unto_o they_o and_o concern_v that_o fact_n of_o sergius_n galba_n who_o in_o revenge_n upon_o the_o portugese_n for_o so_o often_o break_v their_o league_n with_o he_o first_o deceive_v they_o with_o a_o new_a league_n and_o then_o slay_v eight_o thousand_o of_o they_o appian_n give_v this_o answer_n perfidiâ_fw-la perfidiam_fw-la ultus_fw-la contra_fw-la romanam_fw-la dignitatem_fw-la barbaros_fw-la imitabatur_fw-la in_o revenge_v one_o treachery_n with_o another_o he_o wound_v the_o majesty_n of_o the_o people_n of_o rome_n imitate_v therein_o the_o barbarian_n for_o which_o he_o be_v afterward_o worthy_o accuse_v by_o labo_n a_o tribune_n of_o the_o people_n whereof_o valerius_n maximus_n give_v his_o opinion_n thus_o be_v be_v not_o equity_n but_o compassion_n that_o plead_v in_o that_o cause_n for_o that_o absolution_n which_o his_o own_o innocency_n can_v not_o challenge_v be_v give_v to_o his_o innocent_a babe_n which_o also_o be_v confirm_v by_o cato_n he_o have_v certain_o die_v for_o his_o treachery_n have_v not_o his_o own_o tear_n and_o the_o innocency_n of_o his_o child_n procure_v his_o pardon_n fourteen_o but_o not_o if_o the_o condition_n be_v not_o perform_v or_o if_o either_o party_n stand_v not_o to_o the_o agreement_n but_o this_o also_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v two_o way_n whereby_o a_o man_n though_o he_o perform_v not_o that_o which_o he_o promise_v yet_o may_v avoid_v perfidiousness_n as_o namely_o if_o the_o condition_n be_v not_o perform_v whereupon_o that_o promise_n be_v ground_v or_o if_o some_o other_o compensation_n be_v make_v for_o it_o for_o want_v of_o the_o condition_n the_o promiser_n be_v not_o real_o discharge_v but_o it_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o event_n that_o there_o have_v be_v no_o obligation_n but_o what_o be_v contract_v upon_o condition_n therefore_o that_o condition_n be_v not_o perform_v there_o need_v no_o discharge_n whereunto_o we_o may_v refer_v another_o case_n namely_o if_o the_o other_o do_v not_o perform_v that_o which_o he_o be_v first_o bind_v on_o his_o part_n to_o fulfil_v for_o the_o particular_a head_n of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o agreement_n seem_v to_o be_v complicate_v each_o with_o other_o in_o the_o manner_n of_o a_o condition_n as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v thus_o express_v thus_o will_v i_o do_v if_o you_o do_v so_o or_o so_o which_o he_o have_v promise_v wherefore_o tullus_n in_o his_o answer_n to_o the_o alban_n call_v the_o god_n to_o witness_v whether_o of_o the_o two_o nation_n be_v the_o first_o aggressor_n pray_v earnest_o that_o all_o the_o misery_n of_o the_o war_n may_v befall_v that_o nation_n for_o as_o ulpian_n note_n he_o break_v not_o the_o league_n who_o therefore_o renounce_v his_o associate_n because_o they_o do_v not_o perform_v some_o article_n whereupon_o the_o league_n be_v at_o the_o first_o make_v for_o which_o cause_n where_o it_o be_v otherwise_o intend_a it_o be_v usual_o thus_o express_v that_o if_o either_o party_n shall_v transgress_v in_o this_o or_o that_o article_n yet_o shall_v the_o rest_n remain_v firm_a and_o inviolable_a xv._o nor_o when_o there_o be_v otherwise_o a_o just_a compensation_n make_v the_o original_n of_o compensation_n or_o recompense_n we_o have_v elsewhere_o declare_v 2._o declare_v book_n 2._o ch._n 7._o §_o 2._o namely_o when_o we_o can_v otherwise_o recover_v either_o what_o be_v our_o own_o or_o what_o be_v just_o owe_v unto_o we_o we_o may_v take_v away_o from_o he_o that_o either_o detain_v it_o or_o owe_v it_o the_o full_a value_n thereof_o in_o any_o thing_n else_o whence_o it_o follow_v that_o whatsoever_o be_v actual_o in_o our_o possession_n whether_o it_o be_v corporeal_a or_o incorporeal_a we_o may_v much_o more_o lawful_o detain_v and_o keep_v whatsoever_o therefore_o it_o be_v that_o we_o have_v promise_v it_o be_v in_o our_o power_n not_o to_o perform_v if_o it_o be_v of_o no_o great_a value_n than_o that_o which_o be_v once_o we_o he_o to_o who_o the_o promise_n be_v make_v injurious_o keep_v from_o we_o comparatio_fw-la nulli_fw-la invidiosa_fw-la est_fw-la tertul._n tertul._n ubi_fw-la aut_fw-la gratiae_n aut_fw-la injuriae_fw-la communis_fw-la est_fw-la ratio_fw-la that_o comparison_n be_v to_o no_o man_n odious_a wherein_o a_o common_a regard_n be_v have_v to_o either_o courtesy_n or_o injury_n thus_o in_o a_o wager_n at_o law_n say_v seneca_n 4._o de_fw-fr benef_fw-fr lib._n 6._o cap._n 4._o the_o debtor_n do_v sometime_o cast_v the_o creditor_n when_o he_o have_v upon_o some_o other_o account_n get_v more_o from_o he_o than_o his_o debt_n amount_v unto_o for_o between_o the_o creditor_n and_o the_o debtor_n only_o the_o judge_n sit_v as_o a_o equal_a arbitrator_n who_o may_v say_v to_o the_o creditor_n it_o be_v thy_o money_n that_o thou_o lent_v how_o come_v thou_o then_o by_o the_o land_n which_o thou_o possesse_v but_o never_o buy_v wherefore_o upon_o a_o just_a valuation_n thou_o that_o come_v in_o a_o creditor_n depart_v hence_o a_o debtor_n xvi_o although_o due_a by_o another_o contract_n the_o case_n be_v the_o same_o if_o he_o with_o who_o we_o have_v to_o do_v owe_v i_o as_o much_o upon_o any_o other_o contract_n which_o i_o can_v otherwise_o recover_v but_o by_o detain_v that_o which_o i_o have_v promise_v to_o he_o in_o court_n of_o justice_n there_o be_v say_v seneca_n 7._o seneca_n eod._n lib._n c._n 6_o 7._o some_o separate_a action_n neither_o be_v the_o form_n confound_v but_o those_o precedent_n as_o it_o be_v there_o say_v be_v contain_v within_o certain_a law_n which_o be_v necessary_o to_o be_v