that_o the_o factor_n who_o buy_v the_o say_a tobacco_n die_v insoluent_a who_o do_v not_o only_o leave_v his_o own_o part_n unpaid_a but_o a_o far_o great_a sum_n which_o the_o other_o two_o partner_n be_v fain_o to_o pay_v be_v bind_v for_o it_o in_o all_o amount_v to_o 1300_o will_v starling_n now_o the_o question_n be_v how_o this_o loss_n shall_v be_v bear_v among_o they_o the_o first_o merchant_n he_o say_v i_o do_v send_v commodity_n and_o by_o the_o provenue_n thereof_o my_o part_n be_v pay_v by_o he_o that_o die_v and_o that_o depend_v upon_o account_n to_o be_v clear_v between_o he_o and_o the_o party_n decease_v the_o second_o merchant_n he_o say_v my_o part_n be_v pay_v in_o ready_a money_n in_o spain_n take_v up_o
they_o be_v neither_o the_o discoverer_n or_o first_o inventor_n thereof_o but_o if_o it_o be_v do_v by_o the_o king_n prerogative_n than_o they_o take_v it_o to_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o monopoly_n so_o that_o if_o it_o be_v by_o a_o dispensation_n upon_o a_o penal_a law_n they_o make_v the_o same_o questionable_a wherein_o nevertheless_o the_o prince_n wisdom_n be_v to_o rule_v for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n other_o will_v have_v all_o thing_n at_o large_a in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o that_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o society_n or_o corporation_n of_o merchant_n for_o any_o place_n of_o trade_n but_o that_o by_o way_n of_o partenership_n merchant_n may_v associate_v themselves_o to_o make_v or_o enterprise_v some_o voyage_n or_o in_o send_v of_o commodity_n in_o copartnership_n without_o regard_n have_v that_o innovation_n be_v dangerous_a where_o the_o trade_n have_v be_v carry_v always_o by_o company_n or_o society_n whereof_o some_o be_v of_o great_a 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the_o portugall_n who_o experience_n have_v make_v apparent_a unto_o we_o that_o they_o have_v for_o many_o year_n sell_v their_o spice_n and_o other_o east-india_n commodity_n with_o good_a order_n and_o reputation_n for_o their_o benefit_n and_o in_o this_o course_n they_o use_v many_o time_n other_o man_n name_n name_n merchant_n use_v each_o other_o name_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n as_o they_o do_v also_o manage_v other_o man_n affair_n in_o their_o own_o name_n but_o this_o be_v do_v with_o the_o privity_n of_o the_o party_n who_o name_n be_v borrow_v and_o think_v worthy_a to_o be_v trust_v otherwise_o it_o may_v prove_v very_o dangerous_a especial_o in_o time_n of_o war_n touch_v forestalling_a of_o corn_n or_o other_o commodity_n in_o market_n it_o be_v as_o i_o have_v say_v provide_v for_o by_o law_n nevertheless_o the_o civilians_n have_v note_v that_o by_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o all_o country_n it_o be_v not_o prohibit_v for_o any_o man_n to_o make_v his_o provision_n of_o corn_n or_o other_o victual_n for_o one_o whole_a year_n and_o upon_o change_v of_o mind_n to_o sell_v the_o same_o again_o to_o profit_v *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xliii_o of_o merchant_n oppignoration_n merchant_n oppignoration_n be_v more_o use_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o commodiousness_n of_o it_o than_o upon_o necessity_n as_o other_o good_n be_v pawn_v for_o when_o a_o merchant_n have_v a_o ship_n come_v home_o lade_v with_o wine_n oil_n woad_n or_o such_o like_a commodity_n and_o be_v to_o pay_v a_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n for_o freight_v custom_n and_o impost_n he_o will_v not_o willing_o disburse_v more_o money_n but_o will_v endeavour_n to_o sell_v part_n of_o his_o commodity_n to_o pay_v the_o same_o withal_o because_o that_o thereby_o he_o may_v avoid_v the_o payment_n of_o interest_n for_o money_n unto_o other_o which_o sometime_o he_o can_v so_o ready_o find_v upon_o his_o own_o bond_n alone_o and_o if_o he_o do_v then_o must_v he_o be_v tie_v to_o take_v the_o same_o for_o four_o or_o six_o month_n and_o pay_v that_o interest_n when_o within_o one_o month_n he_o may_v make_v money_n of_o his_o own_o good_n upon_o consideration_n whereof_o some_o rich_a citizen_n that_o have_v great_a house_n and_o many_o seller_n or_o warehouse_n and_o to_o let_v they_o at_o great_a rent_n have_v be_v content_v to_o lend_v money_n upon_o the_o good_n bring_v into_o their_o seller_n and_o warehouse_n pay_v after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n and_o when_o they_o sell_v their_o good_n they_o must_v pay_v they_o the_o say_a money_n for_o they_o do_v trust_n bayard_n in_o the_o stable_a in_o which_o regard_n the_o house_n of_o commerce_n be_v very_o necessary_a and_o other_o such_o house_n that_o be_v spacious_a to_o receive_v great_a quantity_n of_o commodity_n where_o the_o custom_n and_o imposition_n be_v only_o pay_v by_o the_o sale_n of_o the_o commodity_n and_o you_o may_v borrow_v more_o money_n for_o little_a or_o no_o consideration_n at_o all_o and_o hereby_o do_v a_o merchant_n enlarge_v his_o trade_n and_o young_a merchant_n have_v small_a stock_n find_v great_a ease_n and_o commodity_n you_o have_v at_o lixborne_a the_o alfandega_n in_o seville_a a_o dicana_n at_o venice_n il_fw-fr fontego_fw-la commerce_n house_n of_o commerce_n at_o antuerp_n the_o house_n of_o the_o easterling_n be_v memorable_a whereof_o i_o do_v deliver_v the_o figure_n in_o print_n to_o the_o late_a earl_n of_o salisbury_n when_o he_o cause_v the_o briton_n burse_n to_o be_v build_v in_o the_o strand_n and_o withal_o a_o project_n to_o build_v a_o house_n of_o commerce_n upon_o the_o tower_n hill_n which_o he_o do_v like_o exceed_o and_o protest_v that_o if_o he_o have_v not_o begin_v that_o work_n he_o will_v undertake_v this_o project_n which_o i_o do_v here_o declare_v in_o hope_n that_o some_o honourable_a friend_n to_o merchant_n may_v be_v please_v to_o build_v the_o same_o hereafter_o domus_fw-la commutationis_fw-la the_o situation_n of_o this_o house_n of_o commutation_n or_o commerce_n will_v be_v very_o commodious_a upon_o the_o tower_n hill_n to_o be_v make_v of_o free_a stone_n the_o proportion_n almost_o square_a according_a to_o the_o say_a easterling_n house_n at_o antuerpe_n leave_v a_o fair_a street_n on_o every_o side_n the_o fore_a part_n thereof_o towards_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n and_o the_o water_n to_o be_v bring_v before_o it_o by_o cut_v in_o the_o dock_n below_o the_o tower_n wharf_n so_o as_o two_o ship_n of_o ordinary_a burden_n may_v at_o one_o time_n come_v in_o to_o discharge_v at_o the_o crane_n to_o be_v make_v there_o for_o the_o purpose_n the_o dryness_n of_o the_o ground_n be_v very_o fit_a to_o make_v great_a cellar_n in_o the_o midst_n a_o stately_a court_n and_o all_o the_o low_a part_n of_o this_o house_n double_a warehouse_n for_o commodity_n of_o great_a bulk_n and_o over_o that_o gallery_n answerable_a to_o the_o low_a part_n set_v upon_o stately_a colume_n full_a of_o warehouse_n for_o small_a ware_n of_o value_n and_o so_o for_o a_o three_o story_n and_o double_a garret_n for_o corn_n and_o such_o like_a commodity_n reserve_v some_o fair_a room_n for_o the_o entertainment_n of_o great_a personage_n come_v from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o feast_v they_o only_o also_o with_o a_o magnificent_a turret_n great_a gate_n and_o place_n with_o balance_n and_o beam_n to_o weigh_v all_o sort_n of_o commodity_n the_o earth_n of_o the_o cellar_n will_v serve_v to_o raise_v the_o hither_o part_n of_o the_o ditch_n of_o the_o tower_n to_o make_v they_o deep_o and_o part_n of_o the_o ground_n level_v fit_a for_o goodly_a walk_n and_o for_o the_o scour_n of_o the_o dock_n or_o entrance_n a_o mill_n may_v be_v make_v to_o grind_v mineral_n and_o other_o thing_n one_o part_n of_o this_o house_n to_o serve_v the_o clothier_n that_o can_v convenient_o at_o all_o time_n sell_v their_o clothes_n at_o blackwel_n hall_n which_o they_o may_v remove_v when_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v money_n to_o buy_v necessary_a commodity_n to_o maintain_v their_o trade_n which_o commodity_n they_o may_v have_v for_o that_o money_n or_o by_o way_n of_o commutation_n as_o wool_n oil_n woad_n indicoe_n cutcheneale_n allome_n copperas_n or_o other_o such_o like_a extant_a in_o other_o warehouse_n of_o this_o house_n as_o by_o the_o register_n keep_v thereof_o will_v appear_v whereunto_o all_o broker_n shall_v resort_v and_o have_v notice_n of_o if_o they_o will_n when_o the_o clothier_n shall_v have_v this_o commodiousness_n they_o will_v increase_v their_o trade_n and_o set_v more_o people_n on_o work_n to_o make_v good_a clothes_n according_a to_o the_o statute_n which_o will_v be_v more_o vendible_a in_o other_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o general_a advancement_n of_o traffic_n his_o majesty_n custom_n and_o imposition_n and_o all_o other_o dependency_n
thereupon_o no_o man_n be_v compel_v to_o bring_v his_o commodity_n to_o this_o house_n but_o allure_v thereunto_o by_o the_o commodiousness_n and_o benefit_n thereof_o because_o of_o the_o ease_n of_o warehouse_n room_n and_o cellaridge_n at_o easy_a rate_n the_o commodity_n of_o sale_n or_o barter_n the_o forbear_v to_o pay_v custom_n and_o impost_n for_o a_o time_n the_o take_v up_o of_o money_n to_o serve_v his_o turn_n and_o the_o good_n better_a assure_v than_o in_o other_o place_n according_a to_o the_o say_a house_n of_o the_o easterling_n at_o antuerpe_n there_o will_v be_v 108_o cellar_n and_o double_a that_o in_o warehouse_n and_o after_o that_o so_o many_o garret_n in_o all_o above_o four_o hundred_o room_n the_o benefit_n whereof_o will_v be_v very_o great_a one_o with_o another_o at_o 10_o will_v be_v 4000_o will_v the_o benefit_n of_o weigh_v all_o commodity_n and_o the_o sell_v and_o register_n of_o all_o will_v be_v much_o more_o and_o all_o the_o charge_n of_o this_o 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place_n argentaria_n mensa_fw-la argentaria_n call_v mensa_fw-la argentaria_n where_o they_o lend_v money_n upon_o commodity_n for_o a_o reasonable_a consideration_n to_o advance_v traffic_n and_o trade_n which_o in_o comparison_n of_o we_o be_v but_o in_o his_o infancy_n and_o therefore_o to_o be_v leave_v now_o to_o the_o mercy_n of_o moneyed_a man_n without_o other_o provision_n by_o authority_n to_o supply_v man_n occasion_n seem_v to_o be_v impertinent_a especial_o when_o money_n be_v not_o plentiful_a have_v hitherto_o treat_v of_o buy_v and_o sell_v and_o the_o dependency_n thereupon_o now_o we_o be_v to_o speak_v of_o receive_v and_o pay_v by_o money_n and_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o merchant_n deal_n therein_o but_o this_o do_v proper_o appertain_v to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n where_o money_n be_v compare_v to_o the_o soul_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n oppignoration_n a_o question_n touch_v merces_fw-la vaenales_n for_o oppignoration_n return_v therefore_o to_o the_o say_a matter_n of_o oppignoration_n let_v we_o note_v the_o question_n of_o civilians_n whether_o in_o the_o general_a bind_v of_o a_o man_n good_n ware_n to_o be_v sell_v call_v merces_fw-la vaenales_n be_v comprise_v by_o say_v he_o bind_v his_o good_n present_a and_o to_o come_v the_o answer_n be_v that_o they_o be_v bind_v but_o yet_o the_o sale_n of_o the_o say_a good_n be_v not_o hinder_v thereby_o unless_o they_o be_v pawn_v or_o oblige_v to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n certain_a and_o name_v in_o the_o write_n there_o to_o be_v extant_a also_o in_o tacita_n hipotheca_n or_o as_o it_o be_v close_a pawn_n merchant_n money_n may_v be_v comprehend_v and_o make_v liable_a but_o this_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o money_n have_v some_o other_o way_n for_o it_o be_v reason_n that_o the_o money_n which_o a_o man_n take_v up_o shall_v serve_v he_o to_o expedite_v his_o affair_n mandati_fw-la titulus_fw-la mandati_fw-la also_o in_o bind_v of_o future_a good_n it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o such_o good_n as_o he_o may_v get_v during_o his_o life_n and_o not_o by_o any_o of_o his_o heir_n these_o reason_n have_v a_o reference_n to_o traffic_v which_o be_v a_o general_a body_n and_o commodity_n by_o merchandise_v or_o commerce_n do_v supply_v themselves_o in_o their_o place_n so_o that_o when_o some_o commodity_n be_v dispose_v of_o other_o commodity_n come_v into_o the_o room_n thereof_o and_o the_o law_n have_v always_o more_o regard_n to_o the_o general_a than_o to_o the_o particular_a insomuch_o that_o a_o woman_n even_o for_o her_o dower_n can_v arrest_v her_o husband_n good_n find_v his_o estate_n to_o decay_v chap._n xliiii_o the_o proceed_n use_v against_o bankrupt_n the_o mutability_n and_o inconstancy_n of_o all_o worldly_a affair_n and_o especial_o of_o merchant_n estate_n cause_v i_o to_o remember_v the_o ancient_a dutch_a proverb_n english_v a_o dutch_a proverb_n english_v good_n lose_v nothing_o lose_v credit_v lose_v much_o lose_v soul_n lose_v all_o lose_v for_o to_o be_v rich_a and_o to_o become_v poor_a or_o to_o be_v poor_a and_o to_o become_v rich_a be_v a_o matter_n inherent_a to_o a_o merchant_n estate_n and_o as_o it_o be_v a_o continual_a and_o successive_a course_n of_o the_o volubility_n of_o variable_a blind_a fortune_n which_o be_v admit_v according_a to_o the_o heathen_a word_n for_o a_o distinction_n of_o god_n providence_n as_o the_o word_n of_o fate_n destiny_n chance_n and_o the_o like_a be_v for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o it_o so_o that_o by_o the_o frequency_n of_o it_o merchant_n have_v make_v a_o great_a difference_n and_o distinction_n between_o a_o merchant_n which_o be_v at_o a_o stay_n and_o take_v day_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o his_o debt_n or_o one_o that_o be_v break_v or_o bankrupt_a have_v a_o especial_a regard_n herein_o for_o the_o preservation_n of_o credit_n which_o be_v as_o tender_a as_o the_o apple_n of_o a_o eye_n for_o it_o happen_v many_o time_n that_o merchant_n have_v take_v up_o money_n at_o interest_n to_o augment_v their_o trade_n and_o thereby_o do_v good_a to_o their_o prince_n and_o country_n shall_v receive_v some_o unexpected_a loss_n by_o war_n on_o land_n or_o embargo_n or_o restraint_n of_o prince_n upon_o the_o sea_n of_o their_o ship_n and_o good_n or_o by_o have_v sell_v their_o good_n and_o merchandise_n at_o home_n at_o long_a day_n of_o payment_n or_o otherwise_o by_o other_o occasion_n have_v their_o best_a mean_n in_o remote_a place_n whereby_o the_o say_v merchant_n can_v sudden_o make_v payment_n of_o such_o money_n as_o they_o have_v take_v up_o at_o interest_n which_o in_o that_o interim_n may_v be_v due_a and_o so_o they_o be_v drive_v at_o a_o stay_n although_o they_o have_v very_o good_a estate_n for_o some_o rich_a man_n who_o like_o a_o ape_n tie_v to_o a_o clog_n which_o think_v that_o he_o keep_v the_o clog_n when_o the_o clog_n keep_v he_o be_v so_o tie_v to_o the_o clog_n of_o their_o wealth_n that_o upon_o the_o least_o rumour_n of_o trouble_n and_o accident_n happen_v to_o their_o debtor_n they_o become_v suspicious_a of_o these_o man_n estate_n and_o fear_v to_o become_v loser_n be_v so_o inquisitive_a of_o their_o debtor_n mean_n without_o reason_n and_o discretion_n to_o the_o great_a hurt_n and_o impair_n of_o merchant_n credit_n and_o reputation_n that_o thereby_o they_o be_v drive_v into_o a_o strait_a upon_o a_o sudden_a and_o so_o overthrow_v they_o unaware_o many_o time_n to_o their_o own_o hindrance_n and_o loss_n merchant_n a_o caveat_n for_o merchant_n so_o that_o merchant_n must_v be_v very_o provident_a and_o careful_a with_o who_o they_o deal_v in_o take_v credit_n for_o money_n and_o not_o to_o have_v too_o much_o of_o their_o estate_n abroad_o for_o the_o proverb_n be_v true_a that_o he_o who_o be_v far_a from_o his_o good_n be_v near_a to_o his_o loss_n and_o in_o this_o case_n prince_n have_v great_a reason_n to_o interpose_v their_o prerogative_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o these_o merchant_n person_n and_o good_n for_o prevention_n of_o their_o overthrow_n until_o their_o good_n come_v to_o their_o hand_n and_o dispose_n that_o have_v be_v detain_v as_o aforesaid_a this_o difference_n and_o distinction_n between_o a_o merchant_n take_v day_n of_o payment_n &_o a_o bankrupt_a do_v encourage_v man_n to_o deal_v honest_o and_o conscionable_o especial_o with_o the_o virtuous_a and_o well_o dispose_v for_o virtus_fw-la laudata_fw-la crescit_fw-la whereby_o they_o pay_v every_o man_n his_o own_o in_o time_n and_o for_o the_o most_o part_n with_o interest_n for_o the_o forbearance_n of_o their_o due_a debt_n and_o therefore_o be_v it_o that_o to_o call_v this_o man_n a_o bankrupt_a bear_v a_o great_a action_n by_o the_o civil_a law_n as_o also_o by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o be_v very_o careful_a
also_o provide_v by_o the_o say_a statute_n that_o whosoever_o shall_v be_v find_v to_o have_v voluntary_o yield_v to_o any_o arrest_n or_o his_o body_n to_o prison_n and_o so_o remain_v in_o prison_n for_o and_o during_o the_o time_n of_o six_o month_n think_v by_o that_o imprisonment_n to_o free_v his_o good_n and_o to_o deceive_v his_o creditor_n against_o he_o may_v the_o say_a commission_n be_v sue_v forth_o and_o execute_v according_o for_o he_o be_v to_o be_v take_v for_o a_o bankrupt_a according_a to_o the_o say_a statute_n and_o if_o the_o party_n be_v at_o liberty_n against_o who_o the_o say_a statute_n of_o bankrupt_a be_v take_v out_o the_o say_a commissioner_n may_v if_o they_o see_v cause_n commit_v he_o to_o prison_n and_o give_v he_o some_o allowance_n for_o his_o maintenance_n and_o of_o all_o their_o proceed_n there_o be_v a_o register_n appoint_v by_o his_o majesty_n letter_n patent_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n to_o record_v the_o same_o until_o the_o lord_n chanceller_n do_v dissolve_v the_o say_a commission_n by_o a_o supersedeas_fw-la decoctor_n definition_n of_o the_o word_n decoctor_n the_o civilians_n be_v copious_a in_o the_o description_n of_o this_o argument_n and_o have_v attribute_v unto_o this_o kind_n of_o people_n the_o name_n of_o decoctor_n which_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o word_n decoquâ—_n as_o it_o be_v to_o consume_v the_o substance_n of_o thing_n by_o decrease_n and_o evaporation_n of_o boil_v over_o the_o fire_n otherwise_o call_v disturber_n or_o consumer_n of_o other_o man_n good_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n nevertheless_o they_o do_v observe_v great_a distinction_n between_o these_o person_n as_o in_o the_o treatise_n de_fw-fr decoctoribus_fw-la make_v by_o benuenuto_n straccha_n appear_v and_o the_o definition_n of_o bankerupt_v be_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n distinguish_v first_o when_o a_o man_n become_v insoluent_a by_o lose_v his_o good_n and_o other_o man_n by_o fortune_n mischance_n and_o casualty_n which_o man_n be_v not_o take_v to_o be_v infamous_a by_o the_o law_n endeavour_v to_o make_v satisfaction_n as_o he_o can_v second_o when_o a_o man_n by_o waste_v spoil_v and_o vicious_o give_v consume_v his_o own_o and_o other_o man_n good_n and_o he_o by_o the_o law_n be_v infamous_a three_o when_o a_o man_n be_v decay_v partly_o by_o waste_v and_o spoil_v of_o his_o own_o and_o other_o man_n good_n and_o partly_o by_o misfortune_n and_o accident_n and_o this_o man_n be_v take_v to_o be_v infamous_a if_o he_o be_v vicious_a hereunto_o i_o may_v add_v the_o four_o and_o most_o vile_a person_n who_o enrich_v himself_o with_o other_o man_n good_n break_v without_o just_a cause_n and_o only_o of_o purpose_n to_o deceive_v man_n according_a to_o the_o aforesaid_a example_n of_o rouen_n albeit_o i_o be_o of_o opinion_n that_o the_o say_v civilians_n have_v leave_v they_o out_o of_o the_o number_n to_o be_v criminal_o punish_v as_o thief_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n by_o the_o magistrate_n or_o prince_n authority_n as_o the_o banker_n of_o florence_n be_v who_o break_v for_o many_o million_o of_o ducat_n make_v a_o sudden_a and_o deceitful_a composition_n with_o his_o creditor_n for_o the_o one_o half_a and_o do_v pay_v they_o in_o ready_a money_n which_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o great_a duke_n he_o cause_v his_o process_n to_o be_v make_v instant_o and_o thereupon_o he_o be_v execute_v also_o according_o which_o be_v good_a justice_n and_o be_v to_o be_v do_v by_o the_o magistrate_n and_o not_o by_o the_o creditor_n bankrupt_n punishment_n of_o bankrupt_n as_o of_o late_a year_n one_o of_o genoa_n in_o italy_n do_v unto_o a_o debtor_n of_o he_o who_o he_o know_v go_v about_o to_o deceive_v he_o for_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n whereupon_o he_o cause_v a_o chair_n to_o be_v make_v and_o call_v the_o party_n to_o his_o house_n and_o entreat_v he_o to_o sit_v therein_o which_o be_v make_v with_o certain_a engine_n do_v sudden_o so_o gripe_v and_o clasp_v in_o his_o say_a debtor_n that_o he_o be_v compel_v to_o pay_v he_o or_o it_o may_v have_v cost_v he_o his_o life_n true_a it_o be_v that_o in_o russia_n a_o man_n have_v leave_v to_o beat_v or_o to_o have_v his_o debtor_n beat_v upon_o the_o hinder_a part_n of_o the_o leg_n if_o he_o can_v pay_v and_o therewith_o be_v he_o discharge_v which_o be_v not_o so_o cruel_a as_o to_o keep_v he_o always_o in_o prison_n and_o make_v he_o to_o endure_v a_o linger_a death_n wherein_o the_o undo_n of_o wife_n and_o child_n be_v make_v partaker_n unjust_o concern_v fraudulent_a dealer_n the_o law_n be_v that_o by_o make_v session_n they_o shall_v not_o be_v relieve_v and_o may_v be_v apprehend_v in_o the_o church_n whereas_o a_o freeman_n can_v be_v arrest_v or_o take_v in_o the_o church_n but_o may_v be_v unto_o he_o a_o place_n of_o refuge_n if_o he_o be_v find_v a_o fraudulent_a man_n by_o his_o book_n of_o account_n than_o any_o bargain_n or_o sale_n make_v two_o or_o three_o day_n before_o his_o break_n by_o good_n sell_v good_a cheap_a may_v be_v recall_v and_o avoid_v and_o in_o like_a manner_n if_o he_o pay_v one_o man_n after_o his_o break_n the_o same_o may_v be_v take_v to_o be_v do_v in_o fraud_n of_o all_o the_o other_o creditor_n and_o may_v be_v recall_v for_o the_o generality_n so_o good_n buy_v by_o he_o before_o break_v if_o they_o be_v find_v in_o esse_fw-la may_v be_v claim_v by_o the_o seller_n to_o his_o particular_a use_n and_o payment_n again_o all_o conjecture_n of_o fraud_n may_v be_v augment_v and_o aggravate_v against_o the_o fraudulent_a man_n according_a to_o the_o say_n semel_fw-la inventum_fw-la decies_fw-la factum_fw-la if_o any_o man_n do_v break_v in_o partnership_n the_o partnership_n be_v ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la dissolve_v by_o law_n but_o the_o credit_n of_o the_o other_o remain_v pay_v the_o debt_n of_o the_o partnership_n also_o any_o commission_n give_v by_o he_o for_o the_o partnership_n be_v void_a instant_o howbeit_o if_o a_o factor_n by_o ignorance_n of_o his_o break_n have_v cause_v his_o commission_n to_o be_v follow_v that_o which_o be_v do_v do_v bind_v the_o master_n and_o shall_v excuse_v the_o factor_n debtor_n suspicious_a debtor_n a_o debtor_n suspect_v by_o other_o may_v be_v touch_v before_o money_n be_v due_a and_o the_o creditor_n may_v attach_v some_o of_o his_o good_n or_o pawn_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o write_v of_o latitat_fw-la out_o of_o the_o king_n bench_n court_n may_v be_v serve_v upon_o they_o to_o find_v surety_n for_o their_o appearance_n at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o writ_n before_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o say_a court_n but_o the_o law_n in_o diverse_a country_n do_v very_o much_o differ_v in_o the_o proceed_n and_o execution_n of_o these_o fraudulent_a man_n suretyship_n a_o question_n for_o suretyship_n here_o arise_v a_o question_n whether_o a_o surety_n can_v pretend_v to_o be_v discharge_v if_o the_o creditor_n have_v make_v or_o agree_v with_o the_o principal_a for_o a_o long_a time_n of_o payment_n and_o the_o principal_a break_v the_o answer_n be_v that_o if_o he_o know_v of_o the_o new_a agreement_n of_o the_o say_a party_n for_o a_o long_a time_n he_o be_v liable_a thereunto_o otherwise_o be_v bind_v as_o a_o surety_n for_o a_o time_n limit_v he_o ought_v to_o be_v clear_v at_o that_o time_n or_o to_o make_v suit_n or_o demand_v to_o have_v his_o satisfaction_n of_o the_o principal_a as_o also_o of_o the_o surety_n which_o be_v neglect_v do_v in_o equity_n discharge_v the_o say_a surety_n the_o reason_n be_v because_o if_o the_o surety_n do_v break_v at_o or_o before_o the_o time_n of_o the_o payment_n the_o creditor_n may_v demand_v another_o surety_n in_o that_o man_n place_n which_o be_v break_v wherein_o the_o law_n be_v very_o indifferent_a and_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o diverse_a lord_n chancellor_n of_o england_n for_o money_n take_v up_o at_o interest_n upon_o bond_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o when_o the_o say_v money_n be_v continue_v or_o prolong_v at_o interest_n the_o bond_n shall_v be_v renew_v and_o the_o counter-bond_n also_o and_o not_o to_o leave_v the_o old_a bond_n for_o many_o year_n to_o be_v uncancel_v for_o it_o do_v oftentimes_o happen_v upon_o occasion_n of_o absence_n of_o some_o of_o the_o party_n that_o a_o new_a bond_n be_v sometime_o seal_v and_o the_o old_a not_o take_v in_o which_o breed_v contention_n for_o the_o new_a bond_n be_v make_v the_o old_a be_v void_a and_o yet_o may_v be_v uncancel_v and_o also_o put_v in_o suit_n by_o some_o executor_n or_o administrator_n ignorant_a of_o the_o other_o new_a bond_n take_v for_o the_o same_o and_o pay_v long_o before_o albeit_o herein_o it_o seem_v there_o be_v more_o reason_n not_o to_o make_v new_a bond_n howsoever_o diligent_a
receiver_n shall_v reserve_v to_o himself_o so_o much_o as_o the_o forfeiture_n come_v unto_o and_o the_o remainder_n shall_v be_v deliver_v to_o the_o say_a magistrate_n or_o officer_n 7_o the_o magistrate_n in_o place_n also_o where_o all_o such_o money_n be_v send_v at_o a_o high_a rate_n than_o the_o say_a proclamation_n shall_v be_v bind_v to_o make_v good_a the_o say_v inhance_a unto_o the_o receiver_n to_o who_o the_o say_a money_n be_v send_v yet_o so_o that_o they_o may_v redemaund_v the_o same_o of_o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o the_o say_v coin_n be_v send_v who_o shall_v also_o instant_o reembourse_n the_o same_o and_o have_v power_n to_o recover_v it_o with_o the_o forfeiture_n thereunto_o belong_v and_o hereby_o ordain_v against_o the_o person_n and_o good_n of_o those_o who_o have_v send_v the_o same_o at_o a_o high_a price_n 8_o all_o which_o shall_v be_v observe_v also_o from_o the_o one_o province_n unto_o another_o or_o the_o counting-house_n of_o the_o generality_n wherein_o they_o shall_v be_v aid_v and_o assist_v each_o other_o to_o maintain_v the_o say_a proclamation_n according_o 9_o and_o we_o do_v intend_v that_o the_o say_v forfeiture_n shall_v be_v impose_v as_o well_o upon_o the_o receiver_n as_o upon_o the_o payer_n every_o one_o to_o the_o full_a unless_o one_o of_o the_o party_n do_v forthwith_o denounce_v the_o same_o to_o the_o magistrate_n in_o which_o case_n whether_o he_o be_v the_o receiver_n or_o payer_n he_o shall_v be_v quit_v and_o free_a of_o the_o say_a forfeiture_n and_o moreover_o enjoy_v the_o one_o three_o part_n of_o the_o offender_n forfeiture_n 10_o prohibit_v and_o express_o command_v that_o no_o man_n henceforth_o shall_v presume_v to_o buy_v or_o sell_v any_o ware_n or_o merchandise_n or_o deal_v for_o money_n by_o exchange_n or_o interest_n nor_o buy_v new_a or_o old_a rent_n or_o otherwise_o deal_v and_o negotiate_v than_o according_a to_o the_o say_a price_n and_o valuation_n of_o money_n of_o this_o our_o permission_n and_o ordinance_n upon_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o say_a sum_n and_o moreover_o quadruple_a the_o value_n thereof_o 11_o our_o intention_n be_v that_o no_o payment_n of_o impost_n demesne_n or_o revenue_n of_o land_n town_n village_n contract_n of_o merchandise_n hire_n rent_n interest_n or_o any_o debt_n shall_v be_v pay_v than_o according_a to_o this_o our_o valuation_n to_o weet_v every_o gelder_n with_o the_o one_o half_a of_o a_o lion_n doller_n and_o one_o pound_n flemish_n with_o three_o lion_n dollar_n or_o with_o other_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n according_a to_o their_o intrinsicke_a value_n as_o the_o say_a lion_n doller_n or_o the_o great_a golden_a royal_a now_o contain_v after_o which_o two_o as_o be_v chief_a and_o standard_n piece_n all_o the_o precedent_a money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v value_v 1622._o standard_n piece_n of_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n 1622._o without_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a unto_o any_o man_n to_o make_v any_o light_a payment_n than_o according_a to_o the_o say_a valuation_n upon_o pain_n the_o same_o to_o be_v void_a and_o no_o course_n of_o law_n to_o be_v minister_v thereupon_o and_o moreover_o to_o incur_v the_o penalty_n in_o the_o next_o article_n mention_v according_a to_o which_o all_o court_n of_o justice_n magistrate_n of_o the_o bench_n or_o judgement_n seat_n and_o all_o other_o justice_n be_v to_o pronounce_v their_o sentence_n and_o to_o make_v their_o decree_n notwithstanding_o any_o trespass_n which_o contrary_a to_o our_o intention_n and_o expectation_n may_v be_v practise_v or_o at_o any_o time_n be_v put_v in_o ure_n cancel_v from_o henceforth_o all_o those_o which_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o same_o forbid_v any_o execution_n depositation_n of_o money_n or_o other_o course_n of_o justice_n to_o be_v do_v thereupon_o declare_v moreover_o that_o all_o such_o judge_n as_o shall_v have_v pronounce_v the_o sentence_n and_o the_o say_a officer_n that_o shall_v have_v assist_v therein_o shall_v forfeit_v and_o incur_v the_o penalty_n of_o five_o netherlands_n golden_a royal_n for_o every_o person_n at_o every_o time_n 12_o and_o to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o stability_n and_o certainty_n of_o this_o valuation_n which_o we_o have_v take_v to_o heart_n and_o in_o singular_a commendation_n and_o intend_v further_o to_o care_n for_o may_v take_v the_o better_a effect_n we_o do_v ordain_v that_o instant_o upon_o the_o publication_n of_o this_o proclamation_n whereof_o mention_n be_v make_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n all_o person_n be_v in_o any_o office_n estate_n and_o officer_n high_a and_o low_a civil_a or_o military_a of_o country_n town_n member_n of_o college_n or_o particular_a lord_n within_o the_o say_v unite_a province_n shall_v take_v their_o solemn_a oath_n for_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o say_a ordinance_n to_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v maintain_v and_o observe_v for_o so_o much_o as_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n may_v concern_v their_o office_n &_o command_n 13_o and_o if_o any_o of_o the_o say_a person_n shall_v perchance_o be_v find_v forgetful_a and_o to_o have_v transgress_v the_o aforesaid_a point_n in_o the_o pay_v out_o or_o receive_v of_o coin_n not_o permit_v by_o this_o our_o ordinance_n likewise_o of_o clip_v wash_v crack_a mend_v nail_v or_o otherwise_o augment_v coin_n in_o weight_n or_o give_v they_o in_o payment_n at_o a_o high_a price_n than_o this_o our_o ordinance_n we_o do_v order_n and_o establish_v that_o all_o the_o say_a forfeiture_n commit_v and_o to_o be_v commit_v shall_v respective_o be_v pay_v double_a and_o moreover_o if_o they_o issue_v any_o coin_n make_v bullion_n or_o other_o money_n above_o their_o value_n they_o shall_v be_v deprive_v of_o their_o office_n upon_o the_o verification_n of_o the_o fact_n without_o any_o pardon_n to_o be_v obtain_v for_o the_o same_o 14_o and_o the_o better_a to_o bring_v this_o ordinance_n in_o course_n we_o do_v prohibit_v all_o treasuror_n receiver_n rent-gatherers_a their_o deputy_n or_o clerk_n and_o all_o other_o person_n be_v in_o public_a service_n or_o administration_n to_o pay_v any_o of_o the_o say_a money_n by_o assignation_n or_o otherwise_o but_o to_o return_v the_o same_o where_o they_o have_v be_v receive_v upon_o the_o forfeiture_n aforesaid_a unless_o it_o be_v that_o the_o assignment_n be_v make_v upon_o public_a counting-house_n or_o bank_n and_o not_o upon_o particular_a person_n as_o fermer_n collector_n and_o the_o like_a be_v likewise_o bind_v by_o the_o same_o oath_n but_o this_o be_v to_o be_v do_v but_o once_o by_o he_o upon_o who_o this_o ordinance_n fall_v out_o and_o no_o further_o 15_o and_o to_o discover_v the_o offence_n which_o they_o may_v do_v in_o their_o payment_n we_o do_v order_n that_o instant_o when_o any_o payment_n be_v make_v they_o shall_v endorse_v upon_o the_o acquittance_n and_o discharge_v of_o their_o payment_n amount_v to_o the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o guilder_n the_o several_a species_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n wherewith_o they_o have_v make_v the_o say_v payment_n and_o the_o price_n according_a to_o which_o they_o have_v pay_v the_o same_o with_o mention_n also_o of_o the_o grain_n which_o be_v want_v and_o pay_v for_o to_o be_v subscribe_v by_o he_o that_o have_v receive_v the_o same_o to_o the_o end_n that_o upon_o their_o account_n notice_n may_v be_v take_v thereof_o upon_o forfeiture_n that_o the_o say_v acquittance_n or_o discharge_v shall_v not_o be_v allow_v and_o whosoever_o do_v receive_v the_o say_a species_n and_o not_o underwrite_v the_o same_o shall_v forfeit_v the_o four_o part_n so_o by_o he_o receive_v 16_o command_v the_o auditor_n respective_o appoint_v to_o take_v the_o account_n of_o the_o say_a accountant_n to_o govern_v themselves_o according_o and_o not_o to_o allow_v of_o any_o acquittance_n or_o discharge_v than_o be_v aforesaid_a but_o by_o the_o say_a acquittance_n to_o find_v out_o the_o offender_n 17_o moreover_o the_o say_a person_n be_v bind_v silver_n mark_v and_o weigh_v of_o foreign_a silver_n that_o whensoever_o any_o coin_n of_o gold_n shall_v be_v receive_v by_o they_o which_o be_v too_o light_a they_o shall_v with_o a_o ponchion_n mark_v the_o same_o and_o upon_o the_o silver_n coin_n they_o shall_v for_o every_o farthing_n or_o eight_o grain_n which_o the_o piece_n be_v too_o light_a put_v upon_o the_o say_a piece_n one_o grain_n or_o round_o o_o before_o they_o issue_v the_o same_o upon_o forfeiture_n of_o half_a a_o rider_n for_o every_o piece_n 18_o they_o shall_v also_o for_o those_o to_o who_o they_o shall_v pay_v any_o money_n have_v in_o readiness_n balance_n and_o weight_n in_o their_o place_n where_o they_o keep_v their_o bank_n upon_o forfeiture_n of_o half_a a_o rider_n for_o every_o default_n to_o be_v make_v therein_o 19_o and_o all_o the_o say_v countable_a officer_n as_o well_o general_a
so_o be_o endanger_v to_o my_o neighbour_n for_o my_o necessary_a payment_n it_o be_v great_a reason_n that_o my_o debtor_n bear_v my_o loss_n rather_o than_o i_o shall_v sustain_v harm_n or_o danger_n for_o my_o good_a will_n and_o this_o be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o gain_n to_o be_v take_v improper_a usury_n ex_fw-la damno_fw-la habito_fw-la improper_a ex_fw-la damno_fw-la habito_fw-la and_o it_o be_v so_o be_v improper_o call_v interest_n in_o defence_n of_o usury_n in_o like_a manner_n if_o a_o shopkeeper_n lend_v money_n free_o to_o his_o neighbour_n till_o such_o a_o day_n have_v then_o occasion_n to_o use_v it_o at_o some_o fair_a to_o lay_v it_o out_o in_o ware_n if_o he_o break_v touch_v the_o shopkeeper_n may_v in_o justice_n take_v the_o benefit_n for_o his_o money_n lose_v the_o profit_n which_o he_o shall_v have_v have_v by_o the_o ware_n which_o he_o be_v hinder_v to_o buy_v cessante_fw-la exit_fw-la lucro_fw-la cessante_fw-la and_o this_o be_v take_v for_o lucro_fw-la cessante_fw-la but_o in_o neither_o of_o these_o be_v a_o intention_n to_o deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v better_a for_o they_o to_o deliver_v their_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o that_o therein_o they_o be_v less_o to_o be_v evil_o think_v on_o than_o by_o deal_v upon_o usury_n but_o this_o difference_n consist_v only_o in_o the_o name_n for_o they_o have_v both_o a_o intention_n of_o gain_n upon_o money_n and_o do_v bear_v a_o adventure_n for_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o money_n whereas_o the_o one_o be_v bind_v to_o receive_v but_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o most_o exchange_n difference_n of_o gain_n by_o usury_n and_o exchange_n and_o the_o other_o do_v expect_v fifteen_o or_o twenty_o upon_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o least_o only_o in_o regard_n he_o do_v bear_v a_o adventure_n to_o lose_v by_o exchange_n which_o be_v very_o seldom_o but_o still_o the_o intention_n remain_v which_o shall_v be_v the_o sure_a guide_n of_o conscience_n to_o take_v away_o all_o counterfeit_a pretence_n the_o venetian_n and_o other_o allow_v no_o interest_n at_o all_o but_o approve_v the_o benefit_n and_o course_n of_o exchange_n although_o it_o be_v above_o interest_n by_o the_o aforesaid_a rule_n usury_n be_v weigh_v straight_o in_o regard_n of_o charity_n albeit_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o otherwise_o that_o the_o borrower_n have_v sin_v therefore_o in_o such_o case_n circumstance_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v and_o then_o judgement_n to_o be_v give_v according_o if_o i_o deal_v with_o a_o merchant_n that_o make_v gain_v of_o my_o money_n with_o his_o trade_n and_o commerce_n and_o be_v well_o able_a to_o pay_v i_o again_o be_v chief_o enrich_v by_o my_o mean_n why_o shall_v not_o i_o in_o reason_n have_v part_n of_o his_o benefit_n and_o advantage_n when_o by_o my_o good_n he_o be_v grow_v rich_a suppose_v four_o man_n be_v become_v partner_n two_o do_v disburse_v large_a sum_n of_o money_n and_o the_o other_o employ_v their_o labour_n and_o industry_n to_o make_v by_o lawful_a trade_n a_o great_a benefit_n thereby_o be_v it_o not_o reason_n that_o the_o other_o two_o although_o they_o be_v idle_a at_o home_n shall_v have_v part_n of_o the_o benefit_n you_o will_v say_v you_o hold_v this_o reasonable_a for_o it_o be_v not_o usury_n at_o all_o but_o these_o two_o man_n take_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o their_o money_n nay_o than_o you_o reply_v and_o say_v it_o be_v usury_n although_o the_o other_o two_o have_v get_v thirty_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o it_o how_o can_v this_o be_v a_o bite_a usury_n answer_n objection_n answer_n but_o they_o have_v not_o bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n but_o condition_v a_o certainty_n the_o answer_n be_v that_o they_o have_v not_o only_o bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n but_o many_o other_o casualty_n beside_o and_o in_o trust_v they_o that_o have_v no_o mean_n of_o their_o own_o well_o therefore_o say_v you_o i_o will_v not_o deliver_v my_o money_n but_o to_o rich_a man_n herein_o you_o show_v no_o charity_n and_o may_v be_v deceive_v too_o for_o you_o know_v not_o what_o money_n a_o man_n have_v in_o his_o purse_n so_o that_o your_o conscience_n be_v still_o the_o sure_a guide_n to_o direct_v you_o with_o prudence_n as_o the_o loadstone_n do_v the_o variation_n of_o the_o pole_n so_o much_o for_o particular_a person_n now_o come_v to_o examine_v what_o the_o king_n of_o england_n have_v do_v concern_v usury_n we_o find_v that_o both_o before_o the_o conquest_n and_o after_o usury_n have_v be_v banish_v by_o some_o king_n and_o by_o some_o other_o king_n it_o have_v be_v tolerate_v according_a to_o the_o time_n and_o occasion_n king_n edgar_z before_o the_o conquest_n do_v utter_o forbid_v all_o usury_n realm_n banker_n send_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n so_o do_v king_n edward_n the_o first_o who_o do_v send_v out_o of_o this_o realm_n as_o well_o the_o italian_a banker_n that_o come_v from_o pope_n gregory_n the_o ten_o call_v cursini_fw-la as_o all_o manner_n of_o jew_n who_o do_v mighty_o oppress_v the_o realm_n to_o omit_v what_o other_o king_n have_v do_v we_o know_v that_o henry_n the_o eight_o in_o the_o 37_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n make_v a_o statute_n whereby_o none_o be_v suffer_v to_o take_v above_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o upon_o loan_n either_o for_o ware_n or_o money_n and_o this_o be_v repeal_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o anno_fw-la 5_o edw._n 6_o which_o afterward_o be_v find_v against_o policy_n be_v abrogate_a so_o the_o statute_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n do_v succeed_v which_o do_v tolerate_v the_o say_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o which_o be_v of_o such_o strength_n and_o continuance_n at_o this_o present_a that_o king_n james_n himself_o be_v content_v to_o allow_v the_o say_a rate_n to_o the_o londoner_n for_o some_o money_n borrow_v of_o they_o wherein_o as_o i_o say_v before_o time_n and_o occasion_n do_v alter_v thing_n and_o as_o the_o case_n for_o the_o present_a stand_v with_o england_n and_o foreign_a nation_n we_o have_v usury_n like_o a_o wolf_n by_o the_o ear_n dangerous_a to_o be_v keep_v and_o more_o dangerous_a to_o abandon_v the_o same_o this_o usury_n be_v indeed_o exercise_v to_o the_o poor_a or_o to_o the_o rich_a without_o respect_n of_o damage_n ensue_v become_v intolerable_a but_o in_o case_n of_o interest_n when_o time_n of_o payment_n be_v neglect_v in_o the_o state_n of_o orphan_n in_o mutual_a hazard_n or_o in_o hazard_n public_a allowable_a where_o usury_n be_v allowable_a simple_o to_o disallow_v it_o be_v to_o cut_v off_o all_o trade_n and_o commerce_n or_o reparation_n of_o damage_n and_o to_o go_v about_o to_o remedy_v a_o mischief_n with_o a_o great_a inconvenience_n the_o law_n of_o justinian_n the_o emperor_n do_v therefore_o moderate_a the_o course_n of_o usury_n which_o be_v much_o to_o be_v regard_v where_o the_o word_n be_v thus_o as_o follow_v vsuris_fw-la 1._o coâ—_n c._n de_fw-fr vsuris_fw-la we_o have_v think_v necessary_a to_o make_v a_o general_a law_n or_o statute_n touch_v the_o quantity_n of_o usury_n bring_v the_o old_a hard_a and_o most_o grecuous_a weight_n of_o the_o same_o to_o a_o certain_a moderate_a stay_n or_o mean_a rate_n therefore_o we_o command_v those_o noble_a man_n that_o be_v earl_n or_o their_o better_n that_o they_o do_v not_o make_v any_o stipulation_n or_o firm_a bargain_n by_o any_o manner_n of_o contract_n whatsoever_o great_a or_o less_o for_o usury_n or_o gain_n to_o be_v have_v above_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o those_o that_o be_v guardian_n or_o governor_n over_o handiecraft_n man_n or_o place_n where_o artificer_n do_v work_v or_o else_o do_v use_v any_o lawful_a trade_n of_o merchandise_n we_o will_v that_o they_o shall_v moderate_v their_o stipulation_n or_o firm_a promise_n take_v in_o any_o bargain_n to_o eight_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o as_o for_o those_o that_o do_v adventure_v their_o good_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o put_v out_o their_o substance_n upon_o their_o own_o hazard_n such_o may_v lawful_o demand_v by_o firm_a promise_n to_o receive_v twelve_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o in_o no_o wise_a to_o take_v above_o that_o rate_n although_o by_o the_o old_a roman_a statute_n it_o have_v be_v lawful_a to_o exceed_v and_o we_o will_v that_o all_o other_o man_n shall_v take_v only_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o above_o the_o principal_a and_o the_o same_o quantity_n of_o excess_n in_o no_o wise_a to_o be_v enlarge_v in_o other_o contract_n where_o usury_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v demand_v without_o stipulation_n or_o covenant_n make_v neither_o shall_v it_o be_v lawful_a to_o the_o judge_n to_o increase_v the_o foresay_a taxation_n or_o rate_n make_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o custom_n use_v in_o any_o country_n etc._n etc._n this_o imperial_a civil_a law_n have_v
in_o hungary_n the_o say_a rycke_n doller_n be_v seven_o shilling_n seven_o penny_n now_o enhance_v to_o eight_o shilling_n colloigne_n colloigne_n at_o colloigne_n and_o cleves_n a_o gelder_n be_v 24_o whitpennie_n of_o twelve_o morkens_n and_o every_o whitpennie_n be_v two_o shilling_n or_o stiver_n and_o four_o mark_v for_o the_o gelder_n hamborough_n hamborough_n at_o hamborough_n the_o doller_n coin_a at_o thirty_o and_o one_o shilling_n lup_n and_o for_o many_o year_n currant_n for_o thirty_o and_o three_o be_v enhance_v now_o to_o fifty_o and_o four_o shilling_n of_o three_o whitpennie_n and_o every_o shilling_n be_v twelve_o penny_n of_o two_o heller_n every_o penny_n pomerania_n pomerania_n in_o pomerania_n the_o say_a doller_n be_v thirty_o and_o two_o shilling_n of_o two_o snuden_n one_o mark_n snudens_n be_v eight_o shilling_n lup_n and_o the_o two_o mark_n snud_n be_v one_o mark_v lup_n dansicke_a dansicke_a at_o dansicke_a the_o doller_n thirty_o and_o five_o gross_a of_o three_o shilling_n and_o in_o other_o place_n as_o you_o may_v find_v upon_o the_o money_n denominate_v hereafter_o in_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o imaginary_a money_n of_o exchange_n for_o merchant_n further_a direction_n chap._n xx._n of_o merchant_n account_n keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n the_o manner_n of_o keep_v account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n be_v first_o devise_v in_o italy_n upon_o very_o good_a consideration_n there_o be_v great_a affinity_n between_o faith_n trust_v and_o confidence_n in_o divinity_n trust_v and_o confidence_n be_v two_o handmaid_n unto_o faith_n even_o as_o faith_n be_v the_o hand_n whereby_o we_o apprehend_v god_n mercy_n to_o repose_v our_o trust_n in_o he_o and_o to_o be_v confident_a thereof_o but_o in_o humane_a action_n the_o word_n trust_v be_v more_o proper_a which_o impli_v a_o credit_n or_o belief_n which_o we_o give_v or_o repose_v upon_o other_o or_o other_o do_v attribute_n and_o give_v unto_o us._n hence_o proceed_v the_o italian_a speech_n star_n dal_n credere_fw-la ground_v upon_o that_o maxim_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n omnis_fw-la homo_fw-la bone_fw-la donec_fw-la contrarium_fw-la probetur_fw-la whereupon_o a_o man_n negotiate_v in_o this_o world_n must_v trust_v and_o be_v trust_v he_o that_o be_v trust_v with_o any_o good_n money_n or_o other_o mooveable_a thing_n be_v therefore_o call_v a_o debtor_n or_o debtor_n unto_o the_o party_n that_o do_v trust_v he_o therewith_o and_o he_o call_v that_o party_n his_o creditor_n because_o he_o give_v he_o credit_n for_o the_o same_o whereby_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n concur_v between_o party_n and_o party_n suppose_v now_o that_o a_o young_a man_n be_v of_o age_n to_o manage_v his_o own_o be_v desirous_a to_o deal_v in_o the_o world_n in_o traffic_n and_o trade_n by_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n or_o to_o let_v out_o his_o money_n at_o use_n or_o by_o exchange_n for_o other_o country_n unto_o which_o three_o action_n we_o still_o observe_v our_o method_n as_o be_v the_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n as_o often_o have_v be_v declare_v and_o thereupon_o he_o endevour_v to_o keep_v a_o true_a account_n of_o all_o his_o proceed_n and_o negotiation_n by_o way_n of_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o have_v still_o a_o creditor_n unto_o a_o debtor_n and_o a_o debtor_n unto_o a_o creditor_n which_o must_v reciprocal_o answer_v each_o other_o now_o consider_v of_o his_o mean_n for_o the_o effect_n hereof_o he_o find_v that_o he_o have_v one_o hundred_o clothes_n two_o hundred_o kersey_n or_o any_o other_o commodity_n leave_v he_o by_o his_o father_n or_o friend_n and_o moreover_o some_o thousand_o pound_n in_o ready_a money_n and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n in_o debt_n owe_v by_o several_a person_n payable_a at_o some_o time_n to_o come_v beside_o some_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a in_o land_n or_o lease_n out_o of_o all_o these_o he_o make_v a_o stock_n or_o capital_a which_o he_o do_v enter_v into_o a_o bookâ—_n call_v a_o journal_n book_n a_o journal_n book_n because_o it_o contain_v his_o daily_a action_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o from_o this_o book_n they_o be_v transfer_v or_o set_v over_o into_o another_o big_a book_n call_v a_o liedger_n book_n a_o leidger_n book_n because_o the_o same_o remain_v as_o lie_v according_o in_o a_o place_n for_o that_o purpose_n the_o spaniard_n do_v call_v this_o book_n el_n libro_fw-la grande_fw-fr and_o the_o journal_n he_o call_v manual_a be_v of_o a_o far_o lesser_a volume_n common_o but_o one_o three_o part_n of_o the_o other_o be_v manuable_a and_o unto_o this_o they_o keep_v a_o borrador_n or_o memorial_n wherein_o all_o thing_n be_v first_o enter_v book_n a_o memorial_n book_n and_o may_v upon_o occasion_n be_v blot_v alter_v or_o by_o error_n be_v miscast_v or_o not_o well_o enter_v but_o in_o the_o journal_n and_o leidger_n book_n there_o may_v not_o be_v any_o alteration_n of_o cypher_n blot_v nor_o place_n leave_v in_o blank_a in_o the_o journal_n but_o one_o parcel_n without_o intermission_n must_v follow_v another_o otherwise_o the_o book_n be_v of_o no_o credit_n in_o law_n or_o before_o any_o magistrate_n whereas_o otherwise_o much_o credit_n be_v give_v to_o book_n well_o and_o orderly_o keep_v for_o the_o decide_n and_o determination_n of_o many_o controversy_n which_o happen_v between_o merchant_n and_o merchant_n and_o their_o factor_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o i_o can_v not_o omit_v to_o write_v thereof_o as_o a_o branch_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n to_o the_o end_n that_o such_o judge_n and_o other_o that_o be_v unacquainted_a with_o the_o manner_n of_o it_o may_v be_v enlighten_v in_o their_o proceed_n which_o in_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n may_v come_v before_o they_o to_o be_v determine_v the_o manner_n how_o he_o do_v enter_v they_o in_o the_o journal_n be_v as_o follow_v wherein_o observe_v that_o every_o debtor_n must_v have_v a_o creditor_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a every_o creditor_n his_o debtor_n and_o always_o the_o left_a side_n of_o your_o leidger_n book_n be_v open_a be_v the_o debtor_n side_n and_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o say_a book_n towards_o your_o right_a hand_n be_v the_o creditor_n side_n journal_n how_o parcel_n be_v find_v in_o the_o leidger_n and_o journal_n wherein_o you_o enter_v every_o account_n by_o itself_o from_o the_o parcel_n of_o your_o journal_n which_o parcel_n in_o the_o say_v leidger_n book_n be_v find_v in_o the_o journal_n by_o the_o date_n of_o it_o when_o it_o be_v make_v but_o in_o the_o journal_n the_o leave_n or_o folio_n of_o the_o leidger_n be_v note_v over_o a_o line_n in_o the_o margin_n for_o the_o debtor_n and_o under_o the_o say_a line_n for_o the_o creditor_n and_o so_o in_o the_o leidger_n book_n every_o parcel_n have_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n a_o direction_n to_o the_o folio_n or_o carta_n as_o the_o italian_n call_v it_o whereby_o the_o debtor_n show_v his_o creditor_n and_o the_o creditor_n make_v relation_n to_o his_o debtor_n which_o word_n be_v not_o use_v but_o understand_v by_o such_o a_o one_o owe_v and_o such_o a_o one_o be_v due_a to_o have_v not_o only_o of_o person_n but_o of_o thing_n themselves_o as_o the_o great_a merchant_n which_o buy_v and_o sell_v many_o commodity_n for_o themselves_o or_o for_o other_o they_o will_v arm_v a_o account_n which_o be_v the_o spanish_a phrase_n armar_n una_fw-la cuenta_fw-la but_o in_o plain_a english_a they_o will_v keep_v or_o frame_v a_o account_n for_o themselves_o magazine_n magazine_n and_o make_v their_o warehouse_n or_o magazine_n debtor_n because_o the_o warehouse_n be_v trust_v with_o the_o ware_n or_o commodity_n other_o will_v make_v the_o commodity_n debtor_n and_o their_o own_o capital_a or_o stock_n creditor_n stock_n capital_a or_o stock_n in_o like_a manner_n because_o their_o money_n be_v lay_v up_o or_o lock_v in_o a_o chest_n which_o they_o call_v cash_n they_o will_v therefore_o imagine_v this_o cash_n to_o be_v a_o person_n who_o they_o have_v trust_v chest._n caâ—â—_n or_o chest._n and_o make_v the_o say_v cash_n a_o debtor_n for_o the_o money_n they_o put_v into_o it_o and_o when_o they_o pay_v out_o that_o money_n or_o any_o part_n thereof_o they_o will_v make_v cash_n creditor_n and_o that_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v pay_v shall_v be_v make_v the_o debtor_n and_o if_o he_o do_v pay_v the_o same_o by_o your_o order_n to_o another_o party_n he_o shall_v be_v make_v the_o debtor_n and_o so_o the_o other_o be_v discharge_v and_o become_v a_o creditor_n and_o so_o from_o one_o to_o another_o until_o you_o come_v to_o receive_v the_o money_n again_o and_o then_o cash_n be_v debtor_n again_o for_o you_o must_v still_o have_v a_o care_n to_o find_v a_o debtor_n to_o have_v his_o creditor_n summer_n a_o â—â—rrie_a jest_n of_o will._n summer_n and_o
