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the_o mutual_a contribution_n of_o office_n among_o man_n have_v from_o the_o beginning_n continue_v both_o in_o labour_v and_o manure_v the_o natural_a riches_n of_o the_o land_n in_o corn_n and_o pasturage_n as_o in_o the_o immediate_a child_n of_o our_o first_o father_n adam_n and_o in_o plant_v vine_n and_o make_v a_o extract_n of_o the_o ivyce_n of_o the_o fruit_n of_o they_o as_o noah_n which_o riches_n in_o matter_n and_o foundation_n natural_a and_o partly_o also_o in_o alteration_n and_o manage_v artificial_o every_o possessor_n not_o long_o after_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o world_n several_o enjoy_v in_o property_n and_o hence_o do_v proceed_v a_o commerce_n first_o in_o real_a interchange_n and_o communication_n of_o thing_n of_o the_o same_o or_o other_o kind_n but_o all_o natural_a commodity_n as_o sheep_n for_o sheep_n sheep_n for_o corn_n wine_n for_o oil_n etc._n etc._n between_o man_n and_o man_n or_o nation_n and_o nation_n according_a to_o number_n weight_n and_o 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mariner_n and_o owner_n of_o ship_n 9_o the_o custom_n subsidy_n imposition_n tribute_n and_o toll_v pay_v upon_o all_o the_o commodity_n import_v and_o export_v within_o the_o dominion_n of_o all_o prince_n 10._o the_o manner_n of_o make_v of_o assurance_n upon_o good_n ship_n the_o person_n of_o man_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n adventure_v by_o sea_n or_o by_o land_n and_o the_o custom_n observe_v therein_o between_o nation_n and_o nation_n 11._o the_o keep_n of_o merchant_n account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n and_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o diversity_n of_o money_n whereby_o the_o say_v book_n of_o account_n be_v keep_v 12._o the_o authority_n and_o proceed_n of_o merchant_n court_n or_o prior_n and_o consul_n to_o decide_v their_o difference_n according_a to_o equity_n in_o place_n where_o they_o be_v keep_v or_o any_o other_o law_n imperial_a or_o common_a to_o some_o country_n whereby_o merchant_n controversy_n be_v determine_v with_o the_o course_n of_o attachment_n 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time_n be_v a_o tutor_n both_o to_o good_a and_o bad_a and_o do_v discover_v the_o affection_n of_o the_o mind_n time_n offer_v still_o each_o hour_n to_o do_v amiss_o time_n breed_v grief_n and_o heal_v when_o art_n do_v fail_v by_o time_n and_o wisdom_n passion_n be_v suppress_v in_o time_n small_a wedge_n cleave_v the_o hard_a oak_n time_n be_v the_o anchor_n both_o of_o truth_n and_o right_n time_n have_v set_v down_o the_o compass_n of_o his_o course_n time_n motion_n do_v equal_a the_o reel_a sun_n time_n measure_v our_o action_n time_n be_v the_o best_a governor_n of_o all_o our_o counsel_n time_n on_o the_o weary_a wretch_n bestow_v rest_n both_o life_n and_o love_n in_o time_n must_v have_v a_o end_n many_o more_o attribute_n may_v be_v bestow_v upon_o time_n but_o we_o shall_v find_v upon_o due_a consideration_n that_o time_n be_v but_o a_o distinction_n and_o measure_n of_o all_o thing_n and_o between_o all_o thing_n concern_v the_o revolution_n of_o time_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o even_o as_o god_n the_o author_n and_o conserver_n of_o all_o thing_n in_o a_o comely_a and_o decent_a order_n time_n the_o revolution_n of_o time_n have_v appoint_v a_o succession_n and_o progress_n of_o time_n for_o accomplishment_n of_o the_o natural_a course_n thereof_o so_o have_v he_o appoint_v certain_a period_n and_o revolution_n of_o time_n wherein_o thing_n return_v to_o the_o same_o or_o like_o estate_n wherein_o they_o be_v before_o as_o we_o see_v in_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o heaven_n and_o consequent_o in_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n all_o which_o be_v measure_v by_o time_n the_o sun_n the_o moon_n and_o the_o star_n to_o have_v their_o particular_a and_o distinct_a revolution_n wherein_o they_o accomplish_v their_o course_n and_o return_v after_o a_o limit_v and_o determinate_a space_n of_o time_n to_o the_o place_n from_o which_o they_o do_v depart_v the_o sun_n complete_n his_o course_n and_o revolution_n in_o 365_o day_n and_o almost_o six_o hour_n or_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o day_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v which_o be_v that_o space_n of_o time_n which_o we_o call_v the_o year_n term_v annus_fw-la qui_fw-la annulus_fw-la annulus_fw-la annus_fw-la quasi_fw-la annulus_fw-la take_v the_o similitude_n from_o a_o ring_n which_o cause_v the_o egyption_n to_o make_v the_o figure_n thereof_o in_o their_o hierogliphic_n like_v unto_o a_o serpent_n bite_v his_o own_o tail_n the_o moon_n by_o her_o revolution_n in_o the_o sphere_n in_o 28_o day_n or_o thereabouts_o determinate_v unto_o we_o the_o month_n as_o the_o sun_n do_v the_o day_n and_o hour_n saturnus_n the_o planet_n make_v her_o revolution_n in_o 30_o year_n jupiter_n in_o 12._o year_n mars_n in_o two_o year_n and_o venus_n and_o mercury_n in_o 360_o day_n or_o thereabouts_o the_o fix_a star_n have_v also_o their_o peculiar_a motion_n and_o revolution_n the_o knowledge_n of_o all_o which_o be_v both_o please_a and_o necessary_a unto_o judicious_a merchant_n and_o because_o time_n be_v
month_n in_o the_o year_n every_o todd_n contain_v four_o nail_n and_o every_o nail_n be_v 7_o will_v for_o the_o seven_o day_n of_o the_o week_n this_o sack_n of_o wool_n be_v account_v to_o make_v 4_o standard_n clothes_n of_o clean_a wool_n call_v sorting-clothe_n weigh_v 60_o will_v the_o cloth_n and_o be_v 24_o yard_n long_o of_o 6_o ½_n quarter_n broad_a or_o thereabouts_o within_o the_o remedy_n or_o allowance_n of_o 2_o will_v weight_n upon_o a_o cloth_n in_o the_o weight_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o clothes_n be_v well_o scour_v thicked_a mill_v and_o full_o dry_v in_o the_o measure_n likewise_o that_o the_o same_o be_v measure_v by_o the_o yard_n and_o inch_n within_o the_o list_n concern_v the_o breadth_n according_a to_o the_o say_a statute_n make_v of_o all_o the_o several_a sort_n of_o clothes_n make_v in_o diverse_a shire_n viz._n broad_n weight_n and_o measure_n kent_n yor._n &_o read_v clothes_n of_o 6_o ½_n quarter_n 86_o will_v 30_o &_o 34_o yard_n suffolk_n norfolk_n and_o essex_n of_o 7_o quar_fw-la 80_o will_v 29_o &_o 32_o yard_n worce_v covent_n and_o heref._n of_o 6_o ½_n quar_fw-la 78_o will_v 30_o &_o 33_o yard_n wilts_n glocest._n oxon._n somers_n of_o 7_o quar_fw-la 76_o will_v 29_o &_o 32_o yard_n suffolk_n sort_v clothes_n broad_a 6_o ½_n quar_fw-la 64_o will_v 23_o &_o 26_o yard_n all_o sort_v clothes_n of_o diverse_a shire_n 6_o ½_n q._n 60_o will_v 24_o &_o 26_o yard_n b._n cloth_n tauntons_n bridgewaters_n and_o dunstars_n of_o 7_o quar_fw-la 30_o will_v 12_o &_o 13_o yard_n broad_o &_o narrow_a of_o yorkshire_n of_o 4_o quar_fw-la 30_o will_v 24_o 25_o yard_n devon_n kersey_n and_o dozen_o of_o 4_o quar_fw-la 13_o will_v 12_o 13_o yard_n check_n kersey_n straight_o &_o plain_o gray'_v 4_o q._n 24_o will_v 17_o 18_o yard_n ordinary_a penistone_n or_o forest_n 5_o ½_n quar_fw-la 28_o will_v 12_o 13_o yard_n sort_v penistones_n of_o 6_o ½_n quar_fw-la 35_o will_v 13_o 14_o yard_n washer_n of_o lankyshire_n and_o other_o 17_o will_v 17_o 18_o yard_n clogware_n kend._n karpnuales_n at_o pleasure_n  _fw-fr 20_o at_o the_o least_o the_o manner_n of_o make_v of_o all_o woollen_a clothes_n and_o workman_n order_n with_o the_o view_n search_a and_o the_o forfeiture_n or_o abatement_n may_v at_o large_a be_v see_v by_o the_o say_a statute_n be_v a_o epitome_n of_o all_o former_a act_n concern_v the_o indrape_n of_o wool_n appoint_v wherein_o flock_n thrum_n or_o lamb_n wool_n may_v be_v put_v observation_n concern_v the_o say_a weight_n and_o measure_n of_o clothes_n in_o general_n that_o all_o substantial_a thing_n either_o dry_a or_o liquid_a be_v by_o divine_a providence_n subject_a and_o govern_v by_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n that_o weight_n and_o measure_n do_v control_v each_o other_o and_o that_o number_n give_v denomination_n to_o they_o both_o to_o discern_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n as_o aforesaid_a that_o the_o weight_n of_o a_o cloth_n be_v more_o to_o be_v regard_v than_o the_o measure_n because_o the_o weight_n contain_v substance_n which_o be_v abuse_v by_o stretch_v it_o in_o measure_n that_o according_a to_o the_o standard_n of_o clothes_n there_o must_v be_v allow_v or_o account_v two_o pound_n and_o one_o half_a of_o wool_n to_o make_v one_o yard_n of_o the_o abovesaid_a clothes_n that_o the_o statute_n of_o clothmaking_a have_v have_v a_o consideration_n to_o make_v a_o allowance_n or_o abatement_n for_o draped_a dress_v row_v and_o shear_v clothes_n which_o be_v five_o will_v in_o a_o long-cloth_n and_o four_o will_v in_o a_o broadcloth_n beside_o the_o remedy_n of_o two_o will_v according_a to_o this_o rule_n his_o majesty_n custom_n for_o cloth_n and_o carseye_n etc._n etc._n aught_o to_o be_v pay_v equalize_v the_o say_a custom_n of_o cloth_n with_o the_o custom_n of_o wool_n according_a to_o forty_o shilling_n the_o sack_n pay_v in_o the_o time_n of_o queen_n mary_n which_o be_v to_o be_v do_v according_a to_o the_o weight_n and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o measure_n as_o heretofore_o have_v be_v partly_o do_v and_o the_o weight_n will_v cause_v clothes_n to_o be_v better_o make_v according_a to_o the_o statute_n whereunto_o the_o reformation_n must_v be_v reduce_v which_o will_v be_v beneficial_a benefit_n which_o will_v arise_v by_o the_o true_a make_n of_o clothes_n in_o england_n according_a to_o the_o statute_n make_v in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o his_o majesty_n reign_n of_o great_a britain_n the_o cloth_n of_o the_o realm_n shall_v recover_v his_o former_a estimation_n which_o every_o merchant_n weigh_v his_o clothes_n will_v cause_v to_o be_v observe_v according_a to_o the_o say_a rule_n and_o proportion_n between_o weight_n and_o measure_n whereby_o the_o stretch_n and_o falsify_v of_o cloth_n will_v be_v control_v and_o prevent_v especial_o if_o this_o demonstration_n here_o set_v down_o shall_v direct_v the_o buyer_n of_o clothes_n and_o the_o like_a may_v be_v make_v for_o carseye_n and_o all_o other_o woollen_a commodity_n according_a to_o the_o say_a statute_n the_o cloth_n be_v true_o make_v will_v be_v more_o vendible_a beyond_o the_o sea_n where_o many_o complaint_n be_v daily_o make_v of_o the_o false_a make_v thereof_o which_o the_o clothier_n can_v but_o know_v upon_o so_o many_o certificate_n for_o tare_n as_o be_v abate_v of_o they_o to_o their_o loss_n every_o merchant_n look_v more_o to_o buy_v good_a cheap_a than_o to_o buy_v good_a cloth_n feed_v false_a make_v by_o it_o which_o come_v to_o pass_v more_o by_o ignorance_n than_o otherwise_o the_o clothier_n find_v the_o merchant_n by_o these_o mean_v able_a to_o control_v he_o will_v endeavour_n to_o make_v true_a cloth_n and_o the_o officer_n to_o survey_v it_o will_v be_v more_o careful_a and_o not_o send_v the_o clothier_n their_o lead_n and_o stamp_n and_o so_o they_o be_v pay_v never_o look_v to_o take_v pain_n to_o view_v the_o cloth_n hereby_o traffic_n will_v increase_v for_o the_o general_a good_a of_o the_o realm_n and_o his_o majesty_n custom_n will_v be_v due_o pay_v according_a to_o the_o say_a statute_n and_o all_o will_v tend_v to_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n and_o honour_n of_o the_o king_n in_o all_o equity_n and_o justice_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o all_o well_o govern_v commonweal_n other_o weight_n and_o measure_n control_v each_o other_o we_o may_v perceive_v by_o the_o content_n of_o this_o discourse_n how_o weight_n and_o measure_n do_v control_v each_o other_o compare_v your_o measure_n of_o corn_n with_o the_o weight_n as_o before_o be_v declare_v your_o length_n of_o clothes_n with_o the_o weight_n as_o aforesaid_a nay_o your_o wet_a measure_n with_o your_o dry_a measure_n of_o all_o thing_n of_o that_o nature_n and_o experience_n by_o observation_n will_v teach_v you_o to_o distinguish_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n and_o how_o to_o know_v the_o goodness_n of_o thing_n if_o spice_n become_v light_a than_o the_o weight_n will_v show_v it_o because_o the_o substance_n be_v dry_v up_o which_o to_o prevent_v be_v wisdom_n and_o no_o deceit_n for_o as_o the_o element_n of_o air_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o putrefaction_n so_o the_o exclude_v of_o the_o same_o in_o many_o thing_n be_v a_o preservation_n and_o so_o be_v likewise_o the_o prevent_n of_o dryness_n but_o to_o end_v this_o trial_n of_o measure_n and_o weight_n let_v we_o observe_v the_o italian_n by_o weigh_v and_o measure_v of_o their_o silk_n ware_n a_o yard_n of_o satin_n weigh_v four_o ounce_n be_v true_o make_v and_o if_o it_o be_v above_o they_o take_v the_o same_o to_o be_v overgum_v and_o not_o true_o make_v and_o so_o if_o iâ—_n weigh_v less_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n all_o the_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n between_o nation_n and_o nation_n or_o man_n and_o man_n be_v perform_v under_o three_o simple_n which_o be_v proper_o the_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o 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ware_n and_o durable_a commodity_n to_o the_o impoverish_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n and_o not_o only_o be_v this_o commutation_n or_o exchange_n abuse_v in_o kind_n but_o also_o in_o the_o price_n pay_v too_o dear_a for_o the_o one_o and_o sell_v the_o other_o too_o good_a cheap_a whereby_o come_v a_o overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n in_o price_n and_o quality_n and_o not_o in_o quantity_n whereby_o in_o effect_n commodity_n overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n money_n be_v give_v to_o boot_v and_o as_o it_o be_v over_o and_o above_o the_o reasonable_a estimation_n of_o thing_n and_o herein_o be_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n predominant_a and_o overruling_a both_o the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n as_o shall_v be_v at_o large_a demonstrate_v hereafter_o for_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v proper_o the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o commerce_n traffic_n the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o traffic_n and_o have_v 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buy_v and_o sold._n and_o albeit_o that_o the_o abundance_n or_o quantity_n of_o commodity_n and_o the_o many_o or_o few_o buyer_n or_o the_o scarcity_n of_o commodity_n cause_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n to_o rise_v and_o fall_v and_o likewise_o that_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v thing_n dear_a and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v they_o good_a cheap_a as_o a_o property_n inherent_a unto_o money_n as_o a_o true_a measure_n yet_o we_o must_v observe_v in_o true_a order_n that_o both_o commodity_n and_o money_n be_v passive_a passive_a commodity_n and_o money_n be_v thing_n passive_a since_o the_o exchange_n be_v invent_v which_o be_v only_o active_a and_o that_o in_o country_n where_o all_o the_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v use_v but_o howsoever_o the_o maxim_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o avoid_n of_o the_o say_v overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n in_o price_n and_o quality_n marcus_z cato_z therefore_o say_v advise_o oportet_fw-la patrem_fw-la familias_fw-la esse_fw-la vendacem_fw-la non_fw-la emacem_fw-la a_o prince_n therefore_o as_o the_o father_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n ought_v to_o be_v a_o seller_n and_o not_o a_o buyer_n which_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o the_o expense_n of_o his_o commonwealth_n do_v not_o exceed_v his_o income_n and_o revenue_n this_o to_o be_v effect_v by_o keep_v a_o certain_a equality_n in_o the_o traffic_n betwixt_o his_o kingdom_n and_o foreign_a nation_n riches_n natural_a riches_n artificial_a riches_n for_o riches_n be_v natural_a or_o artificial_a and_o both_o subject_n to_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n require_v a_o certain_a equality_n in_o the_o true_a commutation_n of_o thing_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n commutative_a justice_n distributive_a and_o commutative_a and_o justice_n be_v distributive_a &_o commutative_a every_o man_n of_o judgement_n know_v that_o this_o part_n be_v comprehend_v under_o justice_n commutative_a and_o that_o all_o traffic_n consist_v of_o the_o land_n 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commodity_n too_o dear_a and_o by_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la when_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n do_v not_o answer_v the_o true_a value_n of_o it_o by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o shall_v be_v plain_o demonstrate_v traffic_n exchange_v the_o rudder_n of_o traffic_n for_o this_o exchange_n be_v the_o rudder_n of_o the_o ship_n of_o traffic_n fasten_v upon_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o keel_n of_o equity_n which_o do_v rule_n and_o direct_v the_o say_a ship_n upon_o all_o the_o variation_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o all_o country_n many_o man_n know_v that_o the_o rudder_n do_v govern_v the_o ship_n can_v notwithstanding_o give_v little_a reason_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o but_o admire_v to_o see_v so_o small_a a_o piece_n of_o timber_n have_v so_o great_a a_o operation_n yet_o no_o man_n be_v so_o foolish_a as_o to_o attribute_v that_o power_n unto_o the_o sail_n or_o any_o other_o appurtenance_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o to_o the_o main_a body_n of_o 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a_o ship_n which_o command_v the_o direction_n of_o the_o compass_n according_o and_o so_o do_v the_o exchange_n command_v the_o course_n of_o money_n for_o let_v the_o standard_n of_o money_n be_v alter_v either_o in_o weight_n fineness_n or_o valuation_n the_o exchange_n by_o alter_v the_o price_n with_o great_a facility_n according_a to_o equity_n be_v able_a to_o meet_v and_o over-rule_v they_o all_o as_o shall_v be_v declare_v in_o the_o progress_n of_o this_o book_n the_o learned_a have_v determine_v etc._n principle_n or_o axiom_n what_o they_o be_v etc._n etc._n that_o no_o argument_n or_o disputation_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v with_o those_o that_o will_v deny_v principle_n which_o by_o reason_n and_o common_a consent_n be_v indisputable_a and_o stand_v of_o their_o own_o authority_n for_o by_o a_o undoubted_a principle_n or_o axiom_n we_o know_v that_o the_o whole_a be_v big_a than_o his_o part_n that_o two_o be_v more_o than_o one_o and_o that_o two_o equal_a thing_n be_v equal_o divide_v into_o
and_o weal_n public_a hereupon_o replication_n be_v make_v by_o the_o king_n fault_n be_v find_v of_o the_o general_a dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n within_o his_o realm_n without_o any_o scarcity_n of_o the_o say_a thing_n serve_v for_o the_o back_n and_o belly_n which_o we_o do_v attribute_n unto_o you_o husbandman_n say_v the_o king_n dearâ—h_n food_n dear_a and_o no_o dearâ—h_n for_o food_n be_v dear_a and_o yet_o there_o be_v no_o dearth_n the_o husbandman_n do_v excuse_v themselves_o and_o lay_v the_o fault_n upon_o the_o nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n for_o raise_v of_o their_o rent_n take_v of_o farm_n into_o their_o hand_n and_o make_v of_o enclosure_n nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n do_v impose_v the_o cause_n upon_o merchant_n and_o artificer_n for_o sell_v thing_n dear_a than_o in_o time_n past_a which_o cause_v every_o man_n to_o make_v the_o most_o of_o his_o own_o according_a to_o his_o profession_n wherein_o the_o artificer_n be_v easy_o dispense_v withal_o consider_v their_o labour_n and_o workman_n wage_n buy_v also_o all_o thing_n dear_a so_o that_o the_o fault_n do_v whole_o remain_v upon_o the_o merchant_n who_o have_v the_o sole_a dispose_n of_o all_o commodity_n export_v and_o import_v for_o the_o good_a or_o hurt_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n which_o cause_v the_o king_n to_o enter_v into_o consideration_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o ingenious_o perceive_v that_o the_o vital_a spirit_n of_o traffic_n do_v consist_v in_o the_o matter_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n because_o the_o same_o be_v the_o public_a measure_n between_o nation_n and_o nation_n and_o that_o gain_n be_v the_o radical_a moisture_n of_o commerce_n which_o have_v his_o effectual_a power_n in_o exchange_n his_o majesty_n think_v good_a to_o call_v diverse_a merchant_n to_o the_o consultation_n of_o this_o business_n be_v within_o their_o element_n to_o hear_v their_o opinion_n how_o to_o remedy_v the_o say_a inconvenience_n merchant_n three_o manner_n of_o merchant_n whereupon_o his_o highness_n observe_v three_o manner_n of_o merchant_n the_o first_o which_o be_v the_o great_a number_n be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o fundamental_a reason_n of_o exchange_n and_o be_v carry_v with_o the_o stream_n never_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o but_o be_v guide_v therein_o by_o ignorant_a broker_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o foreign_a nation_n the_o second_o sort_n of_o merchant_n be_v those_o that_o do_v altogether_o practice_v to_o make_v a_o benefit_n by_o exchange_n and_o transportation_n of_o money_n and_o never_o do_v deal_n in_o commodity_n at_o home_n or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o these_o will_v not_o confess_v that_o there_o be_v any_o abuse_n commit_v by_o exchange_n the_o three_o sort_n of_o merchant_n be_v the_o small_a number_n be_v man_n of_o wisdom_n and_o experience_n and_o yet_o they_o find_v the_o matter_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v a_o mystery_n until_o examination_n of_o the_o property_n thereof_o and_o then_o like_o good_a patriot_n they_o take_v a_o care_n for_o the_o welfare_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n the_o first_o sort_n he_o do_v not_o regard_v because_o of_o their_o ignorance_n the_o socond_a sort_n he_o do_v compare_v unto_o vintner_n law_n offender_n unfit_a to_o make_v law_n who_o be_v not_o fit_a to_o be_v call_v to_o be_v assistant_n in_o make_v of_o law_n against_o drunkenness_n and_o so_o reject_v they_o but_o the_o three_o sort_n he_o do_v embrace_v as_o worthy_a counsellor_n to_o reform_v abuse_n and_o some_o of_o these_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o base_a money_n coin_a in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o 8_o all_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v sell_v dear_a which_o make_v afterward_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o rise_v at_o the_o farmer_n and_o tenant_n hand_n and_o that_o the_o same_o be_v make_v dear_a through_o plenty_n of_o money_n and_o bullion_n thing_n enhance_a of_o silver_n alter_v the_o price_n of_o thing_n which_o come_v from_o the_o west_n indies_n and_o especial_o because_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v enhance_v by_o the_o say_a king_n from_o forty_o penny_n to_o forty_o five_o penny_n and_o afterward_o in_o process_n of_o time_n be_v value_v at_o threescore_o penny_n and_o that_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o say_a alteration_n do_v still_o continue_v other_o say_v that_o the_o prize_n of_o thing_n be_v rise_v be_v of_o no_o great_a moment_n because_o it_o be_v by_o denomination_n and_o not_o real_o for_o that_o which_o be_v call_v forty_o before_o be_v now_o term_v threescore_o according_a to_o the_o coin_n of_o silver_n value_v by_o the_o ounce_n as_o aforesaid_a but_o the_o wise_a sort_n do_v go_v further_o and_o compare_v the_o prize_n rise_v of_o foreign_a commodity_n far_o more_o than_o the_o prize_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n they_o do_v acknowledge_v that_o there_o be_v a_o overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n and_o find_v that_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n thereof_o for_o they_o do_v observe_v that_o as_o the_o element_n be_v join_v by_o symbolisation_n the_o air_n to_o the_o fire_n by_o warmness_n the_o water_n to_o the_o air_n by_o moisture_n the_o earth_n to_o the_o water_n by_o coldness_n so_o be_v exchange_n join_v to_o money_n and_o money_n to_o commodity_n by_o their_o proper_a quality_n and_o effect_n whereby_o it_o do_v appear_v unto_o they_o first_o that_o our_o money_n be_v undervalue_v in_o exchange_n cause_v the_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n to_o be_v abate_v and_o to_o be_v sell_v better_o cheap_a in_o foreign_a part_n and_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n that_o our_o money_n be_v export_v second_o the_o money_n be_v transport_v take_v away_o the_o lively_a course_n of_o traffic_n of_o our_o say_a commodity_n and_o cause_v young_a merchant_n to_o run_v by_o exchange_n upon_o bill_n to_o maintain_v their_o trade_n pay_v great_a interest_n for_o money_n which_o they_o can_v take_v up_o by_o their_o single_a bond_n as_o they_o can_v do_v by_o bill_n take_v up_o the_o same_o by_o exchange_n without_o surety_n three_o this_o cause_v young_a merchant_n and_o other_o to_o make_v rash_a sale_n of_o their_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o pay_v their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereby_o they_o overthrow_v the_o market_n of_o other_o anâ—_n make_v they_o sell_v better_a cheap_a so_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o coin_n be_v overvalue_v in_o exchange_n and_o also_o enhance_v beyond_o the_o sea_n cause_v the_o price_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o increase_v more_o than_o our_o native_a commodity_n and_o our_o merchant_n be_v compel_v of_o course_n to_o make_v return_n thereby_o because_o they_o can_v import_v those_o overvalued_n money_n but_o to_o their_o exceed_a great_a loss_n and_o by_o exchange_n they_o find_v few_o taker_n unless_o it_o be_v our_o young_a merchant_n which_o do_v consume_v their_o estate_n by_o exchange_n and_o rechange_n for_o of_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n commodity_n cause_n of_o the_o overballance_v of_o commodity_n we_o have_v but_o the_o use_n of_o one_o as_o they_o observe_v which_o be_v the_o buy_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o make_v return_n increase_v therein_o the_o consumption_n of_o the_o say_a ware_n and_o not_o our_o own_o money_n remain_v hereby_o plentiful_a beyond_o the_o sea_n the_o rather_o for_o that_o bill_n of_o debt_n be_v as_o ready_a money_n pass_v between_o man_n and_o man_n cause_v with_o they_o a_o lively_a course_n of_o trade_n whereby_o their_o commodity_n be_v advance_v in_o price_n and_o sale_n neither_o be_v they_o compel_v to_o sell_v they_o but_o at_o their_o price_n because_o they_o find_v money_n at_o interest_n at_o five_o and_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o this_o plenty_n of_o money_n be_v daily_o increase_v by_o our_o merchant_n trade_v spain_n and_o all_o other_o who_o do_v divert_v the_o royal_n of_o spain_n from_o we_o because_o of_o the_o enhance_a of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n where_o they_o have_v 25_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n when_o with_o we_o they_o make_v but_o 10_o ê‘_n cent_n this_o gain_n be_v practise_v by_o exchange_n and_o will_v otherwise_o be_v but_o imaginary_a as_o shall_v be_v declare_v hereafter_o whereby_o we_o shall_v find_v that_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v still_o predominant_a and_o overrule_a the_o money_n and_o commodity_n chap._n vi_o a_o geometrical_a description_n of_o the_o world_n especial_o of_o europe_n measure_v by_o million_o of_o acre_n of_o ground_n upon_o the_o map_n the_o measure_n be_v one_o million_o or_o ten_o hundred_o thousand_o acre_n the_o circumference_n of_o the_o roundness_n of_o the_o whole_a globe_n of_o the_o world_n compose_v of_o water_n and_o earth_n be_v account_v to_o be_v
matter_n little_a sensible_a here_o may_v microcosmos_n the_o little_a world_n man_n behold_v how_o little_a the_o great_a world_n be_v which_o be_v make_v for_o he_o as_o a_o tabernacle_n where_o he_o have_v no_o abide_v place_n but_o travel_v as_o a_o pilgrim_n towards_o the_o celestial_a habitation_n with_o a_o thankful_a mind_n and_o remembrance_n of_o the_o mercy_n of_o god_n who_o have_v be_v mindful_a of_o the_o son_n of_o man_n and_o make_v he_o low_a than_o the_o angel_n to_o crown_v he_o with_o glory_n and_o worship_n psal._n 8._o thus_o much_o i_o think_v to_o demonstrate_v unto_o christian_a merchant_n touch_v the_o world_n before_o we_o entreat_v of_o the_o commodity_n whereby_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n be_v by_o they_o and_o other_o nation_n maintain_v according_a to_o the_o ancient_a verse_n currit_fw-la mercator_fw-la ad_fw-la indos_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o commodity_n of_o all_o country_n whereby_o commerce_n be_v mainetain_v genera_fw-la corporum_fw-la tria_fw-la sunt_fw-la genera_fw-la albeit_o that_o the_o aforesaid_a doctor_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n have_v declare_v that_o there_o be_v but_o three_o kind_n of_o body_n of_o thing_n namely_o 1_o quod_fw-la continetur_fw-la uno_fw-la spiritu_fw-la ut_fw-la homo_fw-la lapis_fw-la etc._n etc._n which_o be_v contain_v of_o one_o spirit_n as_o man_n and_o a_o stone_n or_o such_o like_a 2_o quod_fw-la ex_fw-la pluribus_fw-la inter_fw-la se_fw-la coherentibus_fw-la constat_fw-la ut_fw-la edificium_fw-la navis_fw-la etc._n etc._n which_o consist_v of_o many_o thing_n join_v together_o as_o a_o building_n a_o ship_n etc._n etc._n 3_o quod_fw-la ex_fw-la distantibus_fw-la constat_fw-la ut_fw-la corpora_fw-la uno_fw-la nomine_fw-la subiecta_fw-la veluti_fw-la populus_fw-la legio_fw-la grex_fw-la etc._n etc._n which_o consist_v of_o distant_a thing_n as_o many_o body_n under_o one_o name_n a_o people_n a_o legion_n a_o flock_n and_o the_o like_a yet_o this_o definition_n be_v not_o complete_a concern_v the_o body_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n consist_v of_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_v of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o aforesaid_a which_o be_v to_o be_v describe_v in_o order_n and_o because_o commodity_n like_v unto_o the_o body_n uphold_v the_o world_n at_o the_o first_o by_o way_n of_o commutation_n and_o barter_n of_o they_o according_a to_o necessity_n and_o usefulness_n therefore_o may_v it_o be_v think_v convenient_a to_o set_v down_o in_o this_o place_n the_o particular_a commodity_n of_o all_o country_n and_o of_o some_o of_o they_o their_o value_n and_o estimation_n by_o mean_n whereof_o traffic_n and_o trade_n be_v establish_v and_o maintain_v that_o thereupon_o we_o may_v proceed_v according_o very_o in_o the_o estate_n of_o innocency_n all_o thing_n be_v common_a but_o alas_o this_o community_n of_o thing_n endure_v but_o a_o while_n and_o now_o by_o reason_n of_o our_o natural_a corruption_n and_o proneness_n to_o wrong_v one_o another_o there_o be_v a_o absolute_a necessity_n of_o propriety_n and_o several_a possession_n which_o be_v consonant_n to_o the_o law_n of_o god_n as_o well_o as_o found_v upon_o the_o law_n of_o man_n and_o consent_n of_o nation_n it_o be_v the_o voice_n of_o secondary_a nature_n this_o be_v my_o house_n this_o be_v my_o town_n and_o this_o be_v my_o servant_n etc._n etc._n whereby_o meum_fw-la &_o tuum_fw-la be_v distinguish_v the_o revocation_n of_o this_o communion_n of_o thing_n be_v the_o nerve_n and_o bond_n of_o humane_a society_n and_o the_o mother_n of_o labour_n and_o diligence_n who_o will_v till_o the_o ground_n if_o he_o hope_v not_o to_o taste_v of_o the_o crop_n of_o it_o sure_o all_o will_v be_v waste_n and_o desolate_a if_o man_n be_v to_o plant_v and_o build_v for_o every_o body_n that_o be_v nobody_o we_o see_v by_o experience_n that_o the_o strong_a will_v deprive_v other_o of_o the_o use_n of_o thing_n unless_o the_o law_n do_v interpose_v her_o authority_n which_o be_v two_o fold_n namely_o paterna_fw-la &_o politica_fw-la effect_v by_o the_o father_n of_o family_n and_o magistrate_n and_o herein_o be_v no_o other_o equality_n to_o be_v find_v concern_v thing_n but_o a_o mutual_a voluntary_a estimation_n of_o they_o according_a to_o the_o use_n and_o behoof_n of_o the_o say_a thing_n and_o the_o proverb_n be_v true_a that_o good_n hold_v in_o common_a be_v as_o it_o be_v no_o body_n good_n and_o not_o manure_v as_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v whereupon_o plato_n in_o his_o second_o commonwealth_n upon_o better_a consideration_n do_v revoke_v his_o former_a opinion_n of_o the_o community_n of_o good_n and_o use_v to_o say_v that_o no_o man_n be_v a_o gainer_n but_o another_o become_v a_o loose_a which_o have_v a_o over_o great_a regard_n to_o the_o property_n of_o good_n and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o property_n of_o good_n all_o traffic_n will_v cease_v nevertheless_o the_o equality_n and_o equity_n in_o the_o course_n of_o commerce_n must_v be_v observe_v to_o avoid_v the_o overballance_a of_o commodity_n as_o in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n be_v mention_v which_o require_v a_o three_o consideration_n of_o a_o other_o kind_n of_o equality_n for_o as_o we_o have_v note_v with_o aristotle_n riches_n be_v either_o natural_a or_o artificial_a the_o natural_a riches_n as_o land_n vine_n forest_n meadow_n and_o the_o like_a the_o artificial_a as_o money_n gold_n silver_n cloth_n and_o all_o other_o manufacture_n and_o household_n stuffe_n now_o as_o this_o artificial_a riches_n be_v proceed_v of_o the_o natural_a riches_n and_o that_o both_o these_o do_v receive_v their_o price_n and_o estimation_n by_o money_n so_o reason_n require_v a_o certain_a equality_n between_o they_o which_o we_o find_v to_o be_v defective_a which_o be_v concern_v the_o price_n of_o land_n to_o prove_v our_o assertion_n we_o can_v hardly_o make_v this_o inequality_n appear_v albeit_o we_o do_v find_v the_o want_n of_o the_o treasure_n transport_v from_o we_o into_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n for_o it_o befall_v unto_o we_o concern_v money_n and_o wealth_n as_o it_o do_v to_o a_o general_n of_o a_o camp_n of_o ten_o thousand_o suppose_v arm_v man_n whereof_o muster_n be_v take_v at_o several_a time_n and_o upon_o several_a day_n all_o of_o they_o be_v find_v to_o be_v arm_v because_o they_o lend_v their_o armour_n to_o each_o other_o whereas_o if_o they_o be_v all_o muster_v in_o a_o day_n and_o at_o one_o instant_a a_o great_a part_n of_o they_o will_v be_v find_v to_o want_v armour_n so_o the_o like_a want_n of_o money_n and_o wealth_n will_v be_v find_v if_o rich_a man_n be_v examine_v for_o their_o personal_a estate_n upon_o any_o urgent_a occasion_n and_o now_o let_v we_o examine_v the_o commodity_n of_o all_o country_n begin_v from_o the_o east_n and_o end_n in_o the_o west_n of_o the_o goodness_n and_o value_n of_o east_n india_n commodity_n the_o merchant_n trade_n for_o the_o east_n indies_n take_v beginning_n in_o england_n in_o the_o year_n 1600_o at_o which_o time_n spice_n and_o all_o other_o commodity_n be_v buy_v for_o the_o price_n hereafter_o declare_v translate_v out_o of_o the_o portugal_n tongue_n with_o my_o addition_n and_o observation_n concern_v the_o goodness_n of_o those_o commodity_n clove_n clove_n clove_n grow_v in_o the_o land_n of_o molucco_n be_v clean_o of_o stalk_n by_o the_o portugal_n call_v fusty_n fuss_n fuss_n be_v sell_v for_o fifty_o pardaos_n the_o kintal_n or_o the_o 100_o weight_n of_o 112_o will_v correspondent_a with_o our_o london_n quintal_n or_o hundred_o account_v the_o pardao_n or_o ducatt_n at_o 5_o ss_z be_v about_o 27_o penny_n the_o pound_n there_o be_v another_o lean_a and_o dry_a sort_n of_o clove_n call_v cravo_n di_fw-it bastao_n which_o be_v sell_v for_o 25_o ducat_n which_o the_o portugall_n do_v mingle_v many_o time_n the_o difference_n be_v half_a in_o half_n in_o price_n and_o the_o pound_n at_o 13_o ½_n penny_n mace_n mace_n mace_n be_v of_o a_o fair_a colour_n and_o large_a which_o grow_v upon_o the_o nutmeg_n and_o be_v have_v also_o in_o the_o island_n of_o bantan_n be_v sell_v for_o 74_o ducat_n the_o hundred_o which_o be_v 40_o penny_n starling_n the_o pound_n nuttmeg_n nuttmeg_n nutmeg_n in_o the_o say_a place_n be_v sell_v for_o 15_o ducat_n be_v 75_o ss_z the_o hundred_o and_o the_o pound_n weight_n eight_o penny_n starling_n ginger_n ginger_n ginger_n be_v dry_a from_o calicout_n call_v belledin_n or_o ash_n colour_n ginger_n at_o 9_o ducat_n the_o hundred_o be_v 45_o ss_z and_o the_o pound_n at_o 5_o penny_n or_o thereabouts_o there_o be_v a_o inferior_a sort_n call_v mechino_n of_o six_o ducat_n the_o quintall_n ginger_n in_o conserve_v at_o 13_o ½_n ducat_n be_v about_o 7_o ½_n penny_n the_o pound_n cinnamon_n cinnamon_n cinnamon_n of_o zeilan_n grow_v in_o that_o island_n be_v sell_v at_o thirty_o
according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o money_n whereby_o every_o man_n set_v a_o price_n unto_o his_o commodity_n do_v sell_v and_o barter_v the_o same_o as_o he_o can_v with_o a_o respect_n of_o the_o necessary_a use_n or_o request_n have_v of_o the_o commodity_n and_o of_o the_o quality_n and_o goodness_n of_o the_o same_o be_v either_o corruptible_a commodity_n or_o staple_n ware_n more_o durable_a whereby_o all_o metal_n and_o mineral_n come_v into_o great_a estimation_n and_o the_o pure_a be_v most_o value_v and_o esteem_v even_o in_o the_o very_a traffic_n by_o commutation_n when_o money_n be_v not_o coin_a and_o commodity_n be_v disperse_v by_o commerce_n between_o nation_n by_o a_o interchangeable_a course_n supply_v each_o other_o occasion_n and_o necessity_n according_a to_o the_o use_n of_o commodity_n negotiativa_fw-la commutatio_fw-la negotiativa_fw-la this_o commutation_n be_v call_v negotiativa_fw-la because_o thing_n be_v commute_v for_o to_o sell_v again_o by_o way_n of_o negotiation_n which_o be_v either_o by_o sell_v or_o deliver_v commodity_n for_o commodity_n in_o specie_fw-la as_o aforesaid_a or_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o money_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v the_o same_o at_o a_o price_n agree_v or_o conclude_v upon_o between_o the_o party_n contract_v for_o the_o same_o in_o the_o estimation_n whereof_o we_o be_v to_o have_v a_o due_a consideration_n that_o riches_n be_v natural_a and_o artificial_a and_o both_o value_v by_o money_n there_o be_v require_v a_o certain_a equality_n in_o the_o say_a estimation_n proceed_v of_o the_o consideration_n between_o this_o natural_a and_o artificial_a riches_n and_o as_o there_o be_v three_o temporal_a thing_n for_o the_o behoof_n of_o man_n namely_o food_n house_n and_o apparel_n so_o must_v we_o account_v all_o the_o thing_n serve_v thereunto_o according_o and_o the_o scarcity_n or_o plenty_n of_o those_o thing_n also_o according_a to_o the_o use_n of_o they_o have_v always_o a_o regard_n and_o care_v not_o to_o pay_v too_o much_o for_o the_o thing_n serve_v for_o the_o belly_n especial_o such_o as_o in_o some_o sort_n may_v be_v spare_v or_o forbear_v and_o not_o to_o sell_v too_o good_a cheap_a the_o thing_n serve_v for_o the_o back_n or_o in_o effect_n to_o barter_n they_o for_o superfluous_a thing_n always_o admit_v civility_n which_o albeit_o that_o man_n account_v that_o civil_a which_o be_v according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o every_o country_n as_o the_o proverb_n be_v country_n fashion_n country_n honour_n yet_o reason_n must_v rule_v herein_o with_o a_o due_a consideration_n of_o god_n good_a creature_n and_o gift_n which_o can_v be_v do_v without_o a_o unfatigable_a industry_n both_o in_o discern_v the_o variety_n of_o they_o and_o in_o observe_v their_o infinite_a number_n and_o pure_a creation_n in_o which_o regard_n precious_a thing_n have_v their_o estimation_n so_o that_o the_o same_o civility_n must_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o for_o the_o uphold_v of_o the_o same_o live_v together_o in_o christian_n society_n give_v so_o far_o place_n unto_o reason_n that_o every_o man_n may_v endeavour_v himself_o for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o weal_n public_a and_o conceive_v general_o that_o other_o nation_n not_o endue_v with_o so_o much_o reason_n be_v always_o inferior_a unto_o we_o in_o that_o regard_n even_o consider_v all_o man_n alike_o in_o a_o estate_n of_o politic_a government_n who_o see_v not_o then_o that_o without_o any_o cause_n of_o admiration_n some_o man_n do_v wonder_n at_o the_o simplicity_n of_o brasilian_o west-india_n and_o other_o nation_n as_o they_o of_o barbary_n or_o africa_n in_o give_v the_o good_a commodity_n of_o their_o country_n yea_o gold_n silver_n and_o precious_a thing_n for_o bead_n bell_n knife_n looking-glass_n and_o such_o toy_n and_o trifle_n when_o we_o ourselves_o commit_v the_o same_o in_o give_v our_o staple_n ware_n for_o tobacco_n orange_n and_o other_o corruptible_a smoke_a thing_n or_o superfluous_a commodity_n buy_v at_o dear_a rate_n to_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n whereby_o come_v a_o overbalancing_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o our_o home_n commodity_n which_o draw_v away_o our_o treasure_n and_o ready_a money_n to_o the_o incredible_a loss_n and_o impoverish_n of_o the_o realm_n this_o commutation_n negotiativa_fw-la ought_v to_o be_v the_o study_n of_o politician_n or_o statesman_n as_o a_o principal_a matter_n of_o state_n for_o the_o preservation_n and_o augmentation_n of_o the_o wealth_n of_o their_o commonweal_n or_o monarchy_n where_o they_o sit_v to_o direct_v the_o ship_n of_o traffic_n as_o skilful_a pilot_n observe_v all_o accident_n which_o happen_v to_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o trade_n and_o commerce_n already_o declare_v and_o to_o be_v amplify_v in_o our_o description_n of_o this_o customary_a law_n of_o merchant_n this_o study_n consist_v in_o two_o point_n namely_o in_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o value_n of_o the_o thing_n commute_v or_o barter_v between_o country_n and_o country_n according_a to_o their_o use_n and_o in_o the_o charge_n of_o manufacture_n of_o those_o thing_n and_o the_o manufacture_n of_o other_o thing_n exchange_v for_o the_o same_o by_o way_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n worthy_a of_o commendation_n be_v the_o mayor_n of_o carmarthen_n town_n in_o wales_n carmarthen_n the_o due_a commendation_n of_o the_o mayor_n of_o carmarthen_n who_o perceive_v the_o spaniard_n to_o import_v orange_n and_o lemon_n and_o to_o sell_v they_o continual_o for_o ready_a money_n and_o to_o export_v the_o same_o without_o buy_v any_o of_o their_o country_n commodity_n be_v staple_n ware_n and_o they_o very_o corruptible_a and_o many_o time_n half_o rot_v cause_v a_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v that_o no_o man_n for_o the_o space_n of_o three_o day_n shall_v buy_v any_o of_o those_o orange_n and_o lemon_n and_o within_o that_o time_n they_o be_v all_o spoil_v and_o so_o the_o spaniard_n go_v home_o by_o weep_a cross_n and_o afterward_o sell_v his_o orange_n better_o cheap_a and_o buy_v commodity_n for_o his_o return_n touch_v the_o price_n of_o manufacture_n the_o labour_n and_o charge_n of_o workman_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v on_o either_o side_n and_o what_o the_o commodity_n may_v be_v in_o the_o wear_n or_o use_v thereof_o and_o to_o what_o purpose_n or_o profit_v the_o remainder_n may_v be_v employ_v as_o for_o example_n if_o silk_n lace_v be_v import_v after_o the_o wear_n it_o be_v nothing_o worth_a if_o venice_n gold_n and_o silver_n be_v import_v there_o will_v remain_v about_o the_o one_o half_a in_o silver_n albeit_o the_o same_o be_v sell_v dear_a unto_o we_o which_o be_v very_o tolerable_a if_o other_o of_o our_o manufacture_n or_o cloth_n be_v export_v for_o the_o same_o whereby_o the_o people_n be_v set_v on_o work_n to_o maintain_v a_o common_a society_n but_o when_o tobacco_n be_v import_v etc._n hindrance_n by_o tobacco_n etc._n etc._n and_o leave_v nothing_o but_o smoke_n which_o be_v not_o only_o buy_v at_o dear_a rate_n and_o do_v hinder_v importation_n of_o bullion_n or_o ryal_n of_o plate_n but_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n that_o our_o home_n commodity_n as_o cloth_n bay_n perpetuanoes_n and_o say_v be_v sell_v to_o loss_n by_o the_o buyer_n of_o tobacco_n which_o cause_v the_o price_n of_o our_o commodity_n to_o be_v abate_v and_o the_o realm_n to_o loose_v above_o forty_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a by_o this_o negotiation_n of_o barter_n statesman_n therefore_o may_v in_o this_o particular_a take_v some_o course_n that_o every_o man_n shall_v not_o make_v employment_n in_o tobacco_n in_o spain_n or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n but_o that_o the_o license_a buyer_n thereof_o shall_v make_v over_o so_o much_o money_n by_o exchange_n as_o be_v needful_a for_o a_o competent_a quantity_n to_o be_v prove_v by_o good_a and_o true_a certificate_n that_o the_o same_o have_v be_v perform_v according_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o venice_n gold_n and_o silver_n thread_n spangle_n and_o o_o shall_v be_v think_v convenient_a to_o be_v make_v in_o england_n then_o to_o procure_v the_o silver_n in_o plate_n cut_v or_o uncut_a to_o be_v bring_v over_o of_o the_o sterling_a standard_n or_o so_o much_o in_o bullion_n as_o may_v make_v the_o quantity_n require_v may_v be_v think_v expedient_a if_o in_o regard_n of_o civil_a reputation_n of_o the_o kingdom_n we_o will_v not_o prohibit_v the_o importation_n of_o it_o by_o course_n of_o traffic_n but_o consider_v that_o after_o wear_v the_o same_o with_o reputation_n it_o leave_v almost_o the_o one_o half_a of_o his_o value_n there_o be_v no_o pregnant_a cause_n to_o find_v so_o much_o fault_n with_o it_o as_o some_o man_n do_v the_o like_a consideration_n be_v to_o be_v have_v for_o such_o manufacture_n whereof_o the_o very_a piece_n or_o rag_n may_v be_v use_v to_o some_o purpose_n as_o of_o linen_n to_o make_v white_a paper_n
principal_a and_o if_o he_o do_v not_o pay_v than_o the_o surety_n be_v to_o pay_v it_o without_o any_o course_n of_o law_n unless_o he_o be_v order_v by_o the_o court_n of_o merchant_n to_o perform_v the_o same_o because_o that_o thereby_o he_o may_v also_o the_o soon_o recover_v the_o same_o of_o the_o principal_a for_o who_o he_o do_v give_v his_o promise_n it_o be_v also_o a_o custom_n among_o merchant_n that_o if_o a_o merchant_n be_v indebt_v unto_o another_o and_o thereupon_o intreat_v another_o merchant_n to_o desire_v the_o creditor_n to_o respite_n he_o some_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o it_o if_o then_o the_o say_a merchant_n the_o debtor_n do_v not_o pay_v according_o at_o the_o time_n he_o shall_v be_v take_v pro_fw-la confesso_fw-la and_o sentence_n shall_v be_v give_v by_o the_o merchant_n court_n for_o the_o payment_n thereof_o only_o upon_o proof_n make_v that_o he_o do_v will_n another_o to_o crave_v the_o say_a respite_n of_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n by_o trial_n of_o jury_n of_o 12_o man_n upon_o proof_n make_v by_o evidence_n produce_v before_o they_o that_o the_o debtor_n do_v crave_v day_n of_o payment_n so_o that_o they_o will_v thereupon_o deliver_v their_o verdict_n and_o judgement_n and_o execution_n may_v be_v of_o course_n have_v for_o the_o same_o but_o if_o the_o promise_n be_v not_o conditional_a then_o be_v he_o a_o absolute_a surety_n and_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o according_o as_o merchant_n of_o credit_n always_o have_v do_v unaware_o to_o become_v a_o surety_n unaware_o a_o merchant_n may_v also_o be_v come_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o surety_n unaware_o or_o unknown_a unto_o he_o as_o befall_v unto_o a_o friend_n of_o i_o not_o may_o year_n since_o at_o frankford_n in_o germany_n who_o during_o the_o mart_n or_o fair_a go_v into_o a_o merchant_n warehouse_n to_o confer_v of_o some_o business_n with_o he_o where_o he_o find_v another_o merchant_n of_o his_o acquaintance_n to_o cheapen_v some_o parcel_n of_o silk_n ware_n with_o the_o say_v other_o merchant_n to_o who_o this_o man_n as_o it_o seem_v be_v unknown_a whereupon_o the_o seller_n of_o the_o say_a silk_n ware_n take_v occasion_n to_o ask_v my_o friend_n whether_o he_o be_v a_o good_a man_n and_o of_o credit_n and_o he_o answer_v he_o be_v so_o the_o bargain_n be_v make_v and_o good_n be_v deliver_v unto_o the_o say_a merchant_n the_o buyer_n to_o the_o value_n of_o 460_o will_v for_o the_o which_o he_o make_v a_o bill_n obligatorie_n payable_a the_o next_o fair_a follow_v at_o which_o fair_a the_o party_n not_o appear_v demand_n be_v make_v of_o my_o friend_n to_o make_v payment_n of_o the_o say_v 460_o will_v because_o the_o party_n be_v absent_a and_o withal_o some_o doubt_n be_v make_v of_o his_o sufficiency_n my_o friend_n have_v not_o so_o much_o as_o remember_v that_o any_o such_o question_n be_v demand_v of_o he_o but_o the_o party_n do_v put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o it_o by_o circumstance_n and_o will_v be_v pay_v of_o he_o he_o in_o defence_n do_v allege_v it_o to_o be_v nudum_fw-la pactum_fw-la ex_fw-la quo_fw-la non_fw-la oritur_fw-la actio_fw-la and_o so_o not_o bind_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o as_o have_v have_v no_o consideration_n for_o it_o the_o opinion_n of_o merchant_n be_v demand_v wherein_o there_o be_v great_a diversity_n so_o that_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v to_o determine_v the_o same_o and_o by_o the_o say_a law_n according_a to_o the_o title_n de_fw-fr mandato_fw-la consilij_fw-la he_o be_v adjudge_v to_o pay_v the_o say_v 460_o will_v and_o to_o have_v the_o debtor_n bill_n obligatorie_n make_v over_o unto_o he_o etc._n a_o caveat_n for_o merchant_n etc._n etc._n whereof_o he_o can_v never_o recover_v one_o penny_n although_o he_o do_v pay_v the_o whole_a debt_n and_o damage_n for_o the_o party_n become_v insoluent_a this_o may_v be_v a_o good_a caveat_n for_o merchant_n and_o all_o man_n for_o if_o he_o have_v say_v he_o be_v take_v or_o repute_v to_o be_v a_o good_a man_n of_o credit_n or_o i_o take_v he_o to_o be_v so_o he_o have_v be_v clear_v by_o the_o law_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n promise_n considerable_a promise_n some_o promise_n be_v considerable_a according_a to_o reason_n as_o if_o a_o man_n upon_o a_o penalty_n do_v promise_v another_o not_o to_o molest_v or_o trouble_v he_o if_o the_o other_o give_v he_o cause_n of_o offence_n to_o break_v the_o same_o he_o incur_v not_o the_o penalty_n and_o a_o promise_n make_v to_o do_v a_o thing_n be_v always_o understand_v to_o be_v for_o the_o first_o time_n so_o to_o make_v a_o promise_n that_o a_o pawn_n shall_v not_o be_v alienate_v yet_o it_o be_v hold_v by_o diverse_a that_o the_o same_o may_v be_v hipothecate_v unto_o another_o so_o the_o pawn_n be_v preserve_v again_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o a_o shipwright_n do_v promise_n to_o build_v a_o ship_n for_o a_o merchant_n and_o he_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v do_v by_o another_o here_o the_o promise_n be_v break_v by_o the_o law_n albeit_o this_o question_n be_v not_o material_a for_o it_o be_v not_o like_a that_o the_o build_n of_o ship_n can_v be_v do_v without_o contract_n in_o writing_n and_o only_o by_o bare_a promise_n and_o the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v to_o the_o great_a part_n of_o all_o the_o question_n wherewith_o the_o book_n of_o civilians_n be_v freight_v so_o that_o for_o merchant_n understanding_n the_o ancient_a ordinary_a custom_n observe_v in_o the_o course_n of_o the_o say_v essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v plain_o to_o be_v declare_v and_o distinguish_v from_o litigious_a question_n chap._n xi_o of_o the_o revolution_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n even_o as_o the_o whole_a commerce_n and_o traffic_n consist_v of_o our_o land_n commodity_n and_o some_o fish_n on_o the_o sea_n and_o of_o the_o commodity_n of_o foreign_a nation_n so_o from_o hence_o follow_v a_o efficient_a cause_n of_o a_o kind_n of_o revolution_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n because_o the_o commodity_n of_o one_o country_n grow_v rank_a and_o abundant_a be_v transport_v into_o other_o country_n in_o who_o steed_n needful_a commodity_n of_o those_o kingdom_n and_o country_n and_o return_v thither_o which_o be_v a_o neighbourly_a lend_n between_o kingdom_n and_o country_n for_o as_o be_v note_v god_n cause_v nature_n to_o distribute_v her_o benefit_n or_o his_o blessing_n to_o several_a climate_n of_o diverse_a thing_n find_v in_o some_o place_n that_o be_v not_o in_o other_o place_n to_o make_v a_o interchangeable_a course_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n by_o way_n of_o merchandize_v this_o revolution_n of_o trade_n sell_v sundry_a mean_n for_o buy_v and_o sell_v may_v be_v illustrate_v by_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o several_a mean_n whereby_o the_o say_v buy_v and_o sell_v be_v effect_v 1_o the_o first_o be_v buy_v with_o ready_a money_n money_n for_o ready_a money_n which_o be_v common_o the_o best_a and_o with_o most_o advantage_n for_o commodity_n be_v sell_v better_o cheap_a wherein_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o goodness_n and_o necessary_a use_n be_v requisite_a 2_o there_o be_v also_o a_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n time_n for_o ready_a money_n and_o paiable_a at_o time_n paiable_a at_o some_o limit_v time_n or_o time_n of_o payment_n or_o partly_o ready_a money_n and_o partly_o at_o time_n and_o the_o difference_n of_o price_n herein_o be_v common_o above_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o more_o or_o less_o as_o the_o rate_n of_o money_n at_o interest_n be_v in_o the_o place_n of_o commerce_n where_o the_o say_v commodity_n be_v sell_v or_o buy_v and_o according_a to_o the_o plenty_n of_o money_n extant_a unless_o the_o superaboundance_n of_o commodity_n do_v alter_v the_o same_o especial_o if_o the_o commodity_n be_v perishable_a by_o corruption_n time_n and_o accident_n so_o that_o the_o condition_n quality_n or_o goodness_n of_o the_o commodity_n be_v much_o to_o be_v respect_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o when_o commodity_n do_v abound_v at_o the_o first_o and_o the_o wealth_n of_o man_n be_v describe_v by_o cattle_n and_o the_o like_a perishable_a thing_n all_o kind_n of_o metal_n as_o be_v durable_a be_v most_o esteem_v and_o the_o pure_a mettle_n take_v to_o be_v fit_a to_o make_v money_n of_o as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v ample_o declare_v in_o our_o second_n part._n exchange_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n 3_o there_o be_v another_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o buyer_n give_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n or_o many_o bill_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o exchange_n in_o another_o place_n as_o for_o example_n one_o buy_v five_o hundred_o
pound_n worth_a at_o london_n in_o commodity_n which_o be_v account_v in_o price_n as_o if_o he_o have_v buy_v they_o for_o ready_a money_n and_o do_v give_v unto_o the_o seller_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n one_o or_o more_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o antuerp_n amsterdam_n or_o any_o other_o place_n to_o be_v pay_v according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v make_v or_o aught_o to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n of_o one_o country_n and_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n by_o weight_n and_o fineness_n as_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o declare_v and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o distance_n and_o discrepance_n of_o the_o time_n and_o place_n where_o and_o when_o the_o say_v money_n shall_v be_v pay_v by_o the_o buyer_n friend_n factor_n or_o servant_n and_o so_o the_o say_a bill_n or_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v pay_v according_o for_o the_o commodity_n so_o buy_v bank_n by_o money_n payable_a in_o bank_n 4_o another_o merchant_n have_v money_n in_o bank_n or_o in_o the_o banker_n hand_n at_o amsterdam_n or_o any_o other_o place_n where_o bank_n be_v keep_v buy_v some_o commodity_n in_o the_o say_a place_n and_o cast_v up_o what_o the_o same_o do_v amount_v unto_o he_o go_v to_o the_o bank_n and_o assign_v the_o seller_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n to_o receive_v so_o much_o money_n there_o and_o the_o bank_n accept_v thereof_o give_v he_o satisfaction_n in_o the_o payment_n he_o make_v unto_o other_o according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bank_n hereafter_o declare_v credit_n by_o a_o letter_n of_o credit_n 5_o another_o buy_v some_o commodity_n there_o or_o in_o any_o other_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n he_o have_v a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n call_v a_o procuration_n or_o a_o letter_n of_o credit_n either_o from_o his_o master_n or_o any_o other_o here_o at_o london_n or_o elsewhere_o who_o upon_o his_o credit_n have_v promise_v thereby_o to_o pay_v the_o value_n of_o the_o say_a good_n in_o some_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_a to_o a_o price_n of_o exchange_n agree_v upon_o between_o the_o party_n here_o and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o which_o be_v still_o according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o money_n in_o both_o part_n answerable_a to_o weight_n and_o fineness_n by_o way_n of_o exchange_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v between_o london_n and_o exeter_n plymouth_n yarmouth_n and_o many_o other_o place_n upon_o the_o very_a same_o and_o uniform_a coin_n by_o letter_n missive_a between_o merchant_n here_o and_o there_o obligatorie_n for_o bill_n obligatorie_n 6_o the_o most_o usual_a buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n be_v for_o bill_n of_o debt_n or_o obligation_n call_v bill_n obligatorie_n which_o one_o merchant_n give_v unto_o another_o for_o commodity_n buy_v or_o sell_v which_o be_v altogether_o use_v by_o the_o merchant_n aduenturor_n at_o amsterdam_n middleborough_n hamborough_n and_o other_o place_n for_o when_o they_o have_v sell_v their_o clothes_n unto_o other_o merchant_n or_o other_o payable_a at_o 4_o 6_o 8_o or_o more_o month_n they_o present_o transfer_v and_o set_v over_o these_o bill_n so_o receive_v for_o the_o payment_n of_o their_o clothes_n unto_o other_o merchant_n and_o take_v for_o they_o other_o commodity_n at_o such_o price_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v with_o the_o seller_n of_o they_o be_v it_o velvet_n silk_n satin_n fustian_n or_o any_o other_o ware_n or_o commodity_n to_o make_v return_n of_o the_o provenue_n of_o they_o and_o so_o sell_v those_o foreign_a commodity_n here_o in_o england_n they_o present_o buy_v more_o clothes_n and_o continue_v a_o revolution_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n be_v so_o in_o effect_n as_o may_v be_v illustrate_v by_o example_n suppose_v a.b._n the_o clothier_n sell_v to_o c.d._n the_o merchant_n one_o pack_n of_o clothes_n traffic_n example_n of_o of_o the_o revolution_n in_o traffic_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n paiable_a at_o six_o month_n and_o do_v condition_n with_o he_o to_o make_v he_o a_o bill_n in_o the_o name_n of_o such_o a_o man_n as_o he_o shall_v nominate_v unto_o he_o a.b._n the_o clothier_n buy_v of_o d.e._n the_o gentleman_n so_o much_o wool_n as_o amount_v to_o one_o hundred_o pound_n and_o do_v intend_v to_o deliver_v he_o the_o bill_n of_o c._n d._n the_o merchant_n in_o full_a payment_n of_o his_o wool_n and_o to_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v make_v in_o his_o this_o gentleman_n name_n but_o d.e._n the_o say_a gentleman_n cause_v he_o to_o make_v the_o bill_n payable_a to_o e.g._n the_o mercer_n and_o the_o mercer_n be_v content_v with_o the_o like_a condition_n to_o accept_v thereof_o but_o he_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o c._n d._n the_o merchant_n of_o who_o he_o buy_v his_o velvet_n and_o silk_n and_o so_o in_o payment_n of_o they_o he_o deliver_v he_o by_o a_o intermissive_a time_n his_o own_o bill_n which_o he_o first_o shall_v have_v make_v to_o the_o clothier_n and_o herein_o you_o be_v to_o note_v that_o in_o the_o buy_n by_o bill_n it_o may_v be_v make_v payable_a to_o the_o clothier_n or_o to_o the_o bearer_n thereof_o and_o so_o all_o the_o party_n be_v bearer_n thereof_o unto_o who_o the_o same_o be_v set_v over_o by_o tradition_n of_o it_o only_o which_o by_o a_o retrograde_a examination_n will_v appear_v and_o this_o be_v call_v a_o rescounter_n in_o payment_n debt_n rescounter_v by_o bill_n of_o debt_n use_v among_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o seem_v strange_a unto_o all_o man_n that_o be_v ignorant_a of_o this_o custom_n and_o yet_o do_v they_o perceive_v a_o reason_n for_o it_o and_o can_v deny_v the_o commodiousness_n thereof_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n be_v direct_o against_o this_o course_n for_o they_o say_v there_o can_v be_v no_o alienation_n from_o one_o man_n to_o another_o of_o debt_n because_o they_o be_v hold_v choose_v en_fw-fr action_n and_o such_o whereof_o no_o property_n can_v pass_v by_o assignment_n or_o alienation_n and_o many_o good_a lawyer_n do_v wish_v as_o well_o as_o merchant_n that_o there_o be_v a_o act_n of_o parliament_n make_v for_o the_o establish_n of_o the_o like_a course_n in_o england_n by_o reason_n whereof_o let_v we_o in_o the_o next_o chapter_n handle_v this_o matter_n more_o distinct_o and_o declare_v the_o benefit_n which_o the_o realm_n will_v receive_v thereby_o and_o all_o merchant_n and_o other_o negotiate_v for_o great_a sum_n there_o be_v other_o manner_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o contract_n and_o upon_o condition_n and_o casualty_n which_o be_v to_o be_v declare_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n whereunto_o relation_n may_v be_v have_v hereafter_o chap._n xii_o of_o the_o transfer_v or_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n obligatorie_n between_o merchant_n and_o other_o we_o have_v in_o some_o measure_n in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n declare_v the_o use_n and_o custom_n of_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o transfer_v and_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n obligatorie_n or_o bill_n of_o debt_n which_o they_o give_v each_o to_o other_o for_o the_o payment_n of_o commodity_n buy_v and_o sell_v by_o way_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n it_o rest_v now_o to_o speak_v thereof_o more_o ample_o for_o the_o sincerity_n of_o plain_a deal_n have_v hitherto_o be_v inviolable_a sea_n the_o manner_n of_o bill_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n which_o every_o man_n of_o credit_n and_o reputation_n give_v of_o his_o own_o hand_n write_v or_o make_v by_o his_o servant_n and_o by_o he_o subscribe_v without_o any_o seal_n or_o witness_v thereunto_o and_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o such_o a_o merchant_n or_o person_n or_o to_o the_o bearer_n of_o the_o bill_n at_o such_o time_n or_o time_n of_o payment_n as_o be_v agree_v and_o conclude_v between_o the_o party_n either_o for_o money_n or_o commodity_n lend_v or_o buy_v and_o so_o declare_v in_o the_o say_a bill_n according_a to_o the_o form_n hereafter_o express_v this_o custom_n be_v much_o practise_v by_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n beyond_o the_o sea_n at_o middleborough_n amsterdam_n antuerp_n hamborough_n and_o other_o place_n where_o they_o do_v trade_n in_o manner_n follow_v as_o we_o have_v note_v a_o merchant_n have_v many_o of_o these_o bill_n which_o he_o have_v receive_v for_o his_o clothes_n sell_v unto_o draper_n or_o other_o merchant_n dwell_v in_o several_a town_n and_o place_n will_v resort_v unto_o a_o shopkeeper_n or_o another_o merchant_n common_o accompany_v with_o a_o mediator_n or_o broker_n to_o buy_v a_o good_a round_a quantity_n of_o silk_n ware_n debt_n the_o set_n over_o of_o