follow_v one_o law_n be_v not_o mix_v with_o another_o we_o must_v walk_v as_o every_o law_n do_v lead_v we_o but_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n admit_v of_o no_o such_o distinction_n namely_o where_o there_o be_v no_o other_o hope_n of_o recover_v what_o be_v our_o own_o xvii_o or_o some_o damage_n do_v the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v where_o he_o that_o exact_v a_o promise_n have_v damnify_v the_o promiser_n to_o the_o value_n of_o the_o thing_n promise_v thus_o the_o same_o seneca_n 4._o seneca_n eod._n lib._n c._n 4._o the_o farmer_n be_v not_o bind_v to_o his_o landlord_n though_o his_o lease_n be_v not_o cancel_v in_o case_n he_o wilful_o trample_v down_o his_o corn_n and_o cut_v down_o his_o fruit-tree_n not_o because_o he_o have_v receive_v what_o he_o agree_v for_o but_o because_o he_o have_v hinder_v his_o tenant_n from_o receive_v the_o fruit_n of_o his_o ground_n whereby_o he_o shall_v have_v pay_v his_o rent_n where_o also_o he_o subjoin_v another_o example_n pecus_fw-la abegisti_fw-la servum_fw-la occidisti_fw-la thou_o have_v haply_o drive_v away_o his_o cattle_n or_o slay_v his_o servant_n and_o a_o little_a after_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o i_o to_o compare_v the_o good_a that_o any_o man_n do_v i_o with_o the_o hart_n that_o he_o do_v i_o and_o thereby_o to_o pronounce_v myself_o his_o debtor_n or_o he_o i_o xviii_o or_o for_o some_o punishment_n just_o due_a last_o whatsoever_o also_o be_v due_a to_o the_o promiser_n by_o way_n of_o punishment_n may_v be_v emballance_v with_o what_o he_o have_v promise_v which_o seneca_n in_o the_o same_o place_n thus_o clear_o illustrate_v beneficio_fw-la gratia_n debetur_fw-la injuriae_fw-la ultio_fw-la thanks_o be_v due_a for_o a_o courtesy_n revenge_n for_o a_o injury_n if_o therefore_o i_o pay_v he_o no_o thanks_o nor_o require_v that_o punishment_n from_o he_o that_o i_o lawful_o might_n there_o be_v nothing_o at_o all_o due_a to_o either_o for_o the_o one_o acquit_v the_o other_o and_o anon_o by_o compare_v the_o good_a turn_n i_o receive_v with_o the_o wrong_n i_o receive_v 6._o ib._n c._n 6._o i_o shall_v easy_o discern_v whether_o i_o be_o indebt_v unto_o he_o or_o he_o to_o i_o xix_o how_o these_o take_v place_n in_o war._n but_o as_o whatsoever_o be_v contend_v for_o by_o a_o wager_n at_o law_n can_v whilst_o the_o suit_n depend_v be_v counterballance_v against_o that_o which_o be_v promise_v whether_o it_o be_v the_o thing_n sue_v for_o or_o the_o cost_n and_o damage_n sustain_v in_o the_o suit_n so_o neither_o can_v the_o injury_n that_o first_o occasion_v the_o war_n nor_o any_o of_o the_o loss_n or_o expense_n which_o be_v usual_o through_o the_o licence_n in_o war_n cause_v be_v recompense_v as_o long_o as_o the_o war_n last_v for_o the_o very_a nature_n of_o this_o business_n lest_o nothing_o at_o all_o be_v do_v show_v that_o set_v a_o part_n on_o either_o side_n the_o controversy_n of_o the_o war_n they_o be_v agree_v for_o otherwise_o there_o can_v be_v no_o agreement_n so_o firm_o make_v that_o may_v not_o be_v avoid_v whereunto_o may_v that_o of_o seneca_n not_o unfit_o be_v apply_v 15._o de_fw-fr benef._n lib._n 7_o cap._n 15._o our_o ancestor_n will_v admit_v of_o no_o excuse_n at_o all_o for_o the_o breach_n of_o promise_n that_o so_o they_o may_v teach_v
land_n to_o be_v hold_v in_o fee_n farm_n be_v a_o benefit_n or_o a_o gift_n but_o the_o bind_n of_o he_o to_o who_o this_o grant_n be_v make_v to_o serve_v in_o the_o war_n for_o our_o defence_n be_v faciam_fw-la ut_fw-la facias_fw-la to_o do_v somewhat_o for_o he_o that_o he_o may_v do_v somewhat_o for_o we_o so_o the_o gain_n by_o money_n lend_v to_o traffic_v by_o sea_n be_v mix_v partly_o for_o the_o loan_n of_o my_o money_n and_o partly_o for_o run_v the_o danger_n of_o the_o sea_n vi_o or_o by_o accestion_n act_n be_v mix_v by_o accession_n when_o we_o strengthen_v our_o own_o act_n by_o the_o act_n of_o another_o as_o by_o surety_n or_o by_o deliver_v pledge_n or_o hostage_n for_o suretyship_n if_o we_o respect_v only_o the_o matter_n between_o the_o principal_a debtor_n and_o the_o surety_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n a_o command_n or_o bid_v the_o surety_n to_o engage_v his_o credit_n for_o he_o but_o if_o we_o respect_v the_o business_n between_o the_o creditor_n and_o the_o surety_n who_o receive_v nothing_o at_o all_o from_o he_o it_o be_v a_o act_n pure_o free_a yet_o because_o it_o confine_n upon_o such_o contract_n as_o be_v burdensome_a therefore_o it_o be_v to_o be_v reckon_v as_o such_o so_o the_o give_v of_o a_o thing_n to_o pawn_v or_o as_o a_o pledge_n seem_v of_o itself_o to_o be_v a_o free_a act_n whereby_o the_o detain_v of_o the_o thing_n pawn_v become_v lawful_a but_o this_o also_o derive_v its_o nature_n from_o the_o contract_n which_o be_v thereby_o strengthen_v and_o secure_v vii_o which_o of_o these_o be_v call_v contract_n all_o such_o act_n as_o be_v profitable_a unto_o other_o beside_o those_o that_o be_v mere_o bountiful_a and_o beneficent_a be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o name_n of_o contract_n viii_o equality_n be_v requisite_a in_o contract_n and_o first_o in_o act_n precedaneous_a in_o all_o contract_v nature_n require_v a_o equality_n and_o that_o so_o strict_o that_o she_o give_v a_o right_a to_o he_o that_o through_o inequality_n have_v less_o than_o his_o due_n this_o equality_n do_v consist_v partly_o in_o the_o act_n of_o contract_n and_o partly_o in_o that_o about_o which_o the_o contract_n be_v make_v and_o in_o the_o act_n of_o contract_n as_o well_o in_o those_o act_n that_o