that_o every_o creditor_n may_v have_v his_o debtor_n it_o seem_v that_o william_n summer_n be_v a_o jester_n to_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o have_v some_o insight_n in_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n for_o when_o the_o king_n tell_v he_o that_o he_o have_v deliver_v a_o good_a sum_n of_o money_n unto_o a_o gentleman_n a_o follower_n of_o he_o summer_n answer_v that_o for_o do_v so_o he_o have_v note_v in_o his_o book_n that_o the_o king_n be_v a_o fool_n give_v his_o reason_n for_o it_o because_o the_o gentleman_n will_v never_o return_v back_o again_o and_o that_o the_o king_n be_v cozen_v but_o the_o king_n ask_v of_o summer_n what_o he_o will_v do_v in_o case_n the_o gentleman_n do_v return_v with_o the_o money_n whereupon_o summer_n answer_v then_o i_o will_v put_v he_o in_o my_o book_n for_o a_o fool_n and_o put_v you_o out_o sic_fw-la nugae_fw-la seria_fw-la ducunt_fw-la to_o return_v to_o our_o young_a merchant_n by_o this_o time_n he_o have_v take_v a_o inventory_n of_o his_o estate_n and_o cause_v his_o clothes_n and_o kersey_n to_o be_v value_v and_o find_v that_o the_o hundred_o clothes_n be_v worth_a some_o 1200_o will_v one_o with_o another_o and_o his_o two_o hundred_o kersey_n of_o devonshire_n 400_o will_v hereupon_o enter_v the_o year_n month_n and_o day_n in_o the_o journal_n he_o make_v debtor_n and_o creditor_n as_o aforesaid_a magazine_n or_o warehouse_n owe_v unto_o capital_a or_o stock_n 1600_o will_v for_o one_o hundred_v white_a clothes_n of_o the_o mark_n follow_v creditor_n the_o manner_n of_o make_v debtor_n and_o creditor_n amount_v to_o 1200_o will_v and_o for_o two_o hundred_o devonshire_n kersey_n at_o 40_o will_v the_o pack_n of_o twenty_o piece_n which_o of_o my_o own_o estate_n i_o find_v in_o this_o my_o warehouse_n parcel_n of_o my_o patrimony_n amount_v together_o in_o ware_n 1600_o will_v and_o this_o sum_n be_v draw_v out_o in_o the_o margin_n towards_o your_o right_a hand_n in_o the_o say_a journal_n cash_n owe_v unto_o capital_a or_o stock_n you_o need_v not_o to_o say_v of_o i_o a.b._n the_o sum_n of_o 1000_o will_v for_o so_o much_o ready_a money_n which_o i_o find_v this_o day_n in_o cash_n proceed_v of_o etc._n etc._n and_o this_o sum_n be_v likewise_o draw_v out_o etc._n etc._n b._n m._n mercer_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 300_o will_v which_o he_o owe_v by_o bill_n unto_o my_o father_n decease_v payable_a in_o two_o payment_n namely_o etc._n etc._n sum_n 300_o will_v n.w._n merchant_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 200_o will_v for_o so_o much_o owe_v by_o he_o unto_o my_o father_n decease_v which_o be_v payable_a the_o 25_o of_o march_n next_o by_o bond_n etc._n etc._n the_o manor_n of_o latham_n in_o lancashire_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 1500_o will_v landâ—_n landâ—_n which_o be_v leave_v my_o father_n by_o descent_n from_o etc._n etc._n contain_v etc._n etc._n of_o the_o yearly_a value_n of_o 66_o will_v now_o in_o the_o tenure_n occupation_n or_o possession_n of_o etc._n etc._n 1500_o will_v the_o lease_n of_o the_o house_n call_v the_o golden_a lion_n situate_a in_o cheapside_n in_o london_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 200_o will_v leasâ—â—_n leasâ—â—_n for_o so_o much_o i_o have_v pay_v unto_o the_o company_n of_o mercer_n for_o a_o lease_n of_o the_o say_a house_n for_o 21_o year_n with_o a_o reservation_n of_o a_o rent_n of_o 20_o will_v yearly_a to_o be_v pay_v every_o six_o month_n now_o in_o the_o occupation_n of_o a.b._n goldsmith_n pay_v i_o sixty_o pound_n yearly_a rent_n for_o the_o same_o i_o say_v cost_v i_o two_o hundred_o pound_n plate_n and_o household_n stuff_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 200_o will_v stuff_n household_n stuff_n for_o so_o much_o i_o have_v buy_v and_o find_v to_o be_v in_o moveable_n of_o plate_n apparel_n and_o household_n stuff_n since_o my_o father_n decease_n wherewith_o i_o find_v all_o my_o estate_n to_o be_v worth_a 5000_o will_v the_o particular_n of_o which_o plate_n and_o moveable_n be_v by_o inventory_n to_o be_v see_v in_o my_o book_n of_o remembrance_n or_o memorial_n so_o for_o this_o parcel_n i_o draw_v out_o 200_o will_v here_o you_o see_v that_o this_o young_a merchant_n have_v a_o estate_n of_o 5000_o will_v to_o begin_v the_o world_n withal_o consist_v of_o the_o aforesaid_a seven_o parcel_n leidger_n transfer_v of_o parcel_n to_o the_o leidger_n these_o seven_o parcel_n now_o be_v put_v over_o into_o the_o liedger_n which_o some_o call_v post_v over_o in_o so_o many_o several_a account_n of_o seven_o debtor_n and_o there_o be_v but_o one_o to_o be_v make_v creditor_n for_o all_o these_o which_o be_v capital_a or_o stock_n which_o do_v answer_n by_o correspondence_n all_o the_o seven_o debtor_n in_o their_o proper_a account_n amount_v all_o to_o the_o sum_n of_o 5000_o will_v on_o the_o debtor_n side_n and_o so_o be_v here_o 5000_o will_v on_o the_o creditor_n side_n which_o do_v balance_v the_o other_o account_n balance_v of_o account_n be_v so_o term_v of_o a_o pair_n of_o balance_n wherein_o equal_a weight_n be_v lay_v on_o every_o side_n the_o balance_n will_v be_v just_a and_o even_o and_o in_o like_a manner_n must_v all_o account_n keep_v by_o debtor_n &_o creditor_n be_v even_o balance_v whatsoever_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o account_n be_v which_o fall_v out_o by_o calculation_n upon_o the_o account_n but_o the_o main_a balance_n of_o the_o whole_a book_n may_v not_o differ_v one_o penny_n and_o fraction_n of_o half_a penny_n and_o farthing_n be_v not_o use_v in_o journal_n parcel_n but_o account_v in_o the_o summary_n at_o the_o first_o this_o merchant_n now_o employ_v his_o money_n and_o buy_v some_o other_o commodity_n to_o be_v send_v beyond_o the_o sea_n namely_o one_o hundred_o piece_n of_o perpetuanoes_n which_o cost_v he_o ready_a money_n fifty_o shilling_n the_o piece_n more_o twenty_o father_n of_o lead_n at_o ten_o pound_n the_o father_n fifty_o piece_n of_o bay_n of_o diverse_a sort_n cost_v he_o two_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n and_o twenty_o redding_n 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creditor_n and_o your_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n again_o debtor_n and_o withal_o you_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_v other_o 200_o will_v payable_a at_o double_a usance_n and_o for_o this_o you_o make_v he_o debtor_n also_o and_o cash_n creditor_n the_o year_n be_v now_o almost_o expire_v and_o every_o provident_a merchant_n do_v common_o make_v up_o his_o account_n and_o draw_v a_o balance_n of_o his_o book_n and_o this_o merchant_n find_v to_o have_v receive_v of_o his_o manor_n of_o latham_n reckon_v money_o receive_v oâ—_n land_n and_o lease_n expense_n of_o house_n keep_v reckon_v and_o lease_n of_o a_o house_n 106_o will_v and_o for_o this_o he_o charge_v his_o cash_n and_o carry_v the_o same_o to_o gain_n and_o loss_n as_o he_o do_v all_o the_o former_a parcel_n then_o he_o do_v cast_v up_o his_o expense_n of_o house_n keep_v which_o come_v to_o 150_o will_v and_o for_o this_o he_o make_v profit_n and_o loss_n debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n the_o 400_o will_v make_v over_o 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merchandise_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o especial_o two_o other_o exchange_n which_o they_o name_v cambio_n sicco_fw-it and_o cambio_n fictitio_fw-la sicco_fw-it 3_o cambio_z sicco_fw-it this_o cambio_n sicco_fw-it alias_o call_v dry_a exchange_n be_v in_o this_o manner_n a_o merchant_n have_v occasion_n to_o use_v verbi_fw-la gratia_fw-la one_o hundred_o pound_n which_o they_o will_v deliver_v he_o in_o london_n to_o be_v pay_v unto_o their_o factor_n at_o stoad_n but_o have_v there_o no_o factor_n of_o his_o own_o the_o say_a merchant_n be_v content_v to_o make_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n upon_o the_o banker_n factor_n payable_a to_o he_o the_o say_a factor_n with_o order_n and_o advice_n that_o when_o the_o say_a bill_n shall_v be_v due_a he_o shall_v charge_v he_o by_o exchange_n again_o and_o take_v up_o the_o money_n there_o and_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o with_o the_o rechange_v and_o charge_n of_o factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n wherein_o they_o will_v be_v 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the_o use_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v utter_o forbid_v for_o a_o short_a time_n but_o as_o ship_n can_v sail_v without_o water_n no_o more_o can_v traffic_v subsist_v without_o exchange_n in_o the_o accustom_a place_n so_o that_o the_o inconvenience_n appear_v it_o be_v restore_v again_o in_o hope_n of_o good_a deal_n and_o reformation_n promise_v by_o other_o prince_n concern_v the_o royal_a exchange_n but_o in_o the_o time_n of_o queen_n marie_n it_o be_v again_o neglect_v who_o be_v marry_v with_o king_n philip_n the_o second_o of_o spain_n do_v connive_v in_o those_o thing_n because_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o low-countries_n be_v esteem_v to_o be_v under_o one_o degree_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n exchange_n complaint_n of_o exchange_n new_a complaint_n be_v make_v of_o the_o new_a exchange_n by_o master_n hussey_n courtmaster_n of_o the_o company_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n but_o no_o man_n can_v apply_v or_o find_v a_o remedy_n to_o moderate_v the_o inequality_n of_o exchange_n and_o to_o have_v value_n for_o value_n as_o appear_v by_o letter_n patent_n grant_v to_o the_o old_a lord_n treasurer_n burghley_n who_o do_v not_o execute_v the_o same_o in_o three_o and_o twenty_o year_n after_o for_o want_n of_o true_a direction_n to_o the_o great_a loss_n of_o the_o realm_n as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o a_o commission_n in_o blank_a return_v by_o diverse_a merchant_n albeit_o the_o italian_a merchant_n in_o those_o day_n can_v not_o deny_v the_o abuse_n thereof_o be_v expostulate_v withal_o as_o by_o their_o politic_a letter_n appear_v under_o the_o hand_n of_o acerbo_fw-la velutelli_n suigo_fw-la cavalcanti_fw-la and_o other_o who_o want_v not_o some_o upholder_n to_o maintain_v their_o private_a benefit_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n ii_o of_o the_o true_a calculation_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la exchange_n the_o true_a ground_n of_o exchange_n the_o true_a royal_a exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n according_a to_o the_o par_fw-fr which_o be_v value_v for_o value_n and_o so_o be_v our_o exchange_n of_o england_n ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o our_o money_n aforesaid_a and_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o other_o country_n according_a to_o their_o several_a standard_n proportionable_a in_o their_o valuation_n which_o be_v true_o and_o just_o make_v make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n for_o every_o place_n according_a to_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o money_n whereupon_o all_o exchange_n be_v make_v these_o exchange_n do_v much_o differ_v in_o the_o name_n and_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n observe_v in_o most_o country_n so_o that_o we_o be_v to_o examine_v and_o compare_v our_o weight_n aforesaid_a with_o the_o weight_n of_o other_o country_n and_o the_o finesse_n of_o the_o sterling_a standard_n with_o the_o finesse_n of_o the_o several_a standard_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o other_o country_n and_o if_o we_o differ_v not_o with_o they_o in_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n exchange_n the_o manner_n to_o calculate_v exchange_n then_o may_v our_o exchange_n run_v at_o one_o price_n both_o for_o gold_n and_o silver_n take_v the_o denomination_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n of_o each_o country_n and_o hereby_o shall_v we_o find_v how_o much_o fine_a silver_n or_o gold_n our_o pound_n sterling_a contain_v &_o what_o quantity_n of_o other_o money_n of_o germany_n italy_n france_n the_o low-countries_n eastland_n and_o elsewhere_o we_o be_v to_o have_v in_o exchange_n to_o countervail_v the_o same_o in_o the_o like_a weight_n and_o fineness_n answerable_a unto_o we_o be_v it_o by_o the_o pound_n doller_n ducat_n crown_n coin_n imaginary_a and_o real_a coin_n or_o any_o other_o imaginary_a or_o real_a coin_n give_v always_o value_n for_o value_n and_o receive_v the_o like_a which_o be_v call_v par._n but_o this_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v of_o late_a year_n abuse_v and_o as_o it_o be_v make_v a_o merchandise_n exchange_n par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n by_o rise_v and_o fall_v in_o price_n according_a to_o plenty_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n and_o in_o regard_n of_o discrepaunce_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n and_o place_n which_o make_v some_o merchant_n by_o mistake_v to_o compare_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o exchange_n to_o be_v a_o like_a as_o if_o the_o measure_n of_o a_o thing_n and_o the_o thing_n measure_v thereby_o be_v alone_o for_o even_o as_o money_n be_v publica_n mensura_fw-la or_o the_o public_a measure_n within_o the_o realm_n between_o man_n and_o man_n etc._n exchange_v the_o the_o public_a measure_n of_o nation_n etc._n etc._n so_o be_v exchange_n for_o money_n the_o public_a measure_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a country_n for_o all_o commodity_n buy_v and_o sell_v which_o therefore_o require_v a_o certainty_n in_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o par_fw-fr aforesaid_a admit_v nevertheless_o a_o advantage_n above_o the_o same_o upon_o occasion_n on_o either_o side_n this_o exchange_n be_v proper_o make_v by_o bill_n exchange_n the_o manner_n of_o the_o royal_a exchange_n when_o money_n be_v deliver_v simple_o here_o in_o england_n and_o bill_n receive_v for_o the_o same_o to_o have_v the_o payment_n thereof_o in_o some_o other_o country_n beyond_o the_o sea_n or_o when_o the_o like_a be_v do_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o money_n be_v receive_v here_o in_o england_n and_o that_o upon_o a_o certain_a price_n agree_v upon_o between_o party_n and_o party_n which_o be_v term_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n whereof_o merchant_n have_v the_o only_a and_o whole_a dispose_n and_o buy_v and_o sell_v
sillimanus_fw-la accursius_fw-la franciscus_n aretinus_n grisogonus_fw-la lotharius_n julianus_n and_o diverse_a other_o doctor_n and_o learned_a of_o the_o civil_a law_n have_v make_v many_o long_a discourse_n and_o volume_n of_o book_n of_o the_o questionable_a matter_n fall_v out_o among_o merchant_n for_o and_o concern_v merchandise_n law-merchant_n book_n case_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n which_o be_v yearly_a observation_n or_o book_n case_n and_o precedent_n by_o the_o read_n whereof_o merchant_n be_v like_o rather_o to_o metamorphize_v their_o procession_n and_o become_v lawyer_n than_o true_o to_o attain_v to_o the_o particular_a knowledge_n of_o the_o say_a custom_n or_o law-merchant_n for_o they_o have_v arm_v question_n and_o disputation_n full_a of_o quillet_n and_o distinction_n overcurious_a and_o precise_a and_o many_o of_o they_o to_o small_a purpose_n full_a of_o apicis_fw-la iuris_fw-la be_v apicis_fw-la iuris_fw-la what_o they_o be_v which_o themselves_o have_v note_v to_o be_v subtlety_n say_v apicis_fw-la iuris_fw-la sâ—nt_fw-la quae_fw-la subtilitatem_fw-la quandam_fw-la respiciunt_fw-la magis_fw-la quam_fw-la facti_fw-la veritaetem_fw-la they_o do_v more_o regard_n certain_a subtlety_n than_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o fact_n or_o matter_n as_o for_o example_n to_o define_v quid_fw-la sâ—â—_n mercator_fw-la what_o a_o merchant_n be_v quidue_fw-la mercatura_fw-la what_o merchandise_v be_v whether_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n that_o do_v once_o buy_v and_o sell_v wherher_n merchandise_v and_o negotiate_v be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o whether_o a_o usurer_n be_v a_o merchant_n whether_o sell_v by_o retail_v shall_v be_v call_v merchandise_v whether_o a_o clergy_n man_n or_o a_o gentleman_n deal_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v shall_v be_v call_v a_o merchant_n in_o any_o controversy_n wherein_o a_o merchant_n may_v be_v like_o a_o usurer_n whether_o a_o man_n buy_v commodity_n in_o groâ—â—e_n and_o work_v the_o same_o out_o again_o into_o other_o thing_n to_o be_v vent_v by_o a_o ordinary_a course_n of_o traffic_n be_v a_o merchant_n artificer_n or_o tradesman_n whether_o a_o seller_n of_o horse_n may_v be_v call_v a_o merchant_n whether_o a_o shopkeeper_n trade_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o at_o home_n be_v a_o merchant_n whether_o a_o merchant_n shall_v be_v call_v to_o be_v a_o merchant_n of_o one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n that_o deal_v for_o diverse_a sort_n of_o merchandise_n or_o ware_n whether_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n that_o deal_v not_o for_o himself_o but_o other_o negotiate_v for_o he_o or_o whether_o a_o young_a man_n dwell_v with_o a_o merchant_n may_v be_v a_o merchant_n and_o other_o the_o like_a question_n which_o i_o hold_v to_o be_v unnecessary_a to_o trouble_v merchant_n brain_n withal_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o merchant_n be_v to_o be_v note_v merchant_n definition_n of_o a_o merchant_n for_o he_o that_o continual_o deal_v in_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n or_o by_o way_n of_o permutation_n of_o ware_n both_o at_o home_n and_o abroad_o in_o foreign_a part_n be_v a_o merchant_n next_o in_o order_n maiâ—ris_n conditis_fw-la numeri_fw-la pâ—tioris_fw-la 〈◊〉_d maiâ—ris_n the_o condition_n and_o property_n which_o a_o merchant_n ought_v to_o have_v be_v to_o be_v consider_v namely_o to_o be_v without_o fraud_n and_o deceit_n in_o his_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n and_o to_o keep_v faith_n with_o all_o man_n hereupon_o question_n be_v make_v whether_o a_o merchant_n may_v traffic_v with_o turk_n heathen_n barbarian_n and_o infidel_n and_o perform_v promise_n with_o they_o whether_o a_o merchant_n may_v sell_v his_o commodity_n as_o dear_a as_o he_o can_v without_o respect_n of_o person_n whether_o he_o may_v use_v lie_v as_o be_v officious_a in_o the_o sell_n of_o commodity_n emptor_n caveat_n emptor_n whether_o he_o may_v be_v crafty_a without_o deceit_n whether_o learning_n be_v requisite_a in_o a_o merchant_n whether_o he_o may_v deal_v in_o prohibit_v commodity_n at_o his_o peril_n whether_o a_o merchant_n buy_v commodity_n and_o sell_v they_o better_a cheap_a than_o they_o cost_v he_o shall_v be_v hold_v in_o suspicion_n to_o be_v near_o decay_v and_o the_o like_a of_o he_o that_o take_v up_o much_o money_n at_o interest_n merchant_n the_o continuance_n of_o a_o merchant_n the_o say_a civilians_n have_v also_o determine_v how_o long_o a_o merchant_n be_v to_o be_v so_o call_v which_o be_v either_o when_o he_o break_v or_o give_v over_o to_o deal_v in_o merchandise_n or_o when_o he_o be_v prohibit_v to_o deal_v for_o offence_n commit_v and_o hereunto_o they_o add_v a_o declaration_n of_o such_o as_o may_v trade_v and_o by_o the_o contrary_a thereof_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v who_o may_v not_o trade_n merchant_n person_n exempt_v to_o be_v merchant_n viz._n clergy_n man_n nobleman_n gentleman_n soldier_n counsellor_n at_o the_o law_n both_o ecclesiastical_a and_o temporal_a public_a officer_n and_o magistrate_n frantic_a person_n and_o mad_a man_n youth_n under_o year_n orphan_n lunatics_n and_o fool_n all_o these_o be_v exempt_v to_o be_v merchant_n but_o son_n and_o servant_n may_v deal_v in_o merchandise_n with_o their_o father_n and_o master_n trade_n what_o merchandise_n be_v fit_a for_o trade_n last_o they_o have_v observe_v that_o merchandise_n be_v proper_o to_o be_v make_v of_o all_o movable_a thing_n except_v holy_a thing_n and_o prohibit_v ware_n or_o munition_n to_o be_v carry_v unto_o infidel_n or_o enemy_n all_o which_o determination_n can_v give_v but_o little_a satisfaction_n to_o instruct_v merchant_n fold_n merchandise_n two_o fold_n plato_n say_v that_o merchandise_n be_v two_o fold_n namely_o ad_fw-la victum_fw-la &_o vestitum_fw-la of_o thing_n for_o the_o back_n and_o for_o the_o belly_n as_o belong_v to_o the_o body_n of_o man_n and_o of_o thing_n concern_v the_o mind_n of_o man_n as_o learn_v of_o music_n and_o other_o art_n buy_v for_o money_n and_o sell_v again_o to_o other_o for_o money_n and_o this_o distinction_n be_v in_o regard_n of_o man_n but_o far_o from_o that_o matter_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n which_o be_v comprehend_v under_o commutative_a justice_n whereof_o cicero_n speak_v let_v we_o therefore_o set_v down_o what_o a_o complete_a merchant_n ought_v to_o know_v concern_v the_o course_n of_o merchandise_v and_o withal_o declare_v the_o method_n observe_v in_o this_o book_n of_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n book_n the_o method_n of_o this_o book_n 1._o a_o merchant_n ought_v first_o to_o know_v the_o science_n of_o arithmetic_n and_o to_o observe_v the_o day_n and_o time_n in_o all_o his_o negotiation_n and_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o year_n in_o all_o country_n and_o to_o calculate_v all_o thing_n orderly_o 2._o the_o several_a weight_n and_o measure_n of_o all_o country_n concern_v all_o commodity_n and_o the_o correspondence_n of_o they_o that_o there_o may_v be_v to_o he_o in_o effect_n but_o unum_fw-la pondus_fw-la &_o una_fw-la mensura_fw-la that_o be_v one_o weight_n and_o one_o measure_n 3._o the_o science_n of_o geometry_n and_o some_o inspection_n of_o cosmography_n and_o the_o mathematics_n thereby_o to_o know_v the_o situation_n of_o country_n with_o their_o distance_n and_o spaciousness_n and_o the_o distinct_a dominion_n of_o prince_n by_o land_n and_o by_o sea_n with_o their_o jurisdiction_n and_o duty_n for_o fish_v and_o otherwise_o 4._o to_o know_v the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n under_o which_o all_o the_o traffic_n and_o trade_n be_v perform_v in_o all_o country_n or_o by_o some_o of_o they_o because_o they_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o commerce_n whereof_o the_o effect_n be_v buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n receive_v and_o pay_v of_o money_n and_o deliver_v and_o take_v of_o money_n by_o exchange_n with_o their_o adjunct_n and_o accident_n in_o the_o say_a course_n of_o traffic_n 5._o to_o know_v also_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o principal_a commodity_n of_o all_o country_n either_o superficial_o for_o colour_n and_o beauty_n or_o substantial_o for_o quality_n and_o use_n as_o also_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o all_o country_n with_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o exchange_n make_v by_o bill_n upon_o the_o imaginary_a money_n invent_v to_o make_v exchange_n between_o country_n and_o country_n 6._o the_o custom_n use_v in_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n for_o money_n or_o bill_n obligatorie_n or_o by_o way_n of_o commutation_n or_o barter_n 7._o the_o deliver_v of_o money_n at_o interest_n or_o upon_o botomary_a or_o upon_o life_n annuity_n or_o pension_n in_o nature_n of_o rent_n etc._n etc._n 8._o the_o freight_a and_o set_v forth_o of_o ship_n make_v of_o charter-party_n bill_n of_o lade_n invoice_n and_o covenant_n and_o contract_n as_o also_o the_o sea_n law_n to_o decide_v all_o question_n and_o controversy_n which_o fall_v out_o between_o merchant_n and_o
mariner_n and_o owner_n of_o ship_n 9_o the_o custom_n subsidy_n imposition_n tribute_n and_o toll_v pay_v upon_o all_o the_o commodity_n import_v and_o export_v within_o the_o dominion_n of_o all_o prince_n 10._o the_o manner_n of_o make_v of_o assurance_n upon_o good_n ship_n the_o person_n of_o man_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n adventure_v by_o sea_n or_o by_o land_n and_o the_o custom_n observe_v therein_o between_o nation_n and_o nation_n 11._o the_o keep_n of_o merchant_n account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n and_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o diversity_n of_o money_n whereby_o the_o say_v book_n of_o account_n be_v keep_v 12._o the_o authority_n and_o proceed_n of_o merchant_n court_n or_o prior_n and_o consul_n to_o decide_v their_o difference_n according_a to_o equity_n in_o place_n where_o they_o be_v keep_v or_o any_o other_o law_n imperial_a or_o common_a to_o some_o country_n whereby_o merchant_n controversy_n be_v determine_v with_o the_o course_n of_o attachment_n and_o sequestration_n or_o execution_n and_o final_a determination_n by_o arbitrator_n or_o judicial_a decree_n in_o any_o chancery_n or_o court_n of_o equity_n all_o these_o make_v the_o customary_a law_n of_o merchant_n have_v never_o be_v write_v by_o any_o civilian_n or_o philosopher_n merchant_n the_o customary_a law_n of_o merchant_n nor_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v of_o any_o author_n as_o be_v convenient_a for_o merchant_n whereupon_o i_o have_v with_o god_n assistance_n resolve_v to_o handle_v the_o same_o compendious_o and_o substantial_o in_o this_o book_n upon_o fifty_o year_n observation_n knowledge_n and_o experience_n and_o albeit_o that_o the_o sea_n law_n be_v comprehend_v therein_o whereby_o the_o proceed_n may_v seem_v to_o be_v promiscuous_o handle_v nevertheless_o the_o method_n be_v follow_v as_o near_o as_o the_o matter_n can_v afford_v according_a to_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n or_o the_o three_o simple_n of_o commodity_n money_n and_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o hereafter_o may_v appear_v and_o this_o law_n of_o merchant_n hitherto_o observe_v in_o all_o country_n aught_o in_o regard_n of_o commerce_n to_o be_v esteem_v and_o hold_v in_o reputation_n as_o the_o law_n of_o twelve_o table_n be_v among_o the_o roman_n for_o herein_o you_o shall_v find_v every_o thing_n build_v upon_o the_o foundation_n of_o reason_n and_o justice_n and_o know_v the_o foresay_a twelve_o point_n you_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o please_v your_o own_o mind_n and_o give_v satisfaction_n of_o your_o sufficiency_n to_o other_o for_o the_o say_n be_v true_a melius_fw-la est_fw-la civitatem_fw-la ab_fw-la optima_fw-la lege_fw-la quam_fw-la ab_fw-la optimo_fw-la viro_fw-la gubernari_fw-la it_o be_v better_a to_o govern_v a_o city_n by_o a_o good_a law_n than_o by_o a_o good_a man_n and_o it_o be_v better_a for_o a_o man_n to_o be_v rule_v by_o reason_n than_o by_o his_o own_o reason_n to_o seek_v to_o rule_v other_o final_o to_o give_v satisfaction_n to_o the_o learned_a and_o judicious_a i_o have_v abstract_v the_o observation_n of_o the_o learned_a in_o the_o civil_a law_n upon_o all_o the_o precedent_a point_n and_o add_v they_o unto_o the_o follow_a chapter_n distinct_o from_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n use_v the_o ordinary_a name_n of_o civilians_n in_o general_a without_o name_v any_o particular_a author_n to_o avoid_v ambiguity_n and_o uncertainty_n in_o the_o content_n of_o this_o book_n divide_v into_o three_o part_n according_a to_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n chap._n ii_o a_o observation_n concern_v time_n all_o man_n of_o judgement_n and_o understanding_n do_v know_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o necessary_a for_o the_o knowledge_n of_o history_n and_o diverse_a estate_n of_o the_o world_n than_o the_o observation_n of_o time_n without_o which_o great_a obscurity_n and_o error_n will_v be_v find_v in_o the_o action_n of_o man_n aswell_o in_o 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ware_n and_o durable_a commodity_n to_o the_o impoverish_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n and_o not_o only_o be_v this_o commutation_n or_o exchange_n abuse_v in_o kind_n but_o also_o in_o the_o price_n pay_v too_o dear_a for_o the_o one_o and_o sell_v the_o other_o too_o good_a cheap_a whereby_o come_v a_o overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n in_o price_n and_o quality_n and_o not_o in_o quantity_n whereby_o in_o effect_n commodity_n overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n money_n be_v give_v to_o boot_v and_o as_o it_o be_v over_o and_o above_o the_o reasonable_a estimation_n of_o thing_n and_o herein_o be_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n predominant_a and_o overruling_a both_o the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n as_o shall_v be_v at_o large_a demonstrate_v hereafter_o for_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v proper_o the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o commerce_n traffic_n the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o traffic_n and_o have_v 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commodity_n too_o dear_a and_o by_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la when_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n do_v not_o answer_v the_o true_a value_n of_o it_o by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o shall_v be_v plain_o demonstrate_v traffic_n exchange_v the_o rudder_n of_o traffic_n for_o this_o exchange_n be_v the_o rudder_n of_o the_o ship_n of_o traffic_n fasten_v upon_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o keel_n of_o equity_n which_o do_v rule_n and_o direct_v the_o say_a ship_n upon_o all_o the_o variation_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o all_o country_n many_o man_n know_v that_o the_o rudder_n do_v govern_v the_o ship_n can_v notwithstanding_o give_v little_a reason_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o but_o admire_v to_o see_v so_o small_a a_o piece_n of_o timber_n have_v so_o great_a a_o operation_n yet_o no_o man_n be_v so_o foolish_a as_o to_o attribute_v that_o power_n unto_o the_o sail_n or_o any_o other_o appurtenance_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o to_o the_o main_a body_n of_o 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a_o ship_n which_o command_v the_o direction_n of_o the_o compass_n according_o and_o so_o do_v the_o exchange_n command_v the_o course_n of_o money_n for_o let_v the_o standard_n of_o money_n be_v alter_v either_o in_o weight_n fineness_n or_o valuation_n the_o exchange_n by_o alter_v the_o price_n with_o great_a facility_n according_a to_o equity_n be_v able_a to_o meet_v and_o over-rule_v they_o all_o as_o shall_v be_v declare_v in_o the_o progress_n of_o this_o book_n the_o learned_a have_v determine_v etc._n principle_n or_o axiom_n what_o they_o be_v etc._n etc._n that_o no_o argument_n or_o disputation_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v with_o those_o that_o will_v deny_v principle_n which_o by_o reason_n and_o common_a consent_n be_v indisputable_a and_o stand_v of_o their_o own_o authority_n for_o by_o a_o undoubted_a principle_n or_o axiom_n we_o know_v that_o the_o whole_a be_v big_a than_o his_o part_n that_o two_o be_v more_o than_o one_o and_o that_o two_o equal_a thing_n be_v 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and_o weal_n public_a hereupon_o replication_n be_v make_v by_o the_o king_n fault_n be_v find_v of_o the_o general_a dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n within_o his_o realm_n without_o any_o scarcity_n of_o the_o say_a thing_n serve_v for_o the_o back_n and_o belly_n which_o we_o do_v attribute_n unto_o you_o husbandman_n say_v the_o king_n dearâ—h_n food_n dear_a and_o no_o dearâ—h_n for_o food_n be_v dear_a and_o yet_o there_o be_v no_o dearth_n the_o husbandman_n do_v excuse_v themselves_o and_o lay_v the_o fault_n upon_o the_o nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n for_o raise_v of_o their_o rent_n take_v of_o farm_n into_o their_o hand_n and_o make_v of_o enclosure_n nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n do_v impose_v the_o cause_n upon_o merchant_n and_o artificer_n for_o sell_v thing_n dear_a than_o in_o time_n past_a which_o cause_v every_o man_n to_o make_v the_o most_o of_o his_o own_o according_a to_o his_o profession_n wherein_o the_o artificer_n be_v easy_o dispense_v withal_o consider_v their_o labour_n and_o workman_n wage_n buy_v also_o all_o thing_n dear_a so_o that_o the_o fault_n do_v whole_o remain_v upon_o the_o merchant_n who_o have_v the_o sole_a dispose_n of_o all_o commodity_n export_v and_o import_v for_o the_o good_a or_o hurt_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n which_o cause_v the_o king_n to_o enter_v into_o consideration_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o ingenious_o perceive_v that_o the_o vital_a spirit_n of_o traffic_n do_v consist_v in_o the_o matter_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n because_o the_o same_o be_v the_o public_a measure_n between_o nation_n and_o nation_n and_o that_o gain_n be_v the_o radical_a moisture_n of_o commerce_n which_o have_v his_o effectual_a power_n in_o exchange_n his_o majesty_n think_v good_a to_o call_v diverse_a merchant_n to_o the_o consultation_n of_o this_o business_n be_v within_o their_o element_n to_o hear_v their_o opinion_n how_o to_o remedy_v the_o say_a inconvenience_n merchant_n three_o manner_n of_o merchant_n whereupon_o his_o highness_n observe_v three_o manner_n of_o merchant_n the_o first_o which_o be_v the_o great_a number_n be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o fundamental_a reason_n of_o exchange_n and_o be_v carry_v with_o the_o stream_n never_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o but_o be_v guide_v therein_o by_o ignorant_a broker_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o foreign_a nation_n the_o second_o sort_n of_o merchant_n be_v those_o that_o do_v altogether_o practice_v to_o make_v a_o benefit_n by_o exchange_n and_o transportation_n of_o money_n and_o never_o do_v deal_n in_o commodity_n at_o home_n or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o these_o will_v not_o confess_v that_o there_o be_v any_o abuse_n commit_v by_o exchange_n the_o three_o sort_n of_o merchant_n be_v the_o small_a number_n be_v man_n of_o wisdom_n and_o experience_n and_o yet_o they_o find_v the_o matter_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v a_o mystery_n until_o examination_n of_o the_o property_n thereof_o and_o then_o like_o good_a patriot_n they_o take_v a_o care_n for_o the_o welfare_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n the_o first_o sort_n he_o do_v not_o regard_v because_o of_o their_o ignorance_n the_o socond_a sort_n he_o do_v compare_v unto_o vintner_n law_n offender_n unfit_a to_o make_v law_n who_o be_v not_o fit_a to_o be_v call_v to_o be_v assistant_n in_o make_v of_o law_n against_o drunkenness_n and_o so_o reject_v they_o but_o the_o three_o sort_n he_o do_v embrace_v as_o worthy_a counsellor_n to_o reform_v abuse_n and_o some_o of_o these_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o base_a money_n coin_a in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o 8_o all_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v sell_v dear_a which_o make_v afterward_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o rise_v at_o the_o farmer_n and_o tenant_n hand_n and_o that_o the_o same_o be_v make_v dear_a through_o plenty_n of_o money_n and_o bullion_n thing_n enhance_a of_o silver_n alter_v the_o price_n of_o thing_n which_o come_v from_o the_o west_n indies_n and_o especial_o because_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v enhance_v by_o the_o say_a king_n from_o forty_o penny_n to_o forty_o five_o penny_n and_o afterward_o in_o process_n of_o time_n be_v value_v at_o threescore_o penny_n and_o that_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o say_a alteration_n do_v still_o continue_v other_o say_v that_o the_o prize_n of_o thing_n be_v rise_v be_v of_o no_o great_a moment_n because_o it_o be_v by_o denomination_n and_o not_o real_o for_o that_o which_o be_v call_v forty_o before_o be_v now_o term_v threescore_o according_a to_o the_o coin_n of_o silver_n value_v by_o the_o ounce_n as_o aforesaid_a but_o the_o wise_a sort_n do_v go_v further_o and_o compare_v the_o prize_n rise_v of_o foreign_a commodity_n far_o more_o than_o the_o prize_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n they_o do_v acknowledge_v that_o there_o be_v a_o overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n and_o find_v that_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n thereof_o for_o they_o do_v observe_v that_o as_o the_o element_n be_v join_v by_o symbolisation_n the_o air_n to_o the_o fire_n by_o warmness_n the_o water_n to_o the_o air_n by_o moisture_n the_o earth_n to_o the_o water_n by_o coldness_n so_o be_v exchange_n join_v to_o money_n and_o money_n to_o commodity_n by_o their_o proper_a quality_n and_o effect_n whereby_o it_o do_v appear_v unto_o they_o first_o that_o our_o money_n be_v undervalue_v in_o exchange_n cause_v the_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n to_o be_v abate_v and_o to_o be_v sell_v better_o cheap_a in_o foreign_a part_n and_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n that_o our_o money_n be_v export_v second_o the_o money_n be_v transport_v take_v away_o the_o lively_a course_n of_o traffic_n of_o our_o say_a commodity_n and_o cause_v young_a merchant_n to_o run_v by_o exchange_n upon_o bill_n to_o maintain_v their_o trade_n pay_v great_a interest_n for_o money_n which_o they_o can_v take_v up_o by_o their_o single_a bond_n as_o they_o can_v do_v by_o bill_n take_v up_o the_o same_o by_o exchange_n without_o surety_n three_o this_o cause_v young_a merchant_n and_o other_o to_o make_v rash_a sale_n of_o their_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o pay_v their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereby_o they_o overthrow_v the_o market_n of_o other_o anâ—_n make_v they_o sell_v better_a cheap_a so_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o coin_n be_v overvalue_v in_o exchange_n and_o also_o enhance_v beyond_o the_o sea_n cause_v the_o price_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o increase_v more_o than_o our_o native_a commodity_n and_o our_o merchant_n be_v compel_v of_o course_n to_o make_v return_n thereby_o because_o they_o can_v import_v those_o overvalued_n money_n but_o to_o their_o exceed_a great_a loss_n and_o by_o exchange_n they_o find_v few_o taker_n unless_o it_o be_v our_o young_a merchant_n which_o do_v consume_v their_o estate_n by_o exchange_n and_o rechange_n for_o of_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n commodity_n cause_n of_o the_o overballance_v of_o commodity_n we_o have_v but_o the_o use_n of_o one_o as_o they_o observe_v which_o be_v the_o buy_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o make_v return_n increase_v therein_o the_o consumption_n of_o the_o say_a ware_n and_o not_o our_o own_o money_n remain_v hereby_o plentiful_a beyond_o the_o sea_n the_o rather_o for_o that_o bill_n of_o debt_n be_v as_o ready_a money_n pass_v between_o man_n and_o man_n cause_v with_o they_o a_o lively_a course_n of_o trade_n whereby_o their_o commodity_n be_v advance_v in_o price_n and_o sale_n neither_o be_v they_o compel_v to_o sell_v they_o but_o at_o their_o price_n because_o they_o find_v money_n at_o interest_n at_o five_o and_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o this_o plenty_n of_o money_n be_v daily_o increase_v by_o our_o merchant_n trade_v spain_n and_o all_o other_o who_o do_v divert_v the_o royal_n of_o spain_n from_o we_o because_o of_o the_o enhance_a of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n where_o they_o have_v 25_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n when_o with_o we_o they_o make_v but_o 10_o ê‘_n cent_n this_o gain_n be_v practise_v by_o exchange_n and_o will_v otherwise_o be_v but_o imaginary_a as_o shall_v be_v declare_v hereafter_o whereby_o we_o shall_v find_v that_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v still_o predominant_a and_o overrule_a the_o money_n and_o commodity_n chap._n vi_o a_o geometrical_a description_n of_o the_o world_n especial_o of_o europe_n measure_v by_o million_o of_o acre_n of_o ground_n upon_o the_o map_n the_o measure_n be_v one_o million_o or_o ten_o hundred_o thousand_o acre_n the_o circumference_n of_o the_o roundness_n of_o the_o whole_a globe_n of_o the_o world_n compose_v of_o water_n and_o earth_n be_v account_v to_o be_v
according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o money_n whereby_o every_o man_n set_v a_o price_n unto_o his_o commodity_n do_v sell_v and_o barter_v the_o same_o as_o he_o can_v with_o a_o respect_n of_o the_o necessary_a use_n or_o request_n have_v of_o the_o commodity_n and_o of_o the_o quality_n and_o goodness_n of_o the_o same_o be_v either_o corruptible_a commodity_n or_o staple_n ware_n more_o durable_a whereby_o all_o metal_n and_o mineral_n come_v into_o great_a estimation_n and_o the_o pure_a be_v most_o value_v and_o esteem_v even_o in_o the_o very_a traffic_n by_o commutation_n when_o money_n be_v not_o coin_a and_o commodity_n be_v disperse_v by_o commerce_n between_o nation_n by_o a_o interchangeable_a course_n supply_v each_o other_o occasion_n and_o necessity_n according_a to_o the_o use_n of_o commodity_n negotiativa_fw-la commutatio_fw-la negotiativa_fw-la this_o commutation_n be_v call_v negotiativa_fw-la because_o thing_n be_v commute_v for_o to_o sell_v again_o by_o way_n of_o negotiation_n which_o be_v either_o by_o sell_v or_o deliver_v commodity_n for_o commodity_n in_o specie_fw-la as_o aforesaid_a or_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o money_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v the_o same_o at_o a_o price_n agree_v or_o conclude_v upon_o between_o the_o party_n contract_v for_o the_o same_o in_o the_o estimation_n whereof_o we_o be_v to_o have_v a_o due_a consideration_n that_o riches_n be_v natural_a and_o artificial_a and_o both_o value_v by_o money_n there_o be_v require_v a_o certain_a equality_n in_o the_o say_a estimation_n proceed_v of_o the_o consideration_n between_o this_o natural_a and_o artificial_a riches_n and_o as_o there_o be_v three_o temporal_a thing_n for_o the_o behoof_n of_o man_n namely_o food_n house_n and_o apparel_n so_o must_v we_o account_v all_o the_o thing_n serve_v thereunto_o according_o and_o the_o scarcity_n or_o plenty_n of_o those_o thing_n also_o according_a to_o the_o use_n of_o they_o have_v always_o a_o regard_n and_o care_v not_o to_o pay_v too_o much_o for_o the_o thing_n serve_v for_o the_o belly_n especial_o such_o as_o in_o some_o sort_n may_v be_v spare_v or_o forbear_v and_o not_o to_o sell_v too_o good_a cheap_a the_o thing_n serve_v for_o the_o back_n or_o in_o effect_n to_o barter_n they_o for_o superfluous_a thing_n always_o admit_v civility_n which_o albeit_o that_o man_n account_v that_o civil_a which_o be_v according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o every_o country_n as_o the_o proverb_n be_v country_n fashion_n country_n honour_n yet_o reason_n must_v rule_v herein_o with_o a_o due_a consideration_n of_o god_n good_a creature_n and_o gift_n which_o can_v be_v do_v without_o a_o unfatigable_a industry_n both_o in_o discern_v the_o variety_n of_o they_o and_o in_o observe_v their_o infinite_a number_n and_o pure_a creation_n in_o which_o regard_n precious_a thing_n have_v their_o estimation_n so_o that_o the_o same_o civility_n must_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o for_o the_o uphold_v of_o the_o same_o live_v together_o in_o christian_n society_n give_v so_o far_o place_n unto_o reason_n that_o every_o man_n may_v endeavour_v himself_o for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o weal_n public_a and_o conceive_v general_o that_o other_o nation_n not_o endue_v with_o so_o much_o reason_n be_v always_o inferior_a unto_o we_o in_o that_o regard_n even_o consider_v all_o man_n alike_o in_o a_o estate_n of_o politic_a government_n who_o see_v not_o then_o that_o without_o any_o cause_n of_o admiration_n some_o man_n do_v wonder_n at_o the_o simplicity_n of_o brasilian_o west-india_n and_o other_o nation_n as_o they_o of_o barbary_n or_o africa_n in_o give_v the_o good_a commodity_n of_o their_o country_n yea_o gold_n silver_n and_o precious_a thing_n for_o bead_n bell_n knife_n looking-glass_n and_o such_o toy_n and_o trifle_n when_o we_o ourselves_o commit_v the_o same_o in_o give_v our_o staple_n ware_n for_o tobacco_n orange_n and_o other_o corruptible_a smoke_a thing_n or_o superfluous_a commodity_n buy_v at_o dear_a rate_n to_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n whereby_o come_v a_o overbalancing_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o our_o home_n commodity_n which_o draw_v away_o our_o treasure_n and_o ready_a money_n to_o the_o incredible_a loss_n and_o impoverish_n of_o the_o realm_n this_o commutation_n negotiativa_fw-la ought_v to_o be_v the_o study_n of_o politician_n or_o statesman_n as_o a_o principal_a matter_n of_o state_n for_o the_o preservation_n and_o augmentation_n of_o the_o wealth_n of_o their_o commonweal_n or_o monarchy_n where_o they_o sit_v to_o direct_v the_o ship_n of_o traffic_n as_o skilful_a pilot_n observe_v all_o accident_n which_o happen_v to_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o trade_n and_o commerce_n already_o declare_v and_o to_o be_v amplify_v in_o our_o description_n of_o this_o customary_a law_n of_o merchant_n this_o study_n consist_v in_o two_o point_n namely_o in_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o value_n of_o the_o thing_n commute_v or_o barter_v between_o country_n and_o country_n according_a to_o their_o use_n and_o in_o the_o charge_n of_o manufacture_n of_o those_o thing_n and_o the_o manufacture_n of_o other_o thing_n exchange_v for_o the_o same_o by_o way_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n worthy_a of_o commendation_n be_v the_o mayor_n of_o carmarthen_n town_n in_o wales_n carmarthen_n the_o due_a commendation_n of_o the_o mayor_n of_o carmarthen_n who_o perceive_v the_o spaniard_n to_o import_v orange_n and_o lemon_n and_o to_o sell_v they_o continual_o for_o ready_a money_n and_o to_o export_v the_o same_o without_o buy_v any_o of_o their_o country_n commodity_n be_v staple_n ware_n and_o they_o very_o corruptible_a and_o many_o time_n half_o rot_v cause_v a_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v that_o no_o man_n for_o the_o space_n of_o three_o day_n shall_v buy_v any_o of_o those_o orange_n and_o lemon_n and_o within_o that_o time_n they_o be_v all_o spoil_v and_o so_o the_o spaniard_n go_v home_o by_o weep_a cross_n and_o afterward_o sell_v his_o orange_n better_o cheap_a and_o buy_v commodity_n for_o his_o return_n touch_v the_o price_n of_o manufacture_n the_o labour_n and_o charge_n of_o workman_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v on_o either_o side_n and_o what_o the_o commodity_n may_v be_v in_o the_o wear_n or_o use_v thereof_o and_o to_o what_o purpose_n or_o profit_v the_o remainder_n may_v be_v employ_v as_o for_o example_n if_o silk_n lace_v be_v import_v after_o the_o wear_n it_o be_v nothing_o worth_a if_o venice_n gold_n and_o silver_n be_v import_v there_o will_v remain_v about_o the_o one_o half_a in_o silver_n albeit_o the_o same_o be_v sell_v dear_a unto_o we_o which_o be_v very_o tolerable_a if_o other_o of_o our_o manufacture_n or_o cloth_n be_v export_v for_o the_o same_o whereby_o the_o people_n be_v set_v on_o work_n to_o maintain_v a_o common_a society_n but_o when_o tobacco_n be_v import_v etc._n hindrance_n by_o tobacco_n etc._n etc._n and_o leave_v nothing_o but_o smoke_n which_o be_v not_o only_o buy_v at_o dear_a rate_n and_o do_v hinder_v importation_n of_o bullion_n or_o ryal_n of_o plate_n but_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n that_o our_o home_n commodity_n as_o cloth_n bay_n perpetuanoes_n and_o say_v be_v sell_v to_o loss_n by_o the_o buyer_n of_o tobacco_n which_o cause_v the_o price_n of_o our_o commodity_n to_o be_v abate_v and_o the_o realm_n to_o loose_v above_o forty_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a by_o this_o negotiation_n of_o barter_n statesman_n therefore_o may_v in_o this_o particular_a take_v some_o course_n that_o every_o man_n shall_v not_o make_v employment_n in_o tobacco_n in_o spain_n or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n but_o that_o the_o license_a buyer_n thereof_o shall_v make_v over_o so_o much_o money_n by_o exchange_n as_o be_v needful_a for_o a_o competent_a quantity_n to_o be_v prove_v by_o good_a and_o true_a certificate_n that_o the_o same_o have_v be_v perform_v according_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o venice_n gold_n and_o silver_n thread_n spangle_n and_o o_o shall_v be_v think_v convenient_a to_o be_v make_v in_o england_n then_o to_o procure_v the_o silver_n in_o plate_n cut_v or_o uncut_a to_o be_v bring_v over_o of_o the_o sterling_a standard_n or_o so_o much_o in_o bullion_n as_o may_v make_v the_o quantity_n require_v may_v be_v think_v expedient_a if_o in_o regard_n of_o civil_a reputation_n of_o the_o kingdom_n we_o will_v not_o prohibit_v the_o importation_n of_o it_o by_o course_n of_o traffic_n but_o consider_v that_o after_o wear_v the_o same_o with_o reputation_n it_o leave_v almost_o the_o one_o half_a of_o his_o value_n there_o be_v no_o pregnant_a cause_n to_o find_v so_o much_o fault_n with_o it_o as_o some_o man_n do_v the_o like_a consideration_n be_v to_o be_v have_v for_o such_o manufacture_n whereof_o the_o very_a piece_n or_o rag_n may_v be_v use_v to_o some_o purpose_n as_o of_o linen_n to_o make_v white_a paper_n