bill_n of_o debt_n or_o any_o other_o commodity_n which_o be_v ordinary_o sell_v payable_a at_o some_o day_n of_o payment_n either_o 4_o 6_o or_o more_o month_n and_o have_v agree_v upon_o the_o price_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n or_o before_o he_o make_v the_o seller_n acquaint_v what_o payment_n or_o satisfaction_n he_o will_v give_v he_o in_o bill_n of_o such_o and_o such_o person_n amount_v to_o such_o a_o sum_n either_o little_a more_o or_o less_o than_o the_o commodity_n do_v amount_v unto_o or_o to_o take_v in_o commodity_n so_o much_o as_o the_o say_a bill_n do_v contain_v or_o do_v amount_v unto_o and_o if_o there_o be_v any_o remainder_n due_a for_o the_o commodity_n more_o than_o the_o bill_n do_v amount_v the_o same_o to_o be_v pay_v in_o ready_a money_n or_o upon_o his_o own_o bill_n payable_a at_o such_o a_o time_n as_o they_o agree_v between_o they_o which_o often_o come_v to_o be_v a_o great_a sum_n hereupon_o all_o such_o bill_n as_o be_v of_o know_a person_n be_v soon_o accept_v of_o and_o of_o the_o unknown_a person_n either_o himself_o that_o be_v the_o seller_n or_o the_o broker_n will_v inquire_v of_o their_o sufficiency_n and_o then_o likewise_o accept_v of_o their_o bill_n in_o payment_n and_o have_v take_v their_o bill_n which_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o the_o bearer_n as_o we_o have_v say_v the_o receiver_n of_o these_o bill_n go_v unto_o the_o party_n and_o demand_v of_o they_o whether_o they_o be_v content_v to_o pay_v he_o those_o bill_n at_o the_o time_n specify_v therein_o according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o merchant_n for_o commodity_n which_o if_o it_o be_v within_o one_o month_n after_o it_o be_v account_v to_o be_v very_o good_a payment_n the_o debtor_n make_v answer_v that_o he_o will_v pay_v his_o bill_n to_o the_o bearer_n thereof_o according_o for_o if_o this_o man_n will_v not_o ride_v out_o as_o they_o say_v the_o time_n of_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o bill_n he_o may_v go_v to_o another_o man_n and_o buy_v other_o commodity_n therewith_o as_o if_o it_o be_v with_o ready_a money_n the_o time_n only_o consider_v nay_o more_o if_o he_o will_v have_v ready_a money_n for_o these_o bill_n obligatorie_n sell_v of_o bill_n obligatorie_n he_o may_v sell_v they_o to_o other_o merchant_n that_o be_v moneyed_a man_n and_o abate_v for_o the_o interest_n for_o the_o time_n and_o common_o one_o month_n over_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v and_o as_o money_n be_v plentiful_a they_o shall_v have_v money_n at_o all_o time_n to_o employ_v in_o commodity_n or_o to_o deliver_v by_o exchange_n or_o to_o pay_v debt_n withal_o or_o to_o carry_v home_o in_o specie_fw-la or_o for_o any_o other_o purpose_n at_o their_o pleasure_n which_o be_v commodious_a for_o young_a merchant_n have_v small_a stock_n as_o also_o for_o all_o man_n upon_o all_o occasion_n for_o it_o be_v proper_o as_o money_n pay_v by_o assignation_n whereby_o very_o great_a matter_n be_v compass_v in_o the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n the_o commodity_n be_v soon_o vent_v in_o all_o place_n debt_n general_a benefit_n by_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n of_o debt_n the_o custom_n and_o imposition_n of_o prince_n do_v increase_v the_o poor_a and_o mechanical_a people_n be_v set_v on_o work_n man_n be_v better_o assure_v in_o their_o payment_n the_o counterfeit_n of_o bill_n and_o difference_n be_v prevent_v the_o more_o commodity_n there_o be_v sell_v the_o less_o ready_a money_n be_v transport_v and_o life_n be_v infuse_v into_o traffic_n and_o trade_n for_o the_o general_a good_a and_o herein_o we_o see_v and_o may_v observe_v that_o thing_n which_o be_v indeed_o and_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o indeed_o but_o take_v to_o be_v indeed_o may_v produce_v all_o one_o effect_n and_o every_o man_n be_v enable_v with_o his_o own_o mean_n and_o credit_n to_o augment_v commerce_n this_o laudable_a custom_n as_o i_o say_v be_v not_o practise_v in_o england_n yet_o sometime_o a_o merchant_n stranger_n will_v accept_v of_o bill_n of_o debt_n in_o payment_n for_o commodity_n sell_v with_o advantage_n but_o then_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v new_a again_o and_o in_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n name_n and_o this_o be_v not_o without_o some_o danger_n to_o he_o that_o buy_v the_o commodity_n or_o merchandise_n for_o another_o man_n bill_n as_o factor_n may_v do_v for_o their_o master_n for_o i_o have_v observe_v by_o good_a experience_n bill_n a_o law_n case_n about_o the_o set_n over_o of_o bill_n that_o a_o factor_n in_o london_n have_v sell_v for_o his_o master_n a_o merchant_n of_o antuerpe_n some_o commodity_n to_o a_o english_a merchant_n to_o the_o value_n of_o seven_o hundred_o pound_n and_o take_v the_o merchant_n bill_n payable_a at_o six_o month_n and_o six_o month_n for_o it_o his_o master_n of_o antuerpe_n do_v appoint_v he_o to_o buy_v bay_n â—or_a these_o bill_n of_o another_o merchant_n which_o he_o do_v perform_v and_o have_v the_o value_n of_o 700_o will_v deliver_v unto_o he_o in_o bay_n according_o and_o the_o bill_n be_v to_o be_v alter_v in_o the_o other_o merchant_n name_n for_o his_o bay_n short_o after_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o english_a merchant_n become_v insoluent_a but_o before_o it_o be_v public_o know_v the_o factor_n bring_v the_o bill_n alter_v according_a to_o the_o agreement_n in_o the_o bay_n merchant_n name_n who_o do_v refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o they_o and_o say_v the_o factor_n shall_v pay_v he_o the_o bill_n be_v tender_v with_o a_o scrivener_n according_a to_o their_o agreement_n but_o still_o be_v refuse_v the_o time_n of_o payment_n be_v expire_v the_o bay_a merchant_n do_v arrest_v the_o say_a factor_n the_o matter_n be_v try_v before_o the_o lord_n chief_a justice_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n by_o a_o nisi_fw-la prius_fw-la in_o london_n by_o a_o party_n jury_n of_o english_a man_n and_o stranger_n the_o verdict_n be_v find_v for_o the_o bay_a merchant_n and_o the_o factor_n do_v pay_v the_o money_n and_o have_v no_o remedy_n against_o his_o master_n the_o reason_n be_v deliver_v by_o the_o judge_n that_o the_o common_a law_n in_o this_o case_n require_v a_o release_n or_o acquittance_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o bay_n to_o be_v make_v to_o the_o factor_n otherwise_o he_o be_v still_o bind_v by_o the_o law_n to_o answer_v for_o the_o say_a bay_n england_n to_o establish_v this_o custom_n in_o england_n this_o custom_n may_v with_o great_a facility_n nevertheless_o be_v establish_v in_o england_n and_o will_v be_v very_o beneficial_a to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o commonwealth_n ingenerall_n for_o albeit_o that_o the_o strict_a rule_n of_o the_o law_n demand_v a_o seal_n and_o delivery_n of_o deed_n and_o that_o the_o bill_n cannon_n convenient_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o the_o bearer_n of_o it_o or_o be_v alter_v in_o another_o man_n name_n as_o abovesaid_a neither_o can_v it_o be_v recover_v by_o a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n which_o in_o england_n be_v always_o revocable_a before_o the_o fact_n nevertheless_o if_o there_o be_v a_o register_n keep_v of_o the_o pass_a and_o transfer_v of_o these_o bill_n from_o man_n to_o man_n and_o by_o a_o endorsement_n thereof_o also_o upon_o the_o bill_n it_o may_v be_v do_v with_o ease_n and_o the_o bearer_n of_o it_o shall_v be_v acknowledge_v thereby_o to_o be_v the_o lawful_a attorney_n in_o law_n and_o by_o these_o mean_v the_o undecent_a plea_n of_o non_fw-la est_fw-la factum_fw-la will_v be_v cut_v off_o and_o to_o prevent_v fraudulent_a deal_n if_o any_o bill_n shall_v be_v lose_v notice_n may_v be_v give_v instant_o to_o the_o register_n which_o at_o lixborne_n and_o rouen_n be_v call_v a_o prothonotary_n by_o mean_n whereof_o many_o questionable_a parcel_n or_o payment_n be_v make_v apparent_a rouen_n office_n of_o prothonotary_n at_o lixborne_n and_o rouen_n and_o the_o bill_n for_o the_o most_o part_n do_v remain_v in_o the_o office_n at_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o last_o assign_v or_o assign_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n also_o that_o 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and_o these_o contract_n be_v make_v by_o public_a act_n and_o instrument_n before_o notary_n to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o thing_n agree_v upon_o on_o either_o side_n may_v be_v due_o accomplish_v and_o in_o these_o great_a contract_n beyond_o the_o sea_n the_o payment_n be_v the_o most_o part_n for_o great_a sum_n make_v in_o bank_n also_o because_o of_o the_o commodiousness_n of_o it_o as_o you_o shall_v note_v hereafter_o beside_o this_o many_o merchant_n do_v make_v contract_n and_o pass_v they_o likewise_o before_o notary_n or_o scrivener_n because_o that_o thing_n contract_v for_o may_v require_v time_n to_o effect_v they_o as_o for_o example_n a_o merchant_n adventurer_n sell_v unto_o a_o merchant_n of_o middleborough_n two_o or_o three_o hundred_o clothes_n of_o know_a mark_n whereby_o the_o goodness_n be_v also_o know_v at_o a_o certain_a price_n the_o pack_n of_o ten_o clothes_n to_o be_v deliver_v at_o middleborough_n from_o time_n to_o time_n during_o the_o space_n of_o 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commodity_n answer_v the_o king_n custom_n and_o all_o charge_n incident_a upon_o the_o say_a commodity_n until_o they_o be_v free_o take_v up_o into_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n warehouse_n here_o three_o it_o be_v agree_v between_o they_o these_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v sell_v paiable_a at_o time_n of_o payment_n that_o if_o any_o bad_a debt_n shall_v be_v make_v thereby_o either_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n be_v to_o bear_v the_o loss_n thereof_o or_o else_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n do_v take_v the_o hazard_n and_o adventure_v of_o it_o upon_o he_o for_o the_o consideration_n or_o allowance_n of_o double_a factoridge_n or_o two_o upon_o the_o hundred_o four_o it_o be_v agree_v between_o they_o that_o if_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n be_v not_o make_v within_o the_o time_n of_o six_o month_n according_a as_o the_o clothes_n be_v sell_v then_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n be_v to_o have_v allowance_n for_o the_o money_n by_o he_o not_o receive_v within_o the_o time_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n last_o because_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n take_v pain_n in_o the_o sell_n of_o the_o merchandise_n and_o commodity_n of_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n to_o pay_v himself_o it_o be_v also_o agree_v upon_o that_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n shall_v have_v allowance_n of_o factoridge_n for_o it_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o two_o pro_fw-la cent._n which_o he_o shall_v have_v give_v unto_o another_o factor_n to_o sell_v the_o same_o for_o he_o this_o be_v the_o substance_n of_o a_o merchant_n contract_n wherein_o it_o seem_v all_o thing_n have_v be_v well_o consider_v and_o agree_v upon_o yet_o the_o principal_a matter_n for_o good_a and_o sure_a deal_n be_v omit_v contract_n defective_a contract_n which_o be_v not_o only_o to_o covenant_n that_o the_o middleborough_n merchant_n shall_v send_v he_o good_a and_o merchantable_a ware_n or_o commodity_n to_o make_v money_n of_o or_o to_o sell_v to_o good_a customer_n that_o will_v make_v he_o good_a payment_n but_o especial_o that_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n shall_v not_o be_v compel_v to_o send_v he_o more_o clothes_n than_o the_o value_n of_o the_o commodity_n receive_v shall_v amount_v unto_o from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o further_o if_o he_o do_v not_o send_v he_o within_o the_o time_n the_o quantity_n of_o commodity_n requisite_a to_o pay_v himself_o for_o so_o many_o clothes_n the_o say_v middleborough_n merchant_n shall_v pay_v he_o the_o damage_n sustain_v by_o the_o employment_n of_o his_o money_n in_o clothes_n or_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n agree_v upon_o between_o they_o for_o the_o non-performance_n thereof_o in_o like_a manner_n a_o london_n merchant_n do_v contract_n with_o a_o merchant_n stranger_n here_o and_o buy_v of_o he_o a_o certain_a commodity_n whereof_o the_o goodness_n be_v common_o know_v by_o the_o mark_n or_o otherwise_o by_o the_o fabrica_fw-la or_o make_n as_o velvet_n satin_n silk_n fustian_n and_o other_o commodity_n to_o be_v here_o deliver_v unto_o he_o by_o such_o a_o day_n or_o within_o so_o many_o month_n at_o a_o price_n agree_v upon_o between_o they_o with_o the_o manner_n of_o payment_n and_o other_o condition_n agree_v also_o hereupon_o likewise_o pass_v a_o notariall_a contract_n which_o be_v perform_v according_o but_o put_v the_o case_n that_o the_o price_n of_o the_o say_a velvet_n and_o silk_n by_o some_o accident_n or_o occasion_n do_v fall_v and_o the_o london_n merchant_n do_v repent_v himself_o of_o his_o bargain_n and_o contract_n and_o now_o some_o of_o the_o say_v foreign_a commodity_n be_v come_v from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o arrive_v within_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n whereupon_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n give_v notice_n unto_o he_o of_o it_o and_o the_o london_n merchant_n seem_v unwilling_a to_o receive_v the_o say_a commodity_n and_o be_v constrain_v either_o by_o a_o scrivener_n or_o with_o witness_n to_o offer_v unto_o he_o the_o say_a commodity_n according_a to_o their_o contract_n contract_n tender_v of_o commodity_n sell_v by_o contract_n here_o note_v that_o this_o offer_n or_o tender_v so_o make_v be_v of_o no_o validity_n or_o effect_n in_o law_n for_o until_o the_o king_n custom_n be_v pay_v for_o the_o say_v good_n and_o that_o you_o have_v receive_v they_o into_o your_o power_n or_o custody_n you_o can_v make_v no_o lawful_a offer_n of_o they_o moreover_o if_o you_o have_v pay_v the_o king_n custom_n for_o they_o and_o have_v they_o in_o your_o custody_n and_o power_n and_o do_v make_v tender_a of_o they_o before_o the_o time_n yet_o the_o law_n be_v not_o satisfy_v herein_o but_o you_o must_v tender_v they_o also_o upon_o the_o last_o day_n of_o delivery_n because_o the_o damage_n to_o be_v give_v unto_o you_o by_o law_n must_v take_v a_o certain_a ground_n upon_o the_o limitation_n of_o time_n and_o not_o upon_o casualty_n for_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o that_o the_o price_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n shall_v rise_v within_o that_o time_n and_o you_o may_v sell_v they_o for_o a_o great_a gain_n and_o by_o that_o time_n of_o the_o last_o day_n of_o your_o delivery_n they_o may_v be_v fall_v again_o in_o price_n and_o you_o may_v have_v provide_v another_o parcel_n for_o the_o same_o so_o that_o both_o by_o the_o common_a law_n and_o the_o law_n merchant_n you_o be_v to_o make_v your_o tender_a upon_o the_o very_a day_n by_o a_o scrivener_n or_o with_o competent_a witness_n whereof_o i_o have_v see_v sufficient_a trial_n in_o law_n and_o according_a to_o these_o two_o example_n you_o may_v judge_v and_o consider_v of_o all_o other_o the_o like_a contract_n we_o call_v notariall_a private_a verbal_a contract_n call_v private_a verbal_a contract_n be_v make_v between_o party_n and_o party_n or_o by_o mean_n of_o broker_n or_o mediator_n and_o that_o only_a by_o word_n without_o writing_n such_o be_v the_o daily_a
heretofore_o account_v two_o carrat_n for_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n and_o all_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n do_v participate_v of_o this_o finesse_n according_a to_o their_o substance_n which_o make_v their_o standard_n thereafter_o whereby_o the_o sterling_a standard_n contain_v eleven_o ounce_n and_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n and_o our_o angel_n gold_n hold_v twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n three_o grain_n and_o one_o half_a and_o half_o a_o grain_n of_o alloy_n as_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o more_o ample_o declare_v together_o with_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n let_v we_o now_o speak_v of_o the_o property_n of_o money_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o make_v the_o effect_n thereof_o apparent_a money_n the_o propertieâ—_n of_o money_n the_o first_o property_n be_v that_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v general_o all_o thing_n dear_a and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v general_o 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shall_v be_v more_o enhanced_a as_o it_o be_v strive_v therein_o to_o exceed_v other_o nation_n wherein_o they_o be_v far_o from_o the_o mark_n thing_n alteration_n of_o mâ—ney_n alter_v the_o price_n of_o thing_n for_o if_o that_o be_v do_v not_o only_o all_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n will_v be_v dear_a but_o also_o our_o home_n commodity_n howbeit_o only_o in_o name_n the_o like_a will_v happen_v if_o money_n be_v by_o allay_n of_o copper_n embase_v as_o experience_n have_v prove_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o of_o latter_a year_n in_o the_o realm_n of_o ireland_n so_o that_o we_o see_v the_o proverb_n to_o be_v true_a that_o the_o unknown_a disease_n put_v out_o the_o physician_n eye_n the_o plenty_n of_o money_n require_v must_v be_v not_o with_o a_o consideration_n that_o we_o have_v or_o may_v seem_v to_o have_v more_o money_n than_o in_o time_n past_a but_o according_a to_o the_o present_a great_a quantity_n and_o abundance_n of_o money_n now_o 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six_o penny_n and_o withal_o he_o do_v write_v unto_o other_o prince_n concern_v the_o same_o and_o commissioner_n come_v over_o about_o it_o but_o all_o be_v in_o vain_a whereupon_o he_o give_v a_o absolute_a authority_n to_o cardinal_n wolsey_n by_o letter_n patent_n as_o follow_v henry_n the_o eight_o by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n king_n of_o england_n and_o of_o france_n defendor_n of_o the_o faith_n lord_n of_o ireland_n to_o the_o most_o reverend_a father_n in_o god_n our_o most_o trusty_a and_o most_o entire_o belove_a councillor_n the_o lord_n thomas_n cardinal_n of_o york_n archbishop_n legat_n de_fw-fr leicester_n of_o the_o see_v apostolic_a primate_n of_o england_n and_o our_o chancellor_n of_o the_o same_o greeting_n for_o as_o much_o as_o coin_n of_o money_n as_o well_o of_o gold_n as_o of_o silver_n be_v of_o late_a day_n raise_v and_o enhance_v both_o in_o the_o realm_n of_o france_n emperor_n francis_n the_o french_a king_n and_z charles_n the_o five_o emperor_n as_o 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minorca_n now_o kingdom_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n whereas_o the_o policy_n of_o those_o nation_n which_o do_v use_v several_a standard_n of_o money_n do_v prevent_v the_o same_o because_o that_o promiscuous_o they_o make_v and_o coin_n money_n of_o several_a standard_n according_a to_o the_o occasion_n which_o be_v worthy_a the_o observation_n ☞_o and_o as_o all_o extreme_n be_v vicious_a and_o defective_a so_o do_v it_o befall_v those_o country_n which_o will_v have_v no_o base_a money_n at_o all_o and_o be_v make_v a_o prey_n unto_o other_o nation_n by_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n which_o must_v be_v maintain_v withal_o as_o i_o have_v make_v and_o shall_v make_v more_o apparent_a silver_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n the_o three_o effect_n or_o alteration_n of_o the_o king_n valuation_n of_o money_n be_v the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v in_o most_o country_n twelve_o to_o one_o that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o pound_n of_o silver_n for_o one_o ounce_n of_o gold_n wherein_o there_o be_v more_o operation_n than_o most_o man_n do_v imagine_v for_o you_o can_v advance_v or_o enhance_v the_o one_o but_o you_o abate_v and_o diminish_v the_o other_o for_o they_o balance_v upon_o this_o parallel_n and_o whereas_o england_n by_o continuance_n of_o eleven_o to_o one_o have_v be_v a_o great_a loser_n of_o gold_n so_o now_o by_o advance_v the_o same_o not_o only_o to_o twelve_o to_o one_o but_o to_o 13_o ⅕_n for_o one_o there_o have_v follow_v a_o very_a great_a loss_n of_o our_o silver_n which_o be_v over_o much_o abate_v as_o may_v appear_v if_o we_o do_v but_o consider_v that_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o six_o shilling_n be_v answer_v with_o six_o shilling_n in_o silver_n and_o be_v now_o full_a seven_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n and_o our_o six_o shilling_n in_o silver_n be_v the_o very_a same_o for_o twelve_o ounce_n of_o crown_n gold_n of_o twenty_o and_o two_o carrat_n at_o 3_o will_v 6_o ss_z make_v 39_o will_v 12_o ss_z and_o 108_o french_a crown_n the_o which_o be_v make_v out_o of_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n at_o seven_o shilling_n four_o penny_n make_v also_o 39_o will_v 12_o ss_z hereupon_o to_o equalise_v the_o silver_n unto_o gold_n again_o will_v breed_v a_o general_a inhaunce_n of_o thing_n within_o the_o realm_n for_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o measure_n of_o money_n cause_v the_o denomination_n to_o follow_v in_o number_n to_o make_v up_o the_o tale_n which_o require_v great_a providence_n low-countries_n exchange_n fall_v by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n in_o the_o low-countries_n for_o we_o find_v that_o other_o nation_n perceive_v our_o gold_n to_o be_v enhance_v have_v abate_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o which_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v rule_v so_o that_o the_o same_o go_v at_o thirty_o and_o four_o shilling_n six_o penny_n or_o thirty_o
clothes_n which_o cost_v he_o six_o hundred_o pound_n and_o the_o custom_n and_o charge_n forty_o pound_n and_o hereupon_o he_o arm_v two_o account_n under_o the_o name_n of_o voyage_n into_o spain_n or_o voyage_n to_o lixborne_n or_o some_o other_o such_o name_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n as_o every_o man_n think_v good_a so_o these_o voyage_n be_v debtor_n for_o the_o commodity_n custom_n and_o charge_n thereof_o and_o the_o magazine_n be_v discharge_v and_o make_v creditor_n as_o abovesaid_a discharge_v magazine_n discharge_v and_o likewise_o cash_n be_v make_v creditor_n have_v pay_v the_o custom_n imposition_n and_o charge_n aforesaid_a this_o merchant_n not_o willing_a to_o bear_v so_o great_a a_o adventure_n of_o six_o hundred_o pound_n or_o seven_o hundred_o pound_n in_o one_o ship_n do_v cause_n himself_o to_o be_v assure_v of_o three_o hundred_o pound_n in_o every_o ship_n assurance_n money_n for_o assurance_n at_o four_o and_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o and_o pay_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o assuror_n hereupon_o he_o make_v the_o say_a voyage_n debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n for_o so_o much_o namely_o thirteen_o pound_n for_o lixborne_n and_o sixteen_o pound_n for_o seville_a and_o so_o commit_v the_o same_o to_o god_n will_v and_o pleasure_n and_o all_o these_o parcel_n be_v enter_v into_o the_o book_n receive_v money_o receive_v and_o b._n m._n the_o mercer_n do_v pay_v more_o two_o hundred_o pound_n whereof_o cash_n be_v make_v debtor_n and_o b._n m._n be_v make_v creditor_n and_o discharge_v of_o the_o 3_o hundred_o pound_n he_o do_v owe_v interest_n money_o deliver_v aâ—_n interest_n whereby_o the_o merchant_n find_v some_o money_n to_o spare_v he_o deliver_v out_o two_o hundred_o pound_n at_o interest_n unto_o another_o merchant_n for_o six_o month_n and_o thereupon_o he_o make_v this_o merchant_n c.d._n debtor_n &_o cash_n creditor_n declare_v to_o have_v his_o bond_n of_o three_o hundred_o pound_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o two_o hundred_o and_o ten_o pound_n at_o such_o a_o day_n in_o such_o a_o place_n money_n interest_n money_n and_o for_o the_o interest_n money_n of_o ten_o pound_n he_o make_v he_o likewise_o debtor_n and_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n but_o some_o man_n do_v make_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o interest_n which_o be_v at_o a_o man_n pleasure_n now_o the_o two_o hundred_o pound_n which_o n._n w._n owe_v be_v due_a use_n money_n owe_v continue_v at_o use_n and_o he_o desire_v to_o keep_v the_o money_n for_o six_o month_n at_o interest_n and_o to_o give_v his_o bond_n for_o it_o which_o be_v so_o agree_v between_o they_o the_o interest_n be_v ten_o pound_n for_o which_o he_o make_v likewise_o n.w._n debtor_n and_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n the_o merchant_n estate_n stand_v now_o thus_o book_n view_v of_o a_o merchant_n estate_n by_o the_o book_n at_o hamborough_n one_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o pound_n at_o seville_a seven_o hundred_o thirty_o and_o six_o pound_n at_o lixborne_a six_o hundred_o fifty_o and_o three_o pound_n at_o interest_n four_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n with_o the_o interest_n and_o but_o little_a money_n in_o cash_n because_o of_o his_o daily_a expense_n suppose_v now_o that_o the_o ship_n of_o the_o company_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n be_v come_v from_o hamborough_n voyage_n return_v of_o voyage_n and_o our_o merchant_n clothes_n be_v sell_v to_o diverse_a merchant_n and_o other_o there_o to_o be_v pay_v at_o six_o and_o six_o month_n anticipation_n money_o pay_v by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n for_o which_o they_o have_v give_v their_o bill_n obligatorie_n to_o pay_v the_o same_o according_o but_o some_o of_o these_o merchant_n be_v desirous_a to_o pay_v their_o money_n by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n have_v interest_n allow_v they_o for_o it_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o eight_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n and_o so_o pay_v ready_a money_n to_o our_o merchant_n factor_n and_o thereupon_o the_o say_a factor_n make_v over_o by_o exchange_n four_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a by_o two_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o at_o usance_n which_o be_v two_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n by_o merchant_n stranger_n exchange_n money_n make_v over_o by_o exchange_n these_o merchant_n stranger_n do_v accept_v the_o say_v bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o you_o make_v they_o several_o debtor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o your_o factor_n of_o hamborough_n creditor_n for_o the_o say_v four_o hundred_o pound_n moreover_o your_o factor_n have_v set_v over_o some_o of_o those_o merchant_n bill_n of_o debt_n for_o foreign_a commodity_n and_o have_v take_v in_o payment_n two_o case_n of_o velvet_n sea_n velvet_n buy_v beyond_o the_o sea_n which_o do_v cost_v eight_o hundred_o pound_n and_o he_o send_v they_o in_o these_o ship_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o charge_n custom_n and_o factoridge_n of_o the_o say_a velvet_n amount_v to_o forty_o pound_n so_o the_o velvet_n cost_v in_o all_o eight_o hundred_o and_o forty_o pound_n for_o this_o you_o make_v a_o new_a account_n for_o velvet_n or_o the_o return_n of_o the_o hamborough_n voyage_n debtor_n and_o your_o factor_n creditor_n for_o the_o say_v eight_o hundred_o and_o forty_o pound_n exchange_n money_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o because_o you_o be_v to_o pay_v great_a custom_n and_o imposition_n of_o these_o velvet_n and_o your_o cash_n be_v not_o well_o provide_v you_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n here_o sixty_o pound_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o your_o factor_n at_o hamborough_n and_o deliver_v your_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o and_o receive_v the_o money_n now_o cash_n be_v make_v debtor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o your_o factor_n that_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o money_n be_v make_v creditor_n for_o it_o according_o they_o cloth_n sell_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o account_v send_v of_o they_o this_o factor_n do_v now_o by_o land_n send_v unto_o you_o the_o account_n of_o your_o hundred_o clothes_n sell_v unto_o diverse_a merchant_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o this_o account_n be_v make_v in_o hamborough_n or_o lup_n money_n and_o it_o be_v suppose_v among_o merchant_n that_o six_o and_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n of_o their_o money_n be_v correspondent_a to_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a according_a to_o this_o you_o reduce_v your_o hamborough_n money_n into_o sterling_a money_n after_o the_o rate_n sterling_a hamborough_n money_n reduce_v into_o sterling_a and_o your_o factor_n in_o the_o say_a account_n have_v already_o deduct_v his_o factorige_n custom_n and_o all_o charge_n incident_a upon_o the_o clothes_n sell_v by_o he_o so_o that_o cast_v your_o account_n upon_o the_o net_n provenu_fw-fr of_o your_o clothes_n he_o have_v receive_v clear_a money_n one_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o pound_n sterling_a hereof_o now_o you_o do_v make_v your_o factor_n debtor_n and_o the_o voyage_n for_o hamborough_n creditor_n and_o come_v to_o your_o leidger_n book_n you_o find_v the_o say_a voyage_n debtor_n one_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o pound_n and_o now_o to_o be_v make_v creditor_n one_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o pound_n so_o you_o find_v here_o be_v two_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n clear_a gain_n by_o the_o account_n unless_o you_o shall_v become_v a_o loser_n in_o the_o velvet_n for_o the_o money_n deduct_v for_o interest_n to_o he_o that_o pay_v before_o his_o time_n be_v already_o deduct_v in_o the_o account_n of_o clothes_n so_o that_o to_o clear_v this_o account_n of_o the_o voyage_n you_o make_v the_o same_o debtor_n for_o the_o say_v two_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n and_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n for_o the_o same_o you_o have_v now_o sell_v your_o two_o case_n of_o velvet_n the_o one_o for_o ready_a money_n and_o the_o other_o at_o six_o and_o six_o month_n day_n of_o payment_n to_o w.w._n mercer_n amount_v to_o five_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n who_o you_o have_v make_v debtor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o your_o velvet_n creditor_n and_o for_o the_o other_o you_o have_v make_v cash_n debtor_n for_o four_o hundred_o ninety_o pound_n which_o you_o have_v receive_v and_o likewise_o your_o velvet_n creditor_n for_o the_o same_o sum_n so_o in_o both_o one_o thousand_o and_o ten_o pound_n and_o cast_v up_o your_o charge_n custom_n and_o imposition_n of_o your_o velvet_n you_o find_v they_o to_o amount_v unto_o 80_o will_v and_o for_o this_o sum_n you_o make_v velvet_n debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n so_o your_o velvet_n do_v cost_v with_o all_o the_o say_a charge_n 920_o will_v and_o they_o be_v sell_v for_o 1010_o will_v so_o there_o be_v 90_o will_v advance_v by_o the_o say_a velvet_n whereof_o to_o clear_v this_o account_n you_o make_v velvet_n debtor_n and_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n as_o aforesaid_a have_v now_o money_n in_o
in_o account_n for_o the_o money_n be_v proceed_v from_o the_o original_n of_o commodity_n or_o exchange_n and_o the_o person_n with_o who_o you_o deal_v therein_o give_v you_o light_a and_o direction_n to_o discuss_v these_o difference_n and_o therefore_o it_o may_v well_o be_v compare_v to_o the_o measure_n of_o hercules_n foot_n whereby_o the_o whole_a symetricall_a proportion_n of_o all_o his_o body_n be_v find_v out_o account_n symetricall_a proportion_n in_o account_n and_o many_o merchant_n account_n be_v so_o intricate_a and_o overgrow_v with_o error_n as_o archymedes_n tomb_n with_o thorn_n when_o cicero_n come_v to_o visit_v it_o but_o now_o i_o think_v i_o hear_v one_o say_v you_o have_v brief_o show_v we_o the_o manner_n of_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n with_o the_o application_n of_o it_o to_o a_o merchant_n negotiation_n for_o commodity_n and_o money_n and_o also_o by_o deliver_v money_n by_o exchange_n and_o how_o money_n be_v get_v by_o commodity_n and_o by_o let_v the_o same_o at_o interest_n but_o i_o can_v understand_v how_o a_o merchant_n get_v money_n by_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n hereunto_o i_o answer_v that_o it_o be_v omit_v of_o purpose_n because_o it_o shall_v not_o obscure_v the_o former_a demonstration_n otherwise_o the_o matter_n be_v of_o such_o importance_n that_o whosoever_o deal_v without_o consideration_n of_o it_o be_v like_a to_o a_o blind_a man_n grope_v in_o the_o dark_a and_o yet_o may_v hit_v the_o egg_n for_o according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n all_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o be_v export_v and_o all_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n import_v be_v sold._n know_v you_o therefore_o rechange_v profit_n of_o exchange_n know_v by_o the_o rechange_v that_o the_o benefit_n or_o profit_n of_o exchange_n be_v never_o know_v direct_o but_o by_o the_o rechange_v thereof_o to_o which_o end_n you_o may_v remember_v that_o our_o merchant_n do_v first_o make_v over_o three_o hundred_o pound_n by_o exchange_n for_o amsterdam_n which_o be_v rechange_v again_o and_o then_o he_o make_v over_o five_o hundred_o pound_n three_o hundred_o pound_n and_o two_o hundred_o pound_n in_o all_o one_o thousand_o pound_n and_o now_o late_o he_o have_v make_v over_o one_o thousand_o pound_n more_o for_o the_o say_a place_n of_o amsterdam_n all_o at_o double_a usance_n to_o make_v the_o better_a benefit_n and_o less_o charge_n these_o money_n be_v make_v over_o at_o several_a place_n as_o follow_v  _fw-fr will_v ss_z do_v profit_n the_o manner_n how_o exchange_n give_v profit_n 300_o will_v be_v make_v over_o at_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o the_o pound_n be_v 525_o 0_o 0_o 500_o will_v be_v make_v over_o at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n ten_o penny_n be_v flemish_n 870_o 16_o 8_o 300_o will_v at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n six_o penny_n be_v 517_o 10_o 0_o 200_o will_v make_v over_o at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n be_v flemish_n 346_o 13_o 4_o 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and_o seller_n so_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v seat_v every_o where_n corroborate_v the_o vital_a spirit_n of_o traffic_n direct_v and_o control_v by_o just_a proportion_n the_o price_n and_o value_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v many_o man_n can_v well_o discern_v the_o distinction_n of_o the_o spirit_n in_o sundry_a matter_n because_o man_n consist_v of_o body_n and_o soul_n that_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o spirit_n be_v comprise_v under_o the_o name_n soul_n but_o if_o they_o be_v willing_a to_o understand_v the_o necessary_a distinction_n hereof_o reason_n in_o the_o theoric_n part_n will_v demonstrate_v the_o same_o in_o the_o practic_n part_n of_o this_o discourse_n of_o exchange_n saint_n paul_n in_o the_o late_a end_n of_o his_o second_o epistle_n to_o the_o thessalonian_o wish_v a_o sanctification_n to_o their_o spirit_n and_o soul_n 5.23_o 2._o thess._n 5.23_o and_o
merchandise_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o especial_o two_o other_o exchange_n which_o they_o name_v cambio_n sicco_fw-it and_o cambio_n fictitio_fw-la sicco_fw-it 3_o cambio_z sicco_fw-it this_o cambio_n sicco_fw-it alias_o call_v dry_a exchange_n be_v in_o this_o manner_n a_o merchant_n have_v occasion_n to_o use_v verbi_fw-la gratia_fw-la one_o hundred_o pound_n which_o they_o will_v deliver_v he_o in_o london_n to_o be_v pay_v unto_o their_o factor_n at_o stoad_n but_o have_v there_o no_o factor_n of_o his_o own_o the_o say_a merchant_n be_v content_v to_o make_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n upon_o the_o banker_n factor_n payable_a to_o he_o the_o say_a factor_n with_o order_n and_o advice_n that_o when_o the_o say_a bill_n shall_v be_v due_a he_o shall_v charge_v he_o by_o exchange_n again_o and_o take_v up_o the_o money_n there_o and_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o with_o the_o rechange_v and_o charge_n of_o factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n wherein_o they_o will_v be_v 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provide_v always_o say_v they_o with_o love_a protestation_n we_o will_v pleasure_v you_o thus_o far_o look_v what_o the_o good_n come_v unto_o we_o will_v take_v it_o up_o for_o you_o by_o exchange_n for_o venice_n lion_n or_o some_o other_o place_n so_o as_o you_o will_v pay_v we_o for_o exchange_n rechange_v or_o any_o other_o incident_a charge_n whereunto_o the_o merchant_n agree_v then_o shall_v he_o be_v sure_a to_o pay_v sound_o for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o money_n and_o loose_v exceed_o upon_o the_o ware_n these_o two_o bite_a manner_n of_o exchange_n be_v discover_v be_v by_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n prohibit_v in_o the_o three_o and_o four_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o afterward_o as_o be_v note_v the_o exchange_n be_v discontinue_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o former_a abuse_n come_v to_o be_v rife_o again_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o forbid_v exchange_n be_v forbid_v which_o cause_v the_o use_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v utter_o forbid_v for_o a_o short_a time_n but_o as_o ship_n can_v sail_v without_o water_n no_o more_o can_v traffic_v subsist_v without_o exchange_n in_o the_o accustom_a place_n so_o that_o the_o inconvenience_n appear_v it_o be_v restore_v again_o in_o hope_n of_o good_a deal_n and_o reformation_n promise_v by_o other_o prince_n concern_v the_o royal_a exchange_n but_o in_o the_o time_n of_o queen_n marie_n it_o be_v again_o neglect_v who_o be_v marry_v with_o king_n philip_n the_o second_o of_o spain_n do_v connive_v in_o those_o thing_n because_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o low-countries_n be_v esteem_v to_o be_v under_o one_o degree_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n exchange_n complaint_n of_o exchange_n new_a complaint_n be_v make_v of_o the_o new_a exchange_n by_o master_n hussey_n courtmaster_n of_o the_o company_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n but_o no_o man_n can_v apply_v or_o find_v a_o remedy_n to_o moderate_v the_o inequality_n of_o exchange_n and_o to_o have_v value_n for_o value_n as_o appear_v by_o letter_n patent_n grant_v to_o the_o old_a lord_n treasurer_n burghley_n who_o do_v not_o execute_v the_o same_o in_o three_o and_o twenty_o year_n after_o for_o want_n of_o true_a direction_n to_o the_o great_a loss_n of_o the_o realm_n as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o a_o commission_n in_o blank_a return_v by_o diverse_a merchant_n albeit_o the_o italian_a merchant_n in_o those_o day_n can_v not_o deny_v the_o abuse_n thereof_o be_v expostulate_v withal_o as_o by_o their_o politic_a letter_n appear_v under_o the_o hand_n of_o acerbo_fw-la velutelli_n suigo_fw-la cavalcanti_fw-la and_o other_o who_o want_v not_o some_o upholder_n to_o maintain_v their_o private_a benefit_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n ii_o of_o the_o true_a calculation_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la exchange_n the_o true_a ground_n of_o exchange_n the_o true_a royal_a exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n according_a to_o the_o par_fw-fr which_o be_v value_v for_o value_n and_o so_o be_v our_o exchange_n of_o england_n ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o our_o money_n aforesaid_a and_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o other_o country_n according_a to_o their_o several_a standard_n proportionable_a in_o their_o valuation_n which_o be_v true_o and_o just_o make_v make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n for_o every_o place_n according_a to_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o money_n whereupon_o all_o exchange_n be_v make_v these_o exchange_n do_v much_o differ_v in_o the_o name_n and_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n observe_v in_o most_o country_n so_o that_o we_o be_v to_o examine_v and_o compare_v our_o weight_n aforesaid_a with_o the_o weight_n of_o other_o country_n and_o the_o finesse_n of_o the_o sterling_a standard_n with_o the_o finesse_n of_o the_o several_a standard_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o other_o country_n and_o if_o we_o differ_v not_o with_o they_o in_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n exchange_n the_o manner_n to_o calculate_v exchange_n then_o may_v our_o exchange_n run_v at_o one_o price_n both_o for_o gold_n and_o silver_n take_v the_o denomination_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n of_o each_o country_n and_o hereby_o shall_v we_o find_v how_o much_o fine_a silver_n or_o gold_n our_o pound_n sterling_a contain_v &_o what_o quantity_n of_o other_o money_n of_o germany_n italy_n france_n the_o low-countries_n eastland_n and_o elsewhere_o we_o be_v to_o have_v in_o exchange_n to_o countervail_v the_o same_o in_o the_o like_a weight_n and_o fineness_n answerable_a unto_o we_o be_v it_o by_o the_o pound_n doller_n ducat_n crown_n coin_n imaginary_a and_o real_a coin_n or_o any_o other_o imaginary_a or_o real_a coin_n give_v always_o value_n for_o value_n and_o receive_v the_o like_a which_o be_v call_v par._n but_o this_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v of_o late_a year_n abuse_v and_o as_o it_o be_v make_v a_o merchandise_n exchange_n par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n by_o rise_v and_o fall_v in_o price_n according_a to_o plenty_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n and_o in_o regard_n of_o discrepaunce_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n and_o place_n which_o make_v some_o merchant_n by_o mistake_v to_o compare_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o exchange_n to_o be_v a_o like_a as_o if_o the_o measure_n of_o a_o thing_n and_o the_o thing_n measure_v thereby_o be_v alone_o for_o even_o as_o money_n be_v publica_n mensura_fw-la or_o the_o public_a measure_n within_o the_o realm_n between_o man_n and_o man_n etc._n exchange_v the_o the_o public_a measure_n of_o nation_n etc._n etc._n so_o be_v exchange_n for_o money_n the_o public_a measure_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a country_n for_o all_o commodity_n buy_v and_o sell_v which_o therefore_o require_v a_o certainty_n in_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o par_fw-fr aforesaid_a admit_v nevertheless_o a_o advantage_n above_o the_o same_o upon_o occasion_n on_o either_o side_n this_o exchange_n be_v proper_o make_v by_o bill_n exchange_n the_o manner_n of_o the_o royal_a exchange_n when_o money_n be_v deliver_v simple_o here_o in_o england_n and_o bill_n receive_v for_o the_o same_o to_o have_v the_o payment_n thereof_o in_o some_o other_o country_n beyond_o the_o sea_n or_o when_o the_o like_a be_v do_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o money_n be_v receive_v here_o in_o england_n and_o that_o upon_o a_o certain_a price_n agree_v upon_o between_o party_n and_o party_n which_o be_v term_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n whereof_o merchant_n have_v the_o only_a and_o whole_a dispose_n and_o buy_v and_o sell_v
their_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_o without_o that_o few_o or_o none_o of_o they_o do_v look_v into_o the_o nature_n of_o exchange_n as_o aforesaid_a but_o only_o to_o the_o present_a object_n which_o be_v to_o know_v how_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n go_v at_o the_o time_n when_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o deal_v therewith_o howbeit_o such_o merchant_n as_o never_n or_o seldom_o deal_v for_o commodity_n but_o altogether_o for_o money_n by_o exchange_n have_v another_o observation_n therein_o and_o merchant_n that_o will_v be_v exchanger_n indeed_o must_v know_v perfect_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o our_o english_a coin_n and_o of_o the_o foreign_a coin_n also_o and_o compare_v the_o same_o together_o to_o make_v the_o say_a calculation_n of_o exchange_n wherein_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v direct_v by_o the_o valuation_n which_o be_v uncertain_a and_o inconstant_a inconstant_a valuation_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n inconstant_a much_o less_o by_o the_o toleration_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o go_v currant_n above_o the_o say_a valuation_n so_o that_o by_o authority_n they_o ought_v to_o be_v govern_v and_o direct_v herein_o declare_v the_o true_a value_n for_o value_n or_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la as_o the_o very_a foundation_n of_o all_o exchange_n because_o this_o be_v not_o a_o fit_a study_n for_o every_o merchant_n capacity_n and_o may_v be_v do_v nevertheless_o with_o great_a facility_n and_o without_o interruption_n of_o traffic_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v but_o to_o come_v first_o to_o the_o particular_n concern_v weight_n we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o in_o all_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n exchange_n weight_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n they_o use_v for_o their_o money_n both_o of_o gold_n and_o silver_n the_o mark_n weight_n of_o eight_o ounce_n heretofore_o speak_v of_o with_o the_o division_n of_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n or_o twenty_o english_a so_o call_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o subdivision_n of_o twenty_o and_o four_o grain_n here_o or_o thirty_o two_o aze_n or_o grain_n there_o these_o eight_o ounce_n compare_v unto_o our_o pound_n weight_n troy_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n be_v within_o a_o little_a all_o one_o ounce_n for_o ounce_n in_o weight_n but_o upon_o the_o pound_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n as_o aforesaid_a which_o be_v one_o mark_n and_o a_o half_a mark_n weight_n of_o they_o it_o be_v find_v that_o in_o the_o say_a proportion_n of_o a_o pound_n our_o weight_n be_v heavy_a than_o the_o weight_n of_o germany_n and_o the_o low-countries_n by_o three_o penny_n weight_n and_o than_o the_o weight_n of_o france_n italy_n spain_n and_o scotland_n by_o four_o penny_n weight_n all_o which_o may_v be_v consider_v in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n in_o allow_v more_o or_o less_o for_o the_o par_fw-fr according_a as_o the_o foundation_n of_o the_o exchange_n lie_v either_o upon_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a or_o upon_o their_o crown_n ducat_n doller_n florin_n or_o other_o coin_n which_o be_v proper_o the_o head_n or_o radix_fw-la cambij_fw-la cambij_fw-la the_o head_n of_o exchange_n or_o radix_fw-la cambij_fw-la whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v this_o weight_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o piece_n of_o coin_n and_o from_o the_o piece_n to_o the_o number_n of_o they_o in_o the_o mark_n or_o pound_n weight_n aforesaid_a concern_v the_o fineness_n of_o money_n to_o be_v calculate_v in_o exchange_n the_o same_o be_v know_v by_o weight_n exchange_n fineness_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n for_o it_o must_v be_v distinguish_v thereby_o that_o be_v to_o say_v we_o ought_v to_o know_v how_o much_o fine_a silver_n or_o fine_a gold_n there_o be_v in_o the_o mark_n or_o pound_n weight_n of_o the_o sundry_a coin_n of_o the_o several_a standard_n of_o money_n of_o all_o country_n where_o exchange_n be_v use_v between_o we_o and_o they_o and_o to_o calculate_v the_o same_o upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a for_o some_o place_n or_o upon_o the_o crown_n ducat_n doller_n florin_n and_o other_o imaginary_a coin_n for_o other_o place_n to_o the_o end_n we_o may_v have_v fineness_n answer_v by_o weight_n to_o understand_v the_o premise_n let_v we_o suppose_v that_o a_o merchant_n stranger_n come_v into_o the_o realm_n and_o bring_v with_o he_o many_o unknown_a and_o strange_a coin_n to_o have_v the_o coin_n of_o the_o realm_n for_o it_o according_a to_o value_v for_o value_n by_o weight_n and_o fineness_n and_o that_o the_o say_a merchant_n have_v weigh_v the_o say_a coin_n have_v a_o sufficient_a knowledge_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o gold_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o say_a weight_n money_n the_o manner_n to_o examine_v the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o money_n and_o his_o desire_n be_v to_o have_v the_o same_o answer_v unto_o he_o by_o the_o like_a weight_n and_o by_o the_o like_a fineness_n in_o weight_n in_o money_n of_o this_o kingdom_n herein_o not_o doubt_n he_o will_v be_v assure_v what_o fineness_n or_o fine_a silver_n and_o gold_n there_o be_v in_o our_o money_n and_o that_o he_o may_v have_v the_o same_o by_o weight_n in_o the_o say_a quantity_n of_o coin_n whereupon_o after_o the_o weight_n of_o our_o money_n he_o will_v calculate_v distinct_o what_o quantity_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n there_o be_v in_o the_o say_a money_n and_o what_o quantity_n of_o copper_n and_o so_o will_v require_v the_o full_a quantity_n both_o of_o the_o silver_n and_o gold_n and_o of_o the_o copper_n according_o so_o be_v it_o with_o the_o matter_n of_o exchange_n ground_v upon_o the_o very_a value_n of_o coin_n if_o there_o be_v no_o valuation_n whereby_o the_o price_n of_o coin_n be_v baptize_v and_o receive_v a_o name_n which_o give_v a_o denomination_n of_o price_n unto_o the_o say_a coin_n or_o unto_o the_o exchange_n of_o the_o say_a coin_n which_o in_o the_o manner_n aforesaid_a make_v the_o say_a price_n of_o exchange_n but_o so_o long_o as_o the_o calculation_n remain_v upon_o weight_n and_o fineness_n without_o respect_n have_v to_o the_o valuation_n alloy_n definition_n of_o bullion_n and_o alloy_n so_o long_o may_v we_o esteem_v the_o say_a coin_n to_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o material_n or_o bullion_n that_o be_v to_o say_v prohibit_v money_n to_o be_v currant_n which_o foreign_a nation_n call_v bullion_n as_o it_o be_v unlawful_a and_o sit_v to_o be_v melt_v down_o from_o whence_o the_o word_n bullion_n be_v derive_v or_o which_o other_o nation_n call_v to_o be_v material_n or_o mass_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n even_o as_o copper_n be_v call_v alloy_n or_o mixture_n thereunto_o exchange_n valuation_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n concern_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n we_o have_v already_o in_o the_o second_o part_n entreat_v thereof_o compendious_o and_o substantial_o so_o that_o in_o this_o place_n we_o be_v to_o observe_v the_o denomination_n which_o give_v a_o rate_n or_o price_n unto_o exchange_n england_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n in_o exchange_n make_v in_o england_n even_o as_o it_o do_v unto_o the_o several_a species_n of_o money_n in_o their_o kind_n concern_v the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n in_o the_o say_a exchange_n we_o be_v to_o observe_v that_o when_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v 12_o to_o one_o or_o one_o pound_n of_o silver_n to_o a_o ounce_n of_o gold_n which_o be_v now_o 13_o ½_n to_o one_o then_o the_o ensue_a calculation_n in_o exchange_n be_v true_a namely_o to_o account_v eight_o carrat_n of_o fine_a gold_n or_o four_o ounce_n of_o fine_a silver_n for_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a reserve_v in_o the_o say_a rate_n a_o reasonable_a gain_n for_o the_o merchant_n towards_o their_o gain_n and_o charge_n but_o now_o that_o the_o say_a proportion_n be_v alter_v and_o that_o thirteen_o ounce_n and_o ⅓_n part_n or_o four_o penny_n weight_n be_v appoint_v to_o be_v give_v for_o one_o ounce_n of_o necessity_n it_o follow_v that_o the_o silver_n be_v underualued_a and_o the_o gold_n advance_v so_o that_o in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n there_o arise_v a_o twofold_a consideration_n the_o one_o to_o be_v establish_v in_o par_n according_a to_o the_o gold_n coin_n and_o the_o other_o after_o the_o silver_n coin_n and_o this_o measure_n of_o exchange_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n be_v very_o tender_a and_o delicate_a yet_o merchant_n occasion_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n do_v exceed_v the_o say_a limitation_n upon_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n and_o the_o many_o deliverer_n or_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o say_a money_n according_a thereunto_o which_o be_v proper_a to_o confirm_v the_o mutability_n of_o exchange_v above_o the_o say_a par_fw-fr but_o never_o under_o the_o same_o for_o it_o be_v like_a unto_o the_o needle_n of_o the_o compass_n which_o have_v be_v touch_v upon_o the_o fix_a
the_o same_o be_v direct_v do_v give_v notice_n that_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o which_o do_v there_o be_v a_o end_n if_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o contrary_a wind_n or_o other_o occasion_n be_v so_o long_o upon_o the_o way_n that_o the_o usance_n or_o the_o time_n limit_v by_o the_o bill_n be_v expire_v and_o be_v present_v to_o the_o party_n for_o the_o payment_n he_o will_v not_o pay_v the_o same_o than_o the_o notary_n do_v make_v the_o protest_v both_o for_o the_o non-acceptation_n and_o for_o the_o nonpayment_n recite_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n verbatim_o and_o moreover_o he_o call_v unto_o he_o some_o swear_a broker_n of_o exchange_n bill_n the_o manner_n of_o payment_n of_o a_o protest_v bill_n to_o know_v how_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n run_v at_o usance_n for_o the_o place_n where_o the_o money_n be_v take_v up_o and_o he_o make_v of_o it_o a_o declaration_n in_o the_o protest_v according_a unto_o which_o it_o must_v be_v answer_v beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o change_n rechange_v brokeridge_n and_o all_o charge_n which_o must_v be_v pay_v according_a unto_o usance_n from_o london_n to_o the_o place_n aforesaid_a as_o for_o example_n suppose_v the_o sum_n be_v one_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a take_v up_o at_o amsterdam_n for_o london_n payable_a at_o usance_n which_o be_v one_o month_n time_n at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n and_o eight_o flemish_a money_n for_o one_o pound_n sterling_a for_o which_o be_v receive_v at_o amsterdam_n in_o that_o money_n one_o hundred_o sixty_o and_o eight_o pound_n six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n the_o bill_n not_o be_v pay_v here_o and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v certify_v by_o the_o broker_n and_o the_o notary_n protest_v to_o be_v at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n six_o penny_n from_o london_n to_o amsterdam_n hereupon_o the_o account_n be_v cast_v up_o at_o amsterdam_n according_o which_o come_v to_o one_o hundred_o seventie_o and_o two_o pound_n and_o ten_o shilling_n add_v hereunto_o brokeridge_n and_o port_n of_o letter_n here_o and_o at_o amsterdam_n and_o sometime_o factoridge_n which_o be_v together_o one_o in_o the_o hundred_o which_o amount_v to_o thirty_o and_o four_o shilling_n so_o he_o receive_v at_o amsterdam_n one_o hundred_o seventie_o four_o pound_n and_o four_o shilling_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o this_o protest_v bill_n which_o be_v five_o pound_n seventeen_o shilling_n four_o penny_n more_o than_o he_o have_v disburse_v which_o he_o pay_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o money_n for_o two_o month_n and_o so_o for_o other_o bill_n etc._n etc._n chap._n viii_o of_o reciprocal_a and_o double_a exchange_n exchange_n reciprocal_a exchange_n the_o like_a custom_n be_v observe_v in_o all_o reciprocal_a and_o double_a exchange_n make_v between_o merchant_n for_o several_a place_n without_o disburse_v of_o any_o money_n on_o either_o side_n where_o the_o say_v exchange_n be_v make_v but_o be_v mere_o depend_v upon_o the_o payment_n to_o be_v make_v in_o foreign_a part_n these_o exchange_n be_v either_o positive_a between_o the_o party_n or_o accidental_a the_o positive_a exchange_n have_v a_o certain_a price_n agree_v upon_o between_o both_o party_n exchange_n positive_a price_n of_o exchange_n reciprocal_o exchange_v one_o with_o another_o as_o for_o example_n a._n b._n of_o london_n have_v a_o continual_a trade_n of_o hamshire_n kersey_n for_o venice_n by_o the_o way_n of_o germany_n and_o make_v his_o return_n altogether_o by_o exchange_n c.d._n of_o london_n also_o have_v on_o the_o other_o side_n a_o continual_a trade_n for_o redding_n and_o kentish_a colour_n clothes_n for_o antuerpe_n where_o have_v make_v money_n of_o his_o clothes_n he_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v make_v over_o by_o exchange_n for_o venice_n to_o be_v employ_v there_o in_o organsine_n silk_n or_o other_o commodity_n to_o be_v send_v for_o london_n these_o two_o merchant_n consider_v each_o other_o trade_n and_o the_o adventure_n of_o deliver_v their_o money_n by_o exchange_n to_o other_o beyond_o the_o sea_n wherein_o they_o must_v trust_v their_o factor_n or_o servant_n or_o they_o must_v take_v up_o the_o money_n by_o exchange_n themselves_o with_o some_o disadvantage_n do_v make_v a_o agreement_n and_o contract_n of_o exchange_n between_o they_o that_o a._n b._n shall_v cause_v from_o time_n to_o time_n for_o and_o during_o the_o term_n of_o one_o year_n all_o the_o money_n which_o he_o shall_v have_v at_o venice_n to_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o factor_n of_o c.d._n at_o venice_n and_o the_o say_v c.d._n shall_v cause_v in_o like_a manner_n all_o the_o money_n which_o he_o have_v at_o antuerpe_n to_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o factor_n of_o a.b._n at_o antuerpe_n who_o make_v over_o this_o money_n unto_o he_o by_o exchange_n either_o direct_o for_o london_n or_o for_o some_o other_o place_n as_o amsterdam_n or_o hamborough_n and_o so_o from_o thence_o for_o london_n profit_n observation_n of_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o most_o profit_n according_a as_o he_o observe_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n to_o be_v most_o beneficial_a for_o himself_o or_o as_o the_o factor_n if_o he_o be_v judicious_a shall_v observe_v the_o same_o for_o he_o by_o this_o agreement_n or_o contract_n the_o say_v two_o merchant_n do_v agree_v and_o conclude_v between_o they_o a_o set_v or_o positive_a price_n of_o exchange_n as_o well_o for_o venice_n as_o for_o antuerpe_n whereby_o the_o ducat_n of_o venice_n shall_v be_v rate_v at_o so_o many_o penny_n flemish_a for_o the_o money_n which_o be_v receive_v at_o antuerp_n or_o the_o pound_n flemish_n may_v be_v value_v in_o sterling_a money_n after_o a_o rate_n and_o the_o ducat_n of_o venice_n likewise_o and_o hereupon_o they_o do_v clear_v their_o account_n between_o they_o once_o a_o year_n according_o which_o sometime_o be_v do_v with_o allowance_n of_o interest_n for_o the_o discrepance_n of_o time_n if_o it_o be_v without_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o do_v only_o by_o letter_n of_o advice_n or_o acquittance_n of_o receipt_n to_o reckon_v by_o which_o be_v more_o usual_a in_o these_o positive_a exchange_n where_o the_o price_n be_v agree_v upon_o in_o certainty_n for_o such_o a_o time_n the_o accidental_a reciprocal_a exchange_n on_o the_o contrary_n be_v uncertain_a in_o their_o price_n price_n accidental_a exchange_n in_o price_n and_o alter_v from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n run_v as_o for_o example_n a._n b._n call_v unto_o he_o a_o broker_n of_o exchange_n and_o tell_v he_o that_o he_o have_v occasion_n to_o take_v up_o one_o thousand_o ducat_n for_o venice_n and_o that_o he_o be_v to_o make_v over_o the_o say_a money_n for_o antuerpe_n and_o will_v know_v the_o price_n for_o both_o place_n the_o broker_n answer_v that_o he_o will_v effect_v the_o same_o and_o that_o the_o price_n of_o venice_n be_v fifty_o and_o six_o penny_n for_o the_o ducat_n and_o for_o antuerpe_n thirty_o and_o three_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o the_o pound_n sterling_a and_o present_o after_o he_o come_v to_o a.b._n the_o merchant_n again_o and_o tell_v he_o that_o c.d._n the_o merchant_n be_v content_v to_o deliver_v he_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n for_o venice_n and_o to_o take_v up_o the_o same_o for_o he_o again_o for_o antuerpe_n either_o at_o the_o same_o price_n or_o thereabouts_o these_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o fifty_o six_o penny_n do_v amount_v to_o two_o hundred_o thirty_o and_o three_o pound_n six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n sterling_a for_o which_o c._n d._n give_v bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o antuerpe_n to_o be_v pay_v there_o at_o usance_n which_o be_v one_o month_n time_n from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o twenty_o shilling_n or_o one_o pound_n sterling_a and_o a.b._n give_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n reciprocal_o to_o c._n d._n for_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n to_o be_v pay_v at_o venice_n at_o usance_n which_o be_v three_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n and_o here_o be_v no_o money_n pay_v on_o either_o side_n at_o london_n and_o yet_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n say_v the_o usual_a word_n for_o the_o value_n receive_v of_o each_o other_o according_a to_o their_o agreement_n and_o both_o party_n send_v their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o aforesaid_a place_n not_o long_o after_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o c._n d._n give_v for_o antuerpe_n come_v back_o again_o by_o protest_v for_o the_o non-acceptation_n and_o not_o long_o after_o that_o another_z protest_v for_o the_o nonpayment_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n hereupon_o a.b._n come_v or_o send_v to_o c._n d._n for_o to_o have_v satisfaction_n for_o this_o bill_n of_o exchange_n deliver_v he_o for_o antuerpe_n and_o c._n d._n give_v he_o full_a satisfaction_n of_o it_o with_o the_o rechange_v and_o charge_n
according_a to_o the_o say_a custom_n if_o he_o be_v a_o substantial_a man_n of_o credit_n and_o reputation_n for_o although_o the_o say_v c._n d._n be_v the_o first_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n unto_o a._n b._n by_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n for_o venice_n and_o may_v allege_v that_o he_o receive_v no_o money_n of_o he_o but_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o venice_n whereof_o he_o have_v no_o advice_n whether_o it_o be_v accept_v or_o not_o yet_o such_o be_v the_o precise_a and_o commendable_a custom_n use_v in_o exchange_n that_o he_o may_v not_o stand_v upon_o any_o evasion_n or_o allegation_n which_o may_v interrupt_v the_o say_a course_n without_o manifest_a discredit_n unto_o he_o unless_o there_o be_v cause_n of_o doubt_n that_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n of_o a._n b._n shall_v not_o be_v accomplish_v at_o venice_n neither_o may_v a._n b._n without_o discredit_n countermand_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o venice_n unless_o there_o be_v just_a cause_n to_o call_v the_o credit_n of_o c._n d._n in_o question_n for_o the_o manner_n of_o these_o exchange_n be_v usual_a in_o all_o the_o place_n of_o great_a exchange_n as_o lion_n bizanson_n madrill_n and_o venice_n where_o the_o most_o stand_a bank_n be_v and_o where_o they_o do_v get_v money_n ingenious_o by_o the_o calculation_n upon_o their_o payment_n at_o the_o fair_n or_o market_n by_o intermissive_a time_n either_o twice_o or_o thrice_o within_o the_o year_n in_o regard_n whereof_o and_o to_o avoid_v this_o observation_n in_o that_o strictness_n they_o have_v use_v to_o say_v in_o their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n per_fw-la la_fw-fr valuta_n cambiata_n for_o the_o value_n exchange_v with_o such_o a_o one_o exchange_v the_o value_n of_o money_n exchange_v and_o not_o for_o the_o value_n receive_v as_o aforesaid_a because_o they_o make_v their_o payment_n as_o it_o be_v all_o at_o one_o time_n which_o be_v otherwise_o in_o those_o place_n where_o no_o bank_n be_v keep_v or_o may_v be_v also_o in_o some_o of_o these_o place_n if_o the_o money_n be_v payable_a without_o the_o bank_n as_o we_o have_v note_v before_o many_o merchant_n traffic_v only_o in_o exchange_n become_v good_a observer_n and_o as_o ingenious_a as_o the_o banker_n themselves_o according_a to_o the_o adage_n fabricando_fw-la fabri_fw-la fimus_fw-la whereby_o they_o know_v the_o variation_n of_o their_o compass_n and_o the_o point_n to_o direct_v their_o course_n by_o observe_v the_o accidental_a cause_n of_o great_a payment_n of_o money_n to_o be_v make_v in_o some_o place_n and_o of_o employment_n to_o be_v make_v upon_o commodity_n in_o some_o other_o place_n or_o the_o scarcity_n of_o money_n for_o some_o place_n and_o the_o plenty_n for_o other_o place_n or_o the_o generality_n of_o both_o calling_z it_o as_o the_o spaniard_n say_v la_fw-fr placa_fw-la eâ—â—a_fw-la larga_fw-la lo_o estrecha_fw-la the_o exchange_n or_o place_n be_v straight_o or_o plenteous_a so_o that_o those_o merchant_n run_v with_o the_o stream_n can_v make_v their_o exchange_n beneficial_a unto_o themselves_o and_o that_o without_o stock_n or_o capital_a of_o their_o own_o but_o mere_o by_o take_v up_o money_n for_o one_o place_n and_o deliver_v the_o same_o for_o another_o place_n at_o a_o undervalue_v in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n send_v many_o time_n the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la which_o have_v be_v take_v up_o by_o exchange_n when_o the_o same_o do_v yield_v more_o than_o the_o price_n at_o which_o they_o take_v up_o the_o same_o as_o in_o our_o precedent_a treatise_n have_v be_v declare_v more_o ample_o this_o orderly_a course_n of_o payment_n or_o satisfaction_n to_o be_v make_v for_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v admit_v no_o rescounter_n or_o stoppage_n but_o voluntary_a voluntary_a rescounter_v in_o exchange_n be_v voluntary_a that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o i_o owe_v you_o one_o hundred_o pound_n by_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o i_o accept_v and_o within_o three_o or_o four_o day_n you_o shall_v owe_v i_o the_o like_o hundred_o pound_n for_o another_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o you_o accept_v i_o can_v rescounter_v these_o payment_n to_o answer_v each_o other_o unless_o you_o condescend_v thereunto_o although_o the_o money_n be_v due_a to_o be_v pay_v but_o every_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v to_o be_v answer_v and_o pay_v in_o his_o proper_a nature_n for_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o some_o countermand_n be_v make_v by_o he_o that_o cause_v this_o money_n to_o be_v make_v over_o unto_o you_o before_o you_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o say_a bill_n which_o for_o some_o cause_n you_o be_v to_o conceal_v for_o a_o time_n you_o be_v for_o all_o that_o to_o be_v pay_v of_o your_o hundred_o pound_n or_o the_o diligence_n which_o be_v requisite_a to_o be_v do_v herein_o be_v both_o way_n to_o be_v observe_v according_o but_o when_o it_o be_v do_v by_o voluntary_a consent_n and_o agreement_n then_o be_v it_o questionless_a for_o voluntas_fw-la est_fw-la mensura_fw-la actionum_fw-la etc._n will_n do_v regulate_v action_n etc._n etc._n the_o will_n do_v regulate_v the_o action_n and_o if_o any_o factor_n do_v the_o same_o for_o another_o man_n account_n without_o commission_n he_o shall_v be_v answerable_a for_o it_o as_o before_o be_v declare_v in_o the_o title_n of_o factor_n and_o servant_n and_o the_o commission_n give_v unto_o they_o for_o the_o better_a explanation_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n take_v up_o for_o one_o place_n and_o deliver_v again_o for_o another_o place_n let_v we_o observe_v this_o example_n ten_o thousand_o ducat_n be_v take_v up_o at_o antuerp_n for_o venice_n at_o usance_n of_o two_o month_n at_o several_a price_n of_o 113_o ½_n penny_n 114_o penny_n and_o 115_o ½_n penny_n for_o the_o ducat_n be_v the_o medium_fw-la or_o one_o with_o another_o at_o 115_o penny_n make_v flemish_a money_n r._n 4791_o 13_o 4_o these_o r._n 4791_o 13_o 4_o money_n example_n of_o exchange_n and_o rechange_n of_o money_n be_v make_v over_o for_o london_n at_o usance_n be_v one_o month_n at_o diverse_a price_n whereof_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 32_o shilling_n four_o penny_n and_o make_v 2875_o will_v 0_o ss_z 0_o do_v these_o r._n 2875_o sterling_a be_v receive_v and_o factoridge_n brokeridge_n and_o port_n of_o letter_n deduct_v remain_v 2860_o will_v which_o be_v make_v over_o for_o antuerp_n again_o at_o several_a price_n and_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 34_o ss_z 2_o ½_n d._n 4894_o will_v 15_o 10_o the_o ten_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o venice_n be_v take_v up_o for_o frankford_n at_o 130_o florin_n of_o 65_o creutzer_n for_o 100_o ducat_n whereunto_o factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n add_v it_o amount_v to_o 13130_o dollar_n or_o florin_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n and_o with_o brokeridge_n and_o factoridge_n at_o frankford_n be_v florin_n 13260_o flo._n 0_o ss_z 0_o do_v the_o 4894_o 15_o 10_o flemish_n receive_v in_o antuerp_n be_v make_v over_o for_o madrill_n in_o spain_n at_o diverse_a price_n whereof_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 106_o penny_n for_o a_o ducat_n of_o 375_o maluedeis_fw-la to_o be_v pay_v in_o bank_n at_o four_o month_n time_n with_o five_o upon_o the_o thousand_o and_o make_v ducat_n 11132_o duc._n 12_o ss_z 6_o d_o these_o 11132_o ducat_n twelve_o shilling_n six_o penny_n of_o a_o ducat_n be_v make_v over_o from_o madrill_n to_o lixborne_n in_o portugal_n and_o deduct_v factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n there_o remain_v 11010_o ducat_n of_o 440_o reas_n for_o every_o ducat_n of_o 375_o maluedeis_fw-la or_o 11_o ryalls_z be_v 4844_o u_o 620_o vlas_n and_o ducat_n 12111_o duc._n 11_o ss_z 0_o do_v these_o 12111_o ducat_n or_o crusat_n of_o lixborne_n make_v over_o to_o antuerp_n factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n deduct_v remain_v 11990_o ducat_n at_o 98_o penny_n flemish_n every_o ducat_n or_o crusat_n be_v flemish_n r._n 4895_o 18_o 4_o the_o 13260_o florin_n of_o frankford_n take_v up_o for_o antuerp_n at_o 81_o penny_n r._n 4530_o 10_o 0_o  _fw-fr r._n 365_o 8_o 4_o these_o money_n pay_v brokeridge_n and_o factoridge_n for_o venice_n and_o deliver_v for_o london_n and_o for_o madrill_n 38_o two_o 4_o which_o must_v be_v deduct_v r._n 38_o 2_o 4_o so_o there_o be_v advance_v by_o industry_n with_o other_o man_n money_n r._n 327_o 6_o 0_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o feat_n of_o banker_n perform_v by_o exchange_n we_o have_v in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o book_n make_v a_o description_n of_o bank_n and_o banker_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o payment_n and_o exchange_n make_v in_o bank_n for_o commodity_n buy_v and_o sell_v and_o have_v in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n declare_v the_o four_o manner_n of_o exchange_n and_o the_o merchandize_v exchange_n by_o denomination_n of_o it_o to_o be_v the_o canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n let_v we_o now_o entreat_v of_o the_o feat_n of_o banker_n some_o man_n of_o judgement_n have_v find_v my_o writing_n