be_v precedaneous_a as_o in_o those_o that_o be_v principal_n ix_o as_o equality_n in_o knowledge_n it_o appertain_v to_o these_o act_n that_o precede_v any_o contract_n that_o he_o with_o who_o we_o have_v to_o deal_v shall_v discover_v unto_o we_o all_o the_o fault_n and_o defect_n which_o he_o know_v to_o be_v in_o the_o thing_n contract_v for_o which_o be_v not_o only_o require_v by_o the_o civil_a law_n but_o be_v most_o agreeable_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o act_n there_o be_v a_o near_a relation_n between_o the_o person_n contract_v than_o that_o which_o be_v common_a to_o all_o mankind_n and_o thus_o may_v that_o of_o diogenes_n babylonius_n be_v answer_v handle_v this_o argument_n namely_o 10._o cicero_n offic_n l._n 2._o 10._o that_o all_o thing_n be_v not_o hide_v which_o be_v not_o speak_v neither_o be_v it_o necessary_a for_o i_o to_o express_v all_o that_o be_v profitable_a for_o thou_o to_o hear_v as_o in_o matter_n celestial_a for_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o contract_n be_v invent_v for_o gain_n and_o profit_n require_v something_o that_o be_v more_o proper_a 11.1_o val._n max._n lib._n 8._o c._n 11.1_o to_o this_o purpose_n valerius_n maximus_n bring_v in_o a_o excellent_a example_n in_o claudius_n contumatus_fw-la who_o house_n stand_v near_o the_o capitol_n and_o so_o hinder_v the_o augur_n in_o the_o prospect_n of_o the_o bird_n and_o consequent_o in_o their_o divination_n be_v order_v to_o be_v demolish_v which_o claudius_n know_v but_o conceal_v go_v immediate_o and_o sell_v his_o house_n to_o calphurnius_fw-la lanarius_fw-la who_o understand_v the_o cheat_n appeal_v to_o cato_n who_o prudent_o condemn_a claudius_n allege_v that_o bonae_fw-la fidei_fw-la venditor_fw-la nec_fw-la commodorum_fw-la spem_fw-la augere_fw-la nec_fw-la incommodorum_fw-la cognitionem_fw-la obscurare_fw-la oportet_fw-la and_o that_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o equity_n say_v valerius_n for_o a_o honest_a seller_n shall_v neither_o heighten_v the_o buyer_n hope_n of_o gain_n nor_o hide_v from_o he_o his_o knowledge_n of_o the_o incommodity_n of_o what_o he_o sell_v it_o be_v a_o good_a observation_n of_o st._n ambrose_n in_o contractibus_fw-la etiam_fw-la vitia_fw-la eorum_fw-la quae_fw-la veneunt_fw-la prodi_fw-la jubentur_fw-la ac_fw-la nisi_fw-la intimaverit_fw-la venditor_fw-la quamvis_fw-la in_o jus_o emptoris_fw-la transcripserit_fw-la doli_fw-la actione_n vacuantur_fw-la in_o ordinary_a contract_n whatever_o defect_n be_v in_o the_o thing_n expose_v to_o be_v sell_v aught_o to_o be_v discover_v to_o the_o buyer_n which_o if_o not_o faithful_o do_v though_o the_o right_n of_o the_o thing_n be_v transfer_v to_o the_o buyer_n yet_o ought_v the_o contract_n to_o be_v null_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o fraud_n in_o the_o concealment_n of_o the_o defect_n 5._o lact._n l._n 5._o as_o in_o case_n a_o man_n shall_v sell_v a_o house_n that_o be_v haunt_v with_o devil_n or_o infect_v with_o the_o plague_n or_o a_o servant_n that_o be_v a_o fugitive_n and_o do_v not_o discover_v it_o regard_v only_o his_o own_o profit_n and_o not_o natural_a equity_n non_fw-fr est_fw-fr ille_fw-la sapiens_fw-la sed_fw-la callidus_fw-la &_o astutus_fw-la that_o man_n be_v not_o wise_a say_v carneades_n but_o crafty_a and_o knavish_a but_o if_o the_o thing_n conceal_v do_v not_o immediate_o concern_v the_o thing_n contract_v for_o we_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o reveal_v it_o as_o if_o i_o expose_v to_o sale_n such_o thing_n whereof_o i_o know_v a_o great_a quantity_n be_v come_v in_o after_o to_o be_v sell_v i_o may_v safe_o conceal_v my_o own_o knowledge_n yet_o even_o to_o discover_v this_o be_v commendable_a and_o in_o some_o case_n not_o to_o be_v omit_v without_o breach_n of_o charity_n yet_o i_o dare_v not_o say_v it_o be_v unjust_a i_o mean_v any_o violation_n of_o his_o right_n with_o who_o we_o have_v to_o do_v so_o that_o what_o the_o same_o diogenes_n say_v in_o the_o same_o place_n as_o cicero_n quote_v he_o be_v very_o true_a and_o to_o the_o purpose_n advexi_fw-la exposui_fw-la vendo_fw-la meum_fw-la non_fw-la plures_fw-la quam_fw-la caeteri_fw-la fortasse_fw-la erunt_fw-la minoris_fw-la cum_fw-la major_n sit_fw-la copia_fw-la cvi_fw-la fit_a injuria_fw-la hither_o have_v i_o bring_v my_o good_n i_o expose_v they_o to_o sale_n i_o sell_v but_o my_o own_o and_o at_o no_o dear_a rate_n than_o other_o perhaps_o when_o there_o be_v great_a plenty_n they_o will_v be_v cheap_a and_o in_o so_o do_v who_o do_v i_o injure_v whence_o then_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o of_o cicero_n be_v not_o general_o to_o be_v admit_v quid_fw-la celare_fw-la quid_fw-la that_o to_o hide_v a_o thing_n be_v when_o thou_o will_v have_v they_o who_o it_o concern_v to_o be_v ignorant_a of_o what_o thou_o know_v thereby_o to_o gain_v profit_n to_o thyself_o for_o then_o only_o be_v this_o concealment_n unjust_a when_o it_o immediate_o concern_v the_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o be_v contract_v for_o as_o in_o house_n infect_v with_o the_o pestilence_n or_o ordain_v by_o the_o magistrate_n to_o be_v pull_v down_o or_o the_o like_a for_o of_o these_o thing_n there_o shall_v be_v between_o the_o buyer_n and_o seller_n scientia_fw-la par_fw-fr scientia_fw-la a_o equal_a knowledge_n for_o that_o make_v they_o both_o equal_a x._o and_o in_o freedom_n of_o will._n and_o as_o there_o shall_v be_v a_o equality_n in_o knowledge_n between_o both_o the_o contractor_n so_o shall_v there_o also_o be_v a_o like_a freedom_n of_o will_n between_o they_o not_o