of_o fisher_n net_n to_o make_v brown_a paper_n of_o skin_n to_o make_v glue_v of_o beer_n lose_fw-mi to_o make_v aqua_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la and_o the_o like_a and_o here_o we_o may_v not_o omit_v how_o almighty_a god_n by_o his_o divine_a providence_n rule_v many_o time_n this_o negotiate_v commutation_n when_o the_o harvest_n of_o corn_n fail_v in_o one_o country_n and_o be_v prosperous_a in_o another_o country_n whereby_o this_o trade_n of_o barter_n by_o the_o rule_n of_o money_n do_v very_o much_o augment_v and_o the_o price_n of_o corn_n become_v to_o be_v much_o dear_a albeit_o the_o price_n be_v reasonable_a consider_v the_o fermer_n may_v by_o the_o cheapnes_n thereof_o be_v make_v unable_a to_o pay_v his_o rent_n and_o god_n who_o do_v every_o thing_n for_o the_o best_a show_v unto_o we_o how_o one_o nation_n may_v have_v need_n and_o occasion_n to_o use_v the_o help_n and_o mean_n of_o other_o nation_n and_o which_o be_v more_o admirable_a to_o be_v note_v god_n in_o the_o permit_v of_o it_o may_v have_v some_o other_o work_n in_o hand_n to_o manifest_v his_o glory_n or_o to_o relieve_v his_o child_n by_o unexpected_a mean_n as_o the_o send_n of_o the_o child_n of_o jacob_n into_o egypt_n for_o the_o want_n of_o corn_n to_o maintain_v themselves_o do_v demonstrate_v unto_o us._n the_o like_a may_v be_v apply_v for_o wine_n salt_n and_o other_o commodity_n for_o the_o sustenance_n of_o man_n which_o although_o they_o be_v corruptible_a commodity_n may_v contrary_a to_o our_o former_a assertion_n by_o this_o accidental_a or_o casual_a extremity_n be_v prefer_v in_o estimation_n of_o the_o staple_n commodity_n which_o be_v durable_a and_o become_v value_v only_o by_o gold_n &_o silver_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o spain_n and_o portugal_n be_v subject_a to_o have_v dearth_n of_o corn_n do_v permit_v the_o exportation_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n in_o return_n of_o the_o provenue_n of_o it_o and_o other_o victual_n victual_n gold_n and_o silver_n barter_v for_o corn_n and_o victual_n whereby_o we_o find_v that_o those_o country_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o west-indian_a treasure_n be_v from_o time_n to_o time_n provide_v with_o silver_n and_o gold_n coin_n be_v nevertheless_o most_o destitute_a of_o the_o same_o barter_v as_o it_o be_v in_o effect_n their_o silver_n and_o gold_n for_o corn_n and_o other_o provision_n and_o have_v their_o country_n store_v with_o mere_a copper_n money_n this_o treasure_n pass_v from_o they_o as_o if_o it_o be_v convey_v by_o a_o channel_n and_o because_o of_o the_o abundance_n of_o their_o say_a copper_n money_n be_v not_o so_o sensible_a unto_o they_o as_o it_o be_v unto_o other_o country_n which_o have_v not_o the_o use_n of_o the_o like_a copper_n money_n which_o be_v diverse_a way_n to_o be_v consider_v especial_o in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n when_o money_n be_v call_v to_o be_v the_o sinew_n thereof_o or_o nervi_fw-la bellorum_fw-la which_o by_o mere_a copper_n money_n can_v never_o be_v understand_v howsoever_o necessary_a in_o some_o measure_n for_o the_o commutation_n of_o petty_a bargain_n and_o contract_n whereof_o more_o hereafter_o in_o handle_v the_o matter_n of_o money_n to_o make_v application_n of_o this_o negotiate_v commutation_n in_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n it_o be_v to_o be_v prove_v by_o diverse_a ancient_a merchant_n book_n that_o within_o the_o age_n of_o a_o man_n or_o seventie_o year_n the_o price_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o we_o be_v far_o more_o rise_v than_o the_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n which_o by_o way_n of_o antithesis_fw-la be_v worthy_a the_o observation_n redding_n colour_n and_o other_o mingle_a colour_n clothes_n do_v cost_v 9_o will_v the_o cloth_n then_o when_o black_a velvet_n be_v sell_v at_o 10_o shilling_n the_o yard_n and_o now_o the_o say_a sort_n of_o clothes_n be_v sell_v but_o for_o 11_o will_v and_o 12_o will_v the_o cloth_n and_o velvet_n at_o 26_o shilling_n the_o yard_n pack_v clothes_n white_a at_o fifty_o pound_n the_o pack_n of_o ten_o piece_n cramosin_a velvet_n at_o 12_o shilling_n the_o yard_n and_o now_o pack_v clothes_n of_o the_o same_o mark_n at_o ninety_o pound_n and_o a_o hundred_o pound_n and_o cramosin_a velvet_n at_o thirty_o shilling_n the_o yard_n wool_n the_o todd_n of_o 28_o will_v weight_n at_o 12_o shilling_n black_a satin_n at_o 5_o shilling_n the_o yard_n wool_n now_o above_o 20_o shilling_n or_o thereabouts_o and_o satin_n 15_o shilling_n calf_n skin_v the_o dozen_o 5_o ss_z fustian_n the_o bale_n of_o 40_o ½_n piece_n at_z 12_o will_v the_o bale_n calf_n skin_v now_o at_o 10_o ss_z and_o fustian_n 36_o pound_n and_o milan_n fustian_n at_o 18_o and_o 20_o shilling_n the_o piece_n now_o at_o 3_o will_v and_o above_o say_v of_o norwich_n at_o 20_o ss_z the_o piece_n and_o upward_o messina_n silk_n 8_o ss_z the_o pound_n say_v be_v about_o 40_o ss_z 1._o foreign_a wareâ—_n rise_v 3_o to_o 1._o and_z messina_z and_o the_o like_a silk_n above_o twenty_o six_o shilling_n northern_a carseye_n then_o 18_o ss_z spanish_a soap_n 20_o ss_z now_o 50_o ss_z and_o carseye_n 22_o ss_z seville_a oil_n the_o tun_n 12_o will_v now_o 35_o will_v and_o many_o time_n above_o forty_o pound_n french_a wine_n at_o 5_o will_v the_o tun_n now_o 20_o will_v or_o thereabouts_o long_o prune_n 5_o ss_z now_z 15_o and_o 16_o ss_z sugar_n 6_o penny_n the_o pound_n now_o 14_o and_o 16_o penny_n malmeseyes_n 5_o will_v the_o butt_n now_o 18_o will_v and_o 20_o will_v cotton_n wool_n 4_o d._n now_o 15_o d._n and_o diverse_a other_o commodity_n according_o so_o that_o a_o angel_n will_v have_v buy_v one_o yard_n of_o velvet_n now_o three_o angel_n or_o piece_n of_o gold_n can_v be_v export_v for_o the_o same_o ten_o angel_n will_v have_v buy_v a_o tun_n of_o claret_n wine_n in_o england_n which_o be_v now_o sell_v for_o above_o twenty_o pound_n and_o twenty_o four_o pound_n beside_o that_o our_o cloth_n be_v better_a make_v than_o in_o those_o day_n albeit_o not_o so_o good_a as_o it_o may_v be_v make_v victual_n and_o wage_n be_v dear_a and_o woad_n mather_n oil_n and_o colour_n be_v extreme_o rise_v a_o merchant_n may_v have_v send_v or_o carry_v with_o he_o one_o pack_n of_o clothes_n white_a broad_a or_o narrow_a list_n and_o bring_v in_o return_n one_o chest_n contain_v nine_o or_o ten_o piece_n of_o velvet_n whereas_o now_o he_o can_v bring_v above_o three_o or_o four_o piece_n in_o return_n thereof_o for_o a_o redding_n cloth_n sell_v beyond_o the_o sea_n he_o may_v have_v return_v one_o bale_n of_o fustian_n whereas_o now_o for_o the_o value_n of_o one_o bale_n of_o fustian_n sell_v in_o england_n a_o merchant_n must_v buy_v and_o export_v three_o clothes_n a_o london_n mingle_v colour_n cloth_n will_v have_v buy_v at_o lisbon_n two_o chest_n of_o sugar_n now_o one_o chest_n of_o sugar_n will_v draw_v two_o clothes_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n so_o a_o kentish_a cloth_n will_v have_v buy_v at_o seville_a a_o tun_n of_o oil_n and_o more_o now_o one_o tun_n of_o oil_n do_v countervail_v three_o clothes_n and_o more_o and_o other_o commodity_n according_o give_v as_o it_o be_v three_o to_o one_o in_o specie_fw-la for_o foreign_a commodity_n kind_n commutation_n be_v compare_v unto_o money_n in_o kind_n compare_v this_o commutation_n to_o the_o money_n enhance_v in_o the_o low_a country_n germany_n france_n and_o some_o other_o country_n which_o be_v the_o same_o money_n still_o in_o specie_fw-la for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n and_o only_o the_o valuation_n be_v alter_v and_o you_o shall_v find_v that_o within_o the_o say_a time_n of_o seventie_o year_n a_o angel_n worth_a ten_o s._n then_o be_v now_o above_o twenty_o sâ—illings_n a_o french_a crown_n six_o shilling_n now_o twelve_o shilling_n six_o penny_n and_o all_o other_o coin_n according_o or_o thereabouts_o whereas_o in_o england_n there_o be_v no_o momentary_a alteration_n of_o the_o money_n as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v make_v more_o apparent_a and_o the_o like_a consideration_n will_v also_o be_v have_v concern_v the_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n some_o man_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o sell_v our_o home_n commodity_n good_a cheap_a make_v a_o lively_a trade_n augment_v commerce_n and_o maintain_v all_o the_o dependence_n thereupon_o by_o set_v the_o people_n on_o work_n employ_v ship_n and_o augment_v the_o king_n custom_n and_o imposition_n but_o they_o never_o consider_v two_o principal_a point_n whereby_o the_o wealth_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n increase_v or_o decrease_v namely_o cheap_a inconvenience_n to_o sell_v commodity_n good_a cheap_a if_o commodity_n import_v unto_o we_o be_v dear_a than_o in_o time_n past_a as_o we_o have_v note_v and_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v not_o sell_v proportionable_o in_o price_n but_o we_o will_v
endeavour_v still_o to_o sell_v good_a cheap_a who_o see_v not_o that_o this_o bring_v a_o evident_a over_o ballence_v of_o commodity_n in_o price_n which_o be_v to_o be_v balance_v by_o the_o treasure_n and_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n again_o if_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v sell_v too_o good_a cheap_a other_o nation_n can_v make_v a_o trade_n thereby_o for_o other_o country_n and_o overthrow_v the_o trade_n of_o several_a society_n of_o the_o realm_n we_o have_v see_v in_o time_n past_a that_o the_o western_a colour_n carseye_n be_v sell_v at_o norenborough_n in_o germany_n to_o the_o great_a loss_n and_o hindrance_n of_o the_o than_o turkey_n trade_n and_o at_o this_o present_a our_o suffolk_n clothes_n be_v sell_v so_o good_a cheap_a beyond_o the_o sea_n at_o amsterdam_n and_o other_o place_n that_o they_o have_v make_v a_o large_a trade_n for_o russia_n and_o east-land_n with_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o thereby_o overthrow_v our_o trade_n by_o preoccupy_v the_o market_n and_o engross_a the_o commodity_n of_o those_o country_n aforehand_o from_o zealand_n there_o be_v a_o trade_n establish_v for_o barbary_n with_o the_o say_a clothes_n sell_v unto_o they_o thereby_o prevent_v the_o trade_n of_o english_a merchant_n which_o yield_v they_o but_o little_a profit_n and_o the_o commodity_n which_o they_o bring_v in_o return_n as_o hide_n almond_n and_o other_o thing_n be_v better_o vent_v beyond_o the_o sea_n where_o our_o merchant_n be_v force_v to_o transport_v they_o and_o the_o gold_n which_o they_o bring_v afford_v but_o little_a profit_n variable_a the_o time_n and_o season_n of_o trade_n be_v variable_a so_o that_o to_o make_v commerce_n to_o be_v a_o pastime_n be_v neither_o beneficial_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n noâ—_n to_o particular_a person_n the_o time_n or_o season_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n be_v mutable_a and_o subject_a to_o accident_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o at_o some_o one_o time_n commodity_n be_v well_o vent_v and_o at_o another_o time_n not_o the_o rash_a sale_n be_v not_o the_o profitable_a have_v not_o we_o find_v of_o late_a year_n that_o cloth_n be_v sell_v in_o great_a quantity_n and_o at_o great_a price_n when_o the_o todd_n of_o wool_n be_v sell_v at_o 32_o and_o 33_o shilling_n and_o clothes_n according_o than_o now_o when_o wool_n be_v sell_v for_o 18_o and_o 20_o shilling_n the_o revolution_n of_o thing_n may_v alter_v again_o and_o revive_v trade_n if_o not_o procure_v you_o to_o have_v foreign_a commodity_n better_o cheap_a whereof_o you_o have_v not_o so_o much_o need_v as_o they_o have_v of_o we_o strive_v not_o to_o undersell_v other_o to_o the_o hurt_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n under_o colour_n to_o increase_v trade_n commeâ—ce_n cause_n increase_v trade_n and_o commeâ—ce_n for_o trade_n do_v not_o increase_v when_o commodity_n be_v good_a cheap_a because_o the_o cheapenesse_n proceed_v of_o the_o small_a request_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n which_o make_v thing_n cheap_a so_o that_o the_o contrary_n augment_v trade_n when_o there_o be_v plenty_n of_o money_n and_o commodity_n become_v dear_a be_v in_o request_n concern_v the_o particular_a barter_n or_o truck_v with_o merchant_n every_o man_n do_v know_v who_o deal_v therein_o barter_n particular_a barter_n that_o this_o be_v do_v with_o such_o dexterity_n to_o take_v advantage_n in_o the_o price_n of_o their_o commodity_n one_o against_o the_o other_o that_o common_o either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o find_v himself_o aggrieve_v for_o the_o overreach_n therein_o be_v account_v a_o usual_a and_o ordinary_a practice_n and_o the_o commodity_n thus_o barter_v be_v plentiful_a and_o not_o in_o request_n whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o to_o have_v good_a commodity_n which_o be_v vendible_a at_o all_o time_n there_o be_v part_v give_v in_o ready_a money_n or_o in_o bill_n payable_a at_o short_a day_n of_o payment_n whereby_o many_o merchant_n be_v overreach_v and_o can_v have_v no_o remedy_n by_o law_n nor_o equity_n hence_o the_o proverb_n be_v derive_v caveat_n emptor_n for_o it_o be_v a_o buy_v and_o sell_v imply_v a_o advantage_n intend_v by_o both_o party_n how_o soever_o they_o will_v seem_v to_o colour_v the_o matter_n so_o that_o the_o proverb_n be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v upon_o all_o bargain_n of_o commodity_n whereby_o a_o man_n become_v a_o loser_n and_o he_o that_o deal_v in_o barter_n must_v be_v very_o circumspect_a and_o the_o money_n give_v in_o barter_n can_v be_v overset_v whereupon_o a_o principal_a merchant_n of_o london_n make_v once_o a_o barter_n in_o hope_n to_o overreach_v another_o merchant_n and_o they_o both_o be_v resolve_v to_o do_v their_o best_a endeavour_n therein_o agree_v to_o esteem_n and_o value_v their_o commodity_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n commutation_n a_o cunning_a commutation_n but_o withal_o the_o great_a merchant_n will_v have_v the_o one_o moiety_n of_o the_o some_o they_o shall_v barter_n for_o in_o ready_a money_n and_o so_o the_o more_o he_o do_v overualue_n his_o commodity_n which_o be_v cloth_n the_o more_o money_n be_v the_o other_o to_o lay_v out_o the_o bargain_n come_v to_o one_o thousand_o pound_n starling_n whereupon_o the_o party_n pay_v five_o hundred_o pound_n in_o ready_a money_n instant_o for_o all_o be_v do_v in_o two_o hour_n and_o deliver_v he_o also_o forty_o half_a piece_n of_o lawn_n at_o a_o certain_a price_n the_o first_o piece_n and_o in_o every_o two_o or_o three_o piece_n raise_v the_o price_n as_o the_o manner_n be_v in_o that_o kind_n of_o commodity_n the_o great_a merchant_n have_v overset_v his_o commodity_n or_o clothes_n fifty_o upon_o the_o hundred_o and_o the_o other_o merchant_n that_o can_v not_o overset_v his_o money_n have_v value_v his_o lawn_n at_o a_o very_a high_a rate_n of_o three_o for_o one_o at_o the_o least_o for_o all_o the_o say_v forty_o half_a piece_n of_o lawn_n be_v sell_v for_o 120_o will_v payable_a at_o two_o year_n day_n of_o payment_n and_o by_o the_o cloth_n there_o be_v not_o lose_v above_o one_o hundred_o pound_n hereupon_o long_o after_o the_o say_a party_n fall_v at_o variance_n the_o cause_n be_v by_o they_o compromit_v unto_o very_o sufficient_a arbitrator_n merchant_n and_o they_o do_v approve_v and_o confirm_v the_o say_a commutation_n and_o barter_n to_o be_v good_a for_o that_o the_o commodity_n be_v merchantable_a and_o they_o have_v endeavour_v to_o try_v their_o wit_n to_o overreach_v each_o other_o and_o moreover_o they_o award_v the_o great_a merchant_n to_o pay_v charge_n and_o will_v he_o to_o remember_v the_o old_a proverb_n he_o that_o buy_v lawn_n before_o he_o can_v fold_v it_o will_v repent_v before_o he_o have_v sell_v it_o but_o these_o particular_a commutation_n between_o man_n and_o man_n be_v not_o hurtful_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n unless_o they_o be_v between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n in_o the_o plurality_n of_o the_o thing_n commute_v between_o we_o and_o they_o commutation_n a_o rule_n for_o commutation_n to_o prescribe_v therefore_o some_o kind_n of_o rule_n in_o permutation_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o there_o be_v in_o effect_n three_o kind_n of_o they_o and_o may_v be_v distinguish_v and_o say_v to_o be_v discreet_a temperate_a and_o desperate_a commutation_n discreet_a commutation_n the_o discreet_a be_v where_o without_o any_o compulsion_n or_o of_o course_n one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n be_v either_o in_o specie_fw-la or_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o money_n barter_v or_o deliver_v for_o another_o commodity_n of_o another_o kingdom_n as_o the_o bargain_n be_v to_o deliver_v sea-coal_n of_o newcastle_n into_o france_n for_o salt_n pay_v the_o freight_n on_o either_o side_n equal_o between_o they_o commutation_n temperate_a commutation_n the_o temperate_a commutation_n be_v where_o a_o merchant_n do_v expect_v a_o convenient_a time_n for_o the_o sell_n of_o his_o commodity_n according_a to_o the_o accident_n and_o occasion_n offer_v and_o do_v not_o overthrow_v the_o market_n of_o other_o that_o have_v the_o like_a commodity_n to_o sell_v by_o his_o rash_a sale_n commutation_n desperate_a commutation_n the_o desperate_a commutation_n be_v mere_a opposite_a unto_o it_o where_o a_o man_n either_o for_o want_v of_o discretion_n or_o upon_o urgent_a necessity_n to_o supply_v his_o credit_n and_o occasion_n sell_v or_o barter_v away_o his_o commodity_n for_o other_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o return_v homeward_o in_o all_o which_o great_a discretion_n be_v to_o be_v use_v and_o this_o aught_o to_o be_v a_o principal_a study_n for_o society_n and_o company_n to_o look_v unto_o albeit_o the_o same_o be_v not_o of_o such_o importance_n as_o the_o buy_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n at_o dear_a rate_n when_o merchant_n strive_v to_o engross_v they_o upon_o the_o arrival_n of_o ship_n as_o for_o corrint_n have_v happen_v at_o zante_n and_o venice_n chap._n ix_o of_o ordinary_a buy_n and_o selling_n of_o commodity_n every_o
man_n know_v that_o in_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n there_o be_v a_o estimation_n and_o price_n demand_v and_o agree_v upon_o between_o both_o party_n according_a to_o a_o certain_a equality_n in_o the_o value_n of_o thing_n permute_v by_o a_o true_a reason_n ground_v upon_o the_o commodious_a use_n of_o thing_n so_o that_o equality_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o mutual_a voluntary_a estimation_n of_o thing_n make_v in_o good_a order_n and_o truth_n equality_n definition_n of_o equality_n wherein_o inequality_n be_v not_o admit_v or_o know_v and_o the_o seller_n be_v to_o sell_v his_o ware_n according_a to_o the_o common_a estimation_n and_o course_n at_o such_o time_n as_o he_o shall_v think_v convenient_a unless_o it_o be_v for_o victual_n and_o munition_n wherein_o necessity_n compel_v he_o to_o sell_v for_o the_o general_a good_a by_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o magistrate_n by_o who_o authority_n he_o can_v observe_v no_o time_n but_o must_v sell_v take_v a_o reasonable_a gain_n for_o the_o same_o for_o the_o estimation_n be_v also_o the_o great_a upon_o such_o occasion_n and_o accident_n when_o the_o sell_n of_o a_o thing_n be_v not_o according_a to_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n but_o rather_o according_a to_o the_o usefulness_n of_o it_o to_o mankind_n and_o therein_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v which_o may_v decay_v and_o be_v subject_a to_o corruption_n in_o quantity_n quality_n and_o substance_n or_o which_o be_v not_o subject_a thereunto_o true_a it_o be_v that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o rule_n prescribe_v or_o teach_v how_o to_o buy_v and_o sell_v which_o be_v lawful_a and_o unlawful_a or_o just_a and_o unjust_a by_o any_o wise_a man_n whatsoever_o because_o the_o child_n of_o this_o age_n be_v wise_a than_o the_o child_n of_o light_n in_o their_o generation_n and_o calling_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o some_o divine_n have_v write_v hereof_o do_v proceed_v with_o great_a moderation_n other_o tho._n aquinas_n scotus_n and_o other_o observe_v that_o the_o transfer_v of_o thing_n from_o one_o owner_n unto_o another_o be_v effect_v five_o manner_n of_o way_n by_o private_a person_n 1_o by_o donation_n which_o be_v altogether_o of_o free_a gift_n according_a to_o the_o say_v record_v luke_n the_o sixteenth_o chapter_n mutuum_fw-la date_n transferthing_n five_o mean_n to_o transferthing_n nihil_fw-la inde_fw-la sperantes_fw-la 2_o by_o permutation_n do_v ut_fw-la des_fw-mi i_o give_v because_o you_o shall_v give_v as_o the_o proverb_n be_v si_fw-mi mihi_fw-la des_fw-fr tibi_fw-la do_v si_fw-la nil_fw-la des_fw-fr nil_fw-la tibi_fw-la reddo_fw-la hoc_fw-la verbum_fw-la do_v das_fw-mi nutrit_fw-la amicitias_fw-la 3_o by_o emption_n or_o buy_v of_o thing_n 4_o by_o vendition_n or_o sell_v of_o thing_n 5_o by_o active_a mutuation_n or_o mutual_a give_v or_o lend_v of_o money_n thing_n eleven_o condition_n in_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o thing_n and_o in_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o thing_n there_o be_v require_v eleven_o necessary_a condition_n first_o a_o consent_n in_o the_o sell_n second_o a_o power_n to_o sell_v the_o like_a in_o the_o buyer_n three_o and_o fourthly_a consent_n and_o power_n five_o and_o sixthly_a some_o condition_n on_o either_o side_n agree_v in_o the_o transfer_v of_o the_o thing_n seventhly_a that_o the_o same_o be_v honest_a eighthly_a also_o lawful_a ninthly_a and_o tenth_o to_o be_v without_o unreasonable_a condition_n to_o buy_v and_o sell_v the_o same_o again_o eleventh_a that_o it_o be_v a_o absolute_a irrevocable_a bargain_n and_o herein_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o be_v regard_v and_o observe_v quod_fw-la tibi_fw-la fieri_fw-la non_fw-la vis_fw-la alteri_fw-la ne_fw-la feceris_fw-la or_o do_v as_o you_o will_v be_v do_v unto_o yet_o if_o i_o have_v occasion_n to_o buy_v that_o which_o another_o be_v about_o to_o buy_v it_o be_v lawful_a and_o just_a for_o i_o to_o buy_v the_o same_o thing_n three_o thing_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o sell_n of_o thing_n but_o to_o avoid_v suspicion_n in_o sell_v just_o or_o unjust_o three_o thing_n be_v require_v first_o the_o buyer_n to_o be_v expert_a in_o the_o commodity_n he_o buy_v second_o that_o he_o be_v not_o too_o needy_a or_o constrain_v to_o buy_v and_o three_o that_o persuasive_a reason_n be_v ommit_v which_o cause_n the_o party_n to_o buy_v dear_a the_o civilians_n affirm_v that_o probability_n to_o prove_v the_o estimation_n of_o a_o thing_n be_v sufficient_a whether_o it_o be_v more_o or_o less_o worth_a do_v admit_v that_o a_o man_n may_v sell_v dear_a unto_o a_o expert_a man_n than_o unto_o a_o simple_a man_n and_o to_o sell_v dear_a than_o the_o thing_n be_v worth_a by_o common_a estimation_n be_v adjudge_v by_o they_o to_o be_v always_o unjust_a as_o also_o to_o use_v reason_n and_o inducement_n to_o sell_v ware_n the_o dear_a neither_o be_v the_o seller_n to_o demand_v or_o expect_v any_o thing_n above_o the_o price_n agree_v upon_o and_o entreat_v hereof_o they_o make_v large_a discourse_n which_o i_o do_v admit_v to_o handle_v for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a buy_v and_o sell_v say_v they_o be_v do_v two_o manner_n of_o way_n first_o that_o the_o thing_n be_v so_o buy_v that_o all_o power_n of_o pretence_n be_v avoid_v which_o be_v give_v a_o thing_n at_o a_o certain_a price_n for_o the_o thing_n and_o second_o that_o the_o thing_n sell_v be_v as_o a_o gift_n for_o that_o price_n which_o in_o substance_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o plain_a absolute_a and_o lawful_a bargain_n sell_v as_o we_o say_v in_o open_a market_n or_o shop_n shop_n sell_v in_o open_a market_n or_o shop_n in_o so_o much_o that_o there_o be_v not_o a_o curtain_n to_o hide_v the_o commodity_n so_o buy_v and_o sell_v howbeit_o in_o all_o fair_n and_o market_n in_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n a_o tradesman_n shop_n and_o a_o merchant_n warehouse_n be_v take_v to_o be_v public_a and_o open_a at_o the_o appoint_a time_n they_o have_v also_o determine_v that_o a_o seller_n may_v not_o demand_v a_o great_a price_n for_o the_o forbearance_n of_o his_o payment_n or_o satisfaction_n of_o the_o thing_n but_o he_o may_v well_o diminish_v the_o price_n if_o the_o buyer_n do_v satisfy_v he_o the_o soon_o anticipation_n payment_n by_o anticipation_n and_o before_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n which_o nevertheless_o rest_v in_o his_o power_n to_o accept_v thereof_o or_o to_o expect_v the_o time_n but_o this_o be_v common_o do_v not_o by_o abate_v of_o the_o price_n of_o the_o commo_fw-la ditie_n because_o money_n have_v make_v a_o certainty_n of_o the_o total_a sum_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n but_o by_o allowance_n or_o deduction_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o say_a money_n for_o the_o time_n to_o come_v and_o unexpired_a according_a as_o they_o make_v their_o agreement_n of_o the_o price_n of_o interest_n to_o conclude_v the_o premise_n touch_v buy_v and_o sell_v we_o find_v that_o no_o man_n in_o sell_v any_o ware_n be_v bind_v to_o declare_v whether_o any_o quantity_n of_o the_o like_a ware_n be_v to_o be_v have_v or_o expect_v when_o he_o sell_v chap._n x._o of_o suretyship_n and_o merchant_n promise_n have_v entreat_v of_o the_o ordinary_a buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n either_o for_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v at_o some_o day_n of_o payment_n or_o for_o ware_n to_o be_v deliver_v by_o way_n of_o permutation_n wherein_o many_o time_n a_o three_o person_n be_v interpose_v or_o it_o do_v mere_o depend_v upon_o the_o party_n promise_v it_o may_v seem_v convenient_a to_o handle_v the_o point_n of_o suretyship_n and_o promise_n for_o albeit_o as_o the_o civilians_n say_v covenant_n a_o bare_a or_o naked_a covenant_n that_o nudae_fw-la pactio_fw-la obligationem_fw-la non_fw-la parit_fw-la exceptionem_fw-la parit_fw-la a_o bare_a or_o naked_a covenant_n bind_v not_o but_o breed_v exception_n this_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v upon_o contract_n and_o where_o no_o surety_n have_v make_v any_o promise_n but_o otherwise_o if_o any_o merchant_n do_v pass_v his_o word_n for_o another_o it_o make_v he_o liable_a as_o fide_fw-la inssor_n to_o perform_v the_o same_o and_o the_o act_n do_v before_o be_v a_o sufficient_a good_a consideration_n and_o they_o all_o agree_v that_o bona_fw-la fides_fw-la inter_fw-la mercatores_fw-la est_fw-la seruanda_fw-la faith_n or_o trust_n be_v to_o be_v keep_v between_o merchant_n and_o that_o also_o must_v be_v do_v without_o quillet_n or_o title_n of_o the_o law_n to_o avoid_v interruption_n of_o traffic_n wherein_o his_o suretyship_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v according_a to_o the_o promise_n for_o if_o it_o be_v conditional_a if_o such_o a_o man_n do_v not_o pay_v than_o the_o other_o to_o pay_v the_o same_o within_o a_o time_n or_o to_o save_v he_o harmless_a it_o be_v first_o to_o be_v demand_v of_o the_o
principal_a and_o if_o he_o do_v not_o pay_v than_o the_o surety_n be_v to_o pay_v it_o without_o any_o course_n of_o law_n unless_o he_o be_v order_v by_o the_o court_n of_o merchant_n to_o perform_v the_o same_o because_o that_o thereby_o he_o may_v also_o the_o soon_o recover_v the_o same_o of_o the_o principal_a for_o who_o he_o do_v give_v his_o promise_n it_o be_v also_o a_o custom_n among_o merchant_n that_o if_o a_o merchant_n be_v indebt_v unto_o another_o and_o thereupon_o intreat_v another_o merchant_n to_o desire_v the_o creditor_n to_o respite_n he_o some_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o it_o if_o then_o the_o say_a merchant_n the_o debtor_n do_v not_o pay_v according_o at_o the_o time_n he_o shall_v be_v take_v pro_fw-la confesso_fw-la and_o sentence_n shall_v be_v give_v by_o the_o merchant_n court_n for_o the_o payment_n thereof_o only_o upon_o proof_n make_v that_o he_o do_v will_n another_o to_o crave_v the_o say_a respite_n of_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n by_o trial_n of_o jury_n of_o 12_o man_n upon_o proof_n make_v by_o evidence_n produce_v before_o they_o that_o the_o debtor_n do_v crave_v day_n of_o payment_n so_o that_o they_o will_v thereupon_o deliver_v their_o verdict_n and_o judgement_n and_o execution_n may_v be_v of_o course_n have_v for_o the_o same_o but_o if_o the_o promise_n be_v not_o conditional_a then_o be_v he_o a_o absolute_a surety_n and_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o according_o as_o merchant_n of_o credit_n always_o have_v do_v unaware_o to_o become_v a_o surety_n unaware_o a_o merchant_n may_v also_o be_v come_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o surety_n unaware_o or_o unknown_a unto_o he_o as_o befall_v unto_o a_o friend_n of_o i_o not_o may_o year_n since_o at_o frankford_n in_o germany_n who_o during_o the_o mart_n or_o fair_a go_v into_o a_o merchant_n warehouse_n to_o confer_v of_o some_o business_n with_o he_o where_o he_o find_v another_o merchant_n of_o his_o acquaintance_n to_o cheapen_v some_o parcel_n of_o silk_n ware_n with_o the_o say_v other_o merchant_n to_o who_o this_o man_n as_o it_o seem_v be_v unknown_a whereupon_o the_o seller_n of_o the_o say_a silk_n ware_n take_v occasion_n to_o ask_v my_o friend_n whether_o he_o be_v a_o good_a man_n and_o of_o credit_n and_o he_o answer_v he_o be_v so_o the_o bargain_n be_v make_v and_o good_n be_v deliver_v unto_o the_o say_a merchant_n the_o buyer_n to_o the_o value_n of_o 460_o will_v for_o the_o which_o he_o make_v a_o bill_n obligatorie_n payable_a the_o next_o fair_a follow_v at_o which_o fair_a the_o party_n not_o appear_v demand_n be_v make_v of_o my_o friend_n to_o make_v payment_n of_o the_o say_v 460_o will_v because_o the_o party_n be_v absent_a and_o withal_o some_o doubt_n be_v make_v of_o his_o sufficiency_n my_o friend_n have_v not_o so_o much_o as_o remember_v that_o any_o such_o question_n be_v demand_v of_o he_o but_o the_o party_n do_v put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o it_o by_o circumstance_n and_o will_v be_v pay_v of_o he_o he_o in_o defence_n do_v allege_v it_o to_o be_v nudum_fw-la pactum_fw-la ex_fw-la quo_fw-la non_fw-la oritur_fw-la actio_fw-la and_o so_o not_o bind_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o as_o have_v have_v no_o consideration_n for_o it_o the_o opinion_n of_o merchant_n be_v demand_v wherein_o there_o be_v great_a diversity_n so_o that_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v to_o determine_v the_o same_o and_o by_o the_o say_a law_n according_a to_o the_o title_n de_fw-fr mandato_fw-la consilij_fw-la he_o be_v adjudge_v to_o pay_v the_o say_v 460_o will_v and_o to_o have_v the_o debtor_n bill_n obligatorie_n make_v over_o unto_o he_o etc._n a_o caveat_n for_o merchant_n etc._n etc._n whereof_o he_o can_v never_o recover_v one_o penny_n although_o he_o do_v pay_v the_o whole_a debt_n and_o damage_n for_o the_o party_n become_v insoluent_a this_o may_v be_v a_o good_a caveat_n for_o merchant_n and_o all_o man_n for_o if_o he_o have_v say_v he_o be_v take_v or_o repute_v to_o be_v a_o good_a man_n of_o credit_n or_o i_o take_v he_o to_o be_v so_o he_o have_v be_v clear_v by_o the_o law_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n promise_n considerable_a promise_n some_o promise_n be_v considerable_a according_a to_o reason_n as_o if_o a_o man_n upon_o a_o penalty_n do_v promise_v another_o not_o to_o molest_v or_o trouble_v he_o if_o the_o other_o give_v he_o cause_n of_o offence_n to_o break_v the_o same_o he_o incur_v not_o the_o penalty_n and_o a_o promise_n make_v to_o do_v a_o thing_n be_v always_o understand_v to_o be_v for_o the_o first_o time_n so_o to_o make_v a_o promise_n that_o a_o pawn_n shall_v not_o be_v alienate_v yet_o it_o be_v hold_v by_o diverse_a that_o the_o same_o may_v be_v hipothecate_v unto_o another_o so_o the_o pawn_n be_v preserve_v again_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o a_o shipwright_n do_v promise_n to_o build_v a_o ship_n for_o a_o merchant_n and_o he_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v do_v by_o another_o here_o the_o promise_n be_v break_v by_o the_o law_n albeit_o this_o question_n be_v not_o material_a for_o it_o be_v not_o like_a that_o the_o build_n of_o ship_n can_v be_v do_v without_o contract_n in_o writing_n and_o only_o by_o bare_a promise_n and_o the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v to_o the_o great_a part_n of_o all_o the_o question_n wherewith_o the_o book_n of_o civilians_n be_v freight_v so_o that_o for_o merchant_n understanding_n the_o ancient_a ordinary_a custom_n observe_v in_o the_o course_n of_o the_o say_v essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v plain_o to_o be_v declare_v and_o distinguish_v from_o litigious_a question_n chap._n xi_o of_o the_o revolution_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n even_o as_o the_o whole_a commerce_n and_o traffic_n consist_v of_o our_o land_n commodity_n and_o some_o fish_n on_o the_o sea_n and_o of_o the_o commodity_n of_o foreign_a nation_n so_o from_o hence_o follow_v a_o efficient_a cause_n of_o a_o kind_n of_o revolution_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n because_o the_o commodity_n of_o one_o country_n grow_v rank_a and_o abundant_a be_v transport_v into_o other_o country_n in_o who_o steed_n needful_a commodity_n of_o those_o kingdom_n and_o country_n and_o return_v thither_o which_o be_v a_o neighbourly_a lend_n between_o kingdom_n and_o country_n for_o as_o be_v note_v god_n cause_v nature_n to_o distribute_v her_o benefit_n or_o his_o blessing_n to_o several_a climate_n of_o diverse_a thing_n find_v in_o some_o place_n that_o be_v not_o in_o other_o place_n to_o make_v a_o interchangeable_a course_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n by_o way_n of_o merchandize_v this_o revolution_n of_o trade_n sell_v sundry_a mean_n for_o buy_v and_o sell_v may_v be_v illustrate_v by_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o several_a mean_n whereby_o the_o say_v buy_v and_o sell_v be_v effect_v 1_o the_o first_o be_v buy_v with_o ready_a money_n money_n for_o ready_a money_n which_o be_v common_o the_o best_a and_o with_o most_o advantage_n for_o commodity_n be_v sell_v better_o cheap_a wherein_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o goodness_n and_o necessary_a use_n be_v requisite_a 2_o there_o be_v also_o a_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n time_n for_o ready_a money_n and_o paiable_a at_o time_n paiable_a at_o some_o limit_v time_n or_o time_n of_o payment_n or_o partly_o ready_a money_n and_o partly_o at_o time_n and_o the_o difference_n of_o price_n herein_o be_v common_o above_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o more_o or_o less_o as_o the_o rate_n of_o money_n at_o interest_n be_v in_o the_o place_n of_o commerce_n where_o the_o say_v commodity_n be_v sell_v or_o buy_v and_o according_a to_o the_o plenty_n of_o money_n extant_a unless_o the_o superaboundance_n of_o commodity_n do_v alter_v the_o same_o especial_o if_o the_o commodity_n be_v perishable_a by_o corruption_n time_n and_o accident_n so_o that_o the_o condition_n quality_n or_o goodness_n of_o the_o commodity_n be_v much_o to_o be_v respect_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o when_o commodity_n do_v abound_v at_o the_o first_o and_o the_o wealth_n of_o man_n be_v describe_v by_o cattle_n and_o the_o like_a perishable_a thing_n all_o kind_n of_o metal_n as_o be_v durable_a be_v most_o esteem_v and_o the_o pure_a mettle_n take_v to_o be_v fit_a to_o make_v money_n of_o as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v ample_o declare_v in_o our_o second_n part._n exchange_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n 3_o there_o be_v another_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o buyer_n give_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n or_o many_o bill_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o exchange_n in_o another_o place_n as_o for_o example_n one_o buy_v five_o hundred_o
pound_n worth_a at_o london_n in_o commodity_n which_o be_v account_v in_o price_n as_o if_o he_o have_v buy_v they_o for_o ready_a money_n and_o do_v give_v unto_o the_o seller_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n one_o or_o more_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o antuerp_n amsterdam_n or_o any_o other_o place_n to_o be_v pay_v according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v make_v or_o aught_o to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n of_o one_o country_n and_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n by_o weight_n and_o fineness_n as_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o declare_v and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o distance_n and_o discrepance_n of_o the_o time_n and_o place_n where_o and_o when_o the_o say_v money_n shall_v be_v pay_v by_o the_o buyer_n friend_n factor_n or_o servant_n and_o so_o the_o say_a bill_n or_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v pay_v according_o for_o the_o commodity_n so_o buy_v bank_n by_o money_n payable_a in_o bank_n 4_o another_o merchant_n have_v money_n in_o bank_n or_o in_o the_o banker_n hand_n at_o amsterdam_n or_o any_o other_o place_n where_o bank_n be_v keep_v buy_v some_o commodity_n in_o the_o say_a place_n and_o cast_v up_o what_o the_o same_o do_v amount_v unto_o he_o go_v to_o the_o bank_n and_o assign_v the_o seller_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n to_o receive_v so_o much_o money_n there_o and_o the_o bank_n accept_v thereof_o give_v he_o satisfaction_n in_o the_o payment_n he_o make_v unto_o other_o according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bank_n hereafter_o declare_v credit_n by_o a_o letter_n of_o credit_n 5_o another_o buy_v some_o commodity_n there_o or_o in_o any_o other_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n he_o have_v a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n call_v a_o procuration_n or_o a_o letter_n of_o credit_n either_o from_o his_o master_n or_o any_o other_o here_o at_o london_n or_o elsewhere_o who_o upon_o his_o credit_n have_v promise_v thereby_o to_o pay_v the_o value_n of_o the_o say_a good_n in_o some_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_a to_o a_o price_n of_o exchange_n agree_v upon_o between_o the_o party_n here_o and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o which_o be_v still_o according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o money_n in_o both_o part_n answerable_a to_o weight_n and_o fineness_n by_o way_n of_o exchange_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v between_o london_n and_o exeter_n plymouth_n yarmouth_n and_o many_o other_o place_n upon_o the_o very_a same_o and_o uniform_a coin_n by_o letter_n missive_a between_o merchant_n here_o and_o there_o obligatorie_n for_o bill_n obligatorie_n 6_o the_o most_o usual_a buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n be_v for_o bill_n of_o debt_n or_o obligation_n call_v bill_n obligatorie_n which_o one_o merchant_n give_v unto_o another_o for_o commodity_n buy_v or_o sell_v which_o be_v altogether_o use_v by_o the_o merchant_n aduenturor_n at_o amsterdam_n middleborough_n hamborough_n and_o other_o place_n for_o when_o they_o have_v sell_v their_o clothes_n unto_o other_o merchant_n or_o other_o payable_a at_o 4_o 6_o 8_o or_o more_o month_n they_o present_o transfer_v and_o set_v over_o these_o bill_n so_o receive_v for_o the_o payment_n of_o their_o clothes_n unto_o other_o merchant_n and_o take_v for_o they_o other_o commodity_n at_o such_o price_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v with_o the_o seller_n of_o they_o be_v it_o velvet_n silk_n satin_n fustian_n or_o any_o other_o ware_n or_o commodity_n to_o make_v return_n of_o the_o provenue_n of_o they_o and_o so_o sell_v those_o foreign_a commodity_n here_o in_o england_n they_o present_o buy_v more_o clothes_n and_o continue_v a_o revolution_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n be_v so_o in_o effect_n as_o may_v be_v illustrate_v by_o example_n suppose_v a.b._n the_o clothier_n sell_v to_o c.d._n the_o merchant_n one_o pack_n of_o clothes_n traffic_n example_n of_o of_o the_o revolution_n in_o traffic_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n paiable_a at_o six_o month_n and_o do_v condition_n with_o he_o to_o make_v he_o a_o bill_n in_o the_o name_n of_o such_o a_o man_n as_o he_o shall_v nominate_v unto_o he_o a.b._n the_o clothier_n buy_v of_o d.e._n the_o gentleman_n so_o much_o wool_n as_o amount_v to_o one_o hundred_o pound_n and_o do_v intend_v to_o deliver_v he_o the_o bill_n of_o c._n d._n the_o merchant_n in_o full_a payment_n of_o his_o wool_n and_o to_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v make_v in_o his_o this_o gentleman_n name_n but_o d.e._n the_o say_a gentleman_n cause_v he_o to_o make_v the_o bill_n payable_a to_o e.g._n the_o mercer_n and_o the_o mercer_n be_v content_v with_o the_o like_a condition_n to_o accept_v thereof_o but_o he_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o c._n d._n the_o merchant_n of_o who_o he_o buy_v his_o velvet_n and_o silk_n and_o so_o in_o payment_n of_o they_o he_o deliver_v he_o by_o a_o intermissive_a time_n his_o own_o bill_n which_o he_o first_o shall_v have_v make_v to_o the_o clothier_n and_o herein_o you_o be_v to_o note_v that_o in_o the_o buy_n by_o bill_n it_o may_v be_v make_v payable_a to_o the_o clothier_n or_o to_o the_o bearer_n thereof_o and_o so_o all_o the_o party_n be_v bearer_n thereof_o unto_o who_o the_o same_o be_v set_v over_o by_o tradition_n of_o it_o only_o which_o by_o a_o retrograde_a examination_n will_v appear_v and_o this_o be_v call_v a_o rescounter_n in_o payment_n debt_n rescounter_v by_o bill_n of_o debt_n use_v among_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o seem_v strange_a unto_o all_o man_n that_o be_v ignorant_a of_o this_o custom_n and_o yet_o do_v they_o perceive_v a_o reason_n for_o it_o and_o can_v deny_v the_o commodiousness_n thereof_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n be_v direct_o against_o this_o course_n for_o they_o say_v there_o can_v be_v no_o alienation_n from_o one_o man_n to_o another_o of_o debt_n because_o they_o be_v hold_v choose_v en_fw-fr action_n and_o such_o whereof_o no_o property_n can_v pass_v by_o assignment_n or_o alienation_n and_o many_o good_a lawyer_n do_v wish_v as_o well_o as_o merchant_n that_o there_o be_v a_o act_n of_o parliament_n make_v for_o the_o establish_n of_o the_o like_a course_n in_o england_n by_o reason_n whereof_o let_v we_o in_o the_o next_o chapter_n handle_v this_o matter_n more_o distinct_o and_o declare_v the_o benefit_n which_o the_o realm_n will_v receive_v thereby_o and_o all_o merchant_n and_o other_o negotiate_v for_o great_a sum_n there_o be_v other_o manner_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o contract_n and_o upon_o condition_n and_o casualty_n which_o be_v to_o be_v declare_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n whereunto_o relation_n may_v be_v have_v hereafter_o chap._n xii_o of_o the_o transfer_v or_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n obligatorie_n between_o merchant_n and_o other_o we_o have_v in_o some_o measure_n in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n declare_v the_o use_n and_o custom_n of_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o transfer_v and_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n obligatorie_n or_o bill_n of_o debt_n which_o they_o give_v each_o to_o other_o for_o the_o payment_n of_o commodity_n buy_v and_o sell_v by_o way_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n it_o rest_v now_o to_o speak_v thereof_o more_o ample_o for_o the_o sincerity_n of_o plain_a deal_n have_v hitherto_o be_v inviolable_a sea_n the_o manner_n of_o bill_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n which_o every_o man_n of_o credit_n and_o reputation_n give_v of_o his_o own_o hand_n write_v or_o make_v by_o his_o servant_n and_o by_o he_o subscribe_v without_o any_o seal_n or_o witness_v thereunto_o and_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o such_o a_o merchant_n or_o person_n or_o to_o the_o bearer_n of_o the_o bill_n at_o such_o time_n or_o time_n of_o payment_n as_o be_v agree_v and_o conclude_v between_o the_o party_n either_o for_o money_n or_o commodity_n lend_v or_o buy_v and_o so_o declare_v in_o the_o say_a bill_n according_a to_o the_o form_n hereafter_o express_v this_o custom_n be_v much_o practise_v by_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n beyond_o the_o sea_n at_o middleborough_n amsterdam_n antuerp_n hamborough_n and_o other_o place_n where_o they_o do_v trade_n in_o manner_n follow_v as_o we_o have_v note_v a_o merchant_n have_v many_o of_o these_o bill_n which_o he_o have_v receive_v for_o his_o clothes_n sell_v unto_o draper_n or_o other_o merchant_n dwell_v in_o several_a town_n and_o place_n will_v resort_v unto_o a_o shopkeeper_n or_o another_o merchant_n common_o accompany_v with_o a_o mediator_n or_o broker_n to_o buy_v a_o good_a round_a quantity_n of_o silk_n ware_n debt_n the_o set_n over_o of_o
bill_n of_o debt_n or_o any_o other_o commodity_n which_o be_v ordinary_o sell_v payable_a at_o some_o day_n of_o payment_n either_o 4_o 6_o or_o more_o month_n and_o have_v agree_v upon_o the_o price_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n or_o before_o he_o make_v the_o seller_n acquaint_v what_o payment_n or_o satisfaction_n he_o will_v give_v he_o in_o bill_n of_o such_o and_o such_o person_n amount_v to_o such_o a_o sum_n either_o little_a more_o or_o less_o than_o the_o commodity_n do_v amount_v unto_o or_o to_o take_v in_o commodity_n so_o much_o as_o the_o say_a bill_n do_v contain_v or_o do_v amount_v unto_o and_o if_o there_o be_v any_o remainder_n due_a for_o the_o commodity_n more_o than_o the_o bill_n do_v amount_v the_o same_o to_o be_v pay_v in_o ready_a money_n or_o upon_o his_o own_o bill_n payable_a at_o such_o a_o time_n as_o they_o agree_v between_o they_o which_o often_o come_v to_o be_v a_o great_a sum_n hereupon_o all_o such_o bill_n as_o be_v of_o know_a person_n be_v soon_o accept_v of_o and_o of_o the_o unknown_a person_n either_o himself_o that_o be_v the_o seller_n or_o the_o broker_n will_v inquire_v of_o their_o sufficiency_n and_o then_o likewise_o accept_v of_o their_o bill_n in_o payment_n and_o have_v take_v their_o bill_n which_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o the_o bearer_n as_o we_o have_v say_v the_o receiver_n of_o these_o bill_n go_v unto_o the_o party_n and_o demand_v of_o they_o whether_o they_o be_v content_v to_o pay_v he_o those_o bill_n at_o the_o time_n specify_v therein_o according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o merchant_n for_o commodity_n which_o if_o it_o be_v within_o one_o month_n after_o it_o be_v account_v to_o be_v very_o good_a payment_n the_o debtor_n make_v answer_v that_o he_o will_v pay_v his_o bill_n to_o the_o bearer_n thereof_o according_o for_o if_o this_o man_n will_v not_o ride_v out_o as_o they_o say_v the_o time_n of_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o bill_n he_o may_v go_v to_o another_o man_n and_o buy_v other_o commodity_n therewith_o as_o if_o it_o be_v with_o ready_a money_n the_o time_n only_o consider_v nay_o more_o if_o he_o will_v have_v ready_a money_n for_o these_o bill_n obligatorie_n sell_v of_o bill_n obligatorie_n he_o may_v sell_v they_o to_o other_o merchant_n that_o be_v moneyed_a man_n and_o abate_v for_o the_o interest_n for_o the_o time_n and_o common_o one_o month_n over_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v and_o as_o money_n be_v plentiful_a they_o shall_v have_v money_n at_o all_o time_n to_o employ_v in_o commodity_n or_o to_o deliver_v by_o exchange_n or_o to_o pay_v debt_n withal_o or_o to_o carry_v home_o in_o specie_fw-la or_o for_o any_o other_o purpose_n at_o their_o pleasure_n which_o be_v commodious_a for_o young_a merchant_n have_v small_a stock_n as_o also_o for_o all_o man_n upon_o all_o occasion_n for_o it_o be_v proper_o as_o money_n pay_v by_o assignation_n whereby_o very_o great_a matter_n be_v compass_v in_o the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n the_o commodity_n be_v soon_o vent_v in_o all_o place_n debt_n general_a benefit_n by_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n of_o debt_n the_o custom_n and_o imposition_n of_o prince_n do_v increase_v the_o poor_a and_o mechanical_a people_n be_v set_v on_o work_n man_n be_v better_o assure_v in_o their_o payment_n the_o counterfeit_n of_o bill_n and_o difference_n be_v prevent_v the_o more_o commodity_n there_o be_v sell_v the_o less_o ready_a money_n be_v transport_v and_o life_n be_v infuse_v into_o traffic_n and_o trade_n for_o the_o general_a good_a and_o herein_o we_o see_v and_o may_v observe_v that_o thing_n which_o be_v indeed_o and_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o indeed_o but_o take_v to_o be_v indeed_o may_v produce_v all_o one_o effect_n and_o every_o man_n be_v enable_v with_o his_o own_o mean_n and_o credit_n to_o augment_v commerce_n this_o laudable_a custom_n as_o i_o say_v be_v not_o practise_v in_o england_n yet_o sometime_o a_o merchant_n stranger_n will_v accept_v of_o bill_n of_o debt_n in_o payment_n for_o commodity_n sell_v with_o advantage_n but_o then_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v new_a again_o and_o in_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n name_n and_o this_o be_v not_o without_o some_o danger_n to_o he_o that_o buy_v the_o commodity_n or_o merchandise_n for_o another_o man_n bill_n as_o factor_n may_v do_v for_o their_o master_n for_o i_o have_v observe_v by_o good_a experience_n bill_n a_o law_n case_n about_o the_o set_n over_o of_o bill_n that_o a_o factor_n in_o london_n have_v sell_v for_o his_o master_n a_o merchant_n of_o antuerpe_n some_o commodity_n to_o a_o english_a merchant_n to_o the_o value_n of_o seven_o hundred_o pound_n and_o take_v the_o merchant_n bill_n payable_a at_o six_o month_n and_o six_o month_n for_o it_o his_o master_n of_o antuerpe_n do_v appoint_v he_o to_o buy_v bay_n â—or_a these_o bill_n of_o another_o merchant_n which_o he_o do_v perform_v and_o have_v the_o value_n of_o 700_o will_v deliver_v unto_o he_o in_o bay_n according_o and_o the_o bill_n be_v to_o be_v alter_v in_o the_o other_o merchant_n name_n for_o his_o bay_n short_o after_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o english_a merchant_n become_v insoluent_a but_o before_o it_o be_v public_o know_v the_o factor_n bring_v the_o bill_n alter_v according_a to_o the_o agreement_n in_o the_o bay_n merchant_n name_n who_o do_v refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o they_o and_o say_v the_o factor_n shall_v pay_v he_o the_o bill_n be_v tender_v with_o a_o scrivener_n according_a to_o their_o agreement_n but_o still_o be_v refuse_v the_o time_n of_o payment_n be_v expire_v the_o bay_a merchant_n do_v arrest_v the_o say_a factor_n the_o matter_n be_v try_v before_o the_o lord_n chief_a justice_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n by_o a_o nisi_fw-la prius_fw-la in_o london_n by_o a_o party_n jury_n of_o english_a man_n and_o stranger_n the_o verdict_n be_v find_v for_o the_o bay_a merchant_n and_o the_o factor_n do_v pay_v the_o money_n and_o have_v no_o remedy_n against_o his_o master_n the_o reason_n be_v deliver_v by_o the_o judge_n that_o the_o common_a law_n in_o this_o case_n require_v a_o release_n or_o acquittance_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o bay_n to_o be_v make_v to_o the_o factor_n otherwise_o he_o be_v still_o bind_v by_o the_o law_n to_o answer_v for_o the_o say_a bay_n england_n to_o establish_v this_o custom_n in_o england_n this_o custom_n may_v with_o great_a facility_n nevertheless_o be_v establish_v in_o england_n and_o will_v be_v very_o beneficial_a to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o commonwealth_n ingenerall_n for_o albeit_o that_o the_o strict_a rule_n of_o the_o law_n demand_v a_o seal_n and_o delivery_n of_o deed_n and_o that_o the_o bill_n cannon_n convenient_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o the_o bearer_n of_o it_o or_o be_v alter_v in_o another_o man_n name_n as_o abovesaid_a neither_o can_v it_o be_v recover_v by_o a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n which_o in_o england_n be_v always_o revocable_a before_o the_o fact_n nevertheless_o if_o there_o be_v a_o register_n keep_v of_o the_o pass_a and_o transfer_v of_o these_o bill_n from_o man_n to_o man_n and_o by_o a_o endorsement_n thereof_o also_o upon_o the_o bill_n it_o may_v be_v do_v with_o ease_n and_o the_o bearer_n of_o it_o shall_v be_v acknowledge_v thereby_o to_o be_v the_o lawful_a attorney_n in_o law_n and_o by_o these_o mean_v the_o undecent_a plea_n of_o non_fw-la est_fw-la factum_fw-la will_v be_v cut_v off_o and_o to_o prevent_v fraudulent_a deal_n if_o any_o bill_n shall_v be_v lose_v notice_n may_v be_v give_v instant_o to_o the_o register_n which_o at_o lixborne_n and_o rouen_n be_v call_v a_o prothonotary_n by_o mean_n whereof_o many_o questionable_a parcel_n or_o payment_n be_v make_v apparent_a rouen_n office_n of_o prothonotary_n at_o lixborne_n and_o rouen_n and_o the_o bill_n for_o the_o most_o part_n do_v remain_v in_o the_o office_n at_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o last_o assign_v or_o assign_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n also_o that_o 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it_o be_v whereby_o other_o nation_n have_v still_o a_o advantage_n chap._n xiii_o of_o the_o nature_n of_o bill_n obligatorie_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o in_o england_n such_o be_v the_o sincerity_n and_o candour_n animi_fw-la among_o merchant_n of_o all_o nation_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o observation_n of_o plain_a deal_v concern_v the_o say_a billâ—_n obligatorie_n between_o man_n and_o man_n that_o no_o man_n dare_v presume_v to_o question_v his_o own_o hand_n for_o if_o he_o be_v stain_v therewith_o he_o be_v not_o only_o utter_o discredit_v but_o also_o detest_v of_o all_o merchant_n the_o form_n of_o the_o bill_n be_v as_o follow_v only_o mutatis_fw-la mutandis_fw-la form_n of_o bill_n obligatorie_n i_o a._n b._n merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n do_v acknowledge_v by_o these_o present_n to_o be_v true_o indebt_v to_o the_o honest_a c._n d._n english_a merchant_n dwell_v at_o middleborough_n in_o the_o sum_n of_o five_o hundred_o pound_n currant_n money_n for_o merchandise_n which_o be_v for_o commodity_n receive_v of_o he_o to_o my_o contentment_n which_o sum_n of_o five_o hundred_o pound_n as_o aforesaid_a i_o do_v promise_n to_o pay_v unto_o the_o say_a c.d._n or_o the_o bringer_n hereof_o within_o six_o month_n next_o after_o the_o date_n of_o these_o present_n in_o witness_n whereof_o i_o have_v subscribe_v the_o same_o at_o amsterdam_n the_o 10_o of_o julie_n 1622_o stilo_fw-it novo_fw-la a.b._n in_o the_o east_n country_n and_o sometime_o in_o the_o low-countries_n they_o will_v put_v a_o seal_n to_o it_o and_o then_o the_o word_n subscribe_v and_o seal_v go_v together_o but_o there_o be_v no_o mention_n make_v of_o any_o delivery_n or_o deed_n for_o that_o be_v understand_v of_o course_n in_o so_o much_o that_o if_o for_o want_v of_o payment_n the_o bill_n be_v put_v in_o suit_n and_o the_o party_n adiourn_v or_o cite_v to_o make_v his_o appearance_n the_o judge_n make_v no_o doubt_n of_o any_o such_o matter_n will_v instant_o say_v to_o he_o my_o friend_n what_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o you_o have_v not_o pay_v this_o your_o bill_n to_o c._n d_o for_o to_o deliver_v a_o write_n or_o a_o bill_n as_o a_o civilians_n a_o call_v apocha_n or_o apodissa_n by_o the_o civilians_n escroll_n as_o we_o say_v at_o the_o common_a law_n be_v unknown_a unto_o all_o merchant_n there_o and_o the_o bringer_n of_o the_o bill_n call_v with_o we_o the_o bearer_n of_o it_o shall_v be_v admit_v to_o recover_v the_o same_o without_o any_o letter_n of_o attorney_n or_o other_o warrant_n obligatoâ—ie_v especial_a note_n concering_n bill_n obligatoâ—ie_v the_o civilâ—_n law_n and_o the_o law_n merchant_n do_v require_v that_o the_o bill_n shall_v declare_v for_o what_o the_o debt_n grow_v either_o for_o merchandise_n or_o for_o money_n or_o any_o other_o lawful_a consideration_n the_o word_n currant_n money_n for_o merchandise_n be_v because_o that_o merchant_n for_o diverse_a respect_n tolerate_v common_o the_o money_n to_o go_v currant_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n than_o they_o be_v value_v by_o public_a authority_n of_o king_n and_o commonweal_n and_o when_o the_o bill_n mention_v money_n it_o be_v take_v to_o be_v money_n at_o deposito_fw-la or_o interest_n wherein_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o interest_n must_v be_v join_v with_o the_o principal_a sum_n without_o any_o specification_n whereby_o it_o may_v be_v separate_v or_o distinguish_v because_o the_o debtor_n shall_v not_o pretend_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o at_o his_o best_a opportunity_n and_o pleasure_n as_o may_v thereupon_o be_v do_v for_o money_n let_v for_o loan_n retain_v still_o the_o principal_a in_o his_o hand_n and_o pay_v the_o interest_n from_o time_n to_o time_n quarterly_a or_o half_a yearly_a for_o it_o be_v lawful_a and_o accustom_a that_o although_o one_o hundred_v pound_n be_v take_v up_o for_o one_o whole_a year_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o the_o debtor_n or_o taker_n up_o of_o it_o may_v discharge_v the_o same_o at_o three_o month_n if_o he_o will_v pay_v one_o hundred_v and_o two_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n unless_o the_o bill_n make_v for_o the_o same_o be_v make_v paiable_a at_o a_o time_n limit_v with_o a_o penalty_n of_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n call_v by_o the_o civilians_n poena_n canonica_n which_o with_o we_o in_o england_n be_v do_v upon_o a_o bond_n with_o a_o forfeiture_n of_o half_a or_o double_a the_o sum_n of_o the_o principal_a wherewith_o the_o interest_n be_v also_o join_v without_o distinction_n which_o may_v not_o exceed_v the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n in_o the_o computation_n whereof_o diverse_a thing_n be_v to_o observe_v as_o we_o shall_v declare_v hereafter_o now_o if_o a_o bill_n make_v beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v do_v by_o two_o three_o or_o more_o person_n as_o have_v buy_v a_o commodity_n as_o partner_n together_o or_o take_v up_o money_n together_o at_o interest_n wherein_o they_o bound_v themselves_o all_o as_o principal_a party_n or_o debtor_n yet_o every_o man_n be_v but_o bind_v to_o pay_v his_o part_n obligatorie_n subscription_n of_o bill_n obligatorie_n the_o like_a be_v if_o one_o be_v bind_v and_o two_o or_o more_o do_v put_v their_o hand_n and_o seal_v and_o underwrite_a and_o seal_v the_o say_a bill_n as_o principal_n yet_o pay_v their_o proportionable_a part_n they_o shall_v be_v clear_v by_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n but_o if_o they_o do_v simple_o subscribe_v and_o say_v we_o be_v surety_n than_o they_o be_v all_o bind_v for_o the_o whole_a as_o if_o the_o word_n we_o or_o either_o of_o we_o in_o solidum_fw-la be_v express_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o in_o all_o notariall_a writing_n only_o use_v upon_o questionable_a matter_n decide_v or_o to_o be_v decide_v they_o do_v not_o only_o bind_v the_o party_n with_o these_o word_n but_o they_o do_v also_o make_v a_o declaration_n of_o all_o renuntiation_n of_o privilege_n be_v renunciation_n of_o privilege_n and_o what_o they_o be_v and_o especial_o of_o exceptio_fw-la divisionis_fw-la and_o then_o it_o be_v one_o for_o all_o exceptio_fw-la ordinis_fw-la &_o excus_fw-la sionis_fw-la be_v to_o meddle_v with_o the_o surety_n before_o the_o principal_a renounce_v the_o letter_n of_o adrian_n the_o emperor_n for_o the_o cession_n of_o good_n prolongation_n of_o payment_n vintage_n or_o free_a martes_fw-la all_o constitution_n canon_n privilege_n or_o statute_n and_o act_n of_o parliament_n make_v or_o to_o be_v make_v publish_v or_o enact_v and_o in_o these_o case_n the_o debtor_n be_v always_o to_o be_v bind_v with_o the_o surety_n in_o all_o act_n or_o instrument_n make_v before_o notary_n renounce_v also_o the_o benefit_n of_o senatus-consultus_a or_o arrest_v velle_fw-la joan_n for_o the_o prerogative_n of_o woman_n which_o upon_o the_o decease_n of_o their_o husband_n do_v claim_v their_o portion_n bring_v in_o by_o they_o in_o marriage_n or_o their_o dower_n or_o any_o thing_n else_o that_o may_v be_v allege_v or_o imagine_v in_o england_n bill_n obligatorie_n be_v make_v payable_a to_o the_o party_n his_o heir_n executor_n administrator_n or_o assign_v may_v convenient_o be_v set_v over_o as_o aforesaid_a because_o the_o lawful_a assignee_n shall_v be_v of_o record_n and_o register_v also_o upon_o the_o bill_n and_o if_o there_o be_v two_o or_o more_o bind_v in_o a_o bill_n fraudulent_a deal_n will_v be_v also_o better_o prevent_v for_o by_o the_o common_a law_n rest_n acquittance_n to_o one_o discharge_v the_o rest_n if_o one_o do_v release_v one_o of_o his_o debtor_n by_o way_n of_o acquittance_n that_o be_v bind_v with_o other_o unto_o he_o they_o be_v all_o release_v and_o acquit_v thereby_o although_o there_o be_v never_o so_o little_o pay_v of_o the_o debt_n insomuch_o that_o a_o receipt_n for_o parcel_n of_o the_o money_n receive_v of_o one_o of_o the_o debtor_n be_v make_v in_o full_a payment_n of_o his_o part_n only_o do_v nevertheless_o discharge_v they_o all_o as_o for_o example_n by_o woeful_a experience_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v three_o linen_n draper_n of_o london_n buy_v of_o a_o merchant_n stranger_n 40_o piece_n of_o fine_a holland_n cloth_n amount_v to_o 160_o will_v and_o give_v their_o joint_a bill_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o it_o at_o six_o month_n one_o of_o they_o become_v insoluent_a and_o be_v imprison_v make_v a_o composition_n with_o the_o merchant_n for_o eight_o pound_n and_o thereupon_o have_v a_o general_a acquittance_n make_v to_o he_o only_o short_o after_o the_o other_o two_o linen_n draper_n be_v somewhat_o press_v for_o the_o payment_n and_o engage_v for_o the_o other_o they_o do_v plead_v the_o other_o man_n general_a acquittance_n which_o be_v but_o a_o receipt_n make_v of_o the_o say_v eight_o pound_n express_v that_o be_v be_v in_o full_a of_o his_o part_n and_o nevertheless_o upon_o