the_o price_n for_o their_o advantage_n and_o so_o jump_v all_o to_o one_o end_n upon_o the_o imaginary_a money_n before_o declare_v which_o make_v the_o main_a ocean_n of_o exchange_n wherein_o the_o exchange_n of_o england_n be_v swallow_v up_o as_o a_o little_a river_n or_o branch_n of_o the_o same_o take_v still_o advantage_n upon_o our_o fine_a money_n and_o staple_n ware_n to_o glut_v we_o with_o their_o foreign_a commodity_n at_o dear_a rate_n and_o hence_o proceed_v the_o primum_fw-la mobile_a of_o exchange_n exchange_n primum_fw-la mobile_a of_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o inequality_n so_o much_o abuse_v from_o the_o true_a exchange_n of_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la and_o nevertheless_o admit_v to_o be_v high_a and_o low_a upon_o just_a occasion_n above_o the_o same_o as_o money_n be_v plentiful_a or_o scarce_o or_o the_o taker_n of_o it_o many_o or_o few_o to_o this_o purpose_n let_v we_o remember_v that_o about_o seventie_o year_n past_a between_o this_o realm_n and_o the_o low-countries_n many_o of_o their_o coin_n although_o much_o differ_v in_o standard_n do_v in_o the_o pound_n or_o mark_v weight_n and_o in_o the_o very_a piece_n and_o price_n answer_v the_o coin_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o do_v contain_v as_o much_o fine_a gold_n and_o silver_n as_o we_o par._n equal_a exchange_n or_o a_o true_a par._n and_o be_v also_o name_v and_o value_v according_o whereby_o twenty_o shilling_n here_o make_v also_o twenty_o shilling_n with_o they_o be_v a_o true_a par._n as_o for_o example_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr 23_o car_n 3_o ½_n the_o angel_n at_o 10_o the_o emperor_n royal_a at_o 10_o 22_o car_n fine_a 22_o car_n the_o french_a crown_n 6_o the_o flemish_a crown_n 6_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr 11_o ow_v 2_o penny_n weight_n ed._n crown_n of_o silver_n 5_o the_o philip_n dolor_n 5_o 10_o ounce_n fine_a english_a shilling_n 1_o flemish_n six_o stiver_n 1_o ten_o groat_n silver_n with_o the_o emperor_n 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earl_n of_o leicester_n at_o which_o time_n the_o royal_a of_o eight_o be_v value_v at_o forty_o and_o two_o stiver_n and_o the_o rickx_n doller_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o also_o their_o own_o doller_n at_o forty_o and_o five_o stiver_n and_o the_o english_a shilling_n at_o twelve_o penny_n here_o be_v there_o value_v at_o ten_o stiver_n make_v twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a to_o be_v by_o exchange_n thirty_o three_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n as_o a_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n the_o like_a for_o hamborough_n at_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n and_o nine_o penny_n as_o have_v be_v note_v now_o five_o royal_n of_o eight_o which_o be_v at_o forty_o two_o stiver_n thirty_o five_o shilling_n be_v value_v at_o forty_o two_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o fifty_o one_o stiver_n and_o yet_o the_o exchange_n be_v take_v still_o at_o the_o say_a
rate_n according_a to_o which_o calculation_n the_o say_v royal_a of_o eight_o be_v by_o we_o receive_v at_o five_o shilling_n and_o two_o penny_n which_o be_v but_o four_o shilling_n 2_o ½_n penny_n or_o thereabouts_o the_o difference_n be_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o less_o than_o two_o month_n time_n add_v hereunto_o the_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o to_o be_v have_v by_o the_o say_v royal_n of_o eight_o that_o the_o same_o be_v better_o in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n than_o our_o six_o penny_n sterling_a which_o be_v take_v to_o answer_v the_o say_v royal_a by_o a_o common_a calculation_n by_o reason_n whereof_o there_o will_v be_v give_v so_o much_o in_o his_o majesty_n mint_n or_o thereabouts_o that_o be_v to_o say_v four_o shilling_n and_o five_o penny_n or_o at_o the_o least_o four_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n ½_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o five_o shilling_n sterling_a for_o a_o ounce_n of_o that_o standard_n so_o together_o be_v twenty_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o benefit_n 1622._o a_o treatise_n of_o free_a trade_n 1622._o which_o cause_v a_o merchant_n adventurer_n to_o set_v down_o in_o print_v a_o interrogation_n in_o this_o manner_n who_o will_v procure_v licence_n in_o spain_n to_o bring_v real_n into_o england_n to_o sell_v they_o here_o at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o gain_n which_o be_v less_o than_o the_o exchange_n from_o thence_o will_v yield_v when_o he_o may_v have_v for_o the_o same_o 25_o in_o the_o 100_o in_o holland_n a_o matter_n whereby_o merchant_n be_v easy_o induce_v to_o divert_v the_o say_a royal_n from_o the_o realm_n to_o those_o and_o other_o country_n and_o by_o the_o common_a understanding_n to_o remedy_v the_o same_o it_o be_v think_v there_o be_v no_o mean_n to_o meet_v with_o foreign_a nation_n in_o the_o inhance_a of_o money_n but_o we_o must_v do_v the_o like_a albeit_o experience_n have_v show_v long_o since_o that_o this_o be_v not_o effectual_a nor_o any_o true_a remedy_n now_o if_o we_o will_v consider_v thing_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n aforesaid_a it_o will_v plain_o appear_v that_o the_o say_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n more_o than_o in_o england_n be_v but_o imaginary_a if_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n be_v reform_v for_o let_v five_o of_o these_o royal_n of_o eight_o be_v buy_v in_o england_n for_o twenty_o two_o shilling_n and_o be_v transport_v into_o holland_n and_o there_o buy_v commodity_n with_o the_o same_o which_o be_v according_a as_o the_o price_n of_o they_o be_v enhance_v for_o as_o the_o money_n rise_v in_o price_n so_o do_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n it_o may_v fall_v out_o the_o say_a merchant_n shall_v become_v loser_n by_o the_o commodity_n so_o that_o the_o same_o can_v be_v term_v causa_fw-la movens_fw-la but_o the_o spanish_a merchant_n which_o cause_n their_o royal_n to_o be_v send_v into_o holland_n or_o zealand_n from_o spain_n or_o from_o the_o down_n rely_v whole_o upon_o the_o low-exchange_n whereby_o they_o be_v enable_v to_o deliver_v there_o their_o money_n by_o exchange_n at_o a_o undervalue_v at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n flemish_n and_o under_o for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a whereby_o the_o kingdom_n make_v good_a unto_o they_o the_o say_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o consist_v between_o the_o price_n of_o forty_o two_o stiver_n and_o fifty_o one_o stiver_n which_o be_v almost_o eighteen_o pro_fw-la hundred_o if_o the_o royal_a go_v but_o for_o fifty_o stiver_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n so_o that_o if_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v according_o which_o will_v be_v above_o thirty_o seven_o shilling_n six_o penny_n this_o gain_n will_v not_o be_v at_o all_o and_o money_n will_v be_v import_v unto_o we_o and_o not_o export_v for_o the_o rule_n be_v infallable_n exchange_n a_o maxim_n in_o exchange_n that_o when_o the_o exchange_n answer_v the_o true_a value_n of_o money_n according_a to_o their_o intrinsicke_a weight_n and_o fineness_n and_o their_o extrinsicke_a valuation_n they_o be_v never_o export_v because_o the_o say_a gain_n be_v answer_v by_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o transportation_n to_o make_v this_o evident_a in_o the_o rickx_n doller_n which_o be_v the_o main_a and_o most_o usual_a coin_n in_o germany_n eastland_n the_o unite_a and_o reconcile_v low-countries_n before_o their_o late_a proclamation_n and_o currant_n in_o many_o other_o country_n observe_v we_o that_o the_o say_v doller_n be_v value_v at_o two_o mark_n lubish_n 1575._o a_o shilling_n lubish_n and_o a_o stiver_n flemish_n be_v all_o one_o 1575._o every_o mark_n be_v sixteen_o shilling_n lubish_n or_o sixteen_o stiver_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1575._o the_o say_a rickx_n doller_n be_v still_o coin_a in_o the_o empire_n for_o thirty_o two_o shilling_n or_o stiver_n and_o so_o currant_n by_o valuation_n in_o the_o low-countries_n whereby_o they_o be_v all_o one_o in_o denomination_n and_o effect_n but_o the_o war_n in_o the_o low-countries_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o inhance_a of_o this_o doller_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o thirty_o five_o stiver_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1586_o to_o forty_o five_o stiver_n or_o to_o fifty_o two_o stiver_n now_o by_o intermissive_a valuation_n and_o time_n howbeit_o at_o hamborough_n stoade_n and_o other_o place_n in_o germany_n the_o say_a doller_n do_v remain_v still_o at_o thirty_o two_o shilling_n lubish_n or_o two_o mark_n and_o as_o the_o say_v doller_n do_v enhance_v in_o price_n so_o do_v they_o in_o the_o low-countries_n coin_v new_a stiver_n according_o sometime_o light_a in_o weight_n fallacy_n a_o great_a fallacy_n and_o at_o other_o time_n embase_v by_o copper_n or_o alloy_n and_o yet_o in_o account_n the_o stiver_n do_v and_o do_v remain_v the_o ground_n of_o all_o their_o money_n but_o the_o say_v doller_n hold_v his_o standard_n agreeable_a to_o the_o first_o doller_n call_v the_o burgundian_n doller_n with_o saint_n andrew_n cross_n coin_a in_o the_o year_n 1567._o which_o be_v in_o fineness_n ten_o ounce_n twelve_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o four_o and_o one_o half_a of_o these_o dollar_n be_v make_v equivolent_a to_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a as_o a_o public_a measure_n between_o we_o and_o the_o low-countries_n germany_n and_o other_o place_n where_o this_o doller_n go_v currant_n as_o you_o may_v observe_v in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n these_o dollar_n have_v since_o be_v imitate_v and_o make_v by_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n in_o their_o several_a mint_n alter_v only_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o several_a province_n as_o also_o by_o the_o archduke_n albertus_n in_o the_o reconcile_a low_a province_n and_o the_o price_n of_o they_o at_o hamborough_n stoad_n and_o other_o place_n be_v but_o advance_v to_o one_o stiver_n or_o shilling_n lubish_n more_o that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n lubish_n go_v the_o same_o go_v in_o the_o low-countries_n for_o forty_o five_o stiver_n which_o make_v the_o diversity_n of_o the_o say_v par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n for_o the_o low-countries_n and_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n for_o hamborough_n netherlands_o in_o the_o netherlands_o be_v all_o one_o in_o substance_n this_o doller_n be_v since_o that_o time_n as_o i_o say_v enhance_v to_o fifty_o two_o stiver_n in_o the_o low-countries_n which_o make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n above_o thirty_o eight_o shilling_n or_o rather_o thirty_o nine_o shilling_n and_o shall_v the_o kingdom_n suffer_v this_o and_o not_o alter_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_o but_o be_v content_v to_o take_v thirty_o four_o or_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n and_o after_o that_o rate_n undersell_v all_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n germany_n in_o germany_n this_o doller_n be_v likewise_o since_o that_o time_n more_o enhance_v in_o germany_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o leave_v the_o excessive_a valuation_n in_o remote_a place_n let_v we_o note_v the_o valuation_n of_o hamborough_n where_o it_o have_v be_v at_o fifty_o four_o stiver_n the_o doller_n which_o make_v the_o exchange_n above_o forty_o shilling_n of_o their_o money_n for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o although_o we_o have_v raise_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n from_o twenty_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n to_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n and_o thereabouts_o shall_v we_o rest_v here_o and_o go_v no_o further_o have_v we_o reason_n to_o do_v it_o in_o part_n and_o not_o in_o the_o whole_a according_a to_o justice_n equity_n and_o true_a policy_n and_o shall_v we_o be_v like_o a_o man_n that_o by_o halt_v in_o jest_n become_v lame_a in_o earnest_n absic_n ignorantia_fw-la the_o money_n in_o christendom_n which_o have_v their_o ebb_a and_o flow_v do_v show_v their_o operation_n upon_o commodity_n operation_n the_o course_n of_o money_n and_o exchange_n be_v contraty_n in_o operation_n make_v by_o
plenty_n the_o price_n thereof_o dear_a or_o by_o scarcity_n better_o cheap_a as_o have_v be_v note_v but_o exchange_n have_v a_o contrary_a means_n of_o work_v for_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v a_o low_a exchange_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v a_o high_a exchange_n and_o the_o price_n to_o rise_v which_o be_v of_o great_a consideration_n because_o it_o overrule_v money_n and_o commodity_n which_o never_o enter_v in_o the_o politic_a study_n of_o aristotle_n seneca_n or_o cicero_n who_o be_v but_o in_o the_o infancy_n of_o trade_n and_o civilians_n can_v tell_v we_o that_o commercium_fw-la be_v quasi_fw-la commutatio_fw-la mercium_fw-la but_o go_v no_o further_o in_o this_o just_a and_o princely_a study_n of_o state_n affair_n to_o augment_v by_o all_o lawful_a mean_n of_o ius_n gentium_fw-la the_o wealth_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o territory_n as_o also_o to_o prevent_v the_o diminution_n thereof_o by_o the_o carry_v away_o of_o their_o money_n and_o treasure_n true_a it_o be_v that_o the_o statute_n law_n of_o england_n have_v have_v a_o care_n hereof_o but_o the_o remedy_n have_v be_v hitherto_o defective_a by_o mistake_v the_o efficient_a cause_n thereof_o which_o remedy_n may_v be_v distinguish_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n 1_o first_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n for_o merchant_n stranger_n commodity_n commodity_n make_v for_o three_o especial_a cause_n 1_o for_o the_o advance_v of_o the_o price_n and_o sale_n of_o our_o native_a commodity_n 2_o to_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n 3_o to_o preserve_v the_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n 14._o r._n 2._o 2_o the_o lodging_n of_o merchant_n stranger_n with_o free_a host_n who_o have_v a_o inspection_n in_o their_o negotiation_n for_o commodity_n and_o money_n 3_o the_o keep_n of_o staple_n for_o wool_n woolfel_n and_o other_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o their_o corrector_n and_o broker_n to_o register_v merchant_n stranger_n deal_n 4_o to_o cause_n denizen_n to_o pay_v stranger_n custom_n inward_o and_o outward_o 5_o the_o sundry_a treaty_n and_o conference_n with_o the_o commissioner_n of_o other_o prince_n about_o merchandise_n money_n and_o exchange_n 6_o the_o severe_a proclamation_n for_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o statute_n make_v for_o and_o concern_v the_o same_o and_o the_o article_n of_o intercourse_n 7_o the_o prohibition_n to_o export_v commodity_n but_o at_o great_a port_n 8_o the_o prohibition_n for_o stranger_n to_o sell_v ware_n by_o retail_v 9_o the_o prohibition_n for_o english_a merchant_n to_o ship_n good_n in_o strange_a bottom_n 10_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n make_v felony_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n money_n money_n 11_o the_o attendance_n of_o searcher_n waiter_n and_o other_o officer_n 12_o the_o strict_a information_n in_o the_o exchequer_n and_o other_o court_n 13_o the_o swear_n of_o the_o master_n of_o ship_n for_o exportation_n of_o money_n 14_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o overheavinesse_n of_o our_o pound_n weight_n troy_n in_o the_o tower_n 15_o the_o overrichnesse_n of_o our_o sterling_a standard_n of_o money_n 16_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n 17_o the_o make_n of_o more_o price_n out_o of_o the_o pound_n troy_n by_o the_o sheyre_n 18_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n coin_n in_o price_n 19_o the_o embase_v of_o money_n by_o alloy_n or_o copper_n 20_o the_o use_n of_o many_o standard_n of_o money_n and_o reduce_v to_o two_o again_o 21_o the_o increase_n of_o coinage_n money_n to_o hinder_v the_o exportation_n 22_o the_o prohibition_n to_o cull_v out_o heavy_a piece_n to_o melt_v or_o transport_v 23_o the_o banish_n of_o light_a spanish_a money_n and_o gold_n to_o be_v melt_v 24_o the_o give_v more_o for_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n 25_o the_o prohibition_n for_o goldsmith_n to_o buy_v gold_n or_o bullion_n 26_o the_o make_n of_o the_o principal_a foreign_a coin_n currant_n in_o england_n 27_o the_o bind_v of_o merchant_n to_o bring_v in_o bullion_n 28_o the_o prohibition_n to_o pay_v gold_n unto_o merchant_n stranger_n 29_o the_o prohibition_n to_o take_v gain_n upon_o coin_n 30_o the_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n to_o be_v deliver_v by_o weight_n to_o restore_v by_o tale_n 31_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n and_o undervalue_v of_o silver_n 32_o the_o punishment_n of_o transporter_n in_o the_o star-chamber_n by_o fines_n 33_o exchange_n exchange_n the_o prohibition_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n to_o make_v exchange_n for_o money_n for_o foreign_a part_n without_o the_o king_n especial_a licence_n 34_o money_n deliver_v to_o sir_n thomas_n gresham_n knight_n out_o of_o the_o exchequer_n to_o rule_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n 35_o the_o office_n of_o the_o king_n royal_a exchanger_n never_o put_v in_o practice_n since_o the_o merchandise_v exchange_n begin_v erect_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o in_o the_o eleven_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n by_o a_o act_n make_v at_o acton_n burnell_n as_o aforesaid_a here_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v the_o statute_n of_o employment_n to_o be_v defective_a when_o merchant_n both_o english_a and_o stranger_n have_v a_o ability_n give_v they_o by_o exchange_n to_o take_v up_o money_n here_o and_o to_o deliver_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o payable_a beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o can_v send_v over_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la and_o be_v a_o great_a gainer_n thereby_o insomuch_o that_o if_o i_o receive_v here_o one_o hundred_o piece_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n i_o can_v send_v nintie_a piece_n to_o pay_v my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o put_v ten_o piece_n in_o my_o pocket_n for_o a_o overplus_n and_o gain_n the_o like_a may_v be_v do_v by_o make_v over_o money_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o by_o exchange_n which_o be_v receive_v i_o can_v transport_v with_o 15_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n in_o two_o month_n and_o less_o and_o advance_v a_o hundred_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o one_o year_n which_o exceed_v all_o the_o benefit_n to_o be_v make_v by_o commodity_n wherewith_o i_o need_v not_o to_o intermeddle_v neither_o can_v the_o say_a statute_n be_v any_o help_n herein_o to_o remedy_v the_o same_o this_o gain_n arise_v by_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o inhance_a and_o overualuation_n of_o foreign_a coin_n so_o that_o the_o cause_n be_v extrinsique_n and_o comprise_v under_o the_o say_a exchange_n of_o money_n and_o not_o intrinsique_n in_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o money_n which_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o course_n of_o true_a exchange_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n and_o thereupon_o it_o follow_v that_o neither_o difference_n of_o weight_n fineness_n of_o standard_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n or_o their_o proper_a valuation_n of_o money_n can_v be_v any_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n so_o long_o as_o a_o due_a course_n be_v hold_v in_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v ground_v thereupon_o hence_o arise_v the_o facility_n of_o the_o remedy_n by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o exchange_n in_o cause_v our_o money_n to_o be_v true_o answer_v by_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o very_a value_n or_o above_o the_o same_o which_o cut_v off_o the_o say_a gain_n have_v by_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n and_o cause_v also_o in_o effect_n that_o the_o foreign_a coin_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o take_v in_o payment_n above_o their_o value_n although_o they_o be_v receive_v at_o a_o high_a rate_n because_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v sell_v according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n which_o counteruail_v the_o same_o according_a to_o their_o inhaunce_n of_o coin_n or_o embase_v of_o the_o same_o by_o allay_n or_o copper_n all_o man_n of_o common_a understanding_n when_o they_o do_v hear_v of_o the_o raise_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v ready_a to_o say_v we_o must_v do_v the_o like_a for_o they_o conceive_v the_o say_n of_o cato_n tu_fw-la quoque_fw-la fac_fw-la simile_n sic_fw-la ars_fw-la deluditur_fw-la arte_fw-la to_o be_v a_o proper_a application_n hereunto_o but_o they_o do_v not_o enter_v into_o consideration_n what_o alteration_n it_o will_v bring_v to_o the_o state_n and_o that_o the_o matter_n may_v run_v ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la as_o shall_v be_v declare_v but_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o this_o will_v be_v a_o sufficient_a remedy_n to_o enhance_v or_o money_n as_o they_o do_v they_o to_o embase_v our_o coin_n as_o they_o do_v they_o and_o to_o imitate_v overualuation_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o they_o do_v which_o require_v a_o continual_a labour_n charge_n and_o innovation_n be_v it_o not_o a_o excellent_a thing_n that_o all_o this_o can_v be_v do_v by_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n with_o great_a facility_n and_o that_o without_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o money_n at_o home_n or_o meddle_v with_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n
of_o the_o sterling_a standard_n this_o be_v to_o be_v do_v only_o by_o his_o majesty_n proclamation_n according_a to_o the_o statut_fw-la of_o exchange_n prohibit_v that_o after_o three_o month_n next_o ensue_a the_o same_o no_o man_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n by_o bill_n or_o otherwise_o for_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o foreign_a part_n or_o to_o be_v rechange_v towards_o this_o realm_n under_o the_o true_a par_fw-fr or_o value_n for_o value_n of_o our_o money_n and_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n but_o at_o the_o say_a rate_n or_o above_o the_o same_o as_o merchant_n can_v agree_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o broker_n or_o among_o themselves_o wealth_n the_o way_n to_o restore_v england_n wealth_n but_o never_o under_o the_o say_a rate_n which_o shall_v be_v declare_v in_o a_o pair_n of_o table_n public_o to_o be_v see_v upon_o the_o royal_a exchange_n in_o london_n according_a to_o the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o the_o say_a table_n shall_v be_v alter_v in_o price_n as_o occasion_n shall_v be_v minister_v beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o several_a respective_a place_n of_o exchange_n either_o by_o their_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n by_o valuation_n or_o by_o embase_v of_o the_o same_o by_o allay_n as_o have_v be_v note_v which_o by_o a_o vigilant_a eye_n may_v be_v observe_v and_o will_v be_v a_o cause_n to_o make_v other_o nation_n more_o constant_a in_o the_o course_n of_o their_o money_n and_o this_o will_v be_v execute_v more_o of_o course_n than_o by_o authority_n because_o gain_v do_v bear_v the_o sway_n and_o command_v with_o most_o man_n for_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n be_v here_o the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n general_o will_v easy_o be_v induce_v to_o make_v the_o most_o of_o his_o own_o receive_v by_o exchange_n more_o for_o our_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o english_a merchant_n be_v the_o taker_n of_o the_o say_a money_n will_v not_o be_v so_o inâ—urious_a to_o the_o state_n as_o to_o give_v less_o beyond_o the_o sea_n than_o the_o value_n of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o say_a proclamation_n and_o if_o he_o will_v the_o deliverer_n will_v not_o let_v he_o have_v it_o beside_o that_o the_o taker_n occasion_n be_v enforce_v by_o necessity_n and_o he_o can_v be_v no_o loose_a for_o by_o direction_n he_o will_v sell_v his_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n according_o because_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n do_v still_o govern_v the_o sale_n and_o buy_v of_o commodity_n as_o aforesaid_a english_a merchant_n be_v the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n alter_v there_o according_o will_v have_v the_o like_a consideration_n and_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n will_v provoke_v he_o thereunto_o and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o taker_n the_o english_a merchant_n may_v bring_v over_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la wherein_o he_o shall_v become_v again_o the_o course_n be_v agreeable_a to_o justice_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n or_o ius_fw-la gentium_fw-la and_o will_v not_o hinder_v the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v and_o fall_v as_o formerly_z but_o keep_v all_o in_o due_a order_n with_o these_o consideration_n caution_n and_o prevention_n as_o shall_v be_v set_v down_o to_o prevent_v all_o inconueniency_n proceed_v by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n which_o fall_v general_o upon_o all_o man_n in_o the_o endear_n of_o thing_n coin_n inconueniency_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o coin_n &_o particular_o upon_o landlord_n and_o creditor_n in_o their_o rent_n and_o contract_n and_o especial_o upon_o the_o king_n majesty_n land_n the_o statute_n of_o employment_n must_v also_o be_v observe_v to_o make_v the_o remedy_n more_o complete_a with_o a_o register_n to_o record_v the_o money_n which_o foreign_a mariner_n do_v receive_v for_o freight_n come_v from_o norway_n and_o other_o place_n make_v above_o one_o hundred_o voyage_n yearly_a as_o also_o many_o other_o ship_n bring_v corn_n into_o the_o northern_a and_o western_a part_n of_o the_o real_a i_o and_o export_v money_n for_o it_o russian_n the_o policy_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o russian_n the_o turk_n persian_a and_o russian_a have_v herein_o surpass_v we_o in_o true_a policy_n by_o keep_v the_o price_n of_o their_o exchange_n high_a much_o above_o the_o valuation_n of_o their_o money_n so_o that_o they_o have_v no_o trade_n by_o exchange_n nor_o money_n but_o only_o for_o commodity_n whereby_o they_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o they_o as_o also_o the_o exportation_n of_o their_o money_n albeit_o the_o use_n of_o our_o commodity_n be_v in_o those_o country_n very_o great_a remedy_n objection_n to_o the_o remedy_n the_o objection_n make_v by_o some_o against_o this_o sole_a remedy_n be_v easy_o to_o be_v answer_v for_o they_o be_v ground_v upon_o supposition_n against_o assure_a experience_n 1_o some_o make_v doubt_n that_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v rise_v there_o will_v be_v no_o taker_n of_o money_n and_o then_o the_o deliverer_n be_v more_o thrust_v upon_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n 2_o other_o say_v that_o those_o merchant_n which_o have_v sell_v their_o cloth_n beyond_o the_o sea_n shall_v receive_v a_o loss_n in_o the_o make_n over_o of_o their_o money_n from_o thence_o by_o deliver_v more_o there_o in_o exchange_n than_o now_o they_o do_v 3_o other_o say_v that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o vent_v their_o clothes_n according_a to_o the_o high_a exchange_n especial_o now_o that_o cloth_n be_v out_o of_o request_n and_o will_v have_v the_o matter_n of_o reformation_n defer_v until_o another_o time_n in_o their_o opinion_n more_o commodious_a answer_n answer_n the_o first_o objection_n be_v answer_v before_o that_o the_o taker_n be_v rule_v by_o the_o deliverer_n who_o will_v not_o give_v his_o money_n in_o exchange_n under_o the_o true_a value_n according_a to_o the_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v and_o the_o deliverer_n be_v the_o merchant_n stranger_n here_o will_v soon_o be_v thrust_v upon_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n for_o by_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n he_o shall_v have_v no_o gain_n whereas_o some_o of_o the_o discreet_a sort_n will_v not_o have_v the_o say_a statute_n too_o strict_o press_v upon_o the_o stranger_n because_o the_o trade_n shall_v not_o be_v drive_v into_o their_o hand_n mediocria_fw-la firma_fw-la to_o the_o second_o the_o proclamation_n limit_v a_o time_n for_o execution_n give_v merchant_n ability_n to_o recover_v their_o money_n or_o to_o sell_v their_o bill_n of_o debt_n for_o money_n or_o to_o buy_v commodity_n for_o they_o as_o the_o manner_n be_v to_o the_o three_o experience_n make_v a_o full_a answer_n to_o both_o that_o there_o do_v not_o want_v taker_n when_o the_o late_a inhaunce_n at_o hamborough_n cause_v the_o exchange_n to_o rise_v from_o under_o twenty_o and_o eight_o shilling_n to_o above_o thirty_o and_o five_o shilling_n which_o be_v more_o than_o the_o present_a alteration_n will_v be_v and_o wool_n be_v at_o thirty_o and_o three_o shilling_n the_o tod_n which_o be_v now_o fall_v under_o twenty_o shilling_n so_o that_o the_o vent_n of_o our_o cloth_n be_v not_o hinder_v when_o it_o be_v sell_v dear_a by_o one_o full_a three_o part_n but_o there_o be_v above_o eighty_o thousand_o clothes_n sell_v yearly_a where_o there_o be_v now_o sell_v but_o forty_o thousand_o clothes_n the_o time_n be_v also_o to_o be_v think_v more_o convenient_a to_o advance_v a_o commodity_n be_v underualued_a than_o to_o do_v it_o when_o the_o price_n be_v high_a for_o this_o pleurisy_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v dangerous_a and_o admit_v no_o time_n of_o cure_v like_o the_o fire_n in_o a_o city_n which_o permit_v not_o any_o inquiry_n to_o examine_v how_o the_o same_o begin_v but_o require_v every_o man_n help_n to_o quench_v the_o same_o and_o whereas_o it_o be_v allege_v in_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o inhance_a of_o coin_n e.m._n treatise_n of_o free_a trad_a e.m._n that_o which_o be_v equal_a to_o all_o when_o he_o that_o buy_v dear_a shall_v sell_v dear_a can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v injurious_a unto_o any_o this_o opinion_n be_v without_o consideration_n of_o the_o alteration_n of_o weight_n and_o measure_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n that_o be_v exchange_n for_o money_n and_o what_o the_o same_o may_v produce_v to_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n albeit_o that_o between_o man_n and_o man_n it_o may_v prove_v alike_o in_o some_o respect_n to_o make_v this_o evident_a suppose_v two_o merchant_n the_o one_o dwell_v in_o london_n and_o the_o other_o dwell_v at_o amsterdam_n do_v contract_n together_o that_o the_o londoner_n send_v clothes_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o amsterdam_n the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n send_v he_o velvet_n and_o silk_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o london_n and_o in_o the_o account_n to_o be_v keep_v between_o they_o
they_o agree_v to_o reckon_v the_o money_n in_o exchange_n but_o at_o thirty_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a and_o so_o make_v return_v each_o to_o other_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o money_n shall_v be_v receive_v both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n whereupon_o put_v the_o case_n that_o there_o be_v receive_v at_o amsterdam_n one_o thousand_o and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n flemish_n for_o cloth_n and_o at_o london_n there_o be_v receive_v one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a for_o velvet_n and_o silk_n which_o according_a to_o the_o say_a computation_n be_v all_o one_o in_o effect_n between_o they_o and_o may_v by_o way_n of_o rescounter_n answer_v each_o other_o in_o account_n but_o the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n know_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o money_n there_o he_o can_v make_v a_o great_a gain_n to_o have_v the_o say_v one_o thousand_o pound_n to_o be_v send_v unto_o he_o in_o specie_fw-la he_o desire_v the_o londoner_n to_o send_v unto_o he_o this_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a in_o silver_n or_o gold_n coin_n royal_n of_o eight_o or_o rickx_v dollar_n whereby_o he_o shall_v profit_v fifteen_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o mean_v aforesaid_a which_o amount_v to_o one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o pound_n gain_n now_o the_o londoner_n have_v his_o one_o thousand_o and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n flemish_n or_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a at_o amsterdam_n can_v do_v the_o like_a because_o the_o money_n by_o the_o say_v inhaunce_v be_v receive_v there_o above_o the_o value_n so_o that_o his_o money_n must_v be_v deliver_v there_o by_o exchange_n at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n or_o under_o whereby_o he_o receive_v here_o the_o say_v 1500_o will_v flemish_n with_o no_o gain_n at_o all_o thus_o the_o account_n be_v make_v even_o between_o they_o but_o by_o these_o mean_v the_o kingdom_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o 1000_o will_v of_o the_o merchant_n money_n send_v to_o amsterdam_n which_o do_v not_o only_o procure_v want_n of_o our_o money_n but_o cause_v also_o the_o native_a commodity_n to_o be_v undersell_v and_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o be_v advance_v in_o price_n beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o plenty_n of_o money_n there_o and_o hinder_v the_o importation_n of_o bullion_n to_o prevent_v this_o the_o question_n be_v now_o whether_o it_o be_v better_a and_o more_o expedient_a to_o raise_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n or_o the_o valuation_n of_o our_o money_n sure_o all_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v say_v that_o the_o raise_n of_o exchange_n breed_v not_o that_o alteration_n which_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n do_v to_o make_v every_o thing_n dear_a and_o to_o cause_n landlord_n and_o creditor_n to_o loose_v in_o their_o rent_n and_o contract_n and_o merchant_n of_o experience_n do_v know_v that_o we_o can_v do_v as_o they_o do_v for_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o our_o money_n here_o will_v be_v countermine_v by_o other_o nation_n who_o still_o will_v underualue_n they_o in_o exchange_n between_o we_o unless_o it_o be_v prevent_v by_o our_o own_o true_a valuation_n to_o be_v make_v know_v as_o aforesaid_a the_o author_n of_o this_o treatise_n of_o free_a trade_n do_v say_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o rate_n of_o exchange_n 104._o page_n 104._o but_o the_o value_n of_o money_n here_o low_a elsewhere_o high_a which_o cause_n their_o exportation_n nor_o do_v the_o exchange_n but_o the_o plenty_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n cause_v their_o value_n which_o be_v mere_o hysteron_fw-gr proteron_fw-gr whereunto_o i_o have_v answer_v heretofore_o viz._n argument_n three_o way_n to_o dissolve_v a_o argument_n there_o be_v three_o way_n to_o dissolve_v a_o argument_n denial_n retort_a and_o distinction_n denial_n be_v too_o hostile_a savour_v more_o of_o obstinacy_n than_o of_o art_n retortion_n be_v more_o witty_a than_o profitable_a but_o distinction_n be_v like_o mature_a remedy_n compare_v to_o purge_n which_o cleanse_v and_o feed_v but_o the_o say_a author_n do_v take_v the_o course_n of_o denial_n and_o prove_v nothing_o touch_v the_o matter_n in_o question_n money_n exchange_n compare_v to_o to_o the_o affaies_n oâ—_n money_n if_o money_n be_v here_o low_a and_o elsewhere_o high_a how_o be_v this_o know_v but_o by_o the_o valuation_n of_o exchange_n consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o money_n of_o several_a standard_n wherein_o the_o exchange_n be_v like_o the_o assay_v whereby_o the_o finesse_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v know_v ground_v upon_o the_o quantity_n which_o the_o exchange_n require_v according_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n &_o gold_n contain_v in_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n which_o be_v the_o intrinsic_a value_n &_o not_o according_a to_o extrinsicke_a valuation_n which_o be_v alter_v by_o denomination_n for_o the_o name_n of_o a_o thing_n do_v not_o alter_v the_o value_n real_o but_o the_o substance_n do_v it_o if_o it_o be_v alter_v much_o less_o do_v plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n cause_n their_o value_n it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n and_o property_n of_o money_n the_o yard_n do_v measure_v the_o cloth_n but_o the_o cloth_n do_v not_o measure_v the_o yard_n to_o illustrate_v the_o premise_n by_o example_n i_o have_v heretofore_o show_v the_o consideration_n incident_a suppose_v that_o some_o merchant_n stranger_n do_v come_v over_o into_o the_o realm_n to_o buy_v a_o pack_n of_o ten_o clothes_n value_v at_o 80_o will_v sterling_a which_o they_o be_v to_o pay_v in_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o they_o do_v not_o know_v the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o their_o foreign_a coin_n which_o they_o have_v bring_v over_o hereupon_o to_o content_v both_o party_n the_o money_n on_o either_o side_n must_v be_v try_v by_o the_o subtle_a assay_n according_a to_o their_o fineness_n computate_v upon_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n and_o then_o by_o weight_n they_o answer_v each_o other_o according_o and_o so_o this_o negotiation_n be_v in_o effect_n but_o a_o permutation_n of_o money_n for_o commodity_n before_o exchange_n be_v invent_v hitherto_o we_o have_v handle_v of_o the_o reformation_n of_o exchange_n for_o place_n where_o the_o basis_n of_o exchange_n or_o foundation_n be_v make_v upon_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a that_o be_v to_o say_v when_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n deliver_v money_n there_o for_o england_n will_v cause_v the_o broker_n of_o exchange_n to_o know_v how_o much_o flemish_a or_o hamborough_n money_n merchant_n will_v give_v there_o to_o have_v twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a pay_v in_o england_n even_o as_o we_o do_v here_o to_o know_v how_o much_o in_o flemish_a money_n or_o other_o coin_n a_o merchant_n will_v give_v for_o the_o say_v twenty_o shilling_n here_o coin_n exchange_n which_o be_v make_v upon_o foreign_a coin_n by_o a_o agreement_n to_o be_v pay_v beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n but_o now_o we_o be_v to_o entreat_v of_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v make_v upon_o foreign_a coin_n or_o rather_o imaginary_a money_n of_o other_o country_n as_o for_o france_n upon_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o sixty_o sou_n for_o the_o east_n country_n upon_o the_o florin_n polish_v for_o germany_n upon_o the_o rickx_n doller_n of_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n for_o venice_n upon_o their_o ducat_n and_o so_o for_o other_o place_n as_o in_o the_o former_a chapter_n we_o have_v note_v herein_o let_v we_o observe_v that_o the_o course_n of_o it_o be_v direct_o opposite_a for_o whereas_o in_o the_o one_o we_o do_v procure_v to_o have_v much_o money_n or_o at_o the_o value_n answer_v by_o exchange_n so_o in_o the_o other_o we_o may_v do_v the_o like_a and_o rather_o procure_v less_o to_o be_v give_v in_o exchange_n because_o that_o the_o foundation_n of_o those_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o foreign_a coin_n nevertheless_o consider_v we_o that_o when_o four_o teston_n or_o three_o frank_n in_o specie_fw-la be_v calculate_v for_o the_o say_a crown_n of_o sixty_o sou_n in_o exchange_n then_o every_o such_o teston_n be_v fifteen_o sou_n by_o valuation_n and_o every_o such_o frank_n be_v twenty_o sou_n but_o since_o that_o time_n the_o say_a piece_n of_o teston_n be_v make_v currant_n for_o 16_o ½_n sou_n and_o the_o frank_n at_o twenty_o two_o sou_n be_v the_o same_o in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n without_o any_o alteration_n in_o the_o standard_n call_v le_z pied_a de_fw-fr la_fw-fr monoye_n but_o only_o enhance_v in_o valuation_n according_a to_o which_o payment_n be_v make_v in_o silver_n coin_n also_o for_o the_o gold_n coin_n as_o french_a crown_n and_o pistolet_n which_o be_v enhance_v at_o time_n until_o 72_o sou_n '_o from_o 60_o sou_n whereupon_o the_o say_a crown_n be_v value_v at_o six_o shilling_n sterling_a be_v there_o any_o man_n of_o judgement_n that_o will_v give_v if_o he_o can_v choose_v six_o
which_o they_o do_v affect_v plato_n say_v that_o it_o be_v a_o general_a rule_n in_o state_n matter_n that_o prince_n do_v not_o only_o give_v law_n unto_o their_o subject_n but_o also_o by_o their_o example_n they_o do_v change_v the_o manner_n of_o man_n man_n the_o example_n of_o prince_n do_v change_v the_o manner_n of_o man_n to_o which_o purpose_n he_o do_v use_v the_o example_n of_o their_o king_n francis_n the_o first_o who_o be_v hurt_v in_o the_o head_n cause_v his_o hair_n to_o be_v cut_v off_o wherein_o the_o people_n do_v present_o imitate_v he_o we_o have_v see_v say_v he_o three_o great_a prince_n strive_v as_o it_o be_v who_o shall_v have_v the_o most_o learned_a man_n and_o best_a artificer_n namely_o the_o say_v great_a king_n francis_n the_o first_o henry_n the_o 8_o king_n of_o england_n and_o pope_n paul_n the_o three_o insomuch_o that_o the_o king_n of_o england_n can_v never_o have_v the_o learned_a and_o reverend_a beda_n and_o the_o french_a king_n do_v pay_v seventie_o two_o thousand_o crown_n for_o a_o diamond_n rather_o than_o king_n henry_n shall_v have_v have_v it_o hereupon_o present_o the_o people_n do_v give_v themselves_o to_o study_v and_o to_o buy_v precious_a stone_n when_o the_o nobility_n do_v imitate_v the_o king_n and_o when_o the_o king_n give_v over_o the_o same_o the_o price_n of_o they_o be_v much_o abate_v if_o any_o man_n shall_v here_o object_v say_v monsieur_n bodin_n that_o if_o thing_n shall_v still_o become_v dear_a partly_o through_o the_o waste_n and_o partly_o for_o the_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n no_o man_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o live_v because_o of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n it_o be_v true_a but_o the_o war_n and_o calamity_n happen_v to_o a_o commonwealth_n do_v stay_v the_o course_n of_o it_o as_o we_o may_v note_v that_o the_o roman_n have_v live_v with_o scarcity_n and_o to_o speak_v proper_o in_o want_n and_o misery_n almost_o five_o hundred_o year_n when_o they_o have_v but_o copper_n money_n of_o a_o pound_n weight_n weight_n copper_n money_n of_o one_o pound_n weight_n and_o without_o stamp_n for_o their_o gold_n and_o silver_n come_v unto_o they_o in_o one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o year_n by_o the_o spoil_n of_o all_o the_o world_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o rome_n by_o the_o scipion_n paul_n emilyus_fw-la marius_n sylla_n lucullus_n pompey_n and_o caesar_n especial_o by_o the_o two_o last_o for_o pompey_n do_v conquer_v so_o much_o land_n roman_n great_a wealth_n of_o the_o roman_n as_o make_v the_o revenue_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o be_v eight_o million_o and_o a_o half_a of_o crown_n caesar_n notwithstanding_o all_o his_o prodigality_n bring_v to_o the_o treasury_n forty_o million_o of_o crown_n have_v give_v at_o one_o time_n unto_o paul_n consul_n 900_o thousand_o crown_n to_o hold_v silence_n and_o unto_o curion_n tribune_n 1500_o thousand_o crown_n to_o take_v his_o part_n mark_v anthony_n go_v further_o as_o plutarch_n and_o appian_n have_v write_v for_o he_o give_v unto_o his_o army_n for_o their_o service_n do_v 200_o thousand_o talent_n be_v 120_o million_o of_o crown_n so_o do_v adrian_n the_o emperor_n to_o have_v the_o good_a will_n of_o forty_o legion_n give_v ten_o million_o whereby_o appear_v great_a abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o have_v be_v at_o rome_n but_o it_o do_v not_o last_v ever_o for_o in_o less_o than_o three_o hundred_o year_n the_o parth_n goth_n hercules_n hongres_n and_o other_o cruel_a nation_n do_v overcome_v the_o empire_n and_o all_o italy_n and_o overcome_v the_o roman_n burn_v their_o city_n and_o take_v the_o spoil_n of_o they_o the_o like_a do_v happen_v unto_o all_o commonweal_n to_o wax_n and_o increase_v by_o little_a and_o little_a and_o to_o flourish_v for_o a_o time_n in_o wealth_n and_o power_n commonweal_n the_o property_n of_o commonweal_n and_o afterward_o to_o grow_v old_a and_o decline_v until_o they_o be_v utter_o ruinate_v and_o destroy_v touch_v the_o last_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n by_o the_o alteration_n of_o money_n he_o show_v how_o monsieur_n malestroit_n have_v mistake_v the_o matter_n in_o the_o money_n themselves_o make_v within_o three_o hundred_o year_n for_o whereas_o he_o say_v that_o saint_n lewis_n cause_v the_o first_o sol_n to_o be_v coin_a worth_a twelve_o denier_n whereof_o sixty_o four_o piece_n go_v to_o the_o mark_n weight_n of_o eight_o ounce_n and_o that_o in_o philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n his_o time_n the_o crown_n of_o the_o flower_n de_fw-fr luce_n without_o number_n and_o as_o good_a as_o the_o crown_n now_o be_v value_v but_o at_o twenty_o sol_n and_o that_o afterwards_o king_n john_n cause_v the_o frankes_n to_o be_v make_v of_o sine_fw-la gold_n which_o be_v but_o value_v twenty_o sol_n and_o that_o the_o sol_n of_o silver_n be_v worth_a five_o of_o our_o sol_n he_o do_v not_o say_v of_o what_o weight_n and_o fineness_n the_o money_n be_v in_o those_o day_n and_o in_o conclusion_n he_o say_v that_o the_o price_n of_o thing_n be_v not_o alter_v by_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n but_o if_o mounseur_fw-fr bodine_n according_a to_o his_o wisdom_n and_o deep_a judgement_n in_o other_o matter_n have_v due_o consider_v of_o these_o two_o paradox_n he_o will_v have_v make_v a_o direct_a answer_n thereunto_o before_o he_o will_v have_v proceed_v in_o his_o former_a discourse_n the_o first_o paradox_n be_v consider_v with_o the_o second_o will_v show_v a_o manifest_a contradiction_n or_o contrariety_n paradox_n the_o contratierie_a of_o the_o paradox_n for_o the_o first_o do_v consist_v in_o give_v of_o more_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o commodity_n now_o than_o in_o time_n past_a which_o he_o deni_v and_o the_o second_o in_o receive_v less_o commodity_n for_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n now_o than_o in_o time_n past_a which_o he_o affirm_v which_o both_o way_n be_v to_o be_v take_v in_o nature_n of_o commutation_n now_o if_o we_o do_v not_o give_v more_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o commodity_n than_o in_o time_n past_a how_o can_v we_o receive_v less_o commodity_n for_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o thereby_o receive_v a_o loss_n as_o in_o the_o second_o paradox_n be_v allege_v again_o if_o we_o do_v receive_v less_o quantity_n of_o commodity_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n than_o in_o time_n past_a according_a to_o the_o second_o paradox_n whereby_o we_o sustain_v a_o loss_n how_o can_v the_o first_o paradox_n be_v true_a that_o nothing_o be_v grow_v dear_a for_o that_o we_o give_v no_o more_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n than_o in_o time_n past_a commodity_n and_o money_n lie_v by_o this_o comparison_n in_o a_o equal_a balance_n but_o let_v we_o admit_v that_o monsieur_n malestroit_n have_v a_o intention_n which_o he_o may_v have_v express_v in_o few_o word_n if_o he_o have_v the_o true_a ground_n and_o understand_v the_o matter_n he_o go_v about_o by_o prove_v only_o that_o when_o money_n do_v alter_v in_o weight_n or_o in_o fineness_n or_o in_o valuation_n etc._n cause_n of_o the_o denomination_n of_o money_n etc._n etc._n or_o in_o all_o three_o the_o price_n of_o thing_n do_v alter_v only_o by_o denomination_n if_o the_o valuation_n be_v make_v according_o yet_o mounseur_fw-fr bodine_n have_v not_o make_v a_o good_a interpretation_n of_o the_o say_a paradox_n and_o mistake_v the_o true_a ground_n of_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n touch_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n which_o he_o compare_v within_o themselves_o in_o the_o realm_n of_o france_n whereas_o the_o comparison_n ought_v to_o be_v of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o price_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o one_o country_n with_o the_o price_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o other_o country_n and_o thereby_o find_v out_o whether_o thing_n be_v grow_v dear_a with_o we_o or_o with_o they_o in_o effect_n so_o that_o they_o both_o mistake_v their_o ground_n we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o say_a treatise_n that_o they_o have_v lose_v ariadne_n her_o line_n wherewith_o they_o enter_v into_o the_o labyrinth_n of_o money_n and_o their_o property_n before_o declare_v be_v like_a unto_o a_o man_n who_o have_v lose_v his_o way_n among_o the_o wood_n the_o further_o he_o go_v the_o more_o he_o err_v from_o the_o right_a way_n to_o entreat_v therefore_o of_o commodity_n and_o money_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n between_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n be_v not_o sufficient_a but_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n be_v the_o public_a measure_n between_o they_o must_v be_v regard_v as_o the_o principal_a and_o overrule_a part_n thereof_o for_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v frame_v a_o silogisme_n in_o manner_n follow_v he_o shall_v find_v the_o same_o full_a of_o fallacy_n and_o misprision_n nay_o a_o very_a dilemma_n nothing_o cause_v merchant_n to_o export_v more_o money_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n than_o they_o bring_v
in_o but_o only_o the_o bring_n in_o of_o more_o commodity_n into_o the_o realm_n than_o they_o carry_v out_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n cause_v no_o more_o commodity_n to_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n than_o be_v carry_v out_o trade_n the_o maintenance_n of_o free_a trade_n ergo_fw-la the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n cause_v not_o more_o money_n to_o be_v carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n than_o be_v bring_v in_o as_o be_v declare_v in_o our_o last_o treatise_n to_o hinder_v the_o inhaunce_n of_o our_o money_n which_o by_o the_o treatise_n of_o free_a trade_n late_o publish_v be_v insist_v upon_o we_o do_v also_o find_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1577_o mounseur_fw-fr garrault_n one_o of_o the_o french_a king_n council_n do_v exhibit_v two_o paradox_n concern_v money_n which_o may_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o former_a seem_v more_o paradoxical_a or_o strange_a nor_o only_o to_o the_o vulgar_a opinion_n but_o also_o to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o wise_a the_o first_o be_v a_o assertion_n that_o money_n have_v not_o change_v their_o value_n the_o other_o that_o by_o the_o inhance_a of_o the_o coin_n or_o the_o price_n of_o money_n paradox_n to_o other_o paradox_n the_o price_n of_o commodity_n become_v abate_v and_o good_a cheap_a and_o that_o by_o the_o reduction_n and_o abatement_n of_o money_n every_o thing_n become_v dear_a and_o for_o as_o much_o say_v he_o that_o the_o matter_n of_o money_n be_v full_a of_o probleame_n and_o may_v be_v dispute_v on_o both_o part_n his_o desire_n be_v that_o some_o gentle_a spirit_n may_v be_v stir_v up_o to_o discourse_n of_o the_o reason_n which_o may_v be_v allege_v touch_v the_o first_o that_o the_o value_n of_o money_n be_v not_o change_v omit_v to_o speak_v of_o the_o cycle_n of_o the_o hebrew_n the_o stater_n of_o the_o persian_n and_o greek_n &_o the_o as_o or_o denier_n of_o the_o roman_n he_o say_v that_o k._n lewis_n 11_o do_v reduce_v the_o disorder_n of_o money_n unto_o their_o former_a estate_n of_o k._n saint_n lewis_n when_o the_o denier_n of_o gold_n be_v esteem_v in_o weight_n unto_o 12_o denier_n of_o silver_n which_o be_v proper_o to_o be_v call_v the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n &_o silver_n heretofore_o note_v and_o hereupon_o he_o show_v how_o the_o say_a proportion_n have_v be_v alter_v yet_o so_o that_o the_o silver_n be_v always_o make_v correspondent_a to_o the_o gold_n and_o when_o the_o gold_n either_o in_o the_o mark_n weight_n of_o 8_o ounce_n be_v enhance_v &_o consequent_o in_o the_o piece_n or_o coin_n the_o silver_n be_v likewise_o enhance_v proportionable_o observe_v the_o say_v 12_o to_o 1_o or_o sometime_o thereabouts_o either_o a_o little_a over_o or_o under_o and_o this_o cause_v he_o to_o say_v that_o money_n have_v not_o change_v their_o value_n it_o be_v only_o a_o comparison_n make_v between_o the_o gold_n &_o silver_n which_o be_v by_o weight_n and_o not_o by_o valuation_n to_o be_v apply_v unto_o every_o piece_n of_o coin_n especial_o to_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o flouredeluce_n or_o sun_n and_o the_o piece_n of_o silver_n call_v douzaine_n allude_v to_o the_o say_v 11_o to_o 1_o and_o the_o application_n thereof_o unto_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v more_o absurd_a the_o weight_n of_o 12_o of_o silver_n to_o 1_o of_o gold_n make_v not_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o mark_n weight_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n much_o less_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o piece_n coin_a of_o the_o say_a mark_n whereby_o we_o see_v how_o one_o distinction_n be_v able_a to_o dispel_v and_o disperse_v the_o foggy_a mystery_n of_o deceitful_a fallacy_n as_o thâ—_n sun_n drive_v away_o the_o wind_n and_o the_o cloud_n heretofore_o by_o i_o observe_v concern_v the_o second_o paradox_n he_o say_v that_o many_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o inhance_a and_o augmentation_n of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n engender_v a_o dearness_n of_o all_o thing_n quia_fw-la suâ—_n praeciarerum_fw-la and_o that_o even_o as_o pro_fw-la imminutione_fw-la quae_fw-la in_o aestimatione_fw-la solidi_fw-la forte_fw-fr tractatur_fw-la omnium_fw-la quoque_fw-la praecia_fw-la rerum_fw-la decrescere_fw-la oportet_fw-la pari_fw-la ratione_fw-la si_fw-la quod_fw-la tractatur_fw-la incrementum_fw-la quoque_fw-la &_o praecia_fw-la rerum_fw-la crescere_fw-la debent_fw-la which_o opinion_n say_v he_o be_v ground_v upon_o the_o politic_a rule_n that_o the_o value_n of_o money_n give_v estimation_n unto_o all_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o ordinary_o observe_v for_o prince_n and_o magistrate_n be_v many_o time_n constrain_v to_o endure_v the_o incommodity_n of_o the_o time_n by_o their_o prudence_n and_o understanding_n so_o that_o all_o law_n be_v not_o observe_v by_o consequence_n follow_v each_o other_o whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o price_n of_o ware_n follow_v not_o the_o price_n of_o money_n but_o the_o common_a custom_n for_o money_n be_v make_v to_o no_o other_o end_n but_o to_o maintain_v and_o continue_v the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n by_o mean_n whereof_o the_o commodity_n and_o necessary_n be_v bring_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o to_o avoid_v the_o ancient_a painful_a and_o troublesome_a permutation_n which_o traffic_n be_v twofold_a namely_o within_o the_o realm_n and_o in_o foreign_a country_n within_o the_o realm_n the_o money_n be_v more_o commodious_a than_o necessary_a but_o for_o the_o stranger_n most_o necessary_a and_o therefore_o must_v be_v of_o a_o fine_a substance_n as_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o be_v enclose_v in_o a_o small_a room_n to_o transport_v great_a matter_n from_o one_o place_n unto_o another_o and_o if_o we_o will_v mere_o consider_v of_o this_o substance_n and_o effect_n of_o strange_a negotiation_n we_o shall_v find_v nothing_o but_o a_o mask_a permutation_n of_o one_o thing_n for_o some_o certain_a quantity_n or_o weight_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n for_o he_o that_o traffick_v in_o foreign_a country_n have_v not_o such_o regard_n to_o the_o value_n impose_v upon_o money_n as_o to_o the_o intrinsique_n goodness_n which_o give_v the_o value_n merchant's_a a_o good_a observation_n to_o be_v have_v by_o merchant's_a and_o have_v the_o same_o function_n in_o other_o place_n according_a to_o which_o inward_a goodness_n he_o set_v a_o price_n unto_o his_o commodity_n to_o make_v thereof_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n as_o he_o have_v lay_v out_o over_o and_o above_o his_o charge_n and_o profit_n so_o that_o the_o money_n remain_v stable_n and_o firm_a the_o price_n of_o ware_n and_o merchandises_n remain_v certain_a without_o any_o augmentation_n to_o show_v that_o there_o be_v no_o inhaunce_v of_o the_o price_n because_o of_o the_o augmentation_n of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n which_o will_v make_v we_o hereafter_o to_o see_v the_o good_a cheapenesse_n of_o all_o thing_n as_o he_o say_v for_o he_o that_o cause_v some_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o come_v within_o the_o realm_n know_v the_o alteration_n of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n according_a to_o the_o unbridled_a will_n of_o the_o people_n will_v make_v the_o price_n of_o his_o commodity_n according_o and_o this_o the_o say_v mounseur_fw-fr garrault_n do_v declare_v by_o example_n of_o velvet_n and_o other_o commodity_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o money_n enhance_v shall_v be_v reduce_v again_o to_o their_o price_n and_o that_o all_o debt_n make_v before_o that_o time_n shall_v be_v satisfy_v a_o lequipollent_a according_a to_o the_o rate_n ut_fw-la pecuniarum_fw-la una_fw-la &_o â—adem_fw-la sit_fw-la semper_fw-la potestas_fw-la &_o perpetua_fw-la estimatione_fw-la difficultatibus_fw-la permutationum_fw-la aequalitate_fw-la quantitatis_fw-la subveniat_fw-la etc._n etc._n money_n the_o power_n of_o money_n transfer_v to_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n many_o other_o reason_n concur_v with_o the_o former_a be_v by_o he_o allege_v which_o i_o omit_v because_o the_o whole_a foundation_n of_o the_o say_a paradox_n be_v mere_o a_o abuse_n of_o the_o people_n as_o himself_o have_v note_v admit_v also_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n and_o final_o confess_v the_o inhance_a of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n and_o consequent_o the_o sale_n of_o commodity_n according_o all_o which_o be_v far_o from_o the_o present_a course_n of_o traffic_n when_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v not_o consider_v withal_o as_o shall_v be_v declare_v true_a it_o be_v as_o the_o civilians_n say_v concern_v contract_n of_o commodity_n sell_v before_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n that_o valour_n monetae_fw-la considerandus_fw-la &_o inspiciendus_fw-la est_fw-la à _fw-la tempore_fw-la contractus_fw-la non_fw-la antem_fw-la à _fw-la tempore_fw-la solutionis_fw-la but_o this_o not_o be_v observe_v be_v the_o cause_n that_o many_o merchant_n do_v agree_v to_o pay_v for_o commodity_n in_o currant_n money_n for_o merchandise_n other_o that_o sell_v commodity_n agree_v to_o be_v pay_v in_o species_n of_o so_o many_o ducat_n dollar_n french_a crown_n or_o other_o
coin_n which_o be_v of_o late_a year_n establish_v to_o prevent_v the_o inhance_a of_o coin_n and_o yet_o it_o can_v be_v sufficient_a to_o prevent_v the_o say_a incertainty_n of_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n if_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o say_a money_n be_v by_o allay_n of_o copper_n alter_v much_o less_o will_v the_o advice_n give_v that_o merchant_n account_n shall_v no_o more_o be_v keep_v in_o liver_n and_o sou_n but_o in_o french_a crown_n to_o hinder_v the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n which_o in_o some_o country_n be_v secret_o practise_v to_o be_v do_v of_o mere_a policy_n when_o by_o public_a authority_n it_o be_v forbid_v and_o may_v be_v effect_v as_o within_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n scotland_n and_o ireland_n and_o other_o his_o majesty_n dominion_n where_o the_o money_n be_v not_o enhance_v between_o man_n and_o man_n and_o remain_v currant_n according_a to_o their_o price_n until_o the_o king_n authority_n do_v alter_v the_o valuation_n by_o proclamation_n albeit_o by_o exchange_n it_o be_v not_o so_o and_o therefore_o according_a to_o my_o three_o paradox_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o the_o imaginary_a money_n in_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o substantial_a money_n in_o specie_fw-la paradox_n the_o three_o paradox_n for_o the_o merchant_n valuation_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o king_n valuation_n of_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n for_o when_o the_o king_n have_v value_v the_o shilling_n piece_n at_o twelve_o penny_n merchant_n undervalue_v the_o same_o in_o exchange_n at_o 11_o ½_n d_o and_z 11_o d_o not_o only_o in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n but_o also_o receive_v beyond_o the_o sea_n the_o enhanced_a money_n above_o their_o value_n and_o not_o value_v of_o they_o in_o exchange_n according_o as_o before_o have_v be_v observe_v concern_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n and_o the_o imaginary_a coin_n or_o rather_o money_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o so_o many_o several_a place_n the_o late_a earl_n of_o donfermel_v lord_n chancellor_n of_o scotland_n do_v propound_v unto_o the_o king_n majesty_n in_o the_o year_n 1610_o donfermel_v proposition_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o donfermel_v a_o certain_a proposition_n touch_v the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n his_o lordship_n be_v of_o a_o excellent_a judgement_n in_o mint_n affair_n that_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o go_v never_o in_o england_n to_o use_v his_o own_o phrase_n all_o queen_n elizabeth_n time_n above_o six_o shilling_n english_a money_n go_v now_o for_o seven_o shilling_n and_o three_o penny_n and_o that_o the_o english_a double_a sovereign_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n go_v in_o france_n for_o eleven_o francque_n or_o twenty_o two_o shilling_n and_o that_o both_o way_n there_o have_v be_v no_o alteration_n in_o the_o standard_n whereupon_o he_o do_v demand_v in_o write_v what_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o say_a difference_n or_o alteration_n if_o this_o proceed_v say_v he_o from_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o gold_n that_o it_o be_v better_a in_o fineness_n and_o allay_n or_o in_o weight_n or_o from_o the_o weakness_n of_o the_o silver_n that_o it_o be_v worse_o than_o it_o be_v either_o in_o finesse_n &_o allay_n or_o in_o weight_n then_o be_v the_o cause_n intrinsic_a and_o substantial_a and_o may_v be_v easy_o consider_v and_o resolve_v if_o it_o be_v good_a or_o evil_n to_o be_v entertain_v maintain_v and_o set_v forward_o or_o reject_v and_o stay_v from_o all_o further_a course_n if_o there_o be_v any_o other_o cause_n or_o reason_n it_o must_v of_o force_n be_v extrinsicke_a and_o accidental_a let_v the_o same_o be_v search_v out_o if_o it_o be_v good_a to_o the_o prince_n and_o estate_n weal_n and_o commodity_n it_o shall_v be_v assist_v and_o continue_v if_o it_o be_v try_v evil_a proceed_v from_o the_o policy_n and_o craft_n of_o tradesman_n tend_v only_o to_o private_a gain_n and_o commodity_n prejudicial_a to_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n to_o be_v gainestood_v and_o expel_v this_o proportion_n be_v send_v unto_o i_o by_o a_o great_a personage_n then_o in_o high_a place_n be_v make_v plain_a by_o demonstration_n to_o proceed_v of_o a_o accidental_a cause_n by_o advance_v the_o valuation_n of_o gold_n partly_o in_o england_n when_o crown_n gold_n be_v value_v from_o fifty_o five_o shilling_n the_o ounce_n to_o three_o pound_n and_o partly_o in_o france_n when_o they_o do_v advance_v the_o french_a crown_n in_o specie_fw-la five_o sou_n advise_v therewithal_o that_o to_o remedy_v the_o same_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v do_v by_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o gold_n still_o more_o and_o more_o but_o in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n between_o france_n and_o we_o otherwise_o we_o shall_v underualue_n too_o much_o the_o silver_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o our_o exceed_a loss_n show_v withal_o how_o easy_o this_o may_v be_v do_v without_o alteration_n of_o the_o proportion_n observe_v between_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o most_o place_n but_o the_o contrary_n be_v approve_v and_o crown_n gold_n be_v more_o enhance_v to_o sixty_o six_o shilling_n the_o ounce_n by_o two_o several_a proclamation_n 1611._o november_n 1611._o which_o have_v prove_v the_o loss_n of_o our_o silver_n in_o bullion_n or_o weighty_a coin_n daily_a breed_n great_a inconvenience_n by_o the_o want_n of_o our_o money_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o undervaluation_n in_o exchange_n and_o not_o by_o undervaluation_n in_o specie_fw-la be_v continual_o export_v none_o import_v but_o divert_v by_o gain_n for_o other_o place_n as_o have_v be_v declare_v all_o which_o come_v to_o pass_v for_o want_v of_o true_a judgement_n and_o experience_n in_o mint_n affair_n with_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o say_v essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n so_o often_o mention_v whereof_o i_o hope_v that_o in_o general_a meeting_n for_o the_o public_a more_o regard_n will_v be_v have_v to_o the_o end_n it_o be_v not_o record_v of_o we_o as_o it_o have_v be_v of_o some_o parlement_n in_o france_n that_o in_o populi_fw-la republica_fw-la sententiae_fw-la numerantur_fw-la non_fw-la ponderantur_fw-la and_o then_o we_o shall_v be_v say_v to_o understand_v the_o par_fw-fr by_o right_a distinction_n between_o the_o active_a and_o passive_a 3._o pâ—ys_n 3._o lib._n ca._n 3._o aristotle_n say_v that_o action_n and_o passion_n be_v mere_o relative_n and_o that_o they_o differ_v no_o more_o than_o the_o way_n from_o thebes_n to_o athens_n and_o from_o athens_n to_o thebes_n let_v we_o discern_v therefore_o the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o and_o we_o shall_v find_v that_o as_o the_o liver_n money_n minister_v spirit_n to_o the_o heart_n commodity_n and_o the_o heart_n to_o the_o brain_n exchange_n so_o do_v the_o brain_n exchange_n minister_v to_o the_o whole_a microcosm_n or_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o traffic_n let_v the_o heart_n therefore_o by_o the_o liver_n receive_v his_o tintured_a chylus_n by_o his_o own_o mouth_n and_o stomach_n and_o the_o blood_n full_a of_o spirit_n shall_v fill_v all_o the_o vein_n and_o supply_v the_o want_n of_o money_n the_o easy_a course_n and_o recourse_n of_o who_o exchange_n shall_v bring_v all_o thing_n in_o tune_n &_o serve_v all_o man_n turn_n for_o even_o as_o there_o be_v two_o course_n observe_v of_o the_o sun_n sun_n two_o course_n of_o exchange_n like_o the_o two_o course_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o one_o annual_a and_o the_o other_o by_o daily_a declination_n rise_v and_o go_v under_o within_o the_o aecliptique_a line_n even_o so_o must_v we_o observe_v in_o exchange_n two_o course_n the_o one_o according_a to_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n the_o other_o rise_v or_o fall_v from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o have_v be_v sufficient_o declare_v whereof_o the_o say_v aristotle_n seneca_n nor_o cicero_n nor_o any_o other_o philosopher_n or_o orator_n can_v take_v notice_n in_o the_o infancy_n of_o trade_n exchange_v not_o be_v then_o invent_v neither_o do_v we_o find_v that_o any_o temporal_a or_o civil_a lawyer_n have_v enter_v into_o this_o important_a study_n for_o the_o welfare_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n by_o the_o rule_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n hitherto_o to_o conclude_v therefore_o this_o paradoxical_a discourse_n i_o can_v omit_v to_o do_v the_o same_o with_o another_o paradox_n by_o i_o observe_v in_o the_o make_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n namely_o that_o a_o man_n may_v commix_v bullion_n to_o make_v a_o certain_a standard_n of_o money_n either_o of_o gold_n and_o silver_n paradox_n a_o very_a strange_a paradox_n and_o after_o the_o commixture_n make_v shall_v alter_v the_o standard_n and_o make_v the_o same_o better_a or_o worse_o without_o put_v any_o allay_n or_o silver_n and_o gold_n unto_o it_o that_o be_v to_o say_v i_o will_v melt_v down_o eleven_o ounce_n and_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n both_o one_o pound_n troy_n