that_o in_o case_n the_o seller_n be_v prepossess_v with_o a_o unjust_a fear_n no_o contract_n can_v be_v make_v with_o he_o till_o that_o fear_n be_v remove_v for_o that_o be_v a_o thing_n extrinsic_a to_o the_o contract_n but_o that_o no_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v constrain_v through_o fear_n to_o consent_v to_o the_o sale_n of_o what_o he_o will_v not_o otherwise_o part_v withal_o and_o if_o such_o a_o occasion_n of_o fear_n be_v give_v he_o to_o that_o end_n that_o it_o shall_v be_v first_o take_v away_o that_o so_o as_o well_o the_o seller_n as_o the_o buyer_n may_v have_v a_o like_a freedom_n of_o will._n when_o the_o aelian_o have_v buy_v some_o land_n of_o their_o neighbour_n who_o dare_v not_o deny_v to_o sell_v it_o they_o on_o any_o term_n the_o lacedaemonian_n make_v not_o scruple_n to_o make_v void_a the_o contract_n and_o therefore_o cause_v the_o aelian_o to_o make_v restitution_n allege_v that_o there_o be_v as_o much_o injustice_n in_o take_v away_o the_o good_n of_o their_o inferior_n under_o the_o specious_a pretence_n of_o purchase_n as_o in_o extort_v from_o they_o by_o mere_a force_n 3._o greek_z hist_o
rent_n or_o hire_v and_o that_o which_o answer_v to_o the_o propriety_n be_v the_o possess_n and_o enjoy_v of_o the_o benefit_n of_o it_o wherefore_o as_o when_o the_o thing_n perish_v the_o owner_n bear_v the_o loss_n so_o when_o the_o thing_n hire_v prove_v sterile_a or_o barren_a or_o by_o any_o other_o accident_n prove_v fruitless_a and_o unprofitable_a the_o loss_n be_v natural_o the_o present_a occupier_n neither_o have_v the_o lord_n any_o thing_n the_o less_o right_o to_o the_o rent_n or_o hire_v agree_v for_o because_o when_o he_o deliver_v the_o thing_n to_o he_o to_o use_v it_o be_v so_o much_o worth_n as_o be_v contract_v for_o although_o that_o may_v be_v change_v either_o by_o general_a law_n or_o by_o covenant_n between_o themselves_o yet_o notwithstanding_o if_o he_o that_o first_o hire_v the_o thing_n be_v disable_v to_o make_v use_n thereof_o and_o thereupon_o the_o owner_n let_v it_o to_o another_o whatsoever_o he_o shall_v gain_v thereby_o more_o than_o the_o hire_n first_o agree_v for_o he_o shall_v repay_v to_o he_o that_o first_o take_v it_o lest_o he_o shall_v enrich_v himself_o by_o that_o which_o be_v due_a to_o another_o man_n xix_o how_o the_o reward_n of_o man_n labour_n may_v be_v increase_v or_o diminish_v again_o what_o be_v before_o say_v in_o the_o case_n of_o sell_v namely_o that_o the_o price_n may_v be_v more_o or_o less_o if_o the_o thing_n be_v only_o sell_v to_o gratify_v the_o buyer_n but_o otherwise_o be_v neither_o to_o be_v buy_v nor_o sell_v the_o very_a same_o may_v be_v understand_v of_o any_o thing_n or_o of_o any_o work_n let_v or_o take_v for_o hire_n in_o favour_n of_o he_o that_o require_v it_o but_o if_o a_o man_n by_o one_o and_o the_o same_o pain_n may_v accommodate_v diverse_a person_n as_o in_o convey_v they_o from_o place_n to_o place_n if_o he_o that_o undertake_v it_o shall_v oblige_v himself_o entire_o to_o every_o one_o of_o they_o he_o may_v require_v the_o same_o reward_n from_o every_o one_o as_o he_o exact_v from_o the_o first_o if_o the_o law_n do_v not_o otherwise_o provide_v because_o that_o by_o my_o labour_n a_o second_o three_o or_o four_o person_n receive_v a_o benefit_n do_v no_o whit_n prejudice_v the_o contract_n make_v with_o the_o first_o and_o if_o the_o benefit_n be_v equal_a sure_o the_o reward_n ought_v to_o be_v so_o too_o xx._n by_o what_o law_n usury_n be_v forbid_v as_o concern_v money_n lend_v it_o be_v frequent_o question_v by_o what_o law_n usury_n be_v forbid_v and_o although_o it_o be_v the_o most_o receive_a opinion_n that_o it_o be_v prohibit_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n yet_o be_v albulensis_n of_o a_o contrary_a judgement_n neither_o be_v those_o argument_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o prove_v the_o adverse_a part_n of_o such_o weight_n as_o to_o turn_v the_o scale_n for_o whereas_o it_o be_v say_v of_o thing_n lend_v that_o they_o be_v lend_v free_o as_o much_o may_v be_v say_v of_o thing_n deliver_v to_o another_o to_o use_v and_o yet_o if_o any_o thing_n be_v require_v for_o the_o use_n of_o either_o it_o may_v haply_o cause_v the_o contract_n to_o pass_v by_o another_o name_n but_o it_o can_v make_v the_o take_n of_o a_o moderate_a price_n for_o the_o use_n of_o a_o thing_n unlawful_a neither_o be_v that_o argument_n which_o they_o draw_v from_o the_o sterility_n of_o money_n any_o thing_n more_o persuasive_a for_o man_n industry_n be_v able_a to_o make_v house_n land_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n which_o in_o themselves_o be_v barren_a to_o become_v fruitful_a but_o that_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o most_o plausible_a argument_n be_v this_o that_o here_o one_o thing_n be_v give_v for_o another_o as_o a_o house_n for_o rent_n but_o the_o use_n of_o a_o thing_n can_v be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o thing_n itself_o consistit_fw-la usus_fw-la in_o abusu_fw-la consistit_fw-la where_o the_o thing_n itself_o perish_v by_o the_o use_n of_o it_o and_o therefore_o for_o that_o nothing_o ought_v to_o be_v exact_v but_o here_o we_o must_v note_v that_o when_o by_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o senate_n the_o fruit_n arise_v from_o the_o use_n of_o thing_n that_o either_o by_o their_o use_n perish_v or_o be_v transfer_v into_o the_o dominion_n of_o another_o be_v introduce_v by_o the_o name_n of_o vsusfructus_n which_o proper_o signify_v the_o profit_n that_o be_v gain_v by_o the_o use_n of_o