trial_n in_o law_n it_o be_v adjudge_v to_o be_v a_o sufficient_a discharge_n for_o they_o all_o in_o nature_n of_o a_o general_a acquittance_n these_o observation_n at_o the_o common_a law_n and_o such_o like_a book_n case_n as_o i_o have_v put_v down_o i_o hold_v to_o be_v necessary_a for_o merchant_n to_o know_v albeit_o we_o handle_v the_o law-merchant_n in_o this_o treatise_n and_o not_o matter_n of_o the_o common_a law_n if_o you_o take_v beyond_o the_o sea_n any_o bill_n obligatorie_n for_o money_n deliver_v upon_o two_o or_o three_o life_n or_o for_o wager_n or_o lay_n which_o be_v conditional_a life_n bill_n obligatory_a upon_o two_o or_o three_o life_n let_v the_o party_n be_v put_v to_o prove_v if_o upon_o proof_n of_o life_n make_v the_o bill_n payable_a at_o a_o day_n certain_a unless_o one_o of_o the_o party_n be_v dead_a whereby_o the_o party_n be_v bind_v to_o pay_v or_o else_o to_o prove_v the_o decease_n of_o the_o one_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o you_o make_v the_o bill_n to_o be_v pay_v if_o they_o be_v all_o alive_a or_o live_a then_o must_v you_o prove_v they_o be_v live_v to_o conclude_v abundans_fw-la cautela_fw-la non_fw-la nocet_fw-la final_o if_o a_o bill_n be_v thirty_o year_n old_a and_o never_o demand_v or_o question_v it_o be_v void_a by_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o law_n or_o custom_n of_o merchant_n do_v not_o take_v any_o knowledge_n thereof_o cahp._n xiiii_o of_o letter_n of_o credit_n and_o blank_n sign_v the_o credit_n of_o merchant_n be_v so_o delicate_a and_o tender_a that_o it_o must_v be_v care_v for_o as_o the_o apple_n of_o a_o man_n eye_n hence_o it_o do_v proceed_v that_o letter_n of_o credit_n be_v have_v in_o such_o reputation_n that_o the_o giver_n of_o they_o will_v be_v well_o advise_v before_o he_o do_v make_v they_o and_o the_o party_n to_o who_o they_o be_v direct_v will_v be_v careful_a to_o accomplish_v they_o for_o it_o do_v concern_v both_o their_o credit_n the_o giver_n credit_n of_o the_o letter_n will_v be_v have_v in_o question_n of_o insufficiency_n know_v to_o the_o other_o that_o he_o do_v not_o accomplish_v they_o or_o he_o that_o do_v not_o perform_v they_o may_v be_v think_v to_o be_v weak_a and_o to_o want_v mean_n to_o do_v the_o same_o credit_n definition_n of_o letter_n of_o credit_n to_o make_v letter_n of_o credit_n be_v proper_o a_o participation_n of_o credit_n to_o another_o which_o be_v perform_v as_o follow_v a_o merchant_n do_v send_v his_o friend_n or_o his_o servant_n either_o within_o the_o land_n or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o buy_v some_o commodity_n or_o to_o take_v up_o money_n for_o some_o purpose_n and_o do_v deliver_v unto_o he_o a_o open_a letter_n direct_v to_o another_o merchant_n require_v he_o that_o if_o his_o friend_n such_o a_o one_o the_o bearer_n of_o that_o letter_n be_v either_o his_o friend_n or_o servant_n have_v occasion_n to_o buy_v commodity_n or_o to_o take_v up_o money_n to_o the_o value_n of_o so_o many_o hundreth_n or_o so_o many_o thousand_o pound_n in_o that_o place_n or_o thereabouts_o that_o he_o will_v either_o procure_v he_o the_o same_o or_o pass_v his_o promise_n bill_n or_o bond_n for_o it_o and_o he_o will_v provide_v he_o the_o money_n or_o pay_v he_o by_o exchange_n or_o give_v he_o such_o satisfaction_n as_o he_o shall_v require_v the_o party_n to_o who_o this_o letter_n be_v direct_v will_n according_o do_v his_o endeavour_n and_o perform_v the_o request_n of_o the_o other_o and_o keep_v the_o letter_n for_o his_o assurance_n or_o security_n and_o what_o he_o do_v thereupon_o undertake_v be_v make_v apparent_a by_o such_o write_n or_o evidence_n as_o he_o take_v of_o the_o say_a bearer_n of_o the_o letter_n that_o thereupon_o he_o may_v be_v well_o deal_v withal_o according_o but_o if_o it_o shall_v fall_v out_o that_o for_o some_o know_a cause_n to_o this_o party_n he_o do_v not_o accomplish_v his_o request_n contain_v in_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n then_o the_o bearer_n of_o the_o same_o keep_v the_o say_a letter_n and_o return_v they_o unto_o the_o giver_n without_o any_o other_o proceed_v credit_n protest_v for_o the_o non-performance_n of_o letter_n of_o credit_n unless_o it_o be_v in_o case_n where_o this_o party_n be_v a_o debtor_n to_o he_o that_o give_v the_o letter_n of_o credit_n and_o then_o he_o must_v take_v witness_n of_o it_o and_o with_o a_o scrivener_n or_o notary_n make_v a_o protest_v against_o he_o protest_v to_o recover_v of_o he_o by_o all_o lawful_a and_o convenient_a mean_n all_o the_o damage_n charge_n and_o interest_n which_o he_o or_o any_o other_o shall_v sustain_v thereby_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o nonperformance_n of_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n and_o that_o in_o time_n and_o place_n as_o occasion_n shall_v serve_v which_o protest_v be_v a_o sufficient_a means_n among_o merchant_n and_o before_o any_o judge_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n to_o recover_v the_o same_o upon_o proof_n at_o all_o time_n according_o but_o if_o the_o party_n to_o who_o these_o letter_n of_o credit_n be_v direct_v do_v make_v a_o reasonable_a answer_n for_o his_o excuse_n and_o require_v the_o scrivener_n to_o put_v down_o the_o same_o in_o the_o act_n or_o instrument_n of_o the_o say_v protest_v then_o be_v the_o cause_n consider_v withal_o and_o the_o loss_n and_o damage_n may_v fall_v upon_o another_o for_o if_o the_o giver_n of_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n be_v a_o debtor_n to_o the_o other_o that_o do_v receive_v they_o to_o be_v pay_v by_o they_o either_o by_o commodity_n to_o be_v buy_v or_o money_n to_o be_v take_v up_o as_o aforesaid_a then_o the_o say_v protest_v may_v serve_v the_o receiver_n of_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n to_o recover_v his_o damage_n of_o he_o that_o give_v he_o the_o same_o wherein_o the_o magistrate_n will_v have_v a_o great_a consideration_n as_o a_o matter_n whereby_o the_o commerce_n be_v interrupt_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n also_o that_o man_n must_v be_v advise_v on_o the_o other_o side_n not_o to_o be_v too_o rash_a to_o affirm_v the_o goodness_n or_o sufficiency_n of_o another_o man_n estate_n credit_n or_o reputation_n whereby_o a_o three_o man_n become_v a_o loser_n loss_n be_v the_o great_a hinderer_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n the_o civilians_n therefore_o have_v a_o title_n in_o their_o law_n which_o be_v strict_o observe_v as_o you_o shall_v understand_v hereafter_o the_o sign_v of_o blank_n be_v also_o a_o custom_n among_o merchant_n whereby_o they_o strengthen_v the_o credit_n of_o their_o factor_n or_o servant_n in_o the_o like_a occasion_n which_o be_v a_o matter_n of_o great_a confidence_n merchant_n great_a confidence_n among_o merchant_n consider_v the_o easy_a transfer_v of_o bâ—lles_n already_o speak_v of_o for_o a_o merchant_n set_v his_o name_n to_o a_o blank_a paper_n his_o factor_n or_o servant_n have_v a_o ability_n to_o wrong_v his_o master_n many_o way_n therefore_o such_o as_o be_v provident_a do_v restrain_v that_o power_n by_o 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same_o under_o he_o in_o the_o say_v first_o constituant_n name_n and_o to_o swear_v in_o the_o soul_n of_o he_o if_o cause_n so_o require_v albeit_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o attorney_n do_v differ_v in_o the_o manner_n and_o form_n as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o substance_n which_o must_v be_v observe_v they_o be_v call_v beyond_o the_o sea_n procuration_n to_o procure_v or_o effect_v that_o which_o a_o man_n will_v have_v common_o in_o a_o other_o place_n and_o in_o matter_n of_o authority_n for_o law_n cause_n they_o go_v one_o degree_n further_o than_o letter_n of_o credit_n because_o the_o law_n do_v require_v the_o same_o to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o authority_n or_o power_n of_o the_o party_n constitute_v may_v public_o appear_v wherein_o a_o letter_n missive_a be_v not_o sufficient_a as_o the_o same_o be_v in_o thing_n concern_v the_o ordinary_a course_n of_o negotiation_n and_o deal_n between_o merchant_n which_o by_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v of_o great_a validity_n 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the_o sea_n if_o you_o make_v a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n to_o a_o procurator_n in_o law_n to_o follow_v a_o cause_n for_o you_o in_o law_n although_o the_o same_o be_v make_v irrevocable_a yet_o upon_o good_a cause_n you_o may_v revoke_v the_o same_o and_o appoint_v another_o to_o follow_v the_o cause_n but_o it_o be_v common_o do_v with_o leave_n of_o the_o court_n where_o the_o cause_n be_v consist_v or_o depend_v and_o because_o the_o intimation_n and_o citation_n be_v to_o be_v do_v at_o such_o time_n as_o the_o cause_n may_v require_v the_o nomination_n of_o some_o place_n as_o it_o be_v to_o choose_v a_o domicilium_fw-la must_v be_v do_v power_n procuration_n with_o a_o limit_a power_n but_o the_o power_n may_v be_v limit_v a_o attorney_n may_v have_v authority_n to_o convict_v a_o man_n by_o law_n for_o the_o recovery_n of_o money_n or_o good_n and_o to_o proceed_v to_o execution_n by_o imprison_v of_o the_o debtor_n yet_o he_o shall_v have_v no_o power_n to_o release_v he_o out_o of_o prison_n without_o further_a authority_n so_o in_o the_o receive_n of_o good_n or_o money_n wherein_o every_o man_n be_v to_o use_v his_o discretion_n as_o the_o cause_n may_v require_v a_o merchant_n may_v also_o make_v a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n to_o a_o notary_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o thereby_o to_o give_v he_o power_n to_o make_v any_o insinuation_n or_o intimation_n or_o protest_v against_o any_o other_o merchant_n there_o to_o serve_v he_o in_o all_o occasion_n or_o occurrence_n concern_v the_o matter_n in_o question_n for_o a_o procuration_n be_v beyond_o the_o sea_n of_o that_o validity_n that_o the_o party_n who_o have_v the_o same_o and_o be_v the_o procurator_n be_v take_v in_o law_n as_o absolute_a as_o the_o constituant_fw-la and_o many_o sundry_a proceed_n may_v be_v use_v against_o he_o according_o by_o citation_n intimation_n protest_v recovery_n of_o good_n deliver_v former_o and_o recall_v back_o again_o or_o the_o value_n thereof_o upon_o any_o attachment_n or_o sequestration_n which_o can_v be_v do_v against_o a_o man_n factor_n or_o servant_n procurator_n a_o caveat_n for_o procurator_n therefore_o they_o that_o have_v procuration_n be_v to_o be_v careful_a of_o the_o dispossess_v of_o themselves_o of_o any_o good_n or_o money_n receive_v to_o be_v clear_v by_o the_o law_n which_o happen_v common_o of_o good_n take_v upon_o the_o sea_n or_o sequester_v in_o any_o harbour_n by_o virtue_n of_o a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n or_o procuration_n the_o civilians_n entreat_v of_o procuration_n or_o constitution_n under_o titulas_fw-la mandati_fw-la have_v well_o observe_v mandata_fw-la the_o original_n of_o mandata_fw-la that_o commandment_n have_v their_o original_n from_o friendship_n or_o out_o of_o authority_n of_o office_n and_o place_n and_o that_o the_o same_o be_v diligent_o to_o be_v execute_v and_o keep_v and_o hereupon_o they_o have_v also_o note_v diverse_a question_n and_o proposition_n nos_fw-la igitur_fw-la pauca_fw-la tractabimus_fw-la adrem_fw-la de_fw-la qua_fw-la agitur_fw-la pertinentia_fw-la a.b._n will_v c.d._n his_o debtor_n to_o pay_v unto_o e._n â—_o one_o hundred_o pound_n which_o he_o do_v owe_v he_o c.d._n do_v not_o pay_v the_o say_a money_n but_o promise_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o queritur_fw-la whether_o c.d._n have_v perform_v the_o commission_n or_o commandment_n give_v he_o and_o whether_o he_o be_v discharge_v of_o the_o debt_n as_o also_o whether_o this_o order_n or_o commission_n can_v be_v revoke_v a.b._n owe_v the_o like_a sum_n to_o e.f._n herein_o c.d._n have_v not_o perform_v his_o commission_n which_o be_v to_o pay_v and_o not_o to_o promise_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o hundred_o pound_n and_o therefore_o the_o say_a commission_n may_v be_v revoke_v and_o c.d._n be_v not_o discharge_v of_o the_o debt_n for_o the_o matter_n be_v entire_a and_o all_o entire_a commission_n be_v revocable_a mandatum_fw-la enim_fw-la re_fw-la integra_fw-la revocari_fw-la potest_fw-la &_o res_fw-la est_fw-la integra_fw-la &_o si_fw-la stipulatio_fw-la promissiove_n interuenerit_fw-la cum_fw-la id_fw-la non_fw-la mandaverim_fw-la for_o if_o c.d._n shall_v break_v or_o become_v insoluent_a e.f._n will_v come_v to_o a.b._n his_o debtor_n to_o have_v satisfaction_n for_o the_o say_a money_n and_o c.d._n be_v not_o discharge_v of_o the_o debt_n owe_v unto_o a.b._n but_o if_o e.f._n have_v take_v his_o promise_n for_o payment_n then_o upon_o proof_n make_v of_o it_o the_o case_n be_v clear_a it_o be_v a_o question_n also_o whether_o a_o procurator_n have_v commission_n to_o receive_v money_n which_o be_v owe_v or_o lend_v and_o to_o give_v a_o acquittance_n for_o the_o same_o and_o receive_v the_o money_n without_o make_v a_o acquittance_n have_v perform_v his_o commission_n and_o the_o answer_n be_v that_o he_o have_v not_o perform_v the_o same_o because_o he_o make_v no_o acquittance_n as_o he_o be_v will_v to_o do_v aliud_fw-la est_fw-la enim_fw-la confessio_fw-la aliud_fw-la numeratio_fw-la albeit_o the_o acquittance_n do_v not_o concern_v the_o procurator_n but_o the_o party_n who_o repay_v the_o money_n another_o case_n they_o handle_v at_o large_a bartholomew_n do_v make_v and_o constitute_v nicholas_n to_o be_v his_o procurator_n or_o agent_n in_o the_o buy_n of_o commodity_n to_o the_o value_n of_o five_o thousand_o crown_n and_o he_o the_o constituant_fw-la to_o be_v answerable_a for_o the_o price_n and_o total_a sum_n of_o five_o thousand_o crown_n and_o withal_o give_v full_a power_n and_o authority_n unto_o the_o say_a nicholas_n that_o his_o procuration_n shall_v be_v good_a and_o available_a during_o the_o life_n of_o the_o honest_a person_n gerome_n john_n and_o angel_n of_o who_o the_o say_v constituant_fw-la have_v his_o commission_n and_o that_o they_o also_o together_o and_o apart_o insolidum_fw-la shall_v be_v bind_v for_o the_o performance_n and_o himself_o also_o nicholas_n the_o procurator_n by_o the_o commission_n of_o jerome_n john_n and_o angel_n as_o also_o
his_o fraud_n if_o the_o factor_n do_v sell_v another_o man_n commodity_n to_o a_o man_n discredit_v who_o can_v usual_o as_o before_o buy_v commodity_n at_o the_o ordinary_a price_n as_o other_o man_n and_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o this_o man_n break_v the_o factor_n shall_v pay_v for_o the_o say_v good_n as_o shall_v be_v think_v they_o be_v worth_a unless_o he_o can_v prove_v that_o he_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o party_n weak_a estate_n and_o credit_n or_o that_o he_o sell_v he_o good_n of_o his_o own_o account_n also_o which_o argue_v plain_a deal_n or_o that_o he_o have_v commission_n of_o the_o other_o man_n to_o deal_v for_o he_o as_o if_o it_o be_v for_o his_o own_o proper_a good_n as_o have_v be_v declare_v and_o yet_o in_o this_o case_n he_o can_v barter_v any_o of_o the_o say_a commodity_n for_o other_o commodity_n batter_v batter_v but_o he_o must_v have_v express_a commission_n and_o order_n for_o it_o from_o the_o merchant_n neither_o can_v he_o transfer_v or_o set_v 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in_o no_o fault_n howbeit_o he_o ought_v to_o give_v advice_n unto_o the_o merchant_n what_o commodity_n be_v forbid_v to_o be_v import_v or_o export_v according_a to_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n which_o be_v absolute_a governor_n in_o their_o haven_n harbour_n port_n or_o creek_n money_n money_n if_o a_o factor_n commit_v any_o unlawful_a act_n by_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o merchant_n be_v it_o for_o the_o transportation_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n into_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n or_o otherwise_o and_o if_o it_o happen_v thereupon_o that_o the_o same_o be_v take_v the_o merchant_n bear_v the_o loss_n and_o yet_o the_o factor_n be_v subject_a to_o pay_v treble_a damage_n by_o the_o law_n if_o it_o be_v follow_v within_o the_o year_n or_o may_v be_v fine_v for_o the_o same_o in_o the_o starchamber_n although_o it_o be_v many_o year_n after_o if_o a_o factor_n do_v pay_v money_n for_o a_o merchant_n without_o commission_n to_o another_o man_n it_o be_v at_o his_o peril_n to_o answer_v for_o it_o and_o if_o he_o deliver_v other_o man_n money_n at_o interest_n and_o take_v more_o than_o the_o toleration_n of_o the_o statute_n which_o be_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n whereby_o the_o say_a statute_n against_o usury_n take_v hold_v of_o he_o and_o the_o money_n be_v lose_v the_o say_a factor_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v therewith_o and_o to_o make_v good_a the_o money_n unto_o the_o merchant_n if_o a_o factor_n have_v receive_v other_o man_n good_n or_o money_n into_o his_o custody_n be_v rob_v of_o the_o say_a good_n and_o money_n he_o be_v to_o bear_v the_o loss_n good_n lose_a good_n and_o to_o make_v good_a the_o same_o to_o the_o merchant_n but_o not_o in_o case_n where_o the_o unmerciful_a element_n of_o fire_n and_o water_n shall_v destroy_v the_o say_a good_n or_o money_n or_o where_o a_o town_n be_v sack_v or_o peel_v which_o be_v always_o to_o be_v bear_v by_o the_o owner_n or_o proprietary_n of_o the_o same_o if_o a_o factor_n buy_v a_o commodity_n commodity_n damnify_v commodity_n which_o afterward_o become_v damnify_v by_o some_o accident_n or_o casualty_n whereby_o the_o merchant_n for_o who_o account_n he_o buy_v the_o same_o become_v a_o loose_a that_o factor_n be_v not_o to_o be_v charge_v with_o any_o part_n of_o the_o loss_n but_o if_o the_o commodity_n be_v damnify_v before_o than_o he_o be_v to_o bear_v some_o part_n of_o the_o loss_n although_o it_o happen_v to_o be_v know_v afterward_o a_o factor_n buy_v for_o a_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n one_o hundred_o ton_n of_o allome_n which_o come_v from_o civita_n vecchia_n lade_v with_o some_o candia_n oil_n whereof_o some_o part_n be_v spill_v upon_o the_o say_a allome_n afterward_o the_o same_o be_v mingle_v together_o be_v sell_v and_o transport_v to_o amsterdam_n and_o there_o sell_v to_o the_o dyer_n of_o harlem_n amsterdam_n and_o rotterdam_n who_o use_v the_o same_o find_v their_o cloth_n stain_v in_o diverse_a place_n for_o where_o the_o oil_n touch_v there_o the_o colour_n can_v not_o take_v so_o that_o they_o become_v great_a loser_n as_o appear_v by_o diverse_a testimonial_n the_o factor_n do_v thereupon_o demand_v reparation_n of_o damage_n of_o he_o who_o sell_v he_o the_o allome_a and_o the_o merchant_n do_v the_o like_a of_o the_o factor_n for_o there_o be_v above_o 300_o will_v lost_n whereupon_o the_o matter_n be_v much_o debate_v among_o merchant_n both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o they_o do_v deliver_v their_o parece_a or_o opinion_n in_o writing_n merchant_n the_o parece_a of_o merchant_n and_o be_v find_v that_o the_o factor_n have_v knowledge_n that_o some_o oil_n have_v be_v spill_v upon_o the_o allome_a and_o nevertheless_o buy_v the_o same_o he_o be_v adjudge_v by_o the_o sentence_n of_o merchant_n to_o pay_v the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o say_a loss_n and_o the_o other_o half_o be_v bear_v between_o the_o dyer_n and_o the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n and_o he_o that_o sell_v the_o allome_n be_v clear_v and_o full_o pay_v so_o that_o in_o these_o case_n the_o circumstance_n and_o accident_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v if_o a_o factor_n do_v receive_v money_n for_o other_o man_n account_n money_n loss_n by_o money_n which_o afterward_o be_v decry_v or_o some_o loss_n do_v happen_v by_o exchange_v the_o same_o be_v it_o upon_o copper_n money_n or_o light_a gold_n take_v for_o merchandise_n sell_v every_o man_n be_v to_o bear_v that_o loss_n proportionable_o according_a to_o his_o sum_n and_o the_o factor_n be_v to_o sustain_v no_o damage_n thereby_o unless_o it_o be_v for_o false_a coin_n by_o he_o receive_v which_o he_o be_v bind_v to_o know_v credit_n letter_n of_o credit_n if_o a_o factor_n be_v require_v by_o a_o merchant_n letter_n of_o credit_n to_o give_v credit_n unto_o other_o he_o must_v look_v very_o precise_o to_o observe_v the_o same_o according_o which_o letter_n of_o credit_n be_v either_o ample_a or_o restrain_v to_o certain_a condition_n and_o limitation_n of_o time_n place_n person_n sum_n and_o many_o other_o circumstance_n if_o they_o be_v ample_a then_o be_v it_o dangerous_a for_o the_o giver_n of_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n and_o may_v also_o procure_v a_o loss_n to_o fall_v upon_o the_o factor_n wherein_o consideration_n must_v be_v have_v both_o way_n suppose_v a._n b._n of_o london_n write_v his_o letter_n unto_o c._n d._n of_o antuerp_n in_o these_o word_n if_o e._n f._n of_o amsterdam_n or_o any_o other_o of_o my_o friend_n there_o draw_v by_o exchange_n upon_o you_o any_o sum_n of_o money_n it_o may_v please_v you_o to_o follow_v his_o and_o my_o friend_n order_n i_o will_v be_v your_o warrant_n for_o all_o and_o have_v a_o care_n that_o all_o shall_v be_v accomplish_v orderly_o c.d._n
of_o antuerp_n the_o factor_n in_o this_o case_n rechange_v exchange_n and_o rechange_v do_v accept_v from_o time_n to_o time_n many_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o pay_v they_o according_o and_o take_v up_o the_o money_n by_o the_o direction_n of_o e.f._n of_o amsterdam_n for_o spain_n and_o other_o place_n and_o so_o continue_v the_o same_o for_o a_o long_a time_n by_o way_n of_o rechange_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o upon_o the_o say_a credit_n of_o a.b._n of_o london_n at_o last_o this_o factor_n c.d._n become_v suspicious_a because_o of_o this_o long_a continuance_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o rechange_v and_o write_v unto_o the_o say_v a.b._n of_o london_n to_o know_v whether_o he_o be_v content_v to_o continue_v his_o former_a credit_n by_o he_o give_v to_o e._n f._n of_o amsterdam_n a._n b._n continue_v the_o same_o but_o with_o a_o limitation_n to_o a_o certain_a sum_n credit_n limitation_n of_o letter_n of_o credit_n not_o know_v what_o sum_n of_o money_n the_o say_v c.d._n be_v engage_v for_o the_o say_v e.f._n of_o amsterdam_n for_o c.d._n give_v he_o no_o notice_n of_o it_o at_o that_o time_n hereupon_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o e.f._n of_o amsterdam_n become_v insoluent_a and_o be_v much_o indebt_v unto_o c.d._n the_o factor_n of_o antuerpe_n this_o factor_n require_v his_o satisfaction_n at_o the_o hand_n of_o a.b._n of_o london_n according_a to_o the_o former_a letter_n of_o credit_n a.b._n do_v answer_n that_o he_o have_v restrain_v and_o limit_v the_o say_a credit_n to_o a_o certain_a sum_n which_o indeed_o do_v cut_v off_o all_o former_a matter_n see_v c.d._n give_v he_o no_o notice_n of_o the_o money_n owe_v before_o and_o a.b._n be_v only_o to_o answer_v for_o the_o money_n which_o be_v take_v up_o by_o the_o second_o letter_n of_o credit_n according_a to_o the_o sum_n limit_v otherwise_o a._n b._n have_v be_v clear_v of_o all_o but_o if_o c.d._n do_v continue_v those_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o rechange_v upon_o the_o credit_n of_o a._n b_o and_o the_o factor_n with_o who_o he_o have_v correspondence_n do_v become_v insoluent_a and_o thereby_o c.d._n the_o factor_n be_v damnify_v and_o pay_v the_o money_n run_v by_o exchange_n or_o be_v bind_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o this_o factor_n be_v to_o be_v save_v harmless_a by_o a._n b._n because_o he_o take_v up_o or_o cause_v to_o be_v take_v up_o regard_v the_o efficient_a cause_n always_o to_o be_v regard_v the_o say_a money_n original_o so_o that_o his_o credit_n be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o it_o and_o the_o factor_n be_v to_o be_v regard_v herein_o in_o all_o reason_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v accept_v bill_n of_o exchange_n of_o a_o merchant_n with_o order_z to_z rechange_v the_o same_o again_o upon_o he_o or_o to_o take_v it_o up_o by_o exchange_n for_o another_o place_n or_o place_n where_o he_o the_o say_a factor_n shall_v find_v it_o to_o be_v for_o the_o most_o benefit_n of_o the_o merchant_n if_o this_o factor_n take_v up_o the_o same_o according_a to_o his_o best_a skill_n and_o knowledge_n although_o it_o be_v find_v contrary_a to_o the_o merchant_n intention_n the_o factor_n be_v not_o to_o be_v charge_v and_o the_o merchant_n be_v to_o save_v he_o harmless_a for_o the_o principal_a with_o exchange_n rechange_v and_o all_o charge_n of_o factoridge_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v make_v over_o money_n for_o another_o man_n account_n by_o exchange_n unto_o another_o man_n or_o merchant_n before_o he_o have_v notice_n that_o this_o merchant_n be_v break_v and_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v not_o due_a this_o factor_n have_v authority_n to_o countermand_v the_o payment_n of_o this_o money_n although_o the_o party_n upon_o who_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v direct_v have_v accept_v the_o same_o and_o if_o the_o say_a party_n shall_v pay_v the_o same_o before_o it_o be_v due_a he_o be_v to_o repay_v the_o same_o again_o to_o the_o say_a factor_n as_o have_v pay_v it_o in_o his_o own_o wrong_n contrary_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n in_o exchange_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v freight_v a_o ship_n for_o some_o voyage_n to_o be_v make_v ship_n freight_v of_o ship_n go_v and_o come_v for_o a_o merchant_n account_n and_o by_o his_o commission_n or_o order_n whereof_o a_o charter_n party_n of_o fraightment_n be_v make_v by_o indenture_n between_o he_o and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n this_o factor_n be_v liable_a for_o the_o performance_n thereof_o and_o to_o pay_v the_o freight_n and_o all_o thing_n according_o but_o if_o the_o ship_n be_v only_o freight_v outward_o and_o the_o factor_n lade_v the_o same_o with_o some_o good_n than_o these_o good_n be_v liable_a for_o the_o freight_n and_o the_o master_n can_v demand_v nothing_o of_o the_o factor_n by_o the_o charterpartie_n but_o must_v look_v to_o be_v pay_v by_o the_o party_n that_o receive_v the_o good_n according_a to_o the_o bill_n of_o lade_n whereby_o it_o be_v condition_v lade_n bill_n of_o lade_n that_o the_o freight_n shall_v be_v pay_v upon_o the_o receipt_n of_o the_o say_a good_n and_o so_o be_v it_o also_o if_o a_o ship_n be_v freight_v to_o go_v to_o diverse_a part_n as_o it_o be_v bind_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o and_o to_o be_v free_a in_o the_o last_o place_n of_o his_o discharge_n for_o the_o master_n must_v still_o have_v a_o eye_n to_o be_v secure_v by_o good_n unless_o there_o be_v a_o express_a condition_n make_v in_o the_o charterpartie_n to_o the_o contrary_a or_o that_o the_o ship_n be_v freight_v by_o the_o great_a for_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o a_o agreement_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v freight_v a_o ship_n for_o another_o man_n or_o for_o his_o own_o account_n and_o when_o it_o come_v to_o the_o place_n appoint_v to_o unlade_v there_o be_v no_o good_n to_o relade_v the_o same_o or_o there_o want_v money_n for_o the_o lade_n thereof_o if_o the_o master_n do_v not_o stay_v out_o all_o his_o day_n of_o demourer_n agree_v upon_o by_o the_o charterpartie_n of_o fraightment_n lade_v protest_v for_o not_o lade_v and_o make_v a_o protest_n against_o the_o party_n that_o he_o be_v consign_v unto_o to_o give_v he_o his_o lade_n within_o that_o time_n but_o come_v away_o before_o that_o time_n be_v expire_v and_o although_o he_o make_v a_o protest_n for_o that_o he_o be_v not_o lade_v yet_o the_o factor_n be_v to_o pay_v he_o no_o freight_n at_o all_o unless_o for_o the_o freight_n outward_o it_o be_v condition_v by_o the_o charterpartie_n but_o if_o the_o master_n do_v stay_v out_o his_o time_n than_o the_o factor_n be_v to_o answer_v the_o freight_n although_o the_o master_n have_v lade_v his_o ship_n with_o salt_n for_o his_o own_o account_n for_o if_o the_o say_a ship_n have_v be_v lade_v only_o with_o salt_n by_o the_o merchant_n which_o it_o may_v be_v will_v not_o pay_v half_o the_o freight_n yet_o the_o factor_n or_o merchant_n may_v at_o their_o pleasure_n abandon_v the_o same_o to_o the_o master_n for_o his_o freight_n freight_n good_n to_o be_v abandon_v for_o the_o freight_n and_o the_o master_n can_v demand_v no_o more_o of_o the_o factor_n by_o the_o charterpartie_n but_o if_o the_o master_n do_v take_v in_o salt_n and_o lade_v his_o ship_n by_o his_o own_o mean_n before_o the_o day_n of_o demourer_n be_v expire_v and_o that_o by_o some_o condition_n make_v with_o the_o factor_n he_o may_v claim_v freight_v then_o the_o factor_n be_v to_o have_v the_o benefit_n of_o the_o salt_n in_o defalcation_n of_o the_o say_a freight_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v freight_v a_o ship_n for_o a_o merchant_n and_o afterward_o the_o say_a ship_n be_v take_v to_o serve_v the_o king_n for_o some_o few_o day_n within_o the_o time_n agree_v upon_o for_o the_o lade_n and_o hereupon_o the_o merchant_n disclaim_v the_o freight_a of_o the_o say_a ship_n albeit_o the_o factor_n do_v proceed_v to_o lade_v the_o same_o in_o this_o case_n the_o factor_n be_v not_o to_o bear_v any_o loss_n but_o what_o damage_n shall_v be_v adjudge_v to_o the_o master_n the_o merchant_n be_v to_o save_v the_o factor_n harmless_a of_o it_o if_o a_o factor_n do_v hire_v a_o ship_n by_o the_o month_n for_o another_o merchant_n or_o for_o his_o own_o account_n and_o lade_v the_o same_o be_v ready_a to_o depart_v afterward_o the_o king_n make_v a_o general_a embargo_fw-mi or_o restraint_n upon_o all_o ship_n for_o a_o time_n the_o master_n can_v demand_v any_o freight_n of_o the_o factor_n for_o and_o during_o the_o say_a time_n of_o arrest_n and_o if_o the_o ship_n be_v unlade_v again_o and_o employ_v in_o the_o king_n service_n the_o factor_n be_v free_a of_o all_o agreement_n or_o covenant_n with_o the_o master_n freighting_a money_o give_v for_o freighting_a if_o a_o factor_n do_v receive_v
a_o sum_n of_o money_n of_o the_o owner_n of_o a_o ship_n in_o consideration_n that_o he_o fraight_v the_o say_a ship_n for_o a_o voyage_n promise_v to_o repay_v the_o say_a money_n at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o say_a voyage_n if_o the_o say_a factor_n have_v freight_v this_o ship_n for_o another_o man_n account_n this_o merchant_n be_v to_o have_v the_o benefit_n of_o this_o money_n during_o the_o time_n and_o if_o the_o factor_n conceal_v the_o same_o he_o be_v to_o repair_v the_o damage_n thereof_o which_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v both_o for_o the_o interest_n and_o adventure_v of_o the_o sea_n for_o the_o say_a owner_n bear_v the_o same_o and_o it_o be_v suppose_v that_o the_o merchant_n will_v have_v assure_v so_o much_o the_o less_o or_o by_o employ_v that_o money_n towards_o the_o lade_n of_o the_o ship_n he_o shall_v disburse_v to_o much_o money_n less_o to_o make_v the_o say_a voyage_n and_o it_o may_v be_v think_v that_o in_o regard_n of_o that_o money_n the_o freight_n be_v make_v the_o great_a whereof_o the_o say_v owner_n of_o the_o ship_n have_v have_v a_o consideration_n by_o disburse_v the_o same_o assurance_n assurance_n if_o a_o factor_n be_v require_v to_o make_v assurance_n for_o a_o merchant_n upon_o a_o ship_n or_o good_n lade_v for_o a_o certain_a voyage_n and_o have_v money_n in_o his_o hand_n to_o pay_v for_o the_o premio_fw-la or_o the_o price_n of_o assurance_n and_o this_o factor_n do_v neglect_v the_o same_o and_o give_v no_o notice_n of_o it_o to_o the_o merchant_n who_o may_v have_v make_v assurance_n in_o another_o place_n and_o the_o say_a ship_n or_o good_n do_v perish_v at_o the_o sea_n this_o factor_n be_v to_o answer_v the_o damage_n unless_o he_o can_v give_v some_o sufficient_a reason_n for_o the_o non-performance_n of_o the_o say_a order_n or_o commission_n order_n composition_n make_v without_o order_n if_o a_o factor_n have_v make_v assurance_n upon_o good_n lade_v which_o afterward_o be_v take_v by_o the_o enemy_n make_v any_o composition_n with_o the_o assurer_n for_o the_o same_o without_o order_n or_o commission_n for_o it_o he_o be_v to_o answer_v the_o whole_a assurance_n to_o the_o merchant_n a_o merchant_n cause_v a_o ship_n to_o be_v freight_v and_o lade_v with_o commodity_n for_o constantinople_n by_o a_o factor_n of_o london_n himself_o dwell_v at_o antuerpe_n and_o be_v a_o subject_n to_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n in_o the_o late_a war_n cause_v 2000_o will_v to_o be_v assure_v at_o london_n upon_o the_o say_a good_n the_o ship_n and_o good_n be_v take_v by_o the_o galley_n of_o sicilia_n and_o bring_v to_o palermo_n where_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o the_o good_n do_v appertain_v to_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n his_o subject_n but_o that_o there_o be_v 2000_o will_v assure_v at_o london_n by_o english_a merchant_n their_o enemy_n in_o those_o day_n pretend_v thereupon_o to_o take_v the_o say_v good_n for_o forfeit_a or_o so_o much_o of_o they_o as_o shall_v amount_v to_o the_o sum_n so_o assure_v hereupon_o the_o assurer_n have_v intimation_n from_o the_o factor_n of_o it_o desire_v to_o make_v some_o composition_n to_o avoid_v that_o danger_n whereby_o the_o good_n also_o may_v be_v soon_o clear_v and_o the_o possession_n obtain_v for_o the_o owner_n and_o proprietary_n thereof_o which_o be_v the_o merchant_n of_o antuerp_n wherein_o expedition_n be_v require_v the_o factor_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o say_a expedition_n do_v not_o stay_v to_o receive_v a_o answer_n from_o the_o merchant_n what_o he_o shall_v do_v but_o make_v a_o composition_n with_o the_o assuror_n for_o 60_o pound_n for_o the_o hundred_o pound_n to_o be_v pay_v instant_o the_o good_n be_v afterward_o all_o recover_v whereof_o so_o much_o as_o have_v be_v assure_v be_v former_o relinquish_v to_o the_o assuror_n for_o the_o merchant_n will_v not_o condescend_v to_o make_v any_o composition_n with_o the_o assuror_n so_o that_o the_o factor_n do_v bear_v the_o adventure_n to_o lose_v 2000_o will_v for_o some_o 1200_o will_v which_o he_o have_v receive_v if_o the_o good_n have_v not_o be_v recover_v and_o therefore_o the_o say_a factor_n take_v to_o himself_o the_o benefit_n of_o this_o composition_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o experience_a merchant_n if_o a_o factor_n by_o error_n of_o account_n do_v wrong_a unto_o a_o merchant_n account_n account_n he_o be_v to_o amend_v and_o to_o make_v good_a the_o same_o not_o only_o for_o the_o principal_a but_o also_o with_o the_o interest_n for_o the_o time_n so_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o a_o factor_n for_o his_o own_o wrong_n have_v forget_v to_o charge_v the_o merchant_n account_n with_o some_o parcel_n pay_v out_o for_o he_o or_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_n the_o merchant_n be_v to_o answer_v for_o it_o with_o interest_n for_o the_o time_n in_o these_o precedent_a observation_n be_v comprise_v all_o other_o case_n of_o difference_n which_o may_v happen_v between_o factor_n and_o merchant_n cahp._n xvii_o of_o the_o beginning_n of_o sea_n law_n have_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n methodical_o entreat_v as_o also_o in_o this_o hitherto_o of_o the_o matter_n therein_o intend_v nevertheless_o according_a to_o the_o content_n of_o they_o the_o matter_n be_v of_o several_a nature_n run_v promiscuous_o but_o in_o the_o end_n will_v perform_v the_o work_n for_o as_o the_o roundness_n of_o the_o globe_n of_o the_o world_n be_v compound_v of_o the_o water_n and_o the_o earth_n so_o this_o work_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n can_v be_v complete_a without_o the_o sea_n law_n so_o call_v law_n because_o they_o be_v write_v and_o know_v for_o without_o navigation_n commerce_n be_v of_o small_a moment_n so_o that_o the_o land_n affair_n shall_v be_v intermix_v with_o seafaring_a matter_n according_o some_o do_v attribute_v the_o first_o make_v of_o sea_n law_n to_o the_o pheniciaus_fw-la and_o carthaginian_n because_o pliny_n do_v ascribe_v the_o art_n of_o sail_v unto_o they_o but_o by_o the_o most_o ancient_a record_n the_o beginning_n must_v be_v from_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o island_n of_o rhodes_n law_n rhodian_a law_n situate_v within_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n who_o be_v most_o famous_a for_o ship_v and_o sail_v as_o strabo_n have_v write_v and_o surpass_v all_o nation_n in_o knowledge_n of_o equity_n in_o maritime_a cause_n and_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n be_v for_o above_o one_o thousand_o year_n only_o rule_v by_o their_o law_n call_v the_o rhodian_a law_n although_o augment_v with_o some_o addition_n of_o the_o roman_n at_o last_o as_o some_o have_v record_v when_o all_o sort_n of_o law_n by_o the_o eversion_n and_o lacerate_v of_o the_o roman_a empire_n be_v in_o a_o manner_n bury_v the_o ruler_n of_o rome_n in_o the_o year_n 1075_o make_v new_a sea_n law_n and_o statute_n and_o so_o do_v every_o chief_a seafaring_a town_n upon_o the_o say_a mediterranean_a coast_n add_v thereunto_o other_o ordinance_n so_o do_v they_o of_o marseilles_n in_o the_o year_n 1162_o genoa_n in_o the_o year_n 1186_o they_o of_o peloponessus_n call_v morea_n in_o the_o year_n 1200_o the_o venetian_n in_o the_o year_n 1262_o constantine_n 1270_o james_n king_n of_o arragon_n the_o say_a year_n peter_n king_n of_o arragon_n 1340_o and_o they_o of_o barselona_n 1434_o which_o law_n be_v collect_v and_o extant_a until_o this_o day_n but_o on_o the_o great_a ocean_n sea_n oleron_n the_o law_n of_o oleron_n the_o first_o law_n be_v make_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o island_n of_o oleron_n situate_a on_o the_o sea-coast_n of_o france_n near_o saint_n martin_n de_fw-fr rea_n against_o the_o river_n of_o charante_n which_o be_v call_v le_fw-fr roll_n d'_fw-fr oleron_n by_o which_o the_o controversy_n on_o that_o coast_n be_v determine_v and_o the_o say_a law_n be_v afterward_o disperse_v and_o bring_v in_o use_n in_o england_n and_o the_o low_a country_n whereupon_o diverse_a statute_n both_o in_o england_n and_o scotland_n have_v be_v enact_v for_o seafaring_a business_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n diverse_a ordinance_n in_o the_o low_a country_n especial_o since_o their_o fish_n trade_n begin_v edward_n the_o three_o king_n of_o england_n cause_v with_o the_o advice_n of_o diverse_a man_n of_o knowledge_n and_o experience_n in_o maritime_a cause_n diverse_a article_n to_o be_v set_v down_o france_n admiralty_n court_n in_o france_n and_o these_o be_v enroll_v and_o obey_v for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o admiral_n court_n and_o the_o french_a king_n john_n make_v his_o contract_n with_o king_n edward_z according_o concern_v the_o fish_n trade_n as_o by_o the_o record_n extant_a in_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n where_o i_o have_v see_v they_o may_v appear_v francis_n the_o french_a king_n and_o henry_n the_o three_o of_o france_n have_v make_v some_o statute_n law_n concern_v the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n but_o the_o substance_n of_o all_o
buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n either_o for_o ready_a money_n or_o payable_a at_o some_o day_n of_o payment_n wherein_o the_o mediation_n of_o a_o broker_n be_v most_o necessary_a for_o as_o it_o will_v be_v troublesome_a to_o use_v scrivener_n in_o every_o bargain_n so_o be_v it_o commodious_a to_o use_v the_o mean_n of_o broker_n the_o commodity_n be_v not_o only_o buy_v and_o sell_v with_o more_o credit_n and_o reputation_n but_o all_o controversy_n which_o do_v arise_v by_o misadventure_n or_o otherwise_o be_v soon_o determine_v and_o a_o swear_a broker_n be_v take_v as_o a_o double_a witness_n if_o he_o do_v produce_v his_o book_n with_o a_o memorandum_n of_o the_o bargain_n as_o the_o same_o be_v agree_v between_o both_o party_n whereby_o many_o varience_n be_v reconcile_v and_o difference_n like_a to_o fall_v out_o be_v prevent_v contract_n the_o most_o beneficial_a contract_n i_o have_v almost_o forget_v the_o most_o memorable_a contract_n that_o ever_o be_v whereby_o the_o philosopher_n elixir_n or_o stone_n be_v find_v turn_v lead_n paper_n and_o ink_n into_o gold_n and_o silver_n which_o be_v the_o contract_n of_o pope_n for_o their_o crusado_n or_o bull_n whereof_o there_o be_v certain_a contractor_n who_o for_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n yearly_a to_o be_v pay_v do_v receive_v authority_n to_o disperse_v the_o say_v pardon_n or_o bull_n into_o the_o west-indies_n perou_n nova_fw-la espagnia_n and_o all_o those_o quarter_n of_o the_o world_n and_o every_o reasonable_a soul_n must_v have_v one_o of_o they_o yearly_a and_o that_o this_o be_v the_o most_o beneficial_a contract_n i_o prove_v thus_o in_o the_o year_n 1591._o pope_n sixtus_n quintus_n cause_v two_o ship_n to_o be_v lade_v out_o of_o spain_n for_o the_o west-indies_n as_o aforesaid_a with_o some_o 100_o butt_n of_o sack_n 1400_o little_a chest_n contain_v each_o of_o they_o three_o ordinary_a small_a barrel_n of_o quicksilver_n weigh_v 50_o will_v the_o piece_n to_o refine_v the_o silver_n withal_o in_o the_o say_a indies_n and_o moreover_o with_o a_o great_a number_n of_o pack_n of_o the_o print_a bull_n and_o pardon_n grant_v at_o that_o time_n to_o make_v provision_n against_o the_o heretic_n forasmuch_o that_o the_o great_a armada_n of_o the_o year_n 1588._o have_v so_o much_o exhaust_v the_o treasure_n of_o spain_n these_o two_o ship_n be_v meet_v withal_o at_o sea_n by_o captain_n white_n who_o be_v lade_v and_o bind_v for_o barbary_n and_o bring_v into_o england_n by_o he_o where_o the_o commodity_n be_v sell_v but_o the_o pope_n merchandise_n be_v out_o of_o request_n remain_v a_o long_a time_n in_o warehouse_n at_o the_o dispose_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n until_o at_o last_o at_o the_o earnest_a request_n of_o her_o physician_n call_v doctor_n lopes_n she_o give_v all_o the_o say_v great_a quantity_n of_o bull_n unto_o he_o amount_v to_o many_o thousand_o in_o number_n this_o courtly_a merchant_n fall_v in_o communication_n with_o a_o italian_a knight_n who_o have_v be_v a_o merchant_n do_v conclude_v with_o the_o say_a knight_n to_o make_v a_o partable_a voyage_n between_o they_o and_o to_o send_v those_o bull_n into_o the_o west-indies_n and_o according_o a_o ship_n be_v freight_v and_o lade_v with_o the_o say_a bull_n and_o some_o other_o commodity_n and_o do_v perform_v the_o say_a voyage_n to_o the_o indies_n but_o no_o soon_o arrive_v the_o pope_n contractor_n for_o that_o commodity_n do_v seize_v upon_o all_o the_o say_a bull_n and_o cause_v a_o information_n to_o be_v give_v against_o they_o that_o they_o be_v infect_v have_v be_v take_v by_o heretic_n it_o be_v allege_v that_o they_o be_v miraculous_o save_v but_o lose_v they_o be_v and_o confiscate_v and_o so_o covetousness_n be_v well_o reward_v but_o return_v to_o prove_v this_o beneficial_a contract_n merchandise_n the_o pope_n his_o merchandise_n i_o be_v at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o take_n of_o the_o say_a bull_n will_v by_o authority_n to_o make_v and_o estimate_n what_o the_o lade_n of_o these_o two_o ship_n may_v cost_v and_o what_o they_o may_v have_v be_v worth_a in_o the_o west_n indies_n according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o every_o bull_n tax_v at_o two_o royal_n of_o plate_n and_o some_o four_o and_o some_o eight_o royal_n according_a to_o their_o limitation_n every_o one_o be_v but_o one_o sheet_n of_o paper_n and_o by_o computation_n the_o lade_n do_v not_o cost_v fifty_o thousand_o pound_n and_o will_v have_v yield_v above_o six_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n for_o these_o contract_n be_v fervent_a and_o full_a of_o devotion_n contain_v also_o a_o commandment_n that_o their_o bed_n shall_v be_v sell_v rather_o than_o any_o one_o shall_v be_v without_o a_o bull_n for_o the_o safety_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o health_n and_o ease_n of_o the_o body_n now_o before_o we_o entreat_v of_o extravagant_a contract_n in_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n in_o some_o place_n it_o will_v not_o be_v impertinent_a to_o note_v the_o observation_n and_o opinion_n of_o civilians_n concern_v merchant_n contract_n which_o they_o have_v distinguish_v to_o be_v solemn_a public_a or_o private_a as_o in_o the_o marginal_a note_n be_v before_o declare_v to_o the_o end_n all_o controversy_n may_v be_v avoid_v in_o the_o say_a merchant_n contract_n the_o civilians_n writing_n de_fw-fr contractibus_fw-la mercatorum_fw-la plain_a merchant_n contract_n be_v to_o be_v plain_a or_o of_o merchant_n contract_v make_v many_o distinction_n but_o the_o condition_n agree_v upon_o between_o they_o be_v chief_o considerable_a and_o to_o be_v well_o declare_v to_o avoid_v ambiguity_n and_o construction_n and_o reciprocal_a thing_n to_o be_v perform_v on_o both_o side_n which_o bind_v they_o better_o so_o that_o if_o a_o contract_n be_v break_v whereby_o the_o one_o party_n be_v damnify_v for_o the_o want_n of_o his_o money_n or_o good_n not_o deliver_v whereby_o he_o can_v make_v no_o benefit_n and_o be_v hinder_v in_o his_o trade_n by_o lucrum_fw-la cessans_fw-la or_o not_o get_v the_o other_o party_n may_v just_o demand_v recompense_n for_o the_o same_o especial_o if_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n otherwise_o some_o civilians_n make_v the_o same_o questionable_a as_o fisherman_n fowler_n and_o hunter_n which_o say_v they_o can_v demand_v any_o loss_n for_o want_n of_o their_o own_o because_o by_o their_o profession_n they_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o they_o shall_v catch_v or_o take_v any_o thing_n by_o their_o art_n nevertheless_o the_o merchant_n court_n have_v a_o especial_a care_n to_o perform_v well_o with_o fisherman_n contract_n fisherman_n be_v to_o be_v respect_v upon_o contract_n and_o that_o with_o all_o expedition_n of_o justice_n they_o may_v be_v dispatch_v to_o follow_v their_o trade_n without_o any_o intermission_n of_o time_n this_o damage_n sustain_v by_o merchant_n or_o other_o regard_v the_o first_o damage_n upon_o contract_n to_o be_v regard_v for_o the_o non_fw-fr performance_n of_o contract_n can_v be_v demand_v by_o a_o continuance_n of_o time_n run_v ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la during_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n but_o must_v be_v demand_v according_a to_o the_o first_o damage_n receive_v as_o the_o party_n can_v due_o prove_v the_o same_o either_o by_o witness_n or_o upon_o his_o oath_n as_o the_o cause_n may_v require_v therefore_o when_o merchant_n be_v contend_v in_o any_o court_n of_o equity_n or_o law_n where_o they_o be_v delay_v for_o many_o year_n in_o continual_a suit_n at_o their_o great_a charge_n then_o it_o tend_v to_o the_o interrupof_n trade_n and_o commerce_n in_o general_a and_o the_o overthrow_n of_o the_o party_n in_o particular_a whereof_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n have_v a_o singular_a care_n to_o provide_v for_o and_o therefore_o do_v many_o time_n though_o not_o without_o danger_n admit_v the_o proof_n to_o be_v make_v upon_o the_o party_n oath_n if_o witness_n be_v absent_a contract_n penalty_n upon_o contract_n the_o penalty_n or_o forfeiture_n upon_o any_o contract_n limit_v and_o express_v be_v it_o nomine_fw-la pain_fw-la or_o otherwise_o be_v therefore_o much_o to_o be_v consider_v of_o in_o equity_n to_o make_v they_o stand_v and_o to_o be_v effectual_a for_o the_o mainetenance_n of_o faith_n and_o credit_n between_o merchant_n and_o they_o be_v consequent_o much_o approve_v by_o all_o civilians_n and_o by_o their_o law_n allow_v in_o all_o contract_n make_v for_o a_o copartnership_n in_o provide_v of_o a_o joint_a stock_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o one_o or_o some_o of_o they_o do_v not_o defraud_v the_o other_o also_o it_o be_v approve_v that_o they_o may_v sell_v their_o adventure_n to_o other_o and_o the_o buyer_n be_v to_o take_v the_o account_n according_a to_o the_o contract_n contract_n observation_n in_o partable_a contract_n for_o the_o account_n give_v to_o other_o partner_n in_o society_n do_v always_o bind_v the_o buyer_n