of_o twelve_o ounce_n in_o weight_n make_v the_o sterling_a standard_n and_o yet_o my_o money_n make_v thereof_o shall_v be_v but_o ten_o ounce_n fine_a in_o like_a manner_n i_o will_v melt_v down_o ten_o ounce_n of_o silver_n and_o two_o ounce_n of_o copper_n and_o more_o to_o make_v a_o standard_n of_o ten_o ounce_n fine_a and_o yet_o my_o money_n make_v thereof_o shall_v be_v eleven_o ounce_n fine_a or_o sterling_a to_o understand_v this_o mystery_n or_o paradox_n we_o be_v to_o note_v that_o in_o the_o make_n of_o a_o standard_n of_o money_n three_o thing_n must_v concur_v and_o have_v a_o equality_n proportion_v upon_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n namely_o fineness_n alloy_n and_o weight_n of_o the_o piece_n make_v out_o of_o a_o pound_n which_o be_v the_o ground_n work_n of_o the_o subtle_a assay_n according_a to_o which_o all_o assaymaster_n make_v their_o calculation_n by_o the_o mark_n of_o eight_o ounce_n or_o the_o pound_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n make_v one_o mark_n and_o one_o half_a suppose_v now_o that_o as_o in_o ancient_a time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o one_o pound_n weight_n be_v divide_v into_o twelve_o ounce_n every_o ounce_n be_v divide_v into_o twenty_o piece_n or_o be_v now_o divide_v into_o sixty_o piece_n or_o three_o pound_n make_v sixty_o shilling_n which_o then_o make_v but_o twenty_o and_o that_o these_o twenty_o piece_n or_o sixty_o shilling_n be_v diminish_v by_o the_o sheyre_n and_o there_o be_v make_v twenty_o two_o piece_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o twenty_o or_o sixty_o six_o piece_n in_o the_o lieu_n of_o sixty_o piece_n which_o be_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o that_o the_o say_v piece_n be_v light_a than_o before_o consider_v piece_n by_o piece_n now_o a_o assaymaster_n receive_v one_o of_o these_o piece_n to_o make_v a_o assay_n thereof_o in_o manner_n by_o we_o declare_v in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o this_o book_n in_o the_o seven_o chapter_n of_o the_o assay_n of_o bullion_n and_o money_n and_o have_v weigh_v the_o same_o he_o calculate_v how_o many_o of_o these_o piece_n do_v make_v or_o weigh_v one_o pound_n and_o he_o find_v twenty_o two_o or_o sixty_o six_o piece_n or_o thereabouts_o because_o of_o the_o unevennesse_n of_o the_o sheyre_n which_o be_v try_v he_o make_v report_n of_o the_o fineness_n according_o so_o that_o want_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o pound_n ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o weight_n there_o must_v needs_o be_v want_v so_o much_o in_o fineness_n and_o so_o eleven_o ounce_n melt_v down_o be_v find_v to_o be_v but_o ten_o ounce_n fine_a and_o in_o like_a manner_n etc._n etc._n all_o which_o in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n can_v be_v consider_v of_o and_o prevent_v as_o it_o shall_v please_v the_o king_n majesty_n and_o his_o highness_n privy_a council_n exchange_n ebb_a and_o flow_v of_o water_n compare_v to_o the_o fall_n and_o rise_v of_o exchange_n the_o predominant_a power_n of_o exchange_n rise_v and_o fall_v in_o price_n may_v be_v compare_v to_o the_o 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or_o branch_n of_o the_o same_o as_o this_o ebb_a and_o flow_v be_v aggravate_v by_o accidental_a cause_n of_o rain_n snow_n and_o the_o like_a by_o the_o alteration_n of_o weather_n so_o do_v the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o exchange_n increase_n and_o decrease_v by_o the_o alteratiof_n state_n affair_n between_o contend_a prince_n according_a to_o the_o use_n of_o money_n and_o even_o as_o the_o sea_n be_v gird_v in_o by_o god_n commandment_n that_o they_o can_v overflow_v the_o main_n bank_n of_o the_o earth_n so_o the_o course_n of_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o exchange_n in_o price_n may_v be_v gird_v in_o by_o the_o king_n commandment_n man_n a_o great_a consideration_n beyond_o the_o common_a capacity_n of_o man_n that_o it_o shall_v not_o overflow_v the_o course_n or_o bank_n of_o traffic_n to_o the_o inundation_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o money_n this_o simile_n put_v i_o in_o mind_n to_o remember_v the_o poetical_a fixion_n of_o the_o serpent_n hidra_n with_o many_o head_n whereof_o one_o be_v cut_v off_o by_o hercules_n forthwith_o another_o do_v appear_v allude_v therein_o to_o the_o river_n nilus_n which_o have_v many_o branch_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v stop_v in_o one_o place_n cause_v another_o to_o overflow_v in_o another_o place_n augment_v hercules_n labour_n be_v therein_o like_o unskilful_a physician_n which_o to_o cure_v a_o disease_n do_v many_o time_n cast_v the_o body_n into_o a_o more_o dangerous_a sickness_n whereas_o the_o learned_a physician_n will_v find_v a_o easy_a cure_n know_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o disease_n without_o which_o conceit_a remedy_n be_v but_o mere_a shift_n and_o extremity_n aristophanus_n have_v paint_v forth_o the_o agony_n of_o a_o age_a man_n altogether_o shipwreck_a by_o usury_n who_o think_v to_o have_v find_v out_o the_o way_n to_o be_v ease_v of_o his_o slavery_n do_v propound_v unto_o socrates_n this_o demand_n that_o if_o he_o shall_v by_o the_o enchantment_n of_o a_o witch_n of_o thessalia_n fetch_v the_o moon_n out_o of_o heaven_n and_o bring_v it_o away_o and_o afterward_o enclose_v it_o in_o a_o case_n of_o glass_n and_o so_o keep_v it_o as_o if_o he_o will_v keep_v a_o fly_n in_o a_o box_n socrates_n demand_v what_o good_a that_o will_v do_v he_o he_o answer_v if_o the_o moon_n do_v never_o rise_v again_o i_o be_v constrain_v to_o pay_v money_n by_o the_o new_a moon_n shall_v be_v free_v of_o that_o trouble_n a_o strange_a shift_n that_o this_o poor_a man_n be_v drive_v unto_o apprehend_v a_o shadow_n for_o a_o reason_n to_o pluck_v by_o violence_n the_o moon_n out_o of_o heaven_n for_o his_o help_n for_o in_o truth_n the_o witch_n do_v she_o best_o and_o begin_v to_o charm_v the_o moon_n which_o when_o the_o usuror_n understand_v do_v put_v he_o in_o such_o a_o pelt_a chafe_n as_o be_v wonderful_a to_o behold_v for_o accuse_v this_o poor_a man_n of_o enchantment_n at_o last_o he_o go_v himself_o to_o another_o witch_n not_o only_o to_o keep_v the_o moon_n from_o come_v out_o of_o heaven_n but_o also_o to_o hasten_v the_o course_n of_o she_o fast_o to_o recover_v his_o usury_n the_o soon_o good_a god_n what_o a_o trouble_n be_v the_o moon_n put_v unto_o between_o these_o two_o witch_n what_o storm_n and_o tempest_n do_v arise_v what_o horrible_a wind_n do_v blow_v what_o great_a rain_n do_v fall_v what_o flood_n ensue_v every_o where_o so_o that_o country_n be_v almost_o drown_v and_o under_o water_n in_o many_o place_n the_o moral_a of_o these_o metaphor_n concur_v with_o our_o former_a comparison_n do_v not_o only_o show_v unto_o we_o the_o operation_n and_o conjunction_n between_o the_o moon_n and_o water_n but_o also_o the_o folly_n of_o vain_a conceit_a remedy_n the_o propound_a remedy_n therefore_o for_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o rule_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n who_o antitheta_fw-la be_v inequality_n and_o iniquity_n which_o every_o man_n ought_v to_o suppress_v equality_n be_v amiable_a and_o accompany_v with_o ease_n and_o facility_n but_o inequality_n be_v hate_v and_o associate_v with_o trouble_n and_o difficulty_n the_o difference_n whereof_o be_v like_a unto_o this_o geometrical_a axiom_n in_o commendation_n of_o the_o invention_n of_o round_a wheel_n to_o draw_v and_o carry_v load_n with_o a_o small_a strength_n circulus_fw-la tangit_fw-la planum_fw-la unico_fw-la puncto_fw-la for_o if_o the_o wheel_n shall_v have_v be_v make_v square_a or_o in_o any_o other_o polyangle_n and_o proportion_n forty_o horse_n will_v not_o so_o easy_o draw_v they_o be_v lade_v as_o two_o do_v now_o with_o speed_n and_o ease_v what_o easy_a thing_n can_v there_o be_v than_o to_o set_v and_o command_v a_o price_n in_o exchange_n to_o be_v observe_v according_a to_o the_o value_n
dignity_n and_o to_o be_v cherish_v for_o by_o they_o country_n be_v discover_v familiarity_n between_o nation_n be_v procure_v and_o politic_a experience_n be_v attain_v whereupon_o i_o have_v be_v move_v by_o long_a observation_n to_o put_v the_o worthiness_n of_o the_o customary_a law_n of_o merchant_n in_o plain_a and_o compendious_a writing_n by_o undoubted_a principle_n familiar_a example_n and_o demonstrative_a reason_n without_o affectation_n of_o curious_a word_n more_o than_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o theme_n in_o some_o place_n do_v require_v i_o have_v entitle_v the_o book_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a name_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la and_o not_o ius_n mercatorum_fw-la because_o it_o be_v a_o customary_a law_n approve_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o all_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n and_o not_o a_o law_n establish_v by_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o any_o prince_n either_o in_o the_o first_o foundation_n or_o by_o continuance_n of_o time_n and_o beginning_n with_o time_n number_n weight_n and_o measure_n i_o do_v descend_v to_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n divide_v into_o three_o part_n according_o by_o compare_v they_o to_o the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o commerce_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o first_o as_o the_o body_n uphold_v the_o world_n by_o commutation_n and_o barter_n of_o commodity_n until_o money_n be_v devise_v to_o be_v coin_a the_o second_o as_o the_o soul_n in_o the_o body_n do_v infuse_v life_n to_o traffic_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n prevent_v advantage_n between_o buyer_n and_o seller_n the_o three_o as_o the_o spirit_n and_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v seat_v every_o where_n corroborate_v the_o vital_a spirit_n of_o traffic_n direct_v and_o control_v by_o just_a proportion_n the_o price_n and_o value_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n for_o even_o as_o merchant_n be_v the_o instrumental_a cause_n of_o trade_n even_o so_o be_v the_o exchange_n for_o money_n the_o efficient_a cause_n with_o we_o in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o become_v predominant_a or_o overrule_a the_o price_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n as_o aforesaid_a this_o be_v manifest_v by_o three_o paradox_n allude_v to_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o commerce_n which_o for_o a_o corrollarie_n i_o have_v add_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o this_o book_n with_o such_o other_o worthy_a observation_n as_o in_o the_o first_o chapter_n be_v declare_v and_o even_o as_o the_o roundness_n of_o the_o globe_n of_o the_o world_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o earth_n and_o water_n so_o be_v the_o body_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la make_v and_o frame_v of_o the_o merchant_n custom_n and_o the_o sea-lawe_n which_o be_v involue_v together_o as_o the_o sea_n and_o earth_n in_o the_o description_n whereof_o i_o have_v use_v to_o make_v repetition_n of_o the_o material_a point_n according_a as_o occasion_n do_v minister_v unto_o i_o for_o to_o make_v application_n thereof_o for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o the_o judicious_a reader_n which_o be_v the_o main_a scope_n that_o all_o writer_n be_v to_o regard_n and_o care_n for_o the_o mean_n whereby_o the_o difference_n and_o controversy_n happen_v between_o merchant_n in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n be_v end_v be_v also_o declare_v which_o most_o of_o all_o require_v brevity_n and_o expedition_n and_o have_v need_n of_o a_o peremptory_a proceed_n as_o be_v invent_v for_o the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n the_o due_a commendation_n whereof_o be_v add_v hereunto_o show_v also_o how_o of_o the_o same_o there_o may_v be_v make_v a_o art_n or_o science_n and_o what_o observation_n of_o other_o law_n be_v concur_v with_o we_o both_o in_o the_o strictness_n of_o law_n and_o the_o lenity_n of_o equity_n most_o consonant_a with_o the_o law-merchant_n the_o knowledge_n whereof_o be_v of_o so_o great_a consequence_n that_o without_o it_o all_o temporal_a law_n be_v not_o complete_a but_o imperfect_a the_o scope_n of_o all_o therefore_o be_v that_o the_o rule_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n may_v take_v place_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n which_o velut_fw-la ariadnae_n caecaregens_fw-la filo_fw-la vestigia_fw-la non_fw-la modo_fw-la nos_fw-la errare_fw-la non_fw-la sinit_fw-la feed_v etiam_fw-la efficit_fw-la ut_fw-la aberrantes_fw-la in_o rectam_fw-la viam_fw-la deducamur_fw-la as_o have_v be_v mention_v in_o our_o last_o treatise_n of_o the_o maintenance_n of_o free_a trade_n late_o publish_v conclude_v gentle_a reader_n upon_o all_o the_o premise_n handle_v as_o i_o hope_v substantial_o i_o commend_v and_o submit_v the_o same_o to_o the_o love_a entertainment_n of_o the_o profound_a and_o discern_a judgement_n of_o the_o discreet_a wise_a and_o experience_v wish_v that_o like_a matter_n set_v down_o by_o the_o pen_n of_o apollo_n they_o may_v sound_v sweet_o in_o your_o apprehension_n and_o give_v to_o your_o conceit_n most_o harmonious_a music_n pleasure_n and_o delight_n london_n the_o 25_o of_o november_n 1622._o thou_o to_o use_v always_o ready_a gerard_n malynes_n a_o table_n of_o the_o content_n of_o the_o first_o part_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la or_o the_o ancient_a law-merchant_n concern_v commodity_n compare_v to_o the_o body_n of_o traffic_n chapter_n pag._n 1_o a_o induction_n to_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la or_o the_o law-merchant_n and_o the_o antiquity_n thereof_o 1_o 2_o a_o observation_n concern_v time_n 8_o 3_o of_o number_n and_o the_o mystery_n thereof_o 17_o 4_o of_o weight_n and_o measure_n use_v in_o all_o place_n of_o the_o world_n with_o other_o observation_n 19_o 5_o of_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n 58_o 6_o a_o geometrical_a description_n of_o the_o world_n especial_o of_o europe_n measure_v by_o million_o of_o acre_n of_o ground_n upon_o the_o map_n 66_o 7_o of_o the_o commodity_n of_o all_o country_n whereby_o commerce_n be_v maintain_v 70_o 8_o of_o commutation_n or_o barter_n of_o commodity_n 83_o 9_o of_o ordinary_a buy_n and_o selling_n of_o commodity_n 91_o 10_o of_o suretyship_n and_o merchant_n promise_n 93_o 11_o of_o the_o revolution_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n 95_o 12_o of_o the_o transfer_v and_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n obligatorie_n between_o merchant_n and_o other_o 98_o 13_o of_o the_o nature_n of_o bill_n obligatorie_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o in_o england_n 101_o 14_o of_o letter_n of_o credit_n and_o blank_n sign_v 104_o 15_o of_o letter_n of_o attorney_n or_o procuration_n and_o transport_v and_o conveyance_n 106_o 16_o of_o factor_n and_o servant_n and_o commission_n give_v unto_o they_o 111_o 17_o of_o the_o beginning_n of_o sea_n law_n 119_o 18_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o proceed_v in_o seafaring_a cause_n 121_o 19_o of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o contract_n 122_o 20_o of_o bank_n and_o banker_n 131_o 21_o of_o the_o freight_a of_o ship_n charterparty_n and_o bill_n of_o lade_n 134_o 22_o of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n his_o power_n and_o duty_n of_o the_o master_n to_o the_o merchant_n 142_o 23_o of_o the_o duty_n and_o privilege_n of_o marinors_n 144_o 24_o of_o the_o office_n of_o assurance_n and_o the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o same_o 146_o 25_o of_o policy_n of_o assurance_n and_o the_o substance_n of_o they_o and_o of_o contribution_n 150_o 26_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o contribution_n or_o aueridge_n 157_o 27_o of_o the_o particular_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o assurance_n 159_o 28_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o proceed_v for_o assurance_n in_o case_n of_o loss_n 161_o 29_o of_o shipwreck_n and_o thing_n find_v upon_o the_o sea_n 167_o 30_o of_o partner_n and_o ship_n voyage_n 169_o 31_o of_o money_n take_v upon_o bottomarie_a by_o the_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n call_v foenus_fw-la nauticum_fw-la 171_o 32_o of_o ship_n and_o navigation_n 173_o 33_o a_o abridgement_n of_o the_o imperial_a sea_n law_n of_o the_o haunce_n town_n make_v in_o the_o year_n 1614_o 175_o 34_o of_o navigation_n and_o community_n of_o the_o sea_n 182_o 35_o of_o the_o distinct_a dominion_n of_o the_o sea_n 185_o 36_o of_o custom_n subsidy_n and_o imposition_n pay_v upon_o commodity_n 193_o 37_o of_o merchant_n wager_n stipulation_n or_o convention_n 197_o 38_o of_o merchant_n mark_n set_v upon_o commodity_n 199_o 39_o of_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o broker_n and_o by_o the_o candle_n 201_o 40_o of_o buy_v of_o commodity_n by_o condition_n term_v capiticus_n and_o sell_v thing_n upon_o casualty_n 203_o 41_o of_o divide_v of_o commodity_n by_o lot_n 205_o 42_o of_o assotiation_n monopoly_n engrossing_n and_o forestallings_n 210_o 43_o of_o merchant_n oppignoration_n 218_o 44_o of_o the_o proceed_n use_v against_o bankrupt_n 221_o 45_o of_o manufacture_n 229_o 46_o of_o
sillimanus_fw-la accursius_fw-la franciscus_n aretinus_n grisogonus_fw-la lotharius_n julianus_n and_o diverse_a other_o doctor_n and_o learned_a of_o the_o civil_a law_n have_v make_v many_o long_a discourse_n and_o volume_n of_o book_n of_o the_o questionable_a matter_n fall_v out_o among_o merchant_n for_o and_o concern_v merchandise_n law-merchant_n book_n case_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n which_o be_v yearly_a observation_n or_o book_n case_n and_o precedent_n by_o the_o read_n whereof_o merchant_n be_v like_o rather_o to_o metamorphize_v their_o procession_n and_o become_v lawyer_n than_o true_o to_o attain_v to_o the_o particular_a knowledge_n of_o the_o say_a custom_n or_o law-merchant_n for_o they_o have_v arm_v question_n and_o disputation_n full_a of_o quillet_n and_o distinction_n overcurious_a and_o precise_a and_o many_o of_o they_o to_o small_a purpose_n full_a of_o apicis_fw-la iuris_fw-la be_v apicis_fw-la iuris_fw-la what_o they_o be_v which_o themselves_o have_v note_v to_o be_v subtlety_n say_v apicis_fw-la iuris_fw-la sâ—nt_fw-la quae_fw-la subtilitatem_fw-la quandam_fw-la respiciunt_fw-la magis_fw-la quam_fw-la facti_fw-la veritaetem_fw-la they_o do_v more_o regard_n certain_a subtlety_n than_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o fact_n or_o matter_n as_o for_o example_n to_o define_v quid_fw-la sâ—â—_n mercator_fw-la what_o a_o merchant_n be_v quidue_fw-la mercatura_fw-la what_o merchandise_v be_v whether_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n that_o do_v once_o buy_v and_o sell_v wherher_n merchandise_v and_o negotiate_v be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o whether_o a_o usurer_n be_v a_o merchant_n whether_o sell_v by_o retail_v shall_v be_v call_v merchandise_v whether_o a_o clergy_n man_n or_o a_o gentleman_n deal_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v shall_v be_v call_v a_o merchant_n in_o any_o controversy_n wherein_o a_o merchant_n may_v be_v like_o a_o usurer_n whether_o a_o man_n buy_v commodity_n in_o groâ—â—e_n and_o work_v the_o same_o out_o again_o into_o other_o thing_n to_o be_v vent_v by_o a_o ordinary_a course_n of_o traffic_n be_v a_o merchant_n artificer_n or_o tradesman_n whether_o a_o seller_n of_o horse_n may_v be_v call_v a_o merchant_n whether_o a_o shopkeeper_n trade_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o at_o home_n be_v a_o merchant_n whether_o a_o merchant_n shall_v be_v call_v to_o be_v a_o merchant_n of_o one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n that_o deal_v for_o diverse_a sort_n of_o merchandise_n or_o ware_n whether_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n that_o deal_v not_o for_o himself_o but_o other_o negotiate_v for_o he_o or_o whether_o a_o young_a man_n dwell_v with_o a_o merchant_n may_v be_v a_o merchant_n and_o other_o the_o like_a question_n which_o i_o hold_v to_o be_v unnecessary_a to_o trouble_v merchant_n brain_n withal_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o merchant_n be_v to_o be_v note_v merchant_n definition_n of_o a_o merchant_n for_o he_o that_o continual_o deal_v in_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n or_o by_o way_n of_o permutation_n of_o ware_n both_o at_o home_n and_o abroad_o in_o foreign_a part_n be_v a_o merchant_n next_o in_o order_n maiâ—ris_n conditis_fw-la numeri_fw-la pâ—tioris_fw-la 〈◊〉_d maiâ—ris_n the_o condition_n and_o property_n which_o a_o merchant_n ought_v to_o have_v be_v to_o be_v consider_v namely_o to_o be_v without_o fraud_n and_o deceit_n in_o his_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n and_o to_o keep_v faith_n with_o all_o man_n hereupon_o question_n be_v make_v whether_o a_o merchant_n may_v traffic_v with_o turk_n heathen_n barbarian_n and_o infidel_n and_o perform_v promise_n with_o they_o whether_o a_o merchant_n may_v sell_v his_o commodity_n as_o dear_a as_o he_o can_v without_o respect_n of_o person_n whether_o he_o may_v use_v lie_v as_o be_v officious_a in_o the_o sell_n of_o commodity_n emptor_n caveat_n emptor_n whether_o he_o may_v be_v crafty_a without_o deceit_n whether_o learning_n be_v requisite_a in_o a_o merchant_n whether_o he_o may_v deal_v in_o prohibit_v commodity_n at_o his_o peril_n whether_o a_o merchant_n buy_v commodity_n and_o sell_v they_o better_a cheap_a than_o they_o cost_v he_o shall_v be_v hold_v in_o suspicion_n to_o be_v near_o decay_v and_o the_o like_a of_o he_o that_o take_v up_o much_o money_n at_o interest_n merchant_n the_o continuance_n of_o a_o merchant_n the_o say_a civilians_n have_v also_o determine_v how_o long_o a_o merchant_n be_v to_o be_v so_o call_v which_o be_v either_o when_o he_o break_v or_o give_v over_o to_o deal_v in_o merchandise_n or_o when_o he_o be_v prohibit_v to_o deal_v for_o offence_n commit_v and_o hereunto_o they_o add_v a_o declaration_n of_o such_o as_o may_v trade_v and_o by_o the_o contrary_a thereof_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v who_o may_v not_o trade_n merchant_n person_n exempt_v to_o be_v merchant_n viz._n clergy_n man_n nobleman_n gentleman_n soldier_n counsellor_n at_o the_o law_n both_o ecclesiastical_a and_o temporal_a public_a officer_n and_o magistrate_n frantic_a person_n and_o mad_a man_n youth_n under_o year_n orphan_n lunatics_n and_o fool_n all_o these_o be_v exempt_v to_o be_v merchant_n but_o son_n and_o servant_n may_v deal_v in_o merchandise_n with_o their_o father_n and_o master_n trade_n what_o merchandise_n be_v fit_a for_o trade_n last_o they_o have_v observe_v that_o merchandise_n be_v proper_o to_o be_v make_v of_o all_o movable_a thing_n except_v holy_a thing_n and_o prohibit_v ware_n or_o munition_n to_o be_v carry_v unto_o infidel_n or_o enemy_n all_o which_o determination_n can_v give_v but_o little_a satisfaction_n to_o instruct_v merchant_n fold_n merchandise_n two_o fold_n plato_n say_v that_o merchandise_n be_v two_o fold_n namely_o ad_fw-la victum_fw-la &_o vestitum_fw-la of_o thing_n for_o the_o back_n and_o for_o the_o belly_n as_o belong_v to_o the_o body_n of_o man_n and_o of_o thing_n concern_v the_o mind_n of_o man_n as_o learn_v of_o music_n and_o other_o art_n buy_v for_o money_n and_o sell_v again_o to_o other_o for_o money_n and_o this_o distinction_n be_v in_o regard_n of_o man_n but_o far_o from_o that_o matter_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n which_o be_v comprehend_v under_o commutative_a justice_n whereof_o cicero_n speak_v let_v we_o therefore_o set_v down_o what_o a_o complete_a merchant_n ought_v to_o know_v concern_v the_o course_n of_o merchandise_v and_o withal_o declare_v the_o method_n observe_v in_o this_o book_n of_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n book_n the_o method_n of_o this_o book_n 1._o a_o merchant_n ought_v first_o to_o know_v the_o science_n of_o arithmetic_n and_o to_o observe_v the_o day_n and_o time_n in_o all_o his_o negotiation_n and_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o year_n in_o all_o country_n and_o to_o calculate_v all_o thing_n orderly_o 2._o the_o several_a weight_n and_o measure_n of_o all_o country_n concern_v all_o commodity_n and_o the_o correspondence_n of_o they_o that_o there_o may_v be_v to_o he_o in_o effect_n but_o unum_fw-la pondus_fw-la &_o una_fw-la mensura_fw-la that_o be_v one_o weight_n and_o one_o measure_n 3._o the_o science_n of_o geometry_n and_o some_o inspection_n of_o cosmography_n and_o the_o mathematics_n thereby_o to_o know_v the_o situation_n of_o country_n with_o their_o distance_n and_o spaciousness_n and_o the_o distinct_a dominion_n of_o prince_n by_o land_n and_o by_o sea_n with_o their_o jurisdiction_n and_o duty_n for_o fish_v and_o otherwise_o 4._o to_o know_v the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n under_o which_o all_o the_o traffic_n and_o trade_n be_v perform_v in_o all_o country_n or_o by_o some_o of_o they_o because_o they_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o commerce_n whereof_o the_o effect_n be_v buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n receive_v and_o pay_v of_o money_n and_o deliver_v and_o take_v of_o money_n by_o exchange_n with_o their_o adjunct_n and_o accident_n in_o the_o say_a course_n of_o traffic_n 5._o to_o know_v also_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o principal_a commodity_n of_o all_o country_n either_o superficial_o for_o colour_n and_o beauty_n or_o substantial_o for_o quality_n and_o use_n as_o also_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o all_o country_n with_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o exchange_n make_v by_o bill_n upon_o the_o imaginary_a money_n invent_v to_o make_v exchange_n between_o country_n and_o country_n 6._o the_o custom_n use_v in_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n for_o money_n or_o bill_n obligatorie_n or_o by_o way_n of_o commutation_n or_o barter_n 7._o the_o deliver_v of_o money_n at_o interest_n or_o upon_o botomary_a or_o upon_o life_n annuity_n or_o pension_n in_o nature_n of_o rent_n etc._n etc._n 8._o the_o freight_a and_o set_v forth_o of_o ship_n make_v of_o charter-party_n bill_n of_o lade_n invoice_n and_o covenant_n and_o contract_n as_o also_o the_o sea_n law_n to_o decide_v all_o question_n and_o controversy_n which_o fall_v out_o between_o merchant_n and_o
of_o fisher_n net_n to_o make_v brown_a paper_n of_o skin_n to_o make_v glue_v of_o beer_n lose_fw-mi to_o make_v aqua_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la and_o the_o like_a and_o here_o we_o may_v not_o omit_v how_o almighty_a god_n by_o his_o divine_a providence_n rule_v many_o time_n this_o negotiate_v commutation_n when_o the_o harvest_n of_o corn_n fail_v in_o one_o country_n and_o be_v prosperous_a in_o another_o country_n whereby_o this_o trade_n of_o barter_n by_o the_o rule_n of_o money_n do_v very_o much_o augment_v and_o the_o price_n of_o corn_n become_v to_o be_v much_o dear_a albeit_o the_o price_n be_v reasonable_a consider_v the_o fermer_n may_v by_o the_o cheapnes_n thereof_o be_v make_v unable_a to_o pay_v his_o rent_n and_o god_n who_o do_v every_o thing_n for_o the_o best_a show_v unto_o we_o how_o one_o nation_n may_v have_v need_n and_o occasion_n to_o use_v the_o help_n and_o mean_n of_o other_o nation_n and_o which_o be_v more_o admirable_a to_o be_v note_v god_n in_o the_o permit_v of_o it_o may_v have_v some_o other_o work_n in_o hand_n to_o manifest_v his_o glory_n or_o to_o relieve_v his_o child_n by_o unexpected_a mean_n as_o the_o send_n of_o the_o child_n of_o jacob_n into_o egypt_n for_o the_o want_n of_o corn_n to_o maintain_v themselves_o do_v demonstrate_v unto_o us._n the_o like_a may_v be_v apply_v for_o wine_n salt_n and_o other_o commodity_n for_o the_o sustenance_n of_o man_n which_o although_o they_o be_v corruptible_a commodity_n may_v contrary_a to_o our_o former_a assertion_n by_o this_o accidental_a or_o casual_a extremity_n be_v prefer_v in_o estimation_n of_o the_o staple_n commodity_n which_o be_v durable_a and_o become_v value_v only_o by_o gold_n &_o silver_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o spain_n and_o portugal_n be_v subject_a to_o have_v dearth_n of_o corn_n do_v permit_v the_o exportation_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n in_o return_n of_o the_o provenue_n of_o it_o and_o other_o victual_n victual_n gold_n and_o silver_n barter_v for_o corn_n and_o victual_n whereby_o we_o find_v that_o those_o country_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o west-indian_a treasure_n be_v from_o time_n to_o time_n provide_v with_o silver_n and_o gold_n coin_n be_v nevertheless_o most_o destitute_a of_o the_o same_o barter_v as_o it_o be_v in_o effect_n their_o silver_n and_o gold_n for_o corn_n and_o other_o provision_n and_o have_v their_o country_n store_v with_o mere_a copper_n money_n this_o treasure_n pass_v from_o they_o as_o if_o it_o be_v convey_v by_o a_o channel_n and_o because_o of_o the_o abundance_n of_o their_o say_a copper_n money_n be_v not_o so_o sensible_a unto_o they_o as_o it_o be_v unto_o other_o country_n which_o have_v not_o the_o use_n of_o the_o like_a copper_n money_n which_o be_v diverse_a way_n to_o be_v consider_v especial_o in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n when_o money_n be_v call_v to_o be_v the_o sinew_n thereof_o or_o nervi_fw-la bellorum_fw-la which_o by_o mere_a copper_n money_n can_v never_o be_v understand_v howsoever_o necessary_a in_o some_o measure_n for_o the_o commutation_n of_o petty_a bargain_n and_o contract_n whereof_o more_o hereafter_o in_o handle_v the_o matter_n of_o money_n to_o make_v application_n of_o this_o negotiate_v commutation_n in_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n it_o be_v to_o be_v prove_v by_o diverse_a ancient_a merchant_n book_n that_o within_o the_o age_n of_o a_o man_n or_o seventie_o year_n the_o price_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o we_o be_v far_o more_o rise_v than_o the_o price_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n which_o by_o way_n of_o antithesis_fw-la be_v worthy_a the_o observation_n redding_n colour_n and_o other_o mingle_a colour_n clothes_n do_v cost_v 9_o will_v the_o cloth_n then_o when_o black_a velvet_n be_v sell_v at_o 10_o shilling_n the_o yard_n and_o now_o the_o say_a sort_n of_o clothes_n be_v sell_v but_o for_o 11_o will_v and_o 12_o will_v the_o cloth_n and_o velvet_n at_o 26_o shilling_n the_o yard_n pack_v clothes_n white_a at_o fifty_o pound_n the_o pack_n of_o ten_o piece_n cramosin_a velvet_n at_o 12_o shilling_n the_o yard_n and_o now_o pack_v clothes_n of_o the_o same_o mark_n at_o ninety_o pound_n and_o a_o hundred_o pound_n and_o cramosin_a velvet_n at_o thirty_o shilling_n the_o yard_n wool_n the_o todd_n of_o 28_o will_v weight_n at_o 12_o shilling_n black_a satin_n at_o 5_o shilling_n the_o yard_n wool_n now_o above_o 20_o shilling_n or_o thereabouts_o and_o satin_n 15_o shilling_n calf_n skin_v the_o dozen_o 5_o ss_z fustian_n the_o bale_n of_o 40_o ½_n piece_n at_z 12_o will_v the_o bale_n calf_n skin_v now_o at_o 10_o ss_z and_o fustian_n 36_o pound_n and_o milan_n fustian_n at_o 18_o and_o 20_o shilling_n the_o piece_n now_o at_o 3_o will_v and_o above_o say_v of_o norwich_n at_o 20_o ss_z the_o piece_n and_o upward_o messina_n silk_n 8_o ss_z the_o pound_n say_v be_v about_o 40_o ss_z 1._o foreign_a wareâ—_n rise_v 3_o to_o 1._o and_z messina_z and_o the_o like_a silk_n above_o twenty_o six_o shilling_n northern_a carseye_n then_o 18_o ss_z spanish_a soap_n 20_o ss_z now_o 50_o ss_z and_o carseye_n 22_o ss_z seville_a oil_n the_o tun_n 12_o will_v now_o 35_o will_v and_o many_o time_n above_o forty_o pound_n french_a wine_n at_o 5_o will_v the_o tun_n now_o 20_o will_v or_o thereabouts_o long_o prune_n 5_o ss_z now_z 15_o and_o 16_o ss_z sugar_n 6_o penny_n the_o pound_n now_o 14_o and_o 16_o penny_n malmeseyes_n 5_o will_v the_o butt_n now_o 18_o will_v and_o 20_o will_v cotton_n wool_n 4_o d._n now_o 15_o d._n and_o diverse_a other_o commodity_n according_o so_o that_o a_o angel_n will_v have_v buy_v one_o yard_n of_o velvet_n now_o three_o angel_n or_o piece_n of_o gold_n can_v be_v export_v for_o the_o same_o ten_o angel_n will_v have_v buy_v a_o tun_n of_o claret_n wine_n in_o england_n which_o be_v now_o sell_v for_o above_o twenty_o pound_n and_o twenty_o four_o pound_n beside_o that_o our_o cloth_n be_v better_a make_v than_o in_o those_o day_n albeit_o not_o so_o good_a as_o it_o may_v be_v make_v victual_n and_o wage_n be_v dear_a and_o woad_n mather_n oil_n and_o colour_n be_v extreme_o rise_v a_o merchant_n may_v have_v send_v or_o carry_v with_o he_o one_o pack_n of_o clothes_n white_a broad_a or_o narrow_a list_n and_o bring_v in_o return_n one_o chest_n contain_v nine_o or_o ten_o piece_n of_o velvet_n whereas_o now_o he_o can_v bring_v above_o three_o or_o four_o piece_n in_o return_n thereof_o for_o a_o redding_n cloth_n sell_v beyond_o the_o sea_n he_o may_v have_v return_v one_o bale_n of_o fustian_n whereas_o now_o for_o the_o value_n of_o one_o bale_n of_o fustian_n sell_v in_o england_n a_o merchant_n must_v buy_v and_o export_v three_o clothes_n a_o london_n mingle_v colour_n cloth_n will_v have_v buy_v at_o lisbon_n two_o chest_n of_o sugar_n now_o one_o chest_n of_o sugar_n will_v draw_v two_o clothes_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n so_o a_o kentish_a cloth_n will_v have_v buy_v at_o seville_a a_o tun_n of_o oil_n and_o more_o now_o one_o tun_n of_o oil_n do_v countervail_v three_o clothes_n and_o more_o and_o other_o commodity_n according_o give_v as_o it_o be_v three_o to_o one_o in_o specie_fw-la for_o foreign_a commodity_n kind_n commutation_n be_v compare_v unto_o money_n in_o kind_n compare_v this_o commutation_n to_o the_o money_n enhance_v in_o the_o low_a country_n germany_n france_n and_o some_o other_o country_n which_o be_v the_o same_o money_n still_o in_o specie_fw-la for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n and_o only_o the_o valuation_n be_v alter_v and_o you_o shall_v find_v that_o within_o the_o say_a time_n of_o seventie_o year_n a_o angel_n worth_a ten_o s._n then_o be_v now_o above_o twenty_o sâ—illings_n a_o french_a crown_n six_o shilling_n now_o twelve_o shilling_n six_o penny_n and_o all_o other_o coin_n according_o or_o thereabouts_o whereas_o in_o england_n there_o be_v no_o momentary_a alteration_n of_o the_o money_n as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v make_v more_o apparent_a and_o the_o like_a consideration_n will_v also_o be_v have_v concern_v the_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n some_o man_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o sell_v our_o home_n commodity_n good_a cheap_a make_v a_o lively_a trade_n augment_v commerce_n and_o maintain_v all_o the_o dependence_n thereupon_o by_o set_v the_o people_n on_o work_n employ_v ship_n and_o augment_v the_o king_n custom_n and_o imposition_n but_o they_o never_o consider_v two_o principal_a point_n whereby_o the_o wealth_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n increase_v or_o decrease_v namely_o cheap_a inconvenience_n to_o sell_v commodity_n good_a cheap_a if_o commodity_n import_v unto_o we_o be_v dear_a than_o in_o time_n past_a as_o we_o have_v note_v and_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v not_o sell_v proportionable_o in_o price_n but_o we_o will_v
endeavour_v still_o to_o sell_v good_a cheap_a who_o see_v not_o that_o this_o bring_v a_o evident_a over_o ballence_v of_o commodity_n in_o price_n which_o be_v to_o be_v balance_v by_o the_o treasure_n and_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n again_o if_o our_o home_n commodity_n be_v sell_v too_o good_a cheap_a other_o nation_n can_v make_v a_o trade_n thereby_o for_o other_o country_n and_o overthrow_v the_o trade_n of_o several_a society_n of_o the_o realm_n we_o have_v see_v in_o time_n past_a that_o the_o western_a colour_n carseye_n be_v sell_v at_o norenborough_n in_o germany_n to_o the_o great_a loss_n and_o hindrance_n of_o the_o than_o turkey_n trade_n and_o at_o this_o present_a our_o suffolk_n clothes_n be_v sell_v so_o good_a cheap_a beyond_o the_o sea_n at_o amsterdam_n and_o other_o place_n that_o they_o have_v make_v a_o large_a trade_n for_o russia_n and_o east-land_n with_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o thereby_o overthrow_v our_o trade_n by_o preoccupy_v the_o market_n and_o engross_a the_o commodity_n of_o those_o country_n aforehand_o from_o zealand_n there_o be_v a_o trade_n establish_v for_o barbary_n with_o the_o say_a clothes_n sell_v unto_o they_o thereby_o prevent_v the_o trade_n of_o english_a merchant_n which_o yield_v they_o but_o little_a profit_n and_o the_o commodity_n which_o they_o bring_v in_o return_n as_o hide_n almond_n and_o other_o thing_n be_v better_o vent_v beyond_o the_o sea_n where_o our_o merchant_n be_v force_v to_o transport_v they_o and_o the_o gold_n which_o they_o bring_v afford_v but_o little_a profit_n variable_a the_o time_n and_o season_n of_o trade_n be_v variable_a so_o that_o to_o make_v commerce_n to_o be_v a_o pastime_n be_v neither_o beneficial_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n noâ—_n to_o particular_a person_n the_o time_n or_o season_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n be_v mutable_a and_o subject_a to_o accident_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o at_o some_o one_o time_n commodity_n be_v well_o vent_v and_o at_o another_o time_n not_o the_o rash_a sale_n be_v not_o the_o profitable_a have_v not_o we_o find_v of_o late_a year_n that_o cloth_n be_v sell_v in_o great_a quantity_n and_o at_o great_a price_n when_o the_o todd_n of_o wool_n be_v sell_v at_o 32_o and_o 33_o shilling_n and_o clothes_n according_o than_o now_o when_o wool_n be_v sell_v for_o 18_o and_o 20_o shilling_n the_o revolution_n of_o thing_n may_v alter_v again_o and_o revive_v trade_n if_o not_o procure_v you_o to_o have_v foreign_a commodity_n better_o cheap_a whereof_o you_o have_v not_o so_o much_o need_v as_o they_o have_v of_o we_o strive_v not_o to_o undersell_v other_o to_o the_o hurt_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n under_o colour_n to_o increase_v trade_n commeâ—ce_n cause_n increase_v trade_n and_o commeâ—ce_n for_o trade_n do_v not_o increase_v when_o commodity_n be_v good_a cheap_a because_o the_o cheapenesse_n proceed_v of_o the_o small_a request_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n which_o make_v thing_n cheap_a so_o that_o the_o contrary_n augment_v trade_n when_o there_o be_v plenty_n of_o money_n and_o commodity_n become_v dear_a be_v in_o request_n concern_v the_o particular_a barter_n or_o truck_v with_o merchant_n every_o man_n do_v know_v who_o deal_v therein_o barter_n particular_a barter_n that_o this_o be_v do_v with_o such_o dexterity_n to_o take_v advantage_n in_o the_o price_n of_o their_o commodity_n one_o against_o the_o other_o that_o common_o either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o find_v himself_o aggrieve_v for_o the_o overreach_n therein_o be_v account_v a_o usual_a and_o ordinary_a practice_n and_o the_o commodity_n thus_o barter_v be_v plentiful_a and_o not_o in_o request_n whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o to_o have_v good_a commodity_n which_o be_v vendible_a at_o all_o time_n there_o be_v part_v give_v in_o ready_a money_n or_o in_o bill_n payable_a at_o short_a day_n of_o payment_n whereby_o many_o merchant_n be_v overreach_v and_o can_v have_v no_o remedy_n by_o law_n nor_o equity_n hence_o the_o proverb_n be_v derive_v caveat_n emptor_n for_o it_o be_v a_o buy_v and_o sell_v imply_v a_o advantage_n intend_v by_o both_o party_n how_o soever_o they_o will_v seem_v to_o colour_v the_o matter_n so_o that_o the_o proverb_n be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v upon_o all_o bargain_n of_o commodity_n whereby_o a_o man_n become_v a_o loser_n and_o he_o that_o deal_v in_o barter_n must_v be_v very_o circumspect_a and_o the_o money_n give_v in_o barter_n can_v be_v overset_v whereupon_o a_o principal_a merchant_n of_o london_n make_v once_o a_o barter_n in_o hope_n to_o overreach_v another_o merchant_n and_o they_o both_o be_v resolve_v to_o do_v their_o best_a endeavour_n therein_o agree_v to_o esteem_n and_o value_v their_o commodity_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n commutation_n a_o cunning_a commutation_n but_o withal_o the_o great_a merchant_n will_v have_v the_o one_o moiety_n of_o the_o some_o they_o shall_v barter_n for_o in_o ready_a money_n and_o so_o the_o more_o he_o do_v overualue_n his_o commodity_n which_o be_v cloth_n the_o more_o money_n be_v the_o other_o to_o lay_v out_o the_o bargain_n come_v to_o one_o thousand_o pound_n starling_n whereupon_o the_o party_n pay_v five_o hundred_o pound_n in_o ready_a money_n instant_o for_o all_o be_v do_v in_o two_o hour_n and_o deliver_v he_o also_o forty_o half_a piece_n of_o lawn_n at_o a_o certain_a price_n the_o first_o piece_n and_o in_o every_o two_o or_o three_o piece_n raise_v the_o price_n as_o the_o manner_n be_v in_o that_o kind_n of_o commodity_n the_o great_a merchant_n have_v overset_v his_o commodity_n or_o clothes_n fifty_o upon_o the_o hundred_o and_o the_o other_o merchant_n that_o can_v not_o overset_v his_o money_n have_v value_v his_o lawn_n at_o a_o very_a high_a rate_n of_o three_o for_o one_o at_o the_o least_o for_o all_o the_o say_v forty_o half_a piece_n of_o lawn_n be_v sell_v for_o 120_o will_v payable_a at_o two_o year_n day_n of_o payment_n and_o by_o the_o cloth_n there_o be_v not_o lose_v above_o one_o hundred_o pound_n hereupon_o long_o after_o the_o say_a party_n fall_v at_o variance_n the_o cause_n be_v by_o they_o compromit_v unto_o very_o sufficient_a arbitrator_n merchant_n and_o they_o do_v approve_v and_o confirm_v the_o say_a commutation_n and_o barter_n to_o be_v good_a for_o that_o the_o commodity_n be_v merchantable_a and_o they_o have_v endeavour_v to_o try_v their_o wit_n to_o overreach_v each_o other_o and_o moreover_o they_o award_v the_o great_a merchant_n to_o pay_v charge_n and_o will_v he_o to_o remember_v the_o old_a proverb_n he_o that_o buy_v lawn_n before_o he_o can_v fold_v it_o will_v repent_v before_o he_o have_v sell_v it_o but_o these_o particular_a commutation_n between_o man_n and_o man_n be_v not_o hurtful_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n unless_o they_o be_v between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n in_o the_o plurality_n of_o the_o thing_n commute_v between_o we_o and_o they_o commutation_n a_o rule_n for_o commutation_n to_o prescribe_v therefore_o some_o kind_n of_o rule_n in_o permutation_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o there_o be_v in_o effect_n three_o kind_n of_o they_o and_o may_v be_v distinguish_v and_o say_v to_o be_v discreet_a temperate_a and_o desperate_a commutation_n discreet_a commutation_n the_o discreet_a be_v where_o without_o any_o compulsion_n or_o of_o course_n one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n be_v either_o in_o specie_fw-la or_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o money_n barter_v or_o deliver_v for_o another_o commodity_n of_o another_o kingdom_n as_o the_o bargain_n be_v to_o deliver_v sea-coal_n of_o newcastle_n into_o france_n for_o salt_n pay_v the_o freight_n on_o either_o side_n equal_o between_o they_o commutation_n temperate_a commutation_n the_o temperate_a commutation_n be_v where_o a_o merchant_n do_v expect_v a_o convenient_a time_n for_o the_o sell_n of_o his_o commodity_n according_a to_o the_o accident_n and_o occasion_n offer_v and_o do_v not_o overthrow_v the_o market_n of_o other_o that_o have_v the_o like_a commodity_n to_o sell_v by_o his_o rash_a sale_n commutation_n desperate_a commutation_n the_o desperate_a commutation_n be_v mere_a opposite_a unto_o it_o where_o a_o man_n either_o for_o want_v of_o discretion_n or_o upon_o urgent_a necessity_n to_o supply_v his_o credit_n and_o occasion_n sell_v or_o barter_v away_o his_o commodity_n for_o other_o foreign_a commodity_n to_o return_v homeward_o in_o all_o which_o great_a discretion_n be_v to_o be_v use_v and_o this_o aught_o to_o be_v a_o principal_a study_n for_o society_n and_o company_n to_o look_v unto_o albeit_o the_o same_o be_v not_o of_o such_o importance_n as_o the_o buy_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n at_o dear_a rate_n when_o merchant_n strive_v to_o engross_v they_o upon_o the_o arrival_n of_o ship_n as_o for_o corrint_n have_v happen_v at_o zante_n and_o venice_n chap._n ix_o of_o ordinary_a buy_n and_o selling_n of_o commodity_n every_o
of_o bartholomew_n cause_v by_o a_o instrument_n or_o act_n pass_v before_o a_o notary_n the_o say_a party_n to_o be_v name_v in_o the_o contract_n and_o thereby_o bind_v they_o unto_o titus_n and_o mevius_n for_o the_o commodity_n buy_v of_o they_o to_o the_o value_n or_o sum_n of_o five_o thousand_o crown_n but_o bartholomew_n be_v not_o name_v in_o the_o article_n whereby_o the_o other_o party_n be_v bind_v in_o the_o covenant_n whereupon_o some_o will_v conclude_v that_o for_o want_v of_o form_n bartholomew_n be_v not_o bind_v to_o the_o payment_n although_o by_o commission_n of_o the_o other_o three_o he_o have_v constitute_v and_o make_v nicholas_n to_o be_v the_o procurator_n regard_v in_o procuration_n the_o will_n of_o the_o constituant_fw-la be_v to_o be_v regard_v the_o rule_n in_o law_n be_v quod_fw-la una_fw-la determinatio_fw-la respiciens_fw-la plura_fw-la determinabilia_fw-la aqualiter_fw-la terminare_fw-la debet_fw-la and_o herein_o be_v the_o intention_n and_o will_n of_o all_o the_o contractor_n more_o to_o be_v regard_v than_o the_o conceit_n of_o word_n which_o cause_v merchant_n to_o be_v account_v cavillor_n and_o to_o lose_v much_o of_o their_o credit_n and_o reputation_n it_o be_v also_o a_o custom_n among_o merchant_n that_o if_o the_o master_n know_v that_o his_o procurator_n have_v exceed_v his_o commission_n be_v silent_a the_o same_o be_v take_v for_o a_o consent_n the_o rather_o because_o procuration_n common_o run_v in_o general_a word_n whereby_o factor_n be_v direct_v do_v comprehend_v all_o thing_n which_o of_o course_n be_v to_o be_v do_v touch_v money_n or_o payment_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n the_o question_n therefore_o to_o know_v whether_o a_o procurator_n have_v commission_n to_o sell_v commodity_n or_o to_o let_v they_o to_o hire_v at_o a_o price_n have_v authority_n to_o receive_v the_o money_n or_o hire_n may_v be_v think_v frivolus_fw-la for_o the_o buyer_n in_o matter_n of_o sale_n of_o commodity_n in_o market_n overt_a have_v no_o regard_n to_o the_o procuration_n or_o commission_n give_v to_o the_o seller_n of_o the_o say_a commodity_n the_o like_a may_v be_v understand_v in_o this_o question_n follow_v whether_o a_o merchant_n sell_v cloth_n unto_o a_o abbot_n to_o clothe_v his_o friar_n or_o monk_n shall_v not_o be_v satisfy_v and_o pay_v for_o his_o cloth_n although_o the_o abbot_n do_v divert_v and_o employ_v the_o same_o afterward_o to_o another_o use_n for_o the_o use_n be_v no_o matter_n to_o be_v regard_v by_o the_o merchant_n but_o the_o payment_n of_o his_o cloth_n if_o a_o man_n buy_v paper_n for_o the_o print_n of_o a_o book_n do_v not_o print_v the_o book_n and_o sell_v the_o paper_n unto_o another_o merchant_n that_o be_v no_o cause_n but_o he_o must_v pay_v for_o the_o paper_n whereof_o no_o man_n ought_v to_o make_v doubt_n if_o a_o merchant_n make_v a_o procurator_n etc._n doubt_n in_o procuration_n by_o who_o to_o be_v prove_v etc._n etc._n or_o by_o letter_n give_v credit_n to_o negotiate_v some_o business_n with_o another_o merchant_n if_o this_o merchant_n do_v take_v exception_n to_o the_o procuration_n and_o letter_n and_o make_v doubt_n whether_o the_o party_n that_o bring_v the_o same_o be_v the_o right_a man_n the_o procurator_n be_v not_o bind_v to_o make_v any_o further_a proof_n but_o the_o party_n except_v against_o he_o be_v to_o make_v good_a his_o assertion_n and_o to_o prove_v the_o same_o by_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o merchant_n another_o question_n be_v move_v whether_o a_o merchant_n that_o have_v commission_n to_o receive_v a_o sum_n of_o money_n and_o to_o pay_v the_o same_o unto_o another_o and_o beside_o to_o pay_v the_o interest_n due_a unto_o the_o party_n to_o who_o he_o pay_v that_o money_n be_v bind_v to_o prove_v what_o interest_n he_o pay_v and_o to_o who_o he_o pay_v that_o interest_n or_o use_n money_n it_o seem_v prima_fw-la front_n that_o the_o merchant_n be_v bind_v to_o name_v the_o party_n to_o who_o he_o pay_v the_o say_a use_n money_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v doubt_v make_v whether_o he_o shall_v pay_v it_o without_o he_o be_v compel_v thereunto_o as_o a_o thing_n unlawful_a and_o therefore_o the_o commission_n or_o order_n the_o merchant_n have_v be_v not_o to_o be_v contradict_v but_o must_v be_v allow_v without_o any_o other_o proof_n for_o this_o question_n be_v so_o resolve_v by_o the_o civilians_n and_o where_o the_o proof_n be_v not_o needful_a there_o the_o nomination_n of_o the_o person_n to_o who_o it_o be_v pay_v be_v to_o no_o purpose_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n qui_fw-fr non_fw-fr tenetur_fw-la probare_fw-la non_fw-la tenetur_fw-la nominare_fw-la it_o be_v also_o worthy_a the_o observation_n arbitrator_n commission_n subject_a to_o arbitrator_n that_o general_o all_o civilians_n do_v concur_v in_o opinion_n that_o when_o merchant_n by_o their_o letter_n or_o commission_n use_v these_o or_o the_o like_a word_n let_v all_o thing_n be_v do_v as_o shall_v be_v think_v most_o expedient_a or_o convenient_a that_o the_o say_v commission_n or_o direction_n be_v to_o be_v leave_v to_o the_o interpretation_n of_o arbitrator_n when_o any_o question_n arise_v which_o be_v also_o in_o many_o more_o question_n concern_v merchant_n note_v in_o most_o of_o their_o law_n book_n hereof_o we_o intend_v god_n will_v to_o entreat_v more_o ample_o in_o the_o next_o chapter_n concern_v factor_n and_o servant_n and_o the_o commission_n give_v they_o etc._n etc._n the_o ordinary_a rule_n of_o procuration_n in_o thing_n complete_a and_o not_o effect_v be_v understand_v to_o end_v with_o the_o death_n of_o the_o master_n or_o merchant_n that_o give_v such_o procuration_n albeit_o there_o be_v many_o exception_n for_o a_o procuration_n may_v be_v make_v to_o endure_v after_o his_o death_n etc._n procuration_n to_o continue_v after_o death_n etc._n etc._n which_o kind_n of_o procuration_n the_o florentine_n and_o other_o nation_n confirm_v by_o their_o last_o will_n &_o testament_n which_o nevertheless_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v that_o the_o state_n of_o a_o heir_n be_v not_o impair_v thereby_o wherein_o the_o law_n interpose_v her_o authority_n and_o for_o a_o general_a rule_n in_o all_o peremptory_a and_o absolute_a procuration_n or_o commission_n it_o must_v be_v know_v that_o the_o like_a authority_n be_v use_v to_o prevent_v many_o inconueniency_n have_v a_o vigilant_a care_n that_o equity_n be_v maintain_v and_o that_o all_o merchant_n or_o procurator_n for_o merchant_n be_v to_o accomplish_v the_o lawful_a commission_n give_v they_o and_o mean_n thereunto_o be_v provide_v or_o else_o to_o answer_v the_o damage_n which_o the_o party_n shall_v receive_v by_o the_o default_n thereof_o those_o therefore_o that_o without_o any_o commission_n do_v undertake_v thing_n which_o bring_v loss_n unto_o the_o party_n be_v much_o to_o be_v blame_v and_o by_o a_o full_a measure_n to_o answer_v foâ—_n the_o same_o or_o to_o make_v by_o gain_v a_o recompense_n for_o the_o loss_n as_o occasion_n serve_v constituto_fw-la de_fw-fr constituto_fw-la some_o that_o have_v write_v de_fw-la constituto_fw-la have_v move_v question_n whether_o it_o be_v lawful_a to_o take_v penalty_n or_o forfeiture_n if_o the_o constituant_fw-la do_v bound_v himself_o to_o perform_v or_o else_o to_o loose_v a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n other_o whether_o a_o commission_n shall_v be_v execute_v by_o a_o ordinary_a messenger_n other_o whether_o it_o be_v convenient_a to_o use_v the_o word_n you_o shall_v give_v he_o full_a credit_n and_o trust_v in_o what_o he_o have_v undertake_v to_o do_v how_o long_o the_o commission_n shall_v endure_v if_o there_o be_v no_o time_n limit_v and_o the_o like_a question_n which_o upon_o due_a consideration_n be_v easy_o resolve_v and_o in_o my_o opinion_n impertinent_a to_o trouble_v merchant_n with_o they_o such_o only_a as_o be_v material_a shall_v be_v handle_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xvi_o of_o factor_n and_o servant_n and_o commission_n give_v unto_o they_o the_o difference_n between_o a_o factor_n and_o a_o servant_n consist_v chief_o in_o this_o that_o a_o factor_n be_v create_v by_o merchant_n letter_n and_o take_v salary_n or_o provision_n of_o factoridge_n but_o a_o servant_n or_o a_o apprentice_n be_v by_o his_o master_n entertain_v some_o receive_v wage_n yearly_a and_o some_o other_o without_o wage_n a_o factor_n be_v bind_v to_o answer_v the_o loss_n which_o happen_v by_o overpass_v or_o exceed_v his_o commission_n whereas_o a_o servant_n be_v not_o but_o may_v incur_v his_o master_n displeasure_n for_o albeit_o that_o the_o spanish_a proverb_n be_v quien_v passa_fw-la commission_n pierde_v provision_n that_o he_o that_o exceed_v his_o commission_n shall_v lose_v his_o factoridge_n factor_n alteration_n of_o the_o case_n with_o factor_n the_o case_n be_v alter_v long_o since_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n and_o now_o it_o be_v subâ—lca_n lo_o paga_fw-la his_o purse_n
his_o fraud_n if_o the_o factor_n do_v sell_v another_o man_n commodity_n to_o a_o man_n discredit_v who_o can_v usual_o as_o before_o buy_v commodity_n at_o the_o ordinary_a price_n as_o other_o man_n and_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o this_o man_n break_v the_o factor_n shall_v pay_v for_o the_o say_v good_n as_o shall_v be_v think_v they_o be_v worth_a unless_o he_o can_v prove_v that_o he_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o party_n weak_a estate_n and_o credit_n or_o that_o he_o sell_v he_o good_n of_o his_o own_o account_n also_o which_o argue_v plain_a deal_n or_o that_o he_o have_v commission_n of_o the_o other_o man_n to_o deal_v for_o he_o as_o if_o it_o be_v for_o his_o own_o proper_a good_n as_o have_v be_v declare_v and_o yet_o in_o this_o case_n he_o can_v barter_v any_o of_o the_o say_a commodity_n for_o other_o commodity_n batter_v batter_v but_o he_o must_v have_v express_a commission_n and_o order_n for_o it_o from_o the_o merchant_n neither_o can_v he_o transfer_v or_o set_v over_o any_o bill_n obligatorie_n in_o nature_n before_o declare_v debt_n bill_n of_o debt_n for_o albeit_o this_o manner_n of_o commission_n give_v to_o factor_n be_v very_o large_a yet_o it_o contain_v certain_a restriction_n and_o limitation_n in_o every_o merchant_n understanding_n if_o a_o factor_n shall_v by_o a_o false_a entry_n in_o the_o custom_n house_n either_o unaware_o or_o of_o purpose_n custom_n custom_n conceal_v part_n of_o the_o custom_n without_o consent_n or_o privity_n of_o the_o merchant_n whereby_o the_o good_n become_v forfeit_v to_o the_o prince_n the_o say_a factor_n shall_v bear_v the_o loss_n of_o they_o and_o answer_v the_o value_n thereof_o unto_o the_o merchant_n as_o they_o do_v cost_v if_o it_o be_v for_o good_n to_o be_v transport_v or_o as_o they_o may_v have_v be_v sell_v if_o it_o be_v for_o good_n to_o be_v import_v if_o a_o factor_n or_o merchant_n do_v colour_n the_o good_n of_o merchant_n stranger_n in_o pay_v but_o english_a custom_n although_o he_o do_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n for_o the_o say_v good_n he_o run_v into_o a_o praemunire_n and_o forfeit_v all_o his_o good_n unto_o the_o king_n and_o his_o body_n to_o perpetual_a imprisonment_n if_o a_o factor_n by_o a_o letter_n of_o advice_n or_o by_o a_o inuoyce_n of_o commodity_n which_o the_o merchant_n send_v do_v make_v a_o short_a entry_n into_o the_o custom_n house_n the_o good_n not_o enter_v shall_v be_v lose_v but_o the_o factor_n can_v be_v charge_v with_o the_o same_o if_o a_o factor_n make_v return_n unto_o a_o merchant_n for_o the_o provenue_n of_o his_o commodity_n sell_v commodity_n prohibit_v commodity_n in_o prohibit_v good_n which_o may_v not_o be_v export_v and_o have_v no_o commission_n from_o the_o merchant_n to_o do_v the_o same_o he_o shall_v bear_v the_o loss_n of_o those_o good_n if_o they_o be_v seize_v upon_o for_o the_o king_n or_o take_v as_o forfeit_v but_o if_o it_o be_v upon_o commodity_n to_o be_v import_v the_o factor_n be_v in_o no_o fault_n howbeit_o he_o ought_v to_o give_v advice_n unto_o the_o merchant_n what_o commodity_n be_v forbid_v to_o be_v import_v or_o export_v according_a to_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n which_o be_v absolute_a governor_n in_o their_o haven_n harbour_n port_n or_o creek_n money_n money_n if_o a_o factor_n commit_v any_o unlawful_a act_n by_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o merchant_n be_v it_o for_o the_o transportation_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n into_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n or_o otherwise_o and_o if_o it_o happen_v thereupon_o that_o the_o same_o be_v take_v the_o merchant_n bear_v the_o loss_n and_o yet_o the_o factor_n be_v subject_a to_o pay_v treble_a damage_n by_o the_o law_n if_o it_o be_v follow_v within_o the_o year_n or_o may_v be_v fine_v for_o the_o same_o in_o the_o starchamber_n although_o it_o be_v many_o year_n after_o if_o a_o factor_n do_v pay_v money_n for_o a_o merchant_n without_o commission_n to_o another_o man_n it_o be_v at_o his_o peril_n to_o answer_v for_o it_o and_o if_o he_o deliver_v other_o man_n money_n at_o interest_n and_o take_v more_o than_o the_o toleration_n of_o the_o statute_n which_o be_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n whereby_o the_o say_a statute_n against_o usury_n take_v hold_v of_o he_o and_o the_o money_n be_v lose_v the_o say_a factor_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v therewith_o and_o to_o make_v good_a the_o money_n unto_o the_o merchant_n if_o a_o factor_n have_v receive_v other_o man_n good_n or_o money_n into_o his_o custody_n be_v rob_v of_o the_o say_a good_n and_o money_n he_o be_v to_o bear_v the_o loss_n good_n lose_a good_n and_o to_o make_v good_a the_o same_o to_o the_o merchant_n but_o not_o in_o case_n where_o the_o unmerciful_a element_n of_o fire_n and_o water_n shall_v destroy_v the_o say_a good_n or_o money_n or_o where_o a_o town_n be_v sack_v or_o peel_v which_o be_v always_o to_o be_v bear_v by_o the_o owner_n or_o proprietary_n of_o the_o same_o if_o a_o factor_n buy_v a_o commodity_n commodity_n damnify_v commodity_n which_o afterward_o become_v damnify_v by_o some_o accident_n or_o casualty_n whereby_o the_o merchant_n for_o who_o account_n he_o buy_v the_o same_o become_v a_o loose_a that_o factor_n be_v not_o to_o be_v charge_v with_o any_o part_n of_o the_o loss_n but_o if_o the_o commodity_n be_v damnify_v before_o than_o he_o be_v to_o bear_v some_o part_n of_o the_o loss_n although_o it_o happen_v to_o be_v know_v afterward_o a_o factor_n buy_v for_o a_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n one_o hundred_o ton_n of_o allome_n which_o come_v from_o civita_n vecchia_n lade_v with_o some_o candia_n oil_n whereof_o some_o part_n be_v spill_v upon_o the_o say_a allome_n afterward_o the_o same_o be_v mingle_v together_o be_v sell_v and_o transport_v to_o amsterdam_n and_o there_o sell_v to_o the_o dyer_n of_o harlem_n amsterdam_n and_o rotterdam_n who_o use_v the_o same_o find_v their_o cloth_n stain_v in_o diverse_a place_n for_o where_o the_o oil_n touch_v there_o the_o colour_n can_v not_o take_v so_o that_o they_o become_v great_a loser_n as_o appear_v by_o diverse_a testimonial_n the_o factor_n do_v thereupon_o demand_v reparation_n of_o damage_n of_o he_o who_o sell_v he_o the_o allome_a and_o the_o merchant_n do_v the_o like_a of_o the_o factor_n for_o there_o be_v above_o 300_o will_v lost_n whereupon_o the_o matter_n be_v much_o debate_v among_o merchant_n both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o they_o do_v deliver_v their_o parece_a or_o opinion_n in_o writing_n merchant_n the_o parece_a of_o merchant_n and_o be_v find_v that_o the_o factor_n have_v knowledge_n that_o some_o oil_n have_v be_v spill_v upon_o the_o allome_a and_o nevertheless_o buy_v the_o same_o he_o be_v adjudge_v by_o the_o sentence_n of_o merchant_n to_o pay_v the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o say_a loss_n and_o the_o other_o half_o be_v bear_v between_o the_o dyer_n and_o the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n and_o he_o that_o sell_v the_o allome_n be_v clear_v and_o full_o pay_v so_o that_o in_o these_o case_n the_o circumstance_n and_o accident_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v if_o a_o factor_n do_v receive_v money_n for_o other_o man_n account_n money_n loss_n by_o money_n which_o afterward_o be_v decry_v or_o some_o loss_n do_v happen_v by_o exchange_v the_o same_o be_v it_o upon_o copper_n money_n or_o light_a gold_n take_v for_o merchandise_n sell_v every_o man_n be_v to_o bear_v that_o loss_n proportionable_o according_a to_o his_o sum_n and_o the_o factor_n be_v to_o sustain_v no_o damage_n thereby_o unless_o it_o be_v for_o false_a coin_n by_o he_o receive_v which_o he_o be_v bind_v to_o know_v credit_n letter_n of_o credit_n if_o a_o factor_n be_v require_v by_o a_o merchant_n letter_n of_o credit_n to_o give_v credit_n unto_o other_o he_o must_v look_v very_o precise_o to_o observe_v the_o same_o according_o which_o letter_n of_o credit_n be_v either_o ample_a or_o restrain_v to_o certain_a condition_n and_o limitation_n of_o time_n place_n person_n sum_n and_o many_o other_o circumstance_n if_o they_o be_v ample_a then_o be_v it_o dangerous_a for_o the_o giver_n of_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n and_o may_v also_o procure_v a_o loss_n to_o fall_v upon_o the_o factor_n wherein_o consideration_n must_v be_v have_v both_o way_n suppose_v a._n b._n of_o london_n write_v his_o letter_n unto_o c._n d._n of_o antuerp_n in_o these_o word_n if_o e._n f._n of_o amsterdam_n or_o any_o other_o of_o my_o friend_n there_o draw_v by_o exchange_n upon_o you_o any_o sum_n of_o money_n it_o may_v please_v you_o to_o follow_v his_o and_o my_o friend_n order_n i_o will_v be_v your_o warrant_n for_o all_o and_o have_v a_o care_n that_o all_o shall_v be_v accomplish_v orderly_o c.d._n
of_o antuerp_n the_o factor_n in_o this_o case_n rechange_v exchange_n and_o rechange_v do_v accept_v from_o time_n to_o time_n many_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o pay_v they_o according_o and_o take_v up_o the_o money_n by_o the_o direction_n of_o e.f._n of_o amsterdam_n for_o spain_n and_o other_o place_n and_o so_o continue_v the_o same_o for_o a_o long_a time_n by_o way_n of_o rechange_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o upon_o the_o say_a credit_n of_o a.b._n of_o london_n at_o last_o this_o factor_n c.d._n become_v suspicious_a because_o of_o this_o long_a continuance_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o rechange_v and_o write_v unto_o the_o say_v a.b._n of_o london_n to_o know_v whether_o he_o be_v content_v to_o continue_v his_o former_a credit_n by_o he_o give_v to_o e._n f._n of_o amsterdam_n a._n b._n continue_v the_o same_o but_o with_o a_o limitation_n to_o a_o certain_a sum_n credit_n limitation_n of_o letter_n of_o credit_n not_o know_v what_o sum_n of_o money_n the_o say_v c.d._n be_v engage_v for_o the_o say_v e.f._n of_o amsterdam_n for_o c.d._n give_v he_o no_o notice_n of_o it_o at_o that_o time_n hereupon_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o e.f._n of_o amsterdam_n become_v insoluent_a and_o be_v much_o indebt_v unto_o c.d._n the_o factor_n of_o antuerpe_n this_o factor_n require_v his_o satisfaction_n at_o the_o hand_n of_o a.b._n of_o london_n according_a to_o the_o former_a letter_n of_o credit_n a.b._n do_v answer_n that_o he_o have_v restrain_v and_o limit_v the_o say_a credit_n to_o a_o certain_a sum_n which_o indeed_o do_v cut_v off_o all_o former_a matter_n see_v c.d._n give_v he_o no_o notice_n of_o the_o money_n owe_v before_o and_o a.b._n be_v only_o to_o answer_v for_o the_o money_n which_o be_v take_v up_o by_o the_o second_o letter_n of_o credit_n according_a to_o the_o sum_n limit_v otherwise_o a._n b._n have_v be_v clear_v of_o all_o but_o if_o c.d._n do_v continue_v those_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o rechange_v upon_o the_o credit_n of_o a._n b_o and_o the_o factor_n with_o who_o he_o have_v correspondence_n do_v become_v insoluent_a and_o thereby_o c.d._n the_o factor_n be_v damnify_v and_o pay_v the_o money_n run_v by_o exchange_n or_o be_v bind_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o this_o factor_n be_v to_o be_v save_v harmless_a by_o a._n b._n because_o he_o take_v up_o or_o cause_v to_o be_v take_v up_o regard_v the_o efficient_a cause_n always_o to_o be_v regard_v the_o say_a money_n original_o so_o that_o his_o credit_n be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o it_o and_o the_o factor_n be_v to_o be_v regard_v herein_o in_o all_o reason_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v accept_v bill_n of_o exchange_n of_o a_o merchant_n with_o order_z to_z rechange_v the_o same_o again_o upon_o he_o or_o to_o take_v it_o up_o by_o exchange_n for_o another_o place_n or_o place_n where_o he_o the_o say_a factor_n shall_v find_v it_o to_o be_v for_o the_o most_o benefit_n of_o the_o merchant_n if_o this_o factor_n take_v up_o the_o same_o according_a to_o his_o best_a skill_n and_o knowledge_n although_o it_o be_v find_v contrary_a to_o the_o merchant_n intention_n the_o factor_n be_v not_o to_o be_v charge_v and_o the_o merchant_n be_v to_o save_v he_o harmless_a for_o the_o principal_a with_o exchange_n rechange_v and_o all_o charge_n of_o factoridge_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v make_v over_o money_n for_o another_o man_n account_n by_o exchange_n unto_o another_o man_n or_o merchant_n before_o he_o have_v notice_n that_o this_o merchant_n be_v break_v and_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v not_o due_a this_o factor_n have_v authority_n to_o countermand_v the_o payment_n of_o this_o money_n although_o the_o party_n upon_o who_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v direct_v have_v accept_v the_o same_o and_o if_o the_o say_a party_n shall_v pay_v the_o same_o before_o it_o be_v due_a he_o be_v to_o repay_v the_o same_o again_o to_o the_o say_a factor_n as_o have_v pay_v it_o in_o his_o own_o wrong_n contrary_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n in_o exchange_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v freight_v a_o ship_n for_o some_o voyage_n to_o be_v make_v ship_n freight_v of_o ship_n go_v and_o come_v for_o a_o merchant_n account_n and_o by_o his_o commission_n or_o order_n whereof_o a_o charter_n party_n of_o fraightment_n be_v make_v by_o indenture_n between_o he_o and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n this_o factor_n be_v liable_a for_o the_o performance_n thereof_o and_o to_o pay_v the_o freight_n and_o all_o thing_n according_o but_o if_o the_o ship_n be_v only_o freight_v outward_o and_o the_o factor_n lade_v the_o same_o with_o some_o good_n than_o these_o good_n be_v liable_a for_o the_o freight_n and_o the_o master_n can_v demand_v nothing_o of_o the_o factor_n by_o the_o charterpartie_n but_o must_v look_v to_o be_v pay_v by_o the_o party_n that_o receive_v the_o good_n according_a to_o the_o bill_n of_o lade_n whereby_o it_o be_v condition_v lade_n bill_n of_o lade_n that_o the_o freight_n shall_v be_v pay_v upon_o the_o receipt_n of_o the_o say_a good_n and_o so_o be_v it_o also_o if_o a_o ship_n be_v freight_v to_o go_v to_o diverse_a part_n as_o it_o be_v bind_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o and_o to_o be_v free_a in_o the_o last_o place_n of_o his_o discharge_n for_o the_o master_n must_v still_o have_v a_o eye_n to_o be_v secure_v by_o good_n unless_o there_o be_v a_o express_a condition_n make_v in_o the_o charterpartie_n to_o the_o contrary_a or_o that_o the_o ship_n be_v freight_v by_o the_o great_a for_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o a_o agreement_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v freight_v a_o ship_n for_o another_o man_n or_o for_o his_o own_o account_n and_o when_o it_o come_v to_o the_o place_n appoint_v to_o unlade_v there_o be_v no_o good_n to_o relade_v the_o same_o or_o there_o want_v money_n for_o the_o lade_n thereof_o if_o the_o master_n do_v not_o stay_v out_o all_o his_o day_n of_o demourer_n agree_v upon_o by_o the_o charterpartie_n of_o fraightment_n lade_v protest_v for_o not_o lade_v and_o make_v a_o protest_n against_o the_o party_n that_o he_o be_v consign_v unto_o to_o give_v he_o his_o lade_n within_o that_o time_n but_o come_v away_o before_o that_o time_n be_v expire_v and_o although_o he_o make_v a_o protest_n for_o that_o he_o be_v not_o lade_v yet_o the_o factor_n be_v to_o pay_v he_o no_o freight_n at_o all_o unless_o for_o the_o freight_n outward_o it_o be_v condition_v by_o the_o charterpartie_n but_o if_o the_o master_n do_v stay_v out_o his_o time_n than_o the_o factor_n be_v to_o answer_v the_o freight_n although_o the_o master_n have_v lade_v his_o ship_n with_o salt_n for_o his_o own_o account_n for_o if_o the_o say_a ship_n have_v be_v lade_v only_o with_o salt_n by_o the_o merchant_n which_o it_o may_v be_v will_v not_o pay_v half_o the_o freight_n yet_o the_o factor_n or_o merchant_n may_v at_o their_o pleasure_n abandon_v the_o same_o to_o the_o master_n for_o his_o freight_n freight_n good_n to_o be_v abandon_v for_o the_o freight_n and_o the_o master_n can_v demand_v no_o more_o of_o the_o factor_n by_o the_o charterpartie_n but_o if_o the_o master_n do_v take_v in_o salt_n and_o lade_v his_o ship_n by_o his_o own_o mean_n before_o the_o day_n of_o demourer_n be_v expire_v and_o that_o by_o some_o condition_n make_v with_o the_o factor_n he_o may_v claim_v freight_v then_o the_o factor_n be_v to_o have_v the_o benefit_n of_o the_o salt_n in_o defalcation_n of_o the_o say_a freight_n if_o a_o factor_n do_v freight_v a_o ship_n for_o a_o merchant_n and_o afterward_o the_o say_a ship_n be_v take_v to_o serve_v the_o king_n for_o some_o few_o day_n within_o the_o time_n agree_v upon_o for_o the_o lade_n and_o hereupon_o the_o merchant_n disclaim_v the_o freight_a of_o the_o say_a ship_n albeit_o the_o factor_n do_v proceed_v to_o lade_v the_o same_o in_o this_o case_n the_o factor_n be_v not_o to_o bear_v any_o loss_n but_o what_o damage_n shall_v be_v adjudge_v to_o the_o master_n the_o merchant_n be_v to_o save_v the_o factor_n harmless_a of_o it_o if_o a_o factor_n do_v hire_v a_o ship_n by_o the_o month_n for_o another_o merchant_n or_o for_o his_o own_o account_n and_o lade_v the_o same_o be_v ready_a to_o depart_v afterward_o the_o king_n make_v a_o general_a embargo_fw-mi or_o restraint_n upon_o all_o ship_n for_o a_o time_n the_o master_n can_v demand_v any_o freight_n of_o the_o factor_n for_o and_o during_o the_o say_a time_n of_o arrest_n and_o if_o the_o ship_n be_v unlade_v again_o and_o employ_v in_o the_o king_n service_n the_o factor_n be_v free_a of_o all_o agreement_n or_o covenant_n with_o the_o master_n freighting_a money_o give_v for_o freighting_a if_o a_o factor_n do_v receive_v