another_o man_n good_n the_o property_n remain_v his_o own_o they_o intend_v not_o by_o that_o word_n vsusfructus_n that_o it_o shall_v obtain_v the_o same_o effect_n of_o right_n with_o that_o which_o be_v proper_o so_o call_v for_o certain_o the_o word_n so_o take_v can_v not_o according_a to_o its_o propriety_n agree_v with_o such_o a_o right_n neither_o will_v it_o thence_o notwithstanding_o follow_v that_o such_o a_o right_n be_v nothing_o or_o not_o valuable_a since_o on_o the_o contrary_a it_o be_v certain_a that_o if_o any_o man_n will_v yield_v up_o such_o a_o right_n to_o the_o proprietor_n money_n may_v be_v require_v upon_o that_o account_n so_o also_o the_o right_n of_o not_o pay_v either_o money_n or_o wine_n borrow_v till_o after_o such_o a_o time_n be_v valuable_a minus_n enim_fw-la solvit_fw-la qui_fw-la tempore_fw-la minus_fw-la solvit_fw-la for_o he_o pay_v not_o his_o due_n that_o pay_v not_o in_o due_a time_n and_o therefore_o in_o land_n mortgage_v for_o money_n the_o profit_n of_o the_o land_n shall_v answer_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o money_n now_o what_o argument_n be_v bring_v by_o cato_n cicero_n and_o plutarch_n against_o usury_n do_v not_o so_o much_o respect_v the_o intrinsic_a nature_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o the_o adjunct_n and_o consequence_n of_o it_o what_o we_o be_v to_o do_v in_o this_o case_n we_o may_v collect_v from_o the_o law_n give_v by_o god_n to_o the_o hebrew_n which_o forbid_v they_o to_o lend_v money_n each_o to_o other_o upon_o usury_n the_o subject_a matter_n of_o which_o law_n if_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a yet_o it_o be_v moral_o honest_a and_o therefore_o in_o psal_n 15._o it_o be_v enumerate_v among_o such_o as_o be_v high_o moral_a as_o also_o in_o ezech._n 18._o some_o there_o be_v say_v hierom_n who_o place_n usury_n in_o the_o gain_n by_o money_n only_o discretion_n see_v psal_n 102._o the_o good_a man_n be_v merciful_a and_o dare_v and_o will_v guide_v his_o word_n with_o discretion_n but_o the_o scripture_n do_v provident_o take_v away_o all_o immoderate_a gain_n by_o any_o thing_n and_o do_v require_v that_o thou_o shall_v take_v no_o more_o than_o thou_o give_v now_o such_o precept_n as_o these_o be_v do_v as_o well_o oblige_v christian_n as_o hebrew_n we_o be_v call_v to_o be_v more_o excellent_a pattern_n of_o virtue_n than_o they_o wherefore_o look_v what_o moral_a duty_n the_o law_n then_o enjoin_v the_o jew_n and_o all_o that_o be_v circumcise_v for_o they_o be_v both_o herein_o equal_o oblige_v the_o same_o aught_o now_o to_o be_v observe_v by_o all_o nation_n the_o partition-wall_n be_v now_o take_v away_o by_o the_o promulgation_n of_o the_o evangelical_n law_n which_o under_o the_o notion_n of_o neighbour_n comprehend_v all_o mankind_n as_o by_o that_o excellent_a apology_n of_o our_o saviour_n concern_v the_o samaritan_n most_o evident_o appear_v so_o arnobius_n testify_v of_o the_o christian_n of_o his_o time_n 4._o lib._n 4._o that_o they_o be_v communicative_a of_o their_o good_n with_o all_o man_n love_v all_o man_n as_o if_o they_o be_v their_o brethren_n and_o therefore_o lactantius_n treat_v of_o christian_a duty_n make_v this_o one_o 2_o epit._n instit_fw-la c._n 2._o de_fw-fr off._n 13._o c._n 2_o he_o shall_v not_o say_v he_o give_v his_o money_n upon_o usury_n for_o this_o be_v to_o seek_v gain_n by_o another_o want_n so_o also_o st._n ambrose_n subvenire_fw-la non_fw-la habenti_fw-la humanitatis_fw-la est_fw-la duritiae_fw-la autem_fw-la plus_fw-la extorquere_fw-la quà m_fw-la dederis_fw-la to_o relieve_v the_o want_n of_o other_o be_v humane_a but_o to_o require_v more_o than_o be_v lend_v cruel_a and_o augustus_n caesar_n himself_o blame_v some_o who_o take_v up_o money_n at_o a_o easy_a rate_n to_o lend_v it_o to_o other_o upon_o hard_a term_n st._n chrysostome_n speak_v of_o fast_v give_v this_o caution_n if_o thou_o fast_o take_v heed_n that_o thou_o lend_v not_o thy_o money_n upon_o usury_n but_o break_v the_o bond_n of_o all_o unjust_a contract_n and_o on_o the_o last_o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o epistle_n to_o the_o corinthian_n he_o say_v 4._o see_v grat._n c._n 14._o quaest_n 3_o 4._o that_o he_o that_o offer_v unto_o god_n money_n gain_v by_o usury_n be_v as_o if_o a_o woman_n shall_v offer_v out_o of_o her_o meretricious_a gain_n xxi_o what_o gain_n fall_v not_o under_o the_o notion_n of_o usury_n it_o be_v notwithstanding_o to_o be_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v
some_o contract_n which_o have_v some_o resemblance_n of_o usury_n and_o be_v vulgar_o so_o account_v which_o yet_o be_v of_o another_o kind_n as_o when_o the_o lender_n require_v somewhat_o to_o repair_v the_o damage_n he_o have_v sustain_v either_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o long_a detention_n of_o his_o money_n lend_v or_o be_v frustrate_v of_o the_o hope_n of_o gain_n that_o he_o may_v have_v make_v by_o it_o deduct_v notwithstanding_o somewhat_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o incertainty_n of_o those_o hope_n and_o also_o for_o the_o labour_n and_o hazard_n he_o must_v have_v run_v for_o it_o so_o likewise_o to_o defray_v the_o charge_n of_o he_o that_o lend_v money_n to_o many_o and_o to_o that_o purpose_n keep_v his_o money_n ready_a with_o his_o book_n of_o account_n and_o for_o the_o danger_n he_o run_v of_o lose_v the_o principal_a where_o it_o be_v not_o sufficient_o secure_v if_o any_o thing_n in_o these_o case_n be_v require_v it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v repute_v usury_n and_o if_o we_o will_v know_v