portage_n be_v bring_v in_o he_o shall_v only_o have_v the_o freight_n of_o so_o much_o good_n if_o a_o ship_n pass_v further_o than_o the_o mariner_n be_v hire_v his_o hire_n shall_v be_v according_o augment_v except_o he_o be_v hire_v a_o mareage_n mais_fw-fr non_fw-fr a_fw-fr deniers_fw-fr as_o the_o french_a man_n speak_v or_o by_o the_o month_n for_o all_o the_o year_n if_o a_o mariner_n run_v away_o with_o his_o hire_n undeserued_a he_o deserve_v the_o gallow_n if_o a_o mariner_n be_v hire_v for_o a_o simple_a mariner_n and_o afterward_o in_o the_o voyage_n find_v hire_v to_o be_v a_o pilot_n or_o a_o master_n he_o may_v pass_v restore_v his_o former_a hire_n and_o so_o it_o be_v if_o he_o marry_v mariner_n be_v not_o only_o to_o discharge_v and_o deliver_v good_n out_o of_o the_o ship_n but_o also_o if_o no_o porter_n or_o carrier_n be_v in_o those_o part_n to_o carry_v the_o same_o themselves_o for_o such_o hire_n as_o other_o workman_n shall_v have_v have_v therefore_o if_o it_o happen_v a_o ship_n to_o be_v prise_v for_o debt_n or_o otherwise_o to_o be_v forfeit_v yet_o the_o mariner_n hire_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v and_o if_o she_o prosper_v to_o receive_v their_o pay_n in_o the_o same_o money_n that_o the_o freight_n be_v pay_v with_o last_o a_o mariner_n shall_v neither_o be_v arrest_v nor_o take_v forth_o of_o a_o ship_n make_v ready_a to_o sail_v for_o any_o debt_n but_o only_o his_o hire_n and_o as_o much_o other_o good_n as_o he_o have_v in_o the_o ship_n may_v be_v arrest_v for_o it_o according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o the_o debt_n and_o the_o master_n to_o be_v answerable_a for_o all_o because_o the_o ship_n be_v compare_v to_o a_o man_n dwell_v house_n which_o be_v his_o sure_a refuge_n by_o the_o law_n except_o it_o be_v for_o a_o swear_a debt_n or_o a_o penalty_n to_o the_o king_n through_o some_o crime_n chap._n xxiiii_o of_o the_o office_n of_o assurance_n and_o the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o same_o claudius_n caesar_n the_o five_o roman_a emperor_n by_o succession_n of_o government_n from_o julius_n caesar_n who_o be_v before_o the_o birth_n of_o our_o saviour_n christ_n bear_v under_o augustus_n and_o the_o first_o persecution_n of_o christian_n be_v under_o tiberius_n sâ—etonius_n sâ—etonius_n and_o the_o second_o more_o cruel_a under_o caligula_n who_o claudius_n do_v immediate_o succeed_v this_o claudius_n do_v bring_v in_o this_o most_o laudable_a custom_n of_o assurance_n whereby_o the_o danger_n and_o adventure_n of_o good_n be_v divide_v repart_v and_o bear_v by_o many_o person_n consent_v and_o agree_v upon_o between_o they_o what_o part_n every_o man_n will_v be_v content_v to_o assure_v make_v good_a and_o pay_v if_o any_o loss_n or_o casualty_n shall_v happen_v to_o the_o good_n adventure_v or_o to_o be_v adventure_v at_o the_o sea_n as_o also_o by_o land_n to_o the_o end_n that_o merchant_n may_v enlarge_v and_o augment_v their_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n and_o not_o adventure_v all_o in_o one_o 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custom_n and_o impost_n and_o therefore_o they_o will_v break_v no_o bulk_n but_o depart_v for_o some_o other_o place_n viz._n ship_n lade_v with_o gascoigne_n wine_n do_v come_v from_o middleborough_n to_o london_n which_o have_v be_v buy_v by_o the_o great_a and_o either_o the_o seller_n of_o the_o wine_n do_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n or_o the_o bâ—yer_n so_o every_o year_n there_o be_v diverse_a ship_n which_o come_v from_o norway_n lade_v with_o deale-boord_n plank_n mast_n and_o the_o like_a commodity_n which_o be_v enter_v into_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n for_o two_o or_o more_o day_n will_v depart_v again_o for_o spain_n or_o some_o place_n in_o the_o strait_n according_a as_o they_o have_v make_v their_o bargain_n with_o the_o merchant_n in_o like_a manner_n diverse_a other_o ship_n lade_v with_o other_o commodity_n upon_o the_o like_a bargain_n and_o contract_n will_v make_v further_a voyage_n and_o not_o discharge_v in_o the_o place_n be_v it_o be_v first_o intend_v and_o name_v in_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n now_o if_o after_o such_o a_o bargain_n make_v the_o ship_n and_o good_n either_o by_o fire_n or_o any_o other_o misfortune_n do_v perish_v the_o assuror_n be_v not_o to_o answer_v for_o that_o loss_n notwithstanding_o the_o general_a word_n and_o of_o all_o other_o peril_n loss_n and_o misfortune_n whatsoever_o they_o be_v and_o howsoever_o they_o shall_v happen_v or_o come_v to_o the_o hurt_n and_o detriment_n of_o the_o good_n and_o merchandise_n or_o any_o part_n or_o parcel_n thereof_o contain_v in_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n as_o aforesaid_a i_o hold_v it_o also_o convenient_a to_o advertise_v the_o assuror_n of_o a_o case_n of_o my_o own_o experience_n in_o the_o year_n 1589_o i_o cause_v the_o ship_n of_o monsieur_n gourdan_n governor_n of_o calais_n to_o be_v freight_v for_o lixborne_n and_o to_o return_v back_o again_o to_o calais_n or_o london_n assurance_n a_o case_n to_o be_v consider_v in_o assurance_n the_o say_a ship_n be_v arrive_v at_o lixborne_n be_v lade_v with_o sugar_n pepper_n and_o other_o commodity_n to_o return_v for_o london_n whereupon_o i_o cause_v six_o thousand_o french_a crown_n to_o be_v assure_v at_o rouen_n it_o happen_v that_o the_o say_a ship_n be_v cast_v away_o upon_o the_o coast_n of_o france_n in_o come_v homeward_o and_o all_o the_o good_n be_v utter_o lose_v whereupon_o intimation_n be_v make_v to_o the_o assuror_n i_o send_v to_o the_o commissioner_n of_o assurance_n at_o rouen_n all_o my_o proof_n concern_v the_o lade_n of_o the_o say_a ship_n hope_v to_o recover_v the_o money_n assure_v but_o upon_o examination_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o lade_n declare_v true_o the_o quality_n and_o quantity_n of_o the_o good_n my_o factor_n of_o lixborne_n consider_v the_o dangerous_a time_n of_o war_n and_o my_o dwell_n in_o london_n leave_v the_o place_n of_o her_o discharge_n in_o blank_a and_o by_o letter_n overland_o give_v i_o notice_n of_o it_o which_o be_v make_v apparent_a to_o the_o say_a commissioner_n yet_o nevertheless_o after_o the_o examination_n of_o the_o sea-lawe_n and_o custom_n and_o the_o paracer_n have_v of_o all_o experience_a merchant_n it_o be_v sentence_v against_o i_o and_o the_o assuror_n be_v clear_v and_o make_v only_o a_o restitution_n of_o the_o money_n receive_v by_o they_o for_o their_o premio_fw-la and_o yet_o of_o that_o they_o do_v abate_v one_o half_a or_o medio_fw-la por_fw-mi ciento_fw-it as_o it_o be_v ten_o shilling_n for_o every_o hundred_o pound_n for_o their_o subscribe_v to_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n to_o my_o very_a great_a loss_n to_o this_o purpose_n do_v appertain_v another_o property_n of_o assurance_n which_o happen_v when_o merchant_n cause_v a_o great_a sum_n to_o be_v assure_v than_o the_o good_n be_v worth_a or_o amount_v unto_o when_o they_o be_v lade_v into_o any_o ship_n which_o be_v expect_v home_o ward_n make_v account_n that_o their_o factor_n will_v send_v they_o great_a return_n than_o they_o do_v in_o this_o case_n the_o custom_n be_v assurance_n a_o rare_a custom_n in_o assurance_n that_o those_o assuror_n that_o have_v last_o subscribe_v to_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n bear_v not_o any_o adventure_n at_o all_o and_o must_v make_v restitution_n of_o the_o premium_fw-la by_o they_o receive_v abate_v one_o half_a in_o the_o hundred_o for_o their_o subscription_n as_o in_o the_o case_n aforesaid_a and_o this_o be_v due_o observe_v and_o so_o a_o law_n not_o observe_v be_v inferior_a to_o a_o custom_n well_o observe_v to_o conclude_v the_o point_n of_o policy_n of_o assurance_n let_v we_o note_v that_o of_o necessity_n it_o be_v require_v as_o a_o consideration_n precedent_n that_o the_o assuror_n must_v acknowledge_v themselves_o to_o be_v satisfy_v of_o the_o premium_fw-la of_o assurance_n at_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o assure_a or_o any_o other_o who_o do_v undertake_v to_o pay_v they_o which_o beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v common_o pay_v within_o six_o month_n because_o that_o merchant_n assure_v each_o to_o other_o may_v rescounter_v their_o premio_n in_o the_o account_n keep_v thereof_o between_o they_o for_o herein_o be_v use_v great_a trust_n and_o confidence_n between_o they_o and_o this_o appear_v also_o by_o every_o man_n underwriting_n in_o the_o say_a policy_n of_o assurance_n in_o these_o word_n i_o a._n b._n be_o content_a with_o this_o assurance_n which_o god_n preserve_v for_o the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n london_n this_o 10_o of_o august_n 1620_o etc._n etc._n according_a to_o the_o sum_n and_o time_n chap._n xxvi_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o contribution_n or_o aueridge_n have_v entreat_v of_o contribution_n or_o aueridge_n in_o regard_n of_o assuror_n now_o it_o behove_v we_o somewhat_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o manner_n how_o this_o be_v execute_v and_o perform_v by_o some_o call_v scot_n and_o lot_n in_o the_o case_n of_o cast_v of_o good_n in_o tempestuous_a weather_n for_o preservation_n of_o life_n and_o good_n the_o master_n be_v to_o consult_v with_o the_o mariner_n and_o if_o they_o consent_v not_o yet_o the_o master_n may_v cast_v some_o good_n if_o the_o storm_n continue_v but_o if_o the_o merchant_n be_v present_a let_v he_o begin_v to_o cast_v say_v the_o law_n of_o oleron_n and_o next_o the_o mariner_n who_o if_o they_o unbesill_n any_o part_n to_o their_o own_o use_n of_o that_o which_o shall_v be_v cast_v be_v to_o answer_v the_o double_a when_o the_o master_n shall_v come_v on_o land_n he_o must_v with_o the_o most_o part_n of_o his_o company_n swear_v that_o he_o do_v cast_v the_o say_v good_n for_o no_o other_o cause_n but_o for_o the_o safety_n of_o ship_n good_n and_o line_n which_o be_v to_o be_v cast_v into_o a_o aueridge_n or_o contribution_n upon_o ship_n &_o good_n whether_o they_o be_v burdensome_a or_o of_o small_a volume_n as_o money_n jewel_n or_o such_o like_a not_o be_v weighty_a thing_n upon_o a_o man_n body_n victual_n and_o such_o like_v except_v but_o here_o arise_v a_o question_n whether_o good_n lade_v above_o the_o overlope_n or_o forbid_a good_n to_o be_v transport_v shall_v be_v answer_v by_o contribution_n sure_o if_o such_o good_n happen_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o any_o danger_n or_o damage_n the_o master_n shall_v bear_v the_o loss_n and_o also_o criminal_o be_v prosecute_v but_o if_o good_n unaduised_o without_o consent_n of_o the_o owner_n be_v cast_v out_o on_o the_o sudden_a the_o owner_n may_v upon_o his_o conscience_n esteem_v they_o to_o the_o very_a value_n because_o the_o company_n by_o their_o rash_a proceed_n have_v lose_v the_o privilege_n they_o have_v to_o esteem_v and_o appraise_v the_o say_v good_n also_o any_o ship_n gear_n or_o apparel_n lose_v by_o storm_n be_v not_o within_o aueridge_n and_o account_v like_o unto_o a_o workman_n break_v or_o spoil_v his_o tool_n or_o ordinary_a
to_o a_o second_o voyage_n when_o the_o first_o be_v perform_v but_o to_o be_v vigilant_a in_o their_o action_n 8_o whether_o a_o assurance_n make_v for_o the_o tempest_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v also_o to_o be_v understand_v for_o thief_n or_o robber_n upon_o the_o sea_n a._n the_o general_a and_o ordinary_a policy_n of_o assurance_n contain_v all_o adventure_n show_v that_o the_o assuror_n be_v to_o bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o both_o these_o and_o if_o it_o be_v otherwise_o in_o particular_a it_o must_v be_v declare_v so_o that_o this_o distinction_n be_v vain_a 9_o the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v to_o the_o question_n whether_o a_o assurance_n make_v by_o stipulation_n be_v a_o contract_n or_o not_o or_o whether_o it_o be_v coventionall_a or_o conditional_a wherein_o this_o distinction_n be_v of_o no_o moment_n 10_o whether_o a_o assuror_n have_v pay_v the_o merchant_n for_o good_n lose_v by_o he_o assure_v may_v afterward_o if_o the_o good_n be_v find_v again_o or_o recover_v restore_v the_o good_n to_o the_o merchant_n and_o call_v for_o his_o money_n which_o he_o pay_v back_o again_o a._n it_o appear_v plain_o by_o all_o policy_n of_o assurance_n that_o the_o assuror_n do_v condescend_v that_o the_o merchant_n shall_v have_v full_a power_n and_o authority_n by_o himself_o or_o his_o factor_n and_o servant_n to_o sue_v for_o therecoverie_n of_o the_o good_n and_o that_o the_o assuror_n shall_v contribute_v to_o the_o charge_n pro_fw-la rata_fw-la of_o their_o sum_n by_o they_o assure_v respective_o but_o the_o merchant_n be_v not_o therefore_o hinder_v to_o recover_v the_o money_n of_o the_o assuror_n neither_o can_v one_o particular_a assuror_n have_v all_o the_o good_n for_o the_o merchant_n relinquish_a the_o good_n to_o the_o assuror_n reserve_v always_o his_o part_n therein_o which_o he_o have_v not_o assure_v which_o he_o detain_v in_o nature_n of_o a_o assuror_n so_o that_o the_o assuror_n have_v not_o convenient_a mean_n to_o perform_v the_o content_n of_o the_o question_n nevertheless_o if_o the_o merchant_n will_v he_o may_v buy_v the_o good_n so_o recover_v of_o the_o assuror_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v but_o then_o be_v the_o question_n alter_v and_o not_o the_o same_o 11_o whether_o a_o assuror_n be_v to_o answer_v any_o hurt_n or_o damage_n do_v to_o the_o good_n by_o mouse_n rat_n or_o any_o other_o vermin_n especial_o moth_n a._n by_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n that_o assuror_n be_v to_o answer_v for_o all_o damage_n detriment_n or_o hurt_v which_o shall_v happen_v to_o the_o good_n after_o his_o underwriting_n but_o if_o he_o can_v prove_v the_o hurt_n or_o damage_n be_v before_o do_v in_o the_o warehouse_n or_o other_o place_n he_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o answer_v the_o same_o 12_o whether_o good_n lose_v in_o the_o ship_n boat_n be_v unlade_v out_o of_o the_o ship_n or_o be_v to_o be_v lade_v into_o the_o ship_n shall_v be_v answer_v by_o the_o assuror_n or_o what_o may_v be_v lay_v to_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o assuror_n by_o contribution_n a._n this_o question_n consist_v of_o two_o point_n the_o answer_n to_o the_o first_o be_v plain_a according_a to_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n where_o it_o be_v specify_v that_o the_o adventure_n shall_v begin_v upon_o the_o good_n lade_v in_o any_o boat_n vessel_n or_o crayer_n to_o be_v lay_v aboard_o of_o such_o a_o ship_n or_o be_v discharge_v out_o of_o the_o ship_n the_o adventure_n to_o continue_v till_o the_o good_n be_v safe_o land_v but_o to_o the_o second_o the_o answer_n be_v not_o so_o plain_a because_o it_o depend_v upon_o the_o sea-law_n and_o must_v be_v consider_v according_o for_o as_o we_o have_v note_v in_o the_o chapter_n of_o contribution_n if_o by_o occasion_n of_o lightning_n the_o good_n which_o be_v put_v into_o the_o boat_n or_o light_a perish_v the_o ship_n and_o remain_a good_n in_o the_o ship_n shall_v answer_v for_o the_o same_o but_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o the_o ship_n and_o remain_a good_n perish_v after_o the_o boat_n or_o light_a be_v once_o safe_a no_o contribution_n shall_v be_v on_o the_o good_n in_o the_o light_a for_o the_o law_n be_v that_o the_o good_n shall_v only_a be_v liable_a to_o contribution_n when_o ship_n and_o good_n be_v safe_o arrive_v to_o their_o intend_a port_n of_o discharge_n according_a to_o this_o rule_n be_v the_o assuror_n to_o answer_v for_o contribution_n pro_fw-la rata_fw-la of_o the_o sum_n by_o he_o assure_v 13_o whether_o assurance_n make_v for_o pirate_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v also_o for_o thief_n which_o by_o night_n steal_v the_o good_n from_o the_o ship_n a._n the_o answer_n be_v so_o evident_a that_o both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v comprise_v in_o the_o assurance_n as_o there_o need_v no_o other_o explanation_n 14_o whether_o a_o assurance_n make_v at_o one_o time_n upon_o good_n to_o be_v buy_v and_o intend_v to_o be_v lade_v and_o afterward_o find_v not_o to_o be_v buy_v at_o the_o same_o time_n but_o at_o another_o time_n do_v bind_v the_o assuror_n to_o pay_v the_o loss_n a._n this_o question_n be_v worthy_a the_o consideration_n and_o do_v mere_o consist_v in_o the_o observation_n of_o time_n &_o not_o in_o the_o buy_n of_o the_o good_n although_o it_o be_v so_o propound_v for_o the_o time_n make_v great_a difference_n in_o the_o assurance_n as_o i_o have_v note_v before_o good_n lade_v in_o the_o summer_n be_v not_o in_o adventure_n comparable_a to_o the_o winter_n when_o storm_n and_o tempest_n do_v arise_v and_o therefore_o be_v not_o the_o assuror_n to_o be_v make_v answerable_a to_o this_o assurance_n for_o the_o custom_n herein_o be_v clear_a and_o concur_v with_o the_o law_n of_o oleron_n and_o therefore_o not_o comprise_v in_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n also_o that_o assuror_n be_v to_o have_v a_o special_a regard_n to_o the_o master_n of_o ship_n whether_o they_o be_v vicious_a or_o diligent_a for_o the_o love_n of_o woman_n and_o wine_n make_v they_o to_o loose_v the_o opportunity_n of_o time_n so_o that_o by_o contrary_a wind_n their_o voyage_n be_v retard_v and_o which_o be_v to_o be_v make_v in_o summer_n fall_v out_o to_o be_v in_o winter_n subject_a to_o eminent_a danger_n and_o loss_n whereunto_o the_o assuror_n become_v liable_a as_o be_v declare_v whether_o it_o be_v by_o accident_n misfortune_n casualty_n rare_a success_n and_o negligence_n of_o master_n and_o mariner_n unlooked_v for_o and_o happen_v in_o strange_a manner_n sudden_o 15_o whether_o a_o assuror_n be_v liable_a to_o the_o adventure_n of_o good_n ship_v from_o one_o ship_n into_o another_o a._n sometime_o in_o policy_n of_o assurance_n it_o happen_v that_o upon_o some_o especial_a consideration_n this_o clause_n forbid_v the_o transfer_v of_o good_n be_v insert_v because_o in_o time_n of_o hostility_n or_o war_n between_o prince_n it_o may_v fall_v out_o to_o be_v unlade_v in_o such_o ship_n of_o those_o contend_a prince_n whereby_o the_o adventure_n will_v be_v far_o great_a but_o according_a to_o the_o usual_a assurance_n which_o be_v make_v general_o without_o any_o exception_n the_o assuror_n be_v liable_a thereunto_o for_o it_o be_v understand_v that_o the_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n without_o some_o good_a and_o accidental_a cause_n will_v not_o put_v the_o good_n from_o one_o ship_n into_o another_o but_o will_v deliver_v they_o according_a to_o the_o charterpartie_n at_o the_o appoint_a place_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o when_o assurance_n be_v make_v upon_o some_o particular_a good_n lade_v in_o such_o a_o ship_n under_o such_o a_o mark_n the_o policy_n make_v mention_n of_o the_o good_n lade_v to_o be_v transport_v and_o deliver_v to_o such_o a_o place_n by_o the_o ship_n or_o by_o any_o other_o ship_n or_o vessel_n until_o they_o be_v safe_o land_v so_o that_o in_o all_o these_o and_o the_o like_o the_o condition_n make_v the_o law_n 16_o now_o there_o be_v a_o question_n whether_o a_o assuror_n be_v answerable_a to_o the_o assurance_n of_o good_n to_o bear_v the_o adventure_n if_o no_o good_n be_v lade_v or_o but_o part_n of_o the_o good_n a._n if_o a_o man_n do_v bind_v or_o oblige_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v find_v in_o such_o a_o place_n and_o it_o be_v not_o find_v there_o every_o man_n know_v that_o the_o say_a thing_n tie_v to_o a_o local_a place_n can_v be_v bind_v thereby_o because_o it_o be_v a_o body_n name_v without_o substance_n and_o not_o in_o rerum_fw-la natura_fw-la and_o there_o will_v be_v understand_v a_o privation_n without_o be_v and_o where_o there_o be_v not_o materia_fw-la &_o forma_fw-la first_o there_o can_v be_v no_o privation_n but_o if_o part_n of_o the_o good_n be_v lade_v than_o the_o assuror_n be_v liable_a for_o so_o much_o as_o that_o part_n of_o good_n do_v cost_v
thereof_o and_o not_o to_o the_o lender_n i_o mean_v of_o peril_n proceed_v by_o storm_n violence_n spoil_n or_o such_o like_a occasion_n which_o can_v be_v eschew_v by_o any_o diligence_n of_o the_o borrower_n therefore_o if_o the_o borrower_n employ_v that_o money_n upon_o commodity_n and_o that_o the_o say_v commodity_n become_v forfeit_v for_o nonpaiment_n of_o custom_n the_o lender_n shall_v be_v clear_a of_o any_o damage_n thereby_o it_o be_v also_o to_o be_v note_v that_o money_n lend_v at_o maritime_a interest_n without_o hazard_n but_o upon_o security_n shall_v pay_v no_o profit_n otherwise_o than_o the_o money_n lend_v at_o interest_n because_o the_o security_n be_v give_v over_o and_o above_o for_o the_o lender_n assurance_n again_o suppose_v it_o be_v money_n not_o enter_v in_o the_o pursers_n book_n and_o yet_o lend_v for_o the_o need_n of_o the_o company_n within_o the_o ship_n during_o the_o voyage_n if_o before_o the_o day_n appoint_v for_o the_o payment_n shipwreck_n or_o spoil_v happen_v than_o shall_v the_o loss_n come_v in_o contribution_n between_o they_o because_o if_o that_o money_n have_v be_v lie_v by_o the_o lender_n still_o unlent_a it_o have_v be_v in_o common_a danger_n with_o the_o rest_n but_o if_o the_o time_n appoint_v be_v pass_v with_o the_o peril_n aforesaid_a then_o shall_v the_o borrower_n pay_v that_o money_n so_o borrow_v free_a from_o all_o contribution_n further_o in_o case_n the_o borrower_n detain_v any_o such_o money_n lend_v as_o aforesaid_a beyond_o the_o time_n appoint_v for_o the_o repay_v he_o shall_v at_o his_o return_n not_o only_o pay_v the_o profit_n agree_v upon_o before_o the_o voyage_n but_o also_o augment_v the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o long_a time_n and_o shall_v pay_v the_o profit_n of_o that_o first_o condition_n according_o some_o merchant_n there_o be_v that_o will_v deliver_v money_n in_o nature_n of_o vsura_fw-la maritima_n join_v the_o use_n money_n and_o danger_n of_o the_o sea_n either_o upon_o the_o ship_n or_o good_n all_o in_o one_o consideration_n and_o so_o take_v 25_o or_o 30_o upon_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o return_n of_o such_o a_o ship_n from_o such_o a_o voyage_n wherein_o they_o have_v a_o eye_n to_o the_o person_n that_o take_v up_o the_o money_n make_v account_n to_o be_v better_o assure_v by_o a_o vigilant_a eye_n upon_o a_o merchant_n traffic_n who_o they_o must_v trust_v if_o they_o will_v make_v benefit_n of_o their_o money_n rather_o than_o to_o deliver_v their_o money_n unto_o another_o of_o who_o deal_n they_o can_v give_v so_o good_a a_o judgement_n assurance_n combination_n of_o interest_n money_n and_o assurance_n as_o for_o example_n they_o know_v that_o such_o a_o merchant_n do_v deal_v for_o turkey_n and_o that_o in_o know_a ship_n traffic_v that_o way_n the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n go_v unto_o he_o and_o make_v a_o offer_n to_o lend_v he_o 1000_o will_v for_o a_o voyage_n to_o be_v make_v with_o kersey_n and_o tin_n to_o tripoli_n and_o that_o he_o will_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o that_o money_n during_o all_o the_o voyage_n which_o he_o know_v be_v common_o perform_v within_o the_o year_n for_o say_v he_o you_o know_v that_o i_o be_o a_o assuror_n and_o you_o do_v use_v to_o assure_v your_o good_n and_o to_o increase_v your_o trade_n you_o take_v up_o money_n at_o use_n of_o other_o in_o small_a sum_n it_o may_v therefore_o be_v very_o commodious_a for_o we_o both_o to_o include_v the_o price_n of_o assurance_n and_o the_o use_n money_n together_o and_o so_o with_o the_o return_n you_o shall_v be_v provide_v to_o pay_v i_o again_o if_o god_n do_v prosper_v the_o ship_n and_o make_v homeward_o speedy_o if_o not_o i_o can_v demand_v nothing_o of_o you_o and_o must_v be_v content_v to_o bear_v the_o loss_n with_o patience_n hereupon_o a_o contract_n be_v make_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o be_v account_v for_o the_o use_n money_n joint_o contract_n of_o interest_n and_o assurance_n joint_o and_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o adventure_n of_o the_o good_n outward_o and_o another_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o adventure_n of_o the_o return_n homeward_o in_o conclusion_n there_o be_v 30_o pro_fw-la ceinto_o so_o that_o upon_o the_o return_n of_o the_o say_a ship_n he_o be_v to_o have_v 1300_o will_v within_o such_o a_o time_n as_o they_o common_o agree_v be_v it_o one_o or_o two_o month_n after_o this_o be_v a_o good_a bargain_n for_o the_o lender_n howsoever_o the_o borrower_n of_o the_o money_n may_v speed_v for_o the_o lender_n have_v not_o to_o do_v with_o the_o sale_n of_o the_o good_n nor_o with_o the_o return_n of_o they_o but_o he_o will_v be_v sure_a that_o at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o ship_n he_o may_v have_v his_o money_n pay_v he_o not_o only_o by_o the_o provenue_n of_o the_o kersey_n and_o tin_n which_o be_v buy_v with_o the_o thousand_o pound_n he_o lend_v but_o also_o with_o the_o return_n of_o all_o other_o good_n which_o the_o borrower_n do_v lade_v more_o in_o the_o say_a ship_n for_o tripoli_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o in_o like_a manner_n for_o other_o place_n chap._n xxxii_o of_o ship_n and_o navigation_n under_o the_o name_n navis_fw-la be_v all_o kind_n of_o ship_v understand_v and_o navigium_fw-la be_v a_o general_a word_n many_o time_n use_v for_o navigation_n so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o of_o any_o moment_n to_o describe_v the_o diversity_n of_o ship_n as_o carrack_n galleon_n galleass_n galley_n centaureis_fw-la ship_n of_o war_n flyboats_n buss_n and_o all_o other_o kind_n of_o ship_n and_o vessel_n but_o that_o we_o may_v understand_v the_o sea_n law_n and_o custom_n observe_v therein_o appertain_v to_o the_o law_n merchant_n as_o also_o those_o thing_n which_o proper_o may_v concern_v ship_n as_o follow_v all_o ship_n be_v make_v for_o fail_v be_v to_o be_v prepare_v according_o both_o for_o goodness_n and_o sit_v timber_n and_o convenient_a build_n as_o for_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rudder_n of_o the_o ship_n upon_o the_o right_a parallel_n of_o the_o keel_n of_o the_o ship_n equality_n the_o parallel_n of_o equality_n for_o therein_o consist_v a_o main_a point_n for_o swift_a sail_v which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v a_o great_a defect_n in_o many_o ship_n partly_o new_o build_v and_o repair_v for_o new_a timber_n and_o old_a mix_v together_o do_v never_o endure_v long_o especial_o if_o the_o ship_n be_v not_o repair_v in_o time_n before_o she_o be_v much_o decay_v which_o often_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o the_o owner_n of_o it_o can_v agree_v therein_o the_o law_n therefore_o be_v commendable_a that_o if_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o owner_n or_o those_o that_o have_v the_o great_a interest_n and_o part_n therein_o cause_n the_o same_o to_o be_v repair_v that_o he_o who_o provide_v not_o his_o money_n for_o his_o part_n within_o four_o month_n after_o shall_v lose_v his_o part_n to_o the_o other_o owner_n if_o he_o refuse_v to_o be_v conformable_a with_o the_o rest_n or_o with_o his_o partner_n in_o the_o say_a ship_n who_o do_v disburse_v the_o same_o and_o moreover_o he_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o money_n also_o for_o the_o time_n that_o the_o same_o be_v lay_v out_o some_o make_v a_o question_n whether_o a_o ship_n so_o amend_v &_o repair_v shall_v be_v take_v to_o be_v the_o same_o but_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o so_o long_o as_o the_o keel_n of_o the_o ship_n remain_v it_o be_v still_o the_o same_o ship_n and_o not_o to_o be_v call_v another_o ship_n so_o be_v it_o always_o belong_v unto_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n although_o they_o have_v fabricate_v &_o amend_v the_o same_o with_o another_o man_n timber_n for_o the_o sell_n of_o a_o ship_n be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a course_n to_o alienate_v the_o same_o but_o the_o quiet_a possession_n thereof_o must_v be_v deliver_v upon_o the_o sale_n make_v and_o although_o the_o sale_n be_v make_v and_o the_o possession_n of_o a_o ship_n deliver_v if_o nevertheless_o it_o afterward_o shall_v appear_v that_o some_o have_v commit_v piracie_n with_o the_o same_o the_o party_n who_o lose_v his_o good_n may_v lay_v a_o action_n to_o the_o ship_n in_o place_n convenient_a hence_o the_o proverb_n arise_v water_n a_o ship_n which_o can_v drink_v of_o all_o water_n that_o such_o a_o ship_n can_v drink_v of_o all_o water_n albeit_o this_o law_n be_v not_o general_a no_o more_o than_o a_o ship_n drive_v by_o tempest_n into_o a_o harbour_n or_o port_n be_v subject_a to_o pay_v custom_n there_o albeit_o some_o demand_v the_o same_o although_o no_o bulk_n be_v break_v which_o seem_v to_o be_v unreasonable_a a_o contract_n therefore_o take_v his_o strength_n from_o the_o party_n contract_v and_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n thereof_o it_o be_v therefore_o
night_n and_o upon_o special_a occasion_n be_v absent_a he_o may_v leave_v his_o mate_n and_o other_o that_o may_v supply_v his_o place_n that_o they_o do_v not_o too_o much_o meddle_v with_o merchandise_n or_o trade_n whereby_o they_o shall_v be_v hinder_v in_o the_o due_a care_n of_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o ship_n the_o master_n be_v due_o to_o pay_v the_o mariner_n wage_n without_o any_o abatement_n unless_o it_o be_v for_o money_n lend_v they_o before_o or_o cause_n to_o pay_v any_o thing_n to_o the_o owner_n the_o wage_n due_a unto_o mariner_n for_o place_n near_o at_o hand_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v but_o by_o two_o payment_n but_o for_o remote_a and_o long_a voyage_n in_o three_o payment_n one_o at_o the_o departure_n another_o upon_o the_o unlade_v of_o the_o good_n and_o the_o three_o upon_o the_o end_n of_o the_o voyage_n by_o equal_a portion_n in_o three_o if_o a_o master_n upon_o some_o reasonable_a occasion_n will_v discharge_v his_o pilot_n either_o upon_o the_o unlade_v or_o relade_v he_o be_v to_o pay_v he_o full_a wage_n if_o mariner_n be_v unruly_a and_o give_v occasion_n to_o hinder_v the_o voyage_n any_o way_n by_o their_o misbehaviour_n to_o be_v prove_v by_o two_o other_o mariner_n the_o master_n may_v set_v they_o on_o land_n or_o cause_v they_o to_o be_v punish_v according_a to_o their_o demerit_n if_o mariner_n will_v not_o testify_v of_o their_o fellow_n misbehaviour_n the_o master_n upon_o his_o oath_n shall_v be_v believe_v and_o the_o mariner_n to_o be_v punish_v according_o if_o a_o master_n do_v conceal_v the_o offence_n of_o mariner_n he_o shall_v forfeit_v and_o pay_v fifty_o dollar_n half_a to_o the_o magistrate_n and_o half_a to_o the_o poor_a if_o a_o mariner_n shall_v kill_v another_o the_o master_n be_v to_o keep_v he_o in_o iron_n until_o he_o bring_v he_o unto_o the_o first_o judicature_n to_o be_v judge_v etc._n etc._n if_o a_o pirate_n or_o thief_n shall_v come_v aboard_o and_o the_o mariner_n be_v willing_a to_o defend_v the_o same_o and_o yet_o the_o master_n will_v not_o fight_v this_o master_n shall_v never_o be_v put_v in_o trust_v any_o more_o nor_o have_v credit_n as_o a_o honest_a man_n nor_o be_v suffer_v to_o dwell_v in_o any_o of_o the_o haunce_n town_n if_o a_o master_n be_v put_v in_o trust_n to_o bring_v over_o pearl_n precious_a stone_n or_o money_n which_o be_v ware_n of_o no_o volume_n to_o pay_v freight_v but_o a_o consideration_n the_o master_n be_v to_o have_v the_o four_o part_n of_o it_o and_o the_o other_o three_o part_n be_v to_o be_v the_o owner_n if_o a_o master_n be_v part_n owner_n will_v sell_v his_o part_n or_o cause_v his_o owner_n to_o pay_v dear_a for_o it_o the_o say_a part_n be_v to_o be_v value_v by_o indifferent_a person_n and_o the_o owner_n or_o some_o of_o they_o be_v to_o pay_v according_o if_o a_o master_n without_o cause_n will_v sail_v in_o another_o haven_n than_o he_o be_v freight_v and_o loss_n do_v happen_v he_o shall_v answer_v the_o same_o of_o his_o own_o mean_n if_o a_o master_n shall_v sell_v the_o ship_n and_o the_o merchant_n good_n and_o run_v away_o he_o shall_v not_o remain_v in_o any_o of_o the_o haunce_n town_n and_o shall_v be_v pursue_v to_o answer_v for_o the_o same_o to_o the_o uttermost_a by_o all_o mean_n if_o by_o contrary_a wind_n and_o weather_n be_v enter_v into_o another_o harbour_n the_o merchant_n do_v sell_v his_o good_n the_o master_n be_v to_o have_v his_o full_a freight_n or_o to_o go_v the_o voyage_n if_o a_o master_n find_v himself_o in_o place_n where_o neither_o himself_n nor_o his_o pilot_n be_v acquait_v and_o may_v have_v pilot_n but_o will_v not_o use_v they_o he_o be_v to_o pay_v one_o mark_v of_o gold_n for_o his_o punishment_n if_o a_o master_n have_v his_o lade_n in_o corn_n which_o become_v hot_a he_o be_v to_o cool_v the_o same_o in_o convenient_a manner_n if_o wind_n and_o weather_n do_v not_o hinder_v he_o and_o the_o mariner_n be_v to_o have_v two_o shilling_n lup_n for_o every_o last_o for_o do_v of_o it_o mariner_n of_o the_o hire_v of_o mariner_n no_o master_n shall_v henceforth_o take_v any_o mariner_n to_o hire_v without_o they_o have_v a_o passport_n of_o their_o last_o service_n upon_o pain_n of_o two_o dollar_n which_o passport_n every_o master_n be_v to_o give_v and_o shall_v be_v print_v with_o blank_n for_o the_o name_n none_o shall_v hire_v another_o mariner_n by_o enticement_n of_o word_n or_o by_o give_v great_a wage_n but_o take_v they_o of_o course_n upon_o pain_n of_o ten_o dollar_n etc._n etc._n and_o if_o the_o mariner_n take_v his_o own_o leave_n the_o master_n may_v claim_v half_o the_o wage_n which_o another_o shall_v give_v he_o the_o mariner_n shall_v keep_v their_o promise_n of_o fidelity_n to_o the_o master_n and_o be_v of_o good_a behaviour_n and_o quiet_o live_v together_o upon_o pain_n as_o follow_v if_o any_o one_o do_v put_v himself_o forth_o to_o be_v a_o pilot_n boatswain_n or_o any_o other_o officer_n and_o shall_v be_v find_v insufficient_a by_o two_o credible_a honest_a man_n or_o be_v prove_v by_o his_o company_n they_o shall_v not_o only_o lose_v their_o wage_n but_o also_o be_v punish_v according_a to_o the_o fact_n if_o a_o mariner_n be_v entertain_v and_o at_o the_o master_n charge_n and_o before_o the_o voyage_n the_o master_n take_v dislike_n of_o he_o he_o may_v discharge_v he_o give_v one_o third_n of_o his_o wage_n but_o it_o shall_v be_v of_o the_o master_n purse_n and_o not_o for_o the_o owner_n to_o bear_v any_o part_n thereof_o when_o the_o master_n have_v entertain_v the_o mariner_n at_o the_o ship_n expense_n the_o mariner_n be_v to_o make_v their_o lodging_n on_o board_n and_o to_o content_v themselves_o with_o it_o when_o the_o ship_n be_v come_v to_o some_o port_n or_o arrive_v at_o the_o place_n the_o say_a mariner_n be_v not_o without_o the_o master_n leave_n to_o go_v on_o shore_n upon_o pain_n to_o be_v imprison_v and_o further_o to_o be_v punish_v as_o cause_n shall_v require_v the_o mariner_n shall_v have_v no_o guest_n on_o board_n without_o the_o master_n consent_n no_o mariner_n shall_v have_v his_o wife_n on_o board_n in_o the_o night_n upon_o pain_n of_o a_o doller_n if_o he_o do_v offend_v no_o mariner_n be_v to_o discharge_v any_o ordnance_n or_o shoot_v without_o the_o master_n commandment_n upon_o pain_n to_o pay_v double_a for_o the_o powder_n and_o shot_n all_o mariner_n shall_v both_o at_o sea_n and_o in_o the_o harbour_n keep_v true_a watch_n night_n and_o day_n according_a to_o the_o master_n appointment_n upon_o pain_n of_o half_a a_o doller_n to_o be_v abate_v of_o his_o hire_n and_o by_o default_n to_o be_v punish_v etc._n etc._n whosoever_o be_v find_v to_o sleep_v upon_o the_o watch_n shall_v forfeit_v eight_o shilling_n lup_n and_o he_o that_o find_v he_o sleep_v and_o conceal_v it_o shall_v pay_v the_o like_a no_o boatswain_n shall_v loose_v a_o cable_n without_o the_o master_n or_o pilot_n commandment_n when_o a_o ship_n be_v detain_v by_o wind_n and_o weather_n in_o any_o strange_a place_n no_o mariner_n shall_v depart_v or_o go_v on_o shore_n without_o the_o master_n leave_n upon_o pain_n to_o lose_v half_a wage_n the_o half_a of_o it_o to_o the_o master_n and_o half_a to_o the_o poor_a neither_o shall_v the_o mariner_n go_v on_o shore_n when_o the_o ship_n be_v at_o anchor_n without_o the_o master_n leave_n upon_o pain_n of_o half_a a_o doller_n if_o any_o mariner_n go_v on_o land_n without_o leave_n and_o become_v wound_v the_o master_n be_v not_o to_o look_v to_o see_v he_o heal_v if_o a_o boatswain_n be_v absent_a be_v the_o cause_n of_o some_o great_a harm_n or_o loss_n he_o shall_v answer_v for_o it_o and_o if_o he_o have_v no_o mean_n he_o shall_v be_v then_o imprison_v one_o whole_a year_n with_o bread_n and_o water_n and_o if_o by_o his_o default_n the_o ship_n perish_v or_o some_o body_n be_v slay_v he_o shall_v answer_v for_o it_o with_o his_o life_n or_o be_v punish_v according_a to_o his_o offence_n when_o the_o master_n with_o some_o of_o his_o mariner_n go_v on_o land_n the_o mariner_n be_v to_o attend_v in_o the_o boat_n for_o he_o or_o to_o follow_v his_o order_n and_o if_o any_o remain_v all_o night_n on_o shore_n he_o shall_v lose_v his_o portage_n and_o be_v punish_v when_o a_o master_n have_v hire_v his_o company_n for_o a_o certain_a place_n and_o he_o have_v afterward_o advice_n of_o his_o owner_n or_o partner_n that_o more_o profit_n be_v to_o be_v make_v in_o another_o place_n the_o mariner_n be_v to_o be_v content_a therewith_o and_o to_o take_v content_a for_o their_o wage_n wherein_o if_o they_o can_v well_o agree_v than_o the_o most_o ancient_a be_v to_o conclude_v or_o other_o
indifferent_a person_n and_o if_o any_o mariner_n be_v not_o so_o content_v and_o thereupon_o quarrel_v he_o shall_v be_v punish_v as_o a_o mutinous_a person_n the_o like_a be_v to_o be_v do_v in_o any_o freight_n which_o may_v happen_v where_o the_o master_n be_v agree_v with_o which_o be_v perform_v then_o to_o be_v determine_v in_o like_a manner_n for_o all_o controversy_n as_o aforesaid_a when_o a_o master_n have_v maintain_v at_o his_o expense_n the_o mariner_n in_o the_o winter_n season_n they_o shall_v not_o seek_v to_o have_v their_o wage_n augment_v if_o a_o ship_n be_v detain_v by_o some_o prince_n or_o potentate_n or_o send_v on_o a_o voyage_n the_o mariner_n be_v to_o serve_v nevertheless_o and_o if_o any_o run_v away_o they_o be_v severe_o to_o be_v punish_v and_o have_v serve_v the_o difference_n also_o to_o be_v end_v with_o indifferent_a proceed_n as_o aforesaid_a if_o mariner_n will_v go_v away_o upon_o end_v of_o half_a the_o voyage_n the_o master_n may_v demand_v all_o their_o whole_a wage_n if_o any_o mariner_n officer_n have_v receive_v half_a wage_n run_v away_o he_o be_v to_o be_v pursue_v &_o burn_v in_o the_o face_n with_o some_o letter_n for_o a_o mark_n if_o any_o mariner_n do_v commit_v any_o outrage_n to_o the_o master_n he_o be_v to_o be_v severe_o punish_v according_a to_o the_o offence_n and_o if_o they_o combine_v or_o conspire_v against_o the_o master_n whereby_o he_o may_v be_v drive_v into_o some_o other_o harbour_n or_o receive_v great_a detriment_n to_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n all_o be_v to_o be_v punish_v both_o by_o wage_n life_n and_o good_n according_o if_o the_o ship_n become_v assail_v by_o pirate_n or_o frybuter_n the_o mariner_n be_v to_o defend_v the_o same_o and_o to_o assist_v the_o master_n and_o if_o they_o be_v find_v partaker_n in_o the_o take_n of_o the_o ship_n they_o be_v to_o be_v behead_v for_o it_o if_o a_o ship_n be_v in_o danger_n at_o sea_n by_o tempest_n or_o storm_n the_o mariner_n be_v to_o do_v their_o uttermost_a endeavour_n to_o help_v the_o master_n to_o save_v the_o ship_n and_o good_n and_o if_o cast_v away_o to_o help_v to_o save_v the_o furniture_n thereof_o as_o also_o the_o good_n and_o merchandise_n and_o of_o they_o to_o have_v some_o recompense_n for_o the_o save_n and_o by_o default_n to_o be_v punish_v by_o all_o mean_n whatsoever_o when_o a_o ship_n be_v to_o be_v prepare_v or_o set_v forth_o it_o must_v be_v do_v with_o a_o free_a and_o good_a will_n and_o that_o all_o thing_n may_v be_v buy_v at_o the_o best_a hand_n wherein_o one_o or_o more_o person_n may_v be_v employ_v with_o the_o master_n take_v care_n to_o bestow_v all_o thing_n in_o some_o convenient_a place_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o owner_n that_o the_o flesh_n be_v well_o salt_v and_o preserve_v and_o all_o other_o victual_n provide_v to_o be_v ship_v at_o the_o appoint_a time_n all_o with_o good_a order_n and_o direction_n but_o when_o a_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n do_v victual_v in_o some_o other_o country_n where_o he_o have_v no_o owner_n he_o must_v always_o buy_v all_o thing_n as_o good_a as_o he_o can_v and_o thereof_o keep_v a_o true_a and_o just_a account_n wherein_o if_o he_o be_v find_v to_o have_v deal_v fraudulent_o he_o be_v to_o be_v punish_v for_o a_o thief_n therefore_o to_o prepare_v all_o thing_n whereby_o a_o voyage_n may_v be_v soon_o accomplish_v the_o magistrate_n be_v to_o take_v care_n as_o well_o as_o the_o owner_n to_o further_o the_o same_o so_o that_o the_o merchant_n or_o the_o fraight_a of_o the_o ship_n make_v the_o good_n ready_a to_o be_v lade_v may_v find_v the_o ship_n ready_a at_o the_o appoint_a time_n agree_v upon_o upon_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o whole_a freight_n no_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n shall_v for_o himself_o alone_o or_o his_o owner_n deal_n or_o lade_v any_o merchandise_n and_o good_n in_o the_o ship_n without_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o fraight_a of_o the_o ship_n but_o do_v all_o thing_n orderly_o and_o whereas_o it_o may_v happen_v that_o in_o the_o prepare_n of_o a_o ship_n some_o of_o the_o owner_n may_v not_o agree_v to_o the_o same_o most_o voice_n shall_v over-rule_v the_o same_o as_o the_o manner_n be_v in_o all_o sea-lawe_n and_o then_o money_n may_v be_v take_v upon_o the_o ship_n for_o his_o part_n by_o bottommarie_n call_v faenus_fw-la nauticum_fw-la bottommarie_n of_o bottommarie_n the_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n have_v no_o power_n to_o take_v up_o money_n by_o bottommarie_n in_o place_n where_o his_o owner_n or_o owner_n dwell_v unless_o it_o be_v for_o so_o much_o only_o as_o his_o part_n come_v unto_o in_o the_o say_a ship_n otherwise_o his_o own_o good_n and_o not_o the_o ship_n be_v to_o answer_v the_o same_o but_o when_o a_o master_n be_v out_o of_o his_o country_n and_o where_o he_o have_v no_o owner_n nor_o any_o good_n of_o they_o nor_o of_o his_o own_o and_o can_v find_v mean_n to_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n or_o otherwise_o and_o that_o for_o want_n of_o money_n the_o voyage_n may_v be_v overthrow_v then_o may_v he_o take_v money_n upon_o bottommarie_n and_o all_o the_o owner_n be_v liable_a thereunto_o otherwise_o he_o shall_v bear_v the_o loss_n admiralty_n of_o admiralty_n when_o ship_n do_v enter_v into_o admiralty_n one_o with_o another_o whosoever_o break_v the_o admiralty_n be_v bind_v to_o answer_v the_o damage_n which_o shall_v happen_v thereby_o if_o he_o have_v it_o not_o in_o money_n he_o shall_v make_v satisfaction_n by_o all_o other_o mean_n if_o a_o ship_n at_o sea_n be_v in_o danger_n so_o as_o good_n must_v be_v throw_v overboard_n aueridge_n of_o good_n cast_v or_o aueridge_n these_o cast_a good_n be_v to_o be_v answer_v by_o ship_n and_o good_n as_o a_o aueridge_n wherein_o the_o owner_n and_o good_n on_o board_n pay_v all_o pro_fw-la rata_fw-la if_o a_o master_n cut_v his_o mast_n or_o sail_n by_o stormy_a weather_n the_o merchant_n be_v to_o bear_v part_n of_o the_o loss_n but_o not_o if_o the_o mast_n do_v break_v or_o the_o sail_n be_v blow_v overboard_n the_o rate_v of_o the_o good_n lose_v and_o to_o be_v cast_v into_o a_o aueridge_n be_v to_o be_v reckon_v upon_o the_o ship_n as_o the_o same_o may_v be_v value_v to_o be_v worth_a and_o that_o for_o so_o much_o as_o he_o must_v take_v the_o same_o if_o the_o merchant_n will_v suffer_v it_o and_o the_o like_a to_o be_v do_v in_o the_o appraisement_n of_o good_n and_o the_o ship_n freight_n when_o merchant_n good_n be_v take_v at_o the_o sea_n some_o of_o one_o man_n some_o of_o another_o man_n every_o one_o be_v to_o bear_v his_o own_o loss_n unless_o it_o be_v otherwise_o agree_v before_o the_o set_n forth_o of_o the_o ship_n if_o a_o ship_n break_v on_o the_o sea_n or_o be_v cast_v away_o sea_n of_o shipwreck_n and_o good_n find_v at_o the_o sea_n whereby_o it_o can_v make_v his_o voyage_n than_o there_o be_v but_o half_a freight_n due_a for_o the_o good_n save_v when_o a_o ship_n receive_v damage_n upon_o the_o sea_n by_o the_o master_n negligence_n and_o bring_v nevertheless_o the_o merchant_n good_n home_o the_o master_n be_v to_o have_v his_o full_a freight_n but_o for_o the_o good_n which_o he_o bring_v not_o there_o be_v no_o freight_n due_a and_o if_o any_o be_v damnify_v he_o be_v to_o make_v good_a the_o damage_n if_o any_o man_n find_v any_o shipwreck_n good_n upon_o the_o coast_n or_o in_o the_o sea_n drive_v near_o the_o ship_n and_o fish_v up_o the_o same_o he_o be_v to_o answer_v the_o same_o to_o the_o next_o magistrate_n or_o jurisdiction_n thereunto_o adjoin_v be_v it_o town_n or_o country_n and_o the_o finder_n shall_v have_v for_o his_o labour_n and_o pain_n the_o twenty_o part_n but_o if_o it_o be_v steal_v good_n upon_o the_o sea_n than_o he_o be_v to_o have_v ¼_n part_n when_o there_o be_v shipwreck_n apparent_a to_o be_v on_o the_o sea_n the_o master_n be_v to_o see_v the_o person_n to_o be_v land_v first_o then_o to_o save_v the_o good_n tackle_n apparel_n and_o all_o the_o furniture_n and_o of_o that_o which_o be_v save_v consideration_n for_o it_o be_v to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o arbitrement_n of_o honest_a man_n if_o so_o much_o be_v save_v of_o the_o ship_n furniture_n as_o the_o freight_n come_v unto_o then_o be_v full_a wage_n to_o be_v pay_v to_o the_o mariner_n when_o two_o ship_n at_o sea_n can_v shun_v one_o another_o and_o both_o sustain_v damage_n upon_o proof_n make_v by_o oath_n not_o to_o be_v wilful_o do_v sea_n of_o other_o damage_n at_o the_o sea_n it_o be_v end_v if_o a_o ship_n under_o sail_n do_v run_v upon_o another_o ship_n at_o anchor_n and_o sink_v the_o same_o or_o commit_v other_o damage_n the_o party_n offend_v shall_v