and_o rechange_n for_o it_o after_o a_o great_a rate_n and_o nevertheless_o they_o will_v be_v sure_a to_o have_v pepper_n or_o any_o other_o commodity_n at_o a_o certain_a rate_n agree_v upon_o between_o they_o fleet._n money_n payable_a at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o fleet._n or_o else_o in_o ready_a money_n payable_a also_o at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o say_a west-indies_n fleet_n albeit_o they_o do_v not_o bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o silver_n bullion_n or_o royal_n of_o eight_o rather_o admit_v a_o clause_n that_o if_o the_o treasure_n do_v miscarry_v they_o shall_v have_v their_o money_n repay_v within_o a_o certain_a time_n and_o interest_n of_o 7_o ê‘_n 100_o unless_o it_o be_v they_o agree_v for_o the_o pepper_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n for_o many_o year_n to_o be_v take_v at_o a_o reasonable_a price_n they_o bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n as_o the_o lord_n foulker_n of_o germany_n do_v contract_n in_o the_o year_n 1592._o with_o philip_n the_o second_o king_n of_o spain_n whereby_o they_o become_v loser_n by_o the_o take_n of_o the_o great_a carrack_n the_o mother_n of_o god_n at_o the_o sea_n the_o next_o year_n follow_v now_o because_o in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n we_o have_v speak_v of_o a_o bank_n and_o the_o payment_n of_o banker_n it_o will_v not_o be_v impertinent_a to_o entreat_v thereof_o before_o any_o further_o proceed_v to_o the_o end_n this_o matter_n may_v be_v understand_v of_o every_o merchant_n and_o other_o chap._n xx._n of_o bank_n and_o banker_n a_o bank_n be_v proper_o a_o collection_n of_o all_o the_o ready_a money_n of_o some_o kingdom_n bank_n the_o description_n of_o a_o bank_n commonwealth_n or_o province_n as_o also_o of_o a_o particular_a city_n or_o town_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o some_o person_n license_v and_o establish_v thereunto_o by_o public_a authority_n of_o some_o king_n prince_z or_o commonwealth_n erect_v with_o great_a solemnity_n in_o the_o view_n of_o all_o the_o people_n and_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o city_n commonwealth_n or_o kingdom_n with_o a_o intimation_n thereof_o make_v diverse_a time_n to_o be_v upon_o such_o a_o day_n in_o the_o open_a market_n place_n where_o a_o scaffold_n be_v purposely_o erect_v with_o a_o ostentation_n of_o great_a store_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n suppose_v to_o belong_v to_o these_o person_n or_o banker_n so_o establish_v which_o be_v unto_o they_o a_o attractive_a power_n to_o persuade_v and_o allure_v the_o common_a people_n to_o bring_v their_o money_n into_o these_o banker_n hand_n where_o at_o all_o time_n they_o may_v command_v it_o and_o have_v it_o again_o at_o their_o own_o pleasure_n with_o allow_v they_o only_o a_o small_a matter_n of_o five_o upon_o every_o thousand_o ducat_n or_o crown_n when_o any_o man_n will_v retire_v or_o draw_v his_o money_n into_o his_o own_o hand_n again_o which_o although_o it_o be_v but_o in_o twenty_o year_n yet_o during_o all_o that_o time_n they_o be_v to_o have_v no_o more_o so_o that_o these_o person_n or_o banker_n do_v become_v as_o it_o be_v the_o general_a servant_n or_o cashier_v of_o that_o province_n city_n or_o commonwealth_n these_o banker_n as_o they_o have_v their_o company_n factor_n or_o correspondence_n in_o the_o chief_a place_n of_o trade_n in_o europe_n so_o must_v they_o also_o keep_v account_n with_o every_o man_n of_o who_o they_o have_v receive_v any_o money_n into_o their_o bank_n out_o of_o which_o number_n no_o man_n of_o that_o jurisdiction_n be_v almost_o exempt_v but_o general_o all_o man_n be_v desirous_a to_o please_v they_o and_o to_o bring_v their_o ready_a money_n into_o their_o bank_n as_o also_o such_o money_n as_o they_o have_v in_o foreign_a part_n in_o regard_v whereof_o these_o banker_n do_v give_v they_o great_a credit_n for_o if_o any_o man_n have_v occasion_n to_o bestow_v in_o merchandise_n or_o to_o pay_v in_o money_n 3_o or_o four_o thousand_o ducat_n and_o have_v but_o one_o thousand_o ducat_n in_o the_o bank_n the_o banker_n will_v pay_v it_o for_o he_o more_o or_o less_o as_o the_o party_n be_v well_o know_v or_o credit_v without_o take_v any_o gain_n for_o it_o although_o it_o be_v for_o 3_o 4_o 6_o or_o more_o month_n this_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o great_a commodity_n as_o no_o doubt_n it_o be_v to_o man_n in_o particular_a but_o be_v well_o consider_v of_o it_o will_v be_v find_v a_o small_a friendship_n and_o no_o more_o in_o effect_n than_o if_o a_o man_n do_v participate_v the_o light_n of_o his_o candle_n to_o another_o man_n candle_n for_o what_o be_v this_o credit_n or_o what_o be_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o bank_n but_o almost_o or_o rather_o altogether_o imaginary_a as_o for_o example_n payment_n the_o manner_n of_o the_o banker_n payment_n peter_n have_v two_o thousand_o ducat_n in_o bank_n john_n have_v three_o thousand_o and_o william_n four_o thousand_o and_o so_o consequent_o other_o more_z or_o less_o peter_n have_v occasion_n to_o pay_v unto_o john_n one_o thousand_o ducat_n he_o go_v to_o the_o banker_n at_o the_o appoint_a hour_n which_o be_v certain_a both_o in_o the_o forenoon_n and_o afternoon_n and_o require_v they_o to_o pay_v one_o thousand_o ducat_n unto_o john_n whereupon_o they_o present_o make_v peter_n debtor_n for_o one_o thousand_o ducat_n and_o john_n creditor_n for_o the_o same_o sum_n so_o that_o peter_n have_v assign_v unto_o john_n one_o thousand_o ducat_n have_v now_o no_o more_o but_o one_o thousand_o ducat_n in_o bank_n where_o he_o have_v two_o thousand_o before_o and_o john_n have_v four_o thousand_o ducat_n in_o the_o same_o bank_n where_o he_o have_v but_o three_o thousand_o before_o and_o so_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n of_o assignation_n john_n do_v pay_v unto_o william_n and_o william_n unto_o other_o without_o that_o any_o money_n be_v touch_v but_o remain_v still_o in_o the_o banker_n hand_n which_o within_o a_o short_a time_n after_o the_o erection_n of_o the_o bank_n amount_v unto_o many_o million_o and_o by_o their_o industry_n they_o do_v incorporate_v the_o same_o which_o may_v easy_o be_v understand_v if_o we_o do_v but_o consider_v what_o the_o ready_a money_n and_o wealth_n of_o london_n will_v come_v unto_o if_o it_o be_v gather_v into_o one_o man_n hand_n much_o more_o if_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o riches_n of_o other_o country_n be_v add_v thereunto_o as_o these_o banker_n can_v cunning_o compass_v by_o the_o course_n of_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n the_o ebb_a and_o flow_v whereof_o be_v cause_v by_o their_o motion_n from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o in_o our_o treatise_n of_o exchange_n be_v declare_v but_o some_o will_v say_v or_o demand_v can_v a_o man_n have_v any_o ready_a money_n out_o of_o the_o banker_n hand_n if_o he_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v it_o yes_o that_o he_o can_v but_o before_o he_o have_v it_o they_o will_v be_v so_o bold_a as_o to_o know_v for_o what_o purpose_n he_o demand_v the_o same_o or_o what_o he_o will_v do_v with_o it_o if_o it_o be_v to_o pay_v any_o man_n withal_o they_o will_v always_o do_v that_o for_o he_o as_o have_v account_n almost_o with_o all_o man_n for_o he_o be_v account_v to_o be_v of_o no_o credit_n that_o have_v not_o any_o money_n in_o bank_n if_o he_o do_v demand_v it_o for_o to_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_n in_o some_o other_o country_n they_o will_v also_o serve_v his_o turn_n in_o give_v he_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o any_o place_n wheresoever_o because_o they_o have_v their_o company_n or_o correspondence_n in_o every_o place_n if_o he_o do_v demand_v it_o for_o his_o charge_n and_o expense_n it_o will_v be_v pay_v he_o forthwith_o because_o it_o be_v but_o a_o small_a sum_n and_o in_o the_o end_n the_o money_n come_v into_o their_o hand_n again_o if_o they_o pay_v out_o money_n to_o any_o man_n that_o have_v money_n in_o bank_n will_v bestow_v the_o same_o in_o purchase_n of_o land_n they_o will_v still_o have_v a_o eye_n to_o have_v it_o again_o in_o bank_n one_o way_n or_o other_o at_o the_o second_o and_o three_o hand_n so_o that_o they_o once_o be_v possess_v of_o money_n they_o will_v hardly_o be_v dispossess_v and_o their_o payment_n be_v in_o effect_n all_o by_o assignation_n and_o imaginary_a and_o if_o they_o have_v any_o money_n in_o bank_n belong_v unto_o widow_n and_o orphan_n or_o any_o other_o person_n that_o have_v no_o occasion_n to_o use_v the_o same_o they_o will_v allow_v they_o interest_n after_o four_o or_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o the_o year_n at_o the_o most_o and_o that_o upon_o especial_a favour_n for_o every_o man_n seek_v to_o please_v they_o as_o in_o matter_n where_o commodum_fw-la privatum_fw-la bear_v the_o rule_n for_o they_o can_v easy_o please_v man_n in_o particular_a in_o give_v they_o some_o credit_n of_o that_o great_a
say_a merchant_n do_v covenant_n with_o he_o every_o one_o for_o his_o tonnage_n as_o aforesaid_a that_o he_o or_o they_o and_o either_o of_o they_o will_v lade_v or_o cause_n to_o be_v lade_v within_o the_o day_n limit_v the_o say_a ship_n with_o such_o and_o such_o commodity_n according_o pesterable_a ware_n or_o good_n except_v commodity_n pesterable_a ware_n or_o commodity_n which_o be_v good_n of_o great_a volume_n and_o cumbersome_a whereof_o no_o true_a computation_n for_o tonnage_n can_v be_v make_v so_o that_o the_o freight_n of_o such_o kind_n of_o good_n be_v make_v according_o and_o the_o say_a merchant_n do_v further_a covenant_n to_o pay_v unto_o the_o master_n three_o pound_n or_o more_o for_o the_o freight_n of_o every_o tun_n lade_v upon_o the_o full_a discharge_n of_o his_o say_a ship_n and_o delivery_n of_o the_o say_a good_n at_o london_n aforesaid_a account_v two_o and_o twenty_o hundred_o and_o a_o half_a or_o so_o many_o kintall_n for_o a_o tun_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n for_o two_o pipe_n or_o butt_n four_o hogshead_n and_o other_o commodity_n rate_v for_o the_o tun_n or_o last_o as_o four_o chest_n of_o sugar_n six_o barrel_n of_o â—ny_n other_o commodity_n for_o a_o tun_n as_o in_o the_o four_o chapter_n of_o weight_n and_o measure_n be_v declare_v with_o primage_n petilodeminage_n and_o sometime_o pilotage_n according_a to_o the_o accustom_a manner_n in_o the_o like_a voyage_n etc._n etc._n bind_v themselves_o each_o to_o other_o for_o the_o performance_n thereof_o in_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n nomine_fw-la poenae_fw-la with_o such_o other_o clause_n condition_n caution_n or_o other_o agreement_n as_o may_v be_v conclude_v between_o they_o which_o be_v well_o express_v prevent_v all_o those_o and_o the_o like_a question_n which_o the_o civilians_n do_v discourse_n upon_o as_o the_o follow_a may_v be_v for_o a_o instance_n question_n about_o fraighting_n and_o their_o solution_n if_o a_o ship_n be_v freight_v by_o the_o great_a posito_fw-la two_o hundred_o ton_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o six_o hundred_o pound_n to_o be_v pay_v at_o the_o return_n the_o say_a sum_n of_o 600_o will_v be_v to_o be_v pay_v although_o the_o ship_n be_v not_o of_o that_o burden_n if_o the_o like_a ship_n of_o 200_o ton_n be_v freight_v and_o the_o sum_n be_v not_o either_o by_o the_o great_a or_o tun_n express_v then_o such_o freight_n as_o be_v accustom_v to_o be_v pay_v in_o the_o like_a voyage_n be_v due_a and_o aught_o to_o be_v pay_v according_o if_o the_o like_a ship_n of_o 200_o ton_n be_v freight_v by_o the_o tun_n and_o full_o lade_v according_a to_o their_o charterpartie_n then_o freight_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v for_o every_o tun_n otherwise_o but_o for_o so_o many_o tun_n as_o the_o lade_n in_o the_o same_o be_v if_o the_o like_a ship_n of_o two_o hundred_o be_v freight_v and_o name_v to_o be_v of_o that_o burden_n in_o their_o covenant_n and_o be_v freight_v by_o the_o tun_n shall_v be_v find_v to_o be_v less_o in_o bigness_n there_o be_v no_o more_o due_a to_o be_v pay_v than_o by_o the_o tun_n for_o so_o many_o as_o the_o same_o do_v carry_v and_o bring_v in_o good_n if_o the_o like_a ship_n be_v freight_v for_o two_o hundred_o ton_n or_o thereabouts_o this_o addition_n or_o thereabouts_o be_v within_o five_o ton_n common_o take_v and_o understand_v as_o the_o moiety_n of_o the_o number_n ten_o whereof_o the_o whole_a number_n be_v compound_v if_o the_o like_a ship_n be_v freight_v by_o the_o great_a and_o the_o burden_n of_o it_o be_v not_o express_v in_o the_o contract_n yet_o the_o sum_n certain_a agree_v upon_o be_v to_o be_v pay_v without_o any_o cavillation_n if_o freight_n be_v agree_v upon_o for_o the_o commodity_n lade_v or_o to_o be_v lade_v for_o a_o certain_a price_n for_o every_o pack_n barrel_n butt_n and_o pipe_n etc._n etc._n without_o any_o regard_n have_v to_o the_o burden_n of_o the_o ship_n but_o to_o give_v she_o the_o full_a lade_n no_o man_n make_v doubt_n but_o that_o the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v perform_v according_o if_o the_o like_a ship_n or_o any_o other_o be_v freight_v by_o the_o great_a for_o a_o sum_n certain_a happen_v to_o be_v cast_v away_o there_o be_v nothing_o due_a for_o freight_v but_o if_o the_o ship_n be_v freight_v by_o the_o ton_n or_o piece_n of_o commodity_n lade_v and_o cast_v away_o and_o some_o save_v then_o be_v it_o make_v questionable_a whether_o any_o freight_n be_v due_a for_o the_o good_n save_v pro_fw-la rata_fw-la albeit_o there_o be_v none_o due_a at_o all_o for_o the_o assuror_n be_v not_o to_o be_v abridge_v herein_o by_o any_o freight_n hence_o arise_v some_o other_o question_n exempli_fw-la gratia_fw-la whether_o a_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n have_v undertake_v to_o carry_v over_o a_o family_n or_o certain_a slave_n or_o cattle_n and_o some_o of_o they_o die_v in_o the_o voyage_n shall_v have_v any_o fraught_n for_o those_o person_n or_o cattle_n which_o be_v dead_a whereupon_o three_o consideration_n be_v incident_a 1_o if_o the_o contract_n be_v make_v for_o the_o whole_a family_n slave_n or_o cattle_n than_o the_o freight_n or_o passage_n money_n be_v due_a and_o to_o be_v pay_v for_o all_o 2_o if_o it_o be_v covenant_v that_o for_o every_o head_n or_o passenger_n the_o master_n shall_v have_v a_o certainty_n then_o for_o the_o dead_a never_o come_v to_o the_o destine_a place_n there_o be_v nothing_o due_a 3_o if_o it_o do_v not_o appear_v how_o the_o agreement_n be_v make_v but_o that_o there_o be_v a_o certain_a sum_n agree_v upon_o then_o that_o agreement_n be_v a_o entire_a thing_n be_v to_o be_v perform_v although_o some_o die_v the_o reason_n be_v because_o there_o be_v no_o fault_n in_o the_o master_n and_o therefore_o the_o rule_n of_o re_fw-mi integra_fw-la remain_v good_a and_o if_o a_o woman_n be_v carry_v over_o and_o be_v deliver_v of_o a_o child_n in_o the_o voyage_n yet_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o passage_n of_o the_o child_n which_o she_o carry_v in_o her_o arm_n there_o be_v a_o ancient_a question_n whether_o a_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n who_o promise_v to_o place_v another_o in_o his_o ship_n and_o to_o expose_v he_o in_o a_o certain_a place_n can_v demand_v any_o recompense_n for_o the_o same_o he_o never_o have_v place_v the_o party_n there_o but_o the_o party_n come_v into_o the_o ship_n and_o so_o go_v over_o wherein_o they_o consider_v the_o difference_n between_o live_a creature_n and_o rational_a or_o thing_n dead_a and_o insensible_a and_o diverse_a other_o reason_n which_o i_o omit_v for_o it_o may_v well_o be_v compare_v to_o the_o disputation_n de_fw-fr lana_n caprina_fw-la whether_o the_o hair_n of_o the_o buck_n be_v wool_n or_o hair_n which_o put_v i_o in_o mind_n of_o a_o pretty_a tale_n which_o for_o variety_n of_o theme_n i_o here_o bestow_v upon_o merry_a conceit_a mariner_n the_o poet_n have_v make_v charon_n to_o be_v the_o ferrieman_n of_o hell_n wager_n a_o merry_a tale_n of_o charon_n wager_n pass_v over_o the_o soul_n of_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o person_n of_o diverse_a profession_n fain_o that_o on_o a_o time_n a_o sophister_n be_v to_o be_v transport_v who_o take_v exception_n at_o charon_n beard_n and_o by_o a_o sillogisme_n will_v prove_v he_o to_o be_v a_o goat_n frame_v his_o argument_n in_o this_o manner_n a_o goat_n have_v a_o beard_n which_o be_v never_o kemb_v and_o you_o have_v a_o beard_n which_o be_v never_o kemb_v ergo_fw-la you_o be_v a_o goat_n charon_n answer_v do_v wonder_n at_o his_o conclusion_n and_o take_v upon_o he_o to_o prove_v the_o sophister_n to_o be_v a_o ass_n because_o that_o of_o a_o comparison_n he_o make_v a_o argument_n for_o say_v he_o if_o you_o have_v make_v a_o sillogisme_n in_o this_o manner_n argument_n a_o sophisticated_a argument_n that_o which_o be_v hail_n be_v no_o snow_n haile_n be_v white_a ergo_fw-la snow_n be_v not_o white_a then_o there_o have_v be_v some_o show_n of_o reason_n but_o tell_v i_o what_o be_v a_o ass_n and_o the_o sophister_n answer_v it_o be_v a_o live_a creature_n without_o reason_n and_o be_v demand_v what_o reason_n be_v he_o say_v it_o be_v to_o follow_v and_o use_v the_o good_a and_o to_o shun_v the_o evil_a then_o charon_n conclude_v upon_o his_o own_o word_n and_o say_v your_o own_o word_n have_v prove_v you_o a_o ass_n want_v reason_n for_o you_o have_v no_o reason_n in_o the_o world_n whereby_o you_o shall_v be_v guide_v to_o follow_v the_o good_a which_o be_v virtue_n but_o you_o have_v follow_v evil_a which_o be_v vice_n which_o make_v you_o to_o come_v hither_o to_o receive_v the_o punishment_n of_o a_o ass_n which_o be_v incident_a unto_o most_o mariner_n come_v on_o shore_n i_o wish_v they_o to_o remember_v thanksgiving_n to_o god_n
that_o it_o behoove_v all_o merchant_n to_o be_v careful_a what_o mark_v they_o use_v etc._n etc._n chap._n thirty-nine_o of_o the_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o broker_n and_o by_o the_o candle_n it_o be_v a_o old_a proverb_n and_o very_o true_a that_o between_o what_o will_v you_o buy_v and_o what_o will_v you_o sell_v there_o be_v twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o differ_v in_o the_o price_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o all_o nation_n do_v more_o affect_v to_o sell_v their_o commodity_n with_o reputation_n by_o mean_n of_o broker_n than_o we_o do_v for_o that_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v get_v thereby_o be_v more_o than_o double_v lose_v another_o way_n beside_o that_o by_o that_o course_n many_o difference_n be_v prevent_v which_o may_v arise_v between_o man_n and_o man_n in_o their_o bargain_n or_o verbal_a contract_n for_o the_o testimony_n of_o a_o swear_a broker_n and_o his_o book_n together_o be_v sufficient_a to_o end_v the_o same_o and_o moreover_o it_o be_v many_o time_n a_o cause_n that_o factor_n and_o servant_n deal_v more_o faithful_o for_o their_o master_n in_o buy_v or_o sell_v of_o all_o commodity_n or_o in_o money_n by_o exchange_n know_v their_o evidence_n be_v extant_a against_o they_o therefore_o no_o broker_n shall_v be_v admit_v unless_o he_o be_v swear_v and_o upon_o affidavit_fw-la or_o certificate_n make_v by_o some_o principal_a merchant_n of_o his_o sufficiency_n and_o behaviour_n and_o to_o put_v surety_n for_o his_o true_a and_o good_a demeanour_n among_o merchant_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o london_n for_o albeit_o that_o the_o common_a say_n be_v that_o a_o crafty_a merchant_n need_v no_o broker_n yet_o it_o may_v much_o concern_v the_o commonwealth_n when_o too_o much_o hunt_v after_o foreign_a commodity_n may_v increase_v the_o price_n of_o they_o and_o offer_v our_o home_n commodity_n to_o sale_n customhouse_n bill_n of_o entry_n in_o the_o customhouse_n may_v be_v a_o occasion_n of_o undersel_v they_o to_o the_o general_a loss_n comparative_o consider_v wherein_o i_o think_v the_o bill_n of_o entry_n make_v so_o general_o common_a by_o the_o copy_n deliver_v to_o shopkeeper_n and_o other_o be_v to_o be_v regard_v for_o no_o soon_o be_v the_o good_n enter_v in_o the_o custome-booke_n but_o the_o copy_n of_o it_o be_v deliver_v abroad_o for_o every_o man_n to_o run_v upon_o they_o the_o venetian_n therefore_o have_v a_o office_n call_v messacaria_n consist_v only_o of_o broker_n which_o deal_v between_o man_n and_o man_n advise_o and_o in_o spain_n they_o be_v of_o such_o estimation_n that_o they_o ride_v on_o horseback_n upon_o their_o foot-cloth_n and_o have_v the_o inuoyce_n of_o merchant_n good_n they_o will_v deal_v for_o great_a matter_n at_o a_o time_n against_o the_o lade_n of_o the_o fleet_n for_o nova_fw-la espagna_n and_o the_o island_n of_o the_o west-indies_n to_o be_v pay_v partly_o ready_a money_n and_o partly_o at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o say_a fleet_n and_o then_o afterwards_o let_v you_o understand_v their_o merchant_n and_o many_o time_n they_o be_v of_o that_o mean_n and_o credit_n that_o for_o a_o small_a matter_n they_o will_v be_v bind_v to_o make_v the_o debt_n good_a if_o the_o merchant_n shall_v fail_v whereupon_o as_o the_o custom_n be_v to_o have_v one_o upon_o the_o hundred_o they_o will_v condition_n but_o double_a brocadge_n or_o less_o our_o broker_n of_o london_n take_v but_o two_o penny_n upon_o the_o pound_n which_o be_v less_o than_o one_o ê‘_n cent_n for_o the_o sale_n of_o commodity_n and_o to_o hinder_v one_o another_o they_o will_v take_v less_o which_o among_o merchant_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v take_v to_o be_v a_o disorder_n for_o they_o be_v incline_v to_o make_v the_o broker_n good_a gainer_n the_o like_a be_v do_v in_o the_o fair_n of_o frankford_n where_o many_o broker_n do_v resort_v twice_o in_o the_o year_n and_o they_o keep_v account_n of_o all_o the_o bargain_n that_o they_o make_v between_o the_o foreign_a merchant_n that_o come_v thither_o to_o make_v their_o payment_n most_o by_o rescounter_n and_o assignation_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o banker_n for_o the_o commodity_n sell_v in_o one_o mart_n be_v common_o payable_a the_o next_o mart_n be_v between_o five_o and_o six_o month_n time_n one_o after_o another_o wherein_o these_o broker_n be_v very_o necessary_a member_n and_o instrument_n also_o to_o transfer_v merchant_n bill_n obligatorie_n for_o other_o commodity_n or_o to_o make_v payment_n thereby_o the_o duty_n of_o the_o alcavalla_fw-la in_o spain_n be_v take_v upon_o that_o consideration_n candle_n sell_v by_o the_o candle_n the_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o the_o candle_n be_v a_o ancient_a custom_n beyond_o the_o sea_n only_o for_o such_o good_n rent_n upon_o house_n or_o land_n or_o the_o house_n also_o which_o require_v a_o sudden_a sale_n after_o they_o have_v be_v one_o year_n and_o one_o day_n denounce_v by_o publication_n that_o they_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v to_o the_o end_n that_o if_o any_o man_n will_v lay_v any_o claim_n thereunto_o they_o may_v come_v in_o within_o that_o time_n and_o these_o sale_n be_v make_v upon_o friday_n in_o accustom_a place_n by_o public_a authority_n for_o the_o better_a warrant_n of_o the_o buyer_n the_o manner_n of_o it_o be_v thus_o there_o be_v a_o waxen_a candle_n or_o a_o piece_n of_o it_o set_v up_o light_v in_o some_o place_n easy_a to_o be_v see_v and_o the_o stander_n by_o be_v require_v to_o make_v a_o offer_n for_o such_o good_n or_o such_o a_o house_n which_o be_v make_v another_o will_v offer_v more_o as_o they_o do_v in_o outcry_n have_v still_o a_o regard_n to_o the_o burn_a candle_n declaration_n be_v make_v how_o the_o payment_n must_v be_v so_o that_o he_o who_o make_v the_o last_o offer_n upon_o the_o go_v out_o of_o the_o candle_n have_v the_o bargain_n if_o it_o do_v fall_v oâ—t_o that_o there_o be_v confusion_n of_o voice_n of_o the_o offer_v make_v whereby_o it_o can_v be_v discern_v who_o make_v the_o last_o offer_n and_o the_o stander_n by_o do_v differ_v in_o their_o judgement_n of_o it_o than_o the_o candle_n be_v set_v up_o again_o by_o those_o that_o be_v in_o authority_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n it_o be_v determine_v according_o the_o merchant_n of_o the_o east-india_n company_n do_v imitate_v the_o same_o and_o after_o public_a notice_n give_v in_o write_v upon_o the_o royal_a exchange_n in_o london_n that_o such_o a_o day_n such_o and_o such_o commodity_n will_v be_v sell_v at_o such_o a_o place_n merchant_n and_o other_o know_v the_o great_a parcel_n of_o pepper_n indigo_n and_o other_o commodity_n of_o silk_n calico_n and_o such_o like_a will_v join_v together_o to_o buy_v the_o same_o in_o several_a company_n and_o so_o buy_v the_o same_o by_o the_o candle_n as_o aforesaid_a although_o it_o be_v a_o parcel_n of_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n the_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n be_v four_o time_n six_o month_n which_o be_v fifteen_o month_n in_o one_o payment_n according_a to_o which_o if_o you_o will_v pay_v all_o or_o part_n of_o it_o in_o ready_a money_n by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n you_o shall_v have_v use_n allow_v you_o according_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o but_o their_o good_a order_n require_v a_o more_o large_a declaration_n chap._n xl._n of_o buy_v of_o commodity_n by_o condition_n term_v capiticus_n and_o of_o sell_v thing_n upon_o casualty_n the_o buy_n of_o commodity_n upon_o condition_n be_v term_v by_o the_o civilians_n capiticus_n a_o capiendo_fw-la either_o to_o refuse_v or_o take_v upon_o a_o penalty_n or_o sometime_o upon_o a_o casual_a condition_n which_o bargain_n be_v much_o use_v in_o the_o low-countries_n as_o also_o in_o france_n especial_o at_o rouen_n and_o calais_n where_o myself_o have_v make_v money_n of_o corn_n and_o salt_n and_o this_o bargain_v be_v most_o proper_a for_o such_o and_o the_o like_a commodity_n the_o price_n whereof_o do_v quick_o rise_v or_o fall_v and_o be_v also_o commodious_a when_o a_o man_n money_n be_v not_o so_o ready_a to_o buy_v much_o and_o to_o make_v a_o great_a employment_n with_o little_a money_n which_o happen_v upon_o some_o sudden_a advice_n many_o time_n unexpected_a whereupon_o man_n be_v very_o hot_a either_o to_o buy_v or_o sell_v which_o be_v much_o use_v in_o flanders_n in_o buy_v of_o herring_n before_o they_o be_v catch_v by_o stelle_n geld_fw-mi as_o they_o call_v it_o that_o be_v by_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n agree_v upon_o to_o be_v pay_v if_o the_o party_n do_v repent_v himself_o of_o the_o bargain_n wherein_o he_o take_v a_o time_n of_o one_o month_n or_o two_o to_o be_v advise_v according_a to_o the_o occasion_n and_o probability_n of_o the_o success_n to_o disburse_v or_o offer_v fifty_o pound_n upon_o fifty_o last_o of_o herring_n
as_o for_o the_o erect_n of_o school_n and_o university_n maintenance_n of_o the_o poor_a and_o of_o widow_n and_o orphan_n reparation_n of_o church_n and_o highway_n and_o ditch_n for_o the_o plantation_n of_o collonye_n of_o people_n in_o other_o country_n and_o build_v of_o town_n and_o castle_n for_o their_o maintenance_n as_o also_o to_o erect_v pawne-house_n to_o supply_v the_o necessity_n of_o the_o mechanical_a poor_a suppress_v intolerable_a usury_n whereof_o we_o shall_v entreat_v in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o this_o book_n concern_v money_n the_o etymology_n of_o the_o word_n lotarie_a be_v derive_v from_o the_o word_n lot_n and_o albeit_o all_o lotary_n be_v thing_n casual_a in_o respect_n of_o man_n to_o who_o the_o lot_n fall_v yet_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o providence_n of_o god_n they_o be_v certain_a in_o effect_n by_o the_o say_v divine_a dispose_n of_o the_o lot_n insomuch_o that_o howsoever_o the_o word_n fortune_n chance_n fate_n destiny_n and_o casualty_n be_v borrow_v from_o the_o heathen_n it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o respect_v the_o effect_n and_o operation_n of_o god_n towards_o man_n they_o be_v proper_a distinction_n of_o god_n divine_a providence_n and_o hence_o arise_v the_o proverb_n nemo_fw-la sva_fw-la sort_n contentus_fw-la vivit_fw-la *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xlii_o of_o association_n monopoly_n engrossing_n and_o forestallings_n association_n be_v twofold_a the_o one_o be_v do_v by_o public_a authority_n of_o prince_n or_o state_n upon_o grant_n make_v by_o letter_n patent_n which_o be_v proper_o call_v society_n as_o the_o company_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n adventurer_n society_n of_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n which_o be_v of_o 400_o year_n stand_v or_o thereabouts_o reckon_v from_o the_o year_n 1248_o when_o the_o say_v merchant_n obtain_v privilege_n of_o john_n duke_n of_o brabant_n and_o be_v call_v the_o brotherhood_n of_o saint_n thomas_n becket_n of_o canturburie_n which_o be_v confirm_v by_o king_n edward_n 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neighbour_n prince_n and_o state_n vent_v the_o best_a commodity_n of_o the_o kingdom_n yet_o so_o that_o every_o man_n sell_v free_o at_o his_o pleasure_n without_o any_o combination_n or_o limitation_n to_o the_o great_a honour_n and_o service_n of_o the_o state_n wherein_o they_o may_v daily_o see_v and_o observe_v more_o and_o more_o as_o be_v heretofore_o declare_v etc._n society_n of_o east-indies_n virginia_n etc._n etc._n the_o east-india_n merchant_n be_v also_o a_o society_n but_o their_o adventurer_n run_v all_o into_o main_a stock_n and_o be_v govern_v and_o carry_v all_o joint_o upon_o benefit_n or_o loss_n this_o company_n begin_v in_o the_o year_n 1599_o so_o the_o merchant_n of_o turkey_n be_v a_o society_n also_o the_o virginia_n and_o barmuda_n merchant_n and_o diverse_a other_o be_v society_n incorporate_v by_o his_o majesty_n letter_n patent_n as_o aforesaid_a the_o other_o association_n be_v do_v by_o and_o between_o merchant_n of_o their_o own_o authority_n 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run_v into_o a_o labyrinth_n and_o confusion_n and_o by_o the_o common_a law_n one_o partner_n can_v proceed_v against_o another_o and_o in_o chancery_n the_o suit_n may_v be_v prolong_v for_o the_o life_n of_o a_o man_n unless_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v better_o understand_v and_o the_o auditor_n office_n be_v enable_v to_o end_v these_o business_n with_o brevity_n and_o expedition_n there_o be_v another_o branch_n of_o this_o manner_n of_o partnership_n employment_n partnership_n by_o employment_n which_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o factor_n beyond_o the_o sea_n deal_v for_o diverse_a merchant_n will_v sometime_o make_v employment_n of_o several_a man_n money_n in_o one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n to_o be_v divide_v among_o they_o here_o one_o may_v become_v a_o partner_n unaware_o and_o unknown_a as_o of_o late_o i_o know_v the_o like_a do_v happen_v in_o a_o great_a bargain_n of_o tobacco_n whereupon_o all_o the_o partner_n be_v seven_o in_o number_n be_v fall_v out_o and_o diverse_a 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have_v a_o part_n with_o they_o but_o find_v the_o mean_n to_o disburse_v no_o money_n for_o his_o part_n because_o he_o buy_v the_o say_a parcel_n of_o tobacco_n amount_v to_o some_o twelve_o thousand_o ducat_n and_o condition_v to_o pay_v a_o good_a part_n of_o it_o at_o six_o or_o more_o month_n and_o the_o seven_o merchant_n he_o provide_v not_o any_o money_n and_o neverle_n will_v have_v his_o part_n because_o he_o give_v order_n to_o his_o factor_n to_o take_v it_o up_o by_o exchange_n for_o london_n upon_o he_o promise_v that_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o here_o hereupon_o the_o bargain_n and_o employment_n of_o tobacco_n be_v make_v the_o good_n receive_v and_o send_v over_o to_o london_n where_o it_o be_v divide_o deliver_v to_o some_o of_o the_o say_a partner_n to_o be_v sell_v with_o one_o and_o other_o privity_n for_o the_o general_a account_n of_o they_o all_o to_o be_v make_v up_o among_o they_o to_o clear_v the_o say_a account_n and_o every_o man_n to_o have_v his_o part_n of_o the_o benefit_n and_o profit_n and_o likewise_o to_o bear_v such_o loss_n as_o may_v decrease_v their_o profit_n according_a to_o equity_n and_o conscience_n interim_n it_o happen_v that_o the_o factor_n who_o buy_v the_o say_a tobacco_n die_v insoluent_a who_o do_v not_o only_o leave_v his_o own_o part_n unpaid_a but_o a_o far_o great_a sum_n which_o the_o other_o two_o partner_n be_v fain_o to_o pay_v be_v bind_v for_o it_o in_o all_o amount_v to_o 1300_o will_v starling_n now_o the_o question_n be_v how_o this_o loss_n shall_v be_v bear_v among_o they_o the_o first_o merchant_n he_o say_v i_o do_v send_v commodity_n and_o by_o the_o provenue_n thereof_o my_o part_n be_v pay_v by_o he_o that_o die_v and_o that_o depend_v upon_o account_n to_o be_v clear_v between_o he_o and_o the_o party_n decease_v the_o second_o merchant_n he_o say_v my_o part_n be_v pay_v in_o ready_a money_n in_o spain_n take_v up_o
upon_o the_o decease_n of_o the_o say_v englishmen_n take_v the_o whole_a trade_n to_o themselves_o which_o afterward_o have_v be_v disperse_v into_o many_o other_o town_n whereby_o the_o trade_n be_v so_o increase_v that_o holland_n and_o zealand_n have_v above_o 2000_o buss_n or_o fish_v ship_n which_o do_v make_v ordinary_o two_o or_o three_o voyage_n yearly_a albeit_o their_o country_n be_v remote_a from_o our_o sea_n and_o england_n scotland_n and_o ireland_n have_v the_o fish_n as_o it_o be_v at_o their_o door_n and_o such_o be_v the_o blessing_n of_o almighty_a god_n that_o above_o six_o hundred_o thousand_o last_n of_o fish_n be_v take_v yearly_a in_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o king_n of_o great_a britain_n only_o ommit_v the_o quantity_n of_o fish_n take_v in_o denmark_n sea_n russia_n newfoundland_n spain_n italy_n and_o other_o dominion_n and_o here_o i_o be_o to_o make_v a_o little_a abridgement_n of_o the_o collection_n of_o one_o tobias_n gentleman_n a_o fisherman_n who_o make_v a_o treatise_n touch_v the_o same_o entitle_v england_n way_n to_o win_v wealth_n and_o to_o employ_v ship_n and_o mariner_n profitable_a that_o fish_v be_v lawful_a â—easible_a and_o profitable_a prove_v first_o the_o lawfulness_n of_o it_o by_o his_o majesty_n subject_n of_o great_a britain_n second_o how_o feasible_a it_o be_v for_o they_o by_o the_o exemplary_a action_n of_o other_o nation_n that_o have_v nothing_o grow_v in_o their_o own_o land_n for_o that_o use_n but_o be_v constrain_v to_o fetch_v all_o out_o of_o other_o country_n last_o that_o the_o trade_n of_o fish_v be_v profitable_a by_o the_o success_n see_v with_o the_o hollander_n be_v rich_a and_o opulent_a notwithstanding_o their_o long_a war_n and_o which_o themselves_o do_v call_v to_o be_v their_o chief_a trade_n and_o principal_a gold-mine_n whereby_o many_o thousand_o of_o their_o people_n of_o trade_n and_o occupation_n be_v set_v on_o work_n maintain_v and_o do_v prosper_v province_n proclamation_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o their_o proclamation_n annex_v to_o the_o say_a treatise_n hereupon_o he_o show_v that_o about_o mid-may_a they_o make_v ready_a their_o buss_n and_o fisher-fleete_n and_o by_o the_o first_o of_o june_n their_o style_n they_o be_v see_v to_o sail_v out_o of_o the_o maze_n texell_n and_o the_o v_o a_o thousand_o sail_n together_o for_o to_o catch_v herring_n in_o the_o north_n sea_n be_v most_o of_o they_o ship_n of_o 120_o or_o 100_o ton_n and_o the_o other_o 60_o ton_n or_o thereabouts_o have_v in_o they_o 24_o man_n and_o some_o 16_o and_o 20_o in_o every_o ship_n &_o they_o continue_v their_o course_n northwest_o and_o by_o north_n until_o they_o arrive_v at_o the_o isle_n of_o shotland_n isle_n the_o situation_n of_o shotland_n isle_n which_o be_v the_o dominion_n of_o the_o king_n of_o great_a britain_n and_o the_o great_a island_n of_o the_o orcades_n &_o lie_v in_o the_o height_n of_o 60_o degree_n of_o northerly_a latitude_n and_o by_o the_o 14_o day_n of_o june_n which_o be_v by_o their_o law_n a_o time_n limit_v to_o lay_v their_o net_n they_o begin_v to_o fish_n &_o do_v never_o leave_v the_o skoale_n of_o herring_n but_o come_v along_o among_o they_o follow_v 500_o mile_n in_o length_n lade_v their_o ship_n twice_o or_o thrice_o before_o they_o come_v to_o yarmouth_n send_v they_o away_o by_o the_o merchant_n ship_n that_o send_v they_o victual_n barrel_n and_o more_o salt_n and_o net_n if_o they_o need_v any_o which_o ship_n be_v call_v yager_n that_o be_v to_o say_v hunter_n or_o doggerbote_n and_o these_o ship_n docarry_v they_o and_o sell_v they_o in_o the_o east_n country_n some_o to_o riga_n and_o revel_v some_o to_o the_o narue_v russia_n herring_n place_n to_o sell_v herring_n stockholme_n and_o all_o poland_n prussia_n pomerland_n lituania_n statin_n lubek_n and_o denmark_n return_v hemp_n flax_n cordage_n cable_n iron_n corn_n soapash_n wax_n wainscot_n clapboord_n pitch_n tar_n deal_v hoop_n and_o other_o commodity_n with_o plenty_n of_o money_n and_o for_o france_n they_o send_v for_o bordeaux_n rochel_n nantes_n morliaix_n and_o san_n mallous_a cane_n in_o normandy_n rouen_n paris_n amiens_n and_o all_o picardy_n and_o calais_n with_o the_o low-countries_n of_o the_o archduke_n of_o austria_n reconcile_v with_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n return_v other_o commodity_n and_o money_n for_o the_o provenue_n of_o their_o fish_n for_o by_o their_o law_n all_o those_o herring_n that_o they_o do_v catch_v in_o yarnmouth_n sea_n from_o bartholomew_n tide_n until_o saint_n andrew_n which_o be_v rope-sicke_a they_o may_v not_o bring_v home_o into_o holland_n and_o these_o they_o sell_v unto_o yarnmouth_n man_n for_o ready_a money_n their_o fish_n for_o cod_n and_o ling_n continual_o be_v do_v with_o small_a ship_n of_o 40_o tun_n burden_n call_v pink_n and_o welboat_n and_o all_o this_o be_v do_v with_o so_o good_a order_n and_o provision_n trade_n good_a order_n in_o the_o fish_n trade_n that_o by_o night_n and_o day_n all_o be_v supply_v and_o fish_n take_v off_o instant_o and_o of_o my_o own_o knowledge_n they_o be_v so_o constant_a in_o their_o fish_n that_o they_o be_v content_v to_o have_v one_o good_a year_n for_o fish_v in_o seven_o year_n all_o fisherman_n be_v provide_v for_o and_o their_o wife_n at_o home_n can_v want_v for_o in_o their_o care_n they_o may_v be_v compare_v to_o joseph_n in_o egypt_n provide_v for_o the_o time_n of_o famine_n they_o have_v beside_o all_o this_o continual_o in_o the_o season_n another_o fleet_n of_o fisherman_n call_v flyboat_n which_o be_v in_o number_n some_o two_o hundred_o or_o more_o and_o these_o be_v at_o the_o north-east_n of_o shotland_n have_v small_a boat_n with_o they_o call_v cobles_n and_o by_o mean_n of_o they_o ling_n be_v take_v in_o great_a abundance_n which_o they_o do_v not_o barrel_n but_o splet_n and_o salt_n they_o in_o the_o ship_n bulk_n to_o say_v nothing_o of_o fresh_a fish_n and_o other_o pretty_a observation_n of_o the_o say_v tobias_n gentleman_n let_v we_o note_v the_o commodious_a fisher-towne_n of_o england_n as_o colchester_n harwich_n orford_n alborough_n donwich_n england_n commodious_a town_n for_o fish_v in_o england_n walderswike_n sell_v yarnmouth_n blackney_n well_n linne_n boston_n and_o hull_v by_o he_o name_v whereunto_o i_o may_v add_v scarborough_n hartlepole_n whitby_n marske_n stockton_n gysborough_n newcastle_n and_o other_o place_n in_o the_o north._n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v much_o admire_v that_o this_o trade_n have_v be_v so_o long_o neglect_v howbeit_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o will_v hinder_v much_o to_o the_o trade_n of_o cloth_n if_o fish_v be_v entertain_v especial_o in_o the_o return_n of_o our_o commodity_n and_o that_o the_o privilege_n grant_v to_o diverse_a society_n as_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n east-land_n trade_n the_o first_o objection_n to_o the_o fish_n trade_n and_o russia_n merchant_n shall_v be_v infringe_v thereby_o and_o so_o both_o trade_n can_v subsist_v together_o other_o say_v objection_n the_o second_o objection_n that_o other_o nation_n be_v more_o painful_a and_o industrious_a than_o we_o can_v be_v and_o have_v more_o skill_n in_o the_o cut_n pack_v and_o salt_v of_o the_o fish_n and_o which_o be_v more_o they_o can_v send_v away_o their_o fish_n and_o pay_v no_o freight_n by_o their_o ship_n go_v otherwise_o empty_a for_o corn_n and_o salt_n for_o they_o pay_v but_o four_o shilling_n for_o a_o last_o which_o be_v drink_v money_n and_o the_o hamborger_n have_v heretofore_o imitate_v the_o hollander_n to_o fish_n with_o buff_n for_o herring_n after_o 5_o or_o 6_o year_n trial_n have_v be_v compel_v to_o abandon_v the_o fish_n and_o suffer_v their_o ship_n to_o lie_v by_o the_o rot_a because_o they_o find_v a_o loss_n and_o that_o the_o hollander_n do_v out_o sell_v they_o have_v the_o better_a and_o cheap_a fish_n and_o the_o like_a will_v befall_v england_n as_o some_o have_v already_o find_v to_o these_o two_o objection_n the_o one_o be_v domestic_a and_o the_o other_o foreign_a i_o make_v this_o answer_n which_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o judicious_a reader_n first_o answer_v to_o the_o first_o that_o the_o trade_n of_o cloth_n shall_v be_v hinder_v by_o the_o fish_n trade_n be_v not_o probable_a be_v a_o distinct_a commodity_n which_o serve_v for_o the_o belly_n and_o the_o other_o for_o the_o back_n and_o both_o be_v sell_v by_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n in_o one_o more_o place_n and_o we_o both_o make_v our_o return_n homeward_o by_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n so_o that_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o person_n make_v not_o any_o solid_a argument_n for_o if_o we_o return_v commodity_n for_o commodity_n and_o they_o return_v money_n we_o may_v return_v both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o
overrun_v and_o their_o net_n break_v it_o be_v also_o provide_v that_o fisher_n shall_v not_o hurt_v one_o another_o and_o the_o measure_n of_o their_o net_n be_v limit_v in_o length_n and_o breadth_n and_o also_o that_o no_o drag-net_n be_v set_v before_o march_n nor_o upon_o deep_a water_n than_o fourteen_o fathom_n also_o that_o they_o shall_v be_v honest_a and_o true_a and_o not_o lie_v to_o their_o neighbour_n be_v ask_v concern_v the_o length_n and_o depth_n of_o their_o rope_n or_o tewe_n when_o they_o be_v in_o drive_v neither_o shall_v they_o witting_o and_o willing_o suffer_v their_o tewe_n to_o flit_v and_o run_v over_o one_o another_o under_o pain_n of_o ten_o pound_n for_o every_o offence_n that_o till_o sun_n set_v on_o sunday_n no_o man_n lay_v nor_o hale_v net_n or_o great_a line_n or_o exercise_v any_o labour_n upon_o pain_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o for_o the_o encourage_v of_o fisher_n in_o the_o north_n and_o west_n isle_n of_o scotland_n there_o be_v a_o statute_n prohibit_v all_o exaction_n to_o be_v take_v of_o they_o but_o only_o the_o king_n custom_n upon_o pain_n to_o be_v find_v to_o be_v a_o manifest_a oppressor_n and_o concern_v fisher_n and_o dealer_n or_o trafficker_n with_o fish_n it_o be_v also_o ordain_v that_o not_o only_o all_o fish_n slay_v and_o take_v near_o to_o the_o coast_n of_o scotland_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o market_n place_n take_v law_n of_o scotland_n for_o fish_n take_v where_o the_o taker_n dwell_v or_o the_o near_a place_n thereunto_o but_o also_o all_o the_o fish_n take_v in_o the_o north_n or_o west_n isle_n or_o fort_n to_o be_v bring_v direct_o to_o the_o town_n where_o the_o fisher_n dwell_v to_o the_o end_n the_o country_n be_v first_o serve_v and_o the_o fish_n offer_v to_o the_o market_n place_n from_o which_o none_o may_v carry_v they_o to_o pack_n and_o pile_n but_o only_o between_o the_o hour_n of_o eleven_o and_o two_o in_o the_o afternoon_n upon_o pain_n of_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o same_o in_o which_o market_n it_o be_v lawful_a to_o the_o provost_n and_o bailifes_n to_o set_v down_o price_n and_o to_o compel_v the_o packer_n and_o piler_n to_o sell_v again_o for_o the_o need_n of_o the_o subject_n which_o be_v do_v they_o may_v transport_v the_o remainder_n where_o they_o will_v and_o if_o they_o commit_v any_o contempt_n than_o their_o fish_n be_v forfeit_v two_o part_n to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o three_o to_o the_o magistrate_n in_o like_a manner_n concern_v the_o barrel_v of_o fish_n fish_n barrel_v of_o fish_n it_o be_v ordain_v that_o the_o measure_n prescribe_v of_o old_a shâ—ll_v be_v keep_v namely_o each_o barrel_n of_o herring_n or_o of_o white_a fish_n to_o be_v of_o twelve_o gallon_n and_o the_o barrel_n of_o salmon_n of_o fourteen_o gallon_n according_a to_o the_o measure_n of_o hamborough_n upon_o pain_n of_o forfeiture_n and_o five_o pound_n to_o be_v levy_v from_o the_o cooper_n and_o therefore_o hoop_n iron_n to_o be_v make_v in_o each_o town_n for_o the_o trial_n and_o gage_v thereof_o all_o which_o concern_v the_o law_n of_o merchant_n &_o the_o particular_a knowledge_n of_o every_o one_o of_o they_o let_v we_o now_o remember_v in_o this_o place_n the_o fish_n of_o newfoundland_n newfoundland_n the_o fish_n of_o newfoundland_n and_o the_o whale_n fish_v with_o the_o profit_n and_o commodity_n of_o the_o same_o as_o they_o be_v observe_v by_o the_o aforesaid_a captain_n whitebourne_n who_o affirm_v upon_o his_o own_o knowledge_n that_o the_o french_a biscaine_n and_o portugal_n can_v make_v two_o voyage_n yearly_a to_o newfoundland_n with_o 400_o sail_n of_o ship_n and_o get_v thereby_o a_o incredible_a wealth_n beside_o english_a ship_n whereof_o he_o say_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1615_o there_o be_v 250_o â—ayle_n of_o ship_n great_a and_o small_a the_o burden_n and_o tonnage_n he_o esteem_v to_o be_v one_o with_o another_o 15000_o ton_n at_o 60_o tunnis_n and_o 20_o man_n and_o boy_n to_o every_o one_o therein_o be_v employ_v above_o 5000_o person_n by_o who_o mean_n there_o be_v take_v by_o every_o ship_n above_o six_o score_n thousand_o fish_n and_o five_o ton_n of_o train_n oil_n which_o be_v bring_v into_o england_n france_n or_o spain_n and_o sell_v after_o the_o rate_n of_o four_o pound_n for_o every_o thousand_o of_o fish_n and_o 120_o fish_n to_o the_o hundred_o will_v amount_v to_o six_o score_n thousand_o pound_n which_o be_v not_o above_o one_o penny_n a_o fish_n the_o train_n oil_n amount_v to_o 1250_o ton_n at_o 12_o will_v amount_v to_o 15000_o pound_n so_o the_o total_a sale_n be_v 135_o thousand_o pound_n omit_v to_o reckon_v the_o overprice_n which_o be_v make_v and_o get_v by_o the_o sale_n thereof_o in_o foreign_a country_n the_o consideration_n that_o all_o this_o and_o the_o like_a wealth_n procure_v by_o fish_v be_v do_v by_o the_o labour_n and_o industry_n of_o man_n with_o exportation_n of_o money_n and_o exchange_n or_o other_o commodity_n to_o be_v commute_v or_o barter_v for_o they_o be_v worthy_a the_o observation_n trade_n necessary_a point_n to_o be_v consider_v touch_v the_o fish_n trade_n and_o by_o the_o trade_n of_o it_o money_n be_v to_o be_v have_v plenteous_o and_o all_o foreign_a commodity_n also_o to_o the_o enrich_n of_o commonweal_n where_o many_o number_n of_o people_n be_v set_v on_o work_n and_o relieve_v as_o baker_n brewer_n cooper_n shipwreight_n and_o carpenter_n smith_n netmaker_n rope-maker_n line-maker_n hookemaker_n pullymaker_n and_o many_o other_o trade_n to_o make_v the_o necessary_a provision_n of_o the_o fish_n voyage_n wherein_o the_o lame_a impotent_a &_o all_o poor_a people_n may_v have_v employment_n for_o their_o maintenance_n fish_v greene-land_n fish_v touch_v the_o whale_n fish_v especial_o in_o greene-land_n for_o the_o make_n of_o train_n oil_n the_o same_o be_v much_o augment_v by_o several_a nation_n since_o that_o the_o biscayner_n and_o bayonese_n have_v teach_v the_o manner_n of_o take_v of_o they_o cast_v harp_v iron_n into_o their_o unweldie_a great_a body_n when_o they_o be_v on_o shore_n for_o want_v of_o water_n otherwise_o very_o nimble_a in_o the_o sea_n for_o they_o have_v a_o great_a feel_n and_o their_o flesh_n be_v viscosite_a or_o oily_a catch_v the_o manner_n of_o whale_n catch_v apt_a for_o swim_v and_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o harp_v iron_n have_v strike_v they_o they_o run_v towards_o the_o bottom_n above_o a_o hundred_o fathom_v deep_a as_o the_o line_n which_o be_v fasten_v thereunto_o will_v give_v way_n so_o that_o sometime_o it_o will_v be_v above_o two_o hour_n before_o they_o come_v up_o be_v ordinary_o above_o twenty_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o then_o be_v hoist_v up_o to_o the_o stern_a of_o the_o ship_n the_o flesh_n be_v pare_v off_o and_o swim_v upon_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o rump_n of_o the_o body_n be_v let_v fall_n again_o and_o then_o the_o flesh_n boil_a and_o press_v make_v train_n oil_n which_o yield_v good_a benefit_n if_o the_o voyage_n be_v not_o overcharge_v by_o expense_n for_o prevention_n whereof_o let_v we_o note_v the_o proportion_n for_o the_o victual_v of_o fifty_o man_n for_o eight_o month_n ship_n a_o proportion_n for_o victual_v of_o ship_n of_o a_o ship_n of_o 200_o ton_n and_o cast_v merchant_n or_o fisherman_n account_v according_o for_o the_o great_a or_o lesser_a number_n of_o person_n or_o the_o long_o or_o short_a time_n of_o victual_v more_o or_o less_o also_o in_o price_n 50_o man_n be_v 12_o ½_n mess_n be_v four_o to_o a_o mess_n by_o distribution_n  _fw-fr will_v ss_z d._n biscuit_n a_o pound_n ê‘_n day_n to_o a_o man_n be_v 120_o quintal_n at_o 9_o ss_z 47_o 16_o 0_o cider_n and_o beer_n one_o hogshead_n a_o day_n with_o cask_n iron_n bind_v 12_o tun_n at_o 50_o ss_z and_o 48_o tun_n cask_n at_o 20_o ss_z more_z 25_o tun_n of_o beer_n at_o 50_o ss_z and_o 35_o tun_n cider_n at_o 50_o ss_z be_v 180_o 0_o 0_o water_n cask_n new_a and_o iron_n bind_v 10_o tun_n at_o 45_o ss_z 22_o 10_o 0_o beef_n two_o pound_n ê‘_n day_n be_v 100_o will_v weight_n for_o three_o day_n a_o week_n be_v in_o all_o 96_o day_n and_o 8500_o and_o 3_o quarter_n at_o 26_o ss_z the_o hundred_o be_v 111_o 0_o 0_o cask_n iron_n bind_v 500_o weight_n in_o a_o hogshead_n repacked_a and_o salt_n 12_o 0_o 0_o 6000_o newfoundland_n fish_n at_o 4_o will_v 10_o ss_z with_o the_o cask_n be_v 27_o 0_o 0_o 24_o bushel_n of_o pease_n 20_o bushel_n of_o oatmeal_n two_o barrel_n of_o oil_n 14_o 12_o 0_o butter_n six_o firkin_n cheese_n ½_n will_v a_o day_n aquavite_n and_o vinegar_n 60_o 0_o 0_o candle_n platter_n surgeon_n chest_n etc._n etc._n 65_o 0_o 0_o  _fw-fr 539_o 18_o 0_o which_o say_v sum_n of_o 539_o will_v 18_o 0_o amount_v unto_o 28_o ss_z
a_o man_n for_o every_o month_n beside_o the_o ship_n freight_v and_o man_n wage_n which_o may_v be_v agree_v upon_o diverse_o and_o common_o the_o company_n be_v permit_v to_o have_v one_o three_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n one_o three_o and_o the_o merchant_n or_o merchandise_n one_o three_o all_o other_o incident_a charge_n to_o be_v bear_v according_o between_o they_o whereof_o indenture_n of_o covenant_n be_v make_v have_v reserve_v to_o entreat_v of_o this_o important_a business_n of_o fish_v in_o the_o end_n of_o this_o first_o part_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la concern_v commodity_n which_o be_v compare_v to_o the_o body_n of_o traffic_n together_o with_o the_o sea-lawe_n observe_v therein_o with_o all_o other_o custom_n of_o commerce_n let_v we_o now_o proceed_v to_o the_o second_o part_n touch_v money_n be_v the_o soul_n of_o traffic_n which_o in_o time_n past_a be_v note_v to_o be_v raise_v by_o the_o fish_n trade_n now_o so_o much_o neglect_v appertain_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o great_a britain_n and_o ireland_n as_o have_v be_v show_v even_o by_o original_a antiquity_n the_o correspondence_n and_o long_a intercourse_n between_o the_o society_n of_o goldsmith_n and_o fishmonger_n allude_v hereunto_o for_o saint_n dunstane_n the_o bishop_n dunstone_n the_o allusion_n of_o saint_n dunstone_n term_v to_o be_v the_o patron_n of_o the_o company_n of_o goldsmith_n have_v no_o other_o elixir_n or_o philosopher_n stone_n than_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n which_o by_o the_o benefit_n of_o fish_v be_v obtain_v whereby_o the_o kingdom_n plate_n and_o bullion_n be_v procure_v for_o the_o advancement_n of_o which_o fish_v trade_n he_o do_v advise_v that_o three_o fish_v day_n ought_v to_o be_v keep_v every_o week_n which_o cause_v also_o more_o abstinence_n and_o hence_o the_o proverb_n come_v that_o saint_n dunstane_n take_v the_o devil_n by_o the_o nose_n with_o his_o pincher_n which_o custom_n if_o it_o be_v better_o observe_v with_o we_o will_v prove_v very_o beneficial_a to_o the_o state_n and_o commonwealth_n *_o âŽ_o *_o the_o second_o part_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la or_o the_o ancient_a law-merchant_n concern_v money_n compare_v to_o the_o soul_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n we_o have_v already_o compare_v the_o three_o simple_n or_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n of_o money_n unto_o the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n and_o in_o our_o first_o pâ—rt_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la treat_v of_o commodity_n as_o the_o body_n of_o traffic_n with_o the_o dependence_n thereupon_o as_o be_v proper_o the_o cause_n of_o commerce_n with_o their_o effect_n adjunct_n and_o accident_n which_o method_n we_o be_v now_o also_o to_o observe_v in_o this_o second_o part_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n concern_v money_n compare_v to_o the_o soul_n which_o infuse_v life_n unto_o traffic_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n prevent_v advantage_n between_o buyer_n and_o seller_n and_o because_o money_n be_v make_v of_o metal_n whereof_o we_o have_v not_o speak_v in_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o commodity_n whereby_o commerce_n be_v maintain_v here_o we_o be_v to_o begin_v with_o the_o very_a original_n of_o metal_n and_o mine_n as_o a_o matter_n worthy_a the_o knowledge_n of_o merchant_n and_o other_o first_o we_o find_v that_o when_o commodity_n begin_v much_o to_o abound_v in_o the_o world_n all_o manner_n of_o mettle_n as_o gold_n silver_n copper_n tin_n lead_v and_o iron_n grow_v into_o great_a estimation_n as_o be_v fit_a and_o more_o durable_a for_o preservation_n and_o so_o the_o pure_a and_o fine_a mettle_n most_o esteem_v at_o which_o time_n the_o riches_n of_o man_n be_v notwithstanding_o describe_v to_o consist_v of_o cattle_n commodity_n and_o other_o movable_n pecuâ—aâ—ia_fw-la pecuâ—ia_n non_fw-la pecuâ—aâ—ia_fw-la and_o there_o be_v a_o commutation_n of_o commodity_n as_o have_v be_v declare_v which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v very_o cumbersome_a money_n the_o beginning_n of_o money_n and_o do_v require_v much_o carriage_n of_o ware_n up_o and_o down_o from_o one_o country_n unto_o another_o by_o reason_n whereof_o money_n be_v devise_v to_o be_v coin_a to_o be_v the_o rule_n and_o square_v whereby_o all_o other_o thing_n shall_v receive_v estimation_n and_o price_n and_o as_o it_o be_v become_v a_o measure_n whereby_o the_o price_n of_o all_o thing_n may_v be_v set_v mensura_fw-la publica_n mensura_fw-la to_o maintain_v a_o certain_a evenhood_n or_o equality_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v and_o the_o same_o to_o have_v his_o stand_a valuation_n only_o by_o public_a authority_n to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o thing_n may_v equal_o pass_v by_o trade_n from_o one_o man_n to_o another_o money_n denomination_n of_o money_n concern_v the_o denomination_n of_o money_n it_o be_v derive_v of_o moneta_n which_o proceed_v a_o monendo_fw-la to_o show_v you_o the_o name_n of_o the_o prince_n vel_fw-la nummi_fw-la nota_fw-la and_o consequent_o the_o price_n of_o the_o piece_n of_o coin_n by_o his_o authority_n make_v stamp_a and_o value_v fundamentum_fw-la pecus_fw-la fuit_fw-la pecuniae_fw-la fundamentum_fw-la pecunia_n be_v derive_v a_o pecude_fw-la of_o cattle_n as_o of_o sheep_n and_o ox_n the_o figure_n whereof_o be_v coin_a thereupon_o nummus_fw-la a_o numerando_fw-la vel_fw-la nomine_fw-la of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o prince_n stamp_v upon_o it_o and_o also_o so_o call_v carolus_n guildren_n or_o floren_n so_o a_o ducat_n of_o ducatus_fw-la the_o name_n of_o a_o duke_n and_o in_o time_n past_o be_v call_v stipendium_fw-la be_v a_o stipe_z &_o pendo_fw-la before_o the_o same_o be_v coin_a with_o a_o stamp_n but_o make_v and_o weigh_v be_v silver_n as_o the_o cycle_n of_o the_o hebrew_n the_o roman_n in_o time_n past_o use_v copper_n money_n call_v their_o exchequer_n aerarium_fw-la so_o in_o germany_n it_o be_v call_v argentarium_n of_o the_o silver_n and_o be_v keep_v at_o strasbourgh_n that_o city_n be_v call_v argentina_n the_o first_o silver_n money_n coin_a be_v the_o 484_o year_n of_o the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n and_o the_o coin_n of_o gold_n be_v sixty_o and_o two_o year_n after_o that_o since_o the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n until_o the_o year_n of_o 1622_o be_v 2373_o year_n valuation_n sterling_a standard_n alter_v in_o the_o valuation_n the_o sterling_a standard_n of_o the_o money_n of_o england_n be_v first_o coin_a at_o a_o place_n so_o call_v by_o osbright_n a_o saxon_a king_n of_o england_n above_o seuâ—n_n hundred_o year_n since_o at_o which_o time_n a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v divide_v into_o twenty_o piece_n and_o so_o esteem_v twenty_o penny_n as_o who_o shall_v say_v so_o many_o piece_n which_o so_o continue_v by_o denomination_n until_o king_n henry_n the_o six_o his_o time_n who_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o inhance_a of_o money_n in_o foreign_a part_n value_v the_o same_o at_o thirty_o penny_n but_o there_o be_v more_o piece_n make_v out_o of_o the_o say_a ounce_n and_o the_o former_a piece_n go_v for_o three_o half_a penny_n until_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o four_o and_o then_o they_o be_v currant_n for_o two_o penny_n and_o the_o say_a king_n do_v value_v the_o say_a ounce_n at_o forty_o penny_n until_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o do_v value_v the_o ounce_n of_o sterling_a silver_n at_o forty_o and_o five_o penny_n and_o so_o continue_v until_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o and_o until_o queen_n elizabeth_n her_o time_n and_o then_o the_o very_a same_o piece_n or_o the_o same_o penny_n be_v value_v at_o three_o penny_n and_o so_o do_v all_o three_o pence_n coin_a by_o the_o say_a queen_n weigh_v but_o a_o penny_n weight_n and_o the_o six_o penny_n two_o penny_n weight_n and_o according_o the_o shilling_n and_o other_o piece_n which_o make_v the_o ounce_n to_o be_v value_v at_o sixty_o penny_n or_o five_o shilling_n whereof_o twelve_o ounce_n make_v the_o pound_n troy_n weight_n weight_n the_o pound_n troy_n divide_v by_o weight_n which_o remain_v divide_v nevertheless_o in_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n for_o the_o say_a ounce_n be_v still_o the_o same_o in_o weight_n do_v retain_v the_o same_o name_n and_o four_o and_o twenty_o grain_n also_o for_o every_o penny_n weight_n and_o according_a to_o the_o say_a pound_n weight_n be_v the_o finesse_n of_o silver_n also_o divide_v for_o if_o it_o be_v all_o pure_a silver_n without_o any_o copper_n call_v allay_v it_o be_v just_o call_v twelve_o ounce_n fine_a because_o that_o pound_n weigh_v twelve_o ounce_n and_o have_v no_o mixture_n in_o it_o finesse_n the_o pound_n of_o silver_n divide_v in_o finesse_n and_o so_o every_o ounce_n be_v consequent_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n in_o finesse_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n be_v twenty_o and_o four_o grain_n in_o finesse_n the_o finesse_n of_o gold_n be_v twenty_o and_o four_o carrat_n gold_n finesse_n of_o gold_n and_o every_o carrot_fw-la be_v four_a grain_n in_o finesse_n and_o be_v
and_o five_o shilling_n flemish_n for_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a whereas_o before_o they_o do_v allow_v and_o reckon_v thirty_o seven_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n or_o thereabouts_o which_o be_v above_o our_o inhaunce_n of_o ten_o pro_fw-la cent_n and_o aught_o to_o be_v almost_o thirty_o eight_o shilling_n whereof_o our_o mint_n man_n câ—n_v take_v no_o notice_n much_o less_o our_o goldsmith_n and_o merchant_n which_o either_o be_v ignorant_a or_o wise_a in_o their_o own_o conceit_n and_o it_o be_v a_o hard_a matter_n to_o find_v in_o one_o man_n that_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o profession_n of_o many_o and_o when_o it_o be_v find_v to_o embrace_v it_o for_o wisdom_n draw_v back_o where_o blind_a byard_n be_v audacious_a for_o i_o own_o part_n although_o it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v hope_v that_o we_o be_v of_o the_o scythian_n mind_n who_o contemn_v silver_n and_o gold_n as_o much_o as_o other_o man_n do_v admire_v the_o same_o yet_o see_v money_n be_v by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o wise_a so_o necessary_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n that_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o sinew_n of_o peace_n and_o as_o it_o be_v the_o life_n and_o breath_n of_o warfare_n i_o can_v not_o if_o i_o be_v a_o lawgiver_n with_o lycurgus_n banish_v gold_n and_o silver_n as_o the_o cause_n of_o much_o evil_a and_o bring_v in_o iron_n in_o place_n unless_o i_o may_v be_v persuade_v as_o he_o be_v of_o such_o good_a success_n against_o unrighteous_a deal_n as_o issue_v thereby_o but_o rather_o use_v the_o precious_a metal_n so_o convenient_o as_o i_o may_v and_o supply_v the_o defect_n with_o base_a coin_n whereunto_o these_o chief_a metal_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n can_v serve_v without_o great_a loss_n and_o inconvenience_n or_o else_o i_o will_v by_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n prevent_v all_o and_o abound_v with_o money_n and_o bullion_n have_v such_o staple_n commodity_n to_o procure_v the_o same_o withal_o whereof_o other_o nation_n be_v destitute_a let_v we_o now_o therefore_o enter_v into_o consideration_n of_o the_o merchant_n valuation_n in_o exchange_n predominant_a merchant_n valuation_n predominant_a which_o we_o have_v note_v to_o be_v predominant_a and_o overrule_a the_o king_n valuation_n for_o if_o the_o king_n do_v value_v a_o piece_n of_o sterling_a silver_n weigh_v about_o four_o penny_n weight_n at_o twelve_o penny_n it_o will_v be_v currant_n so_o within_o the_o realm_n but_o merchant_n in_o exchange_n will_v value_v the_o same_o at_o 11_o ½_n penny_n and_o common_o at_o eleven_o penny_n and_o so_o it_o will_v be_v transport_v in_o specie_fw-la by_o a_o low_a exchange_n and_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n will_v be_v sell_v according_o as_o you_o may_v understand_v by_o the_o declaration_n of_o exchange_n in_o our_o three_o part_n of_o this_o book_n hereafter_o this_o valuation_n of_o merchant_n have_v two_o handmaid_n beyond_o the_o sea_n which_o do_v advance_v the_o foreign_a coin_n in_o price_n as_o we_o do_v by_o exchange_n abate_v the_o same_o for_o merchant_n when_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v any_o species_n of_o coin_n for_o transportation_n as_o dollar_n for_o the_o east-country_n to_o buy_v corn_n or_o royal_n of_o plate_n for_o the_o east-indies_n or_o french_a crown_n for_o france_n will_v give_v one_o two_o or_o three_o styver_n or_o sou_n upon_o a_o piece_n to_o have_v the_o same_o whereby_o other_o merchant_n buy_v commodity_n will_v condition_n to_o make_v their_o payment_n in_o such_o coin_n according_o merchandise_n currant_n money_n in_o merchandise_n and_o so_o it_o go_v from_o man_n to_o man_n by_o toleration_n which_o be_v call_v currant_n money_n in_o merchandise_n or_o permission_n money_n whereby_o the_o same_o be_v enhance_v two_o or_o three_o upon_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o least_o this_o inconvenience_n seem_v to_o be_v remediless_a as_o the_o placcart_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n declare_v 1594._o anno_fw-la 1594._o albeit_o the_o course_n of_o it_o be_v beneficial_a unto_o they_o and_o in_o regard_n of_o they_o may_v well_o be_v call_v permission_n money_n for_o when_o they_o will_v not_o break_v the_o coin_n of_o other_o nation_n as_o the_o manner_n be_v in_o all_o mint_n than_o it_o be_v either_o value_v rather_o above_o the_o value_n which_o content_v the_o say_a nation_n and_o so_o be_v permit_v to_o pass_v between_o man_n and_o man_n which_o draw_v money_n unto_o they_o which_o do_v not_o endure_v long_o master_n valuation_n alter_v by_o practice_n with_o mint_n master_n for_o the_o last_o and_o three_o effect_n of_o merchant_n valuation_n between_o the_o mint-master_n who_o love_n to_o be_v do_v and_o the_o say_a merchant_n come_v in_o place_n either_o by_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o the_o say_v foreign_a coin_n by_o proclamation_n to_o avoid_v their_o hand_n of_o it_o or_o to_o gather_v up_o coin_n before_o they_o be_v enhance_v divide_v the_o benefit_n between_o they_o &_o the_o financier_n who_o be_v officer_n of_o their_o treasury_n which_o be_v do_v with_o great_a dexterity_n every_o way_n in_o so_o much_o that_o when_o it_o seem_v they_o will_v not_o have_v foreign_a coin_n and_o to_o that_o end_n they_o underualue_n the_o same_o then_o have_v they_o their_o exchanger_n or_o broker_n to_o gather_v up_o those_o money_n to_o be_v bring_v to_o their_o mint_n where_o they_o will_v give_v secret_o a_o benefit_n and_o help_v themselves_o by_o the_o shire_n which_o can_v be_v do_v without_o private_a authority_n so_o that_o all_o thing_n due_o consider_v there_o be_v nothing_o but_o the_o rule_n of_o exchange_n to_o prevent_v and_o moderate_v all_o these_o inconvenience_n which_o to_o make_v man_n believe_v be_v to_o undertake_v hercules_n labour_n for_o herein_o do_v the_o motion_n consist_v and_o motus_fw-la maior_fw-la expellit_fw-la minorem_fw-la touch_v the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n in_o valuation_n albeit_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o same_o be_v not_o much_o material_a in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n yet_o experience_n have_v show_v unto_o we_o that_o the_o contrary_n must_v be_v believe_v before_o their_o conceit_n and_o whereas_o they_o have_v make_v observation_n upon_o my_o former_a assertion_n to_o this_o purpose_n that_o spain_n hold_v the_o proportion_n of_o twelve_o to_o one_o and_o portugal_n hold_v but_o ten_o to_o one_o they_o do_v not_o mark_v the_o reason_n add_v thereunto_o which_o be_v that_o between_o those_o kingdom_n there_o be_v no_o commodity_n to_o establish_v any_o traffic_n so_o that_o exportation_n of_o silver_n for_o gold_n money_n permutation_n of_o money_n or_o gold_n for_o silver_n be_v but_o a_o permutation_n between_o they_o without_o any_o profit_n but_o england_n and_o other_o country_n afford_v mean_n to_o import_v abundance_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n and_o gold_n be_v with_o we_o in_o great_a estimation_n than_o heretofore_o be_v but_o of_o late_a year_n advance_v from_o eleven_o to_o twelve_o for_o one_o 1611._o an._n 1611._o that_o be_v to_o say_v from_o eleven_o ounce_n of_o silver_n to_o twelve_o ounce_n of_o silver_n for_o one_o ounce_n of_o gold_n be_v continual_o transport_v in_o return_n of_o the_o say_v foreign_a commodity_n the_o exchange_n not_o answer_v the_o true_a value_n of_o the_o gold_n so_o that_o now_o when_o our_o gold_n be_v yet_o more_o advance_v the_o silver_n be_v thereby_o more_o abate_v in_o price_n give_v 13_o â…•_n for_o one_o and_o therefore_o no_o marvel_n that_o gold_n be_v import_v unto_o we_o and_o silver_n be_v export_v there_o be_v a_o gain_n of_o above_o ten_o and_o twelve_o pro_fw-la cent_n and_o this_o loss_n of_o silver_n far_o exceed_v the_o gold_n in_o value_n because_o in_o quantity_n there_o be_v in_o the_o world_n 500_o of_o silver_n to_o one_o of_o gold_n extant_a silver_n be_v 500_o to_o one_o in_o quantity_n by_o weight_n extant_a and_o if_o any_o silver_n by_o accident_n be_v import_v it_o be_v export_v again_o for_o the_o east-indies_n and_o other_o place_n they_o give_v more_o for_o it_o than_o the_o price_n of_o our_o mint_n for_o gain_n be_v the_o commander_n of_o all_o the_o proportion_n use_v within_o the_o memory_n of_o man_n be_v as_o follow_v in_o the_o low-countries_n they_o do_v reckon_v two_o philip_n dollar_n for_o the_o emperor_n royal_a of_o gold_n whereby_o one_o mark_n of_o gold_n do_v countervail_v eleven_o mark_n of_o silver_n be_v eleven_o to_o one_o in_o the_o pound_n according_o in_o spain_n one_o mark_n of_o gold_n be_v value_v at_o 53_o ½_n pesos_n every_o peso_fw-mi 450_o maluedeis_fw-la and_o every_o mark_n of_o silver_n 2250_o maluedeis_fw-la make_v the_o mark_n of_o gold_n to_o be_v but_o 10_o â…”_n value_v by_o silver_n but_o the_o spanish_a pistolet_n of_o twenty_o two_o carrat_n fine_a to_o eleven_o royal_n be_v eleven_o of_o silver_n