what_o opinion_n the_o roman_a lawyer_n have_v of_o it_o we_o shall_v find_v that_o as_o they_o hate_v the_o word_n foenus_fw-la so_o they_o will_v easy_o admit_v of_o vsura_fw-la vsura_fw-la non_fw-la propter_fw-la lucrum_fw-la petentium_fw-la sed_fw-la propter_fw-la moram_fw-la solventium_fw-la not_o that_o the_o lender_n desire_v to_o make_v again_o by_o the_o want_v of_o the_o borrower_n but_o because_o his_o money_n be_v not_o pay_v at_o the_o time_n agree_v on_o the_o difference_n be_v only_o this_o distinguish_v foenus_fw-la and_o usura_fw-la how_o distinguish_v foenus_fw-la be_v that_o which_o we_o contract_v for_o more_o than_o the_o principal_n mere_o out_o of_o a_o desire_n of_o gain_n but_o vsura_fw-la be_v that_o which_o be_v give_v more_o than_o the_o principal_n lest_o the_o lender_n shall_v be_v damnify_v by_o the_o detention_n of_o the_o principal_n but_o since_o this_o word_n vsura_fw-la be_v abuse_v by_o some_o have_v get_v a_o ill_a report_n therefore_o have_v this_o latter_a age_n substitute_v in_o its_o room_n the_o word_n interest_n demosthenes_n in_o his_o oration_n against_o pantaenetus_n deny_v peremptory_o that_o he_o deserve_v to_o be_v brand_v with_o the_o name_n of_o a_o usurer_n that_o lend_v what_o he_o have_v get_v either_o by_o merchandize_v or_o by_o his_o honest_a labour_n sub_fw-la modico_fw-la lucello_fw-la for_o some_o moderate_a gain_n partly_o that_o he_o may_v keep_v what_o he_o have_v so_o get_v and_o partly_o that_o thereby_o he_o may_v gratify_v another_o it_o be_v record_v of_o germanus_n kinsman_n to_o justinian_n that_o he_o lend_v money_n to_o every_o man_n that_o need_v it_o to_o be_v employ_v 3._o goth._n l._n 3._o but_o never_o take_v any_o thing_n that_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o usury_n true_n it_o be_v that_o the_o scripture_n the_o father_n the_o canon_n law_n and_o the_o decretal_n do_v all_o declaim_v against_o usury_n so_o do_v the_o civilian_n baldus_n call_v it_o a_o profitable_a theft_n or_o piracy_n bartolus_n condemn_v all_o usury_n so_o do_v the_o roman_a emperor_n and_o most_o commonwealth_n yet_o be_v they_o content_v to_o tolerate_v it_o be_v restrain_v and_o moderate_v the_o hebrew_n word_n nishech_n signify_v a_o bite_a or_o grind_v usury_n such_o a_o lend_n of_o money_n as_o under_o the_o pretence_n of_o charity_n devour_v the_o poor_a borrower_n the_o matter_n that_o bind_v the_o conscience_n be_v the_o debtor_n gain_v nothing_o by_o the_o money_n lend_v and_o not_o the_o take_n of_o much_o or_o little_a interest_n it_o be_v a_o more_o bite_a usury_n to_o take_v 2_o or_o 3_o per_fw-la cent._n of_o he_o that_o get_v nothing_o than_o to_o receive_v 6_o or_o 8_o of_o he_o that_o make_v thereof_o a_o great_a gain_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o among_o the_o roman_n he_o that_o take_v usury_n of_o the_o poor_a be_v more_o punish_v than_o he_o that_o rob_v the_o rich_a no_o man_n be_v by_o the_o law_n bind_v or_o so_o much_o as_o admonish_v to_o lend_v to_o those_o who_o have_v no_o need_n and_o in_o case_n another_o man_n gain_n by_o what_o be_v i_o natural_a equity_n require_v that_o i_o shall_v be_v a_o gainer_n by_o so_o much_o as_o he_o by_o my_o mean_n be_v make_v the_o rich_a again_o if_o to_o a_o man_n that_o stand_v in_o present_a want_n i_o lend_v free_o until_o such_o a_o time_n prefix_v if_o he_o fail_v then_o of_o payment_n and_o i_o thereby_o incur_v any_o damage_n it_o be_v reason_n that_o he_o shall_v satisfy_v the_o damage_n and_o so_o interest_n may_v be_v due_a ex_fw-la damno_fw-la habito_fw-la for_o the_o loss_n i_o sustain_v also_o if_o a_o tradesman_n lend_v his_o money_n which_o he_o can_v spare_v till_o such_o a_o mart_n to_o be_v then_o pay_v and_o the_o borrower_n fail_v in_o his_o payment_n whereby_o he_o be_v disable_v to_o drive_v on_o his_o trade_n for_o the_o next_o year_n then_o shall_v he_o be_v bind_v to_o satisfy_v the_o damage_n the_o lender_n sustain_v propter_fw-la lucrum_fw-la cessans_fw-la by_o reason_n that_o our_o hope_n of_o gain_n cease_v again_o four_o man_n be_v partner_n in_o one_o shop_n two_o be_v age_a supply_n money_n the_o other_o two_o be_v young_a and_o active_a do_v take_v pain_n to_o improve_v it_o if_o they_o by_o their_o labour_n and_o care_n gain_v 20_o or_o 30_o per_fw-la cent._n and_o pay_v the_o other_o two_o be_v past_o their_o labour_n 6_o or_o 8_o per_fw-la cent._n for_o their_o maintenance_n can_v this_o be_v call_v bite_a usury_n if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o the_o two_o lender_n take_v no_o pain_n nor_o run_v any_o hazard_n i_o answer_v yes_o they_o do_v doubtless_o take_v pain_n when_o they_o be_v able_a and_o they_o do_v now_o run_v a_o hazard_n by_o lend_v their_o money_n to_o they_o that_o be_v painful_a but_o have_v nothing_o it_o be_v record_v by_o procopius_n to_o the_o honour_n of_o germanus_n 3._o proc._n got._n l._n 3._o a_o kinsman_n of_o justinian_n that_o he_o lend_v great_a sum_n of_o money_n to_o be_v employ_v by_o such_o as_o need_v it_o but_o never_o take_v any_o thing_n that_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o usury_n our_o king_n edgar_n forbid_v usury_n and_o edward_n the_o first_o send_v away_o all_o the_o banker_n who_o gregory_n the_o ten_o have_v send_v out_o of_o italy_n into_o england_n and_o place_v in_o lumbardstreet_n henry_n the_o eight_o allow_v 10_o per_fw-la cent._n for_o one_o year_n which_o edward_n the_o six_o repeal_v queen_n elizabeth_z tolerate_v 10_o per_fw-la cent._n so_o do_v king_n james_n which_o charles_n the_o first_o reduce_v to_o 6_o per_fw-la cent._n which_o yet_o continue_v xxii_o what_o power_n