that_o it_o behoove_v all_o merchant_n to_o be_v careful_a what_o mark_v they_o use_v etc._n etc._n chap._n thirty-nine_o of_o the_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o broker_n and_o by_o the_o candle_n it_o be_v a_o old_a proverb_n and_o very_o true_a that_o between_o what_o will_v you_o buy_v and_o what_o will_v you_o sell_v there_o be_v twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o differ_v in_o the_o price_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o all_o nation_n do_v more_o affect_v to_o sell_v their_o commodity_n with_o reputation_n by_o mean_n of_o broker_n than_o we_o do_v for_o that_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v get_v thereby_o be_v more_o than_o double_v lose_v another_o way_n beside_o that_o by_o that_o course_n many_o difference_n be_v prevent_v which_o may_v arise_v between_o man_n and_o man_n in_o their_o bargain_n or_o verbal_a contract_n for_o the_o testimony_n of_o a_o swear_a broker_n and_o his_o book_n together_o be_v sufficient_a to_o end_v the_o same_o and_o moreover_o it_o be_v many_o time_n a_o cause_n that_o factor_n and_o servant_n deal_v more_o faithful_o for_o their_o master_n in_o buy_v or_o sell_v of_o all_o commodity_n or_o in_o money_n by_o exchange_n know_v their_o evidence_n be_v extant_a against_o they_o therefore_o no_o broker_n shall_v be_v admit_v unless_o he_o be_v swear_v and_o upon_o affidavit_fw-la or_o certificate_n make_v by_o some_o principal_a merchant_n of_o his_o sufficiency_n and_o behaviour_n and_o to_o put_v surety_n for_o his_o true_a and_o good_a demeanour_n among_o merchant_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o london_n for_o albeit_o that_o the_o common_a say_n be_v that_o a_o crafty_a merchant_n need_v no_o broker_n yet_o it_o may_v much_o concern_v the_o commonwealth_n when_o too_o much_o hunt_v after_o foreign_a commodity_n may_v increase_v the_o price_n of_o they_o and_o offer_v our_o home_n commodity_n to_o sale_n customhouse_n bill_n of_o entry_n in_o the_o customhouse_n may_v be_v a_o occasion_n of_o undersel_v they_o to_o the_o general_a loss_n comparative_o consider_v wherein_o i_o think_v the_o bill_n of_o entry_n make_v so_o general_o common_a by_o the_o copy_n deliver_v to_o shopkeeper_n and_o other_o be_v to_o be_v regard_v for_o no_o soon_o be_v the_o good_n enter_v in_o the_o custome-booke_n but_o the_o copy_n of_o it_o be_v deliver_v abroad_o for_o every_o man_n to_o run_v upon_o they_o the_o venetian_n therefore_o have_v a_o office_n call_v messacaria_n consist_v only_o of_o broker_n which_o deal_v between_o man_n and_o man_n advise_o and_o in_o spain_n they_o be_v of_o such_o estimation_n that_o they_o ride_v on_o horseback_n upon_o their_o foot-cloth_n and_o have_v the_o inuoyce_n of_o merchant_n good_n they_o will_v deal_v for_o great_a matter_n at_o a_o time_n against_o the_o lade_n of_o the_o fleet_n for_o nova_fw-la espagna_n and_o the_o island_n of_o the_o west-indies_n to_o be_v pay_v partly_o ready_a money_n and_o partly_o at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o say_a fleet_n and_o then_o afterwards_o let_v you_o understand_v their_o merchant_n and_o many_o time_n they_o be_v of_o that_o mean_n and_o credit_n that_o for_o a_o small_a matter_n they_o will_v be_v bind_v to_o make_v the_o debt_n good_a if_o the_o merchant_n shall_v fail_v whereupon_o as_o the_o custom_n be_v to_o have_v one_o upon_o the_o hundred_o they_o will_v condition_n but_o double_a brocadge_n or_o less_o our_o broker_n of_o london_n take_v but_o two_o penny_n upon_o the_o pound_n which_o be_v less_o than_o one_o ê‘_n cent_n for_o the_o sale_n of_o commodity_n and_o to_o hinder_v one_o another_o they_o will_v take_v less_o which_o among_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v take_v to_o be_v a_o disorder_n for_o they_o be_v incline_v to_o make_v the_o broker_n good_a gainer_n the_o like_a be_v do_v in_o the_o fair_n of_o frankford_n where_o many_o broker_n do_v resort_v twice_o in_o the_o year_n and_o they_o keep_v account_n of_o all_o the_o bargain_n that_o they_o make_v between_o the_o foreign_a merchant_n that_o come_v thither_o to_o make_v their_o payment_n most_o by_o rescounter_n and_o assignation_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o banker_n for_o the_o commodity_n sell_v in_o one_o mart_n be_v common_o payable_a the_o next_o mart_n be_v between_o five_o and_o six_o month_n time_n one_o after_o another_o wherein_o these_o broker_n be_v very_o necessary_a member_n and_o instrument_n also_o to_o transfer_v merchant_n bill_n obligatorie_n for_o other_o commodity_n or_o to_o make_v payment_n thereby_o the_o duty_n of_o the_o alcavalla_fw-la in_o spain_n be_v take_v upon_o that_o consideration_n candle_n sell_v by_o the_o candle_n the_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o the_o candle_n be_v a_o ancient_a custom_n beyond_o the_o sea_n only_o for_o such_o good_n rent_n upon_o house_n or_o land_n or_o the_o house_n also_o which_o require_v a_o sudden_a sale_n after_o they_o have_v be_v one_o year_n and_o one_o day_n denounce_v by_o publication_n that_o they_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v to_o the_o end_n that_o if_o any_o man_n will_v lay_v any_o claim_n thereunto_o they_o may_v come_v in_o within_o that_o time_n and_o these_o sale_n be_v make_v upon_o friday_n in_o accustom_a place_n by_o public_a authority_n for_o the_o better_a warrant_n of_o the_o buyer_n the_o manner_n of_o it_o be_v thus_o there_o be_v a_o waxen_a candle_n or_o a_o piece_n of_o it_o set_v up_o light_v in_o some_o place_n easy_a to_o be_v see_v and_o the_o stander_n by_o be_v require_v to_o make_v a_o offer_n for_o such_o good_n or_o such_o a_o house_n which_o be_v make_v another_o will_v offer_v more_o as_o they_o do_v in_o outcry_n have_v still_o a_o regard_n to_o the_o burn_a candle_n declaration_n be_v make_v how_o the_o payment_n must_v be_v so_o that_o he_o who_o make_v the_o last_o offer_n upon_o the_o go_v out_o of_o the_o candle_n have_v the_o bargain_n if_o it_o do_v fall_v oâ—t_o that_o there_o be_v confusion_n of_o voice_n of_o the_o offer_v make_v whereby_o it_o can_v be_v discern_v who_o make_v the_o last_o offer_n and_o the_o stander_n by_o do_v differ_v in_o their_o judgement_n of_o it_o than_o the_o candle_n be_v set_v up_o again_o by_o those_o that_o be_v in_o authority_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n it_o be_v determine_v according_o the_o merchant_n of_o the_o east-india_n company_n do_v imitate_v the_o same_o and_o after_o public_a notice_n give_v in_o write_v upon_o the_o royal_a exchange_n in_o london_n that_o such_o a_o day_n such_o and_o such_o commodity_n will_v be_v sell_v at_o such_o a_o place_n merchant_n and_o other_o know_v the_o great_a parcel_n of_o pepper_n indigo_n and_o other_o commodity_n of_o silk_n calico_n and_o such_o like_a will_v join_v together_o to_o buy_v the_o same_o in_o several_a company_n and_o so_o buy_v the_o same_o by_o the_o candle_n as_o aforesaid_a although_o it_o be_v a_o parcel_n of_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n the_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n be_v four_o time_n six_o month_n which_o be_v fifteen_o month_n in_o one_o payment_n according_a to_o which_o if_o you_o will_v pay_v all_o or_o part_n of_o it_o in_o ready_a money_n by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n you_o shall_v have_v use_n allow_v you_o according_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o but_o their_o good_a order_n require_v a_o more_o large_a declaration_n chap._n xl._n of_o buy_v of_o commodity_n by_o condition_n term_v capiticus_n and_o of_o sell_v thing_n upon_o casualty_n the_o buy_n of_o commodity_n upon_o condition_n be_v term_v by_o the_o civilians_n capiticus_n a_o capiendo_fw-la either_o to_o refuse_v or_o take_v upon_o a_o penalty_n or_o sometime_o upon_o a_o casual_a condition_n which_o bargain_n be_v much_o use_v in_o the_o low-countries_n as_o also_o in_o france_n especial_o at_o rouen_n and_o calais_n where_o myself_o have_v make_v money_n of_o corn_n and_o salt_n and_o this_o bargain_v be_v most_o proper_a for_o such_o and_o the_o like_a commodity_n the_o price_n whereof_o do_v quick_o rise_v or_o fall_v and_o be_v also_o commodious_a when_o a_o man_n money_n be_v not_o so_o ready_a to_o buy_v much_o and_o to_o make_v a_o great_a employment_n with_o little_a money_n which_o happen_v upon_o some_o sudden_a advice_n many_o time_n unexpected_a whereupon_o man_n be_v very_o hot_a either_o to_o buy_v or_o sell_v which_o be_v much_o use_v in_o flanders_n in_o buy_v of_o herring_n before_o they_o be_v catch_v by_o stelle_n geld_fw-mi as_o they_o call_v it_o that_o be_v by_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n agree_v upon_o to_o be_v pay_v if_o the_o party_n do_v repent_v himself_o of_o the_o bargain_n wherein_o he_o take_v a_o time_n of_o one_o month_n or_o two_o to_o be_v advise_v according_a to_o the_o occasion_n and_o probability_n of_o the_o success_n to_o disburse_v or_o offer_v fifty_o pound_n upon_o fifty_o last_o of_o herring_n
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diverse_a the_o certainty_n of_o the_o money_n which_o you_o do_v adventure_n to_o loss_n be_v well_o consider_v of_o may_v turn_v you_o to_o gain_v especial_o in_o place_n border_v upon_o the_o sea_n or_o river_n to_o serve_v the_o inland_n people_n as_o calais_n dunkirk_n for_o flanders_n henault_n arthois_n and_o other_o province_n the_o like_a may_v be_v practise_v in_o many_o coast_n town_n of_o england_n but_o stranger_n be_v more_o addict_v to_o make_v casual_a bargain_n for_o buy_v of_o commodity_n for_o sell_v of_o commodity_n upon_o casualty_n therein_o be_v we_o more_o frequent_a especial_o of_o thing_n not_o vendible_a at_o all_o time_n to_o sell_v they_o payable_a upon_o the_o return_n of_o such_o a_o voyage_n from_o venice_n turkey_n or_o other_o place_n or_o upon_o the_o decease_n of_o such_o a_o man_n or_o woman_n or_o at_o a_o marriage_n day_n or_o the_o first_o second_o or_o three_o child_n either_o male_a or_o female_a in_o all_o which_o selling_n money_n and_o 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what_o remain_v upon_o equal_a division_n they_o will_v rather_o accept_v of_o than_o that_o any_o lot_n shall_v be_v cast_v for_o they_o yet_o they_o will_v more_o favour_v the_o lot_n than_o the_o cast_n of_o the_o dice_n or_o the_o measure_n by_o straw_n to_o these_o weak_a stomach_n thus_o trouble_v with_o a_o nausea_n i_o will_v not_o minister_v any_o cordial_n electuary_n or_o potion_n to_o rid_v they_o of_o that_o distemperate_a humour_n but_o a_o plain_a vomit_n be_v fit_a the_o moon_n be_v in_o aries_n or_o capricorn_n which_o must_v be_v thus_o preparéd_v as_o in_o god_n church_n there_o never_o want_v true_a religion_n reveal_v from_o god_n himself_o so_o among_o heathen_a and_o all_o nation_n there_o never_o want_v mean_n to_o acknowledge_v a_o sovereign_a power_n which_o cause_v they_o to_o devise_v a_o certain_a shadow_n of_o religion_n by_o worship_v their_o imaginary_a god_n with_o a_o kind_n of_o divine_a service_n the_o contemplation_n and_o use_n whereof_o they_o do_v esteem_v to_o be_v the_o high_a degree_n of_o felicity_n or_o summum_fw-la bonum_fw-la in_o so_o much_o that_o even_o in_o their_o blindness_n they_o do_v attribute_v the_o success_n of_o all_o thing_n to_o proceed_v from_o above_o use_v for_o to_o attain_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o divine_a pleasure_n diverse_a mean_n of_o divination_n imprecation_n oracle_n and_o cast_v of_o lot_n because_o they_o want_v the_o illumination_n of_o the_o most_o glorious_a and_o transparent_a sun_n of_o the_o word_n of_o god_n whereby_o we_o be_v teach_v to_o obey_v the_o know_a will_n of_o god_n and_o to_o reverence_v with_o admiration_n his_o secret_n will_v not_o declare_v unto_o us._n divination_n and_o imprecation_n be_v not_o accompany_v with_o visible_a and_o sensible_a apparition_n cause_v all_o oracle_n to_o be_v in_o great_a veneration_n as_o that_o of_o dodona_n where_o jupiter_n answer_v strike_v the_o caldron_n with_o a_o silver_n wand_n that_o of_o jupiter_n hammon_n in_o the_o confine_n of_o egypt_n that_o of_o delphos_n where_o a_o old_a woman_n answer_v in_o greek_a verse_n that_o of_o latona_n and_o that_o of_o motenzuma_n in_o america_n and_o other_o all_o which_o cease_v when_o and_o where_o the_o sun_n beam_n of_o the_o word_n of_o god_n do_v disperse_v the_o misty_a cloud_n of_o darkness_n and_o then_o all_o be_v abrogate_a and_o only_o the_o cast_n and_o draw_v of_o lot_n do_v remain_v as_o a_o custom_n of_o great_a antiquity_n among_o all_o nation_n record_v not_o only_o by_o profane_a historiographer_n but_o also_o by_o divine_a prophet_n and_o evangelist_n to_o which_o purpose_n we_o may_v observe_v two_o especial_a example_n in_o the_o holy_a scripture_n 1.7_o jonas_n 1.7_o the_o first_o be_v of_o jonas_n the_o prophet_n who_o fly_v from_o the_o presence_n of_o god_n in_o a_o ship_n sail_v for_o tarsis_n be_v expose_v to_o a_o very_a great_a tempest_n at_o the_o sea_n endanger_v the_o ship_n and_o mariner_n to_o be_v cast_v away_o at_o every_o moment_n when_o it_o please_v god_n to_o manifest_v by_o the_o lot_n draw_v or_o cast_v by_o the_o master_n and_o mariner_n that_o jonas_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o say_a tempest_n 22.19_o luke_n 23.24_o john_n 19_o 24._o psal._n 22.19_o the_o second_o be_v of_o the_o lot_n cast_v by_o the_o soldier_n upon_o the_o garment_n or_o coat_n of_o our_o saviour_n christ_n according_a to_o the_o prophecy_n of_o david_n allot_v the_o same_o to_o some_o particular_a person_n according_a to_o his_o good_a will_n and_o pleasure_n but_o least_o these_o man_n shall_v object_v that_o the_o aforesaid_a example_n be_v action_n of_o the_o heathen_n and_o but_o mention_v in_o the_o holy_a scripture_n we_o pray_v they_o to_o remember_v that_o the_o child_n of_o israel_n have_v no_o other_o mean_n propound_v unto_o they_o to_o obtain_v victory_n against_o their_o enemy_n by_o remove_v the_o offence_n of_o the_o interdict_v or_o forbid_a good_n 7.14_o joshua_n 7.14_o but_o the_o use_n of_o 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by_o a_o letter_n of_o credit_n and_o i_o be_o to_o bear_v no_o part_n of_o the_o loss_n and_o so_o say_v the_o three_o merchant_n that_o make_v over_o his_o money_n by_o exchange_n from_o antuerpe_n the_o two_o partner_n dwell_v in_o spain_n they_o say_v that_o they_o have_v not_o only_o pay_v their_o part_n of_o the_o tobacco_n but_o also_o the_o 1300_o will_v which_o be_v owe_v to_o the_o merchant_n that_o sell_v the_o tobacco_n and_o therefore_o they_o demand_v much_o money_n due_a unto_o they_o and_o that_o rest_v also_o upon_o account_n between_o the_o party_n decease_v and_o they_o and_o other_o the_o party_n decease_v be_v decay_v have_v few_o to_o undertake_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o estate_n and_o the_o seven_o merchant_n be_v content_v to_o bear_v his_o part_n of_o the_o loss_n so_o he_o may_v come_v in_o for_o his_o part_n of_o the_o gain_n and_o say_v that_o if_o the_o money_n have_v be_v take_v upon_o he_o by_o exchange_n he_o will_v have_v pay_v the_o same_o but_o howsoever_o he_o be_v able_a to_o prove_v that_o he_o have_v provision_n sufficient_a to_o pay_v his_o part_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o some_o of_o the_o partner_n there_o and_o for_o as_o much_o as_o he_o have_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n of_o his_o part_n of_o the_o tobacco_n he_o claim_v his_o part_n of_o the_o gain_n for_o if_o all_o have_v be_v cast_v away_o at_o the_o sea_n it_o be_v certain_a the_o rest_n of_o the_o partner_n will_v have_v make_v he_o to_o bear_v the_o loss_n of_o his_o part_n and_o thus_o they_o be_v all_o in_o a_o dilemma_n and_o have_v some_o of_o they_o bond_n other_o contract_n and_o some_o but_o account_n and_o paper_n they_o know_v not_o how_o to_o make_v a_o end_n and_o such_o as_o have_v more_o than_o their_o own_o be_v remiss_a enough_o to_o procure_v a_o end_n i_o have_v think_v good_a to_o set_v down_o this_o case_n because_o man_n of_o understanding_n may_v judge_v â—ow_o it_o be_v possible_a that_o the_o common_a law_n by_o the_o strict_a and_o peremptory_a proceed_n of_o it_o can_v determine_v the_o same_o without_o the_o law-merchant_n not_o know_v the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n be_v also_o impossible_a to_o direct_v a_o jury_n of_o twelve_o man_n in_o the_o premise_n wherein_o i_o be_o now_o a_o arbitrator_n myself_o description_n of_o monopoly_n monopoly_n be_v somewhat_o displease_v because_o the_o property_n of_o they_o be_v common_o to_o engross_v thing_n to_o a_o ill_a end_n increase_v the_o price_n thereof_o disorderly_a draw_v a_o general_a benefit_n to_o a_o particular_a divert_v the_o course_n of_o traffic_n but_o for_o as_o much_o as_o they_o be_v use_v now_o a_o day_n it_o will_v be_v convenient_a to_o distinguish_v they_o by_o reasonable_a unreasonable_a and_o indifferent_a reasonable_a of_o such_o thing_n and_o trifle_n as_o be_v for_o pleasure_n as_o starch_n card_n lute-string_n tobacco_n and_o such_o like_a unreasonable_a as_o of_o flesh_n fish_n butter_n cheese_n or_o needful_a thing_n for_o the_o sustenance_n of_o man_n without_o which_o he_o can_v hardly_o live_v civil_o indifferent_a as_o of_o velvet_n silk_n sugar_n spice_n and_o other_o delicacy_n and_o dainty_n or_o curiosity_n indifferent_a to_o be_v use_v or_o not_o all_o these_o be_v do_v by_o public_a authority_n of_o prince_n and_o state_n by_o letter_n patent_n grant_v for_o term_n of_o year_n engross_a engross_a but_o engross_a be_v do_v by_o private_a person_n of_o their_o own_o authority_n which_o be_v commendable_a to_o keep_v commodity_n in_o reputation_n to_o maintain_v a_o trade_n thereby_o as_o when_o man_n of_o mean_n do_v engross_v and_o buy_v up_o a_o commodity_n and_o for_o reasonable_a gain_n they_o sell_v the_o same_o again_o to_o shopkeeper_n and_o retailer_n this_o be_v much_o use_v among_o merchant_n of_o all_o nation_n otherwise_o when_o abundance_n of_o a_o commodity_n do_v so_o much_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o it_o that_o merchant_n do_v become_v loser_n and_o discourage_v than_o the_o traffic_n and_o trade_n be_v thereby_o overthrow_v to_o the_o general_a hurt_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n in_o which_o respect_n it_o be_v better_a to_o pay_v somewhat_o more_o for_o commodity_n than_o to_o have_v they_o altogether_o over_o cheap_a especial_o for_o commodity_n serve_v for_o the_o back_n dardanary_n forestall_v or_o forestaller_n call_v by_o the_o civilians_n dardanary_n and_o not_o for_o the_o belly_n which_o diverse_a time_n by_o forestaller_n become_v dear_a against_o which_o kind_n of_o people_n regrator_n and_o other_o there_o be_v very_o good_a law_n make_v which_o the_o magistrate_n be_v to_o see_v observe_v and_o in_o france_n and_o scotland_n the_o admiral_n of_o the_o sea_n have_v a_o absolute_a authority_n to_o look_v unto_o this_o inconvenience_n the_o government_n of_o norenborough_n in_o germany_n be_v much_o to_o be_v commend_v not_o only_o for_o the_o provident_a care_n to_o prevent_v forestaller_n engross_a commendable_a engross_a but_o also_o for_o the_o engross_n or_o incorporate_n of_o all_o manufacture_n into_o their_o own_o hand_n to_o set_v the_o poor_a people_n continual_o on_o work_n themselves_o cause_v the_o say_a manufacture_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o such_o reasonable_a rate_n as_o none_o can_v make_v or_o provide_v better_a cheap_a than_o they_o do_v whereof_o abundance_n be_v buy_v and_o send_v for_o the_o west-indies_n and_o other_o place_n the_o mechanical_a people_n be_v very_o much_o cherish_v by_o they_o and_o all_o artist_n be_v welcome_a unto_o they_o which_o make_v their_o city_n populus_fw-la the_o hollander_n do_v imitate_v they_o and_o some_o money_n of_o the_o bank_n at_o amsterdam_n be_v employ_v therein_o for_o the_o proverb_n be_v to_o be_v commend_v sceptra_fw-la savent_fw-la artes._n the_o civilians_n have_v make_v the_o latin_a word_n monopolium_n borrow_v from_o the_o greek_a to_o be_v less_o understand_v because_o of_o their_o many_o difinition_n thereof_o which_o make_v i_o to_o treat_v of_o association_n monopoly_n engrossing_n and_o forestallings_n as_o have_v affinity_n one_o with_o another_o and_o to_o describe_v they_o in_o divide_a manner_n as_o also_o to_o note_v their_o coherence_n as_o follow_v for_o a_o association_n company_n monopoly_n a_o society_n may_v become_v a_o monopoly_n or_o society_n may_v become_v a_o monopoly_n in_o effect_n when_o some_o few_o merchant_n have_v the_o whole_a manage_n of_o a_o trade_n to_o the_o hurt_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n when_o other_o merchant_n be_v exclude_v to_o negotiate_v with_o their_o stock_n to_o vent_v the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n with_o reputation_n according_a to_o the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d solus_fw-la and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d vendo_fw-la monopoly_n a_o society_n may_v become_v a_o monopoly_n to_o sell_v alone_o and_o as_o this_o be_v do_v many_o time_n by_o one_o merchant_n for_o one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n be_v it_o corn_n salt_n oil_n woolles_n and_o the_o like_a so_o may_v it_o be_v do_v by_o a_o society_n of_o merchant_n continual_o under_o the_o colour_n of_o authority_n albeit_o that_o there_o be_v no_o combination_n to_o limit_v any_o certain_a price_n for_o the_o sale_n of_o commodity_n in_o the_o particular_a of_o one_o merchant_n or_o more_o merchant_n agree_v together_o to_o buy_v up_o a_o commodity_n it_o may_v be_v call_v a_o forestalling_a as_o one_o dardanus_n do_v whereof_o as_o we_o have_v say_v the_o name_n dardanarij_fw-la be_v use_v by_o the_o say_a civilians_n who_o define_v they_o to_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d qui_fw-la omne_fw-la praemunt_fw-la ut_fw-la carius_fw-la vendant_fw-la that_o forestall_v or_o buy_v up_o thing_n to_o the_o end_n they_o shall_v sell_v they_o dear_a which_o although_o it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o practice_n meaning_n and_o intention_n of_o merchant_n yet_o the_o practice_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n for_o it_o will_v run_v into_o disorder_n in_o the_o government_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n in_o the_o general_a where_o a_o society_n buy_v commodity_n apart_o and_o sell_v apart_o although_o under_o orderly_a government_n it_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o engross_a as_o the_o manufacture_n of_o norenborough_n aforesaid_a and_o be_v do_v with_o discretion_n and_o good_a order_n it_o can_v give_v no_o cause_n of_o offence_n but_o the_o abuse_n thereof_o make_v the_o same_o odious_a and_o so_o general_o to_o be_v know_v of_o all_o man_n as_o the_o word_n usury_n be_v imply_v a_o bite_n definition_n of_o a_o monopoly_n the_o true_a definition_n of_o a_o monopoly_n therefore_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o commerce_n in_o buy_v sell_v change_a or_o barter_v usurp_v by_o a_o few_o and_o sometime_o but_o by_o one_o person_n and_o forestall_v from_o all_o other_o to_o his_o or_o their_o private_a gain_n and_o to_o the_o hurt_n and_o detriment_n of_o other_o man_n whereby_o of_o course_n or_o by_o authority_n the_o
a_o man_n for_o every_o month_n beside_o the_o ship_n freight_v and_o man_n wage_n which_o may_v be_v agree_v upon_o diverse_o and_o common_o the_o company_n be_v permit_v to_o have_v one_o three_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n one_o three_o and_o the_o merchant_n or_o merchandise_n one_o three_o all_o other_o incident_a charge_n to_o be_v bear_v according_o between_o they_o whereof_o indenture_n of_o covenant_n be_v make_v have_v reserve_v to_o entreat_v of_o this_o important_a business_n of_o fish_v in_o the_o end_n of_o this_o first_o part_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la concern_v commodity_n which_o be_v compare_v to_o the_o body_n of_o traffic_n together_o with_o the_o sea-lawe_n observe_v therein_o with_o all_o other_o custom_n of_o commerce_n let_v we_o now_o proceed_v to_o the_o second_o part_n touch_v money_n be_v the_o soul_n of_o traffic_n which_o in_o time_n past_a be_v note_v to_o be_v raise_v by_o the_o fish_n trade_n now_o so_o much_o neglect_v appertain_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o great_a britain_n and_o ireland_n as_o have_v be_v show_v even_o by_o original_a antiquity_n the_o correspondence_n and_o long_a intercourse_n between_o the_o society_n of_o goldsmith_n and_o fishmonger_n allude_v hereunto_o for_o saint_n dunstane_n the_o bishop_n dunstone_n the_o allusion_n of_o saint_n dunstone_n term_v to_o be_v the_o patron_n of_o the_o company_n of_o goldsmith_n have_v no_o other_o elixir_n or_o philosopher_n stone_n than_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n which_o by_o the_o benefit_n of_o fish_v be_v obtain_v whereby_o the_o kingdom_n plate_n and_o bullion_n be_v procure_v for_o the_o advancement_n of_o which_o fish_v trade_n he_o do_v advise_v that_o three_o fish_v day_n ought_v to_o be_v keep_v every_o week_n which_o cause_v also_o more_o abstinence_n and_o hence_o the_o proverb_n come_v that_o saint_n dunstane_n take_v the_o devil_n by_o the_o nose_n with_o his_o pincher_n which_o custom_n if_o it_o be_v better_o observe_v with_o we_o will_v prove_v very_o beneficial_a to_o the_o state_n and_o commonwealth_n *_o âŽ_o *_o the_o second_o part_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la or_o the_o ancient_a law-merchant_n concern_v money_n compare_v to_o the_o soul_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n we_o have_v already_o compare_v the_o three_o simple_n or_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n of_o money_n unto_o the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n and_o in_o our_o first_o pâ—rt_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la treat_v of_o commodity_n as_o the_o body_n of_o traffic_n with_o the_o dependence_n thereupon_o as_o be_v proper_o the_o cause_n of_o commerce_n with_o their_o effect_n adjunct_n and_o accident_n which_o method_n we_o be_v now_o also_o to_o observe_v in_o this_o second_o part_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n concern_v money_n compare_v to_o the_o soul_n which_o infuse_v life_n unto_o traffic_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n prevent_v advantage_n between_o buyer_n and_o seller_n and_o because_o money_n be_v make_v of_o metal_n whereof_o we_o have_v not_o speak_v in_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o commodity_n whereby_o commerce_n be_v maintain_v here_o we_o be_v to_o begin_v with_o the_o very_a original_n of_o metal_n and_o mine_n as_o a_o matter_n worthy_a the_o knowledge_n of_o merchant_n and_o other_o first_o we_o find_v that_o when_o commodity_n begin_v much_o to_o abound_v in_o the_o world_n all_o manner_n of_o mettle_n as_o gold_n silver_n copper_n tin_n lead_v and_o iron_n grow_v into_o great_a estimation_n as_o be_v fit_a and_o more_o durable_a for_o preservation_n and_o so_o the_o pure_a and_o fine_a mettle_n most_o esteem_v at_o which_o time_n the_o riches_n of_o man_n be_v notwithstanding_o describe_v to_o consist_v of_o cattle_n commodity_n and_o other_o movable_n pecuâ—aâ—ia_fw-la pecuâ—ia_n non_fw-la pecuâ—aâ—ia_fw-la and_o there_o be_v a_o commutation_n of_o commodity_n as_o have_v be_v declare_v which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v very_o cumbersome_a money_n the_o beginning_n of_o money_n and_o do_v require_v much_o carriage_n of_o ware_n up_o and_o down_o from_o one_o country_n unto_o another_o by_o reason_n whereof_o money_n be_v devise_v to_o be_v coin_a to_o be_v the_o rule_n and_o square_v whereby_o all_o other_o thing_n shall_v receive_v estimation_n and_o price_n and_o as_o it_o be_v become_v a_o measure_n whereby_o the_o price_n of_o all_o thing_n may_v be_v set_v mensura_fw-la publica_n mensura_fw-la to_o maintain_v a_o certain_a evenhood_n or_o equality_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v and_o the_o same_o to_o have_v his_o stand_a valuation_n only_o by_o public_a authority_n to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o thing_n may_v equal_o pass_v by_o trade_n from_o one_o man_n to_o another_o money_n denomination_n of_o money_n concern_v the_o denomination_n of_o money_n it_o be_v derive_v of_o moneta_n which_o proceed_v a_o monendo_fw-la to_o show_v you_o the_o name_n of_o the_o prince_n vel_fw-la nummi_fw-la nota_fw-la and_o consequent_o the_o price_n of_o the_o piece_n of_o coin_n by_o his_o authority_n make_v stamp_a and_o value_v fundamentum_fw-la pecus_fw-la fuit_fw-la pecuniae_fw-la fundamentum_fw-la pecunia_n be_v derive_v a_o pecude_fw-la of_o cattle_n as_o of_o sheep_n and_o ox_n the_o figure_n whereof_o be_v coin_a thereupon_o nummus_fw-la a_o numerando_fw-la vel_fw-la nomine_fw-la of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o prince_n stamp_v upon_o it_o and_o also_o so_o call_v carolus_n guildren_n or_o floren_n so_o a_o ducat_n of_o ducatus_fw-la the_o name_n of_o a_o duke_n and_o in_o time_n past_o be_v call_v stipendium_fw-la be_v a_o stipe_z &_o pendo_fw-la before_o the_o same_o be_v coin_a with_o a_o stamp_n but_o make_v and_o weigh_v be_v silver_n as_o the_o cycle_n of_o the_o hebrew_n the_o roman_n in_o time_n past_o use_v copper_n money_n call_v their_o exchequer_n aerarium_fw-la so_o in_o germany_n it_o be_v call_v argentarium_n of_o the_o silver_n and_o be_v keep_v at_o strasbourgh_n that_o city_n be_v call_v argentina_n the_o first_o silver_n money_n coin_a be_v the_o 484_o year_n of_o the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n and_o the_o coin_n of_o gold_n be_v sixty_o and_o two_o year_n after_o that_o since_o the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n until_o the_o year_n of_o 1622_o be_v 2373_o year_n valuation_n sterling_a standard_n alter_v in_o the_o valuation_n the_o sterling_a standard_n of_o the_o money_n of_o england_n be_v first_o coin_a at_o a_o place_n so_o call_v by_o osbright_n a_o saxon_a king_n of_o england_n above_o seuâ—n_n hundred_o year_n since_o at_o which_o time_n a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v divide_v into_o twenty_o piece_n and_o so_o esteem_v twenty_o penny_n as_o who_o shall_v say_v so_o many_o piece_n which_o so_o continue_v by_o denomination_n until_o king_n henry_n the_o six_o his_o time_n who_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o inhance_a of_o money_n in_o foreign_a part_n value_v the_o same_o at_o thirty_o penny_n but_o there_o be_v more_o piece_n make_v out_o of_o the_o say_a ounce_n and_o the_o former_a piece_n go_v for_o three_o half_a penny_n until_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o four_o and_o then_o they_o be_v currant_n for_o two_o penny_n and_o the_o say_a king_n do_v value_v the_o say_a ounce_n at_o forty_o penny_n until_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o do_v value_v the_o ounce_n of_o sterling_a silver_n at_o forty_o and_o five_o penny_n and_o so_o continue_v until_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o and_o until_o queen_n elizabeth_n her_o time_n and_o then_o the_o very_a same_o piece_n or_o the_o same_o penny_n be_v value_v at_o three_o penny_n and_o so_o do_v all_o three_o pence_n coin_a by_o the_o say_a queen_n weigh_v but_o a_o penny_n weight_n and_o the_o six_o penny_n two_o penny_n weight_n and_o according_o the_o shilling_n and_o other_o piece_n which_o make_v the_o ounce_n to_o be_v value_v at_o sixty_o penny_n or_o five_o shilling_n whereof_o twelve_o ounce_n make_v the_o pound_n troy_n weight_n weight_n the_o pound_n troy_n divide_v by_o weight_n which_o remain_v divide_v nevertheless_o in_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n for_o the_o say_a ounce_n be_v still_o the_o same_o in_o weight_n do_v retain_v the_o same_o name_n and_o four_o and_o twenty_o grain_n also_o for_o every_o penny_n weight_n and_o according_a to_o the_o say_a pound_n weight_n be_v the_o finesse_n of_o silver_n also_o divide_v for_o if_o it_o be_v all_o pure_a silver_n without_o any_o copper_n call_v allay_v it_o be_v just_o call_v twelve_o ounce_n fine_a because_o that_o pound_n weigh_v twelve_o ounce_n and_o have_v no_o mixture_n in_o it_o finesse_n the_o pound_n of_o silver_n divide_v in_o finesse_n and_o so_o every_o ounce_n be_v consequent_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n in_o finesse_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n be_v twenty_o and_o four_o grain_n in_o finesse_n the_o finesse_n of_o gold_n be_v twenty_o and_o four_o carrat_n gold_n finesse_n of_o gold_n and_o every_o carrot_fw-la be_v four_a grain_n in_o finesse_n and_o be_v
make_v a_o offer_n to_o buy_v the_o 80_o ton_n remain_v in_o the_o tower_n to_o a_o great_a personage_n to_o give_v it_o for_o 24_o pound_n the_o tun_n to_o be_v transport_v to_o my_o friend_n into_o holland_n pay_v ready_a money_n time_n be_v take_v to_o give_v i_o a_o answer_n and_o then_o difficulty_n be_v make_v for_o that_o treasure_n be_v not_o to_o be_v export_v unless_o by_o return_v the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n by_o weight_n hereupon_o conclusion_n be_v make_v to_o bring_v in_o so_o much_o bullion_n of_o silver_n or_o royal_n of_o plate_n but_o when_o all_o come_v to_o all_o with_o run_v up_o and_o down_o and_o further_o offer_v to_o deal_v for_o great_a quantity_n and_o to_o take_v it_o in_o scotland_n i_o be_v put_v off_o with_o this_o consideration_n that_o it_o be_v a_o dishonour_n to_o england_n not_o to_o have_v man_n of_o as_o good_a experience_n as_o any_o be_v beyond_o the_o sea_n whereby_o the_o king_n loss_n be_v 2000_o will_v for_o his_o highness_n give_v the_o same_o afterward_o unto_o james_n achinson_n his_o grave_a of_o the_o mint_n heretofore_o who_o bring_v the_o same_o to_o nothing_o be_v unskilful_a of_o the_o refine_n of_o it_o and_o thus_o be_v good_a matter_n mar_v in_o the_o handle_n handle_n good_a matter_n mar_v in_o the_o handle_n and_o work_v bring_v at_o a_o stay_n or_o hinder_v as_o i_o have_v before_o set_v down_o there_o be_v many_o rich_a mine_n in_o scotland_n if_o we_o compare_v they_o to_o the_o west-india_n mine_n and_o in_o wales_n dire_fw-fr plus_fw-fr pencer_n que_fw-fr dire_fw-fr where_o the_o lead_v mine_n be_v poor_a they_o contain_v the_o more_o silver_n of_o 1_o ½_n two_o and_o three_o ounce_n in_o the_o hundred_o of_o the_o ore_n which_o will_v not_o yield_v above_o 40_o or_o 44_o will_v weight_n of_o lead_n and_o the_o ore_n of_o the_o mine_n which_o hold_v three_o ounce_n contain_v but_o 25_o pound_n of_o lead_n the_o mine_n most_o know_v be_v those_o in_o cardiganshire_n in_o wales_n where_o master_n hugh_n middleton_n of_o london_n goldsmith_n have_v bestow_v very_o great_a charge_n as_o he_o do_v in_o bring_v the_o water-work_n to_o the_o city_n of_o london_n so_o he_o bring_v now_o silver_n to_o the_o tower_n to_o be_v mint_v the_o ore_n be_v four_o ounce_n in_o the_o hundred_o or_o 80_o ounce_n in_o the_o tun_n and_o the_o less_o in_o lead_n for_o the_o rich_a the_o ore_n be_v in_o lead_n the_o poor_a it_o be_v in_o silver_n so_o one_o hundred_o of_o the_o best_a ore_n of_o lead_n will_v make_v near_o 70_o will_v of_o lead_n and_o hold_v but_o 1_o â—_o ounce_n of_o silver_n not_o worth_a the_o charge_n of_o refine_n as_o we_o shall_v declare_v the_o lead_v mine_n in_o ireland_n do_v contain_v more_o silver_n than_o these_o mine_n of_o darbieshire_n and_o somersetshire_n call_v peake_n and_o mendisse_fw-la lead_n the_o saxon_n which_o be_v procure_v to_o come_v into_o england_n have_v no_o more_o no_o not_o so_o much_o experience_n as_o our_o refiner_n of_o london_n for_o by_o save_v of_o lead_n they_o find_v lesser_a quantity_n of_o silver_n and_o so_o all_o be_v give_v over_o the_o three_o sort_n of_o mine_n royal_a be_v the_o copper_n mine_n mines_n copper_n mines_n which_o be_v find_v also_o in_o diverse_a country_n which_o be_v not_o so_o plentiful_a in_o hungary_n where_o the_o best_a be_v as_o in_o time_n past_a but_o be_v very_o abundant_a in_o sweaden_a howbeit_o that_o it_o be_v very_o mean_a and_o inferior_a in_o goodness_n there_o be_v also_o copper_n mine_n in_o germany_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswickes_n country_n as_o also_o certain_a natural_a copperas_n water_n wherein_o they_o cast_v from_o time_n to_o time_n great_a quantity_n of_o old_a iron_n which_o within_o six_o week_n or_o two_o month_n do_v transmute_v into_o copper_n copperas_n natural_a water_n of_o copperas_n england_n have_v diverse_a copper_n mine_n at_o keaswike_n near_o scotland_n be_v make_v some_o forty_o ton_n yearly_a by_o certain_a german_n there_o inhabit_v it_o contain_v some_o gold_n some_o mine_n of_o copper_n over_o be_v find_v in_o yorkshire_n and_o albeit_o the_o charge_n of_o make_v one_o ton_n of_o copper_n be_v common_o 30_o will_v yet_o if_o seven_o ton_n of_o copper_n over_o make_v one_o ton_n of_o copper_n it_o may_v yield_v good_a benefit_n for_o whereas_o 22_o fire_n have_v be_v use_v it_o be_v bring_v to_o 12._o i_o have_v see_v excellent_a copper_n over_o of_o some_o mine_n in_o staffordshire_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o master_n stonewell_n mine_n staffordshire_n copper_n mine_n which_o absolute_o be_v the_o best_a ore_n that_o ever_o be_v find_v in_o england_n he_o do_v assure_v i_o of_o great_a store_n of_o ore_n it_o be_v lamentable_a that_o such_o work_n shall_v lie_v dead_a for_o want_v of_o undertaker_n which_o indeed_o be_v discourage_v by_o the_o great_a charge_n in_o my_o opinion_n the_o charge_n of_o a_o ton_n of_o copper_n of_o this_o goodness_n of_o ore_n will_v be_v make_v for_o 15_o will_v there_o be_v also_o good_a copper_n mine_n in_o the_o west_n part_n of_o england_n where_o i_o have_v see_v good_a ore_n in_o diverse_a place_n which_o must_v be_v roast_v to_o destroy_v the_o antimony_n arsenic_n and_o other_o corruption_n which_o be_v in_o it_o water_n the_o work_n of_o copper_n over_o by_o allome_n and_o copperas_n water_n a_o certain_a nobleman_n now_o decease_v be_v embark_v in_o those_o western_a mine_n which_o be_v promise_v to_o be_v wrought_v by_o imbibition_n of_o allome_n and_o copperas_n water_n and_o the_o ore_n after_o digestion_n with_o rainwater_n will_v make_v of_o six_o tun_n one_o of_o copper_n hereupon_o for_o 300_o will_v by_o he_o disburse_v he_o be_v offer_v 1800_o will_v it_o please_v his_o lordship_n to_o take_v my_o advice_n and_o to_o conclude_v the_o bargain_n for_o when_o i_o do_v calculate_v the_o charge_n of_o grind_v and_o roast_n of_o the_o ore_n the_o make_n of_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o allome_n water_n and_o copperas_n the_o consumption_n of_o iron_n 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to_o make_v assay_n they_o use_v another_o weight_n weight_n assay_v weight_n which_o every_o man_n make_v according_a to_o his_o fancy_n but_o most_o common_o they_o will_v divide_v the_o mark_n in_o twelve_o denier_n or_o penny_n and_o the_o penny_n into_o twenty_o four_o grain_n and_o then_o grain_n subdivide_v of_o paper_n make_v ⅛_n 1_o 10_o and_o 1_o 32_o part_n of_o a_o grain_n which_o concur_v near_a with_o our_o assay_n weight_n for_o if_o one_o pound_n of_o silver_n do_v contain_v 1_o 12_o part_n copper_n they_o call_v this_o eleven_o denier_n fine_a as_o we_o say_v eleven_o ounce_n fine_a for_o the_o gold_n likewise_o they_o do_v use_v the_o same_o weight_n account_v for_o every_o denier_n or_o penny_n weight_n two_o carrat_n so_o twenty_o four_o carrat_n for_o twelve_o denier_n or_o ounce_n and_o consequent_o eleven_o denier_n be_v twenty_o two_o carrat_n etc._n etc._n so_o the_o gold_n mark_n be_v twenty_o four_o carrat_n mark_n gold_n mark_n silver_n mark_n a_o 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take_v advantage_n upon_o other_o for_o the_o mint-master_n of_o the_o low_a country_n and_o germany_n be_v very_o experience_v in_o mint_n matter_n and_o the_o assay_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o grain_n may_v deceive_v much_o if_o by_o trial_n the_o calculation_n be_v not_o right_o make_v and_o if_o the_o say_a mint-master_n be_v not_o subtle_a yet_o the_o general_n which_o follow_v the_o prince_n or_o state_n do_v nothing_o else_o but_o study_n these_o thing_n always_o therefore_o let_v we_o observe_v more_o particular_n of_o their_o proceed_n as_o follow_v in_o the_o make_n of_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n they_o will_v use_v many_o time_n to_o make_v piece_n of_o fine_a gold_n and_o courser_n gold_n as_o the_o imperial_a royal_a and_o the_o half_a royal_a the_o one_o twenty_o three_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n and_o the_o other_o but_o eighteen_o carrat_n or_o the_o flanders_n crown_n of_o 22_o carrat_n in_o germany_n the_o ducat_n and_o the_o gold_n guildren_n which_o for_o 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do_v not_o spring_v the_o test_n must_v be_v for_o double_a the_o quantity_n of_o your_o course_n silver_n and_o according_o you_o be_v to_o take_v more_o or_o less_o lead_n to_o drive_v out_o three_o pound_n of_o copper_n be_v twenty_o four_o pound_n lead_v requisite_a but_o be_v not_o to_o be_v put_v all_o at_o once_o then_o blow_v until_o the_o same_o do_v drive_v off_o and_o the_o silver_n remain_v which_o take_v out_o sudden_o etc._n etc._n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n viii_o of_o the_o weight_n and_o finesse_n of_o money_n and_o their_o several_a standard_n it_o be_v now_o twenty_o year_n complete_a since_o thomas_n lord_n knyvet_n sir_n richard_n martin_n and_o diverse_a other_o knight_n and_o alderman_n of_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o master_n john_n williams_n his_o majesty_n goldsmith_n and_o myself_o be_v in_o commission_n to_o consider_v of_o the_o mint_n affair_n of_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n and_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o transportation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o 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over_o heaviness_n of_o the_o weight_n troy_n if_o the_o troy_n weight_n of_o this_o realm_n and_o the_o troy_n weight_n of_o france_n flaunders_n spain_n and_o almaigne_n and_o of_o other_o realm_n and_o country_n be_v of_o equal_a weight_n and_o size_n for_o as_o much_o as_o other_o country_n keep_v one_o size_n and_o weight_n whereas_o the_o troy_n weight_n of_o england_n be_v heavy_a in_o every_o eight_o ounce_n by_o half_a a_o quarter_n of_o a_o ounce_n it_o be_v answer_v that_o the_o merchant_n that_o bring_v in_o bullion_n do_v loose_a so_o much_o and_o the_o calculation_n be_v make_v what_o it_o be_v for_o every_o hundred_o weight_n both_o for_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o it_o follow_v there_o wherefore_o this_o be_v one_o great_a cause_n that_o so_o little_a bullion_n come_v into_o the_o realm_n and_o therefore_o may_v it_o please_v the_o king_n to_o devise_v some_o weight_n that_o shall_v be_v correspondent_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o other_o realm_n and_o call_v it_o by_o 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six_o penny_n and_o withal_o he_o do_v write_v unto_o other_o prince_n concern_v the_o same_o and_o commissioner_n come_v over_o about_o it_o but_o all_o be_v in_o vain_a whereupon_o he_o give_v a_o absolute_a authority_n to_o cardinal_n wolsey_n by_o letter_n patent_n as_o follow_v henry_n the_o eight_o by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n king_n of_o england_n and_o of_o france_n defendor_n of_o the_o faith_n lord_n of_o ireland_n to_o the_o most_o reverend_a father_n in_o god_n our_o most_o trusty_a and_o most_o entire_o belove_a councillor_n the_o lord_n thomas_n cardinal_n of_o york_n archbishop_n legat_n de_fw-fr leicester_n of_o the_o see_v apostolic_a primate_n of_o england_n and_o our_o chancellor_n of_o the_o same_o greeting_n for_o as_o much_o as_o coin_n of_o money_n as_o well_o of_o gold_n as_o of_o silver_n be_v of_o late_a day_n raise_v and_o enhance_v both_o in_o the_o realm_n of_o france_n emperor_n francis_n the_o french_a king_n and_z charles_n the_o five_o emperor_n as_o 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will_v and_o authorise_v you_o to_o proceed_v not_o only_o from_o time_n to_o time_n when_o you_o shall_v seem_v convenient_o by_o advice_n of_o such_o other_o our_o council_n as_o you_o shall_v think_v good_a to_o the_o limitation_n description_n and_o devise_v how_o and_o after_o what_o manner_n and_o form_n our_o say_a coin_n and_o money_n may_v be_v bring_v unto_o the_o rate_n and_o value_v finesse_n lay_v standard_z and_o print_v by_o you_o and_o they_o thought_n to_o be_v requisite_a but_o also_o to_o appoint_v our_o say_a officer_n of_o our_o mint_n due_o to_o follow_v execute_v obey_v and_o fulfil_v the_o same_o in_o every_o point_n according_a in_o which_o do_v these_o our_o letter_n under_o our_o great_a seat_n shall_v be_v your_o sufficient_a warrant_n and_o discharge_v any_o act_n statute_n ordinance_n or_o law_n or_o other_o thing_n whatsoever_o it_o be_v to_o the_o contrary_a notwithstanding_o in_o witness_v whereof_o we_o have_v cause_v these_o present_n to_o be_v seal_v 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minorca_n now_o kingdom_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n whereas_o the_o policy_n of_o those_o nation_n which_o do_v use_v several_a standard_n of_o money_n do_v prevent_v the_o same_o because_o that_o promiscuous_o they_o make_v and_o coin_n money_n of_o several_a standard_n according_a to_o the_o occasion_n which_o be_v worthy_a the_o observation_n ☞_o and_o as_o all_o extreme_n be_v vicious_a and_o defective_a so_o do_v it_o befall_v those_o country_n which_o will_v have_v no_o base_a money_n at_o all_o and_o be_v make_v a_o prey_n unto_o other_o nation_n by_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n which_o must_v be_v maintain_v withal_o as_o i_o have_v make_v and_o shall_v make_v more_o apparent_a silver_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n the_o three_o effect_n or_o alteration_n of_o the_o king_n valuation_n of_o money_n be_v the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v in_o most_o country_n twelve_o to_o one_o that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o pound_n of_o silver_n for_o one_o ounce_n of_o gold_n wherein_o there_o be_v more_o operation_n than_o most_o man_n do_v imagine_v for_o you_o can_v advance_v or_o enhance_v the_o one_o but_o you_o abate_v and_o diminish_v the_o other_o for_o they_o balance_v upon_o this_o parallel_n and_o whereas_o england_n by_o continuance_n of_o eleven_o to_o one_o have_v be_v a_o great_a loser_n of_o gold_n so_o now_o by_o advance_v the_o same_o not_o only_o to_o twelve_o to_o one_o but_o to_o 13_o ⅕_n for_o one_o there_o have_v follow_v a_o very_a great_a loss_n of_o our_o silver_n which_o be_v over_o much_o abate_v as_o may_v appear_v if_o we_o do_v but_o consider_v that_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o six_o shilling_n be_v answer_v with_o six_o shilling_n in_o silver_n and_o be_v now_o full_a seven_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n and_o our_o six_o shilling_n in_o silver_n be_v the_o very_a same_o for_o twelve_o ounce_n of_o crown_n gold_n of_o twenty_o and_o two_o carrat_n at_o 3_o will_v 6_o ss_z make_v 39_o will_v 12_o ss_z and_o 108_o french_a crown_n the_o which_o be_v make_v out_o of_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n at_o seven_o shilling_n four_o penny_n make_v also_o 39_o will_v 12_o ss_z hereupon_o to_o equalise_v the_o silver_n unto_o gold_n again_o will_v breed_v a_o general_a inhaunce_n of_o thing_n within_o the_o realm_n for_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o measure_n of_o money_n cause_v the_o denomination_n to_o follow_v in_o number_n to_o make_v up_o the_o tale_n which_o require_v great_a providence_n low-countries_n exchange_n fall_v by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n in_o the_o low-countries_n for_o we_o find_v that_o other_o nation_n perceive_v our_o gold_n to_o be_v enhance_v have_v abate_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o which_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v rule_v so_o that_o the_o same_o go_v at_o thirty_o and_o four_o shilling_n six_o penny_n or_o thirty_o
and_o five_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a whereas_o before_o they_o do_v allow_v and_o reckon_v thirty_o seven_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n or_o thereabouts_o which_o be_v above_o our_o inhaunce_n of_o ten_o pro_fw-la cent_n and_o aught_o to_o be_v almost_o thirty_o eight_o shilling_n whereof_o our_o mint_n man_n câ—n_v take_v no_o notice_n much_o less_o our_o goldsmith_n and_o merchant_n which_o either_o be_v ignorant_a or_o wise_a in_o their_o own_o conceit_n and_o it_o be_v a_o hard_a matter_n to_o find_v in_o one_o man_n that_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o profession_n of_o many_o and_o when_o it_o be_v find_v to_o embrace_v it_o for_o wisdom_n draw_v back_o where_o blind_a byard_n be_v audacious_a for_o i_o own_o part_n although_o it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v hope_v that_o we_o be_v of_o the_o scythian_n mind_n who_o contemn_v silver_n and_o gold_n as_o much_o as_o other_o man_n do_v admire_v the_o same_o yet_o see_v money_n be_v by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o wise_a so_o necessary_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n that_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o sinew_n of_o peace_n and_o as_o it_o be_v the_o life_n and_o breath_n of_o warfare_n i_o can_v not_o if_o i_o be_v a_o lawgiver_n with_o lycurgus_n banish_v gold_n and_o silver_n as_o the_o cause_n of_o much_o evil_a and_o bring_v in_o iron_n in_o place_n unless_o i_o may_v be_v persuade_v as_o he_o be_v of_o such_o good_a success_n against_o unrighteous_a deal_n as_o issue_v thereby_o but_o rather_o use_v the_o precious_a metal_n so_o convenient_o as_o i_o may_v and_o supply_v the_o defect_n with_o base_a coin_n whereunto_o these_o chief_a metal_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n can_v serve_v without_o great_a loss_n and_o inconvenience_n or_o else_o i_o will_v by_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n prevent_v all_o and_o abound_v with_o money_n and_o bullion_n have_v such_o staple_n commodity_n to_o procure_v the_o same_o withal_o whereof_o other_o nation_n be_v destitute_a let_v we_o now_o therefore_o enter_v into_o consideration_n of_o the_o merchant_n valuation_n in_o exchange_n predominant_a merchant_n valuation_n predominant_a which_o we_o have_v note_v to_o be_v predominant_a and_o overrule_a the_o king_n valuation_n for_o if_o the_o king_n do_v value_v a_o piece_n of_o sterling_a silver_n weigh_v about_o four_o penny_n weight_n at_o twelve_o penny_n it_o will_v be_v currant_n so_o within_o the_o realm_n but_o merchant_n in_o exchange_n will_v value_v the_o same_o at_o 11_o ½_n penny_n and_o common_o at_o eleven_o penny_n and_o so_o it_o will_v be_v transport_v in_o specie_fw-la by_o a_o low_a exchange_n and_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n will_v be_v sell_v according_o as_o you_o may_v understand_v by_o the_o declaration_n of_o exchange_n in_o our_o three_o part_n of_o this_o book_n hereafter_o this_o valuation_n of_o merchant_n have_v two_o handmaid_n beyond_o the_o sea_n which_o do_v advance_v the_o foreign_a coin_n in_o price_n as_o we_o do_v by_o exchange_n abate_v the_o same_o for_o merchant_n when_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v any_o species_n of_o coin_n for_o transportation_n as_o dollar_n for_o the_o east-country_n to_o buy_v corn_n or_o royal_n of_o plate_n for_o the_o east-indies_n or_o french_a crown_n for_o france_n will_v give_v one_o two_o or_o three_o styver_n or_o sou_n upon_o a_o piece_n to_o have_v the_o same_o whereby_o other_o merchant_n buy_v commodity_n will_v condition_n to_o make_v their_o payment_n in_o such_o coin_n according_o merchandise_n currant_n money_n in_o merchandise_n and_o so_o it_o go_v from_o man_n to_o man_n by_o toleration_n which_o be_v call_v currant_n money_n in_o merchandise_n or_o permission_n money_n whereby_o the_o same_o be_v enhance_v two_o or_o three_o upon_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o least_o this_o inconvenience_n seem_v to_o be_v remediless_a as_o the_o placcart_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n declare_v 1594._o 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&_o the_o financier_n who_o be_v officer_n of_o their_o treasury_n which_o be_v do_v with_o great_a dexterity_n every_o way_n in_o so_o much_o that_o when_o it_o seem_v they_o will_v not_o have_v foreign_a coin_n and_o to_o that_o end_n they_o underualue_n the_o same_o then_o have_v they_o their_o exchanger_n or_o broker_n to_o gather_v up_o those_o money_n to_o be_v bring_v to_o their_o mint_n where_o they_o will_v give_v secret_o a_o benefit_n and_o help_v themselves_o by_o the_o shire_n which_o can_v be_v do_v without_o private_a authority_n so_o that_o all_o thing_n due_o consider_v there_o be_v nothing_o but_o the_o rule_n of_o exchange_n to_o prevent_v and_o moderate_v all_o these_o inconvenience_n which_o to_o make_v man_n believe_v be_v to_o undertake_v hercules_n labour_n for_o herein_o do_v the_o motion_n consist_v and_o motus_fw-la maior_fw-la expellit_fw-la minorem_fw-la touch_v the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n in_o valuation_n albeit_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o same_o be_v not_o much_o material_a in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n yet_o experience_n have_v show_v unto_o we_o that_o the_o contrary_n must_v be_v believe_v before_o their_o conceit_n and_o whereas_o they_o have_v make_v observation_n upon_o my_o former_a assertion_n to_o this_o purpose_n that_o spain_n hold_v the_o proportion_n of_o twelve_o to_o one_o and_o portugal_n hold_v but_o ten_o to_o one_o they_o do_v not_o mark_v the_o reason_n add_v thereunto_o which_o be_v that_o between_o those_o kingdom_n there_o be_v no_o commodity_n to_o establish_v any_o traffic_n so_o that_o exportation_n of_o silver_n for_o gold_n money_n permutation_n of_o money_n or_o gold_n for_o silver_n be_v but_o a_o permutation_n between_o they_o without_o any_o profit_n but_o england_n and_o other_o country_n afford_v mean_n to_o import_v abundance_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n and_o gold_n be_v with_o we_o in_o great_a estimation_n than_o heretofore_o be_v but_o of_o late_a year_n advance_v from_o eleven_o to_o twelve_o for_o one_o 1611._o an._n 1611._o that_o be_v to_o say_v from_o eleven_o ounce_n of_o silver_n to_o twelve_o ounce_n of_o silver_n for_o one_o ounce_n of_o gold_n be_v continual_o transport_v in_o return_n of_o the_o say_v foreign_a commodity_n the_o exchange_n not_o answer_v the_o true_a value_n of_o the_o gold_n so_o that_o now_o when_o our_o gold_n be_v yet_o more_o advance_v the_o silver_n be_v thereby_o more_o abate_v in_o price_n give_v 13_o â…•_n for_o one_o and_o therefore_o no_o marvel_n that_o gold_n be_v import_v unto_o we_o and_o silver_n be_v export_v there_o be_v a_o gain_n of_o above_o ten_o and_o twelve_o pro_fw-la cent_n and_o this_o loss_n of_o silver_n far_o exceed_v the_o gold_n in_o value_n because_o in_o quantity_n there_o be_v in_o the_o world_n 500_o of_o silver_n to_o one_o of_o gold_n extant_a silver_n be_v 500_o to_o one_o in_o quantity_n by_o weight_n extant_a and_o if_o any_o silver_n by_o accident_n be_v import_v it_o be_v export_v again_o for_o the_o east-indies_n and_o other_o place_n they_o give_v more_o for_o it_o than_o the_o price_n of_o our_o mint_n for_o gain_n be_v the_o commander_n of_o all_o the_o proportion_n use_v within_o the_o memory_n of_o man_n be_v as_o follow_v in_o the_o low-countries_n they_o do_v reckon_v two_o philip_n dollar_n for_o the_o emperor_n royal_a of_o gold_n whereby_o one_o mark_n of_o gold_n do_v countervail_v eleven_o mark_n of_o silver_n be_v eleven_o to_o one_o in_o the_o pound_n according_o in_o spain_n one_o mark_n of_o gold_n be_v value_v at_o 53_o ½_n pesos_n every_o peso_fw-mi 450_o maluedeis_fw-la and_o every_o mark_n of_o silver_n 2250_o maluedeis_fw-la make_v the_o mark_n of_o gold_n to_o be_v but_o 10_o â…”_n value_v by_o silver_n but_o the_o spanish_a pistolet_n of_o twenty_o two_o carrat_n fine_a to_o eleven_o royal_n be_v eleven_o of_o silver_n