receiver_n shall_v reserve_v to_o himself_o so_o much_o as_o the_o forfeiture_n come_v unto_o and_o the_o remainder_n shall_v be_v deliver_v to_o the_o say_a magistrate_n or_o officer_n 7_o the_o magistrate_n in_o place_n also_o where_o all_o such_o money_n be_v send_v at_o a_o high_a rate_n than_o the_o say_a proclamation_n shall_v be_v bind_v to_o make_v good_a the_o say_v inhance_a unto_o the_o receiver_n to_o who_o the_o say_a money_n be_v send_v yet_o so_o that_o they_o may_v redemaund_v the_o same_o of_o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o the_o say_v coin_n be_v send_v who_o shall_v also_o instant_o reembourse_n the_o same_o and_o have_v power_n to_o recover_v it_o with_o the_o forfeiture_n thereunto_o belong_v and_o hereby_o ordain_v against_o the_o person_n and_o good_n of_o those_o who_o have_v send_v the_o same_o at_o a_o high_a price_n 8_o all_o which_o shall_v be_v observe_v also_o from_o the_o one_o province_n unto_o another_o or_o the_o counting-house_n of_o the_o generality_n wherein_o they_o shall_v be_v aid_v and_o assist_v each_o other_o to_o maintain_v the_o say_a proclamation_n according_o 9_o and_o we_o do_v intend_v that_o the_o say_v forfeiture_n shall_v be_v impose_v as_o well_o upon_o the_o receiver_n as_o upon_o the_o payer_n every_o one_o to_o the_o full_a unless_o one_o of_o the_o party_n do_v forthwith_o denounce_v the_o same_o to_o the_o magistrate_n in_o which_o case_n whether_o he_o be_v the_o receiver_n or_o payer_n he_o shall_v be_v quit_v and_o free_a of_o the_o say_a forfeiture_n and_o moreover_o enjoy_v the_o one_o three_o part_n of_o the_o offender_n forfeiture_n 10_o prohibit_v and_o express_o command_v that_o no_o man_n henceforth_o shall_v presume_v to_o buy_v or_o sell_v any_o ware_n or_o merchandise_n or_o deal_v for_o money_n by_o exchange_n or_o interest_n nor_o buy_v new_a or_o old_a rent_n or_o otherwise_o deal_v and_o negotiate_v than_o according_a to_o the_o say_a price_n and_o valuation_n of_o money_n of_o this_o our_o permission_n and_o ordinance_n upon_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o say_a sum_n and_o moreover_o quadruple_a the_o value_n thereof_o 11_o our_o intention_n be_v that_o no_o payment_n of_o impost_n demesne_n or_o revenue_n of_o land_n town_n village_n contract_n of_o merchandise_n hire_n rent_n interest_n or_o any_o debt_n shall_v be_v pay_v than_o according_a to_o this_o our_o valuation_n to_o weet_v every_o gelder_n with_o the_o one_o half_a of_o a_o lion_n doller_n and_o one_o pound_n flemish_n with_o three_o lion_n dollar_n or_o with_o other_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n according_a to_o their_o intrinsicke_a value_n as_o the_o say_a lion_n doller_n or_o the_o great_a golden_a royal_a now_o contain_v after_o which_o two_o as_o be_v chief_a and_o standard_n piece_n all_o the_o precedent_a money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v value_v 1622._o standard_n piece_n of_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n 1622._o without_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a unto_o any_o man_n to_o make_v any_o light_a payment_n than_o according_a to_o the_o say_a valuation_n upon_o pain_n the_o same_o to_o be_v void_a and_o no_o course_n of_o law_n to_o be_v minister_v thereupon_o and_o moreover_o to_o incur_v the_o penalty_n in_o the_o next_o article_n mention_v according_a to_o which_o all_o court_n of_o justice_n magistrate_n of_o the_o bench_n or_o judgement_n seat_n and_o all_o other_o justice_n be_v to_o pronounce_v their_o sentence_n and_o to_o make_v their_o decree_n notwithstanding_o any_o trespass_n which_o contrary_a to_o our_o intention_n and_o expectation_n may_v be_v practise_v or_o at_o any_o time_n be_v put_v in_o ure_n cancel_v from_o henceforth_o all_o those_o which_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o same_o forbid_v any_o execution_n depositation_n of_o money_n or_o other_o course_n of_o justice_n to_o be_v do_v thereupon_o declare_v moreover_o that_o all_o such_o judge_n as_o shall_v have_v pronounce_v the_o sentence_n and_o the_o say_a officer_n that_o shall_v have_v assist_v therein_o shall_v forfeit_v and_o incur_v the_o penalty_n of_o five_o netherlands_n golden_a royal_n for_o every_o person_n at_o every_o time_n 12_o and_o to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o stability_n and_o certainty_n of_o this_o valuation_n which_o we_o have_v take_v to_o heart_n and_o in_o singular_a commendation_n and_o intend_v further_o to_o care_n for_o may_v take_v the_o better_a effect_n we_o do_v ordain_v that_o instant_o upon_o the_o publication_n of_o this_o proclamation_n whereof_o mention_n be_v make_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n all_o person_n be_v in_o any_o office_n estate_n and_o officer_n high_a and_o low_a civil_a or_o military_a of_o country_n town_n member_n of_o college_n or_o particular_a lord_n within_o the_o say_v unite_a province_n shall_v take_v their_o solemn_a oath_n for_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o say_a ordinance_n to_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v maintain_v and_o observe_v for_o so_o much_o as_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n may_v concern_v their_o office_n &_o command_n 13_o and_o if_o any_o of_o the_o say_a person_n shall_v perchance_o be_v find_v forgetful_a and_o to_o have_v transgress_v the_o aforesaid_a point_n in_o the_o pay_v out_o or_o receive_v of_o coin_n not_o permit_v by_o this_o our_o ordinance_n likewise_o of_o clip_v wash_v crack_a mend_v nail_v or_o otherwise_o augment_v coin_n in_o weight_n or_o give_v they_o in_o payment_n at_o a_o high_a price_n than_o this_o our_o ordinance_n we_o do_v order_n and_o establish_v that_o all_o the_o say_a forfeiture_n commit_v and_o to_o be_v commit_v shall_v respective_o be_v pay_v double_a and_o moreover_o if_o they_o issue_v any_o coin_n make_v bullion_n or_o other_o money_n above_o their_o value_n they_o shall_v be_v deprive_v of_o their_o office_n upon_o the_o verification_n of_o the_o fact_n without_o any_o pardon_n to_o be_v obtain_v for_o the_o same_o 14_o and_o the_o better_a to_o bring_v this_o ordinance_n in_o course_n we_o do_v prohibit_v all_o treasuror_n receiver_n rent-gatherers_a their_o deputy_n or_o clerk_n and_o all_o other_o person_n be_v in_o public_a service_n or_o administration_n to_o pay_v any_o of_o the_o say_a money_n by_o assignation_n or_o otherwise_o but_o to_o return_v the_o same_o where_o they_o have_v be_v receive_v upon_o the_o forfeiture_n aforesaid_a unless_o it_o be_v that_o the_o assignment_n be_v make_v upon_o public_a counting-house_n or_o bank_n and_o not_o upon_o particular_a person_n as_o fermer_n collector_n and_o the_o like_a be_v likewise_o bind_v by_o the_o same_o oath_n but_o this_o be_v to_o be_v do_v but_o once_o by_o he_o upon_o who_o this_o ordinance_n fall_v out_o and_o no_o further_o 15_o and_o to_o discover_v the_o offence_n which_o they_o may_v do_v in_o their_o payment_n we_o do_v order_n that_o instant_o when_o any_o payment_n be_v make_v they_o shall_v endorse_v upon_o the_o acquittance_n and_o discharge_v of_o their_o payment_n amount_v to_o the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o guilder_n the_o several_a species_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n wherewith_o they_o have_v make_v the_o say_v payment_n and_o the_o price_n according_a to_o which_o they_o have_v pay_v the_o same_o with_o mention_n also_o of_o the_o grain_n which_o be_v want_v and_o pay_v for_o to_o be_v subscribe_v by_o he_o that_o have_v receive_v the_o same_o to_o the_o end_n that_o upon_o their_o account_n notice_n may_v be_v take_v thereof_o upon_o forfeiture_n that_o the_o say_v acquittance_n or_o discharge_v shall_v not_o be_v allow_v and_o whosoever_o do_v receive_v the_o say_a species_n and_o not_o underwrite_v the_o same_o shall_v forfeit_v the_o four_o part_n so_o by_o he_o receive_v 16_o command_v the_o auditor_n respective_o appoint_v to_o take_v the_o account_n of_o the_o say_a accountant_n to_o govern_v themselves_o according_o and_o not_o to_o allow_v of_o any_o acquittance_n or_o discharge_v than_o be_v aforesaid_a but_o by_o the_o say_a acquittance_n to_o find_v out_o the_o offender_n 17_o moreover_o the_o say_a person_n be_v bind_v silver_n mark_v and_o weigh_v of_o foreign_a silver_n that_o whensoever_o any_o coin_n of_o gold_n shall_v be_v receive_v by_o they_o which_o be_v too_o light_a they_o shall_v with_o a_o ponchion_n mark_v the_o same_o and_o upon_o the_o silver_n coin_n they_o shall_v for_o every_o farthing_n or_o eight_o grain_n which_o the_o piece_n be_v too_o light_a put_v upon_o the_o say_a piece_n one_o grain_n or_o round_o o_o before_o they_o issue_v the_o same_o upon_o forfeiture_n of_o half_a a_o rider_n for_o every_o piece_n 18_o they_o shall_v also_o for_o those_o to_o who_o they_o shall_v pay_v any_o money_n have_v in_o readiness_n balance_n and_o weight_n in_o their_o place_n where_o they_o keep_v their_o bank_n upon_o forfeiture_n of_o half_a a_o rider_n for_o every_o default_n to_o be_v make_v therein_o 19_o and_o all_o the_o say_v countable_a officer_n as_o well_o general_a
conscience_n be_v harden_v unto_o it_o without_o any_o scruple_n or_o indifferent_a consideration_n whereby_o as_o in_o body_n natural_a so_o in_o politic_a disease_n grow_v by_o the_o too_o much_o or_o the_o too_o little_a of_o a_o due_a proportion_n in_o all_o humane_a action_n and_o the_o rule_n that_o innovation_n be_v dangerous_a hold_v true_a where_o the_o body_n natural_a or_o politic_a be_v in_o perfect_a state_n of_o health_n but_o where_o there_o be_v a_o decline_a there_o to_o make_v no_o alteration_n be_v a_o certain_a way_n to_o run_v to_o destruction_n to_o the_o three_o that_o money_n will_v be_v sudden_o call_v in_o it_o may_v be_v make_v or_o enact_v that_o the_o borrower_n shall_v have_v two_o year_n time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o money_n he_o owe_v pay_v the_o interest_n and_o observe_v such_o caution_n condition_n and_o limitation_n as_o may_v be_v think_v convenient_a to_o the_o four_o objection_n that_o money_n will_v be_v hard_a to_o be_v borrow_v it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n do_v not_o increase_v in_o the_o quantity_n of_o money_n whereof_o have_v plenty_n cause_v commerce_n to_o flourish_v and_o if_o money_n at_o interest_n be_v call_v down_o what_o will_v usurer_n do_v with_o their_o money_n they_o will_v not_o keep_v it_o by_o they_o as_o a_o dead_a stock_n for_o either_o they_o must_v employ_v it_o in_o trade_n purchase_v land_n or_o lend_v for_o use_v at_o such_o a_o rate_n as_o the_o law_n will_v tolerate_v so_o that_o herein_o can_v be_v no_o hurt_n to_o the_o last_o and_o weak_a objection_n concern_v the_o money_n of_o other_o nation_n deliver_v at_o interest_n here_o it_o be_v demand_v whether_o it_o be_v meet_v to_o have_v they_o to_o feed_v upon_o the_o realm_n and_o in_o process_n of_o time_n to_o carry_v out_o such_o gain_n thereby_o by_o multiplication_n of_o interest_n for_o to_o man_n of_o understanding_n in_o cast_v of_o account_n it_o be_v plain_o manifest_a that_o a_o hundred_o pound_n manage_v at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o incredible_a interest_n which_o seem_v incredible_a multiply_v itself_o in_o seventie_o year_n be_v the_o age_n of_o a_o man_n to_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n and_o it_o be_v therefore_o compare_v to_o the_o butler_n box_n for_o even_o as_o man_n when_o they_o be_v at_o play_n feel_v not_o what_o they_o give_v to_o the_o box_n but_o at_o the_o end_n of_o christmas_n it_o make_v all_o or_o near_o all_o gamester_n loser_n so_o there_o be_v not_o few_o which_o continue_v in_o usury_n that_o be_v not_o ruin_v and_o so_o the_o say_a treatise_n conclude_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o to_o be_v bite_a usury_n but_o to_o apostrophate_v this_o discourse_n and_o to_o remedy_v the_o matter_n let_v we_o but_o procure_v to_o have_v plenty_n of_o money_n real_o in_o specie_fw-la within_o the_o realm_n together_o with_o the_o mean_v use_v in_o other_o country_n in_o the_o lieu_n of_o money_n as_o the_o transfer_v or_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n between_o man_n and_o man_n the_o payment_n by_o assignment_n in_o bank_n without_o handle_v of_o money_n and_o letter_n of_o credit_n or_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o you_o may_v find_v in_o this_o book_n declare_v for_o plenty_n of_o money_n will_v not_o only_o prevent_v but_o also_o effect_v the_o benefit_n intend_v in_o the_o say_a treatise_n make_v usury_n to_o decrease_v in_o price_n rate_n plenty_n of_o money_n decrease_v usury_n in_o price_n or_o rate_n as_o in_o other_o country_n where_o they_o be_v tolerate_v to_o take_v twelve_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o yet_o money_n be_v plentiful_o to_o be_v have_v at_o five_o six_o and_o seven_o in_o the_o hundred_o then_o will_v the_o king_n custom_n increase_v and_o commerce_n flourish_v nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n land_n be_v improove_v merchant_n and_o artificer_n be_v encourage_v young_a beginner_n be_v enable_v labourer_n find_v quick_a employment_n and_o usurer_n may_v have_v land_n for_o their_o money_n some_o will_v say_v unto_o i_o consider_v the_o premise_n that_o to_o take_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o of_o a_o rich_a merchant_n indeed_o or_o of_o any_o other_o that_o buy_v land_n or_o make_v gain_v by_o the_o money_n be_v no_o bite_a usury_n herein_o to_o qualify_v the_o content_n of_o this_o and_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n i_o note_v two_o consideration_n for_o that_o purpose_n albeit_o that_o it_o seem_v no_o comma_n can_v be_v make_v as_o it_o be_v from_o the_o high_a climate_n to_o the_o low_a centre_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o literal_a word_n denounce_v by_o way_n of_o curse_n against_o usury_n for_o if_o on_o the_o one_o side_n you_o will_v take_v all_o text_n of_o scripture_n so_o precise_o as_o man_n do_v without_o construction_n as_o for_o example_n 18._o phil._n 4._o luke_n 18._o give_v to_o every_o man_n that_o ask_v of_o thou_o be_v always_o glad_a pray_v always_o and_o the_o like_a and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n so_o little_a regard_n they_o by_o large_a interpretation_n in_o take_v great_a usury_n what_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n will_v this_o bring_v to_o the_o commonwealth_n therefore_o to_o answer_v the_o question_n i_o say_v that_o consideration_n be_v have_v in_o your_o particular_a and_o the_o party_n who_o make_v benefit_n of_o your_o money_n there_o be_v no_o bite_a usury_n commit_v and_o no_o hurt_n do_v but_o rather_o mutual_a love_n increase_v but_o if_o there_o be_v consideration_n have_v of_o the_o general_a there_o be_v bite_a usury_n commit_v and_o even_o upon_o the_o poor_a and_o mechanike_n people_n for_o by_o your_o mean_n and_o other_o deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n be_v the_o same_o incorporate_v into_o rich_a man_n hand_n whereby_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n can_v have_v none_o to_o serve_v their_o occasion_n but_o at_o very_o excessive_a and_o abominable_a rate_n and_o that_o upon_o pawn_n also_o for_o your_o deliver_v of_o money_n at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o under_o do_v enable_v they_o to_o take_v intolerable_a usury_n of_o the_o say_v mean_a sort_n of_o people_n as_o shall_v now_o be_v declare_v whereby_o they_o devour_v they_o so_o that_o in_o all_o kingdom_n they_o be_v provide_v for_o but_o here_o and_o until_o that_o be_v amend_v your_o take_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o in_o nature_n before_o declare_v be_v a_o bite_a usury_n although_o it_o do_v not_o belong_v unto_o you_o to_o amend_v the_o same_o but_o that_o prince_n and_o magistrate_n be_v to_o provide_v for_o it_o for_o this_o be_v a_o bite_a nay_o a_o very_a gnaw_v to_o the_o bone_n of_o your_o christian_a brother_n with_o who_o you_o ought_v to_o deal_v merciful_o as_o there_o be_v three_o sort_n of_o deal_n among_o man_n that_o be_v deal_n three_o sort_n of_o man_n and_o three_o sot_n of_o deal_n gift_n bargain_v and_o lend_v so_o be_v there_o three_o sort_n of_o man_n the_o stark_a beggar_n the_o poor_a housholder_n and_o the_o rich_a merchant_n or_o gentleman_n to_o the_o first_o you_o ought_v to_o give_v free_o not_o only_o to_o lend_v free_o to_o the_o second_o you_o ought_v to_o lend_v either_o free_o or_o merciful_o and_o not_o to_o feed_v upon_o he_o with_o excessive_a usury_n but_o with_o the_o three_o you_o may_v deal_v straight_o and_o ask_v your_o own_o with_o gain_n especial_o when_o he_o gain_v by_o your_o money_n use_v in_o all_o these_o a_o conscience_n with_o discretion_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xii_o of_o intolerable_a usury_n and_o lombard_n the_o apprehension_n of_o the_o continuance_n of_o intolerable_a usury_n in_o england_n be_v able_a to_o stupefy_v a_o man_n sense_n consider_v the_o same_o be_v so_o abhor_a of_o heathen_n turk_n and_o barbarian_n it_o be_v a_o evident_a token_n that_o our_o heart_n be_v more_o than_o sufficient_o freeze_v over_o with_o the_o insensible_a yâ—e_n of_o uncharitableness_n because_o the_o cruel_a devour_v thereof_o may_v be_v so_o easy_o prevent_v and_o then_o usury_n politic_a will_v not_o be_v bite_v this_o intolerable_a usury_n be_v effect_v by_o the_o broker_n sell_v old_a apparel_n and_o household_n stuff_n which_o do_v take_v after_o diverse_a rate_n but_o all_o of_o they_o excessive_o they_o be_v the_o fit_a instrument_n to_o receive_v and_o buy_v steal_v good_n whereby_o all_o thief_n be_v encourage_v according_a to_o the_o proverb_n if_o there_o be_v no_o receiver_n there_o will_v be_v few_o thief_n most_o of_o these_o broker_n have_v their_o money_n master_n to_o who_o they_o pay_v twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o or_o 15_o at_o the_o least_o for_o some_o of_o these_o money_n master_v pay_v themselves_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o unto_o other_o so_o that_o one_o thing_n drive_v or_o enforce_v another_o like_o as_o in_o a_o clock_n where_o there_o be_v many_o wheel_n the_o first_o wheel_n be_v stir_v drive_v the_o next_o and_o
for_o ten_o year_n free_o not_o to_o pay_v any_o penny_n gain_v all_o that_o time_n if_o either_o of_o we_o do_v die_v but_o if_o we_o both_o live_v together_o till_o that_o time_n than_o he_o to_o pay_v i_o after_o twelve_o pound_n in_o the_o hundred_o for_o ten_o year_n past_a the_o law_n say_v that_o the_o peril_n which_o may_v happen_v do_v not_o excuse_v i_o from_o sin_n but_o i_o be_o a_o usurer_n for_o the_o time_n be_v not_o proper_a a_o merchant_n dare_v to_o a_o corporation_n or_o company_n a_o hundred_o pound_n which_o corporation_n have_v a_o grant_n by_o statute_n that_o whosoever_o dare_v such_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n and_o have_v a_o child_n of_o one_o year_n shall_v have_v for_o his_o child_n if_o it_o do_v live_v fifteen_o year_n of_o age_n 500_o will_v of_o money_n but_o if_o the_o child_n die_v before_o that_o time_n the_o father_n to_o lose_v his_o principal_n for_o ever_o the_o law_n say_v if_o i_o lend_v purposely_o for_o gain_n notwithstanding_o the_o peril_n i_o be_o a_o usurer_n i_o know_v a_o honest_a artificer_n owe_v to_o a_o draper_n forty_o pound_n to_o be_v pay_v at_o six_o month_n i_o come_v to_o the_o draper_n and_o show_v he_o if_o he_o will_v take_v thirty_o pound_n in_o hand_n i_o will_v pay_v so_o much_o for_o the_o artificer_n if_o he_o will_v turn_v the_o debt_n over_o unto_o i_o herein_o i_o be_o a_o usurer_n in_o seek_v to_o anticipate_v the_o payment_n one_o buy_v a_o pay_n of_o three_o or_o four_o hundred_o pound_n deliver_v fifteen_o shilling_n for_o every_o twenty_o shilling_n here_o be_v a_o cloak_a lend_v under_o the_o colour_n of_o buy_v and_o therefore_o usury_n call_v palliata_fw-la for_o he_o do_v hope_n for_o gain_v explicata_fw-la vsura_fw-la palliata_fw-la vsura_fw-la explicata_fw-la i_o do_v buy_v a_o man_n bill_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n due_a three_o month_n hence_o and_o give_v unto_o he_o in_o present_a money_n 95_o will_v here_o although_o a_o bargain_n and_o sale_n seem_v in_o show_n yet_o it_o be_v a_o lend_v and_o therefore_o usury_n i_o do_v bargain_n with_o some_o to_o have_v so_o many_o ox_n and_o kine_n within_o four_o month_n to_o have_v they_o better_o cheap_a pay_v the_o money_n before_o hand_n this_o be_v usury_n if_o the_o party_n have_v not_o ox_n or_o kine_n at_o the_o time_n i_o do_v buy_v certain_a gelding_n to_o have_v they_o deliver_v at_o a_o certain_a fair_a for_o less_o than_o they_o be_v worth_a i_o be_o therein_o a_o usurer_n if_o i_o be_v sure_a that_o they_o will_v be_v more_o worth_a at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o delivery_n i_o do_v deliver_v old_a wheat_n to_o receive_v new_a if_o i_o do_v deliver_v the_o same_o for_o gain_n and_o assure_v myself_o of_o benefit_n i_o be_o a_o usurer_n i_o do_v fear_v the_o fall_n of_o money_n and_o therefore_o do_v deliver_v my_o money_n to_o another_o man_n to_o have_v as_o much_o at_o six_o month_n after_o according_a as_o the_o money_n be_v then_o currant_n when_o i_o pay_v it_o this_o be_v usury_n i_o seek_v a_o office_n which_o i_o can_v have_v except_o i_o do_v pay_v a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n to_o avoid_v this_o payment_n i_o do_v lend_v for_o two_o three_o or_o four_o year_n a_o gross_a sum_n because_o i_o will_v not_o pay_v the_o say_a money_n in_o so_o do_v be_v usury_n i_o do_v pawn_v a_o house_n with_o a_o orchard_n for_o certain_a money_n the_o creditor_n have_v the_o benefit_n of_o my_o ground_n and_o house_n he_o be_v a_o usurer_n a_o gentleman_n have_v a_o manor_n stock_v with_o thirty_o milch_n kine_n and_o 700_o sheep_n value_v at_o 300_o mark_n or_o thereabouts_o as_o they_o be_v then_o to_o be_v buy_v and_o sell_v this_o manor_n he_o will_v let_v out_o with_o the_o stock_n for_o ten_o year_n to_o receive_v the_o old_a rent_n of_o his_o manor_n and_o thirty_o pound_n yearly_a beside_o for_o his_o stock_n and_o at_o the_o ten_o year_n end_n either_o to_o have_v at_o his_o own_o choice_n his_o cattle_n of_o like_a goodness_n and_o value_n as_o he_o do_v let_v they_o out_o or_o else_o 200_o will_v in_o money_n here_o there_o be_v first_o a_o lend_n because_o the_o farmour_n have_v property_n in_o the_o cattle_n and_o may_v alter_v they_o as_o he_o listen_v for_o his_o best_a avail_n pay_v his_o yearly_a rent_n for_o they_o and_o restore_v so_o good_a cattle_n at_o the_o ten_o year_n end_n as_o he_o before_o receive_v again_o he_o must_v answer_v the_o cattle_n at_o the_o ten_o year_n end_n and_o pay_v rend_v yearly_a for_o ten_o year_n although_o the_o cattle_n die_v all_o the_o very_a first_o year_n so_o that_o this_o gentleman_n seek_v his_o certain_a gain_n and_o principal_a to_o be_v safe_o return_v unto_o he_o be_v a_o usurer_n colourable_o last_o to_o deliver_v money_n by_o exchange_n upon_o bill_n of_o exchange_n intend_v any_o gain_n thereby_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n be_v usury_n and_o all_o the_o premise_n be_v usurious_a act_n although_o many_o not_o in_o danger_n of_o the_o statute_n now_o diverse_a merchant_n and_o other_o will_v say_v that_o then_o there_o be_v no_o deal_n between_o man_n and_o man_n and_o all_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n be_v overthrow_v for_o say_v they_o here_o be_v nothing_o except_v wherein_o any_o man_n can_v deal_v and_o all_o other_o nation_n do_v continual_o maintain_v their_o negotiation_n and_o traffic_n by_o deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n and_o by_o exchange_n and_o will_v not_o be_v rule_v by_o our_o particular_a direction_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n hereupon_o let_v we_o also_o note_v what_o lawful_a contract_n be_v before_o we_o conclude_v chap._n xvi_o of_o lawful_a bargain_n and_o contract_n we_o have_v already_o note_v where_o a_o man_n may_v take_v a_o benefit_n for_o his_o money_n two_o manner_n of_o way_n which_o be_v ex_fw-la damno_fw-la habito_fw-la where_o he_o have_v sustain_v a_o loss_n or_o ex_fw-la lucro_fw-la cessante_fw-la where_o his_o benefit_n or_o profit_n have_v be_v take_v away_o or_o prevent_v for_o the_o want_n of_o his_o money_n which_o he_o may_v have_v bestow_v in_o some_o ware_n to_o furnish_v his_o shop_n at_o convenient_a time_n and_o in_o both_o these_o the_o party_n be_v not_o active_a but_o passive_a i_o do_v buy_v land_n of_o my_o friend_n for_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n and_o of_o like_a value_n to_o the_o land_n with_o this_o condition_n if_o he_o bring_v i_o the_o money_n again_o at_o any_o time_n he_o shall_v have_v his_o land_n again_o i_o be_v lawful_a owner_n of_o this_o land_n by_o bargain_n and_o sale_n may_v safe_o enjoy_v the_o fruit_n and_o rent_n of_o the_o same_o land_n without_o any_o suspicion_n of_o usury_n another_o come_v to_o i_o and_o will_v borrow_v a_o thousand_o pound_n in_o gold_n and_o as_o much_o plate_n for_o a_o show_n to_o declare_v and_o set_v forth_o his_o wealth_n the_o more_o to_o the_o world_n when_o it_o be_v see_v in_o his_o shop_n in_o this_o case_n i_o may_v take_v usury_n a_o apothecary_n dare_v to_o the_o physician_n a_o hundred_o pound_n by_o the_o year_n free_o because_o he_o shall_v send_v his_o bill_n of_o receipt_n to_o he_o and_o to_o none_o other_o this_o be_v no_o usury_n i_o do_v buy_v timber_n brick_n or_o stone_n of_o a_o man_n to_o deliver_v the_o same_o at_o such_o a_o place_n at_o such_o a_o time_n and_o to_o pay_v he_o for_o the_o same_o i_o do_v borrow_v so_o much_o upon_o usury_n if_o the_o say_a man_n do_v not_o perform_v with_o i_o in_o deliver_v the_o say_a timber_n brick_n or_o stone_n yet_o be_v he_o bind_v to_o pay_v i_o that_o usury_n true_o a_o corporation_n take_v a_o hundred_o pound_n of_o a_o man_n to_o pay_v he_o eight_o in_o the_o hundred_o during_o his_o life_n this_o be_v no_o usury_n and_o so_o for_o all_o annuity_n during_o life_n for_o the_o principal_n be_v never_o to_o be_v restore_v again_o a_o mighty_a man_n than_o myself_o withhold_v through_o force_n a_o portion_n of_o land_n from_o i_o i_o be_o loath_a to_o try_v the_o law_n with_o he_o because_o he_o have_v the_o law_n in_o his_o hand_n and_o i_o offer_v to_o lend_v he_o five_o hundred_o pound_n for_o a_o year_n or_o two_o free_o so_o that_o i_o may_v have_v my_o own_o without_o further_a trouble_n or_o vexation_n this_o be_v no_o usury_n because_o i_o receive_v but_o my_o own_o quiet_o i_o do_v borrow_v a_o hundred_o pound_n for_o a_o year_n promise_v at_o the_o year_n end_v to_o lend_v another_o hundred_o pound_n for_o it_o for_o the_o same_o time_n this_o be_v permutation_n i_o take_v the_o peril_n upon_o i_o of_o the_o carriage_n of_o a_o great_a mass_n of_o money_n i_o may_v lawful_o take_v portage_n money_n for_o my_o pain_n and_o this_o be_v
their_o body_n until_o the_o day_n of_o judgement_n for_o albeit_o the_o spirit_n of_o man_n be_v right_o term_v to_o be_v the_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n man_n the_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v the_o spirit_n of_o man_n yet_o the_o part_n of_o the_o soul_n concern_v understanding_n and_o will_n have_v their_o proper_a relation_n for_o that_o part_n call_v understanding_n be_v seat_v chief_o in_o the_o soul_n as_o will_n be_v in_o the_o spirit_n both_o to_o be_v accompany_v with_o knowledge_n the_o philosopher_n have_v make_v this_o distinction_n by_o their_o chemical_a observation_n and_o such_o as_o place_v the_o soul_n in_o the_o blood_n disperse_v through_o all_o the_o vein_n of_o the_o body_n do_v also_o place_v the_o will_n of_o man_n in_o the_o spirit_n reside_v in_o the_o heart_n of_o man_n which_o the_o anatomist_n demonstrate_v to_o be_v a_o little_a concavitie_n where_o the_o drop_n of_o the_o vital_a blood_n be_v place_v in_o the_o heart_n which_o be_v fear_v up_o and_o the_o place_n be_v shrink_v in_o body_n which_o have_v be_v poison_v to_o make_v application_n of_o this_o comparison_n between_o the_o soul_n and_o spirit_n comparison_n application_n of_o the_o comparison_n we_o shall_v find_v by_o the_o follow_a discourse_n that_o even_o as_o the_o spirit_n of_o man_n be_v predominant_a over_o the_o soul_n and_o body_n in_o all_o the_o action_n thereof_o which_o by_o the_o blood_n be_v quicken_v and_o preserve_v even_o so_o be_v the_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n overrule_a the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n in_o all_o place_n where_o the_o action_n of_o money_n be_v feel_v or_o see_v direct_v the_o same_o by_o some_o due_a proportion_n according_o chap._n i._o of_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o exchange_n for_o money_n be_v of_o great_a antiquity_n for_o as_o we_o have_v declare_v the_o first_o silver_n money_n coin_a by_o the_o roman_n be_v almost_o 1900_o year_n since_o and_o even_o as_o money_n be_v invent_v to_o be_v make_v of_o the_o best_a metal_n to_o avoid_v the_o troublesome_a carriage_n of_o commodity_n up_o and_o down_o and_o from_o one_o country_n into_o another_o so_o upon_o the_o like_a consideration_n when_o other_o nation_n imitate_v the_o roman_n do_v coin_n money_n exchange_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o exchange_n exchange_n by_o bill_n for_o money_n be_v devise_v to_o avoid_v both_o the_o danger_n and_o adventure_n of_o money_n and_o the_o troublesome_a carriage_n thereof_o this_o money_n now_o be_v make_v by_o diverse_a nation_n of_o several_a standard_n and_o diverse_a stamp_n and_o inscription_n as_o a_o mark_n of_o sovereignty_n cause_v they_o to_o appoint_v a_o certain_a exchange_n for_o the_o permutation_n of_o the_o several_a sort_n of_o coin_n in_o diverse_a country_n without_o any_o transportation_n of_o the_o coin_n but_o give_v par_n pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n with_o a_o certain_a allowance_n to_o accommodate_v the_o merchant_n and_o the_o officer_n to_o execute_v the_o same_o be_v call_v numularij_fw-la argentarij_fw-la and_o collybistae_n that_o be_v to_o say_v numularij_fw-la of_o nummus_fw-la or_o the_o coin_n itself_o argentarij_fw-la because_o the_o silver_n coin_n be_v most_o usual_a in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o collybistae_n because_o it_o signify_v a_o reward_n for_o exchange_v here_o now_o let_v we_o observe_v four_o manner_n of_o exchange_n which_o have_v be_v use_v and_o in_o some_o country_n be_v yet_o continue_v albeit_o some_o of_o they_o be_v abrogate_a in_o england_n common_o call_v cambio_n commune_v cambio_n real_a cambio_n sicco_fw-it and_o cambio_n fictitio_fw-la which_o denomination_n may_v be_v admit_v the_o first_o manner_n of_o exchange_n call_v cambio_n commune_v commune_fw-la i_o cambio_n commune_fw-la be_v proper_o that_o exchange_n which_o the_o say_v collibistae_fw-la or_o common_a exchanger_n do_v use_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o prince_n and_o commonweal_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o territory_n which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v very_o expedient_a and_o necessary_a and_o be_v establish_v to_o prevent_v the_o exportation_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n into_o another_o country_n and_o these_o exchanger_n do_v deliver_v in_o all_o country_n the_o money_n in_o one_o specie_fw-la for_o the_o money_n in_o other_o species_n by_o they_o receive_v as_o aforesaid_a exchange_n table_n of_o exchange_n whereupon_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o of_o england_n cause_v certain_a table_n to_o be_v set_v up_o at_o dover_n and_o other_o place_n of_o the_o realm_n declare_v the_o value_n of_o the_o say_v sundry_a species_n of_o coin_n of_o all_o country_n traffic_v with_o his_o subject_n and_o the_o allowance_n which_o merchant_n be_v to_o give_v to_o have_v their_o turn_n serve_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o good_a law_n make_v in_o his_o time_n when_o there_o be_v money_n coin_a in_o diverse_a place_n of_o this_o kingdom_n and_o not_o in_o one_o mint_n only_o within_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n and_o this_o be_v long_o before_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o west-indies_n from_o whence_o the_o ocean_n of_o money_n do_v run_v into_o christendom_n and_o for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o say_a table_n all_o be_v at_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o king_n mint_n at_o london_n and_o with_o a_o correspondence_n of_o other_o mint_n namely_o at_o canturburie_n at_o kingston_n upon_o hull_n newcastle_n upon_o tine_n bristol_n and_o exeter_n and_o the_o exchanger_n for_o the_o king_n at_o london_n do_v also_o depute_v exchanger_n in_o the_o most_o place_n except_o that_o certain_a merchant_n of_o florence_n call_v friscobaldi_n be_v the_o king_n exchanger_n at_o kingston_n exchanger_n friscobaldi_n the_o exchanger_n newcastle_n and_o exeter_n who_o make_v the_o say_v exchange_n of_o value_n for_o value_n with_o a_o reasonable_a allowance_n and_o by_o their_o mean_n be_v all_o the_o say_a mint_n set_v on_o work_n and_o the_o transportation_n of_o our_o money_n be_v prevent_v for_o as_o bishop_n tursids_n book_n of_o arithmetic_n declare_v by_o give_v par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n there_o be_v no_o gain_n leave_v to_o the_o transporter_n the_o king_n of_o england_n do_v constitute_v these_o exchanger_n exchanger_n king_n exchanger_n even_o as_o the_o cambiadore_v and_o banker_n be_v use_v in_o other_o country_n be_v authorise_v by_o the_o king_n or_o prince_n of_o the_o say_a country_n especial_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o of_o england_n who_o have_v two_o exchanger_n the_o one_o call_v custos_fw-la cambij_fw-la infra_fw-la turrim_n who_o have_v the_o charge_n in_o buy_v of_o bullion_n and_o to_o look_v to_o the_o coinage_n of_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n now_o call_v the_o warden_n of_o the_o mint_n the_o other_o be_v call_v keeper_n of_o the_o exchange_n and_o rechange_v within_o or_o towards_o this_o realm_n for_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o specie_fw-la by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o afterward_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v make_v without_o name_v the_o species_n but_o according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o the_o several_a coin_n real_a 2_o cambio_z real_a and_o this_o be_v call_v cambium_n regis_fw-la or_o royal_a exchange_n which_o cause_v queen_n elizabeth_n to_o name_v the_o burse_n in_o london_n according_o this_o office_n appear_v to_o have_v be_v in_o the_o eleven_o year_n of_o the_o say_a king_n edw._n by_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n make_v at_o acton_n burnel_n since_o which_o time_n the_o succeed_a king_n and_o queen_n have_v continue_v the_o same_o by_o sixteen_o several_a letter_n patent_n and_o whereas_o it_o seem_v that_o the_o say_v two_o exchanger_n can_v not_o execute_v their_o office_n convenient_o be_v asunder_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o in_o henry_n the_o six_o his_o time_n a_o law_n be_v make_v by_o which_o both_o office_n be_v put_v into_o one_o man_n hand_n and_o so_o continue_v many_o year_n until_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o discontinue_v exchange_n discontinue_v when_o he_o cause_v base_a money_n to_o be_v make_v at_o the_o siege_n of_o boulogne_n whereupon_o no_o certain_a exchange_n can_v be_v ground_v albeit_o that_o before_o that_o time_n in_o the_o two_o and_o twenty_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o cause_v a_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o a_o old_a statute_n make_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n richard_n the_o second_o graston_n the_o chronicle_n of_o graston_n that_o no_o person_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o say_a meaning_n or_o act_n of_o parliament_n upon_o pain_n to_o be_v take_v to_o be_v the_o king_n mortal_a enemy_n and_o to_o forfeit_v all_o that_o he_o may_v forfeit_v for_o in_o his_o noble_a father_n time_n king_n henry_n the_o seven_o the_o banker_n have_v invent_v a_o course_n of_o
north_n star_n some_o merchant_n be_v so_o far_o wide_a from_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o value_n of_o coin_n and_o the_o exchange_n make_v thereupon_o that_o they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o certain_a rate_n or_o par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n set_v to_o answer_v just_o the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o foreign_a part_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o diversity_n and_o disproportion_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o their_o intrinsicall_a and_o extrinsicall_a value_n but_o these_o merchant_n be_v to_o understand_v that_o the_o money_n of_o all_o country_n have_v a_o proportionable_a valuation_n relative_a within_o themselves_o according_a to_o their_o several_a standard_n for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n only_o the_o small_a and_o base_a coin_n have_v some_o little_a know_a advantage_n which_o may_v be_v consider_v of_o in_o exchange_n according_o proportionable_a valuation_n of_o money_n for_o exchange_n to_o be_v make_v according_o if_o there_o be_v cause_n that_o the_o quantity_n of_o those_o money_n do_v exceed_v the_o big_a and_o fine_a coin_n this_o consideration_n have_v be_v have_v heretofore_o and_o especial_o in_o the_o par_fw-fr agree_v upon_o between_o the_o low-countries_n and_o this_o realm_n in_o the_o year_n 1575._o when_o upon_o the_o philip_n doller_n the_o exchange_n be_v at_o twenty_o five_o shilling_n the_o par_fw-fr and_o the_o small_a money_n will_v exceed_v twenty_o seven_o shilling_n and_o upward_o but_o the_o quantity_n do_v not_o surmount_v the_o better_a coin_n the_o like_a be_v upon_o the_o par_fw-fr agree_v upon_o with_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n anno_fw-la 1586_o at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n and_o with_o hamborough_n and_o stoade_n to_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n lubish_n upon_o the_o rickes_n doller_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n or_o nine_o mark_n four_o shilling_n for_o our_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n make_v four_o dollar_n and_o one_o half_a to_o answer_v the_o say_v par_fw-fr which_o doller_n be_v enhance_v since_o to_o fifty_o four_o shilling_n and_o be_v receive_v now_o but_o four_o dollar_n for_o the_o same_o and_o so_o for_o other_o place_n according_o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o imaginary_a money_n of_o all_o place_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v by_o bill_n the_o denomination_n of_o money_n which_o we_o call_v imaginary_a be_v because_o there_o be_v not_o any_o peculiar_a or_o proper_a money_n to_o be_v find_v in_o specie_fw-la whereupon_o the_o exchange_n be_v ground_v as_o it_o be_v in_o time_n pass_v in_o many_o place_n where_o some_o money_n be_v the_o cause_n to_o ground_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n upon_o as_o our_o angel_n noble_a be_v coin_a for_o six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n sterling_a whereupon_o exchange_n have_v be_v make_v as_o now_o be_v do_v upon_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o so_o may_v the_o new_a piece_n of_o our_o sovereign_a king_n james_n laureate_a be_v take_v but_o it_o be_v more_o proper_a to_o make_v exchange_n upon_o the_o silver_n coin_n for_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v most_o rule_v thereby_o in_o all_o place_n which_o by_o the_o quantity_n be_v five_o hundred_o to_o one_o hence_o do_v proceed_v the_o cause_n that_o when_o our_o gold_n in_o the_o year_n 1611_o silver_n the_o price_n of_o gold_n not_o so_o effectual_a as_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n be_v advance_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o above_o the_o silver_n the_o price_n of_o commodity_n do_v not_o rise_v albeit_o foreign_a nation_n do_v cause_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n to_o fall_v but_o if_o silver_n be_v enhance_v present_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n will_v follow_v as_o the_o rule_n thereof_o and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n will_v fall_v more_o for_o exchange_n will_v over-rule_v both_o in_o like_a manner_n do_v we_o call_v the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v to_o be_v imaginary_a as_o the_o dollar_n in_o germany_n the_o crown_n in_o france_n the_o ducat_n in_o italy_n and_o other_o place_n which_o by_o the_o great_a diversity_n you_o may_v understand_v as_o follow_v together_o with_o the_o calculation_n of_o merchant_n account_n whereupon_o their_o book_n of_o account_n be_v keep_v according_a to_o their_o imaginary_a money_n flemish_n pound_v flemish_n in_o flanders_n brabant_n and_o most_o place_n of_o the_o low-countries_n they_o keep_v their_o book_n of_o account_n and_o reckon_n by_o twenty_o shilling_n flemish_n every_o shilling_n twelve_o denier_n or_o penny_n which_o shilling_n be_v six_o styver_n in_o artois_n henalt_n tournois_n pound_v tournois_n and_o other_o place_n by_o pound_n tournois_fw-fr of_o twenty_o stiver_n or_o forty_o penny_n flemish_n whereof_o six_o call_v guildren_n or_o florin_n make_v the_o pound_n flemish_n in_o all_o the_o seventeen_o province_n of_o the_o netherlands_o some_o do_v reckon_v by_o pound_n parasis_n which_o be_v but_o twenty_o penny_n parasis_n pound_v parasis_n whereof_o twelve_o make_v the_o pound_n flemish_n but_o their_o account_n as_o also_o the_o reckon_n of_o their_o prince_n or_o finance_n be_v keep_v by_o pound_n tournois_n which_o pound_n they_o divide_v into_o twenty_o shilling_n every_o shilling_n into_o twelve_o penny_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o the_o pound_n parasis_n and_o these_o have_v also_o their_o subdivision_n of_o obulus_fw-la maille_n heller_n hallinck_fw-mi corte_n mite_n point_v engevin_n poot_n and_o such_o like_a copper_n money_n too_o tedious_a to_o rehearse_v in_o germany_n in_o the_o year_n 1520_o guilder_n gold_n guilder_n be_v the_o gold_n guilder_n coin_a for_o a_o general_a coin_n and_o value_v in_o holland_n for_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n which_o be_v now_o in_o specie_fw-la at_o double_a the_o price_n nevertheless_o they_o do_v continue_v to_o buy_v and_o sell_v all_o that_o great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n which_o be_v bring_v from_o the_o east_n country_n poland_n and_o other_o place_n by_o the_o say_a gold_n guilder_n of_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n their_o dolor_n be_v coin_a at_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n since_o rise_v to_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n creutzer_n creutzer_n yet_o their_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n which_o be_v imaginary_a at_o augusta_n the_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o say_a dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n at_o three_o week_n or_o fourteen_o day_n sight_n after_o the_o bill_n present_v at_o frankford_n they_o reckon_v by_o the_o guilder_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n creutzer_n florin_n of_o 60_o creutzer_n call_v in_o latin_a crucigeri_fw-la be_v piece_n with_o a_o cross_n they_o be_v florin_n and_o their_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n payable_a in_o the_o two_o yearly_a fair_n or_o mart_n the_o one_o the_o week_n before_o easter_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o september_n to_o continue_v for_o all_o the_o month_n at_o norenborough_n their_o exchange_n 〈◊〉_d make_v upon_o the_o say_a dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n and_o many_o time_n upon_o the_o florin_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n which_o they_o also_o divide_v into_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o every_o shilling_n twelve_o penny_n to_o keep_v their_o account_n by_o for_o bohemia_n bohemicos_fw-la bohemicos_fw-la exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o twenty_o and_o four_o bohemicos_fw-la at_o vienna_n they_o reckon_v by_o guilder_n or_o florin_n of_o eight_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n &_o two_o heller_n to_o the_o penny_n and_o exchange_n be_v make_v thereupon_o at_o baviera_n by_o guilder_n of_o seven_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n guilder_n diverse_a guilder_n for_o exchange_n and_o account_n in_o hungary_n by_o guilder_n of_o ten_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n and_o by_o florin_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n and_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o their_o ducat_n at_o breslo_n and_o leypsich_n they_o reckon_v by_o mark_n of_o thirty_o and_o two_o gross_v of_o twelve_o heller_n to_o the_o gross_a gross_v mark_v of_o 32_o gross_v and_o they_o exchange_n by_o thirty_o florin_n breslowe_v to_o have_v at_o vienna_n thirty_o and_o four_o florin_n or_o at_o norenborough_n thirty_o and_o two_o florin_n etc._n pound_n of_o 20_o shilling_n &_o 12_o heller_n etc._n etc._n at_o vlme_n they_o reckon_v by_o pound_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o heller_n to_o the_o shilling_n and_o their_o exchange_n be_v be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n at_o colloigne_n by_o dollar_n of_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n for_o account_n and_o exchange_n sterling_a pound_n sterling_a at_o embden_n they_o reckon_v by_o guilder_n and_o exchange_n upon_o the_o rickx_n dolor_n but_o from_o london_n thither_o and_o hither_o upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n shilling_n mark_v of_o 16_o shilling_n at_o hamborough_n they_o account_v by_o mark_n of_o sixteen_o shilling_n
eighty_o asper_n every_o asper_n be_v ten_o macharines_n at_o alexandria_n in_o egypt_n they_o account_v by_o ducat_n there_o be_v ducat_n de_fw-fr pargo_n make_v three_o ducat_n of_o venice_n pargo_n ducat_n de_fw-fr pargo_n also_o italian_a ducat_n of_o thirty_o and_o five_o maid_n and_o the_o venice_n ducat_n be_v better_a and_o make_v forty_o maid_n scot_n mark_v scot_n at_o edinburgh_n in_o scotland_n exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o mark_n piece_n of_o silver_n which_o be_v value_v in_o england_n at_o 13_o ½_n penny_n be_v otherwise_o 13⅓_n penny_n or_o thirteen_o shilling_n four_o penny_n scot_n so_o one_o mark_n and_o a_o half_a scot_n be_v twenty_o shilling_n scot_n and_o twenty_o penny_n sterling_a be_v one_o pound_n scottish_a scot_n pound_v scot_n which_o be_v twelve_o to_o one_o the_o 18_o piece_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n be_v by_o the_o say_a valuation_n twenty_o shilling_n three_o penny_n and_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n at_o london_n pay_v for_o twelve_o penny_n the_o say_a mark_n of_o 13_o ⅓_n penny_n at_o two_o or_o three_o month_n time_n in_o scotland_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v irish._n pound_n irish._n at_o dublin_n in_o ireland_n the_o fifteen_o shilling_n sterling_a be_v one_o pound_n irish_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v with_o allowance_n of_o six_o penny_n or_o eight_o penny_n upon_o every_o pound_n payable_a at_o london_n and_o for_o want_v of_o a_o mint_n no_o bullion_n be_v import_v thither_o and_o exchange_n be_v divert_v into_o other_o part_n at_o london_n all_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n for_o germany_n sterling_a pound_n sterling_a the_o low-countries_n and_o other_o place_n of_o traffic_n and_o for_o france_n upon_o the_o french_a crown_n for_o italy_n and_o spain_n and_o other_o place_n upon_o the_o ducat_n or_o for_o the_o doller_n and_o florin_n in_o some_o place_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n whereof_o more_o particular_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n chap._n four_o of_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o the_o term_n of_o art_n use_v therein_o the_o discrepance_n of_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n have_v a_o regard_n to_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o place_n or_o place_n where_o the_o money_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v wherein_o we_o may_v consider_v three_o kind_n of_o diversity_n call_v by_o the_o term_n of_o art_n in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n at_o sight_n usance_n and_o double_a usance_n or_o treble_a the_o take_n and_o deliver_v money_n at_o sight_n sight_n at_o sight_n bind_v the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n to_o give_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n direct_v upon_o his_o friend_n factor_n or_o servant_n in_o any_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o pay_v upon_o sight_n of_o it_o or_o within_o three_o four_o or_o more_o day_n so_o much_o money_n as_o have_v be_v take_v up_o by_o he_o after_o such_o a_o rate_n the_o pound_n doller_n ducat_n or_o crown_n as_o be_v agree_v upon_o between_o they_o in_o foreign_a coin_n either_o according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n or_o currant_n money_n for_o merchandise_n which_o be_v more_o ordinary_a because_o merchant_n will_v admit_v sometime_o to_o receive_v some_o coin_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n than_o they_o be_v value_v upon_o occasion_n that_o some_o species_n be_v require_v for_o transportation_n or_o some_o other_o use_n to_o make_v payment_n estate_n policy_n of_o estate_n which_o toleration_n be_v by_o authority_n many_o time_n suffer_v to_o draw_v money_n unto_o their_o place_n of_o jurisdiction_n herein_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o if_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a at_o so_o many_o day_n sight_n that_o the_o number_n of_o day_n must_v be_v express_v in_o the_o bill_n or_o bill_n for_o common_o there_o be_v make_v three_o bill_n of_o one_o tenor_n for_o every_o sum_n of_o money_n take_v up_o because_o if_o one_o bill_n be_v lose_v the_o other_o may_v serve_v in_o place_n the_o second_o time_n of_o payment_n call_v usance_n usance_n at_o usance_n which_o be_v either_o the_o time_n of_o one_o month_n two_o or_o three_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o hereafter_o be_v declare_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n where_o these_o exchange_n do_v run_v according_a to_o which_o time_n the_o party_n upon_o who_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v direct_v be_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o unless_o there_o be_v good_a cause_n to_o the_o contrary_a as_o shall_v appear_v hereafter_o usance_n double_a usance_n and_o treble_a usance_n the_o three_o time_n of_o payment_n call_v double_a usance_n be_v either_o two_o or_o more_o month_n or_o always_o double_a the_o time_n of_o the_o usance_n respect_v by_o custom_n the_o course_n thereof_o and_o many_o time_n exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o half_a usance_n which_o be_v fifteen_o day_n but_o consider_v the_o wind_n and_o other_o hindrance_n it_o be_v better_a to_o limit_v the_o day_n after_o sight_n in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o to_o send_v the_o same_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n with_o a_o letter_n of_o advice_n which_o the_o taker_n of_o money_n common_o do_v deliver_v with_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereunto_o the_o bill_n make_v also_o relation_n and_o treble_a usance_n be_v according_o mart_n payment_n in_o fair_n or_o mart_n there_o be_v another_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o exchange_n where_o great_a payment_n be_v make_v as_o in_o fair_n or_o mart_n as_o at_o madrill_n and_o medina_n del_fw-it campo_n by_o three_o ferias_fw-la in_o the_o year_n at_o lion_n by_o four_o payment_n yearly_a and_o at_o frankford_n twice_o every_o year_n etc._n etc._n the_o difference_n of_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n do_v alter_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o time_n common_o after_o twelve_o fifteen_o or_o twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n so_o between_o the_o pound_n sterling_a exchange_v for_o the_o low-countries_n at_o sight_n and_o usance_n be_v between_o four_o and_o five_o penny_n and_o double_a usance_n and_o usance_n six_o or_o seven_o penny_n which_o ordinary_o be_v account_v to_o be_v but_o four_o penny_n after_o 10_o pro_fw-la 100_o but_o for_o the_o fair_n and_o mart_n it_o be_v very_o uncertain_a because_o the_o payment_n be_v all_o at_o one_o time_n and_o the_o near_o the_o fair_n be_v at_o hand_n exchange_n consideration_n in_o exchange_n the_o more_o shall_v the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n save_v by_o pay_v less_o interest_n because_o he_o have_v not_o have_v the_o use_n of_o the_o money_n from_o the_o beginning_n that_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o the_o fair_n which_o in_o questionable_a matter_n be_v very_o considerable_a usance_n from_o london_n to_o and_o from_o middleborough_n amsterdam_n antuerpe_n bridges_n and_o other_o place_n in_o the_o low-countries_n be_v one_o month_n time_n from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o double_a usance_n be_v two_o month_n usance_n for_o hamborough_n be_v two_o month_n and_o for_o venice_n three_o month_n usance_n from_o antuerp_n to_o rome_n be_v two_o month_n and_o from_o lion_n to_o rome_n one_o month_n usance_n from_o antuerp_n to_o venice_n be_v two_o month_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o bank_n usance_n at_o florence_n be_v two_o month_n and_o from_o florence_n to_o london_n three_o month_n usance_n from_o genoa_n to_o rome_n and_o naples_n be_v ten_o day_n sight_n and_o for_o palermo_n and_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n by_o ordinary_a observation_n and_o so_o be_v luca_n from_o naples_n to_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n and_o the_o like_a for_o palermo_n usance_n for_o rouen_n and_o paris_n be_v one_o month_n but_o common_o at_o three_o week_n sight_n from_o antuerp_n and_o london_n to_o seville_a be_v two_o month_n castille_n payment_n be_v in_o three_o bank_n and_o ferias_fw-la de_fw-fr villalon_n medina_n del_fw-it campo_n and_o medina_n del_fw-it rio_n sicco_fw-it but_o many_o time_n prolong_v by_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n usance_n from_o lixborne_a to_o london_n and_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n which_o merchant_n be_v to_o know_v because_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v not_o declare_v the_o same_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o nature_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o nature_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v so_o noble_a and_o excel_a all_o other_o deal_n between_o merchant_n that_o the_o proceed_n therein_o be_v extraordinary_a and_o singular_a and_o not_o subject_a to_o any_o prescription_n by_o law_n or_o otherwise_o but_o mere_o subsist_v of_o a_o reverend_a custom_n use_v and_o solemnize_v concern_v the_o same_o for_o the_o better_a declaration_n whereof_o let_v we_o set_v down_o the_o form_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n from_o
london_n to_o amsterdam_n and_o from_o amsterdam_n to_o london_n again_o viz._n laus_fw-la deo_fw-la adi_n 20_o august_n 1622_o in_o london_n 500_o will_v 34_o ss_z 6_o d._n at_o usance_n pay_v by_o this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n unto_o a._n b._n the_o sum_n of_o five_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a at_o thirty_o four_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n flemish_n for_o every_o pound_n sterling_a currant_n money_n in_o merchandise_n for_o the_o value_n hereof_o receive_v by_o i_o of_o c.d._n and_o put_v it_o to_o account_v as_o per_fw-la advice_n a_o dio_n etc._n etc._n g.m._n on_o the_o backside_n be_v endorse_v to_o my_o love_a friend_n master_n w.c._n merchant_n at_o amsterdam_n p_o a_o this_o be_v the_o form_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n deliver_v and_o take_v up_o at_o london_n for_o amsterdam_n the_o second_o bill_n do_v differ_v in_o the_o addition_n of_o these_o word_n only_o at_o venice_n not_o have_v pay_v by_o my_o first_o bill_n pay_v by_o this_o my_o second_o bill_n and_o so_o in_o the_o three_o bill_n for_o there_o be_v common_o three_o bill_n make_v as_o aforesaid_a laus_fw-la deo_fw-la adj_n 20_o of_o september_n 1622_o in_o amsterdam_n 100_o will_v at_o 33_o ss_z 6_o d._n at_o usance_n pay_v this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n unto_o w._n m._n the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n lawful_a money_n of_o england_n for_o the_o value_n here_o by_o i_o receive_v of_o d._n h._n make_v he_o good_a payment_n and_o put_v it_o to_o your_o account_n god_n keep_v you_o subscribe_v w.c._n on_o the_o backside_n be_v endorse_v to_o my_o love_a friend_n master_n g.m._n merchant_n at_o london_n p_o a_o 1_o this_o be_v the_o form_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n take_v up_o at_o amsterdam_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o london_n wherein_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n may_v be_v make_v at_o sight_n or_o so_o many_o day_n after_o sight_n or_o at_o double_a usance_n according_a to_o the_o agreement_n or_o the_o bill_n may_v be_v direct_v to_o my_o servant_n or_o to_o himself_o or_o any_o other_o or_o it_o may_v say_v put_v it_o to_o the_o account_n of_o such_o a_o man_n but_o the_o best_a be_v to_o refer_v it_o to_o the_o letter_n of_o advice_n and_o where_o the_o first_o bill_n be_v note_v p_o a._n the_o second_o must_v be_v 2_o a._n and_o the_o three_o 3_o a_o you_o may_v not_o say_v in_o the_o bill_n it_o may_v please_v you_o to_o pay_v or_o i_o pray_v you_o to_o pay_v although_o it_o be_v to_o your_o master_n for_o the_o bill_n of_o his_o high_a nature_n do_v carry_v with_o it_o a_o command_n without_o respect_n of_o person_n and_o most_o man_n will_v not_o use_v the_o word_n make_v he_o good_a payment_n but_o the_o few_o word_n the_o more_o formal_a neither_o be_v there_o any_o witness_n unto_o it_o nor_o any_o seal_n but_o a_o small_a piece_n of_o paper_n of_o some_o two_o finger_n broad_a and_o the_o letter_n of_o advice_n do_v declare_v for_o who_o account_n or_o to_o what_o intent_n or_o purpose_n 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and_o equality_n of_o money_n domestical_a and_o foreign_a aforesaid_a a_o most_o easy_a remedy_n aâ—_n aforesaid_a and_o to_o let_v all_o merchant_n exchange_v one_o with_o another_o by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o they_o now_o do_v and_o can_v agree_v among_o themselves_o but_o never_o under_o that_o price_n see_v it_o be_v against_o all_o reason_n nature_n and_o policy_n to_o undervalue_v the_o king_n money_n by_o exchange_n and_o all_o the_o commodity_n according_o to_o the_o incredible_a loss_n of_o the_o realm_n will_v not_o this_o be_v as_o easy_a to_o be_v do_v as_o we_o see_v the_o rudder_n of_o a_o ship_n do_v govern_v the_o great_a carrack_n or_o vessel_n be_v but_o a_o small_a piece_n of_o timber_n fasten_v upon_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o keelne_v of_o the_o ship_n whereby_o it_o be_v direct_v according_a to_o all_o the_o variation_n of_o the_o compass_n as_o we_o have_v say_v elsewhere_o let_v the_o practice_n hereof_o assure_v we_o and_o we_o shall_v not_o need_v to_o 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they_o famous_a according_a to_o the_o proverb_n nascimur_fw-la poetae_fw-la fimus_fw-la oratores_fw-la but_o now_o art_n step_v in_o rhetorica_fw-la rhetorica_fw-la and_o claim_v the_o honour_n of_o rhetoric_n as_o devise_v by_o she_o with_o the_o help_n of_o the_o facundity_n and_o fluency_n of_o speech_n and_o be_v call_v ornatus_fw-la persuasio_fw-la whereunto_o the_o celerity_n of_o wit_n occur_v say_v soft_a sir_n do_v not_o take_v i_o to_o be_v all_o wit_n without_o wisdom_n like_v unto_o tree_n full_a of_o fair_a leaf_n without_o fruit_n arithmetica_fw-la arithmetica_fw-la for_o lo_o yonder_o come_v arithmetic_n which_o be_v the_o original_n and_o ground_n of_o all_o the_o seven_o liberal_a science_n or_o art_n without_o which_o none_o of_o they_o can_v subsist_v her_o poesy_n be_v par_n &_o impar_fw-la this_o foundation_n be_v lay_v by_o i_o among_o the_o heathen_n and_o unlearned_a creature_n of_o america_n and_o other_o country_n to_o demonstrate_v number_n by_o finger_n and_o toe_n tell_v two_o three_o four_o and_o so_o to_o ten_o than_o ten_o and_o one_o and_o ten_o and_o two_o and_o so_o forth_o still_o make_v sign_n as_o they_o speak_v and_o when_o they_o will_v reckon_v twenty_o they_o will_v hold_v down_o both_o their_o hand_n to_o their_o foot_n show_v all_o their_o finger_n and_o toe_n and_o as_o the_o number_n be_v great_a so_o will_v they_o double_v and_o augment_v the_o sign_n observe_v the_o same_o by_o a_o little_a bundle_n of_o stick_n lay_v or_o tie_v together_o and_o separate_v a_o sunder_o observe_v thereby_o their_o payment_n and_o promise_n according_a to_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n this_o be_v that_o account_v by_o score_n yet_o use_v whereof_o their_o arithmetic_n give_v denomination_n before_o any_o of_o the_o say_a art_n be_v invent_v and_o this_o be_v proper_o to_o be_v attribute_v unto_o i_o ab_fw-la origine_fw-la for_o i_o have_v note_v that_o in_o thing_n create_v and_o engender_v the_o element_n be_v