the_o civil_a law_n have_v determine_v in_o the_o case_n but_o these_o humane_a law_n that_o tolerate_v a_o moderate_a gain_n for_o the_o use_n of_o money_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n as_o in_o holland_n they_o permit_v 8_o per_fw-la cent._n to_o some_o and_o 12_o per_fw-la cent._n to_o merchant_n for_o a_o year_n as_o a_o reasonable_a compensation_n for_o that_o loss_n which_o the_o lender_n do_v or_o may_v sustain_v by_o the_o forbearance_n of_o his_o money_n be_v no_o way_n repugnant_a to_o the_o law_n either_o natural_a or_o divine_a but_o if_o they_o exceed_v this_o rate_n those_o law_n may_v afford_v impunity_n but_o no_o just_a right_n xxiii_o how_o contract_v concern_v ensurance_n be_v to_o be_v value_v a_o contract_n for_o the_o ensure_v of_o good_n from_o casualty_n either_o by_o sea_n or_o land_n be_v altogether_o void_a if_o either_o of_o the_o contractor_n do_v know_v that_o the_o good_n be_v already_o safe_o arrive_v at_o the_o port_n or_o place_n whither_o they_o be_v bind_v or_o that_o they_o be_v perish_v by_o the_o way_n not_o only_o in_o respect_n of_o that_o parity_n or_o equality_n of_o knowledge_n that_o there_o shall_v be_v between_o such_o contractor_n but_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o subject_a matter_n of_o such_o a_o contract_n which_o be_v a_o loss_n but_o uncertain_a which_o in_o respect_n of_o both_o party_n may_v or_o may_v not_o be_v but_o at_o what_o rate_n these_o good_n be_v to_o be_v secure_v depend_v upon_o common_a estimation_n xxiv_o how_o in_o society_n with_o their_o several_a kind_n in_o social_a negotiation_n where_o traffic_n be_v maintain_v by_o the_o joint_a stock_n of_o a_o company_n if_o every_o member_n contribute_v a_o equal_a proportion_n in_o money_n their_o gain_n or_o loss_n shall_v also_o be_v equal_a but_o if_o their_o proportion_n be_v unequal_a every_o member_n shall_v be_v rate_v according_a to_o his_o proportion_n the_o like_a be_v to_o be_v observe_v where_o the_o traffic_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v by_o joint_a service_n according_o as_o the_o service_n be_v by_o agreement_n either_o equal_o or_o unequal_o to_o be_v perform_v but_o yet_o in_o such_o negotiation_n service_n may_v be_v set_v against_o money_n
prosecute_v this_o rule_n be_v pertinent_a what_o be_v unlawful_a for_o a_o man_n to_o do_v be_v also_o unlawful_a for_o another_o to_o compel_v or_o persuade_v he_o to_o do_v whereof_o let_v these_o suffice_v for_o example_n it_o be_v unlawful_a for_o any_o subject_n to_o kill_v his_o prince_n or_o to_o deliver_v up_o a_o town_n or_o fort_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o a_o council_n of_o war_n or_o to_o plunder_v his_o fellow_n subject_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v likewise_o unlawful_a for_o i_o be_v a_o enemy_n to_o persuade_v another_o prince_n subject_n remain_v so_o to_o do_v it_o for_o evermore_o he_o that_o occasion_v another_o man_n to_o sin_n do_v therein_o sin_n himself_o neither_o be_v it_o sufficient_a to_o say_v that_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o he_o that_o excite_v such_o a_o man_n to_o do_v such_o a_o villainous_a act_n to_o do_v it_o himself_o for_o it_o be_v true_a that_o it_o may_v be_v lawful_a for_o he_o to_o kill_v he_o but_o not_o to_o do_v it_o in_o that_o manner_n for_o that_o of_o st._n augustine_n be_v very_o true_a nihil_fw-la interest_n utrum_fw-la ipse_fw-la scelus_fw-la committas_fw-la a_o alium_fw-la propter_fw-la te_fw-la admittere_fw-la velis_fw-la it_o matter_n not_o much_o whether_o a_o man_n do_v commit_v wickedness_n himself_o or_o cause_v another_o to_o do_v it_o for_o he_o xxii_o yet_o if_o he_o offer_v himself_o we_o may_v make_v use_n of_o he_o but_o it_o be_v another_o rhing_n if_o such_o a_o person_n shall_v free_o offer_v himself_o without_o any_o instigation_n from_o we_o for_o it_o be_v not_o unlawful_a for_o we_o to_o make_v use_n of_o he_o as_o a_o instrument_n to_o effect_v that_o which_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o we_o to_o do_v as_o we_o have_v already_o prove_v by_o the_o example_n of_o god_n himself_o 5._o himself_o lib._n 2._o c._n 26._o §._o 5._o transfugam_fw-la jure_fw-la belli_fw-la recipimus_fw-la say_v celsus_n that_o be_v it_o be_v no_o way_n repugnant_a to_o the_o law_n of_o arm_n to_o receive_v renegado_n into_o protection_n and_o to_o make_v use_n of_o they_o neither_o be_v such_o to_o be_v deliver_v up_o unless_o it_o be_v so_o agree_v by_o the_o article_n of_o peace_n chap._n ii_o how_o subject_n good_n become_v liable_a to_o their_o prince_n debt_n i._o naturally_n no_o man_n be_v bind_v by_o the_o fact_n of_o another_o but_o the_o heir_n only_o ii_o yet_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n the_o good_n and_o act_n of_o subject_n be_v liable_a to_o the_o debt_n of_o the_o prince_n iii_o a_o example_n whereof_o in_o the_o take_n of_o man_n prisoner_n iu._n and_o in_o seize_v their_o good_n v._o which_o be_v lawful_a when_o the_o right_o be_v deny_v and_o when_o that_o be_v where_o be_v also_o show_v that_o though_o the_o thing_n be_v adjudge_v yet_o it_o neither_o give_v nor_o take_v away_o any_o man_n right_a vi_o that_o the_o life_n of_o innocent_a subject_n be_v not_o liable_a to_o satisfy_v the_o prince_n debt_n vii_o the_o difference_n herein_o between_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n i._o naturally_n none_o but_o the_o heir_n oblige_v by_o the_o fact_n of_o another_o let_v we_o now_o descend_v to_o those_o right_n which_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n grant_v unto_o we_o some_o whereof_z appertain_v