nevertheless_o to_o accommodate_v and_o for_o remarkable_a reason_n we_o have_v condescend_v and_o tolerate_v that_o the_o follow_a species_n of_o gold_n only_o and_o none_o other_o shall_v be_v issue_v and_o receive_v for_o the_o price_n hereafter_o until_o the_o last_o of_o september_n now_o next_o ensue_v 42_o provide_v always_o that_o all_o sentence_n pronounce_v before_o the_o date_n of_o these_o present_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o any_o money_n according_a to_o the_o permission_n of_o that_o time_n shall_v remain_v and_o be_v maintain_v and_o satisfy_v according_a to_o the_o tenor_n thereof_o without_o that_o by_o the_o say_a valuation_n or_o follow_a toleration_n any_o thing_n to_o the_o contrary_n shall_v be_v innovate_v or_o abolish_v 43_o also_o during_o the_o say_a toleration_n no_o coin_n to_o be_v pay_v for_o land_n or_o heritage_n or_o rent_n upon_o bill_n or_o payment_n upon_o obligation_n until_o januarie_n last_o shall_v be_v draw_v against_o the_o will_n of_o the_o party_n to_o the_o say_a price_n of_o toleration_n but_o be_v to_o be_v perform_v according_a to_o this_o present_a valuation_n 44_o likewise_o the_o say_a bank_n of_o exchange_n shall_v have_v no_o power_n to_o take_v in_o payment_n the_o say_a coin_n at_o high_a price_n nor_o to_o issue_v the_o same_o otherwise_o than_o the_o say_v final_a valuation_n and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o follow_a toleration_n which_o as_o unnecessary_a be_v here_o omit_v the_o time_n be_v expire_v observation_n concern_v the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o ordinance_n that_o the_o manner_n of_o popular_a government_n in_o their_o proclamation_n placcart_n edict_n and_o ordinance_n do_v much_o differ_v from_o the_o proclamation_n which_o be_v make_v in_o monarchy_n where_o magistrate_n and_o judge_n be_v of_o great_a reputation_n and_o dignity_n according_a to_o their_o royal_a parlement_n that_o in_o the_o year_n 1594_o all_o mint_n stand_v still_o for_o one_o whole_a year_n to_o prevent_v the_o inhaunce_n of_o coin_n between_o man_n and_o man_n and_o the_o say_a state_n do_v declare_v that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o their_o power_n to_o reform_v the_o same_o so_o long_o as_o the_o seventeen_fw-mi netherlands_o be_v divide_v every_o one_o claim_v as_o absolute_a authority_n as_o the_o other_o as_o member_n of_o one_o body_n and_o that_o now_o they_o have_v devise_v a_o course_n to_o make_v their_o proclamation_n effectual_a within_o the_o unite_a province_n to_o their_o great_a benefit_n if_o we_o will_v consider_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o former_a valuation_n of_o coin_n make_v by_o prince_n and_o merchant_n with_o their_o several_a branch_n which_o by_o policy_n be_v make_v inconstant_a and_o germany_n france_n and_o other_o country_n have_v not_o as_o yet_o take_v any_o course_n in_o their_o money_n answerable_a thereunto_o that_o the_o lion_n doller_n and_o the_o great_a golden_a royal_a of_o the_o say_v unite_v province_n be_v value_v and_o make_v the_o standard_n piece_n of_o all_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n coin_n make_v currant_n by_o this_o proclamation_n and_o that_o all_o other_o coin_n of_o what_o kingdom_n or_o state_n soever_o be_v make_v bullion_n and_o not_o to_o be_v currant_n within_o the_o say_a province_n that_o silver_n coin_n shall_v be_v weigh_v as_o well_o as_o the_o gold_n whereby_o a_o more_o certainty_n may_v be_v make_v in_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o par_fw-fr for_o exchange_n the_o rather_o for_o that_o their_o species_n be_v far_o less_o in_o number_n and_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n can_v be_v better_o discern_v yet_o without_o the_o rule_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n still_o great_a advantage_n may_v be_v take_v by_o one_o nation_n against_o another_o that_o the_o scope_n of_o this_o proclamation_n be_v to_o set_v their_o mint_n on_o work_n by_o abolish_n all_o the_o several_a coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o all_o kingdom_n not_o value_v or_o make_v currant_n thereby_o state_n the_o coin_v of_o money_n be_v a_o mark_n of_o sovereignty_n so_o that_o the_o melt_a of_o money_n be_v a_o great_a matter_n of_o state_n which_o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o former_a declaration_n of_o their_o weight_n and_o finesse_n in_o so_o much_o that_o whereas_o in_o the_o year_n 1586_o when_o the_o earl_n of_o leycester_n go_v over_o to_o take_v the_o government_n of_o those_o country_n by_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o late_a queen_n elizabeth_n of_o bless_a memory_n the_o lion_n doller_n make_v now_o to_o be_v the_o standard_n piece_n be_v value_v at_o thirty_o six_o stiver_n and_o the_o english_a shilling_n which_o be_v now_o require_v to_o be_v deliver_v by_o weight_n be_v value_v at_o ten_o stiver_n hundred_o decree_v four_o upon_o the_o hundred_o and_o now_o the_o say_a lion_n doller_n albeit_o decree_v after_o the_o former_a inhancement_n be_v still_o value_v at_o forty_o stiver_n which_o be_v one_o nine_o part_n increase_v according_a to_o which_o the_o english_a shilling_n ought_v to_o be_v increase_v also_o 1_o 9_o part_n which_o for_o 10_o stiver_n will_v be_v 11_o stiver_n and_o 1_o 9_o part_n whereas_o the_o same_o be_v enhance_v but_o to_o ten_o stiver_n &_o one_o half_a and_o no_o more_o the_o difference_n in_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n be_v in_o the_o one_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o 35_o of_o their_o shilling_n for_o our_o 20_o shilling_n and_o in_o the_o other_o above_o 37_o shilling_n in_o the_o main_a standard_n coin_n and_o much_o more_o in_o the_o small_a coin_n whereof_o more_o hereafter_o concern_v exchange_n the_o like_a consideration_n be_v to_o be_v have_v for_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n of_o other_o country_n whereby_o authority_n will_v rule_v their_o own_o and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o other_o nation_n but_o by_o equality_n and_o equity_n which_o no_o nâ—tion_n can_v control_v or_o contradict_v wherein_o consider_v we_o likewise_o the_o standard_n piece_n of_o the_o late_a archduke_n albertus_n of_o austria_n for_o the_o unite_a province_n declare_v by_o their_o proclamation_n in_o the_o year_n 1611_o and_o we_o shall_v find_v the_o like_a ground_n and_o foundation_n to_o their_o advantage_n albeit_o they_o seem_v to_o find_v fault_n with_o the_o disorderly_a course_n of_o money_n which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o great_a policy_n in_o state_n affair_n the_o say_a archduke_n make_v as_o now_o the_o state_n have_v do_v his_o own_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o standard_n piece_n silver_n modern_a and_o ancient_a standard_n oâ—_n gold_n and_o silver_n namely_o the_o double_a ducat_n of_o 23_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n of_o gold_n at_o seven_o guilder_n and_o eighteen_o stivers_n and_o the_o piece_n of_o three_o royal_n at_o fifteen_o stivers_n of_o ten_o ounce_n and_o eighteen_o grain_n fine_a by_o their_o calculation_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n troy_n and_o by_o these_o mean_n there_o be_v a_o new_a foundation_n lay_v down_o for_o money_n in_o the_o say_v seventeen_o low_a province_n where_o heretofore_o they_o always_o have_v the_o philip_n doller_n of_o ten_o ounce_n fine_a and_o the_o emperor_n royal_a of_o gold_n of_o 23_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n fine_a for_o their_o standard_n piece_n qui_fw-la vadit_fw-la plane_n vadit_fw-la sane_fw-la take_v not_o always_o place_n last_o that_o the_o mint_n of_o certain_a lord_n be_v call_v hedge_n mint_n which_o be_v not_o under_o their_o command_n mint_n hedge_n mint_n as_o batenborg_n heall_n bargain_n vianen_n gronswelt_v rechein_n gevarden_n stenwart_n and_o other_o may_v follow_v their_o own_o course_n in_o the_o coin_v of_o money_n and_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o commerce_n alter_v all_o these_o ordinance_n for_o in_o the_o say_a year_n of_o 1586_o all_o the_o say_a forfeiture_n and_o penalty_n be_v far_o great_a and_o the_o melt_a down_o of_o queen_n elizabeth_n her_o coin_n be_v prohibit_v upon_o pain_n of_o death_n and_o good_n yet_o all_o be_v neglect_v and_o come_v into_o disorder_n by_o the_o command_n of_o gain_n which_o be_v take_v away_o by_o a_o true_a course_n of_o exchange_n be_v the_o only_a remedy_n to_o make_v the_o effect_n to_o cease_v and_o all_o other_o mean_n be_v fallacy_n and_o to_o be_v abuse_v &c._n &c._n *_o dtridot_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o law_n and_o prohibition_n against_o usury_n many_o be_v the_o author_n which_o have_v write_v against_o usury_n in_o all_o age_n every_o man_n according_a to_o his_o profession_n most_o especial_o the_o divine_n who_o have_v the_o word_n of_o god_n for_o their_o warrant_n wherein_o also_o the_o ancient_a father_n have_v be_v very_o strict_a to_o construe_v the_o same_o according_o usury_n definition_n of_o usury_n make_v any_o thing_n take_v above_o the_o principal_a to_o be_v usury_n because_o the_o very_a word_n of_o usury_n in_o the_o hebrew_n tongue_n be_v call_v a_o bite_a of_o this_o word_n neshech_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o kind_n of_o bite_a as_o
conscience_n be_v harden_v unto_o it_o without_o any_o scruple_n or_o indifferent_a consideration_n whereby_o as_o in_o body_n natural_a so_o in_o politic_a disease_n grow_v by_o the_o too_o much_o or_o the_o too_o little_a of_o a_o due_a proportion_n in_o all_o humane_a action_n and_o the_o rule_n that_o innovation_n be_v dangerous_a hold_v true_a where_o the_o body_n natural_a or_o politic_a be_v in_o perfect_a state_n of_o health_n but_o where_o there_o be_v a_o decline_a there_o to_o make_v no_o alteration_n be_v a_o certain_a way_n to_o run_v to_o destruction_n to_o the_o three_o that_o money_n will_v be_v sudden_o call_v in_o it_o may_v be_v make_v or_o enact_v that_o the_o borrower_n shall_v have_v two_o year_n time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o money_n he_o owe_v pay_v the_o interest_n and_o observe_v such_o caution_n condition_n and_o limitation_n as_o may_v be_v think_v convenient_a to_o the_o four_o objection_n that_o money_n will_v be_v hard_a to_o be_v borrow_v it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n do_v not_o increase_v in_o the_o quantity_n of_o money_n whereof_o have_v plenty_n cause_v commerce_n to_o flourish_v and_o if_o money_n at_o interest_n be_v call_v down_o what_o will_v usurer_n do_v with_o their_o money_n they_o will_v not_o keep_v it_o by_o they_o as_o a_o dead_a stock_n for_o either_o they_o must_v employ_v it_o in_o trade_n purchase_v land_n or_o lend_v for_o use_v at_o such_o a_o rate_n as_o the_o law_n will_v tolerate_v so_o that_o herein_o can_v be_v no_o hurt_n to_o the_o last_o and_o weak_a objection_n concern_v the_o money_n of_o other_o nation_n deliver_v at_o interest_n here_o it_o be_v demand_v whether_o it_o be_v meet_v to_o have_v they_o to_o feed_v upon_o the_o realm_n and_o in_o process_n of_o time_n to_o carry_v out_o such_o gain_n thereby_o by_o multiplication_n of_o interest_n for_o to_o man_n of_o understanding_n in_o cast_v of_o account_n it_o be_v plain_o manifest_a that_o a_o hundred_o pound_n manage_v at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o incredible_a interest_n which_o seem_v incredible_a multiply_v itself_o in_o seventie_o year_n be_v the_o age_n of_o a_o man_n to_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n and_o it_o be_v therefore_o compare_v to_o the_o butler_n box_n for_o even_o as_o man_n when_o they_o be_v at_o play_n feel_v not_o what_o they_o give_v to_o the_o box_n but_o at_o the_o end_n of_o christmas_n it_o make_v all_o or_o near_o all_o gamester_n loser_n so_o there_o be_v not_o few_o which_o continue_v in_o usury_n that_o be_v not_o ruin_v and_o so_o the_o say_a treatise_n conclude_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o to_o be_v bite_a usury_n but_o to_o apostrophate_v this_o discourse_n and_o to_o remedy_v the_o matter_n let_v we_o but_o procure_v to_o have_v plenty_n of_o money_n real_o in_o specie_fw-la within_o the_o realm_n together_o with_o the_o mean_v use_v in_o other_o country_n in_o the_o lieu_n of_o money_n as_o the_o transfer_v or_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n 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great_a usury_n what_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n will_v this_o bring_v to_o the_o commonwealth_n therefore_o to_o answer_v the_o question_n i_o say_v that_o consideration_n be_v have_v in_o your_o particular_a and_o the_o party_n who_o make_v benefit_n of_o your_o money_n there_o be_v no_o bite_a usury_n commit_v and_o no_o hurt_n do_v but_o rather_o mutual_a love_n increase_v but_o if_o there_o be_v consideration_n have_v of_o the_o general_a there_o be_v bite_a usury_n commit_v and_o even_o upon_o the_o poor_a and_o mechanike_n people_n for_o by_o your_o mean_n and_o other_o deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n be_v the_o same_o incorporate_v into_o rich_a man_n hand_n whereby_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n can_v have_v none_o to_o serve_v their_o occasion_n but_o at_o very_o excessive_a and_o abominable_a rate_n and_o that_o upon_o pawn_n also_o for_o your_o deliver_v of_o money_n at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o under_o do_v enable_v they_o to_o take_v intolerable_a 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the_o broker_n sell_v old_a apparel_n and_o household_n stuff_n which_o do_v take_v after_o diverse_a rate_n but_o all_o of_o they_o excessive_o they_o be_v the_o fit_a instrument_n to_o receive_v and_o buy_v steal_v good_n whereby_o all_o thief_n be_v encourage_v according_a to_o the_o proverb_n if_o there_o be_v no_o receiver_n there_o will_v be_v few_o thief_n most_o of_o these_o broker_n have_v their_o money_n master_n to_o who_o they_o pay_v twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o or_o 15_o at_o the_o least_o for_o some_o of_o these_o money_n master_v pay_v themselves_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o unto_o other_o so_o that_o one_o thing_n drive_v or_o enforce_v another_o like_o as_o in_o a_o clock_n where_o there_o be_v many_o wheel_n the_o first_o wheel_n be_v stir_v drive_v the_o next_o and_o
that_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o till_o the_o last_o that_o move_v the_o instrument_n that_o strike_v the_o clock_n or_o like_v as_o in_o a_o press_n go_v in_o at_o a_o straight_a where_o the_o foremost_a be_v drive_v by_o he_o that_o be_v next_o he_o and_o the_o next_o by_o he_o that_o follow_v he_o and_o the_o three_o by_o some_o violent_a and_o strong_a thing_n that_o drive_v he_o forward_o which_o be_v the_o first_o and_o principal_a cause_n of_o put_v forward_o all_o the_o rest_n afore_o he_o if_o he_o be_v keep_v back_o and_o stay_v all_o they_o that_o go_v afore_o will_v stay_v withal_o this_o be_v therefore_o call_v causa_fw-la efficiens_fw-la and_o so_o be_v usury_n politic_a unless_o the_o bite_n of_o it_o be_v hinder_v as_o shall_v be_v declare_v the_o most_o favourable_a extortion_n by_o usury_n upon_o pawn_n of_o any_o mooveable_a thing_n be_v after_o six_o penny_n for_o 20_o shilling_n for_o one_o month_n of_o 28_o day_n which_o be_v above_o thirty_o in_o the_o 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last_o take_v the_o forfeieure_fw-fr of_o they_o be_v sure_a to_o lend_v about_o the_o three_o and_o four_o pâ—rt_n of_o the_o value_n by_o these_o mean_n devour_v and_o consume_v the_o poor_a householder_n and_o mechanical_a man_n it_o be_v only_o the_o remarkable_a sin_n of_o oppression_n by_o exaction_n note_v in_o the_o holy_a scripture_n for_o which_o the_o first_o world_n be_v drown_v lombard_n the_o use_n of_o lombard_n this_o cause_v politician_n or_o statesman_n to_o admit_v the_o use_n of_o lombard_n in_o their_o commonweal_n to_o moderate_v this_o intolerable_a exaction_n of_o usury_n so_o call_v lombard_n of_o certain_a italian_n which_o come_v out_o of_o lombardie_n whereof_o lombardstreet_n yet_o bear_v the_o name_n since_o henry_n the_o three_o his_o time_n thâ—se_o lombard_n do_v take_v also_o extreme_a rate_n of_o twenty_o and_o twenty_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o as_o the_o jew_n do_v and_o of_o late_a year_n they_o have_v be_v by_o public_a authority_n admit_v 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and_o profession_n sure_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o london_n be_v worthy_a of_o perpetual_a commendation_n for_o the_o education_n of_o orphan_n but_o if_o a_o orphan_n come_v to_o be_v a_o householder_n and_o live_v honest_o by_o his_o handy_a work_n and_o labour_n and_o have_v thereby_o get_v a_o little_a estate_n of_o thirty_o or_o forty_o pound_n in_o some_o year_n and_o then_o be_v visit_v with_o sickness_n whereunto_o all_o man_n be_v subject_a he_o be_v constrain_v to_o pawn_v his_o good_n or_o substance_n unto_o these_o uncharitable_a people_n what_o a_o miserable_a and_o pitiful_a thing_n it_o be_v to_o see_v his_o poor_a family_n undo_v by_o these_o mean_n as_o it_o be_v in_o a_o moment_n lose_v that_o which_o with_o great_a care_n labour_n and_o sweat_v of_o his_o brow_n he_o have_v be_v gather_v for_o many_o year_n together_o god_n be_v my_o witness_n that_o the_o consideration_n hereof_o have_v move_v my_o soul_n with_o compassion_n and_o true_a commiseration_n which_o 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have_v spend_v time_n labour_n and_o no_o small_a charge_n in_o hope_n that_o hereafter_o it_o may_v do_v good_a to_o the_o public_a house_n pawn_v house_n if_o some_o divine_a be_v move_v to_o further_a it_o the_o first_o be_v according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o amsterdam_n to_o which_o end_n the_o substance_n of_o the_o petition_n of_o honest_a and_o religious_a man_n his_o majesty_n subject_n be_v as_o follow_v first_o that_o authority_n be_v give_v to_o a._n b._n to_o erect_v pawne-house_n in_o all_o convenient_a place_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n ireland_n and_o the_o dominion_n of_o wales_n for_o and_o during_o the_o term_n of_o one_o and_o twenty_o year_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o all_o person_n and_o person_n shall_v and_o may_v have_v at_o all_o convenient_a time_n money_n upon_o pawn_n of_o or_o upon_o all_o movable_a good_n chattel_n and_o lease_n or_o any_o thing_n which_o shall_v be_v agree_v upon_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n that_o the_o undertaker_n may_v be_v authorise_v or_o licence_v to_o take_v for_o the_o attendance_n labour_n and_o pain_n recompense_n of_o officer_n and_o servant_n wage_n house-rent_n and_o all_o other_o charge_v incident_a thereunto_o as_o follow_v for_o register_n and_o keep_n of_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v amount_v to_o fifty_o pound_n or_o more_o one_o farthing_n for_o every_o pound_n by_o the_o month_n for_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v amount_v to_o ten_o pound_n or_o more_o until_o fifty_o pound_n for_o every_o pound_n one_o half_a penny_n by_o the_o month_n for_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v not_o amount_v to_o ten_o pound_n for_o every_o pound_n one_o penny_n by_o the_o month_n for_o every_o bill_n give_v for_o pawn_n under_o ten_o pound_n one_o penny_n and_o be_v of_o ten_o pound_n or_o above_o whatsoever_o it_o come_v unto_o but_o two_o penny_n with_o such_o clause_n condition_n and_o caution_n as_o shall_v be_v requisite_a for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o say_a undertaker_n and_o agreeable_a with_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n pay_v unto_o the_o king_n majesty_n a_o reasonable_a sum_n of_o money_n yearly_a etc._n etc._n the_o say_v allowance_n be_v inferior_a to_o the_o moderation_n of_o the_o emperor_n justinian_n his_o law_n and_o will_v be_v find_v very_o reasonable_a consider_v that_o by_o the_o toleration_n of_o usury_n politic_a man_n can_v deliver_v their_o money_n in_o very_a great_a sum_n at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o free_o and_o without_o such_o trouble_n chap._n xiii_o of_o mons_fw-la pietatis_fw-la or_o bank_n of_o charity_n the_o second_o mean_a to_o suppress_v the_o bite_a usury_n of_o extortion_n upon_o the_o common_a people_n be_v by_o provide_v a_o course_n that_o they_o may_v have_v money_n upon_o pawn_n without_o pay_v any_o interest_n or_o usury_n for_o the_o loan_n of_o it_o according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n in_o flanders_n which_o be_v more_o please_a but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o universal_a as_o the_o pawn_n house_n be_v where_o great_a sum_n be_v to_o be_v have_v to_o accommodate_v merchant_n and_o all_o man_n to_o prevent_v the_o general_a abuse_n albeit_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o the_o extortion_n upon_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n be_v more_o heinous_a and_o detestable_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o roman_n he_o that_o take_v usury_n of_o the_o poor_a be_v more_o punish_v than_o he_o that_o do_v steal_v from_o the_o rich_a as_o be_v before_o declare_v in_o italy_n there_o be_v montes_n pietatis_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v mount_n or_o bank_n of_o charity_n place_n where_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n be_v by_o legacy_n give_v for_o relief_n of_o the_o poor_a to_o borrow_v upon_o pawn_n and_o to_o pay_v only_o after_o three_o or_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o most_o to_o maintain_v the_o officer_n and_o to_o bear_v the_o charge_n of_o such_o a_o erect_a mount_n for_o ever_o but_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n as_o aforesaid_a may_v be_v think_v more_o reasonable_a pay_v the_o officer_n out_o of_o the_o contribution_n which_o by_o their_o mean_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v according_a to_o the_o order_n which_o be_v hereafter_o declare_v usury_n money_n to_o be_v give_v to_o suppress_v usury_n for_o every_o man_n be_v willing_a to_o give_v for_o the_o suppression_n of_o intolerable_a and_o abominable_a usury_n the_o rich_a that_o be_v charitable_o dispose_v will_v give_v because_o usury_n politic_a shall_v not_o be_v bite_v the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n will_v be_v contributory_a because_o of_o the_o commodiousnes_n of_o it_o for_o who_o will_v not_o give_v six_o penny_n or_o twelve_o penny_n every_o quarter_n of_o the_o year_n when_o he_o may_v borrow_v a_o reasonable_a sum_n of_o money_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n for_o it_o for_o one_o year_n or_o a_o long_a time_n according_a to_o occasion_n i_o be_o sure_a of_o most_o man_n inclination_n by_o a_o attempt_n make_v of_o the_o practice_n hereof_o some_o year_n since_o for_o after_o the_o name_n take_v of_o above_o 1500_o person_n that_o be_v willing_a to_o contribute_v yearly_a and_o some_o divine_n and_o other_o that_o will_v lend_v free_o 50_o will_v 100_o will_v or_o more_o for_o some_o year_n and_o some_o 500_o will_v i_o make_v a_o alphabetical_a register_n of_o they_o which_o be_v deliver_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o great_a personage_n who_o as_o it_o seem_v be_v not_o worthy_a of_o the_o honour_n thereof_o but_o to_o my_o remembrance_n it_o amount_v to_o some_o 2000_o will_v for_o money_n give_v and_o to_o be_v lend_v and_o above_o six_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a during_o the_o life_n of_o the_o benefactor_n so_o that_o no_o man_n have_v cause_n to_o doubt_v of_o the_o collection_n of_o a_o great_a stock_n for_o so_o godly_a a_o work_n if_o authority_n be_v have_v when_o this_o be_v do_v upon_o the_o only_a hope_n and_o surmise_v thereof_o to_o the_o effect_v whereof_o i_o will_v be_v willing_a still_o to_o do_v my_o best_a endeavour_n now_o the_o order_n be_v as_o follow_v order_n to_o be_v observe_v for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o mount_n of_o charity_n consist_v of_o two_o house_n within_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o the_o suburb_n thereof_o and_o one_o house_n at_o westminster_n where_o all_o man_n may_v borrow_v money_n in_o small_a sum_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n or_o loan_n for_o the_o same_o upon_o pawn_n to_o be_v deliver_v for_o caution_n or_o security_n of_o the_o say_a money_n according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n in_o flanders_n and_o other_o country_n 1_o imprimis_fw-la that_o all_o man_n of_o what_o quality_n or_o condition_n soever_o they_o be_v be_v destitute_a of_o money_n shall_v have_v money_n at_o all_o convenient_a time_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n or_o loan_n for_o the_o same_o but_o deliver_v only_o a_o pawn_n of_o any_o movable_a thing_n so_o it_o be_v not_o above_o forty_o shilling_n at_o any_o one_o time_n until_o a_o competent_a stock_n be_v raise_v for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o say_a mount_n of_o charity_n for_o ever_o 2_o item_n whereas_o the_o say_a stock_n be_v raise_v and_o to_o be_v increase_v by_o mean_n of_o charitable_a and_o conscionable_a person_n which_o either_o do_v free_o lend_v money_n without_o take_v interest_n for_o the_o same_o or_o do_v free_o give_v in_o money_n and_o yearly_a contribution_n according_a to_o their_o virtuous_a disposition_n which_o money_n may_v in_o progress_n of_o time_n amount_v to_o a_o notable_a sum_n the_o treasurer_n general_a therefore_o shall_v be_v a_o man_n sufficient_a and_o of_o honest_a behaviour_n careful_a to_o appoint_v swear_v honest_a man_n upon_o surety_n to_o collect_v the_o say_v money_n and_o for_o keep_v of_o the_o pawn_n with_o their_o clerk_n and_o other_o attendant_n and_o the_o surueior_fw-fr of_o account_n shall_v be_v a_o man_n diligent_a and_o skilful_a in_o account_n all_o for_o the_o better_a encouragement_n of_o the_o say_v charitable_a giver_n and_o free_a lender_n for_o the_o advancement_n of_o this_o charitable_a work_n 3_o item_n whereas_o the_o like_a house_n call_v saint_n george_n be_v heretofore_o erect_v at_o genova_n in_o italy_n by_o noble_a knight_n bind_v in_o honour_n to_o see_v the_o people_n relieve_v from_o oppression_n bite_v usury_n and_o extortion_n which_o by_o all_o virtuous_a knight_n be_v at_o all_o time_n approve_v and_o commend_v there_o shall_v be_v keep_v one_o pair_n of_o table_n in_o every_o house_n contain_v the_o name_n of_o such_o honourable_a person_n and_o virtuous_a knight_n '_o as_o shall_v be_v yearly_a contributaries_n by_o quarterly_a payment_n during_o their_o natural_a life_n or_o lend_v any_o sum_n of_o money_n gratis_o for_o a_o time_n together_o with_o the_o name_n of_o such_o well_o dispose_v person_n as_o by_o
and_o arithmetical_a proportion_n and_o the_o rule_n quadrant_n quadrant_n the_o rule_n quadrant_n or_o the_o golden_a rule_n of_o arithmetic_n prove_v unto_o any_o man_n of_o understanding_n that_o in_o calculation_n these_o four_o thing_n must_v concur_v first_o principal_a principal_a you_o may_v find_v out_o by_o your_o interest_n money_n and_o the_o time_n after_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n what_o the_o sum_n be_v which_o be_v deliver_v at_o interest_n second_o rate_n rate_n at_o what_o rate_n according_a to_o the_o time_n such_o a_o sum_n be_v deliver_v three_o time_n time_n the_o time_n for_o which_o it_o be_v deliver_v at_o such_o a_o rate_n and_o last_o interest_n interest_n what_o the_o interest_n money_n be_v for_o the_o sum_n deliver_v according_a to_o the_o time_n and_o all_o these_o posito_fw-la in_fw-la any_o one_o sum_n for_o all_o will_v manifest_v the_o delivery_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o one_o whole_a year_n of_o twelve_o ordinary_a month_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o if_o it_o be_v so_o deliver_v out_o for_o by_o invert_v postpound_v and_o suppose_v all_o must_v produce_v these_o just_a and_o positive_a sum_n whereby_o you_o may_v be_v assure_v whether_o you_o term_v your_o money_n deliver_v out_o according_a to_o the_o art_n and_o rule_v of_o arithmetic_n the_o principle_n whereof_o be_v infallible_a or_o whether_o be_v deceive_v therein_o you_o have_v unaware_o make_v a_o usurious_a contract_n as_o many_o do_v ignorant_o calculator_n auditor_n or_o calculator_n the_o civilians_n especial_o benvenutâ—_n straccha_n term_v those_o which_o we_o call_v auditor_n or_o accountant_n calculatores_fw-la which_o in_o deed_n be_v to_o be_v very_o judicious_a in_o matter_n of_o account_n as_o skilful_a in_o the_o account_v able_a by_o position_n to_o find_v out_o hide_v sum_n for_o it_o fall_v out_o many_o time_n in_o prince_n account_n that_o sum_n be_v name_v which_o have_v relation_n to_o other_o sum_n and_o must_v by_o supposition_n be_v find_v out_o and_o can_v be_v do_v as_o they_o say_v calculando_fw-la for_o example_n a_o sum_n of_o money_n be_v deliver_v out_o for_o three_o year_n every_o year_n to_o be_v pay_v whereof_o the_o first_o sum_n posito_fw-la be_v 500_o will_v and_o the_o four_o or_o last_o sum_n be_v 665_o will_v â—0_n ss_z between_o these_o two_o you_o be_v to_o find_v two_o sum_n proportionable_a multiply_v 500_o will_v within_o itself_o be_v 500000_o with_o this_o multiply_v the_o 665_o will_v 10_o ss_z of_o the_o product_n take_v your_o cubike_a root_n be_v 550_o for_o the_o second_o sum_n now_o to_o find_v your_o three_o sum_n multiply_v 665_o 10_o with_o 550_o be_v â—3200_n your_o quadrant_n root_n be_v medium_fw-la between_o 2_o and_o 4_o be_v 605_o and_o so_o you_o have_v your_o sum_n and_o the_o interest_n you_o find_v to_o be_v 10_o pro_fw-la cent_n the_o like_a for_o 5_o 6_o or_o more_o sum_n which_o by_o geometâ—iâ—_n be_v yet_o more_o easy_a penny_n reduction_n of_o maluady_n into_o ducat_n shilling_n and_o penny_n so_o we_o find_v that_o for_o matter_n of_o division_n to_o reduce_v million_o of_o maluady_n in_o spain_n into_o ducat_n without_o much_o division_n by_o 375_o maluady_n for_o the_o ducat_n and_o then_o the_o shilling_n and_o penny_n of_o ducat_n make_v in_o bill_n of_o exchange_n take_v â…“_n part_n of_o the_o sum_n and_o the_o overplus_n if_o any_o be_v put_v it_o down_o for_o shilling_n and_o penny_n than_o in_o like_a manner_n take_v â…•_n of_o that_o sum_n and_o again_o â…•_n of_o that_o sum_n and_o last_o â…•_n of_o that_o sum_n be_v â…—_n derive_v from_o â…“_n and_o you_o have_v your_o ducat_n shilling_n and_o penny_n of_o ducat_n in_o vntratto_n as_o the_o italian_a say_v in_o like_a manner_n divide_v by_o all_o the_o number_n contain_v in_o the_o table_n of_o multiplication_n for_o 42_o take_v â…™_n and_o 1_o 7_o for_o 63_o take_v 1_o 7_o and_o 1_o 9_o part_n and_o so_o of_o all_o the_o other_o sum_n for_o six_o time_n seven_o be_v forty_o and_o two_o chap._n xvi_o of_o usurious_a contract_n i_o need_v not_o to_o make_v double_a inculcation_n against_o usury_n for_o the_o civillians_n have_v be_v so_o precise_a in_o the_o description_n of_o usurious_a contract_n vsuris_fw-la doctor_n wilsoâ—_n de_fw-fr vsuris_fw-la which_o doctor_n wâ—lson_n have_v note_v that_o it_o be_v hard_o for_o any_o merchant_n to_o escape_v the_o censure_v of_o be_v a_o usurer_n albeit_o not_o in_o danger_n of_o the_o statute_n which_o be_v very_o necessary_a for_o all_o merchant_n to_o take_v notice_n of_o but_o he_o conclude_v lend_v no_o usury_n without_o lend_v that_o where_o there_o be_v no_o lend_v there_o can_v be_v no_o usury_n wherein_o he_o make_v a_o distinction_n between_o mutuum_fw-la locatio_fw-la and_o commodatum_fw-la declare_v mutuum_fw-la to_o be_v where_o my_o good_n be_v make_v thou_o locatio_fw-la where_o a_o thing_n be_v â—ut_v forth_o or_o let_v to_o hire_n the_o property_n still_o remain_v in_o the_o owner_n who_o bear_v the_o adventure_n thereof_o and_o commodatum_fw-la to_o be_v a_o let_v or_o lend_v without_o alteration_n of_o the_o property_n also_o but_o free_a without_o any_o gain_n at_o all_o where_o for_o hire_v a_o gain_n be_v take_v and_o so_o he_o make_v a_o description_n of_o vsuror_n if_o they_o deal_v in_o manner_n follow_v if_o any_o commodity_n be_v sell_v unto_o any_o man_n who_o buy_v the_o same_o by_o mean_n of_o a_o broker_n or_o otherwise_o to_o make_v a_o shift_n and_o to_o sell_v the_o same_o instant_o to_o make_v money_n of_o to_o supply_v his_o occasion_n lose_v thereby_o as_o he_o must_v of_o necessity_n the_o seller_n of_o this_o commodity_n be_v a_o usurer_n in_o this_o case_n if_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o the_o say_a seller_n do_v buy_v or_o cause_v the_o say_a commodity_n to_o be_v buy_v again_o direct_o or_o indirect_o the_o statute_n against_o usury_n will_v take_v hold_n of_o he_o and_o that_o very_o just_o i_o do_v borrow_v of_o a_o man_n one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o three_o month_n promise_v to_o give_v his_o wife_n a_o satin_n gown_n or_o a_o amble_a gelding_n hereupon_o he_o forbear_v his_o money_n for_o many_o month_n more_o without_o interest_n it_o be_v usury_n i_o do_v bind_v my_o land_n worth_n twenty_o pound_n by_o the_o year_n to_o a_o man_n for_o one_o hundred_o pound_n in_o money_n for_o a_o year_n and_o do_v not_o pass_v it_o by_o bargain_n and_o sale_n if_o the_o creditor_n do_v take_v the_o revenue_n and_o his_o principal_n it_o be_v usury_n be_v it_o that_o a_o man_n dare_v a_o hundred_o pound_n free_o and_o hope_v assure_o to_o have_v some_o thankful_a recompense_n at_o the_o year_n end_n this_o be_v mentalis_fw-la vsura_fw-la what_o if_o one_o lend_v money_n in_o hope_n to_o get_v a_o office_n this_o be_v also_o usury_n if_o one_o lend_v a_o man_n money_n for_o a_o certain_a time_n because_o the_o same_o man_n shall_v speak_v a_o good_a word_n for_o he_o or_o do_v he_o a_o certain_a pleasure_n it_o be_v a_o rule_v case_n that_o for_o so_o much_o as_o a_o covenant_n be_v past_a it_o be_v usury_n i_o do_v lend_v you_o one_o hundred_o pound_n that_o you_o shall_v do_v as_o much_o for_o i_o when_o i_o shall_v demand_v it_o of_o you_o this_o be_v usury_n because_o a_o contract_n be_v simple_o make_v without_o any_o addition_n of_o time_n appoint_v whereas_o if_o he_o have_v ask_v so_o much_o at_o the_o year_n end_n than_o it_o have_v be_v no_o usury_n but_o permutation_n when_o one_o good_a turn_n be_v do_v for_o another_o and_o the_o time_n know_v certain_a a_o lord_n do_v lend_v his_o tenant_n money_n with_o this_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v plough_v his_o land_n if_o he_o do_v not_o pay_v they_o for_o their_o labour_n but_o with_o the_o use_n it_o be_v usury_n i_o will_v borrow_v and_o one_o sell_v i_o ware_n for_o more_o than_o they_o be_v worth_a by_o the_o half_a the_o seller_n be_v a_o usurer_n i_o do_v sell_v commodity_n unto_o a_o man_n for_o six_o month_n at_o a_o reasonable_a price_n and_o afterward_o he_o pay_v i_o in_o ready_a money_n deduct_v the_o interest_n for_o the_o time_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o this_o be_v usury_n the_o father-in-law_n do_v lend_v his_o son_n a_o sum_n of_o money_n and_o take_v in_o pawn_n the_o possession_n of_o the_o dower_n and_o convert_v the_o fruit_n thereof_o to_o himself_o for_o the_o lone_a of_o money_n this_o father-in-law_n be_v a_o usurer_n he_o that_o buy_v before_o hand_n corn_n wine_n or_o oil_n so_o good_a cheap_a as_o he_o be_v sure_a not_o to_o be_v a_o loser_n but_o a_o gainer_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o harvest_n the_o same_o man_n be_v a_o usurer_n i_o do_v lend_v one_o hundred_o pound_n to_o my_o friend_n
for_o ten_o year_n free_o not_o to_o pay_v any_o penny_n gain_v all_o that_o time_n if_o either_o of_o we_o do_v die_v but_o if_o we_o both_o live_v together_o till_o that_o time_n than_o he_o to_o pay_v i_o after_o twelve_o pound_n in_o the_o hundred_o for_o ten_o year_n past_a the_o law_n say_v that_o the_o peril_n which_o may_v happen_v do_v not_o excuse_v i_o from_o sin_n but_o i_o be_o a_o usurer_n for_o the_o time_n be_v not_o proper_a a_o merchant_n dare_v to_o a_o corporation_n or_o company_n a_o hundred_o pound_n which_o corporation_n have_v a_o grant_n by_o statute_n that_o whosoever_o dare_v such_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n and_o have_v a_o child_n of_o one_o year_n shall_v have_v for_o his_o child_n if_o it_o do_v live_v fifteen_o year_n of_o age_n 500_o will_v of_o money_n but_o if_o the_o child_n die_v before_o that_o time_n the_o father_n to_o lose_v his_o principal_n for_o ever_o the_o law_n say_v if_o i_o lend_v purposely_o for_o gain_n notwithstanding_o the_o peril_n i_o be_o a_o usurer_n i_o know_v a_o honest_a artificer_n owe_v to_o a_o draper_n forty_o pound_n to_o be_v pay_v at_o six_o month_n i_o come_v to_o the_o draper_n and_o show_v he_o if_o he_o will_v take_v thirty_o pound_n in_o hand_n i_o will_v pay_v so_o much_o for_o the_o artificer_n if_o he_o will_v turn_v the_o debt_n over_o unto_o i_o herein_o i_o be_o a_o usurer_n in_o seek_v to_o anticipate_v the_o payment_n one_o buy_v a_o pay_n of_o three_o or_o four_o hundred_o pound_n deliver_v fifteen_o shilling_n for_o every_o twenty_o shilling_n here_o be_v a_o cloak_a lend_v under_o the_o colour_n of_o buy_v and_o therefore_o usury_n call_v palliata_fw-la for_o he_o do_v hope_n for_o gain_v explicata_fw-la vsura_fw-la palliata_fw-la vsura_fw-la explicata_fw-la i_o do_v buy_v a_o man_n bill_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n due_a three_o month_n hence_o and_o give_v unto_o he_o in_o present_a money_n 95_o will_v here_o although_o a_o bargain_n and_o sale_n seem_v in_o show_n yet_o it_o be_v a_o lend_v and_o therefore_o usury_n i_o do_v bargain_n with_o some_o to_o have_v so_o many_o ox_n and_o kine_n within_o four_o month_n to_o have_v they_o better_o cheap_a pay_v the_o money_n before_o hand_n this_o be_v usury_n if_o the_o party_n have_v not_o ox_n or_o kine_n at_o the_o time_n i_o do_v buy_v certain_a gelding_n to_o have_v they_o deliver_v at_o a_o certain_a fair_a for_o less_o than_o they_o be_v worth_a i_o be_o therein_o a_o usurer_n if_o i_o be_v sure_a that_o they_o will_v be_v more_o worth_a at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o delivery_n i_o do_v deliver_v old_a wheat_n to_o receive_v new_a if_o i_o do_v deliver_v the_o same_o for_o gain_n and_o assure_v myself_o of_o benefit_n i_o be_o a_o usurer_n i_o do_v fear_v the_o fall_n of_o money_n and_o therefore_o do_v deliver_v my_o money_n to_o another_o man_n to_o have_v as_o much_o at_o six_o month_n after_o according_a as_o the_o money_n be_v then_o currant_n when_o i_o pay_v it_o this_o be_v usury_n i_o seek_v a_o office_n which_o i_o can_v have_v except_o i_o do_v pay_v a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n to_o avoid_v this_o payment_n i_o do_v lend_v for_o two_o three_o or_o four_o year_n a_o gross_a sum_n because_o i_o will_v not_o pay_v the_o say_a money_n in_o so_o do_v be_v usury_n i_o do_v pawn_v a_o house_n with_o a_o orchard_n for_o certain_a money_n the_o creditor_n have_v the_o benefit_n of_o my_o ground_n and_o house_n he_o be_v a_o usurer_n a_o gentleman_n have_v a_o manor_n stock_v with_o thirty_o milch_n kine_n and_o 700_o sheep_n value_v at_o 300_o mark_n or_o thereabouts_o as_o they_o be_v then_o to_o be_v buy_v and_o sell_v this_o manor_n he_o will_v let_v out_o with_o the_o stock_n for_o ten_o year_n to_o receive_v the_o old_a rent_n of_o his_o manor_n and_o thirty_o pound_n yearly_a beside_o for_o his_o stock_n and_o at_o the_o ten_o year_n end_n either_o to_o have_v at_o his_o own_o choice_n his_o cattle_n of_o like_a goodness_n and_o value_n as_o he_o do_v let_v they_o out_o or_o else_o 200_o will_v in_o money_n here_o there_o be_v first_o a_o lend_n because_o the_o farmour_n have_v property_n in_o the_o cattle_n and_o may_v alter_v they_o as_o he_o listen_v for_o his_o best_a avail_n pay_v his_o yearly_a rent_n for_o they_o and_o restore_v so_o good_a cattle_n at_o the_o ten_o year_n end_n as_o he_o before_o receive_v again_o he_o must_v answer_v the_o cattle_n at_o the_o ten_o year_n end_n and_o pay_v rend_v yearly_a for_o ten_o year_n although_o the_o cattle_n die_v all_o the_o very_a first_o year_n so_o that_o this_o gentleman_n seek_v his_o certain_a gain_n and_o principal_a to_o be_v safe_o return_v unto_o he_o be_v a_o usurer_n colourable_o last_o to_o deliver_v money_n by_o exchange_n upon_o bill_n of_o exchange_n intend_v any_o gain_n thereby_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n be_v usury_n and_o all_o the_o premise_n be_v usurious_a act_n although_o many_o not_o in_o danger_n of_o the_o statute_n now_o diverse_a merchant_n and_o other_o will_v say_v that_o then_o there_o be_v no_o deal_n between_o man_n and_o man_n and_o all_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n be_v overthrow_v for_o say_v they_o here_o be_v nothing_o except_v wherein_o any_o man_n can_v deal_v and_o all_o other_o nation_n do_v continual_o maintain_v their_o negotiation_n and_o traffic_n by_o deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n and_o by_o exchange_n and_o will_v not_o be_v rule_v by_o our_o particular_a direction_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n hereupon_o let_v we_o also_o note_v what_o lawful_a contract_n be_v before_o we_o conclude_v chap._n xvi_o of_o lawful_a bargain_n and_o contract_n we_o have_v already_o note_v where_o a_o man_n may_v take_v a_o benefit_n for_o his_o money_n two_o manner_n of_o way_n which_o be_v ex_fw-la damno_fw-la habito_fw-la where_o he_o have_v sustain_v a_o loss_n or_o ex_fw-la lucro_fw-la cessante_fw-la where_o his_o benefit_n or_o profit_n have_v be_v take_v away_o or_o prevent_v for_o the_o want_n of_o his_o money_n which_o he_o may_v have_v bestow_v in_o some_o ware_n to_o furnish_v his_o shop_n at_o convenient_a time_n and_o in_o both_o these_o the_o party_n be_v not_o active_a but_o passive_a i_o do_v buy_v land_n of_o my_o friend_n for_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n and_o of_o like_a value_n to_o the_o land_n with_o this_o condition_n if_o he_o bring_v i_o the_o money_n again_o at_o any_o time_n he_o shall_v have_v his_o land_n again_o i_o be_v lawful_a owner_n of_o this_o land_n by_o bargain_n and_o sale_n may_v safe_o enjoy_v the_o fruit_n and_o rent_n of_o the_o same_o land_n without_o any_o suspicion_n of_o usury_n another_o come_v to_o i_o and_o will_v borrow_v a_o thousand_o pound_n in_o gold_n and_o as_o much_o plate_n for_o a_o show_n to_o declare_v and_o set_v forth_o his_o wealth_n the_o more_o to_o the_o world_n when_o it_o be_v see_v in_o his_o shop_n in_o this_o case_n i_o may_v take_v usury_n a_o apothecary_n dare_v to_o the_o physician_n a_o hundred_o pound_n by_o the_o year_n free_o because_o he_o shall_v send_v his_o bill_n of_o receipt_n to_o he_o and_o to_o none_o other_o this_o be_v no_o usury_n i_o do_v buy_v timber_n brick_n or_o stone_n of_o a_o man_n to_o deliver_v the_o same_o at_o such_o a_o place_n at_o such_o a_o time_n and_o to_o pay_v he_o for_o the_o same_o i_o do_v borrow_v so_o much_o upon_o usury_n if_o the_o say_a man_n do_v not_o perform_v with_o i_o in_o deliver_v the_o say_a timber_n brick_n or_o stone_n yet_o be_v he_o bind_v to_o pay_v i_o that_o usury_n true_o a_o corporation_n take_v a_o hundred_o pound_n of_o a_o man_n to_o pay_v he_o eight_o in_o the_o hundred_o during_o his_o life_n this_o be_v no_o usury_n and_o so_o for_o all_o annuity_n during_o life_n for_o the_o principal_n be_v never_o to_o be_v restore_v again_o a_o mighty_a man_n than_o myself_o withhold_v through_o force_n a_o portion_n of_o land_n from_o i_o i_o be_o loath_a to_o try_v the_o law_n with_o he_o because_o he_o have_v the_o law_n in_o his_o hand_n and_o i_o offer_v to_o lend_v he_o five_o hundred_o pound_n for_o a_o year_n or_o two_o free_o so_o that_o i_o may_v have_v my_o own_o without_o further_a trouble_n or_o vexation_n this_o be_v no_o usury_n because_o i_o receive_v but_o my_o own_o quiet_o i_o do_v borrow_v a_o hundred_o pound_n for_o a_o year_n promise_v at_o the_o year_n end_v to_o lend_v another_o hundred_o pound_n for_o it_o for_o the_o same_o time_n this_o be_v permutation_n i_o take_v the_o peril_n upon_o i_o of_o the_o carriage_n of_o a_o great_a mass_n of_o money_n i_o may_v lawful_o take_v portage_n money_n for_o my_o pain_n and_o this_o be_v
in_o account_n for_o the_o money_n be_v proceed_v from_o the_o original_n of_o commodity_n or_o exchange_n and_o the_o person_n with_o who_o you_o deal_v therein_o give_v you_o light_a and_o direction_n to_o discuss_v these_o difference_n and_o therefore_o it_o may_v well_o be_v compare_v to_o the_o measure_n of_o hercules_n foot_n whereby_o the_o whole_a symetricall_a proportion_n of_o all_o his_o body_n be_v find_v out_o account_n symetricall_a proportion_n in_o account_n and_o many_o merchant_n account_n be_v so_o intricate_a and_o overgrow_v with_o error_n as_o archymedes_n tomb_n with_o thorn_n when_o cicero_n come_v to_o visit_v it_o but_o now_o i_o think_v i_o hear_v one_o say_v you_o have_v brief_o show_v we_o the_o manner_n of_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n with_o the_o application_n of_o it_o to_o a_o merchant_n negotiation_n for_o commodity_n and_o money_n and_o also_o by_o deliver_v money_n by_o exchange_n and_o how_o money_n be_v get_v by_o commodity_n and_o 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penny_n for_o the_o pound_n 845_o 16_o 8_o more_o at_o the_o same_o price_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n ten_o penny_n he_o make_v over_o the_o just_a remainder_n in_o his_o hand_n be_v 107_o will_v 10_o ss_z 4_o d_o and_o send_v a_o particular_a bill_n of_o exchange_n of_o 63_o will_v 11_o ss_z for_o it_o 107_o 10_o 4_o  _fw-fr 4010_o 0_o 0_o loss_n gain_v by_o exchange_n to_o profit_n and_o loss_n here_o you_o may_v find_v distinguish_v that_o whereas_o you_o make_v over_o from_o london_n the_o sum_n of_o 2300_o will_v sterling_a you_o now_o receive_v back_o 2363_o will_v 11_o ss_z whereby_o your_o profit_n be_v 63_o will_v 11_o ss_z of_o this_o you_o make_v your_o factor_n debtor_n and_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n and_o the_o like_a of_o other_o sum_n for_o other_o place_n the_o spaniard_n therefore_o frâ—meth_v a_o account_n of_o general_a exchange_n for_o all_o place_n call_v cambios_fw-la generales_fw-la to_o keep_v a_o even_a and_o just_a account_n with_o his_o factor_n admit_v a_o certain_a rate_n between_o he_o and_o the_o say_a factor_n according_a to_o which_o he_o rate_v all_o the_o parcel_n of_o account_n be_v it_o for_o commodity_n buy_v or_o sell_v or_o money_n pay_v and_o take_v up_o again_o by_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o more_o labour_n but_o more_o exact_o do_v otherwise_o it_o bring_v some_o alteration_n in_o account_n as_o for_o example_n exchange_n difference_n in_o the_o rate_n of_o exchange_n this_o merchant_n factor_n at_o hamborough_n do_v remain_v debtor_n upon_o the_o account_n one_o hundred_o and_o eight_o pound_n which_o be_v according_a to_o twenty_o six_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n for_o the_o pound_n sterling_a this_o money_n he_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_n but_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o give_v twenty_o seven_o shilling_n for_o the_o pound_n which_o do_v differ_v four_o penny_n lup_n in_o the_o pound_n sterling_a so_o that_o for_o this_o difference_n you_o must_v make_v another_o parcel_n charge_v the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n with_o this_o loss_n and_o make_v your_o factor_n creditor_n for_o it_o whereas_o in_o the_o general_a account_n of_o exchange_n all_o be_v bring_v over_o in_o one_o parcel_n but_o herein_o every_o man_n may_v follow_v his_o pleasure_n another_o objection_n be_v make_v how_o shall_v a_o man_n do_v that_o have_v no_o stock_n objection_n objection_n or_o little_a or_o nothing_o to_o begin_v the_o world_n as_o diverse_a man_n that_o from_o nothing_o come_v to_o a_o exceed_a great_a wealth_n what_o book_n of_o account_n can_v they_o keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n the_o answer_n be_v manifest_a all_o be_v ground_v upon_o trust_n answer_n answer_n if_o any_o man_n will_v sell_v you_o commodity_n payable_a at_o long_a day_n of_o payment_n and_o you_o sell_v they_o and_o pay_v he_o with_o his_o own_o you_o can_v make_v he_o creditor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o the_o commodity_n debtor_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n if_o any_o man_n lend_v money_n unto_o you_o to_o trade_v withal_o so_o that_o you_o may_v perceive_v that_o this_o be_v a_o excellent_a invention_n and_o a_o most_o commodious_a course_n to_o know_v thing_n ready_o the_o banker_n therefore_o that_o deal_n for_o million_o of_o pound_n banker_n the_o keep_n of_o account_n by_o the_o banker_n and_o make_v great_a payment_n continual_o by_o assignation_n do_v sum_n up_o every_o ten_o parcel_n and_o post_v they_o over_o to_o a_o new_a account_n because_o they_o know_v at_o all_o hour_n whether_o a_o man_n be_v debtor_n or_o creditor_n unto_o they_o if_o the_o treasure_n of_o prince_n be_v dispose_v by_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n they_o shall_v receive_v many_o benefit_n and_o advantage_n first_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v in_o want_n as_o they_o common_o be_v creditor_n prince_n account_n to_o be_v keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n but_o make_v their_o treasure_n go_v further_o in_o payment_n because_o they_o may_v know_v at_o all_o time_n where_o to_o find_v 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authority_n of_o prince_n and_o commonweal_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o territory_n which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v very_o expedient_a and_o necessary_a and_o be_v establish_v to_o prevent_v the_o exportation_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n into_o another_o country_n and_o these_o exchanger_n do_v deliver_v in_o all_o country_n the_o money_n in_o one_o specie_fw-la for_o the_o money_n in_o other_o species_n by_o they_o receive_v as_o aforesaid_a exchange_n table_n of_o exchange_n whereupon_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o of_o england_n cause_v certain_a table_n to_o be_v set_v up_o at_o dover_n and_o other_o place_n of_o the_o realm_n declare_v the_o value_n of_o the_o say_v sundry_a species_n of_o coin_n of_o all_o country_n traffic_v with_o his_o subject_n and_o the_o allowance_n which_o merchant_n be_v to_o give_v to_o have_v their_o turn_n serve_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o good_a law_n make_v in_o his_o time_n when_o there_o 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both_o office_n be_v put_v into_o one_o man_n hand_n and_o so_o continue_v many_o year_n until_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o discontinue_v exchange_n discontinue_v when_o he_o cause_v base_a money_n to_o be_v make_v at_o the_o siege_n of_o boulogne_n whereupon_o no_o certain_a exchange_n can_v be_v ground_v albeit_o that_o before_o that_o time_n in_o the_o two_o and_o twenty_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o cause_v a_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o a_o old_a statute_n make_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n richard_n the_o second_o graston_n the_o chronicle_n of_o graston_n that_o no_o person_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o say_a meaning_n or_o act_n of_o parliament_n upon_o pain_n to_o be_v take_v to_o be_v the_o king_n mortal_a enemy_n and_o to_o forfeit_v all_o that_o he_o may_v forfeit_v for_o in_o his_o noble_a father_n time_n king_n henry_n the_o seven_o the_o banker_n have_v invent_v a_o course_n of_o