coelo_fw-la the_o rather_o for_o that_o so_o many_o good_a act_n of_o parliament_n have_v be_v make_v long_o since_o concern_v the_o same_o when_o the_o staple_n of_o our_o commodity_n do_v flourish_v both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o 1622._o the_o maintenance_n of_o â—ree_a trade_n anno_fw-la 1622._o and_o have_v of_o late_o publish_v ten_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n it_o may_v be_v think_v convenient_a to_o examine_v the_o same_o upon_o the_o say_a point_n 1_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o the_o overualuation_n consequent_o of_o foreign_a coin_n unto_o we_o which_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o england_n 2_o usury_n politic_a practise_v by_o many_o and_o abandon_v trade_n 3_o the_o litigious_a suit_n in_o law_n to_o the_o hindrance_n of_o trade_n 4_o the_o neglect_n of_o the_o fish_n trade_n preoccupy_v by_o other_o nation_n 5_o 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trial_n in_o law_n it_o be_v adjudge_v to_o be_v a_o sufficient_a discharge_n for_o they_o all_o in_o nature_n of_o a_o general_a acquittance_n these_o observation_n at_o the_o common_a law_n and_o such_o like_a book_n case_n as_o i_o have_v put_v down_o i_o hold_v to_o be_v necessary_a for_o merchant_n to_o know_v albeit_o we_o handle_v the_o law-merchant_n in_o this_o treatise_n and_o not_o matter_n of_o the_o common_a law_n if_o you_o take_v beyond_o the_o sea_n any_o bill_n obligatorie_n for_o money_n deliver_v upon_o two_o or_o three_o life_n or_o for_o wager_n or_o lay_n which_o be_v conditional_a life_n bill_n obligatory_a upon_o two_o or_o three_o life_n let_v the_o party_n be_v put_v to_o prove_v if_o upon_o proof_n of_o life_n make_v the_o bill_n payable_a at_o a_o day_n certain_a unless_o one_o of_o the_o party_n be_v dead_a whereby_o the_o party_n be_v bind_v to_o pay_v or_o else_o to_o prove_v the_o decease_n of_o the_o one_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o you_o make_v the_o 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certain_a covenant_n or_o declaration_n and_o yet_o the_o same_o be_v know_v unto_o the_o party_n that_o do_v make_v use_n of_o the_o say_a blank_n may_v become_v scrupelous_a thereupon_o to_o be_v well_o deal_v withal_o howsoever_o we_o see_v what_o honest_a and_o plain_a deal_n be_v use_v among_o merchant_n and_o what_o adventure_n they_o bear_v to_o compass_v their_o business_n a_o merchant_n of_o antuerp_n will_v send_v his_o servant_n at_o amsterdam_n to_o buy_v he_o 500_o last_v of_o corn_n upon_o advice_n he_o have_v that_o corn_n be_v spoil_v or_o the_o harvest_n fail_v in_o spain_n portugal_n and_o other_o place_n and_o because_o he_o be_v uncertain_a what_o his_o servant_n can_v effect_v doubt_v that_o other_o man_n may_v have_v the_o like_a advice_n and_o prevent_v he_o he_o deliver_v blank_a paper_n by_o he_o subscribe_v with_o order_n to_o his_o say_a servant_n that_o he_o shall_v upon_o such_o a_o occasion_n write_v his_o letter_n upon_o the_o say_a paper_n to_o such_o 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buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n either_o for_o ready_a money_n or_o payable_a at_o some_o day_n of_o payment_n wherein_o the_o mediation_n of_o a_o broker_n be_v most_o necessary_a for_o as_o it_o will_v be_v troublesome_a to_o use_v scrivener_n in_o every_o bargain_n so_o be_v it_o commodious_a to_o use_v the_o mean_n of_o broker_n the_o commodity_n be_v not_o only_o buy_v and_o sell_v with_o more_o credit_n and_o reputation_n but_o all_o controversy_n which_o do_v arise_v by_o misadventure_n or_o otherwise_o be_v soon_o determine_v and_o a_o swear_a broker_n be_v take_v as_o a_o double_a witness_n if_o he_o do_v produce_v his_o book_n with_o a_o memorandum_n of_o the_o bargain_n as_o the_o same_o be_v agree_v between_o both_o party_n whereby_o many_o varience_n be_v reconcile_v and_o difference_n like_a to_o fall_v out_o be_v prevent_v contract_n the_o most_o beneficial_a contract_n i_o have_v almost_o forget_v the_o most_o memorable_a contract_n that_o ever_o be_v whereby_o the_o philosopher_n elixir_n or_o stone_n be_v find_v turn_v lead_n paper_n and_o ink_n into_o gold_n and_o silver_n which_o be_v the_o contract_n of_o pope_n for_o their_o crusado_n or_o bull_n whereof_o there_o be_v certain_a contractor_n who_o for_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n yearly_a to_o be_v pay_v do_v receive_v authority_n to_o disperse_v the_o say_v pardon_n or_o bull_n into_o the_o west-indies_n perou_n nova_fw-la espagnia_n and_o all_o those_o quarter_n of_o the_o world_n and_o every_o reasonable_a soul_n must_v have_v one_o of_o they_o yearly_a and_o that_o this_o be_v the_o most_o beneficial_a contract_n i_o prove_v thus_o in_o the_o year_n 1591._o pope_n sixtus_n quintus_n cause_v two_o ship_n to_o be_v lade_v out_o of_o spain_n for_o the_o west-indies_n as_o aforesaid_a with_o some_o 100_o butt_n of_o sack_n 1400_o little_a chest_n contain_v each_o of_o they_o three_o ordinary_a small_a barrel_n of_o quicksilver_n weigh_v 50_o will_v the_o piece_n to_o refine_v the_o silver_n withal_o in_o the_o say_a indies_n and_o moreover_o with_o a_o great_a number_n of_o pack_n of_o the_o print_a bull_n and_o pardon_n grant_v at_o that_o time_n to_o make_v provision_n against_o the_o heretic_n forasmuch_o that_o the_o great_a armada_n of_o the_o year_n 1588._o have_v so_o much_o exhaust_v the_o treasure_n of_o spain_n these_o two_o ship_n be_v meet_v withal_o at_o sea_n by_o captain_n white_n who_o be_v lade_v and_o bind_v for_o barbary_n and_o bring_v into_o england_n by_o he_o where_o the_o commodity_n be_v sell_v but_o the_o pope_n merchandise_n be_v out_o of_o request_n remain_v a_o long_a time_n in_o warehouse_n at_o the_o dispose_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n until_o at_o last_o at_o the_o earnest_a request_n of_o her_o physician_n call_v doctor_n lopes_n she_o give_v all_o the_o say_v great_a quantity_n of_o bull_n unto_o he_o amount_v to_o many_o thousand_o in_o number_n this_o courtly_a merchant_n fall_v in_o communication_n with_o a_o italian_a knight_n who_o have_v be_v a_o merchant_n do_v conclude_v with_o the_o say_a knight_n to_o make_v a_o partable_a voyage_n between_o they_o and_o to_o send_v those_o bull_n into_o the_o west-indies_n and_o according_o a_o ship_n be_v freight_v and_o lade_v with_o the_o say_a bull_n and_o some_o other_o commodity_n and_o do_v perform_v the_o say_a voyage_n to_o the_o indies_n but_o no_o soon_o arrive_v the_o pope_n contractor_n for_o that_o commodity_n do_v seize_v upon_o all_o the_o say_a bull_n and_o cause_v a_o information_n to_o be_v give_v against_o they_o that_o they_o be_v infect_v have_v be_v take_v by_o heretic_n it_o be_v allege_v that_o they_o be_v miraculous_o save_v but_o lose_v they_o be_v and_o confiscate_v and_o so_o covetousness_n be_v well_o reward_v but_o return_v to_o prove_v this_o beneficial_a contract_n merchandise_n the_o pope_n his_o merchandise_n i_o be_v at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o take_n of_o the_o say_a bull_n will_v by_o authority_n to_o make_v and_o estimate_n what_o the_o lade_n of_o these_o two_o ship_n may_v cost_v and_o what_o they_o may_v have_v be_v worth_a in_o the_o west_n indies_n according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o every_o bull_n tax_v at_o two_o royal_n of_o plate_n and_o some_o four_o and_o some_o eight_o royal_n according_a to_o their_o limitation_n every_o one_o be_v but_o one_o sheet_n of_o paper_n and_o by_o computation_n the_o lade_n do_v not_o cost_v fifty_o thousand_o pound_n and_o will_v have_v yield_v above_o six_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n for_o these_o contract_n be_v fervent_a and_o full_a of_o devotion_n contain_v also_o a_o commandment_n that_o their_o bed_n shall_v be_v sell_v rather_o than_o any_o one_o shall_v be_v without_o a_o bull_n for_o the_o safety_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o health_n and_o ease_n of_o the_o body_n now_o before_o we_o entreat_v of_o extravagant_a contract_n in_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n in_o some_o place_n it_o will_v not_o be_v impertinent_a to_o note_v the_o observation_n and_o opinion_n of_o civilians_n concern_v merchant_n contract_n which_o they_o have_v distinguish_v to_o be_v solemn_a public_a or_o private_a as_o in_o the_o marginal_a note_n be_v before_o declare_v to_o the_o end_n all_o controversy_n may_v be_v avoid_v in_o the_o say_a merchant_n contract_n the_o civilians_n writing_n de_fw-fr contractibus_fw-la mercatorum_fw-la plain_a merchant_n contract_n be_v to_o be_v plain_a or_o of_o merchant_n contract_v make_v many_o distinction_n but_o the_o condition_n agree_v upon_o between_o they_o be_v chief_o considerable_a and_o to_o be_v well_o declare_v to_o avoid_v ambiguity_n and_o construction_n and_o reciprocal_a thing_n to_o be_v perform_v on_o both_o side_n which_o bind_v they_o better_o so_o that_o if_o a_o contract_n be_v break_v whereby_o the_o one_o party_n be_v damnify_v for_o the_o want_n of_o his_o money_n or_o good_n not_o deliver_v whereby_o he_o can_v make_v no_o benefit_n and_o be_v hinder_v in_o his_o trade_n by_o lucrum_fw-la cessans_fw-la or_o not_o get_v the_o other_o party_n may_v just_o demand_v recompense_n for_o the_o same_o especial_o if_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n otherwise_o some_o civilians_n make_v the_o same_o questionable_a as_o fisherman_n fowler_n and_o hunter_n which_o say_v they_o can_v demand_v any_o loss_n for_o want_n of_o their_o own_o because_o by_o their_o profession_n they_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o they_o shall_v catch_v or_o take_v any_o thing_n by_o their_o art_n nevertheless_o the_o merchant_n court_n have_v a_o especial_a care_n to_o perform_v well_o with_o fisherman_n contract_n fisherman_n be_v to_o be_v respect_v upon_o contract_n and_o that_o with_o all_o expedition_n of_o justice_n they_o may_v be_v dispatch_v to_o follow_v their_o trade_n without_o any_o intermission_n of_o time_n this_o damage_n sustain_v by_o merchant_n or_o other_o regard_v the_o first_o damage_n upon_o contract_n to_o be_v regard_v for_o the_o non_fw-fr performance_n of_o contract_n can_v be_v demand_v by_o a_o continuance_n of_o time_n run_v ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la during_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n but_o must_v be_v demand_v according_a to_o the_o first_o damage_n receive_v as_o the_o party_n can_v due_o prove_v the_o same_o either_o by_o witness_n or_o upon_o his_o oath_n as_o the_o cause_n may_v require_v therefore_o when_o merchant_n be_v contend_v in_o any_o court_n of_o equity_n or_o law_n where_o they_o be_v delay_v for_o many_o year_n in_o continual_a suit_n at_o their_o great_a charge_n then_o it_o tend_v to_o the_o interrupof_n trade_n and_o commerce_n in_o general_a and_o the_o overthrow_n of_o the_o party_n in_o particular_a whereof_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n have_v a_o singular_a care_n to_o provide_v for_o and_o therefore_o do_v many_o time_n though_o not_o without_o danger_n admit_v the_o proof_n to_o be_v make_v upon_o the_o party_n oath_n if_o witness_n be_v absent_a contract_n penalty_n upon_o contract_n the_o penalty_n or_o forfeiture_n upon_o any_o contract_n limit_v and_o express_v be_v it_o nomine_fw-la pain_fw-la or_o otherwise_o be_v therefore_o much_o to_o be_v consider_v of_o in_o equity_n to_o make_v they_o stand_v and_o to_o be_v effectual_a for_o the_o mainetenance_n of_o faith_n and_o credit_n between_o merchant_n and_o they_o be_v consequent_o much_o approve_v by_o all_o civilians_n and_o by_o their_o law_n allow_v in_o all_o contract_n make_v for_o a_o copartnership_n in_o provide_v of_o a_o joint_a stock_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o one_o or_o some_o of_o they_o do_v not_o defraud_v the_o other_o also_o it_o be_v approve_v that_o they_o may_v sell_v their_o adventure_n to_o other_o and_o the_o buyer_n be_v to_o take_v the_o account_n according_a to_o the_o contract_n contract_n observation_n in_o partable_a contract_n for_o the_o account_n give_v to_o other_o partner_n in_o society_n do_v always_o bind_v the_o buyer_n
proportionable_o in_o these_o adventure_n and_o the_o party_n die_v the_o widow_n or_o his_o heir_n be_v to_o accept_v thereof_o according_o both_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n as_o be_v well_o observe_v by_o the_o society_n of_o the_o merchant_n trade_v for_o the_o east_n indïe_v both_o in_o england_n and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n for_o it_o be_v not_o account_v any_o danger_n to_o trust_v a_o society_n and_o to_o deliver_v money_n for_o trade_v and_o where_o not_o damage_n or_o adventure_n be_v bear_v be_v usurious_a as_o shall_v be_v declare_v hereafter_o etc._n verbal_a contract_n for_o money_n etc._n etc._n to_o enter_v into_o consideration_n of_o some_o verbal_a contract_n some_o custom_n be_v be_v observe_v which_o the_o civilians_n make_v questionable_a a_o merchant_n do_v deliver_v some_o money_n unto_o another_o merchant_n to_o be_v employ_v by_o he_o in_o commodity_n or_o to_o be_v put_v forth_o to_o use_v for_o both_o their_o benefit_n and_o profit_n without_o any_o limitation_n of_o time_n agree_v upon_o between_o they_o the_o question_n be_v when_o this_o merchant_n that_o do_v deliver_v this_o money_n may_v call_v for_o it_o again_o wherein_o most_o civilians_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o same_o can_v be_v demand_v before_o the_o year_n expire_v which_o seem_v the_o more_o reasonable_a if_o the_o law_n will_v not_o allow_v unto_o the_o other_o party_n a_o loss_n sustain_v thereby_o by_o fire_n water_n or_o any_o other_o casualty_n unless_o he_o do_v declare_v and_o manifest_v the_o same_o within_o the_o year_n nevertheless_o if_o this_o money_n be_v deliver_v to_o one_o that_o make_v a_o continual_a gain_n by_o money_n as_o some_o goldsmith_n do_v by_o take_v the_o same_o for_o two_o three_o or_o more_o day_n and_o allow_v benefit_n for_o it_o than_o it_o may_v seem_v reasonable_a that_o the_o money_n may_v be_v demand_v at_o all_o time_n upon_o warning_n give_v for_o the_o time_n without_o which_o no_o man_n may_v be_v suppose_v to_o be_v so_o careless_a in_o the_o delivery_n of_o he_o or_o other_o man_n money_n by_o a_o verbal_a contract_n as_o the_o say_a civilians_n have_v surmise_v again_o suppose_v this_o money_n be_v deliver_v to_o a_o father_n and_o his_o son_n joint_o whether_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v redemanded_a of_o the_o father_n and_o of_o the_o son_n by_o equal_a portion_n half_a and_o half_a or_o of_o they_o both_o hereupon_o they_o be_v of_o opinion_n if_o the_o father_n do_v receive_v the_o money_n and_o that_o the_o son_n be_v under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o father_n than_o the_o father_n be_v to_o answer_v for_o all_o but_o if_o the_o son_n do_v as_o it_o be_v govern_v the_o father_n because_o he_o be_v old_a then_o the_o son_n be_v to_o answer_v for_o the_o money_n now_o the_o law-merchant_n oblige_v they_o both_o to_o answer_v for_o the_o say_a money_n unless_o the_o son_n be_v under_o year_n but_o this_o question_n may_v be_v think_v extravagant_a for_o contract_n be_v common_o notariall_a in_o this_o case_n and_o between_o partner_n sure_a notariall_n contract_v sure_a and_o where_o one_o partner_n bind_v another_o it_o be_v only_o to_o be_v understand_v to_o continue_v the_o time_n of_o their_o partenership_n whereas_o to_o become_v bind_v each_o to_o other_o for_o so_o much_o as_o shall_v be_v find_v due_a be_v dangerous_a and_o full_a of_o cavillation_n so_o that_o as_o before_o be_v remember_v every_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v plain_o express_v but_o especial_o to_o be_v careful_o observe_v between_o partner_n for_o the_o stock_n also_o between_o partner_n by_o contract_n to_o continue_v in_o trade_n be_v to_o be_v without_o diminution_n or_o any_o other_o employment_n to_o be_v make_v during_o the_o say_a copartenership_n which_o be_v limit_v therefore_o for_o a_o time_n and_o not_o by_o voyage_n or_o employment_n the_o charge_n on_o both_o side_n to_o be_v limit_v but_o hereof_o more_o upon_o the_o title_n of_o partner_n or_o company_n to_o 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the_o broker_n book_n record_v whereof_o i_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v a_o chapter_n apart_o touch_v the_o commodity_n sell_v by_o broker_n as_o hereafter_o may_v appear_v a_o merchant_n in_o spain_n deal_v for_o the_o west_n indies_n nova_fw-la espagnia_n terra_fw-la firma_fw-la or_o peru_n and_o other_o place_n in_o america_n will_v buy_v a_o round_a quantity_n of_o germany_n commodity_n or_o manufacture_n make_v there_o and_o in_o the_o low_a country_n either_o yronmonger_n ware_n as_o hatchet_n axe_n knife_n bell_n bead_n needle_n basin_n candlestick_n counter_n lock_n nail_n and_o diverse_a sort_n of_o commodity_n and_o he_o be_v make_v acquaint_v by_o the_o inuoice_n or_o cargasson_n of_o those_o good_n what_o they_o do_v cost_v in_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o they_o come_v where_o the_o merchant_n owner_n of_o the_o say_a ware_n have_v augment_v his_o price_n in_o the_o say_v invoice_n and_o so_o the_o spanish_a merchant_n do_v make_v he_o a_o offer_n of_o so_o many_o maluidy_n for_o every_o pound_n flemish_a or_o hamborough_n money_n they_o condition_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o they_o or_o for_o every_o dollor_n or_o other_o coin_n whereby_o the_o same_o be_v buy_v according_a as_o the_o party_n by_o his_o observation_n be_v able_a to_o judge_v of_o the_o value_n thereof_o by_o his_o often_o buy_v of_o the_o like_a but_o the_o payment_n be_v agree_v upon_o to_o be_v make_v sometime_o after_o the_o return_n of_o the_o west-indies_n fleet_n that_o be_v to_o say_v when_o most_o ship_n go_v outward_o shall_v return_v again_o into_o spain_n but_o whether_o the_o buyer_n of_o those_o good_n do_v receive_v any_o return_n of_o the_o provenue_n of_o the_o say_a good_n or_o not_o be_v a_o matter_n not_o material_a to_o the_o seller_n of_o the_o good_n for_o he_o bear_v no_o adventure_n of_o bad_a factor_n evil_a paymaster_n or_o other_o accident_n but_o must_v be_v pay_v at_o the_o time_n agree_v upon_o according_a to_o the_o ordinary_a custom_n thereof_o unless_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o he_o shall_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n for_o a_o sum_n in_o certainty_n in_o nature_n of_o assurance_n or_o upon_o some_o unexpected_a alteration_n which_o may_v happen_v in_o the_o say_a assurance_n which_o be_v another_o contract_n as_o hereafter_o more_o ample_o will_v appear_v in_o his_o proper_a place_n another_o merchant_n sell_v by_o contract_n some_o commodity_n to_o be_v deliver_v at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o say_a west_n indies_n fleet_n posito_fw-la a_o certain_a quantity_n of_o cutcheneale_n as_o the_o price_n shall_v be_v break_v in_o spain_n upon_o the_o arrival_n of_o the_o main_a partida_n this_o merchant_n common_o take_v a_o sum_n of_o money_n before_o hand_n whereof_o he_o allow_v interest_n for_o the_o time_n or_o else_o he_o abate_v a_o certain_a allowance_n in_o the_o price_n of_o the_o cutcheneale_n less_o than_o the_o price_n which_o by_o authority_n and_o consent_n among_o merchant_n be_v make_v that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o the_o best_a sort_n call_v misteca_n be_v set_v at_o 40_o ducat_n the_o roâ—ue_n of_o 25_o will_v weight_n he_o shall_v abate_v he_o after_o 20_o or_o 25_o ê‘_n 100_o now_o if_o the_o price_n of_o cutcheneale_n be_v high_a or_o low_o the_o interest_n of_o his_o money_n former_o disburse_v by_o the_o say_a abatement_n must_v needs_o be_v according_o so_o that_o the_o best_a advantage_n be_v to_o take_v the_o interest_n after_o a_o rate_n certain_a and_o the_o price_n of_o the_o cutcheneale_n as_o it_o shall_v and_o may_v fâ—ll_v out_o the_o like_a may_v be_v observe_v for_o all_o other_o commodity_n the_o banker_n have_v find_v the_o same_o by_o experience_n by_o deal_v with_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n and_o portugal_n when_o they_o make_v partidos_n with_o they_o to_o furnish_v they_o money_n in_o their_o occasion_n by_o make_v they_o to_o pay_v exchange_n
and_o to_o conclude_v concern_v fraightment_n and_o charterpaâ—ties_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o equity_n in_o all_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v and_o especial_o in_o sea-fairing_n cause_n and_o cavillation_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v as_o for_o example_n a_o merchant_n freight_v a_o ship_n with_o all_o his_o furniture_n by_o the_o month_n and_o put_v into_o she_o the_o master_n and_o mariner_n and_o victual_v the_o same_o at_o his_o charge_n and_o make_v a_o charterpartie_n with_o the_o owner_n promise_v to_o pay_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o furniture_n twenty_o pound_n every_o month_n at_o her_o return_n into_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n and_o so_o lade_v in_o she_o for_o the_o strait_n regard_v equity_n in_o seafaring_a cause_n much_o to_o be_v regard_v and_o to_o go_v from_o port_n to_o port_n in_o several_a place_n with_o merchandise_n and_o after_o two_o year_n or_o thereabouts_o have_v take_v her_o lade_n in_o barbary_n come_v for_o london_n and_o by_o storm_n and_o tempest_n the_o ship_n be_v cast_v away_o near_o dover_n and_o the_o good_n be_v save_v hereupon_o the_o merchant_n deny_v to_o pay_v the_o freight_n monthly_o to_o be_v reckon_v because_o the_o ship_n do_v not_o arrive_v in_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n according_a to_o the_o word_n in_o the_o charterpartie_n herein_o the_o owner_n be_v much_o wrong_v for_o the_o money_n be_v due_a monthly_a and_o the_o place_n be_v name_v only_o to_o signify_v the_o time_n when_o the_o money_n be_v due_a to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o ship_n deserve_v wage_n like_a unto_o a_o labourer_n or_o like_o a_o mariner_n which_o serve_v by_o the_o month_n who_o be_v to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o time_n he_o have_v serve_v although_o he_o die_v before_o the_o voyage_n be_v end_v as_o we_o find_v daily_o that_o the_o east-indies_n company_n pay_v to_o their_o wife_n or_o friend_n the_o labourer_n be_v worthy_a of_o his_o hire_n the_o ship_n be_v not_o freight_v by_o the_o great_a to_o run_v that_o adventure_n which_o be_v note_v before_o neither_o be_v she_o want_v her_o furniture_n of_o cable_n anchor_n sail_n rope_n or_o any_o thing_n whereby_o she_o be_v disable_v to_o perform_v the_o voyage_n and_o may_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o cast_v away_o for_o if_o it_o be_v so_o then_o there_o be_v great_a cause_n give_v to_o deny_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o freight_n again_o where_o it_o be_v allege_v that_o the_o say_a owner_n have_v make_v assurance_n upon_o the_o ship_n for_o more_o than_o the_o same_o be_v worth_a and_o do_v thereby_o recover_v of_o the_o assuror_n a_o benefit_n towards_o his_o loss_n this_o do_v not_o concern_v the_o merchant_n but_o the_o assuror_n and_o if_o the_o assurance_n be_v orderly_o make_v the_o say_a assuror_n have_v pay_v the_o same_o due_o that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o the_o policy_n or_o writing_n of_o assurance_n do_v declare_v that_o the_o owner_n do_v value_v his_o ship_n in_o such_o a_o sum_n whereof_o hereafter_o you_o may_v read_v in_o the_o proper_a place_n entreat_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o assurance_n a_o merchant_n value_v one_o barrel_n of_o saffroh_n at_o 1000_o will_v have_v private_o put_v so_o much_o in_o gold_n in_o the_o same_o the_o gold_n be_v take_v but_o the_o saffron_n be_v deliver_v and_o the_o assuror_n do_v pay_v for_o the_o gold_n and_o the_o like_a be_v for_o pearl_n or_o other_o thing_n so_o value_v item_n when_o coffer_n pack_n or_o pipe_n and_o other_o mark_v commodity_n or_o good_n be_v deliver_v close_o pack_v or_o seal_v and_o afterward_o shall_v be_v receive_v open_a and_o loose_a the_o master_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v for_o it_o until_o a_o due_a trial_n and_o that_o consideration_n thereof_o be_v have_v he_o must_v also_o answer_v for_o the_o harm_n which_o rat_n do_v in_o the_o ship_n to_o any_o merchandise_n for_o want_n of_o a_o cat._n the_o merchant_n on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v to_o be_v bind_v by_o the_o say_a charterpartie_n to_o pay_v the_o freight_n of_o the_o good_n by_o he_o lade_v either_o by_o the_o last_o tun_n or_o by_o the_o pack_n and_o fardel_n according_a to_o the_o agreement_n account_v for_o a_o last_o tun_n or_o other_o thing_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o a_o tun_n lade_v wherein_o pesterable_a ware_n which_o take_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o room_n be_v except_v and_o must_v be_v agree_v for_o and_o the_o good_n lade_v be_v liable_a for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o freight_n the_o merchant_n likewise_o do_v covenant_n to_o pay_v pilotage_n if_o a_o pilot_n be_v use_v to_o bring_v the_o ship_n into_o the_o harbour_n also_o primage_n and_o petilodmanidge_n to_o the_o master_n for_o the_o use_n of_o his_o cable_n to_o discharge_v the_o good_n petilodmenidge_n pilotage_n primage_n petilodmenidge_n and_o to_o the_o mariner_n to_o charge_n and_o discharge_v they_o which_o may_v be_v six_o penny_n or_o twelve_o penny_n for_o the_o tun_n lade_v with_o some_o other_o clause_n and_o agreement_n make_v between_o the_o say_a merchant_n and_o master_n wherein_o it_o be_v not_o a_o miss_n to_o limit_v a_o good_a sum_n of_o money_n on_o either_o side_n to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o charterpartie_n and_o to_o covenant_n the_o same_o by_o the_o say_a charterpartie_n whereof_o i_o do_v here_o prescribe_v but_o one_o form_n consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o condition_n therein_o use_v as_o the_o merchant_n and_o master_n can_v agree_v which_o every_o scrivener_n do_v usual_o make_v according_o as_o in_o this_o chapter_n be_v rehearse_v *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xxii_o of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n his_o power_n and_o duty_n of_o the_o master_n to_o the_o merchant_n oleron_n law_n of_o oleron_n the_o whole_a power_n and_o charge_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o master_n require_v a_o stay_a man_n and_o of_o experience_n whereunto_o the_o owner_n be_v to_o take_v great_a heed_n for_o his_o power_n be_v describe_v partly_o by_o the_o owner_n or_o setter_n forth_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o partly_o by_o the_o common-law_n of_o the_o sea_n by_o mean_n and_o virtue_n whereof_o the_o master_n may_v if_o need_v be_v borrow_v money_n in_o a_o strange_a country_n with_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o company_n upon_o some_o of_o the_o tackle_n or_o furniture_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o else_o sell_v some_o of_o the_o merchant_n good_n provide_v that_o the_o merchant_n be_v repay_v again_o at_o the_o high_a price_n that_o the_o like_a good_n be_v sell_v for_o at_o the_o market_n which_o be_v do_v the_o freight_n of_o those_o good_n so_o sell_v and_o repay_v shall_v be_v also_o repay_v by_o the_o master_n to_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n aswell_o as_o the_o freight_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o merchant_n good_n except_o the_o ship_n perish_v in_o the_o voyage_n in_o this_o case_n only_o the_o price_n that_o the_o good_n be_v buy_v for_o shall_v be_v render_v and_o for_o no_o other_o cause_n may_v the_o master_n take_v up_o money_n or_o sell_v any_o of_o the_o merchant_n good_n although_o it_o be_v in_o the_o danger_n of_o shipwreck_n etc._n the_o duty_n of_o a_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n etc._n etc._n such_o be_v the_o duty_n of_o a_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n that_o be_v provident_a that_o he_o ought_v not_o to_o make_v sail_n and_o put_v forth_o to_o sea_n without_o the_o advice_n and_o consent_n of_o the_o most_o part_n of_o his_o company_n especial_o when_o the_o weather_n be_v stormy_a otherwise_o he_o shall_v answer_v the_o damage_n that_o come_v thereby_o principal_o if_o he_o have_v not_o provide_v a_o expert_a pilot_n or_o if_o the_o ship_n happen_v to_o fall_v over_o in_o the_o harbour_n the_o master_n shall_v be_v punish_v also_o by_o damage_n if_o the_o overloope_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v untyth_n or_o the_o pump_n be_v faulty_a or_o a_o sufficient_a cover_n be_v want_v especial_o for_o corn_n victual_v and_o such_o like_a commodity_n he_o be_v also_o before_o his_o departure_n to_o deliver_v the_o name_n of_o all_o the_o person_n which_o he_o be_v to_o transport_v and_o of_o his_o mariner_n which_o with_o we_o be_v but_o late_o establish_v and_o at_o his_o return_n he_o be_v to_o deliver_v a_o true_a inventory_n of_o the_o good_n of_o any_o person_n which_o shall_v happen_v to_o depart_v this_o life_n in_o that_o voyage_n not_o only_o because_o his_o kindred_n and_o friend_n may_v have_v intelligence_n of_o it_o but_o also_o because_o their_o good_n may_v be_v safe_a and_o forthcoming_a for_o one_o whole_a year_n of_o which_o good_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o bed_n and_o appurtenance_n may_v be_v take_v by_o the_o master_n and_o his_o mate_n to_o their_o use_n as_o also_o such_o clothing_n and_o other_o thing_n then_o upon_o his_o body_n may_v be_v deliver_v to_o the_o boatman_n and_o the_o
the_o light_a because_o it_o be_v a_o certain_a rule_n that_o good_n be_v liable_a only_o to_o contribution_n when_o ship_n and_o good_n come_v safe_a to_o the_o port._n item_n contribution_n shall_v be_v for_o the_o pilot_n fee_n pilot_n contribution_n for_o pilot_n that_o have_v bring_v the_o ship_n into_o a_o unknown_a port_n for_o her_o safeguard_n as_o also_o to_o raise_v she_o off_o ground_n when_o the_o fault_n be_v not_o in_o the_o master_n so_o be_v it_o when_o two_o ship_n rush_v and_o cross_v one_o over_o another_o and_o the_o company_n swear_v that_o it_o lay_v not_o in_o their_o power_n to_o stay_v the_o same_o contribution_n must_v be_v make_v for_o the_o reparation_n of_o both_o their_o loss_n but_o not_o so_o if_o one_o of_o they_o perish_v for_o which_o a_o action_n may_v be_v bring_v against_o the_o negligent_a master_n or_o mariner_n who_o do_v make_v she_o loose_v and_o therefore_o if_o such_o a_o chance_n do_v happen_v in_o the_o day_n time_n by_o a_o ship_n under_o sail_n against_o a_o ship_n ride_v at_o anchor_n then_o the_o master_n of_o that_o sail_a ship_n shall_v make_v good_a the_o damage_n and_o hurt_v of_o the_o other_o to_o the_o uttermost_a and_o the_o like_a shall_v be_v do_v if_o in_o the_o night_n the_o ride_a ship_n do_v put_v forth_o fire_n and_o light_n or_o make_v any_o cry_v to_o forewarn_v the_o other_o it_o also_o appertain_v to_o this_o argument_n if_o some_o sort_n of_o good_n as_o salt_n or_o corn_n be_v lay_v on_o heap_n by_o diverse_a partner_n in_o one_o ship_n without_o distinction_n and_o that_o the_o master_n deliver_v to_o any_o of_o they_o their_o due_a measure_n and_o before_o the_o rest_n receive_v their_o measure_n the_o remain_a salt_n or_o corn_n wash_v or_o lose_v he_o that_o have_v the_o hap_n to_o be_v first_o serve_v enjoy_v it_o full_o without_o any_o contribution_n to_o the_o partner_n serve_v first_o come_v first_o serve_v because_o when_o these_o good_n be_v put_v into_o the_o ship_n it_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o master_n tanquam_fw-la in_o creditum_fw-la and_o so_o he_o be_v become_v owner_n as_o of_o money_n lend_v which_o man_n be_v not_o bind_v to_o redeliver_v in_o the_o self_n same_o piece_n but_o in_o value_n or_o such_o like_a coin_n except_o there_o be_v some_o condition_n pass_v to_o the_o contrary_n and_o albeit_o this_o be_v not_o to_o be_v impute_v unto_o the_o master_n as_o a_o fault_n yet_o if_o he_o that_o receive_v a_o loss_n thereby_o will_v bring_v in_o this_o as_o a_o aueridge_n and_o charge_v the_o assuror_n with_o contribution_n it_o be_v unjust_a for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a and_o the_o master_n must_v of_o necessity_n deliver_v to_o one_o man_n before_o another_o and_o therefore_o in_o the_o next_o chapter_n we_o will_v set_v down_o the_o manner_n of_o execution_n for_o contribution_n otherwise_o call_v aueridge_n concern_v the_o danger_n and_o adventure_n of_o letter_n of_o mart_n mart._n letter_n of_o mart._n or_o contremart_n sive_fw-la ius_fw-la reprisaliarum_fw-la or_o letter_n of_o marque_n every_o one_o know_v that_o man_n have_v these_o commission_n or_o letter_n from_o their_o prince_n be_v very_o vigilant_a in_o all_o place_n to_o surprise_v merchant_n ship_n and_o good_n for_o in_o this_o one_o extremity_n do_v enforce_v another_o extremity_n when_o a_o man_n be_v oppress_v with_o robbery_n spoil_n and_o violence_n on_o the_o sea_n by_o man_n false_o profess_v friend_n in_o such_o sort_n that_o no_o petition_n intercession_n or_o travel_n can_v procure_v a_o man_n right_a but_o that_o the_o subject_n of_o one_o prince_n have_v open_a denial_n of_o justice_n or_o restitution_n of_o good_n can_v be_v have_v at_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o subject_n of_o another_o prince_n nor_o of_o the_o prince_n himself_o who_o shall_v suppress_v injury_n and_o wrong_n then_o because_o such_o unjust_a deal_n do_v import_v just_a cause_n of_o hostility_n and_o warfare_n may_v these_o letter_n of_o mart_n be_v procure_v to_o the_o end_n man_n may_v have_v restitution_n or_o recompense_n of_o their_o loss_n especial_o because_o these_o proceed_n seem_v to_o denounce_v a_o war_n without_o any_o proclamation_n show_v unto_o other_o nation_n the_o like_a distasteful_a favour_n as_o they_o show_v unto_o we_o which_o be_v allow_v to_o be_v do_v by_o custom_n reason_n and_o also_o by_o statute_n law_n in_o scotland_n and_o afterward_o in_o england_n the_o assuror_n therefore_o can_v be_v favour_v herein_o prince_n detainment_n of_o prince_n the_o next_o be_v arrest_n restraint_n and_o detainement_n of_o king_n and_o prince_n and_o of_o all_o other_o person_n happen_v both_o in_o time_n of_o war_n and_o peace_n commit_v by_o the_o public_a authority_n of_o prince_n as_o also_o by_o private_a person_n both_o way_n dangerous_a ship_n privilege_a ship_n there_o be_v in_o all_o country_n privilege_a ship_n and_o boat_n serve_v the_o country_n or_o the_o prince_n which_o have_v great_a prerogative_n and_o be_v free_a of_o impost_n and_o custom_n and_o not_o subject_a to_o arrest_n therefore_o the_o assuror_n be_v not_o to_o care_v for_o they_o for_o they_o be_v to_o serve_v the_o prince_n and_o all_o ship_n be_v subject_a to_o this_o service_n upon_o command_n and_o if_o they_o refuse_v their_o ship_n be_v forfeit_v by_o the_o sea-lawe_n therefore_o in_o these_o case_n the_o favour_n of_o the_o admiral_n be_v always_o require_v it_o be_v a_o ordinary_a matter_n in_o spain_n and_o portugal_n to_o make_v a_o embargo_fw-mi upon_o all_o ship_n at_o the_o departure_n of_o the_o west-india_n fleet_n or_o the_o carracke_n for_o the_o east-indies_n and_o many_o time_n upon_o other_o occasion_n whereby_o merchant_n ship_n be_v lade_v be_v much_o hinder_v especial_o if_o it_o be_v with_o wine_n oil_n raisin_n and_o such_o like_a perishable_a ware_n now_o if_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o good_n shall_v think_v that_o his_o ware_n do_v perish_v lie_v two_o or_o three_o month_n lade_v or_o if_o it_o be_v corn_n that_o may_v become_v hot_a and_o spoil_v he_o may_v renounce_v these_o good_n or_o ware_n to_o the_o assuror_n and_o thereby_o bring_v a_o great_a loss_n upon_o they_o yet_o nevertheless_o he_o shall_v not_o need_v to_o abandon_v the_o good_n for_o by_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n it_o be_v always_o provide_v that_o in_o case_n of_o any_o misfortune_n it_o be_v lawful_a for_o he_o assurance_n a_o proviso_n in_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n his_o factor_n or_o assign_n or_o his_o servant_n or_o any_o of_o they_o to_o sue_v labour_n and_o travel_v for_o in_o and_o about_o the_o defence_n safeguard_n or_o recovery_n of_o the_o good_n and_o any_o part_n thereof_o and_o that_o the_o assuror_n shall_v contribute_v each_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n and_o quantity_n of_o the_o sum_n by_o he_o assure_v so_o that_o albeit_o that_o it_o do_v fall_v out_o that_o the_o good_n be_v not_o utter_o lose_v when_o the_o ship_n be_v cast_v away_o the_o assure_a must_v recover_v his_o whole_a money_n because_o he_o have_v authority_n by_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n to_o recover_v they_o or_o any_o part_n of_o they_o as_o aforesaid_a and_o he_o be_v afterward_o to_o yield_v a_o account_n thereof_o for_o so_o much_o as_o do_v concern_v every_o man_n ratable_o otherwise_o the_o assure_v shall_v be_v discourage_v if_o by_o those_o mean_n he_o shall_v make_v his_o assurance_n intricate_a and_o subject_a to_o all_o cavilation_n and_o to_o the_o interruption_n of_o so_o necessary_a and_o laudable_a a_o custom_n as_o the_o matter_n of_o assurance_n be_v therefore_o as_o in_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n we_o have_v a_o care_n for_o the_o assuror_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v deceive_v by_o those_o that_o cause_n assurance_n to_o be_v make_v so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n we_o will_v avoid_v to_o minister_v any_o occasion_n whereupon_o they_o may_v become_v quarrelsome_a but_o that_o all_o shall_v be_v leave_v to_o the_o commissioner_n determination_n who_o be_v or_o shall_v be_v at_o the_o least_o best_o able_a to_o examine_v the_o premise_n now_o concern_v the_o arrest_n of_o particular_a person_n ship_n arrest_n upon_o ship_n upon_o ship_n or_o good_n the_o assure_a can_v make_v no_o renunciation_n to_o charge_v the_o assuror_n with_o any_o loss_n either_o in_o the_o total_a or_o part_n because_o upon_o caution_n give_v to_o answer_v the_o law_n the_o ship_n or_o good_n arrest_v be_v instant_o clear_v in_o all_o place_n either_o here_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n where_o the_o arrest_n be_v make_v wherein_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o all_o court_n for_o seafaring_a cause_n be_v very_o careful_a to_o see_v expedition_n use_v barratrie_fw-fr of_o the_o master_n and_o mariner_n can_v hardly_o be_v avoid_v master_n barratrie_fw-fr of_o the_o master_n but_o by_o a_o provident_a care_n to_o know_v they_o or_o at_o the_o least_o the_o master_n
thereof_o and_o not_o to_o the_o lender_n i_o mean_v of_o peril_n proceed_v by_o storm_n violence_n spoil_n or_o such_o like_a occasion_n which_o can_v be_v eschew_v by_o any_o diligence_n of_o the_o borrower_n therefore_o if_o the_o borrower_n employ_v that_o money_n upon_o commodity_n and_o that_o the_o say_v commodity_n become_v forfeit_v for_o nonpaiment_n of_o custom_n the_o lender_n shall_v be_v clear_a of_o any_o damage_n thereby_o it_o be_v also_o to_o be_v note_v that_o money_n lend_v at_o maritime_a interest_n without_o hazard_n but_o upon_o security_n shall_v pay_v no_o profit_n otherwise_o than_o the_o money_n lend_v at_o interest_n because_o the_o security_n be_v give_v over_o and_o above_o for_o the_o lender_n assurance_n again_o suppose_v it_o be_v money_n not_o enter_v in_o the_o pursers_n book_n and_o yet_o lend_v for_o the_o need_n of_o the_o company_n within_o the_o ship_n during_o the_o voyage_n if_o before_o the_o day_n appoint_v for_o the_o payment_n shipwreck_n or_o spoil_v happen_v than_o shall_v the_o loss_n come_v in_o contribution_n between_o they_o because_o if_o that_o money_n have_v be_v lie_v by_o the_o lender_n still_o unlent_a it_o have_v be_v in_o common_a danger_n with_o the_o rest_n but_o if_o the_o time_n appoint_v be_v pass_v with_o the_o peril_n aforesaid_a then_o shall_v the_o borrower_n pay_v that_o money_n so_o borrow_v free_a from_o all_o contribution_n further_o in_o case_n the_o borrower_n detain_v any_o such_o money_n lend_v as_o aforesaid_a beyond_o the_o time_n appoint_v for_o the_o repay_v he_o shall_v at_o his_o return_n not_o only_o pay_v the_o profit_n agree_v upon_o before_o the_o voyage_n but_o also_o augment_v the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o long_a time_n and_o shall_v pay_v the_o profit_n of_o that_o first_o condition_n according_o some_o merchant_n there_o be_v that_o will_v deliver_v money_n in_o nature_n of_o vsura_fw-la maritima_n join_v the_o use_n money_n and_o danger_n of_o the_o sea_n either_o upon_o the_o ship_n or_o good_n all_o in_o one_o consideration_n and_o so_o take_v 25_o or_o 30_o upon_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o return_n of_o such_o a_o ship_n from_o such_o a_o voyage_n wherein_o they_o have_v a_o eye_n to_o the_o person_n that_o take_v up_o the_o money_n make_v account_n to_o be_v better_o assure_v by_o a_o vigilant_a eye_n upon_o a_o merchant_n traffic_n who_o they_o must_v trust_v if_o they_o will_v make_v benefit_n of_o their_o money_n rather_o than_o to_o deliver_v their_o money_n unto_o another_o of_o who_o deal_n they_o can_v give_v so_o good_a a_o judgement_n assurance_n combination_n of_o interest_n money_n and_o assurance_n as_o for_o example_n they_o know_v that_o such_o a_o merchant_n do_v deal_v for_o turkey_n and_o that_o in_o know_a ship_n traffic_v that_o way_n the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n go_v unto_o he_o and_o make_v a_o offer_n to_o lend_v he_o 1000_o will_v for_o a_o voyage_n to_o be_v make_v with_o kersey_n and_o tin_n to_o tripoli_n and_o that_o he_o will_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o that_o money_n during_o all_o the_o voyage_n which_o he_o know_v be_v common_o perform_v within_o the_o year_n for_o say_v he_o you_o know_v that_o i_o be_o a_o assuror_n and_o you_o do_v use_v to_o assure_v your_o good_n and_o to_o increase_v your_o trade_n you_o take_v up_o money_n at_o use_n of_o other_o in_o small_a sum_n it_o may_v therefore_o be_v very_o commodious_a for_o we_o both_o to_o include_v the_o price_n of_o assurance_n and_o the_o use_n money_n together_o and_o so_o with_o the_o return_n you_o shall_v be_v provide_v to_o pay_v i_o again_o if_o god_n do_v prosper_v the_o ship_n and_o make_v homeward_o speedy_o if_o not_o i_o can_v demand_v nothing_o of_o you_o and_o must_v be_v content_v to_o bear_v the_o loss_n with_o patience_n hereupon_o a_o contract_n be_v make_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o be_v account_v for_o the_o use_n money_n joint_o contract_n of_o interest_n and_o assurance_n joint_o and_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o adventure_n of_o the_o good_n outward_o and_o another_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o adventure_n of_o the_o return_n homeward_o in_o conclusion_n there_o be_v 30_o pro_fw-la ceinto_o so_o that_o upon_o the_o return_n of_o the_o say_a ship_n he_o be_v to_o have_v 1300_o will_v within_o such_o a_o time_n as_o they_o common_o agree_v be_v it_o one_o or_o two_o month_n after_o this_o be_v a_o good_a bargain_n for_o the_o lender_n howsoever_o the_o borrower_n of_o the_o money_n may_v speed_v for_o the_o lender_n have_v not_o to_o do_v with_o the_o sale_n of_o the_o good_n nor_o with_o the_o return_n of_o they_o but_o he_o will_v be_v sure_a that_o at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o ship_n he_o may_v have_v his_o money_n pay_v he_o not_o only_o by_o the_o provenue_n of_o the_o kersey_n and_o tin_n which_o be_v buy_v with_o the_o thousand_o pound_n he_o lend_v but_o also_o with_o the_o return_n of_o all_o other_o good_n which_o the_o borrower_n do_v lade_v more_o in_o the_o say_a ship_n for_o tripoli_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o in_o like_a manner_n for_o other_o place_n chap._n xxxii_o of_o ship_n and_o navigation_n under_o the_o name_n navis_fw-la be_v all_o kind_n of_o ship_v understand_v and_o navigium_fw-la be_v a_o general_a word_n many_o time_n use_v for_o navigation_n so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o of_o any_o moment_n to_o describe_v the_o diversity_n of_o ship_n as_o carrack_n galleon_n galleass_n galley_n centaureis_fw-la ship_n of_o war_n flyboats_n buss_n and_o all_o other_o kind_n of_o ship_n and_o vessel_n but_o that_o we_o may_v understand_v the_o sea_n law_n and_o custom_n observe_v therein_o appertain_v to_o the_o law_n merchant_n as_o also_o those_o thing_n which_o proper_o may_v concern_v ship_n as_o follow_v all_o ship_n be_v make_v for_o fail_v be_v to_o be_v prepare_v according_o both_o for_o goodness_n and_o sit_v timber_n and_o convenient_a build_n as_o for_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rudder_n of_o the_o ship_n upon_o the_o right_a parallel_n of_o the_o keel_n of_o the_o ship_n equality_n the_o parallel_n of_o equality_n for_o therein_o consist_v a_o main_a point_n for_o swift_a sail_v which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v a_o great_a defect_n in_o many_o ship_n partly_o new_o build_v and_o repair_v for_o new_a timber_n and_o old_a mix_v together_o do_v never_o endure_v long_o especial_o if_o the_o ship_n be_v not_o repair_v in_o time_n before_o she_o be_v much_o decay_v which_o often_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o the_o owner_n of_o it_o can_v agree_v therein_o the_o law_n therefore_o be_v commendable_a that_o if_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o owner_n or_o those_o that_o have_v the_o great_a interest_n and_o part_n therein_o cause_n the_o same_o to_o be_v repair_v that_o he_o who_o provide_v not_o his_o money_n for_o his_o part_n within_o four_o month_n after_o shall_v lose_v his_o part_n to_o the_o other_o owner_n if_o he_o refuse_v to_o be_v conformable_a with_o the_o rest_n or_o with_o his_o partner_n in_o the_o say_a ship_n who_o do_v disburse_v the_o same_o and_o moreover_o he_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o money_n also_o for_o the_o time_n that_o the_o same_o be_v lay_v out_o some_o make_v a_o question_n whether_o a_o ship_n so_o amend_v &_o repair_v shall_v be_v take_v to_o be_v the_o same_o but_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o so_o long_o as_o the_o keel_n of_o the_o ship_n remain_v it_o be_v still_o the_o same_o ship_n and_o not_o to_o be_v call_v another_o ship_n so_o be_v it_o always_o belong_v unto_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n although_o they_o have_v fabricate_v &_o amend_v the_o same_o with_o another_o man_n timber_n for_o the_o sell_n of_o a_o ship_n be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a course_n to_o alienate_v the_o same_o but_o the_o quiet_a possession_n thereof_o must_v be_v deliver_v upon_o the_o sale_n make_v and_o although_o the_o sale_n be_v make_v and_o the_o possession_n of_o a_o ship_n deliver_v if_o nevertheless_o it_o afterward_o shall_v appear_v that_o some_o have_v commit_v piracie_n with_o the_o same_o the_o party_n who_o lose_v his_o good_n may_v lay_v a_o action_n to_o the_o ship_n in_o place_n convenient_a hence_o the_o proverb_n arise_v water_n a_o ship_n which_o can_v drink_v of_o all_o water_n that_o such_o a_o ship_n can_v drink_v of_o all_o water_n albeit_o this_o law_n be_v not_o general_a no_o more_o than_o a_o ship_n drive_v by_o tempest_n into_o a_o harbour_n or_o port_n be_v subject_a to_o pay_v custom_n there_o albeit_o some_o demand_v the_o same_o although_o no_o bulk_n be_v break_v which_o seem_v to_o be_v unreasonable_a a_o contract_n therefore_o take_v his_o strength_n from_o the_o party_n contract_v and_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n thereof_o it_o be_v therefore_o
by_o a_o letter_n of_o credit_n and_o i_o be_o to_o bear_v no_o part_n of_o the_o loss_n and_o so_o say_v the_o three_o merchant_n that_o make_v over_o his_o money_n by_o exchange_n from_o antuerpe_n the_o two_o partner_n dwell_v in_o spain_n they_o say_v that_o they_o have_v not_o only_o pay_v their_o part_n of_o the_o tobacco_n but_o also_o the_o 1300_o will_v which_o be_v owe_v to_o the_o merchant_n that_o sell_v the_o tobacco_n and_o therefore_o they_o demand_v much_o money_n due_a unto_o they_o and_o that_o rest_v also_o upon_o account_n between_o the_o party_n decease_v and_o they_o and_o other_o the_o party_n decease_v be_v decay_v have_v few_o to_o undertake_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o estate_n and_o the_o seven_o merchant_n be_v content_v to_o bear_v his_o part_n of_o the_o loss_n so_o he_o may_v come_v in_o for_o his_o part_n of_o the_o gain_n and_o say_v that_o if_o the_o money_n have_v be_v take_v upon_o he_o by_o exchange_n he_o will_v have_v pay_v the_o same_o but_o howsoever_o he_o be_v able_a to_o prove_v that_o he_o have_v provision_n sufficient_a to_o pay_v his_o part_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o some_o of_o the_o partner_n there_o and_o for_o as_o much_o as_o he_o have_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n of_o his_o part_n of_o the_o tobacco_n he_o claim_v his_o part_n of_o the_o gain_n for_o if_o all_o have_v be_v cast_v away_o at_o the_o sea_n it_o be_v certain_a the_o rest_n of_o the_o partner_n will_v have_v make_v he_o to_o bear_v the_o loss_n of_o his_o part_n and_o thus_o they_o be_v all_o in_o a_o dilemma_n and_o have_v some_o of_o they_o bond_n other_o contract_n and_o some_o but_o account_n and_o paper_n they_o know_v not_o how_o to_o make_v a_o end_n and_o such_o as_o have_v more_o than_o their_o own_o be_v remiss_a enough_o to_o procure_v a_o end_n i_o have_v think_v good_a to_o set_v down_o this_o case_n because_o man_n of_o understanding_n may_v judge_v â—ow_o it_o be_v possible_a that_o the_o common_a law_n by_o the_o strict_a and_o peremptory_a proceed_n of_o it_o can_v determine_v the_o same_o without_o the_o law-merchant_n not_o know_v the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n be_v also_o impossible_a to_o direct_v a_o jury_n of_o twelve_o man_n in_o the_o premise_n wherein_o i_o be_o now_o a_o arbitrator_n myself_o description_n of_o monopoly_n monopoly_n be_v somewhat_o displease_v because_o the_o property_n of_o they_o be_v common_o to_o engross_v thing_n to_o a_o ill_a end_n increase_v the_o price_n thereof_o disorderly_a draw_v a_o general_a benefit_n to_o a_o particular_a divert_v the_o course_n of_o traffic_n but_o for_o as_o much_o as_o they_o be_v use_v now_o a_o day_n it_o will_v be_v convenient_a to_o distinguish_v they_o by_o reasonable_a unreasonable_a and_o indifferent_a reasonable_a of_o such_o thing_n and_o trifle_n as_o be_v for_o pleasure_n as_o starch_n card_n lute-string_n tobacco_n and_o such_o like_a unreasonable_a as_o of_o flesh_n fish_n butter_n cheese_n or_o needful_a thing_n for_o the_o sustenance_n of_o man_n without_o which_o he_o can_v hardly_o live_v civil_o indifferent_a as_o of_o velvet_n silk_n sugar_n spice_n and_o other_o delicacy_n and_o dainty_n or_o curiosity_n indifferent_a to_o be_v use_v or_o not_o all_o these_o be_v do_v by_o public_a authority_n of_o prince_n and_o state_n by_o letter_n patent_n grant_v for_o term_n of_o year_n engross_a engross_a but_o engross_a be_v do_v by_o private_a person_n of_o their_o own_o authority_n which_o be_v commendable_a to_o keep_v commodity_n in_o reputation_n to_o maintain_v a_o trade_n thereby_o as_o when_o man_n of_o mean_n do_v engross_v and_o buy_v up_o a_o commodity_n and_o for_o reasonable_a gain_n they_o sell_v the_o same_o again_o to_o shopkeeper_n and_o retailer_n this_o be_v much_o use_v among_o merchant_n of_o all_o nation_n otherwise_o when_o abundance_n of_o a_o commodity_n do_v so_o much_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o it_o that_o merchant_n do_v become_v loser_n and_o discourage_v than_o the_o traffic_n and_o trade_n be_v thereby_o overthrow_v to_o the_o general_a hurt_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n in_o which_o respect_n it_o be_v better_a to_o pay_v somewhat_o more_o for_o commodity_n than_o to_o have_v they_o altogether_o over_o cheap_a especial_o for_o commodity_n serve_v for_o the_o back_n dardanary_n forestall_v or_o forestaller_n call_v by_o the_o civilians_n dardanary_n and_o not_o for_o the_o belly_n which_o diverse_a time_n by_o forestaller_n become_v dear_a against_o which_o kind_n of_o people_n regrator_n and_o other_o there_o be_v very_o good_a law_n make_v which_o the_o magistrate_n be_v to_o see_v observe_v and_o in_o france_n and_o scotland_n the_o admiral_n of_o the_o sea_n have_v a_o absolute_a authority_n to_o look_v unto_o this_o inconvenience_n the_o government_n of_o norenborough_n in_o germany_n be_v much_o to_o be_v commend_v not_o only_o for_o the_o provident_a care_n to_o prevent_v forestaller_n engross_a commendable_a engross_a but_o also_o for_o the_o engross_n or_o incorporate_n of_o all_o manufacture_n into_o their_o own_o hand_n to_o set_v the_o poor_a people_n continual_o on_o work_n themselves_o cause_v the_o say_a manufacture_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o such_o reasonable_a rate_n as_o none_o can_v make_v or_o provide_v better_a cheap_a than_o they_o do_v whereof_o abundance_n be_v buy_v and_o send_v for_o the_o west-indies_n and_o other_o place_n the_o mechanical_a people_n be_v very_o much_o cherish_v by_o they_o and_o all_o artist_n be_v welcome_a unto_o they_o which_o make_v their_o city_n populus_fw-la the_o hollander_n do_v imitate_v they_o and_o some_o money_n of_o the_o bank_n at_o amsterdam_n be_v employ_v therein_o for_o the_o proverb_n be_v to_o be_v commend_v sceptra_fw-la savent_fw-la artes._n the_o civilians_n have_v make_v the_o latin_a word_n monopolium_n borrow_v from_o the_o greek_a to_o be_v less_o understand_v because_o of_o their_o many_o difinition_n thereof_o which_o make_v i_o to_o treat_v of_o association_n monopoly_n engrossing_n and_o forestallings_n as_o have_v affinity_n one_o with_o another_o and_o to_o describe_v they_o in_o divide_a manner_n as_o also_o to_o note_v their_o coherence_n as_o follow_v for_o a_o association_n company_n monopoly_n a_o society_n may_v become_v a_o monopoly_n or_o society_n may_v become_v a_o monopoly_n in_o effect_n when_o some_o few_o merchant_n have_v the_o whole_a manage_n of_o a_o trade_n to_o the_o hurt_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n when_o other_o merchant_n be_v exclude_v to_o negotiate_v with_o their_o stock_n to_o vent_v the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n with_o reputation_n according_a to_o the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d solus_fw-la and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d vendo_fw-la monopoly_n a_o society_n may_v become_v a_o monopoly_n to_o sell_v alone_o and_o as_o this_o be_v do_v many_o time_n by_o one_o merchant_n for_o one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n be_v it_o corn_n salt_n oil_n woolles_n and_o the_o like_a so_o may_v it_o be_v do_v by_o a_o society_n of_o merchant_n continual_o under_o the_o colour_n of_o authority_n albeit_o that_o there_o be_v no_o combination_n to_o limit_v any_o certain_a price_n for_o the_o sale_n of_o commodity_n in_o the_o particular_a of_o one_o merchant_n or_o more_o merchant_n agree_v together_o to_o buy_v up_o a_o commodity_n it_o may_v be_v call_v a_o forestalling_a as_o one_o dardanus_n do_v whereof_o as_o we_o have_v say_v the_o name_n dardanarij_fw-la be_v use_v by_o the_o say_a civilians_n who_o define_v they_o to_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d qui_fw-la omne_fw-la praemunt_fw-la ut_fw-la carius_fw-la vendant_fw-la that_o forestall_v or_o buy_v up_o thing_n to_o the_o end_n they_o shall_v sell_v they_o dear_a which_o although_o it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o practice_n meaning_n and_o intention_n of_o merchant_n yet_o the_o practice_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n for_o it_o will_v run_v into_o disorder_n in_o the_o government_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n in_o the_o general_a where_o a_o society_n buy_v commodity_n apart_o and_o sell_v apart_o although_o under_o orderly_a government_n it_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o engross_a as_o the_o manufacture_n of_o norenborough_n aforesaid_a and_o be_v do_v with_o discretion_n and_o good_a order_n it_o can_v give_v no_o cause_n of_o offence_n but_o the_o abuse_n thereof_o make_v the_o same_o odious_a and_o so_o general_o to_o be_v know_v of_o all_o man_n as_o the_o word_n usury_n be_v imply_v a_o bite_n definition_n of_o a_o monopoly_n the_o true_a definition_n of_o a_o monopoly_n therefore_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o commerce_n in_o buy_v sell_v change_a or_o barter_v usurp_v by_o a_o few_o and_o sometime_o but_o by_o one_o person_n and_o forestall_v from_o all_o other_o to_o his_o or_o their_o private_a gain_n and_o to_o the_o hurt_n and_o detriment_n of_o other_o man_n whereby_o of_o course_n or_o by_o authority_n the_o
for_o merchant_n credit_n and_o reputation_n for_o that_o merchant_n which_o in_o the_o storm_n of_o adversity_n show_v to_o be_v a_o good_a pilot_n deserve_v great_a commendation_n of_o the_o care_n and_o endeavour_n which_o he_o use_v to_o prevent_v the_o shipwreck_n of_o his_o reputation_n and_o credit_n especial_o with_o a_o good_a conscience_n which_o will_v be_v unto_o he_o a_o continual_a feast_n although_o the_o sea_n be_v turbulent_a for_o he_o be_v arm_v with_o patience_n and_o not_o destitute_a of_o comfort_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a those_o that_o like_a coward_n become_v careless_a of_o their_o credit_n or_o be_v of_o a_o evil_a disposition_n seek_v to_o defraud_v their_o creditor_n and_o to_o enrich_v themselves_o by_o their_o break_n pay_v little_a or_o nothing_o they_o do_v not_o only_o deserve_v a_o name_n of_o defamation_n but_o aught_o to_o be_v meet_v withal_o by_o some_o severe_a punishment_n by_o the_o law_n bankrupt_n severepunishment_n of_o bankrupt_n it_o be_v not_o long_o since_o namely_o in_o the_o year_n 1602_o that_o there_o be_v a_o merchant_n at_o rouen_n in_o france_n who_o together_o with_o his_o son_n and_o a_o broker_n have_v confederated_a to_o buy_v great_a store_n of_o merchandise_n upon_o their_o credit_n of_o purpose_n to_o break_v and_o to_o enrich_v themselves_o which_o be_v know_v make_v they_o to_o be_v apprehend_v and_o the_o court_n of_o edict_n do_v proceed_v criminal_o against_o they_o as_o thief_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n whereof_o they_o be_v also_o convict_v and_o all_o three_o of_o they_o hang_v in_o the_o market_n place_n observe_v that_o the_o reprehensive_a proverb_n that_o veniam_fw-la coruos_fw-la vexat_fw-la censura_fw-la columbas_fw-la be_v to_o be_v remember_v to_o punish_v the_o small_a theft_n or_o little_a thief_n and_o to_o suffer_v the_o great_a thief_n to_o escape_v which_o be_v unreasonable_a bankrupt_n the_o statute_n against_o bankrupt_n the_o statute_n of_o bankrupt_n make_v and_o provide_v by_o our_o law_n against_o merchant_n and_o citizen_n only_o be_v do_v to_o a_o very_a good_a intent_n if_o it_o be_v execute_v according_o with_o due_a consideration_n of_o the_o quality_n of_o person_n and_o their_o behaviour_n but_o some_o can_v prevent_v the_o mean_n of_o sue_v forth_o the_o same_o and_o so_o break_v the_o strength_n of_o it_o as_o easy_o as_o a_o spider_n web_n while_o plain_o deal_v man_n be_v lay_v hold_v of_o that_o have_v a_o honest_a intention_n to_o pay_v every_o man_n according_a to_o their_o ability_n present_a or_o future_a as_o god_n shall_v enable_v they_o for_o ultra_fw-la posse_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la esse_fw-la but_o these_o well_o mean_v man_n be_v oftentimes_o hinder_v to_o perform_v their_o honest_a intention_n by_o the_o hard_a and_o obstinate_a deal_n of_o some_o of_o their_o creditor_n to_o the_o utter_a overthrow_n of_o they_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o the_o general_a loss_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o creditor_n these_o man_n therefore_o be_v to_o be_v overrule_v by_o the_o lord_n chaunceller_n who_o may_v compel_v they_o to_o be_v conformable_a with_o the_o other_o creditor_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n in_o other_o country_n and_o there_o have_v be_v in_o time_n past_a during_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n prisoner_n commission_n for_o the_o relief_n of_o prisoner_n a_o commission_n grant_v under_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n for_o the_o relief_n of_o distress_a prisoner_n in_o the_o prison_n of_o the_o fleet_n and_o the_o king_n bench_n which_o commission_n if_o it_o be_v renew_v for_o the_o relief_n of_o the_o one_o and_o find_v out_o of_o the_o other_o will_v work_v much_o charity_n and_o contentment_n to_o the_o subject_n howbeit_o to_o prevent_v these_o extreme_n be_v more_o commendable_a for_o many_o merchant_n and_o shopkeeper_n do_v flourish_v and_o become_v rich_a again_o if_o their_o creditor_n be_v favourable_a unto_o they_o and_o do_v pay_v every_o man_n to_o the_o full_a therefore_o be_v the_o letter_n of_o licenses_n devise_v among_o merchant_n debtor_n letter_n of_o licence_n give_v to_o debtor_n which_o be_v as_o a_o passport_n for_o the_o person_n and_o good_n of_o the_o debtor_n give_v by_o the_o creditor_n by_o way_n of_o covenant_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o for_o and_o during_o such_o a_o time_n or_o term_n of_o year_n trouble_v or_o molest_v the_o person_n and_o good_n of_o the_o say_a debtor_n nor_o cause_n to_o be_v molest_v arrest_v or_o trouble_v upon_o pain_n and_o forfeiture_n of_o their_o say_a debt_n to_o be_v plead_v in_o bar_n against_o they_o for_o ever_o as_o a_o full_a payment_n of_o the_o same_o for_o the_o better_a encouragement_n and_o to_o retain_v man_n in_o their_o duty_n the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n concur_v with_o the_o course_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n herein_o credit_n restauration_n of_o credit_n do_v make_v a_o restauration_n of_o credit_n to_o those_o that_o pay_v their_o debt_n to_o the_o full_a notwithstanding_o their_o loss_n which_o they_o have_v sustain_v and_o they_o may_v have_v a_o publication_n make_v of_o it_o by_o way_n of_o intimation_n to_o all_o man_n upon_o the_o exchange_n or_o other_o public_a place_n for_o a_o perpetual_a remembrance_n to_o posterity_n of_o their_o honest_a religious_a and_o commendable_a endeavour_n and_o behaviour_n to_o the_o honour_n and_o credit_n of_o their_o house_n kindred_n or_o good_a descent_n which_o be_v more_o especial_o regard_v in_o spain_n spain_n a_o gentleman_n privilege_n in_o spain_n where_o a_o merchant_n or_o citizen_n be_v decay_v in_o his_o estate_n and_o have_v pay_v according_a to_o his_o ability_n yea_o although_o he_o do_v not_o pay_v at_o all_o shall_v be_v free_v from_o all_o arrest_n and_o trouble_v touch_v his_o person_n if_o he_o make_v proof_n that_o he_o be_v a_o gentleman_n by_o birth_n which_o extend_v so_o far_o that_o all_o merchant_n stranger_n may_v have_v and_o enjoy_v the_o like_a privilege_n upon_o certificate_n make_v by_o any_o that_o be_v ambassador_n and_o agent_n for_o their_o country_n who_o common_o will_v do_v it_o upon_o the_o verification_n of_o it_o by_o the_o herald_n or_o otherwise_o which_o cause_v man_n not_o to_o degenerate_v in_o virtuous_a action_n although_o adverse_a fortune_n play_v her_o tragedy_n which_o they_o overcome_v with_o constancy_n and_o magnanimity_n the_o say_a statute_n against_o bankerupt_v be_v make_v upon_o very_o great_a consideration_n which_o lie_v not_o against_o a_o gentleman_n so_o that_o to_o call_v a_o decay_a gentleman_n a_o bankrupt_a although_o he_o have_v have_v deal_v in_o the_o world_n bear_v no_o action_n at_o the_o common_a law_n unless_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n or_o shopkeeper_n etc._n etc._n bankerupt_v commissioner_n for_o the_o statute_n of_o bankerupt_v the_o commissioner_n appoint_v by_o the_o lord_n chanceller_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n to_o execute_v this_o commission_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o bankrupt_a must_v be_v councillor_n at_o the_o law_n join_v with_o some_o citizen_n or_o merchant_n which_o be_v to_o seize_v of_o the_o party_n which_o by_o the_o say_a commission_n be_v prove_v to_o be_v a_o bankrupt_a all_o good_n debt_n chattel_n and_o moveable_n into_o their_o hand_n and_o to_o appoint_v one_o or_o two_o of_o the_o creditor_n to_o be_v treasurer_n of_o the_o same_o which_o be_v afterward_o to_o be_v distribute_v by_o the_o say_a commissioner_n unto_o all_o such_o as_o they_o shall_v find_v and_o admit_v to_o be_v right_a creditor_n to_o the_o party_n and_o with_o his_o privity_n and_o consent_n upon_o such_o specialty_n book_n or_o account_n as_o they_o shall_v produce_v and_o be_v make_v apparent_a unto_o they_o which_o must_v be_v do_v within_o four_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o say_a commission_n statute_n the_o content_n of_o the_o say_a statute_n for_o if_o it_o be_v after_o the_o four_o month_n expire_v they_o may_v exclude_v any_o creditor_n if_o they_o see_v cause_n so_o that_o the_o say_a distribution_n shall_v be_v do_v to_o those_o only_o which_o have_v be_v admit_v within_o the_o say_a time_n according_a to_o their_o several_a principal_a sum_n due_a unto_o they_o without_o any_o interest_n for_o the_o forbearance_n since_o the_o speciality_n be_v due_a or_o any_o forfeiture_n howbeit_o charge_n in_o law_n expend_v for_o the_o debt_n shall_v be_v by_o they_o allow_v according_a to_o their_o discretion_n so_o likewise_o be_v it_o in_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o commissioner_n to_o admit_v any_o creditor_n to_o come_v in_o where_o the_o party_n be_v surety_n for_o another_o if_o that_o party_n be_v likewise_o decay_v for_o it_o be_v usual_a for_o interest_n money_n that_o two_o or_o three_o be_v bind_v together_o and_o the_o collateral_a bond_n which_o they_o give_v each_o to_o other_o to_o save_v harmless_a be_v to_o be_v consider_v both_o by_o the_o say_a commissioner_n and_o the_o creditor_n it_o be_v
be_v but_o one_o and_o so_o be_v conjunction_n and_o putrefaction_n likewise_o cibation_n and_o fermentation_n then_o follow_v congelation_n and_o at_o last_o multiplication_n and_o projection_n which_o be_v also_o but_o one_o for_o i_o own_o part_n see_v that_o no_o man_n can_v be_v perfect_a in_o any_o one_o science_n i_o hold_v it_o not_o amiss_o for_o a_o man_n to_o have_v knowledge_n in_o most_o or_o in_o all_o thing_n for_o by_o this_o study_n of_o alchemy_n man_n may_v attain_v to_o many_o good_a experiment_n of_o distillation_n chemical_a firework_n and_o other_o excellent_a observation_n in_o nature_n which_o be_v far_o from_o merchant_n profession_n i_o hope_v shall_v not_o give_v offence_n to_o the_o reader_n of_o this_o book_n see_v it_o be_v but_o in_o one_o chapter_n accidental_o handle_v neither_o will_v i_o crave_v pardon_n of_o the_o muse_n as_o it_o be_v insinuate_v to_o the_o world_n to_o have_v a_o far_o great_a knowledge_n in_o these_o trial_n or_o conclusion_n but_o to_o satisfy_v the_o curiosity_n of_o some_o that_o it_o may_v be_v with_o a_o gape_a mouth_n expect_v to_o understand_v somewhat_o of_o the_o stuff_n put_v into_o these_o glass_n i_o may_v say_v as_o i_o be_v inform_v that_o in_o some_o be_v the_o calcine_v over_o of_o silâ—er_n and_o gold_n in_o some_o other_o mercury_n calcine_v and_o sulphur_n in_o some_o other_o arsenike_n for_o the_o air_n sulphur_n for_o the_o fire_n mercury_n for_o water_n and_o sea-coal_n for_o the_o earth_n be_v put_v altogether_o as_o the_o four_o element_n in_o some_o other_o glass_n be_v vitriol_n and_o orpiment_n and_o what_o more_o i_o do_v not_o now_o remember_v conclude_v that_o where_o nature_n give_v ability_n art_n give_v facility_n i_o have_v read_v all_o the_o book_n of_o paracelsus_n that_o i_o can_v find_v hitherto_o and_o in_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr transmutatione_n rerum_fw-la i_o do_v find_v to_o this_o purpose_n the_o observation_n follow_v concur_v with_o my_o friend_n opinion_n concern_v ripleys_n 12_o division_n comprise_v into_o six_o and_o the_o seven_o be_v the_o matter_n itself_o and_o the_o labour_n or_o work_n rest_v wherewith_o i_o do_v end_n this_o chapter_n and_o proceed_v to_o the_o sure_a ground_n of_o the_o mine_n of_o metal_n omne_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o friâ—ore_fw-la soluitur_fw-la continet_fw-la aerum_fw-la spiritum_fw-la salis_fw-la quem_fw-la in_o sublimatione_fw-la vel_fw-la distillatione_fw-la acquirit_fw-la &_o assumit_v omne_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o frigore_fw-la vel_fw-la aere_fw-la soluitur_fw-la iterum_fw-la calore_fw-la ignis_fw-la coagulatur_fw-la in_o puluerem_fw-la vel_fw-la lapidem_fw-la solutio_fw-la verò_fw-la caloris_fw-la soluit_fw-la omne_fw-la pingua_fw-la &_o omne_fw-la sulphurea_fw-la et_fw-la quicquid_fw-la calor_fw-la ignis_fw-la soluit_fw-la hoc_fw-la coagulat_fw-la frigus_fw-la in_o massâ—m_fw-la &_o quicquid_fw-la calor_fw-la coagulat_fw-la hoc_fw-la soluit_fw-la rursus_fw-la aeer_fw-la &_o frigor_fw-la gradus_fw-la ad_fw-la transmutationem_fw-la sunt_fw-la septem_fw-la calcinatio_fw-la sublimatio_fw-la solutio_fw-la putrifactio_fw-la distillatio_fw-la coagulatio_fw-la &_o tintura_n subgradus_fw-la calcinationis_fw-la compraehenduntur_fw-la reverberatio_fw-la &_o cementatio_fw-la sub_fw-la sublimatione_fw-la exaltio_n elevatio_fw-la &_o fixatio_n sub_fw-la solutione_n dissolutio_fw-la &_o resolutio_fw-la sub_fw-la putrifactione_fw-la digestio_fw-la &_o circulatio_fw-la qui_fw-la transmutat_fw-la colores_fw-la separat_fw-la purum_fw-la ab_fw-la impuro_fw-la purum_fw-la superius_fw-la impurum_fw-la inferius_fw-la sub_fw-la distillatione_fw-la ascensio_n lavatio_fw-la &_o fixatio_n coagulatio_fw-la est_fw-la duplex_fw-la una_fw-la aeris_fw-la altera_fw-la ignis_fw-la tintura_n tingit_fw-la totum_fw-la corpus_fw-la &_o est_fw-la fermentum_fw-la massae_fw-la farinaceoe_v &_o panis_fw-la secundum_fw-la est_fw-la quod_fw-la calidius_fw-la liquescunt_fw-la eo_fw-la celerius_fw-la tintura_fw-la transcurrit_fw-la sicut_fw-la fermentum_fw-la penetrate_v &_o totam_fw-la massam_fw-la acetositate_fw-la inficit_fw-la etc._n etc._n sequitur_fw-la mortificatio_fw-la &_o fixatio_n sulphuris_fw-la &_o in_o libro_fw-la de_fw-fr resuscitatione_n rerum_fw-la reductio_fw-la metallorum_fw-la in_o mercurium_fw-la vivum_fw-la chap._n ii_o of_o mine_n royal_a the_o mine_n call_v royal_a be_v only_o of_o gold_n silver_n and_o copper_n of_o which_o three_o metal_n prince_n make_v choice_n to_o make_v their_o money_n of_o simple_a or_o mix_v as_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o declare_v but_o for_o as_o much_o as_o silver_n be_v find_v in_o the_o lead_n mine_n and_o that_o the_o silver_n mine_n have_v their_o oar_n mix_v with_o hard_a lead_n also_o it_o happen_v many_o time_n that_o there_o be_v great_a question_n about_o these_o mine_n when_o prince_n will_v claim_v their_o interest_n in_o some_o lead_v mine_n because_o they_o be_v rich_a in_o silver_n as_o of_o late_a year_n between_o queen_n elizabeth_n and_o the_o earl_n of_o northumberland_n as_o you_o may_v read_v in_o master_n plowdens_n commentary_n of_o book_n case_n where_o it_o be_v adjudge_v that_o if_o a_o mine_n be_v find_v rich_a in_o silver_n of_o more_o value_n within_o the_o ore_n than_o of_o lead_n all_o charge_n of_o the_o work_n of_o both_o metal_n be_v full_o pay_v the_o prince_n may_v claim_v the_o same_o to_o be_v a_o my_o royal_a wherein_o must_v be_v have_v great_a advisement_n some_o ore_n in_o one_o place_n be_v rich_a than_o other_o ore_n in_o another_o place_n of_o the_o same_o mine_n whereof_o we_o may_v handle_v in_o his_o proper_a place_n of_o other_o mine_n begin_v therefore_o with_o gold_n the_o most_o precious_a mettle_n mines_n gold_n mines_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o the_o same_o be_v find_v in_o hill_n river_n and_o in_o the_o earth_n but_o not_o mix_v in_o ore_n as_o silver_n copper_n and_o other_o metal_n that_o which_o be_v find_v in_o the_o river_n be_v the_o fine_a as_o contain_v less_o corruption_n and_o be_v all_o of_o one_o goodness_n otherwise_o there_o be_v mayden-gold_n so_o call_v because_o it_o be_v never_o in_o the_o fire_n natural_o all_o gold_n have_v a_o little_a silver_n in_o it_o as_o also_o some_o copper_n and_o come_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n it_o be_v soft_a and_o do_v harden_v by_o the_o air_n such_o gold_n as_o have_v no_o need_n to_o be_v refine_v but_o may_v be_v use_v according_a to_o his_o finesse_n in_o work_n or_o to_o make_v money_n be_v call_v aurum_fw-la obrison_n such_o be_v the_o gold_n which_o sir_n bevis_n bulmer_n knight_n bring_v out_o of_o scotland_n find_v in_o the_o sand_n of_o the_o river_n near_o unto_o the_o gold_n mine_n of_o crayford-moore_n scotland_n crayford_n moor_n in_o scotland_n which_o be_v above_o twenty_o and_o two_o carrat_n fine_a and_o better_a than_o the_o french_a crown_n gold_n i_o see_v some_o eighteen_o ounce_n of_o it_o which_o be_v in_o big_a grain_n some_o like_a pease_n find_v out_o by_o the_o shepherd_n by_o who_o mean_n that_o place_n have_v be_v discover_v in_o the_o latter_a time_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n some_o other_o gold_n have_v be_v find_v out_o also_o in_o scotland_n within_o a_o white_a sparre_n wherein_o it_o grow_v near_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n &_o run_v into_o small_a vein_n like_o pin_n fit_a to_o be_v refine_v by_o quicksilver_n from_o the_o sparre_n because_o it_o be_v as_o pure_a gold_n as_o any_o find_v in_o africa_n or_o barbary_n which_o we_o call_v angel_n gold_n hold_v but_o half_o a_o grain_n of_o alloy_n i_o have_v see_v the_o like_a sparre_n of_o gold_n which_o be_v find_v in_o england_n in_o county_n of_o lincoln_n at_o brickell_n hill_n near_o spilsbie_n by_o lincoln_n england_n brickell_n hill_n in_o england_n but_o neither_o this_o place_n or_o any_o other_o be_v look_v into_o for_o the_o reason_n hereafter_o declare_v be_v right_o worthy_a to_o be_v regard_v with_o a_o curious_a eye_n and_o a_o industrious_a understanding_n and_o consequent_o many_o other_o whereof_o this_o monarchy_n of_o great_a britain_n be_v rare_o bless_v and_o especial_o in_o scotland_n where_o much_o barren_a ground_n be_v for_o god_n in_o his_o divine_a wisdom_n do_v countervail_v the_o say_a barrenness_n of_o the_o soil_n with_o the_o riches_n contain_v within_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o in_o fertile_a ground_n with_o the_o corn_n and_o fruit_n grow_v upon_o the_o superficies_n thereof_o mine_n a_o observation_n to_o find_v out_o any_o mine_n which_o may_v serve_v we_o for_o a_o observation_n especial_o where_o we_o find_v river_n of_o water_n run_v about_o the_o hilly_a place_n in_o dale_n which_o the_o spaniard_n do_v so_o much_o regard_n in_o the_o west-indies_n seek_v after_o mine_n that_o in_o all_o place_n where_o they_o find_v not_o the_o same_o they_o present_o give_v over_o the_o search_n after_o they_o gold_n do_v come_v out_o of_o many_o country_n as_o out_o of_o the_o mountain_n in_o bohemia_n river_n of_o pannonia_n in_o hungary_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweaden_a but_o it_o be_v all_o exhaust_v there_o be_v wont_a to_o come_v out_o of_o spain_n of_o the_o river_n and_o mountain_n above_o twenty_o thousand_o pound_n weight_n yearly_a