to_o every_o war_n other_o to_o some_o particular_a kind_n of_o war_n only_o let_v we_o now_o begin_v with_o general_n by_o the_o bare_a law_n of_o nature_n no_o man_n be_v bind_v by_o the_o fact_n of_o another_o but_o he_o that_o succeed_v to_o inherit_v his_o good_n for_o as_o soon_o as_o dominion_n be_v first_o introduce_v it_o be_v likewise_o agree_v on_o that_o all_o debt_n shall_v pass_v together_o with_o the_o good_n to_o the_o next_o occupant_n 19_o videsupra_fw-la b._n 2._o ch_n 21._o §_o 19_o according_a to_o that_o old_a law-maxime_n transeat_fw-la fructus_fw-la cum_fw-la onere_fw-la let_v the_o estate_n and_o the_o charge_n go_v together_o the_o emperor_n zeno_n be_v wont_a to_o say_v that_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o natural_a equity_n that_o one_o man_n shall_v be_v molest_v for_o another_o man_n debt_n hence_o arise_v those_o title_n in_o the_o roman_a law_n that_o the_o wife_n shall_v not_o be_v sue_v for_o the_o husband_n nor_o the_o husband_n for_o the_o wife_n the_o son_n for_o the_o father_n nor_o the_o father_n or_o mother_n for_o the_o son_n neither_o as_o ulpian_n say_v express_o shall_v any_o particular_a person_n be_v liable_a to_o the_o debt_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n that_o be_v if_o the_o common_a stock_n be_v able_a to_o discharge_v they_o otherwise_o they_o shall_v not_o as_o individual_a person_n but_o as_o they_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a 20._o de_fw-fr benef._n l_o 6._o c._n 20._o if_o any_o man_n shall_v lend_v his_o money_n to_o my_o country_n say_v seneca_n i_o shall_v not_o acknowledge_v myself_o his_o debtor_n yet_o shall_v i_o willing_o advance_v my_o proportion_n not_o as_o my_o own_o debt_n but_o to_o disengage_v my_o country_n and_o again_o singuli_fw-la debebunt_fw-la non_fw-la tanquam_fw-la proprium_fw-la sed_fw-la tanquam_fw-la publici_fw-la partem_fw-la what_o the_o commonwealth_n owe_v every_o particular_a citizen_n owe_v not_o as_o his_o own_o debt_n but_o as_o his_o part_n of_o the_o public_a it_o be_v particular_o provide_v by_o the_o roman_a law_n that_o no_o one_o of_o the_o villager_n shall_v be_v oblige_v for_o another_o of_o the_o villager_n debt_n and_o in_o another_o place_n that_o no_o one_o possession_n shall_v be_v destrain_v for_o the_o debt_n of_o another_o no_o not_o for_o the_o public_a and_o in_o justinian_o novel_n reprisal_n be_v express_o forbid_v and_o this_o reason_n add_v because_o it_o have_v no_o face_n or_o colour_n of_o justice_n that_o one_o man_n shall_v be_v the_o debtor_n another_o enforce_v to_o pay_v the_o debt_n where_o also_o such_o exaction_n be_v call_v odious_a thus_o do_v theodorick_n in_o cassiodore_n account_v it_o for_o one_o man_n to_o be_v keep_v as_o a_o pledge_n or_o hostage_n for_o another_o ii_o but_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n subject_n be_v for_o their_o prince_n although_o these_o thing_n be_v true_a yet_o by_o the_o voluntary_a law_n of_o nation_n it_o may_v be_v nay_o as_o it_o appear_v it_o have_v be_v introduce_v that_o what_o debt_n soever_o any_o civil_a society_n or_o their_o prince_n shall_v contract_v either_o primary_o by_o themselves_o or_o be_v engage_v for_o by_o not_o render_v unto_o other_o that_o which_o be_v their_o right_n all_o the_o good_n both_o corporeal_a and_o incorporeal_a of_o those_o that_o be_v subject_a to_o that_o society_n or_o the_o prince_n thereof_o shall_v be_v liable_a and_o stand_v bind_v to_o discharge_v now_o this_o seem_v to_o be_v enforce_v by_o a_o kind_n of_o necessity_n for_o otherwise_o the_o gap_n will_v be_v so_o wide_a as_o to_o let_v in_o all_o manner_n of_o injury_n for_o the_o good_n of_o prince_n be_v but_o few_o and_o those_o not_o so_o easy_o take_v as_o those_o of_o private_a man_n which_o be_v many_o wherefore_o it_o be_v reckon_v by_o justinian_n among_o those_o law_n which_o custom_n have_v find_v requisite_a to_o be_v constitute_v for_o the_o relief_n of_o humane_a necessity_n neither_o will_v this_o be_v find_v so_o repugnant_a to_o nature_n that_o it_o may_v not_o be_v introduce_v by_o custom_n and_o by_o the_o tacit_a consent_n of_o nation_n see_v that_o surety_n do_v stand_v firm_o bind_v for_o other_o man_n debt_n without_o any_o other_o cause_n than_o by_o their_o voluntary_a susception_n only_o and_o very_o probable_a it_o be_v that_o the_o member_n of_o any_o one_o society_n may_v more_o easy_o be_v relieve_v one_o by_o another_o than_o stranger_n can_v who_o complaint_n though_o never_o so_o just_a be_v little_o regard_v in_o many_o place_n beside_o the_o benefit_n that_o arise_v from_o this_o obligation_n be_v common_a to_o all_o nation_n they_o that_o find_v themselves_o aggrieve_v by_o it_o at_o one_o time_n may_v be_v relieve_v by_o it_o some_o other_o nor_o be_v this_o custom_n in_o force_n only_o where_o there_o be_v a_o perfect_a and_o complete_a war_n between_o nation_n and_o nation_n for_o what_o be_v lawful_a in_o such_o war_n appear_v by_o the_o very_a word_n of_o their_o denunciation_n against_o the_o ancient_a latin_a people_n 1._o liv._o lib._n 1._o and_o against_o the_o man_n of_o old_a latium_n i_o denounce_v and_o make_v war_n say_v the_o roman_a herald_n in_o livy_n so_o likewise_o when_o the_o herald_n demand_v the_o people_n consent_n they_o say_v be_v it_o your_o will_n and_o pleasure_v that_o war_n be_v forthwith_o denounce_v against_o king_n philip_n and_o his_o macedonian_n and_o against_o all_o that_o be_v under_o his_o government_n so_o also_o in_o the_o decree_n itself_o the_o roman_a people_n do_v proclaim_v war_n against_o the_o hermundulian_a people_n and_o against_o the_o