to_o be_v invective_n and_o pathetical_a against_o banker_n wherein_o they_o be_v not_o mistake_v commonweal_n bank_n be_v incompatible_a in_o commonweal_n for_o the_o use_n of_o bank_n unless_o they_o be_v countermine_v by_o other_o bank_n be_v not_o to_o be_v suffer_v in_o any_o well_o order_v commonwealth_n as_o time_n will_v manifest_v more_o and_o more_o the_o french_a king_n lewis_n the_o nine_o and_o philip_n the_o fair_a do_v with_o great_a cause_n confiscate_v the_o banker_n good_n and_o for_o the_o discovery_n of_o their_o debt_n order_v their_o subject_n to_o pay_v only_o the_o principal_a money_n into_o their_o treasury_n philip_n de_fw-fr valois_fw-fr do_v the_o like_a and_o indict_v they_o as_o cousener_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n for_o it_o be_v find_v that_o in_o a_o short_a time_n rep._n bodin_n de_fw-fr rep._n with_o twenty_o four_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a they_o have_v accumulate_v and_o get_v above_o two_o million_o four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n other_o 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world_n where_o any_o exchange_n lie_v to_o gain_v and_o wax_v rich_a and_o never_o meddle_v with_o any_o prince_n commodity_n to_o buy_v any_o prince_n commodity_n and_o never_o bring_v penny_n or_o pennieworth_n into_o the_o realm_n but_o do_v it_o with_o the_o subject_n money_n to_o grow_v rich_a and_o live_v without_o adventure_n at_o the_o sea_n or_o travail_n to_o do_v great_a feat_n have_v credit_n and_o yet_o to_o be_v nought_o worth_a to_o understand_v whether_o in_o conjecture_v their_o money_n employ_v on_o exchange_n or_o buy_v of_o ware_n will_v be_v more_o profit_n to_o know_v certain_o whether_o and_o what_o the_o merchant_n gain_n upon_o their_o ware_n they_o sell_v and_o buy_v to_o live_v and_o increase_v upon_o every_o prince_n subject_n that_o continual_o take_v up_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o whether_o they_o gain_v or_o no._n ☞_o to_o wind_n out_o every_o prince_n treasure_n out_o of_o his_o realm_n who_o subject_n bring_v in_o more_o ware_n than_o they_o carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n to_o make_v the_o staple_n of_o money_n run_v thither_o where_o the_o rich_a prince_n will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v bring_v and_o pay_v for_o it_o to_o unfurnish_v the_o poor_a prince_n of_o his_o provision_n of_o money_n that_o keep_v his_o ware_n upon_o interest_n money_n if_o the_o enemy_n will_v seek_v it_o to_o furnish_v their_o need_n of_o money_n that_o tarry_v the_o sell_n of_o their_o ware_n in_o any_o contract_n until_o they_o make_v they_o come_v to_o their_o price_n to_o take_v up_o money_n to_o engross_v any_o commodity_n either_o new_a come_v or_o whereof_o they_o have_v some_o store_n to_o bring_v the_o whole_a trade_n of_o that_o commodity_n into_o their_o own_o hand_n to_o sell_v both_o at_o their_o pleasure_n for_o the_o advance_v of_o one_o commonwealth_n above_o all_o other_o commonweal_n to_o hide_v their_o carry_v away_o of_o any_o prince_n money_n to_o fetch_v away_o any_o prince_n fine_a money_n with_o his_o own_o or_o any_o 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in_o another_o place_n above_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o mint_n of_o the_o prince_n money_n deliver_v and_o when_o they_o will_v be_v taker_n they_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o in_o another_o place_n under_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o mint_n of_o the_o prince_n money_n take_v up_o to_o get_v ready_a money_n to_o buy_v any_o thing_n that_o be_v offer_v cheap_a to_o compass_v ready_a money_n to_o get_v any_o offer_a bargain_n out_o of_o another_o hand_n and_o so_o by_o outbid_v the_o other_o oftentimes_o to_o raise_v the_o ware_n for_o the_o destruction_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n to_o get_v a_o part_n and_o sometime_o all_o his_o gain_n that_o employ_v money_n take_v up_o by_o exchange_n in_o ware_n and_o so_o make_v other_o travel_v for_o their_o gain_n to_o keep_v prince_n for_o have_v any_o custom_n subsidy_n or_o tax_n upon_o their_o money_n as_o they_o employ_v it_o not_o to_o value_v just_o any_o ware_n they_o carry_v into_o any_o country_n by_o set_v they_o at_o that_o value_n as_o the_o money_n that_o buy_v they_o be_v then_o at_o by_o exchange_n in_o the_o country_n whither_o they_o be_v carry_v for_o the_o better_a explanation_n of_o the_o premise_n let_v we_o remember_v the_o description_n of_o a_o bank_n heretofore_o declare_v limit_v payment_n in_o bank_n limit_v and_o therein_o observe_v that_o great_a power_n and_o command_v which_o be_v give_v they_o by_o the_o commonwealth_n to_o incorporate_a money_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o exchange_n make_v it_o to_o become_v a_o merchandise_n and_o to_o over-rule_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n some_o man_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v make_v by_o a_o indifferent_a course_n because_o the_o banker_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o payment_n of_o exchange_n in_o the_o principal_a place_n as_o lion_n in_o france_n madrill_n and_o other_o place_n in_o spain_n florence_n and_o genoa_n in_o italy_n bizanson_n and_o other_o place_n elsewhere_o have_v a_o meeting_n and_o by_o certain_a ticket_n in_o write_v every_o man_n do_v deliver_v his_o opinion_n what_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n ought_v to_o be_v for_o all_o place_n then_o exchange_v for_o the_o next_o fair_a or_o time_n of_o payment_n and_o according_a to_o the_o same_o the_o calculation_n be_v cast_v up_o by_o the_o medium_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v medium_fw-la exchange_n cast_v up_o by_o the_o medium_fw-la if_o there_o be_v seven_o or_o more_o voice_n or_o ticket_n the_o say_v seven_o be_v add_v together_o and_o the_o seven_o part_n be_v the_o medium_fw-la if_o there_o be_v ten_o than_o the_o same_o be_v cast_v up_o the_o ten_o part_n be_v the_o medium_fw-la and_o so_o for_o great_a or_o lesser_a number_n according_o but_o these_o man_n be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o banker_n observation_n for_o they_o all_o know_v how_o the_o plenty_n of_o money_n lie_v by_o exchange_n and_o they_o concur_v in_o make_v
rate_n according_a to_o which_o calculation_n the_o say_v royal_a of_o eight_o be_v by_o we_o receive_v at_o five_o shilling_n and_o two_o penny_n which_o be_v but_o four_o shilling_n 2_o ½_n penny_n or_o thereabouts_o the_o difference_n be_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o less_o than_o two_o month_n time_n add_v hereunto_o the_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o to_o be_v have_v by_o the_o say_v royal_n of_o eight_o that_o the_o same_o be_v better_o in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n than_o our_o six_o penny_n sterling_a which_o be_v take_v to_o answer_v the_o say_v royal_a by_o a_o common_a calculation_n by_o reason_n whereof_o there_o will_v be_v give_v so_o much_o in_o his_o majesty_n mint_n or_o thereabouts_o that_o be_v to_o say_v four_o shilling_n and_o five_o penny_n or_o at_o the_o least_o four_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n ½_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o five_o shilling_n sterling_a for_o a_o ounce_n of_o that_o standard_n so_o together_o be_v twenty_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o benefit_n 1622._o a_o treatise_n of_o free_a trade_n 1622._o which_o cause_v a_o merchant_n adventurer_n to_o set_v down_o in_o print_v a_o interrogation_n in_o this_o manner_n who_o will_v procure_v licence_n in_o spain_n to_o bring_v real_n into_o england_n to_o sell_v they_o here_o at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o gain_n which_o be_v less_o than_o the_o exchange_n from_o thence_o will_v yield_v when_o he_o may_v have_v for_o the_o same_o 25_o in_o the_o 100_o in_o holland_n a_o matter_n whereby_o merchant_n be_v easy_o induce_v to_o divert_v the_o say_a royal_n from_o the_o realm_n to_o those_o and_o other_o country_n and_o by_o the_o common_a understanding_n to_o remedy_v the_o same_o it_o be_v think_v there_o be_v no_o mean_n to_o meet_v with_o foreign_a nation_n in_o the_o inhance_a of_o money_n but_o we_o must_v do_v the_o like_a albeit_o experience_n have_v show_v long_o since_o that_o this_o be_v not_o effectual_a nor_o any_o true_a remedy_n now_o if_o we_o will_v consider_v thing_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n aforesaid_a it_o will_v plain_o appear_v that_o the_o say_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n more_o than_o in_o england_n be_v but_o imaginary_a if_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n be_v reform_v for_o let_v five_o of_o these_o royal_n of_o eight_o be_v buy_v in_o england_n for_o twenty_o two_o shilling_n and_o be_v transport_v into_o holland_n and_o there_o buy_v commodity_n with_o the_o same_o which_o be_v according_a as_o the_o price_n of_o they_o be_v enhance_v for_o as_o the_o money_n rise_v in_o price_n so_o do_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n it_o may_v fall_v out_o the_o say_a merchant_n shall_v become_v loser_n by_o the_o commodity_n so_o that_o the_o same_o can_v be_v term_v causa_fw-la movens_fw-la but_o the_o spanish_a merchant_n which_o cause_n their_o royal_n to_o be_v send_v into_o holland_n or_o zealand_n from_o spain_n or_o from_o the_o down_n rely_v whole_o upon_o the_o low-exchange_n whereby_o they_o be_v enable_v to_o deliver_v there_o their_o money_n by_o exchange_n at_o a_o undervalue_v at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n flemish_n and_o under_o for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a whereby_o the_o kingdom_n make_v good_a unto_o they_o the_o say_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o consist_v between_o the_o price_n of_o forty_o two_o stiver_n and_o fifty_o one_o stiver_n which_o be_v almost_o eighteen_o pro_fw-la hundred_o if_o the_o royal_a go_v but_o for_o fifty_o stiver_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n so_o that_o if_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v according_o which_o will_v be_v above_o thirty_o seven_o shilling_n six_o penny_n this_o gain_n will_v not_o be_v at_o all_o and_o money_n will_v be_v import_v unto_o we_o and_o not_o export_v for_o the_o rule_n be_v infallable_n exchange_n a_o maxim_n in_o exchange_n that_o when_o the_o exchange_n answer_v the_o true_a value_n of_o money_n according_a to_o their_o intrinsicke_a weight_n and_o fineness_n and_o their_o extrinsicke_a valuation_n they_o be_v never_o export_v because_o the_o say_a gain_n be_v answer_v by_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o transportation_n to_o make_v this_o evident_a in_o the_o rickx_n doller_n which_o be_v the_o main_a and_o most_o usual_a coin_n in_o germany_n eastland_n the_o unite_a and_o reconcile_v low-countries_n before_o their_o late_a proclamation_n and_o currant_n in_o many_o other_o country_n observe_v we_o that_o the_o say_v doller_n be_v value_v at_o two_o mark_n lubish_n 1575._o a_o shilling_n lubish_n and_o a_o stiver_n flemish_n be_v all_o one_o 1575._o every_o mark_n be_v sixteen_o shilling_n lubish_n or_o sixteen_o stiver_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1575._o the_o say_a rickx_n doller_n be_v still_o coin_a in_o the_o empire_n for_o thirty_o two_o shilling_n or_o stiver_n and_o so_o currant_n by_o valuation_n in_o the_o low-countries_n whereby_o they_o be_v all_o one_o in_o denomination_n and_o effect_n but_o the_o war_n in_o the_o low-countries_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o inhance_a of_o this_o doller_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o thirty_o five_o stiver_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1586_o to_o forty_o five_o stiver_n or_o to_o fifty_o two_o stiver_n now_o by_o intermissive_a valuation_n and_o time_n howbeit_o at_o hamborough_n stoade_n and_o other_o place_n in_o germany_n the_o say_a doller_n do_v remain_v still_o at_o thirty_o two_o shilling_n lubish_n or_o two_o mark_n and_o as_o the_o say_v doller_n do_v enhance_v in_o price_n so_o do_v they_o in_o the_o low-countries_n coin_v new_a stiver_n according_o sometime_o light_a in_o weight_n fallacy_n a_o great_a fallacy_n and_o at_o other_o time_n embase_v by_o copper_n or_o alloy_n and_o yet_o in_o account_n the_o stiver_n do_v and_o do_v remain_v the_o ground_n of_o all_o their_o money_n but_o the_o say_v doller_n hold_v his_o standard_n agreeable_a to_o the_o first_o doller_n call_v the_o burgundian_n doller_n with_o saint_n andrew_n cross_n coin_a in_o the_o year_n 1567._o which_o be_v in_o fineness_n ten_o ounce_n twelve_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o four_o and_o one_o half_a of_o these_o dollar_n be_v make_v equivolent_a to_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a as_o a_o public_a measure_n between_o we_o and_o the_o low-countries_n germany_n and_o other_o place_n where_o this_o doller_n go_v currant_n as_o you_o may_v observe_v in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n these_o dollar_n have_v since_o be_v imitate_v and_o make_v by_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n in_o their_o several_a mint_n alter_v only_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o several_a province_n as_o also_o by_o the_o archduke_n albertus_n in_o the_o reconcile_a low_a province_n and_o the_o price_n of_o they_o at_o hamborough_n stoad_n and_o other_o place_n be_v but_o advance_v to_o one_o stiver_n or_o shilling_n lubish_n more_o that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n lubish_n go_v the_o same_o go_v in_o the_o low-countries_n for_o forty_o five_o stiver_n which_o make_v the_o diversity_n of_o the_o say_v par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n for_o the_o low-countries_n and_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n for_o hamborough_n netherlands_o in_o the_o netherlands_o be_v all_o one_o in_o substance_n this_o doller_n be_v since_o that_o time_n as_o i_o say_v enhance_v to_o fifty_o two_o stiver_n in_o the_o low-countries_n which_o make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n above_o thirty_o eight_o shilling_n or_o rather_o thirty_o nine_o shilling_n and_o shall_v the_o kingdom_n suffer_v this_o and_o not_o alter_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_o but_o be_v content_v to_o take_v thirty_o four_o or_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n and_o after_o that_o rate_n undersell_v all_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n germany_n in_o germany_n this_o doller_n be_v likewise_o since_o that_o time_n more_o enhance_v in_o germany_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o leave_v the_o excessive_a valuation_n in_o remote_a place_n let_v we_o note_v the_o valuation_n of_o hamborough_n where_o it_o have_v be_v at_o fifty_o four_o stiver_n the_o doller_n which_o make_v the_o exchange_n above_o forty_o shilling_n of_o their_o money_n for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o although_o we_o have_v raise_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n from_o twenty_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n to_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n and_o thereabouts_o shall_v we_o rest_v here_o and_o go_v no_o further_o have_v we_o reason_n to_o do_v it_o in_o part_n and_o not_o in_o the_o whole_a according_a to_o justice_n equity_n and_o true_a policy_n and_o shall_v we_o be_v like_o a_o man_n that_o by_o halt_v in_o jest_n become_v lame_a in_o earnest_n absic_n ignorantia_fw-la the_o money_n in_o christendom_n which_o have_v their_o ebb_a and_o flow_v do_v show_v their_o operation_n upon_o commodity_n operation_n the_o course_n of_o money_n and_o exchange_n be_v contraty_n in_o operation_n make_v by_o
plenty_n the_o price_n thereof_o dear_a or_o by_o scarcity_n better_o cheap_a as_o have_v be_v note_v but_o exchange_n have_v a_o contrary_a means_n of_o work_v for_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v a_o low_a exchange_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v a_o high_a exchange_n and_o the_o price_n to_o rise_v which_o be_v of_o great_a consideration_n because_o it_o overrule_v money_n and_o commodity_n which_o never_o enter_v in_o the_o politic_a study_n of_o aristotle_n seneca_n or_o cicero_n who_o be_v but_o in_o the_o infancy_n of_o trade_n and_o civilians_n can_v tell_v we_o that_o commercium_fw-la be_v quasi_fw-la commutatio_fw-la mercium_fw-la but_o go_v no_o further_o in_o this_o just_a and_o princely_a study_n of_o state_n affair_n to_o augment_v by_o all_o lawful_a mean_n of_o ius_n gentium_fw-la the_o wealth_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o territory_n as_o also_o to_o prevent_v the_o diminution_n thereof_o by_o the_o carry_v away_o of_o their_o money_n and_o treasure_n true_a it_o be_v that_o the_o statute_n law_n of_o england_n have_v have_v a_o care_n hereof_o but_o the_o remedy_n have_v be_v hitherto_o defective_a by_o mistake_v the_o efficient_a cause_n thereof_o which_o remedy_n may_v be_v distinguish_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n 1_o first_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n for_o merchant_n stranger_n commodity_n commodity_n make_v for_o three_o especial_a cause_n 1_o for_o the_o advance_v of_o the_o price_n and_o sale_n of_o our_o native_a commodity_n 2_o to_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n 3_o to_o preserve_v the_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n 14._o r._n 2._o 2_o the_o lodging_n of_o merchant_n stranger_n with_o free_a host_n who_o have_v a_o inspection_n in_o their_o negotiation_n for_o commodity_n and_o money_n 3_o the_o keep_n of_o staple_n for_o wool_n woolfel_n and_o other_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o their_o corrector_n and_o broker_n to_o register_v merchant_n stranger_n deal_n 4_o to_o cause_n denizen_n to_o pay_v stranger_n custom_n inward_o and_o outward_o 5_o the_o sundry_a treaty_n and_o conference_n with_o the_o commissioner_n of_o other_o prince_n about_o merchandise_n money_n and_o exchange_n 6_o the_o severe_a proclamation_n for_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o statute_n make_v for_o and_o concern_v the_o same_o and_o the_o article_n of_o intercourse_n 7_o the_o prohibition_n to_o export_v commodity_n but_o at_o great_a port_n 8_o the_o prohibition_n for_o stranger_n to_o sell_v ware_n by_o retail_v 9_o the_o prohibition_n for_o english_a merchant_n to_o ship_n good_n in_o strange_a bottom_n 10_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n make_v felony_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n money_n money_n 11_o the_o attendance_n of_o searcher_n waiter_n and_o other_o officer_n 12_o the_o strict_a information_n in_o the_o exchequer_n and_o other_o court_n 13_o the_o swear_n of_o the_o master_n of_o ship_n for_o exportation_n of_o money_n 14_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o overheavinesse_n of_o our_o pound_n weight_n troy_n in_o the_o tower_n 15_o the_o overrichnesse_n of_o our_o sterling_a standard_n of_o money_n 16_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n 17_o the_o make_n of_o more_o price_n out_o of_o the_o pound_n troy_n by_o the_o sheyre_n 18_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n coin_n in_o price_n 19_o the_o embase_v of_o money_n by_o alloy_n or_o copper_n 20_o the_o use_n of_o many_o standard_n of_o money_n and_o reduce_v to_o two_o again_o 21_o the_o increase_n of_o coinage_n money_n to_o hinder_v the_o exportation_n 22_o the_o prohibition_n to_o cull_v out_o heavy_a piece_n to_o melt_v or_o transport_v 23_o the_o banish_n of_o light_a spanish_a money_n and_o gold_n to_o be_v melt_v 24_o the_o give_v more_o for_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n 25_o the_o prohibition_n for_o goldsmith_n to_o buy_v gold_n or_o bullion_n 26_o the_o make_n of_o the_o principal_a foreign_a coin_n currant_n in_o england_n 27_o the_o bind_v of_o merchant_n to_o bring_v in_o bullion_n 28_o the_o prohibition_n to_o pay_v gold_n unto_o merchant_n stranger_n 29_o the_o prohibition_n to_o take_v gain_n upon_o coin_n 30_o the_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n to_o be_v deliver_v by_o weight_n to_o restore_v by_o tale_n 31_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n and_o undervalue_v of_o silver_n 32_o the_o punishment_n of_o transporter_n in_o the_o star-chamber_n by_o fines_n 33_o exchange_n exchange_n the_o prohibition_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n to_o make_v exchange_n for_o money_n for_o foreign_a part_n without_o the_o king_n especial_a licence_n 34_o money_n deliver_v to_o sir_n thomas_n gresham_n knight_n out_o of_o the_o exchequer_n to_o rule_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n 35_o the_o office_n of_o the_o king_n royal_a exchanger_n never_o put_v in_o practice_n since_o the_o merchandise_v exchange_n begin_v erect_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o in_o the_o eleven_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n by_o a_o act_n make_v at_o acton_n burnell_n as_o aforesaid_a here_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v the_o statute_n of_o employment_n to_o be_v defective_a when_o merchant_n both_o english_a and_o stranger_n have_v a_o ability_n give_v they_o by_o exchange_n to_o take_v up_o money_n here_o and_o to_o deliver_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o payable_a beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o can_v send_v over_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la and_o be_v a_o great_a gainer_n thereby_o insomuch_o that_o if_o i_o receive_v here_o one_o hundred_o piece_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n i_o can_v send_v nintie_a piece_n to_o pay_v my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o put_v ten_o piece_n in_o my_o pocket_n for_o a_o overplus_n and_o gain_n the_o like_a may_v be_v do_v by_o make_v over_o money_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o by_o exchange_n which_o be_v receive_v i_o can_v transport_v with_o 15_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n in_o two_o month_n and_o less_o and_o advance_v a_o hundred_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o one_o year_n which_o exceed_v all_o the_o benefit_n to_o be_v make_v by_o commodity_n wherewith_o i_o need_v not_o to_o intermeddle_v neither_o can_v the_o say_a statute_n be_v any_o help_n herein_o to_o remedy_v the_o same_o this_o gain_n arise_v by_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o inhance_a and_o overualuation_n of_o foreign_a coin_n so_o that_o the_o cause_n be_v extrinsique_n and_o comprise_v under_o the_o say_a exchange_n of_o money_n and_o not_o intrinsique_n in_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o money_n which_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o course_n of_o true_a exchange_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n and_o thereupon_o it_o follow_v that_o neither_o difference_n of_o weight_n fineness_n of_o standard_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n or_o their_o proper_a valuation_n of_o money_n can_v be_v any_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n so_o long_o as_o a_o due_a course_n be_v hold_v in_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v ground_v thereupon_o hence_o arise_v the_o facility_n of_o the_o remedy_n by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o exchange_n in_o cause_v our_o money_n to_o be_v true_o answer_v by_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o very_a value_n or_o above_o the_o same_o which_o cut_v off_o the_o say_a gain_n have_v by_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n and_o cause_v also_o in_o effect_n that_o the_o foreign_a coin_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o take_v in_o payment_n above_o their_o value_n although_o they_o be_v receive_v at_o a_o high_a rate_n because_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v sell_v according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n which_o counteruail_v the_o same_o according_a to_o their_o inhaunce_n of_o coin_n or_o embase_v of_o the_o same_o by_o allay_n or_o copper_n all_o man_n of_o common_a understanding_n when_o they_o do_v hear_v of_o the_o raise_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v ready_a to_o say_v we_o must_v do_v the_o like_a for_o they_o conceive_v the_o say_n of_o cato_n tu_fw-la quoque_fw-la fac_fw-la simile_n sic_fw-la ars_fw-la deluditur_fw-la arte_fw-la to_o be_v a_o proper_a application_n hereunto_o but_o they_o do_v not_o enter_v into_o consideration_n what_o alteration_n it_o will_v bring_v to_o the_o state_n and_o that_o the_o matter_n may_v run_v ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la as_o shall_v be_v declare_v but_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o this_o will_v be_v a_o sufficient_a remedy_n to_o enhance_v or_o money_n as_o they_o do_v they_o to_o embase_v our_o coin_n as_o they_o do_v they_o and_o to_o imitate_v overualuation_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o they_o do_v which_o require_v a_o continual_a labour_n charge_n and_o innovation_n be_v it_o not_o a_o excellent_a thing_n that_o all_o this_o can_v be_v do_v by_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n with_o great_a facility_n and_o that_o without_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o money_n at_o home_n or_o meddle_v with_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n
of_o the_o sterling_a standard_n this_o be_v to_o be_v do_v only_o by_o his_o majesty_n proclamation_n according_a to_o the_o statut_fw-la of_o exchange_n prohibit_v that_o after_o three_o month_n next_o ensue_a the_o same_o no_o man_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n by_o bill_n or_o otherwise_o for_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o foreign_a part_n or_o to_o be_v rechange_v towards_o this_o realm_n under_o the_o true_a par_fw-fr or_o value_n for_o value_n of_o our_o money_n and_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n but_o at_o the_o say_a rate_n or_o above_o the_o same_o as_o merchant_n can_v agree_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o broker_n or_o among_o themselves_o wealth_n the_o way_n to_o restore_v england_n wealth_n but_o never_o under_o the_o say_a rate_n which_o shall_v be_v declare_v in_o a_o pair_n of_o table_n public_o to_o be_v see_v upon_o the_o royal_a exchange_n in_o london_n according_a to_o the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o the_o say_a table_n shall_v be_v alter_v in_o price_n as_o occasion_n shall_v be_v minister_v beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o several_a respective_a place_n of_o exchange_n either_o by_o their_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n by_o valuation_n or_o by_o embase_v of_o the_o same_o by_o allay_n as_o have_v be_v note_v which_o by_o a_o vigilant_a eye_n may_v be_v observe_v and_o will_v be_v a_o cause_n to_o make_v other_o nation_n more_o constant_a in_o the_o course_n of_o their_o money_n and_o this_o will_v be_v execute_v more_o of_o course_n than_o by_o authority_n because_o gain_v do_v bear_v the_o sway_n and_o command_v with_o most_o man_n for_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n be_v here_o the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n general_o will_v easy_o be_v induce_v to_o make_v the_o most_o of_o his_o own_o receive_v by_o exchange_n more_o for_o our_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o english_a merchant_n be_v the_o taker_n of_o the_o say_a money_n will_v not_o be_v so_o inâ—urious_a to_o the_o state_n as_o to_o give_v less_o beyond_o the_o sea_n than_o the_o value_n of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o if_o he_o will_v the_o deliverer_n will_v not_o let_v he_o have_v it_o beside_o that_o the_o taker_n occasion_n be_v enforce_v by_o necessity_n and_o he_o can_v be_v no_o loose_a for_o by_o direction_n he_o will_v sell_v his_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_o because_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n do_v still_o govern_v the_o sale_n and_o buy_v of_o commodity_n as_o aforesaid_a english_a merchant_n be_v the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n alter_v there_o according_o will_v have_v the_o like_a consideration_n and_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n will_v provoke_v he_o thereunto_o and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o taker_n the_o english_a merchant_n may_v bring_v over_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la wherein_o he_o shall_v become_v again_o the_o course_n be_v agreeable_a to_o justice_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n or_o ius_fw-la gentium_fw-la and_o will_v not_o hinder_v the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v and_o fall_v as_o formerly_z but_o keep_v all_o in_o due_a order_n with_o these_o consideration_n caution_n and_o prevention_n as_o shall_v be_v set_v down_o to_o prevent_v all_o inconueniency_n proceed_v by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n which_o fall_v general_o upon_o all_o man_n in_o the_o endear_n of_o thing_n coin_n inconueniency_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o coin_n &_o particular_o upon_o landlord_n and_o creditor_n in_o their_o rent_n and_o contract_n and_o especial_o upon_o the_o king_n majesty_n land_n the_o statute_n of_o employment_n must_v also_o be_v observe_v to_o make_v the_o remedy_n more_o complete_a with_o a_o register_n to_o record_v the_o money_n which_o foreign_a mariner_n do_v receive_v for_o freight_n come_v from_o norway_n and_o other_o place_n make_v above_o one_o hundred_o voyage_n yearly_a as_o also_o many_o other_o ship_n bring_v corn_n into_o the_o northern_a and_o western_a part_n of_o the_o real_a i_o and_o export_v money_n for_o it_o russian_n the_o policy_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o russian_n the_o turk_n persian_a and_o russian_a have_v herein_o surpass_v we_o in_o true_a policy_n by_o keep_v the_o price_n of_o their_o exchange_n high_a much_o above_o the_o valuation_n of_o their_o money_n so_o that_o they_o have_v no_o trade_n by_o exchange_n nor_o money_n but_o only_o for_o commodity_n whereby_o they_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o they_o as_o also_o the_o exportation_n of_o their_o money_n albeit_o the_o use_n of_o our_o commodity_n be_v in_o those_o country_n very_o great_a remedy_n objection_n to_o the_o remedy_n the_o objection_n make_v by_o some_o against_o this_o sole_a remedy_n be_v easy_o to_o be_v answer_v for_o they_o be_v ground_v upon_o supposition_n against_o assure_a experience_n 1_o some_o make_v doubt_n that_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v rise_v there_o will_v be_v no_o taker_n of_o money_n and_o then_o the_o deliverer_n be_v more_o thrust_v upon_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n 2_o other_o say_v that_o those_o merchant_n which_o have_v sell_v their_o cloth_n beyond_o the_o sea_n shall_v receive_v a_o loss_n in_o the_o make_n over_o of_o their_o money_n from_o thence_o by_o deliver_v more_o there_o in_o exchange_n than_o now_o they_o do_v 3_o other_o say_v that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o vent_v their_o clothes_n according_a to_o the_o high_a exchange_n especial_o now_o that_o cloth_n be_v out_o of_o request_n and_o will_v have_v the_o matter_n of_o reformation_n defer_v until_o another_o time_n in_o their_o opinion_n more_o commodious_a answer_n answer_n the_o first_o objection_n be_v answer_v before_o that_o the_o taker_n be_v rule_v by_o the_o deliverer_n who_o will_v not_o give_v his_o money_n in_o exchange_n under_o the_o true_a value_n according_a to_o the_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v and_o the_o deliverer_n be_v the_o merchant_n stranger_n here_o will_v soon_o be_v thrust_v upon_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n for_o by_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n he_o shall_v have_v no_o gain_n whereas_o some_o of_o the_o discreet_a sort_n will_v not_o have_v the_o say_a statute_n too_o strict_o press_v upon_o the_o stranger_n because_o the_o trade_n shall_v not_o be_v drive_v into_o their_o hand_n mediocria_fw-la firma_fw-la to_o the_o second_o the_o proclamation_n limit_v a_o time_n for_o execution_n give_v merchant_n ability_n to_o recover_v their_o money_n or_o to_o sell_v their_o bill_n of_o debt_n for_o money_n or_o to_o buy_v commodity_n for_o they_o as_o the_o manner_n be_v to_o the_o three_o experience_n make_v a_o full_a answer_n to_o both_o that_o there_o do_v not_o want_v taker_n when_o the_o late_a inhaunce_n at_o hamborough_n cause_v the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v from_o under_o twenty_o and_o eight_o shilling_n to_o above_o thirty_o and_o five_o shilling_n which_o be_v more_o than_o the_o present_a alteration_n will_v be_v and_o wool_n be_v at_o thirty_o and_o three_o shilling_n the_o tod_n which_o be_v now_o fall_v under_o twenty_o shilling_n so_o that_o the_o vent_n of_o our_o cloth_n be_v not_o hinder_v when_o it_o be_v sell_v dear_a by_o one_o full_a three_o part_n but_o there_o be_v above_o eighty_o thousand_o clothes_n sell_v yearly_a where_o there_o be_v now_o sell_v but_o forty_o thousand_o clothes_n the_o time_n be_v also_o to_o be_v think_v more_o convenient_a to_o advance_v a_o commodity_n be_v underualued_a than_o to_o do_v it_o when_o the_o price_n be_v high_a for_o this_o pleurisy_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v dangerous_a and_o admit_v no_o time_n of_o cure_v like_o the_o fire_n in_o a_o city_n which_o permit_v not_o any_o inquiry_n to_o examine_v how_o the_o same_o begin_v but_o require_v every_o man_n help_n to_o quench_v the_o same_o and_o whereas_o it_o be_v allege_v in_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o inhance_a of_o coin_n e.m._n treatise_n of_o free_a trad_a e.m._n that_o which_o be_v equal_a to_o all_o when_o he_o that_o buy_v dear_a shall_v sell_v dear_a can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v injurious_a unto_o any_o this_o opinion_n be_v without_o consideration_n of_o the_o alteration_n of_o weight_n and_o measure_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n that_o be_v exchange_n for_o money_n and_o what_o the_o same_o may_v produce_v to_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n albeit_o that_o between_o man_n and_o man_n it_o may_v prove_v alike_o in_o some_o respect_n to_o make_v this_o evident_a suppose_v two_o merchant_n the_o one_o dwell_v in_o london_n and_o the_o other_o dwell_v at_o amsterdam_n do_v contract_n together_o that_o the_o londoner_n send_v clothes_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o amsterdam_n the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n send_v he_o velvet_n and_o silk_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o london_n and_o in_o the_o account_n to_o be_v keep_v between_o they_o
they_o agree_v to_o reckon_v the_o money_n in_o exchange_n but_o at_o thirty_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a and_o so_o make_v return_v each_o to_o other_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o money_n shall_v be_v receive_v both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n whereupon_o put_v the_o case_n that_o there_o be_v receive_v at_o amsterdam_n one_o thousand_o and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n flemish_n for_o cloth_n and_o at_o london_n there_o be_v receive_v one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a for_o velvet_n and_o silk_n which_o according_a to_o the_o say_a computation_n be_v all_o one_o in_o effect_n between_o they_o and_o may_v by_o way_n of_o rescounter_n answer_v each_o other_o in_o account_n but_o the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n know_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o money_n there_o he_o can_v make_v a_o great_a gain_n to_o have_v the_o say_v one_o thousand_o pound_n to_o be_v send_v unto_o he_o in_o specie_fw-la he_o desire_v the_o londoner_n to_o send_v unto_o he_o this_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a in_o silver_n or_o gold_n coin_n royal_n of_o eight_o or_o rickx_v dollar_n whereby_o he_o shall_v profit_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o mean_v aforesaid_a which_o amount_v to_o one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o pound_n gain_n now_o the_o londoner_n have_v his_o one_o thousand_o and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n flemish_n or_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a at_o amsterdam_n can_v do_v the_o like_a because_o the_o money_n by_o the_o say_v inhaunce_v be_v receive_v there_o above_o the_o value_n so_o that_o his_o money_n must_v be_v deliver_v there_o by_o exchange_n at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n or_o under_o whereby_o he_o receive_v here_o the_o say_v 1500_o will_v flemish_n with_o no_o gain_n at_o all_o thus_o the_o account_n be_v make_v even_o between_o they_o but_o by_o these_o mean_v the_o kingdom_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o 1000_o will_v of_o the_o merchant_n money_n send_v to_o amsterdam_n which_o do_v not_o only_o procure_v want_n of_o our_o money_n but_o cause_v also_o the_o native_a commodity_n to_o be_v undersell_v and_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o be_v advance_v in_o price_n beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o plenty_n of_o money_n there_o and_o hinder_v the_o importation_n of_o bullion_n to_o prevent_v this_o the_o question_n be_v now_o whether_o it_o be_v better_a and_o more_o expedient_a to_o raise_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n or_o the_o valuation_n of_o our_o money_n sure_o all_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v say_v that_o the_o raise_n of_o exchange_n breed_v not_o that_o alteration_n which_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n do_v to_o make_v every_o thing_n dear_a and_o to_o cause_n landlord_n and_o creditor_n to_o loose_v in_o their_o rent_n and_o contract_n and_o merchant_n of_o experience_n do_v know_v that_o we_o can_v do_v as_o they_o do_v for_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o our_o money_n here_o will_v be_v countermine_v by_o other_o nation_n who_o still_o will_v underualue_n they_o in_o exchange_n between_o we_o unless_o it_o be_v prevent_v by_o our_o own_o true_a valuation_n to_o be_v make_v know_v as_o aforesaid_a the_o author_n of_o this_o treatise_n of_o free_a trade_n do_v say_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o rate_n of_o exchange_n 104._o page_n 104._o but_o the_o value_n of_o money_n here_o low_a elsewhere_o high_a which_o cause_n their_o exportation_n nor_o do_v the_o exchange_n but_o the_o plenty_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n cause_v their_o value_n which_o be_v mere_o hysteron_fw-gr proteron_fw-gr whereunto_o i_o have_v answer_v heretofore_o viz._n argument_n three_o way_n to_o dissolve_v a_o argument_n there_o be_v three_o way_n to_o dissolve_v a_o argument_n denial_n retort_a and_o distinction_n denial_n be_v too_o hostile_a savour_v more_o of_o obstinacy_n than_o of_o art_n retortion_n be_v more_o witty_a than_o profitable_a but_o distinction_n be_v like_o mature_a remedy_n compare_v to_o purge_n which_o cleanse_v and_o feed_v but_o the_o say_a author_n do_v take_v the_o course_n of_o denial_n and_o prove_v nothing_o touch_v the_o matter_n in_o question_n money_n exchange_n compare_v to_o to_o the_o affaies_n oâ—_n money_n if_o money_n be_v here_o low_a and_o elsewhere_o high_a how_o be_v this_o know_v but_o by_o the_o valuation_n of_o exchange_n consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o money_n of_o several_a standard_n wherein_o the_o exchange_n be_v like_o the_o assay_v whereby_o the_o finesse_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v know_v ground_v upon_o the_o quantity_n which_o the_o exchange_n require_v according_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n &_o gold_n contain_v in_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n which_o be_v the_o intrinsic_a value_n &_o not_o according_a to_o extrinsicke_a valuation_n which_o be_v alter_v by_o denomination_n for_o the_o name_n of_o a_o thing_n do_v not_o alter_v the_o value_n real_o but_o the_o substance_n do_v it_o if_o it_o be_v alter_v much_o less_o do_v plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n cause_n their_o value_n it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n and_o property_n of_o money_n the_o yard_n do_v measure_v the_o cloth_n but_o the_o cloth_n do_v not_o measure_v the_o yard_n to_o illustrate_v the_o premise_n by_o example_n i_o have_v heretofore_o show_v the_o consideration_n incident_a suppose_v that_o some_o merchant_n stranger_n do_v come_v over_o into_o the_o realm_n to_o buy_v a_o pack_n of_o ten_o clothes_n value_v at_o 80_o will_v sterling_a which_o they_o be_v to_o pay_v in_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o they_o do_v not_o know_v the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o their_o foreign_a coin_n which_o they_o have_v bring_v over_o hereupon_o to_o content_v both_o party_n the_o money_n on_o either_o side_n must_v be_v try_v by_o the_o subtle_a assay_n according_a to_o their_o fineness_n computate_v upon_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n and_o then_o by_o weight_n they_o answer_v each_o other_o according_o and_o so_o this_o negotiation_n be_v in_o effect_n but_o a_o permutation_n of_o money_n for_o commodity_n before_o exchange_n be_v invent_v hitherto_o we_o have_v handle_v of_o the_o reformation_n of_o exchange_n for_o place_n where_o the_o basis_n of_o exchange_n or_o foundation_n be_v make_v upon_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a that_o be_v to_o say_v when_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n deliver_v money_n there_o for_o england_n will_v cause_v the_o broker_n of_o exchange_n to_o know_v how_o much_o flemish_a or_o hamborough_n money_n merchant_n will_v give_v there_o to_o have_v twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a pay_v in_o england_n even_o as_o we_o do_v here_o to_o know_v how_o much_o in_o flemish_a money_n or_o other_o coin_n a_o merchant_n will_v give_v for_o the_o say_v twenty_o shilling_n here_o coin_n exchange_n which_o be_v make_v upon_o foreign_a coin_n by_o a_o agreement_n to_o be_v pay_v beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n but_o now_o we_o be_v to_o entreat_v of_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v make_v upon_o foreign_a coin_n or_o rather_o imaginary_a money_n of_o other_o country_n as_o for_o france_n upon_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o sixty_o sou_n for_o the_o east_n country_n upon_o the_o florin_n polish_v for_o germany_n upon_o the_o rickx_n doller_n of_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n for_o venice_n upon_o their_o ducat_n and_o so_o for_o other_o place_n as_o in_o the_o former_a chapter_n we_o have_v note_v herein_o let_v we_o observe_v that_o the_o course_n of_o it_o be_v direct_o opposite_a for_o whereas_o in_o the_o one_o we_o do_v procure_v to_o have_v much_o money_n or_o at_o the_o value_n answer_v by_o exchange_n so_o in_o the_o other_o we_o may_v do_v the_o like_a and_o rather_o procure_v less_o to_o be_v give_v in_o exchange_n because_o that_o the_o foundation_n of_o those_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o foreign_a coin_n nevertheless_o consider_v we_o that_o when_o four_o teston_n or_o three_o frank_n in_o specie_fw-la be_v calculate_v for_o the_o say_a crown_n of_o sixty_o sou_n in_o exchange_n then_o every_o such_o teston_n be_v fifteen_o sou_n by_o valuation_n and_o every_o such_o frank_n be_v twenty_o sou_n but_o since_o that_o time_n the_o say_a piece_n of_o teston_n be_v make_v currant_n for_o 16_o ½_n sou_n and_o the_o frank_n at_o twenty_o two_o sou_n be_v the_o same_o in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n without_o any_o alteration_n in_o the_o standard_n call_v le_z pied_a de_fw-fr la_fw-fr monoye_n but_o only_o enhance_v in_o valuation_n according_a to_o which_o payment_n be_v make_v in_o silver_n coin_n also_o for_o the_o gold_n coin_n as_o french_a crown_n and_o pistolet_n which_o be_v enhance_v at_o time_n until_o 72_o sou_n '_o from_o 60_o sou_n whereupon_o the_o say_a crown_n be_v value_v at_o six_o shilling_n sterling_a be_v there_o any_o man_n of_o judgement_n that_o will_v give_v if_o he_o can_v choose_v six_o
king_n philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n in_o the_o year_n 1328_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o flowerdeluce_n as_o good_a in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n as_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o sun_n now_o be_v then_o worth_a but_o twenty_o sou_n tournois_n common_o account_v to_o be_v two_o shilling_n sterling_a in_o those_o day_n say_v he_o the_o french_a ell_n or_o yard_n of_o velvet_n be_v worth_a four_o liver_n which_o be_v four_o crown_n or_o eight_o shilling_n sterling_a the_o say_a ell_n of_o velvet_n do_v now_o cost_v ten_o liver_n or_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o the_o french_a crown_n which_o be_v then_o value_v at_o two_o shilling_n be_v now_o value_v at_o fifty_o sou_n or_o five_o shilling_n so_o that_o four_o crown_n do_v make_v the_o say_v twenty_o shilling_n yet_o the_o say_a french_a crown_n do_v not_o contain_v more_o gold_n in_o weight_n or_o fineness_n than_o before_o and_o consequent_o the_o velvet_n be_v not_o now_o dear_a than_o it_o be_v then_o the_o gentleman_n that_o have_v now_o five_o hundred_o liver_n by_o the_o year_n to_o spend_v have_v no_o more_o than_o he_o that_o have_v one_o hundred_o liver_n to_o spend_v in_o those_o day_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n he_o proceed_v for_o corn_n wine_n and_o other_o commodity_n and_o thereupon_o conclude_v that_o the_o dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n be_v but_o imaginary_a and_o a_o vain_a opinion_n to_o conceive_v that_o thing_n shall_v be_v dear_a now_o than_o in_o those_o day_n the_o second_o paradox_n there_o be_v much_o to_o be_v lose_v upon_o a_o crown_n or_o any_o other_o money_n although_o the_o same_o be_v give_v in_o payment_n at_o the_o price_n it_o be_v receive_v this_o say_v monsieur_n malestroit_n be_v a_o old_a and_o common_a error_n root_v in_o the_o judgement_n of_o most_o man_n that_o be_v far_o from_o the_o mark_n and_o without_o their_o reckon_n as_o he_o will_v manifest_v in_o the_o former_a term_n in_o the_o aforesaid_a time_n of_o king_n philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n the_o french_a crown_n aforesaid_a be_v worth_a but_o twenty_o sou_n which_o be_v now_o currant_n for_o fifty_o sou_n the_o gentleman_n that_o have_v fifty_o sou_n rend_v or_o income_n do_v receive_v for_o it_o two_o crown_n and_o ahalfe_n or_o so_o much_o in_o silver_n according_o for_o which_o two_o crown_n and_o a_o half_a he_o have_v half_o a_o yard_n and_o half_a a_o quarter_n of_o velvet_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o four_o liver_n the_o yard_n which_o be_v the_o price_n of_o velvet_n then_o now_o for_o this_o fifty_o sou_n the_o gentleman_n do_v receive_v but_o one_o crown_n or_o so_o much_o of_o silver_n money_n and_o for_o that_o one_o crown_n now_o he_o can_v buy_v but_o one_o quarter_n of_o a_o yard_n of_o velvet_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o liver_n that_o velvet_n be_v now_o worth_a whereas_o before_o he_o have_v half_o a_o yard_n and_o half_a a_o quarter_n although_o he_o have_v give_v the_o same_o in_o payment_n for_o fifty_o sol_n which_o be_v the_o price_n for_o which_o he_o receive_v the_o say_a crown_n and_o so_o proceed_v with_o other_o the_o like_a example_n in_o the_o buy_n of_o commodity_n with_o silver_n coin_n or_o in_o the_o receive_n of_o rent_n or_o income_n add_v further_o thereunto_o that_o if_o any_o man_n will_v object_v and_o say_v i_o care_v not_o what_o the_o crown_n liver_n or_o sou_n be_v worth_a so_o as_o i_o have_v a_o hundred_o liver_n of_o rent_n pay_v i_o and_o that_o i_o can_v pay_v out_o again_o the_o say_v hundred_o liver_n this_o man_n say_v he_o must_v then_o make_v proof_n that_o he_o can_v have_v now_o as_o much_o ware_n for_o two_o sou_n as_o he_o can_v have_v have_v in_o time_n pass_v for_o two_o sou_n which_o be_v of_o fine_a silver_n and_o now_o almost_o of_o copper_n and_o in_o do_v so_o he_o shall_v make_v a_o three_o paradox_n more_o strange_a than_o the_o former_a for_o he_o shall_v go_v about_o to_o prove_v every_o thing_n to_o be_v become_v better_a cheap_a which_o can_v be_v prove_v the_o substance_n and_o intention_n of_o these_o two_o paradox_n be_v say_v he_o to_o show_v that_o the_o king_n and_o his_o subject_n do_v buy_v all_o thing_n as_o dear_a as_o in_o time_n past_a for_o that_o they_o must_v give_v as_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o in_o time_n past_a but_o by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o price_n of_o the_o money_n of_o gold_n from_o whence_o of_o necessity_n proceed_v the_o abate_n of_o the_o silver_n money_n they_o inhaunce_v of_o gold_n abate_v the_o silver_n in_o regard_n of_o proportion_n between_o they_o the_o king_n do_v not_o receive_v in_o payment_n of_o his_o revenue_n such_o a_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o his_o predecessor_n in_o like_a manner_n noblemen_z and_o gentleman_n that_o have_v great_a revenue_n and_o incombe_n do_v not_o receive_v such_o a_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o in_o time_n past_a but_o be_v pay_v as_o the_o king_n be_v in_o copper_n in_o lieu_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o which_o copper_n according_a to_o the_o second_o paradox_n they_o can_v have_v so_o much_o ware_n as_o they_o may_v have_v for_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n so_o that_o the_o loss_n which_o we_o have_v by_o the_o grow_a dear_a of_o all_o thing_n come_v not_o by_o give_v more_o but_o by_o receive_v less_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n than_o before_o whereby_o we_o see_v manifest_o that_o the_o more_o we_o do_v enhance_v the_o price_n of_o money_n the_o more_o we_o lose_v mounseur_fw-fr bodine_n the_o famous_a and_o learned_a politician_n politician_n the_o great_a french_a politician_n take_v upon_o he_o to_o make_v a_o answer_n unto_o those_o two_o paradox_n be_v of_o another_o opinion_n and_o set_v down_o other_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n which_o be_v five_o in_o number_n namely_o 1_o the_o principal_a and_o almost_o only_a cause_n the_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n now_o extant_a in_o the_o kingdom_n more_o than_o in_o time_n past_a 2_o the_o monopoly_n 3_o the_o want_n of_o thing_n cause_v by_o excessive_a trade_n and_o waste_v thereof_o 4_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n that_o advance_v the_o price_n of_o thing_n 5_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n to_o prove_v the_o first_o case_n and_o principal_a he_o allege_v diverse_a example_n plutarch_n and_o pliny_n do_v witness_n wealth_n example_n of_o great_a wealth_n that_o paulus_n aemilius_n after_o the_o conquest_n of_o macedon_n against_o the_o persian_n do_v bring_v such_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o rome_n that_o the_o people_n be_v free_v of_o all_o impost_n and_o the_o price_n of_o land_n advance_v unto_o two_o three_o part_n sudden_o the_o emperor_n augustus_n bring_v such_o great_a treasure_n from_o egypt_n that_o the_o price_n of_o usury_n do_v decrease_v and_o land_n become_v much_o dear_a and_o the_o like_a at_o jerusalem_n by_o the_o come_n of_o the_o queen_n of_o candace_n and_o in_o the_o west_n indies_n by_o the_o spaniard_n conquest_n there_o and_o hereunto_o he_o make_v a_o comparison_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o time_n past_a etc._n the_o french_a king_n john_n in_o england_n etc._n etc._n for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o ransom_n of_o prince_n take_v prisoner_n in_o those_o day_n and_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o increase_n of_o wealth_n by_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o west_n indies_n the_o propagation_n of_o the_o people_n in_o france_n their_o trade_n for_o turkey_n and_o barbary_n their_o bank_n at_o lion_n and_o other_o accident_n concern_v the_o second_o cause_n of_o monopoly_n he_o do_v pass_v over_o the_o same_o as_o a_o matter_n not_o considerable_a and_o do_v limit_v monopoly_n only_o to_o the_o combination_n of_o merchant_n and_o artificer_n in_o the_o set_n of_o a_o price_n to_o commodity_n or_o their_o handy_a work_n by_o augment_v their_o wage_n touch_v the_o three_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n by_o the_o want_n or_o waste_v of_o they_o he_o observe_v some_o especial_a thing_n that_o corn_n and_o wine_n be_v better_a cheap_a during_o the_o time_n of_o war_n than_o peace_n because_o the_o husbandman_n be_v drive_v to_o sell_v and_o to_o make_v money_n of_o his_o ware_n and_o the_o gentleman_n find_v the_o same_o perishable_a when_o the_o merchant_n dare_v not_o lade_v his_o ship_n do_v abate_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n and_o make_v the_o people_n to_o live_v good_a cheap_a which_o according_a to_o the_o proverb_n france_n can_v never_o be_v famish_v will_v always_o continue_v france_n the_o fertility_n of_o france_n if_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o stranger_n their_o storehouse_n be_v not_o empty_v concern_v the_o four_o cause_n of_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n impose_v a_o price_n upon_o commodity_n