it_o can_v by_o art_n be_v extract_v and_o the_o body_n be_v as_o red_a earth_n can_v never_o be_v moult_a without_o the_o spirit_n be_v again_o add_v thereunto_o gold_n difference_n between_o natural_a and_o artificial_a gold_n as_o it_o be_v infuse_v life_n and_o last_o it_o be_v medicinable_a and_o make_v glad_a the_o heart_n of_o man_n which_o artificial_a gold_n do_v not_o neither_o be_v it_o corrosive_n as_o this_o gold_n be_v so_o that_o a_o scratch_n of_o it_o will_v hardly_o be_v heal_v but_o for_o our_o purpose_n of_o money_n be_v soft_a and_o only_o harden_v by_o the_o air_n deaf_a in_o sound_n and_o ponderous_a in_o weight_n it_o require_v to_o make_v crown_n gold_n fit_a for_o money_n and_o work_n to_o have_v some_o allay_n of_o silver_n and_o copper_n mix_v which_o be_v 1_o 12_o part_n howbeit_o that_o money_n be_v also_o make_v of_o fine_a gold_n wherein_o for_o observation_n sake_n we_o ascribe_v half_o a_o grain_n of_o allay_n in_o twenty_o and_o four_o carrat_n it_o have_v also_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o hot_a and_o dry_a quality_n a_o property_n that_o fill_v a_o cup_n with_o wine_n to_o the_o brim_n yet_o you_o may_v put_v ten_o or_o fifteen_o piece_n of_o gold_n coin_a into_o it_o by_o little_a and_o little_a without_o spill_v as_o it_o be_v apprehend_v and_o clasp_v the_o liquid_a quality_n of_o the_o wine_n it_o be_v hold_v for_o certain_a that_o the_o salamander_n wool_n massacote_n soda_fw-it bariglia_fw-it or_o massacote_n and_o alumen_fw-la plumosum_fw-la be_v not_o subject_a to_o fire_n yet_o be_v they_o subject_a to_o corruption_n the_o stuff_n call_v soda_fw-it bariglia_n or_o massacote_n whereof_o glass_n be_v make_v which_o stuff_n be_v burn_v of_o certain_a sea_n weed_n as_o we_o know_v &_o daily_o may_v see_v in_o the_o glasse-house_n be_v not_o subject_a to_o fire_n but_o altogether_o to_o the_o air_n but_o gold_n be_v permanent_a here_o now_o arise_v a_o question_n how_o it_o be_v possible_a that_o archimedes_n geometrical_a trial_n so_o much_o celebrate_v by_o antiquity_n can_v be_v sure_a see_v gold_n have_v that_o attractive_a power_n to_o retain_v so_o many_o piece_n of_o it_o in_o a_o cup_n of_o wine_n for_o the_o king_n of_o egypt_n be_v deceive_v of_o his_o goldsmith_n in_o the_o make_n of_o two_o diadem_n or_o crown_n of_o gold_n whereof_o the_o one_o contain_v much_o silver_n be_v desirous_a to_o know_v the_o falsehood_n without_o break_v of_o they_o gold_n archymedes_n trial_n sixteen_o pound_n of_o silver_n do_v spill_v thirty_o and_o six_o and_o sixteen_o of_o gold_n do_v spill_v but_o twenty_o and_o the_o crown_n twenty_o and_o four_o so_o it_o be_v 13_o 〈◊〉_d silver_n and_o 4_o li._n of_o gold_n whereupon_o archymedes_n cause_v two_o vessel_n to_o be_v make_v of_o one_o equal_a bigness_n with_o receiver_n under_o they_o and_o cause_v they_o to_o be_v fill_v brim_n full_a with_o water_n and_o therein_o he_o do_v put_v these_o two_o crown_n a_o sunder_o and_o gather_v up_o the_o water_n very_o circumspect_o whereof_o one_o of_o the_o vessel_n dâ—d_v spill_v more_o than_o the_o other_o according_a unto_o which_o by_o arithmetical_a proportion_n ground_v upon_o the_o geometrical_a observation_n he_o find_v out_o the_o difference_n between_o the_o quantity_n and_o weight_n of_o the_o two_o water_n and_o consequent_o how_o much_o silver_n there_o be_v put_v in_o in_o one_o of_o the_o crown_n in_o the_o hue_n of_o gold_n which_o if_o they_o have_v be_v both_o falsify_v he_o can_v never_o have_v find_v it_o for_o the_o difference_n come_v to_o be_v know_v by_o the_o bulk_n or_o bigness_n which_o cause_v the_o more_o spill_v and_o the_o matter_n be_v visible_a in_o some_o measure_n for_o i_o have_v observe_v by_o my_o instrument_n make_v for_o proportion_n copper_n proportion_n of_o volume_n 〈◊〉_d gold_n silver_n and_o copper_n that_o the_o difference_n in_o bulk_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v as_o five_o to_o nine_o and_o between_o silver_n and_o copper_n as_o eleven_o to_o thirteen_o that_o the_o body_n of_o copper_n be_v big_a than_o silver_n lead_v to_o silver_n as_o from_o fifteen_o to_o fourteen_o tin_n be_v light_a than_o silver_n and_o do_v differ_v from_o it_o as_o nine_o to_o thirteen_o and_o from_o the_o gold_n as_o seven_o to_o eighteen_o iron_n differ_v from_o silver_n as_o four_o to_o three_o and_o from_o the_o gold_n as_o six_o to_o nine_o the_o body_n of_o gold_n be_v lesser_a quicksilver_n come_v near_a and_o do_v differ_v as_o three_o to_o four_o but_o to_o resolve_v the_o question_n we_o must_v note_v the_o diversity_n of_o the_o intention_n which_o be_v mere_a contrary_n for_o the_o one_o have_v a_o intention_n to_o spill_v and_o the_o other_o to_o keep_v it_o from_o spill_v whereas_o also_o between_o the_o operation_n of_o wine_n and_o water_n there_o may_v be_v a_o difference_n in_o this_o trial_n thus_o much_o concern_v the_o nature_n and_o quality_n of_o fine_a gold_n whereunto_o lead_n come_v near_a for_o ponderosity_n of_o weight_n bigness_n of_o volume_n and_o deafness_n of_o sound_n as_o fit_a for_o protection_n the_o nature_n and_o quality_n of_o silver_n be_v like_a unto_o the_o moon_n silver_n the_o quality_n of_o silver_n that_o be_v cold_a and_o moist_a the_o sulphur_n of_o it_o white_a and_o corrupt_a and_o fall_v away_o as_o you_o may_v see_v by_o draw_v line_n upon_o a_o paper_n between_o the_o planet_n sol_fw-mi and_o luna_fw-la you_o have_v venus_n the_o planet_n of_o copper_n to_o allay_v the_o same_o although_o mercury_n be_v between_o they_o which_o be_v fix_v join_v with_o any_o mettle_n copper_n do_v harden_v the_o silver_n and_o yet_o as_o the_o weak_a of_o the_o two_o be_v soon_o corrupt_v and_o consume_v for_o it_o be_v in_o metal_n according_a to_o the_o proverb_n the_o weak_a go_v to_o the_o wall_n and_o the_o alloy_n of_o copper_n be_v do_v for_o the_o preservation_n of_o silver_n the_o first_o money_n silver_n sickle_n be_v half_a a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n or_o the_o sicle_n of_o the_o hebrew_n be_v pure_a silver_n weigh_v half_o a_o ounce_n which_o be_v deliver_v by_o weight_n and_o can_v proper_o be_v call_v money_n for_o there_o be_v no_o print_n upon_o it_o and_o be_v allay_v with_o copper_n it_o have_v a_o smell_n copper_n the_o quality_n of_o copper_n for_o the_o sulphur_n and_o antimony_n of_o copper_n be_v red_a and_o corrupt_a have_v a_o strong_a smell_n which_o may_v by_o heat_n it_o be_v soon_o discern_v by_o rub_v and_o howsoever_o there_o be_v many_o blancher_n for_o copper_n the_o best_a of_o they_o all_o in_o time_n will_v appear_v in_o his_o colour_n be_v not_o thorough_o fix_v the_o nature_n of_o copper_n be_v also_o cold_a and_o moist_a and_o be_v commix_v and_o augment_v with_o the_o calamine_n stone_n and_o lead_n make_v the_o yellow_a brass_n brass_n yellow_a brass_n and_o increase_v the_o volume_n from_o eleven_o to_o fifteen_o whereas_o as_o we_o have_v say_v before_o between_o silver_n and_o copper_n it_o be_v but_o eleven_o to_o thirteen_o which_o cause_v the_o counterfeiter_n to_o be_v encourage_v notwithstanding_o the_o smell_n and_o redness_n of_o the_o colour_n gold_n allay_v of_o gold_n therefore_o in_o the_o allay_n of_o crown_n gold_n the_o mint-master_n in_o france_n and_o england_n do_v take_v half_a silver_n and_o half_a copper_n which_o make_v the_o high_a colour_n of_o gold_n but_o in_o the_o low-countries_n and_o germany_n they_o take_v three_o part_n silver_n and_o one_o part_v copper_n which_o make_v the_o difference_n between_o the_o colour_n of_o their_o crown_n and_o we_o and_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o our_o gold_n will_v soon_o wear_v away_o than_o they_o we_o have_v already_o declare_v the_o true_a derivation_n of_o money_n call_v by_o the_o roman_n pecunia_n of_o pecus_fw-la pecudis_fw-la not_o pecus_fw-la pecoris_fw-la for_o they_o coin_v first_o copper_n money_n and_o as_o it_o shall_v seem_v the_o wealth_n of_o man_n consist_v most_o in_o cattle_n as_o in_o the_o time_n of_o job_n cause_v ox_n sheep_n and_o the_o like_a cattle_n to_o be_v stamp_v upon_o their_o coin_n of_o mere_a copper_n whereof_o their_o exchequer_n be_v call_v aerarium_fw-la copper_n proportion_n which_o be_v between_o silver_n and_o copper_n be_v then_o in_o great_a estimation_n for_o the_o proportion_n or_o value_n in_o the_o time_n of_o numa_n pompilius_n be_v ten_o of_o copper_n to_o one_o of_o silver_n and_o ten_o of_o silver_n to_o one_o of_o gold_n which_o now_o by_o the_o abundance_n of_o copper_n be_v much_o alter_v notwithstanding_o the_o copper_n money_n use_v in_o all_o country_n in_o some_o reasonable_a measure_n but_o in_o spain_n be_v as_o it_o be_v unto_o we_o the_o fountain_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n there_o it_o be_v use_v immoderate_o portugal_n copper_n money_n of_o spain_n and_o portugal_n for_o they_o have_v
so_o many_o million_o of_o copper_n money_n in_o four_o and_o eight_o maluedy_n and_o otherwise_o and_o in_o portugal_n of_o vintenis_fw-la patacois_n of_o so_o many_o reas_n that_o the_o half_a ryall_n which_o be_v our_o three_o penny_n be_v only_o of_o silver_n and_o all_o money_n under_o it_o be_v mere_a copper_n without_o any_o mixture_n of_o silver_n this_o quantity_n be_v almost_o incredible_a for_o it_o be_v not_o many_o year_n since_o during_o the_o king_n reign_n of_o philip_n the_o three_o that_o certain_a italian_n find_v fault_n that_o his_o octavos_fw-la and_o quartillos_n be_v too_o big_a give_v the_o king_n six_o million_o of_o ducat_n to_o coin_v they_o at_o half_a the_o weight_n within_o a_o time_n limit_v and_o as_o many_o as_o they_o can_v utter_v within_o that_o time_n necessitas_fw-la non_fw-la habet_fw-la legem_fw-la be_v true_a in_o some_o respect_n the_o venetian_n also_o coin_v mere_a copper_n money_n venetian_n copper_n money_n of_o the_o venetian_n they_o have_v sessini_fw-la which_z be_v value_v at_o two_o quatrini_fw-la and_o three_o quatrini_fw-la be_v one_o half_a penny_n sterling_a for_o six_o quatrini_fw-la be_v one_o penny_n bagatini_fw-la they_o have_v also_o whereof_o four_o make_v one_o quatrini_fw-la and_o twenty_o and_o four_o bagatini_fw-la make_v one_o penny_n sterling_a by_o calculation_n in_o france_n they_o have_v mailles_n petit_fw-fr deniers_fw-fr deniers_fw-fr double_v france_n of_o france_n and_o liart_n &_o in_o time_n past_a most_o of_o these_o have_v some_o silver_n in_o they_o but_o upon_o due_a consideration_n that_o it_o be_v so_o much_o silver_n waste_v because_o the_o charge_n of_o refine_n do_v surmount_v the_o value_n and_o that_o these_o money_n do_v serve_v for_o the_o commutation_n of_o petty_a thing_n and_o trifle_n they_o have_v save_v that_o silver_n germany_n of_o germany_n the_o like_a they_o have_v do_v of_o all_o the_o small_a money_n in_o germany_n but_o they_o cause_v they_o to_o be_v alkime_v like_o silver_n which_o be_v do_v with_o tin_n and_o sal_fw-la armoniake_n after_o they_o be_v coin_a which_o hold_v fair_a for_o a_o long_a time_n than_o the_o money_n of_o silver_n allay_v with_o much_o copper_n be_v in_o a_o manner_n incorporate_v with_o the_o copper_n and_o take_v away_o the_o smell_n of_o it_o such_o be_v their_o heller_n alb_n hallincke_n and_o the_o like_a small_a copper_n money_n low-countries_n of_o the_o low-countries_n in_o the_o low-countries_n they_o have_v duyt_n mite_n negemancken_n ortkens_n whereof_o four_o make_v a_o styver_n and_o five_o styver_n make_v six_o penny_n which_o we_o may_v well_o call_v a_o styver_n for_o a_o penny_n sterling_a eight_o negemancken_n and_o twenty_o and_o four_o mite_n for_o one_o penny_n also_o in_o some_o place_n as_o in_o flanders_n the_o mite_n be_v call_v corte_n and_o in_o the_o wallone_n country_n engcuni_fw-la and_o in_o other_o place_n point_v pite_n poot_n be_v all_o subdivision_n of_o obolus_fw-la or_o the_o 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and_o he_o there_o be_v common_o emulation_n and_o necessary_a discord_n like_v unto_o that_o which_o cato_n use_v among_o the_o servant_n of_o his_o family_n which_o he_o do_v compare_v to_o the_o stone_n of_o a_o vault_n which_o by_o strive_v do_v uphold_v the_o building_n and_o make_v he_o to_o be_v more_o quiet_a and_o regard_v suppose_v now_o that_o we_o be_v come_v to_o the_o mint_n to_o see_v money_n make_v of_o our_o ingot_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o one_o of_o the_o assaymaster_n come_v unto_o i_o and_o say_v sir_n i_o have_v read_v that_o all_o thing_n be_v govern_v by_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n what_o say_v you_o to_o fineness_n of_o gold_n aâ—d_a silver_n i_o do_v ask_v he_o first_o what_o he_o take_v fineness_n to_o be_v he_o do_v answer_v i_o that_o it_o be_v a_o mystery_n and_o that_o the_o study_n of_o it_o be_v as_o intricate_a as_o the_o transubstantiation_n of_o the_o papist_n sacrament_n as_o you_o may_v perceive_v say_v he_o by_o the_o controversy_n 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fineness_n also_o now_o take_v away_o one_o ounce_n of_o this_o fine_a silver_n and_o put_v so_o much_o copper_n unto_o it_o to_o melt_v they_o down_o as_o make_v up_o the_o say_a pound_n again_o twelve_o ounce_n in_o weight_n you_o know_v that_o there_o be_v but_o eleven_o ounce_n of_o fine_a silver_n remain_v will_v make_v no_o difficulty_n to_o affirm_v that_o this_o be_v eleven_o ounce_n fine_a silver_n and_o one_o ounce_n of_o copper_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n and_o put_v the_o same_o to_o the_o trial_n of_o your_o subtle_a assay_v and_o you_o shall_v find_v it_o so_o be_v there_o any_o mystery_n in_o this_o and_o he_o say_v not_o as_o i_o do_v propound_v it_o and_o so_o be_v it_o if_o there_o be_v more_o or_o less_o allay_v in_o the_o pound_n weight_n according_o for_o the_o pound_n weight_n do_v proportionate_a the_o whole_a mass_n ingot_a or_o lump_n of_o bullion_n call_v it_o what_o you_o will_v as_o in_o the_o next_o chapter_n of_o assay_n shall_v be_v make_v more_o apparent_a but_o say_v he_o this_o do_v not_o clear_a in_o my_o understanding_n the_o business_n which_o be_v in_o controversy_n between_o the_o warden_n and_o the_o master_n worker_n for_o the_o copple_n or_o teast_n do_v drink_v in_o some_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n with_o the_o lead_n and_o so_o there_o be_v so_o much_o hide_v from_o report_n copple_n drink_v in_o of_o the_o test_n or_o copple_n for_o the_o bullion_n be_v that_o which_o make_v the_o money_n and_o not_o the_o silver_n of_o the_o assay_n so_o that_o the_o say_a bullion_n be_v fine_a in_o every_o pound_n weight_n two_o penny_n weight_n in_o value_n six_o penny_n half_a penny_n and_o the_o twelve_o part_n of_o a_o half_a penny_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o master_n worker_n be_v subtle_a and_o cunning_a do_v put_v into_o the_o melt_a pot_n bullion_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n put_v in_o the_o commixture_n account_v charge_v with_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n in_o every_o pound_n weight_n melt_v book_n indenture_n base_a money_n be_v eight_o penny_n weight_n in_o the_o pound_n of_o silver_n bullion_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n in_o every_o pound_n whereby_o he_o gain_v the_o weight_n of_o so_o much_o sterling_a silver_n now_o this_o gain_n be_v the_o king_n for_o with_o his_o highness_n money_n this_o bullion_n be_v buy_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o therefore_o the_o warden_n do_v charge_v the_o mint-master_n account_v with_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n in_o every_o pound_n weight_n and_o allow_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o king_n for_o the_o mintmaster_n be_v to_o account_v by_o the_o melt_a book_n where_o this_o allay_n of_o copper_n be_v enter_v according_a to_o the_o indenture_n between_o the_o king_n and_o he_o and_o so_o in_o the_o base_a money_n make_v for_o ireland_n whereof_o one_o of_o silver_n make_v four_o of_o that_o money_n he_o be_v charge_v in_o account_n eight_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n for_o every_o pound_n of_o the_o silver_n bullion_n for_o the_o commixture_n of_o two_o ounce_n eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n and_o nine_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n be_v find_v to_o answer_v that_o standard_n of_o three_o ounce_n fine_a and_o so_o do_v eleven_o ounce_n of_o silver_n irish._n standard_n sterling_a and_o irish._n and_o one_o ounce_n of_o allay_n answer_v the_o sterling_a standard_n for_o there_o be_v great_a consideration_n to_o be_v have_v in_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o silver_n bullion_n to_o the_o fire_n and_o from_o the_o fire_n fire_n from_o the_o fire_n and_o to_o the_o fire_n for_o eleven_o ounce_n from_o the_o fire_n be_v set_v down_o for_o standard_n to_o pass_v according_a to_o the_o indent_a trial_n piece_n make_v by_o the_o swear_a officer_n or_o refiner_n and_o assaymaster_n commixture_n indent_v trial_n piece_n of_o silver_n sterling_a and_o base_a commixture_n thereunto_o heretofore_o appoint_v whereof_o myself_o be_v one_o which_o indent_a piece_n we_o have_v commix_v according_o of_o fine_a silver_n refine_v upon_o a_o dry_a test_v and_o good_a copper_n or_o allay_v and_o the_o same_o we_o have_v divide_v into_o three_o part_n one_o part_n to_o remain_v in_o the_o king_n treasury_n at_o westminster_n another_o part_n with_o the_o warden_n of_o the_o mint_n and_o the_o three_o part_n with_o the_o mintmaster_n to_o make_v the_o money_n thereby_o and_o all_o these_o thing_n be_v do_v very_o orderly_o there_o be_v no_o reason_n that_o the_o mintmaster_n shall_v pocket_v up_o this_o benefit_n which_o come_v almost_o to_o ten_o thousand_o pound_n and_o will_v have_v be_v much_o more_o if_o it_o have_v not_o be_v spy_v out_o in_o time_n for_o the_o king_n service_n and_o then_o he_o conclude_v his_o speech_n with_o a_o affirmation_n that_o he_o can_v take_v the_o say_v two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n out_o of_o the_o copple_n which_o have_v drink_v up_o the_o same_o or_o within_o a_o little_a less_o of_o it_o whereunto_o i_o make_v he_o such_o a_o answer_n as_o i_o have_v oftentimes_o understand_v of_o the_o mintmaster_n and_o partly_o of_o my_o own_o knowledge_n concern_v assay_n which_o i_o have_v observe_v and_o know_v above_o forty_o year_n my_o father_n also_o have_v be_v a_o mintmaster_n and_o i_o tell_v he_o that_o all_o his_o allegation_n as_o abovesaid_a shall_v and_o can_v be_v very_o well_o answer_v for_o albeit_o that_o he_o have_v allege_v many_o thing_n concern_v the_o state_n of_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n i_o will_v according_a to_o the_o course_n of_o the_o common_a law_n join_v issue_n upon_o one_o peremptory_a point_n to_o be_v try_v by_o all_o understand_a man_n to_o which_o end_n i_o tell_v he_o that_o in_o germany_n and_o the_o low_a country_n there_o be_v certain_a officer_n sea_n general_n of_o the_o
mint_n beyâ—nd_n â—he_v sea_n call_v the_o general_n of_o mint_n which_o do_v determine_v such_o and_o the_o like_a question_n and_o controversy_n arise_v between_o the_o warden_n and_o the_o mint-master_n which_o be_v man_n of_o great_a knowledge_n and_o experience_n in_o mint_n affair_n and_o have_v from_o the_o prince_n large_a stipend_n give_v they_o for_o to_o attend_v these_o mâ—nt_a business_n when_o the_o trial_n of_o pix_n or_o of_o the_o box_n be_v make_v and_o the_o mint-master_n make_v their_o account_n with_o the_o prince_n hereupon_o the_o say_a assay-master_n according_a to_o his_o courteous_a behaviour_n be_v very_o well_o please_v to_o hear_v i_o as_o he_o say_v in_o favour_n of_o justice_n and_o truth_n and_o so_o i_o begin_v to_o answer_v gradatim_fw-la and_o articular_o as_o follow_v admit_v drink_v up_o of_o the_o copple_v admit_v first_o concern_v the_o drink_n up_o of_o the_o copple_n albeit_o that_o it_o appear_v unto_o i_o by_o certain_a testimoniall_n make_v beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o general_n warden_n mint-master_n and_o assaymaster_n that_o if_o a_o copple_n or_o test_v be_v well_o make_v it_o drink_v not_o up_o any_o silver_n at_o all_o yet_o i_o will_v admit_v that_o it_o do_v so_o because_o you_o be_v so_o confident_a that_o you_o can_v take_v it_o out_o of_o the_o copple_n or_o the_o most_o part_n of_o it_o and_o so_o i_o will_v proceed_v in_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n acknowledge_v to_o be_v put_v in_o second_o i_o do_v acknowledge_v that_o there_o be_v two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n put_v into_o the_o melt_a pot_n as_o you_o say_v for_o it_o be_v commix_v at_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n which_o be_v a_o fâ—ll_a ounce_n where_o the_o standard_n require_v but_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n but_o this_o be_v do_v to_o countervail_v the_o waist_n of_o copper_n which_o come_v by_o melt_v of_o bullion_n remelting_a of_o the_o brocage_n and_o scizell_n and_o by_o work_v hammer_v often_o neal_v and_o blaunch_v of_o the_o money_n whereby_o the_o money_n grow_v better_a in_o fineness_n than_o they_o be_v at_o the_o first_o melt_v because_o so_o much_o and_o more_o copper_n do_v waste_v in_o be_v of_o copper_n counteruade_v the_o copper_n put_v in_o and_o can_v it_o waste_v less_o than_o ten_o ounce_n in_o one_o hundred_o weight_n no_o sure_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o red_a book_n in_o the_o exchequer_n for_o mint_n affair_n admit_v this_o two_o penny_n weight_n for_o waste_n which_o be_v but_o ten_o ounce_n in_o the_o hundred_o and_o to_o say_v that_o this_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o mintmaster_n put_v in_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n proportion_n unequal_a proportion_n it_o carry_v not_o any_o proportion_n to_o put_v one_o for_o one_o when_o the_o mixture_n of_o the_o standard_n be_v eleven_o to_o one_o but_o you_o reply_v unto_o i_o that_o the_o mintmaster_n be_v to_o bear_v all_o waste_n and_o therefore_o must_v answer_v the_o same_o and_o be_v charge_v in_o account_n for_o it_o i_o answer_v that_o the_o account_n of_o all_o mint_n be_v make_v only_o upon_o the_o fineness_n of_o money_n by_o their_o weight_n and_o that_o it_o be_v never_o otherwise_o use_v in_o england_n until_o this_o day_n only_o all_o account_n be_v take_v upon_o the_o fine_a matter_n only_o and_o if_o the_o warden_n will_v bring_v a_o new_a manner_n of_o account_n than_o ever_o have_v be_v take_v according_a to_o the_o leidger_n book_n of_o the_o mint_n and_o the_o comptroller_n book_n then_o the_o mintmaster_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v with_o every_o thing_n in_o his_o proper_a nature_n silver_n for_o silver_n and_o copper_n for_o copper_n otherwise_o it_o be_v better_o for_o he_o not_o to_o put_v in_o any_o copper_n than_o to_o be_v make_v to_o answer_v silver_n for_o it_o but_o the_o mintmaster_n must_v hold_v as_o well_o his_o allay_n as_o his_o fine_a silver_n keep_v allay_v to_o be_v keep_v according_a to_o the_o statute_n 2._o h._n 6._o ca._n 2._o and_o in_o do_v otherwise_o by_o not_o put_v in_o of_o this_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n the_o money_n will_v be_v too_o fine_a and_o the_o master_n may_v incur_v fine_a and_o ransom_n therefore_o all_o mint-master_n do_v work_v according_a to_o their_o remedy_n and_o they_o do_v bear_v all_o waste_v incident_a and_o casual_a as_o if_o some_o ingot_n be_v falsify_v with_o copper_n within_o as_o have_v be_v find_v at_o the_o mint_n the_o mintmaster_n must_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o it_o master_n hazard_v of_o mint_n master_n for_o prince_n will_v be_v at_o a_o certainty_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o mint-master_n may_v commix_v at_o their_o pleasure_n thus_o far_o as_o the_o sixteenth_o article_n of_o the_o indenture_n declare_v that_o every_o pound_n weight_n troy_n shall_v be_v in_o such_o sort_n commix_v and_o melt_v down_o that_o at_o the_o cast_v out_o of_o the_o same_o into_o ingot_n xluj_o the_o indenture_n of_o eliz_n reg._n xluj_o it_o shall_v be_v and_o hold_v eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o allay_n every_o pound_n contain_v twelve_o ounce_n every_o ounce_n twenty_o penny_n weight_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n twenty_o four_o grain_n according_a to_o the_o computation_n of_o the_o pound_n weight_n troy_n of_o england_n which_o eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o allay_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o troy_n aforesaid_a standard_n the_o old_a right_n â—â—erling_a standard_n be_v the_o old_a right_a standard_n of_o the_o money_n of_o silver_n of_o england_n and_o that_o the_o commixture_n of_o the_o mintmaster_n have_v be_v do_v according_o so_o that_o it_o be_v find_v so_o at_o the_o cast_v out_o you_o best_o know_v what_o make_v the_o assay_n thereof_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o for_o your_o melt_a book_n where_o the_o allay_n be_v enter_v if_o you_o will_v charge_v the_o mintmaster_n thereby_o let_v it_o be_v do_v distinct_o for_o silver_n and_o copper_n or_o allay_v in_o his_o proper_a nature_n as_o be_v say_v before_o and_o then_o the_o controversy_n be_v end_v now_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o base_a money_n make_v for_o ireland_n i_o be_o sure_a there_o be_v not_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n put_v in_o as_o in_o the_o sterling_a standard_n money_n silver_n take_v out_o by_o division_n oâ—_n the_o standard_n of_o base_a money_n but_o there_o be_v two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n by_o computation_n take_v out_o in_o every_o quarter_n of_o a_o pound_n of_o silver_n which_o as_o you_o say_v be_v eight_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n why_o shall_v the_o mint-master_n account_v be_v charge_v with_o this_o where_o silver_n by_o the_o division_n of_o the_o proportion_n be_v take_v out_o and_o two_o ounce_n eighteen_o penny_n weight_n be_v take_v for_o three_o ounce_n from_o the_o fire_n as_o the_o indenture_n declare_v shall_v a_o mintmaster_n commix_v and_o melt_v by_o prescription_n or_o suffer_v other_o man_n to_o melt_v it_o for_o he_o and_o yet_o be_v make_v to_o answer_v for_o the_o fineness_n of_o money_n according_a to_o a_o indent_a trial_n piece_n make_v of_o refine_a fine_a silver_n as_o you_o say_v and_o receive_v neither_o silver_n answerable_a in_o fineness_n nor_o the_o quantity_n which_o he_o ought_v to_o have_v allow_v he_o according_a to_o the_o standard_n i_o be_o sure_a that_o in_o the_o make_n of_o these_o money_n copper_n câ—eaâ—_n waist_n of_o copper_n there_o have_v be_v above_o forty_o ounce_n of_o copper_n waste_v in_o one_o hundred_o weight_n of_o the_o money_n make_v thereof_o whereby_o the_o bullion_n be_v grow_v fine_a that_o be_v to_o say_v these_o forty_o ounce_n of_o copper_n be_v waste_v have_v leave_v the_o silver_n behind_o wherewith_o they_o be_v commix_v at_o the_o first_o and_o so_o be_v the_o say_v whole_a mass_n or_o bullion_n so_o much_o fine_a and_o rich_a in_o the_o proportion_n which_o arithmetical_a distribution_n do_v demonstrate_v unto_o i_o arithmetical_a demonstration_n arithmetical_a and_o in_o this_o ingot_a of_o course_n silver_n may_v prove_v it_o unto_o you_o let_v we_o suppose_v it_o weigh_v 16_o will_v and_o contain_v 4_o will_v of_o silver_n and_o 12_o will_v of_o copper_n and_o so_o may_v we_o say_v it_o be_v the_o four_o part_n silver_n if_o this_o ingot_a now_o shall_v be_v make_v to_o decrease_v or_o diminish_v 4_o will_v of_o copper_n and_o so_o it_o shall_v weigh_v but_o 12_o will_v and_o therein_o still_o contain_v all_o the_o four_o pound_n in_o silver_n may_v not_o we_o just_o call_v this_o to_o be_v rich_a and_o say_v it_o be_v one_o three_o part_n of_o silver_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v no_o more_o silver_n than_o before_o
occasion_n to_o ask_v he_o pix_n trial_o of_o the_o pix_n whether_o the_o last_o and_o supreme_a trial_n of_o the_o money_n which_o be_v make_v common_o once_o a_o year_n before_o the_o lord_n at_o the_o star-chamber_n be_v do_v in_o like_a manner_n and_o he_o answer_v i_o it_o be_v and_o withal_o he_o desire_v i_o to_o resolve_v the_o question_n between_o the_o warden_n and_o the_o mintmaster_n concern_v the_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n hide_v from_o report_n as_o it_o be_v suppose_v according_a to_o our_o former_a conference_n i_o tell_v he_o that_o according_a to_o the_o issue_n join_v between_o he_o and_o i_o that_o the_o mintmaster_n have_v not_o pocket_v up_o any_o such_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n as_o his_o account_n be_v charge_v withal_o i_o will_v make_v that_o plain_a by_o demonstration_n which_o he_o say_v be_v his_o desire_n whereupon_o i_o frame_v my_o answer_n as_o follow_v money_n four_o assay_n of_o bullion_n and_o money_n i_o make_v no_o doubt_n sir_n but_o you_o have_v mark_v my_o observation_n of_o the_o four_o several_a assay_n make_v concern_v bullion_n and_o money_n namely_o the_o first_o of_o the_o ingot_n before_o melt_v the_o second_o of_o the_o pot_n assay_v after_o melt_v the_o three_o of_o the_o money_n complete_a make_v thereof_o and_o the_o four_o and_o supreme_a trial_n of_o money_n at_o the_o star-chamber_n as_o it_o be_v before_o the_o king_n and_o his_o council_n all_o which_o be_v do_v in_o manner_n alike_o you_o have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n tell_v i_o that_o their_o operation_n or_o effect_n be_v also_o alike_o for_o the_o trial_n of_o the_o ingot_n there_o the_o copple_n have_v drink_v in_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n for_o the_o pot_n assay_v there_o two_o penny_n weight_n be_v drink_v in_o also_o the_o assay_v make_v of_o the_o complete_a money_n have_v drink_v in_o the_o like_o two_o penny_n weight_n and_o last_o of_o all_o the_o high_a trial_n of_o all_o have_v drink_v in_o the_o like_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n how_o can_v it_o then_o be_v pocket_v up_o by_o the_o mintmaster_n when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o bullion_n remain_v in_o the_o pot_n find_v in_o the_o money_n and_o confirm_v to_o be_v so_o by_o the_o supreme_a trial_n and_o why_o shall_v the_o mint-master_n account_v be_v charge_v either_o with_o a_o imaginary_a or_o substantial_a thing_n which_o he_o never_o have_v or_o enjoy_v resolution_n a_o tacite_fw-la resolution_n to_o this_o the_o assay-master_n answer_v rather_o by_o sign_n than_o word_n say_v it_o be_v otherwise_o take_v and_o understand_v and_o himself_o take_v now_o better_a notice_n of_o it_o and_o wish_v that_o truth_n may_v prevail_v according_a to_o the_o say_n magna_fw-la est_fw-la veritas_fw-la praevalet_fw-la praevaluit_fw-la &_o praevalebit_fw-la and_o so_o end_v our_o suppose_a discourse_n now_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o mystery_n of_o the_o mint_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o recompense_v they_o that_o may_v take_v offence_n for_o discuss_v the_o premise_n and_o let_v we_o be_v like_o nathaniel_n in_o who_o there_o be_v no_o guile_n qui_fw-la vadit_fw-la planè_fw-la vadit_fw-la sanè_fw-la howbeit_o discretion_n be_v requisite_a the_o assay_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v most_o make_v according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o mark_n which_o be_v eight_o ounce_n troy_n and_o they_o take_v twenty_o grain_n to_o make_v their_o assay_n by_o which_o be_v correspondent_a with_o our_o fifteen_o grain_n us._n thirty_o two_o grain_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v more_o than_o 24_o grain_n with_o us._n for_o they_o divide_v their_o english_a or_o penny_n weight_n in_o thirty_o two_o ass_n or_o grain_n which_o from_o twenty_o four_o unto_o thirty_o two_o differ_v one_o three_o part_n so_o be_v fifteen_o unto_o twenty_o also_o a_o three_o part_n for_o this_o mark_n weight_n of_o eight_o ounce_n be_v twofold_a the_o one_o be_v call_v english_a weight_n and_o the_o other_o french_a weight_n in_o the_o low_a country_n but_o the_o english_a weight_n be_v most_o use_v which_o be_v divide_v into_o eight_o ounce_n every_o ounce_n twenty_o english_a or_o penny_n weight_n mark_n english_a mark_n and_o every_o english_a thirty_o two_o grain_n as_o aforesaid_a be_v 5120_o grain_n to_o the_o mark_n this_o mark_n and_o one_o half_a make_v within_o a_o little_a our_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n for_o the_o pound_n weight_n be_v in_o grain_n 7680._o the_o french_a weight_n call_v penny_n weight_n be_v also_o eight_o ounce_n mark_n french_a mark_n every_o ounce_n four_o and_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n twenty_o four_o grain_n be_v 6912_o grain_n for_o the_o twelve_o ounce_n or_o 4608_o grain_n for_o the_o eight_o ounce_n these_o grain_n be_v also_o divide_v in_o twenty_o four_o garobe_n or_o prime_n and_o the_o prime_n in_o twenty_o four_o second_o and_o the_o second_o in_o 24_o tercy_n or_o malloquen_n which_o be_v superfluous_a notwithstanding_o all_o the_o say_a weight_n and_o division_n to_o make_v assay_n they_o use_v another_o weight_n weight_n assay_v weight_n which_o every_o man_n make_v according_a to_o his_o fancy_n but_o most_o common_o they_o will_v divide_v the_o mark_n in_o twelve_o denier_n or_o penny_n and_o the_o penny_n into_o twenty_o four_o grain_n and_o then_o grain_n subdivide_v of_o paper_n make_v ⅛_n 1_o 10_o and_o 1_o 32_o part_n of_o a_o grain_n which_o concur_v near_a with_o our_o assay_n weight_n for_o if_o one_o pound_n of_o silver_n do_v contain_v 1_o 12_o part_n copper_n they_o call_v this_o eleven_o denier_n fine_a as_o we_o say_v eleven_o ounce_n fine_a for_o the_o gold_n likewise_o they_o do_v use_v the_o same_o weight_n account_v for_o every_o denier_n or_o penny_n weight_n two_o carrat_n so_o twenty_o four_o carrat_n for_o twelve_o denier_n or_o ounce_n and_o consequent_o eleven_o denier_n be_v twenty_o two_o carrat_n etc._n etc._n so_o the_o gold_n mark_n be_v twenty_o four_o carrat_n mark_n gold_n mark_n silver_n mark_n a_o carrot_fw-la be_v twelve_o grain_n so_o 288_o in_o the_o mark_n so_o the_o silver_n mark_v of_o twelve_o denier_n of_o twenty_o four_o grain_n be_v 288_o grain_n also_o which_o be_v big_a grain_n divide_v into_o four_o prime_n or_o siliquas_fw-la be_v 1152._o they_o use_v also_o a_o manner_n of_o speech_n to_o say_v twelve_o shilling_n to_o the_o mark_n pound_n pound_n mark_v pound_n every_o shilling_n twelve_o penny_n and_o every_o penny_n twenty_o four_o grain_n be_v 3456_o grain_n in_o the_o mark_n all_o which_o be_v do_v to_o make_v the_o knowledge_n of_o these_o thing_n intricate_a in_o like_a manner_n for_o the_o sheir_a of_o their_o money_n money_n shire_n money_n they_o will_v for_o every_o piece_n make_v a_o penny_n as_o if_o there_o be_v make_v seventie_o eight_o piece_n out_o of_o a_o mark_n they_o will_v say_v it_o ☞_o hold_v six_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n in_o the_o shire_n or_o for_o 62_o piece_n five_o shilling_n two_o penny_n and_o so_o obscure_a thing_n to_o take_v advantage_n upon_o other_o for_o the_o mint-master_n of_o the_o low_a country_n and_o germany_n be_v very_o experience_v in_o mint_n matter_n and_o the_o assay_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o grain_n may_v deceive_v much_o if_o by_o trial_n the_o calculation_n be_v not_o right_o make_v and_o if_o the_o say_a mint-master_n be_v not_o subtle_a yet_o the_o general_n which_o follow_v the_o prince_n or_o state_n do_v nothing_o else_o but_o study_n these_o thing_n always_o therefore_o let_v we_o observe_v more_o particular_n of_o their_o proceed_n as_o follow_v in_o the_o make_n of_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n they_o will_v use_v many_o time_n to_o make_v piece_n of_o fine_a gold_n and_o courser_n gold_n as_o the_o imperial_a royal_a and_o the_o half_a royal_a the_o one_o twenty_o three_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n and_o the_o other_o but_o eighteen_o carrat_n or_o the_o flanders_n crown_n of_o 22_o carrat_n in_o germany_n the_o ducat_n and_o the_o gold_n guildren_n which_o for_o work_n be_v mix_v be_v serviceable_a admit_v by_o connivance_n the_o melt_a of_o the_o money_n rather_o than_o for_o want_v of_o it_o bullion_n shall_v not_o be_v bring_v to_o their_o mint_n therefore_o they_o also_o take_v little_a for_o the_o coinage_n because_o it_o shall_v soon_o come_v unto_o they_o than_o unto_o other_o minter_n where_o the_o coinage_n or_o seignoriage_n be_v great_a and_o albeit_o the_o same_o be_v but_o small_a yet_o will_v they_o find_v mean_n to_o make_v other_o prince_n to_o pay_v the_o same_o transportation_n money_n make_v for_o transportation_n and_o cause_n money_n to_o be_v make_v for_o transportation_n especial_o for_o the_o east_n country_n to_o buy_v corn_n to_o bring_v the_o same_o unto_o their_o magazine_n whereby_o trade_n be_v increase_v and_o spain_n and_o portugal_n supply_v the_o same_o by_o suffer_v money_n to_o be_v
also_o transport_v in_o the_o return_n of_o corn_n whereby_o custom_n do_v also_o augment_v the_o box_n for_o money_n be_v keep_v under_o three_o several_a key_n or_o lock_n by_o the_o warden_n mintmaster_n and_o comptroller_n wherein_o the_o warden_n take_v of_o every_o journey_n of_o work_n one_o two_o or_o more_o piece_n according_a to_o his_o instruction_n to_o make_v the_o last_o trial_n by_o before_o the_o lord_n or_o estate_n the_o mint-master_n have_v some_o remedy_n allow_v they_o for_o the_o make_n of_o money_n either_o for_o be_v too_o feeble_a and_o under_o the_o standard_n mint-master_n remedy_n for_o mint-master_n or_o for_o be_v better_a and_o above_o standard_n and_o hereupon_o they_o always_o work_v by_o commix_v it_o according_o whereof_o they_o have_v a_o absolute_a power_n wherewith_o neither_o the_o warden_n nor_o the_o comptroller_n be_v to_o meddle_v for_o prince_n and_o state_n will_v not_o be_v upon_o uncertainty_n with_o the_o mintmaster_n for_o he_o must_v 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mark_n of_o the_o rose_n mallet_n cross_n or_o any_o other_o which_o be_v record_v in_o the_o exchequer_n upon_o the_o say_a trial_n of_o the_o pix_n the_o assaymaster_n receive_v bullion_n of_o ten_o or_o eleven_o ounce_n fine_a make_v their_o assay_n with_o five_o part_n of_o lead_n if_o it_o be_v of_o six_o or_o seven_o ounce_n they_o will_v take_v eight_o part_n of_o lead_n if_o three_o or_o four_o ounce_n assay_n lead_v for_o the_o trial_n of_o silver_n assay_n than_o fifteen_o part_n of_o lead_n and_o if_o under_o they_o will_v take_v twenty_o part_n of_o lead_n but_o this_o lead_n be_v first_o to_o be_v purge_v because_o all_o lead_n hold_v some_o little_a silver_n and_o gold_n as_o have_v be_v note_v so_o for_o gold_n if_o need_v be_v more_o strong-water_n may_v be_v add_v which_o may_v serve_v once_o again_o for_o trial_n their_o strong-water_n call_v aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la fortâ—_n aqua_fw-la fortâ—_n be_v make_v two_o part_n calcine_v vitriol_n one_o part_n salniter_n and_o half_o a_o part_n of_o allome_n calcine_v and_o distil_v as_o the_o manner_n be_v but_o for_o gold_n they_o use_v aqua_fw-la regis_fw-la regis_fw-la aqua_fw-la regis_fw-la which_o have_v the_o same_o proportion_n as_o abovesaid_a but_o there_o be_v one_o four_o of_o a_o part_n of_o sall_n armoniake_n add_v thereunto_o and_o upon_o their_o trial_n they_o use_v to_o report_v half_o a_o grain_n for_o the_o master_n benefit_n which_o must_v needs_o be_v a_o grain_n where_o fraction_n be_v not_o use_v in_o cipher_n especial_o with_o we_o for_o there_o be_v for_o silver_n nothing_o report_v above_o twelve_o grain_n which_o be_v the_o half_a penny_n weight_n which_o be_v do_v to_o have_v the_o account_n clear_a and_o withal_o there_o be_v no_o bullion_n receive_v in_o the_o mint_n under_o nine_o ounce_n fine_a bullion_n base_a bullion_n whereas_o beyond_o the_o sea_n though_o it_o be_v never_o so_o base_a it_o be_v receive_v and_o the_o rule_n for_o calculation_n be_v easy_a and_o brief_a which_o to_o avoid_v prolixity_n i_o do_v here_o omit_v in_o the_o melt_a of_o gold_n gold_n observation_n for_o melt_a of_o gold_n observe_v to_o melt_v the_o same_o first_o before_o you_o put_v your_o silver_n allay_v unto_o it_o and_o let_v the_o fine_a gold_n lie_v upward_o in_o the_o crusible_a or_o pot_n to_o have_v less_o waist_n and_o better_a mix_n for_o the_o fine_a gold_n be_v heavy_a and_o seek_v the_o centre_n let_v no_o wind_n come_v to_o your_o melt_a pot_n or_o crusible_a for_o fear_n of_o break_v and_o take_v fine_a silver_n for_o your_o allay_n wherein_o there_o be_v neither_o lead_n nor_o brass_n or_o latin_n which_o make_v your_o gold_n brittle_a and_o bring_v a_o loss_n to_o make_v the_o same_o malleable_a albeit_o to_o make_v it_o tough_a be_v no_o charge_n for_o take_v but_o a_o old_a shoe_n and_o cut_v the_o same_o into_o small_a piece_n and_o put_v the_o same_o into_o your_o crusible_a and_o stop_v it_o up_o with_o a_o cover_n let_v it_o stand_v upon_o the_o fire_n &_o it_o take_v away_o the_o eagrenesse_n of_o brass_n even_o as_o a_o hot_a brown_a loaf_n of_o bread_n cut_v asunder_o and_o clap_v over_o the_o bom-hole_n of_o a_o hogshead_n of_o wine_n taste_v of_o the_o cask_n will_v cure_v the_o same_o of_o his_o foul_a taste_n goldsmith_n be_v appoint_v to_o work_v gold_n of_o twenty_o two_o carrat_n fine_a but_o the_o trial_n be_v make_v by_o the_o touchstone_n only_o touchstone_n trial_o of_o the_o touchstone_n with_o a_o observation_n of_o the_o rubbing-stroke_n upon_o it_o to_o be_v alike_o and_o of_o the_o same_o strength_n which_o be_v worthy_a the_o observation_n for_o otherwise_o you_o can_v give_v no_o true_a judgement_n there_o be_v also_o a_o easy_a scale_n of_o gold_n to_o be_v make_v to_o fall_v from_o the_o silver_n as_o it_o be_v lay_v on_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o quicksilver_n coin_n to_o take_v the_o figure_n of_o coin_n to_o take_v the_o figure_n or_o print_v of_o a_o piece_n of_o coin_n take_v lampblacke_a and_o vernice_n such_o as_o the_o painter_n do_v use_v anoint_v the_o coin_n with_o it_o put_v your_o paper_n upon_o lead_n and_o print_v thereupon_o to_o refine_v gold_n with_o cementation_n without_o strong-water_n which_o be_v costly_a take_v eight_o pound_n of_o flanders_n tile_n three_o mark_v copperas_n 1_o ½_n mark_n allome_n ¾_n of_o a_o mark_n of_o salt_n and_o two_o ounce_n saltpetre_n all_o be_v mingle_v and_o calcine_v together_o take_v a_o great_a crusible_a put_v this_o cement_n one_o finger_n thick_a in_o the_o bottom_n then_o lay_v some_o of_o your_o gold_n beat_v thin_a or_o if_o it_o be_v golden_a coin_n upon_o it_o and_o then_o of_o your_o cement_n again_o upon_o that_o and_o thereupon_o gold_n again_o which_o the_o alchemist_n call_v stratum_fw-la super_fw-la stratum_fw-la and_o cover_v your_o crusible_a with_o tile_n leave_v a_o little_a hole_n whole_a the_o coin_n remain_v with_o the_o print_n whole_a then_o begin_v lento_n igne_fw-la and_o afterward_o with_o a_o great_a fire_n let_v it_o stand_v four_o five_o or_o more_o hour_n and_o all_o the_o alloy_n will_v be_v in_o the_o cement_n to_o take_v the_o silver_n out_o of_o the_o cement_n take_v four_o mark_n cement_v and_o three_o mark_v potter_n lead_n two_o mark_n of_o tile_n four_o ounce_n of_o dodecum_fw-la four_o ounce_n saltpetre_n and_o do_v as_o before_o or_o else_o you_o may_v take_v out_o the_o silver_n by_o quicksilver_n as_o i_o have_v declare_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n silver_n blanch_a of_o silver_n to_o blanche_v silver_n in_o a_o basin_n of_o red_a copper_n which_o must_v be_v do_v before_o it_o be_v coin_a take_v four_o gallon_n of_o rainwater_n two_o mark_n of_o red_a tartar_n or_o argall_n and_o one_o mark_v salt_n cast_v your_o plate_n be_v red_a hot_a therein_o and_o stir_v the_o same_o as_o you_o do_v before_o in_o the_o dissolution_n until_o you_o find_v the_o same_o white_a enough_o and_o after_o it_o be_v coin_a than_o you_o must_v colour_v it_o silver_n to_o colour_v silver_n put_v the_o same_o into_o great_a tray_n and_o with_o water_n sprinkle_v they_o until_o they_o be_v moist_a but_o not_o wet_a then_o put_v the_o colour_n upon_o it_o toss_v and_o tumble_v they_o and_o be_v put_v into_o a_o melt_a pot_n let_v they_o be_v red_a hot_a and_o then_o cast_v they_o into_o water_n to_o make_v this_o colour_n take_v to_o twenty_o pound_n weight_n of_o money_n three_o ounce_n of_o sall_n armoniake_n two_o ounce_n saltpetre_n half_o a_o ounce_n verdegreis_n and_o half_o a_o ounce_n copperas_n calcine_v they_o together_o for_o that_o purpose_n etc._n etc._n test_n refine_v by_o a_o great_a test_n to_o conclude_v with_o the_o refine_n of_o silver_n with_o a_o great_a test_n which_o must_v be_v red_a hot_a two_o or_o three_o hour_n try_v the_o same_o with_o lead_n if_o it_o
what_o 36_o carrat_n fine_a be_v and_o that_o one_o mark_v and_o a_o half_o be_v take_v to_o the_o pound_n of_o 12_o ounce_n they_o have_v do_v the_o like_a for_o finesse_n and_o unaduised_o term_v gold_n thirty_o and_o six_o carrat_n fine_a which_o be_v exorbitant_a of_o the_o general_a observation_n touch_v the_o several_a standard_n of_o money_n in_o other_o country_n as_o you_o may_v see_v by_o the_o content_n of_o the_o say_a declaration_n whereby_o a_o man_n shall_v many_o time_n receive_v coin_n of_o above_o twenty_o standard_n in_o one_o hundred_o pound_n it_o be_v the_o only_a fallacy_n in_o exchange_n that_o can_v be_v whereby_o no_o merchant_n be_v able_a to_o know_v whether_o he_o have_v the_o true_a value_n of_o the_o sum_n to_o be_v pay_v he_o but_o he_o be_v carry_v with_o the_o stream_n of_o valuation_n and_o toleration_n of_o money_n to_o go_v currant_n as_o in_o the_o next_o chapter_n shall_v be_v declare_v and_o all_o man_n common_o have_v a_o regard_n to_o the_o great_a money_n use_v in_o every_o country_n make_v account_n that_o other_o small_a money_n have_v their_o true_a valuation_n thereafter_o as_o the_o philip_n dollar_n of_o ten_o ounce_n fine_a coin_n standard_n of_o foreign_a coin_n and_z 7_o 9_o 04_o piece_n to_o the_o mark_n the_o holland_n dollar_n of_o nine_o ounce_n fine_a and_z 8_o 8_o 9_o piece_n in_o the_o mark_n the_o spanish_a royal_a of_o eleven_o ounce_n four_o penny_n weight_n and_o nine_o piece_n the_o mark_n the_o gueldres_n and_o frizeland_n dollar_n of_o ten_o ounce_n four_o penny_n weight_n and_o 9_o â—_o 2_o piece_n the_o shilling_n of_o zealand_n of_o six_o ounce_n fine_a and_o thirty_o and_o eight_o piece_n the_o mark_n the_o golden_a royal_a of_o twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n fine_a and_o forty_o and_o six_o piece_n the_o mark_n the_o french_a crown_n of_o twenty_o and_o two_o carrat_n fine_a and_o seventie_o and_o two_o piece_n in_o the_o mark_n the_o golden_a rider_n of_o the_o state_n of_o twenty_o and_o two_o carrat_n and_o twenty_o and_o four_o in_o the_o mark_n the_o albertin_n or_o ducat_n of_o albertus_n of_o twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n fine_a and_o be_v seventie_o piece_n in_o the_o mark_n or_o thirty_o and_o five_o double_a piece_n and_o their_o daily_a new_a coin_n which_o they_o make_v of_o several_a standard_n which_o require_v a_o vigilant_a eye_n but_o we_o have_v shun_v industry_n and_o labour_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o contrary_a to_o my_o first_o intention_n i_o abreviate_v some_o thing_n a_o declaration_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o gold_n concern_v their_o finesse_n and_o number_n of_o piece_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n troy_n every_o ounce_n contain_v twenty_o penny_n weight_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n twenty_o and_o four_o grain_n in_o weight_n and_o in_o finesse_n twenty_o and_o four_o carrat_n and_o every_o carrot_fw-la four_o grain_n calculate_v for_o the_o foreign_a coin_n upon_o the_o mark_n weight_n of_o eight_o ounce_n every_o ounce_n twenty_o english_a and_o every_o english_a thirty_o and_o two_o aze_n for_o the_o pound_n weight_n and_o in_o finesse_n twenty_o and_o four_o carrat_n and_o every_o carrot_fw-la twelve_o grain_n unnecessary_a fraction_n omit_v the_o imperial_a royal_a of_o gold_n always_o account_v equal_a with_o the_o english_a angel_n in_o finesse_n and_o in_o weight_n but_o a_o little_a differ_v of_o twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n three_o grain_n ½_n and_o sixty_o and_o nine_o piece_n weigh_v twelve_o ounce_n troy_n the_o half_a royal_a be_v but_o eighteen_o carrat_n in_o finesse_n and_o 105_o â…“_n piece_n to_o the_o pound_n weight_n the_o carolus_n guildren_n be_v â…”_n part_n of_o it_o but_o fourteen_o carrat_n fine_a and_o 126_o piece_n the_o rose_n noble_a of_o england_n twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n 3_o ¾_n grain_n fine_a and_o 46_o ¾_n piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o double_a royal_a of_o austria_n of_o twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n fine_a and_o 24_o ¾_n piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o noble_n of_o holland_n vtrech_n and_o ouerrysel_n twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n three_o grain_n and_o forty_o and_o eight_o piece_n the_o gold_n guildren_n of_o eighteen_o carrat_n three_o grain_n scarce_o in_o finesse_n and_o 112_o ½_n piece_n the_o half_a noble_a or_o hungary_n ducat_n twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n 3_o â…™_n grain_n fine_a and_o 113_o ½_n piece_n the_o bishop_n ducat_n fine_a twenty_o and_o three_o carrats_n ½_n and_o 105_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n weight_n the_o ducat_n of_o italy_n venice_n turkey_n and_o rome_n twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n three_o grain_n and_o 106_o ½_n piece_n other_o italian_a ducat_n and_o the_o ducat_n of_o gelder_n twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n one_o grain_n and_o 106_o ½_n piece_n the_o angel_n of_o england_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n twenty_o and_o three_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n and_o seventie_o two_o piece_n the_o sovereign_n of_o the_o say_a queen_n twenty_o and_o two_o carrat_n fine_a and_o sixty_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o old_a sovereign_n of_o more_o weight_n twenty_o and_o two_o carrat_n fine_a and_o 54_o ¾_n piece_n the_o half_a sovereign_n fine_a but_o twenty_o carrat_n and_o 120_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o angel_n with_o the_o o._n be_v but_o 23_o carrat_n fine_a and_o 72_o scarce_o to_o the_o pound_n the_o angel_n with_o three_o lion_n 22_o carrot_fw-la sine_fw-la and_o 76_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n weight_n the_o half_a noble_a with_o the_o lion_n and_o the_o noble_a of_o bridges_n 23_o carrat_n and_o 88_o ½_n piece_n the_o andrew_n guilder_n fine_a eighteen_o carrat_n three_o grain_n and_o one_o grain_n some_o piece_n 108._o the_o gulielmus_fw-la gilder_n sine_fw-la eighteen_o carrat_n one_o grain_n and_o 108_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o gold_n guilder_n of_o the_o state_n twenty_o carrat_n fine_a and_o 120_o ¾_n piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o golden_a fleece_n or_o toyson_n d'_fw-fr or_o 23_o carrat_n three_o grain_n ¼_n and_o 81_o â…™_n piece_n the_o phillip_n guildren_n fine_a fifteen_o carrat_n three_o grain_n and_o 111_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o joannes_n guildren_n fine_a sixteen_o carrat_n and_o 109_o ½_n piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o noble_n of_o gaunt_n and_o zealand_n twenty_o three_o carrat_n fine_a and_o fifty_o four_o piece_n the_o half_a imperial_a crown_n twenty_o two_o carrat_n 1_o ½_n grain_n and_o 107_o ½_n piece_n the_o henricus_n noble_a of_o england_n twenty_o three_o carrat_n 3_o ½_n grain_n and_o 53_o ¾_n piece_n the_o old_a english_a crown_n somewhat_o better_o than_o twenty_o two_o carrat_n fine_a and_o 100_o ½_n piece_n the_o henry_n noble_a of_o france_n twenty_o two_o carrat_n fine_a and_o fifty_o one_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o half_a henry_n noble_a fine_a twenty_o two_o carrat_n 2_o ½_n grain_n and_o 108_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o floret_fw-la crown_n of_o france_n twenty_o three_o carrat_n 3_o grain_n and_o 100_o ½_n piece_n the_o charles_n french_a crown_n twenty_o three_o carrat_n three_o grain_n fine_a and_o 100_o ½_n piece_n the_o floret_fw-la of_o france_n stand_v twenty_o two_o carrat_n and_o 100_o ½_n piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o old_a golden_a lion_n of_o flanders_n twenty_o three_o carrat_n three_o grain_n and_o 79_o ¾_n piece_n the_o ducat_n of_o castille_n twenty_o three_o carrat_n three_o grain_n fine_a and_o 79_o ¾_n piece_n likewise_o the_o spanish_a ducat_n 23_o carrat_n two_o grain_n fine_a and_o 105_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o holland_n ducat_n twenty_o three_o carrat_n two_o grain_n fine_a and_o 105_o piece_n likewise_o the_o double_a ducat_n of_o zealand_n twenty_o three_o carrat_n ½_n fine_a and_o 52_o ½_n piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o ducat_n of_o navarre_n majorca_n and_o other_o twenty_o three_o carrat_n one_o grain_n and_o 52_o ½_n piece_n the_o spanish_a pistolet_n twenty_o two_o carrat_n fine_a and_o 108_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o milreys_n ducat_n of_o portugal_n twenty_o two_o carrat_n one_o grain_n fine_a and_o forty_o eight_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o contrefait_a milrey_n be_v but_o twenty_o one_o carrot_fw-la sine_fw-la and_o likewise_o forty_o eight_o piece_n the_o emanuel_n ducat_n of_o portugal_n twenty_o three_o carrat_n 3_o grain_n and_o 105_o piece_n to_o the_o pound_n the_o emanuel_n great_a crusate_n of_o portugal_n twenty_o three_o carrat_n three_o grain_n and_o 10_o ½_n piece_n the_o joannes_n great_a crusate_n be_v but_o twenty_o two_o carrat_n three_o grain_n fine_a and_z 10_o ½_n piece_n the_o ducat_n with_o the_o short_a cross_n of_o portugal_n twenty_o two_o carrat_n three_o grain_n and_o 105_o piece_n the_o ducat_n with_o the_o long_a cross_n twenty_o two_o carrat_n one_o grain_n fine_a and_o likewise_o 105_o piece_n the_o ducat_n with_o the_o long_a cross_n
according_o the_o double_a guilder_n of_o albertus_n ten_o ounce_n 15_o penny_n weight_n and_o 14_o â…—_n piece_n the_o single_a guilder_n the_o half_a and_o quarter_n of_o the_o same_o fineness_n and_o piece_n according_o the_o piece_n of_o four_o two_o and_o one_o stiver_n since_o 1590._o the_o piece_n of_o eight_o rial_n of_o spain_n of_o eleven_o ounce_n four_o penny_n weight_n and_o 13_o ½_n piece_n the_o say_v piece_n make_v at_o mexico_n in_o the_o indies_n eleven_o ounce_n fine_a and_z 13_o â…”_n piece_n the_o lion_n doller_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n of_o nine_o ounce_n fine_a and_o thirteen_o piece_n the_o silver_n ryder_n of_o guilder_n and_o friesland_n correspondent_a with_o the_o state_n doller_n of_o nine_o ounce_n the_o dollar_n of_o gelder_n and_n vtrecht_n ten_o ounce_n ten_o and_o twelve_o penny_n fine_a and_o thirteen_o piece_n the_o great_a silver_n royal_a of_o the_o state_n correspondent_a with_o the_o philip_n doller_n the_o 1_o 20_o part_n of_o the_o say_v great_a royal_a with_o the_o arrow_n according_o the_o doller_n of_o zealand_n with_o the_o eagle_n of_o nine_o ounce_n fine_a and_z 13_o ½_n piece_n the_o edward_n doller_n of_o england_n of_o eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a and_z 11_o ¾_n piece_n the_o doller_n of_o scotland_n with_o the_o cross_a dagger_n eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a and_z 11_o ¾_n piece_n the_o mark_n of_o scotland_n eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a and_o 54_o piece_n the_o doller_n of_o friesland_n coin_a 1601_o of_o nine_o ounce_n fine_a and_z 13_o ½_n piece_n coin_n make_v of_o mere_a copper_n the_o ortgen_n whereof_o four_o make_v one_o stiver_n and_o two_o the_o half_a stiver_n the_o duyt_n also_o four_o make_v one_o stiver_n the_o negenmannekens_n the_o eight_o make_v a_o stiver_n and_o four_o the_o half_a stiver_n the_o three_o mite_n whereof_o eight_o piece_n to_o the_o stiver_n be_v 24_o mite_n the_o sixteen_o penny_n hollandt_v make_v one_o stiver_n and_o eight_o the_o half_a stiver_n for_o other_o copper_n money_n read_v the_o five_o precedent_n chapter_n of_o money_n standard_n error_n of_o trial_n piece_n for_o the_o standard_n so_o i_o do_v conclude_v this_o chapter_n with_o a_o error_n commit_v in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o standard_n trial_o piece_n use_v in_o most_o kingdom_n and_o state_n to_o charge_v the_o mint-master_n to_o make_v the_o money_n by_o wherein_o they_o do_v not_o proceed_v according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o arithmetic_n by_o observe_v true_a weight_n and_o fineness_n for_o if_o it_o be_v appoint_v to_o make_v a_o standard_n piece_n of_o ten_o ounce_n fine_a they_o will_v take_v certain_a ounce_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o copper_n proportionable_a thereunto_o and_o melt_v they_o together_o and_o be_v make_v into_o a_o plate_n of_o silver_n divide_v the_o same_o into_o three_o equal_a part_n to_o be_v deliver_v one_o to_o the_o king_n another_z to_o the_o warden_n and_o the_o three_o to_o the_o mintmaster_n and_o hereof_o be_v assay_n make_v both_o of_o this_o piece_n and_o the_o money_n and_o so_o compare_v together_o as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v take_v eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n both_o in_o weight_n and_o melt_v they_o together_o make_v twelve_o ounce_n by_o weight_n and_o never_o weight_n they_o after_o they_o be_v commix_v but_o say_v this_o be_v sterling_a standard_n whereas_o the_o weight_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o of_o the_o other_o do_v proportionate_a the_o standard_n by_o weight_n for_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o waste_n of_o copper_n this_o be_v better_a than_o standard_n and_o aught_o to_o be_v make_v exact_o so_o that_o the_o piece_n also_o be_v to_o be_v correspondent_a to_o the_o pound_n weight_n for_o the_o foundation_n rise_v from_o hence_o as_o in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n appear_v chap._n ix_o of_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n and_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n valuation_n of_o money_n be_v the_o spirit_n which_o give_v life_n unto_o coin_n for_o without_o it_o weight_n and_o fineness_n be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o bullion_n or_o material_n this_o valuation_n be_v twofold_a money_n two_o fold_n be_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n the_o first_o be_v do_v by_o public_a authority_n of_o prince_n and_o state_n whereby_o the_o piece_n of_o coin_n be_v esteem_v at_o a_o price_n certain_a both_o for_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o go_v currant_n for_o that_o value_n within_o their_o kingdom_n and_o dominion_n the_o second_o be_v the_o valuation_n of_o merchant_n by_o way_n of_o exchange_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n which_o be_v predominant_a and_o overrule_v the_o former_a as_o heretofore_o have_v be_v touch_v and_o now_o will_v be_v prove_v the_o king_n or_o prince_n valuation_n be_v effect_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n valuation_n king_n valuation_n viz._n by_o inhaunce_v the_o price_n of_o the_o coin_n by_o proclamation_n second_o by_o embeasil_v the_o standard_n of_o money_n by_o allay_n and_o three_o by_o alter_v the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n the_o merchant_n valuation_n be_v also_o effect_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n valuation_n merchant_n valuation_n viz._n by_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n rise_v and_o fall_v from_o time_n to_o time_n by_o the_o toleration_n of_o the_o coin_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n between_o they_o and_o by_o the_o combination_n with_o mint-master_n inhance_v the_o price_n of_o the_o mark_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o all_o these_o in_o order_n brief_o the_o king_n valuation_n be_v derive_v or_o draw_v from_o the_o very_a piece_n or_o piece_n make_v out_o of_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n or_o the_o mark_n of_o eight_o ounce_n which_o the_o roman_n do_v call_v nummus_fw-la à _fw-la numerando_fw-la to_o tell_v or_o reckon_v by_o the_o saxon_n give_v it_o the_o name_n pfemimg_n or_o pennimick_n in_o ducth_z from_z whence_o the_o word_n penny_n be_v derive_v for_o they_o cut_v twenty_o piece_n out_o of_o the_o pound_n troy_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n make_v twenty_o penny_n every_o way_n that_o be_v to_o say_v twenty_o penny_n in_o weight_n twenty_o penny_n in_o value_n piece_n weight_n and_o finesse_n both_o alike_o with_o the_o number_n of_o piece_n and_o consequent_o divide_v the_o fineness_n also_o by_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n in_o twenty_o and_o four_o grain_n which_o be_v the_o ancient_a sterling_a standard_n of_o osbright_n the_o saxon_a king_n seven_o hundred_o year_n past_a which_o valuation_n so_o continue_v until_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o and_o until_o henry_n the_o six_o and_o then_o be_v value_v at_o thirty_o penny_n the_o say_a ounce_n and_o continue_v until_o edward_n the_o four_o sea_n the_o ounce_n of_o silver_n advance_v because_o of_o the_o inhance_a of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o then_o value_v at_o forty_o penny_n and_o so_o continue_v until_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o then_o be_v value_v at_o forty_o and_o five_o penny_n and_o so_o continue_v until_o queen_n elizabeth_n who_o after_o the_o decry_v of_o the_o base_a money_n make_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o which_o king_n henry_n his_o father_n have_v cause_v to_o be_v coin_a do_v restore_v the_o sterling_a standard_n to_o her_o great_a benefit_n by_o value_v the_o say_a ounce_n at_o sixty_o penny_n or_o 5_o ss_z inhaunce_v the_o same_o one_o full_a three_o part_n so_o that_o one_o of_o those_o penny_n become_v three_o penny_n by_o valuation_n and_o gold_n be_v raise_v according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o eleven_o of_o fine_a silver_n to_o one_o of_o fine_a gold_n or_o eleven_o of_o standard_n silver_n to_o one_o of_o crown_n gold_n which_o valuation_n of_o silver_n have_v continue_v hitherto_o with_o little_a alteration_n but_o beyond_o the_o sea_n there_o have_v be_v great_a inhance_a both_o for_o the_o coin_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n as_o well_o in_o france_n as_o in_o the_o low-countries_n and_o germany_n to_o england_n incredible_a loss_n as_o be_v at_o large_a declare_v in_o our_o commonwealth_n our_o the_o canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n treatise_n of_o exchange_n this_o daily_o inhaunce_v beyond_o the_o sea_n begin_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o who_o go_v about_o to_o reform_v the_o same_o but_o afterward_o find_v that_o if_o he_o shall_v enhance_v his_o price_n of_o money_n likewise_o they_o will_v still_o advance_v they_o more_o and_o more_o he_o begin_v but_o moderate_o and_o whereas_o the_o angel_n noble_a so_o call_v be_v at_o six_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n enhance_v angel_n noble_a enhance_v he_o â—aused_v the_o same_o to_o be_v value_v at_o seven_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n by_o a_o proclamation_n in_o the_o eighteen_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n and_o within_o two_o month_n after_o at_o seven_o shilling_n
to_o one_o of_o gold_n in_o france_n the_o mark_n of_o gold_n value_v at_o seventie_o four_o crown_n and_o the_o silver_n at_o 6_o â…“_n crown_n make_v the_o proportion_n 11_o 11_o 19_o part_n but_o value_v the_o french_a crown_n at_o three_o frankes_n be_v eleven_o to_o one_o in_o england_n the_o angel_n at_o ten_o shilling_n and_o the_o silver_n at_o sixty_o shilling_n the_o pound_n troy_n of_o 12_o ounce_n be_v that_o six_o angel_n do_v weigh_v a_o ounce_n make_v also_o eleven_o to_o one_o in_o germany_n one_o mark_n of_o silver_n at_o 8_o ½_n gold_n guilder_n make_v 11_o â…”_n for_o 1_o but_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n be_v alter_v have_v also_o alter_v the_o same_o in_o rome_n the_o pound_n of_o silver_n at_o 108_o carlini_n and_o the_o ducat_n of_o gold_n 99_o ¼_n be_v 12_o to_o 1._o so_o at_o milan_n the_o ducat_n 112_o and_o the_o teaston_n 28_o be_v but_o 9_o â…“_n for_o 1._o the_o silver_n be_v so_o in_o request_n there_o for_o the_o make_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n thread_n that_o be_v to_o say_v silver_n thread_n guilt_n and_o white_a now_o for_o all_o place_n of_o momentary_a traffic_n it_o be_v 12_o to_o 1_o and_o in_o england_n 13_o ½_n to_o 1_o as_o have_v be_v declare_v the_o valuation_n of_o foreign_a coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n publish_v in_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n on_o the_o 21_o day_n of_o julie_n 1622_o with_o the_o order_n establish_v by_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o say_a country_n for_o the_o better_a observation_n of_o the_o say_a valuation_n which_o never_o the_o less_o be_v continual_o infringe_v from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v in_o other_o country_n so_o that_o to_o observe_v our_o own_o rule_n according_a to_o equality_n and_o equity_n will_v be_v find_v the_o best_a and_o safe_a course_n of_o politic_a government_n  _fw-fr guilder_n stivers_n flemish_n the_o great_a golden_a rider_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n 11_o 6_o or_o 37_o sâ—_n 8_o do_v the_o half_a of_o the_o say_a rider_n 5_o 13_o 18_o 10_o the_o double_a ducat_n of_o the_o say_a province_n with_o the_o letter_n 8_o 10_o 28_o 4_o the_o french_a crown_n 3_o 18_o 13_o 0_o the_o pistolet_n of_o spain_n of_o four_o pistolet_n 15_o 8_o 51_o 4_o the_o double_a pistolet_n of_o spain_n 7_o 14_o 25_o 8_o the_o single_a pistolet_n after_o the_o rate_n 3_o 17_o 12_o 10_o the_o albertin_n or_o ducat_n of_o albertus_n of_o austria_n 5_o 13_o 18_o 10_o the_o double_a rose_n noble_a of_o england_n 18_o 12_o 62_o 0_o the_o rose_n noble_a of_o henricus_n edward_n and_o queen_n elizabeth_n 9_o 6_o 31_o 0_o the_o henricus_n noble_a 8_o 6_o 27_o 8_o the_o flemish_a noble_a old_a and_o new_a of_o the_o unite_a country_n 8_o 0_o 26_o 8_o the_o old_a angel_n of_o england_n 6_o 4_o 20_o 8_o the_o new_a rider_n of_o gelder_n and_n friesland_n 3_o 13_o 12_o 2_o the_o gold_n guilder_n of_o those_o mint_n 3_o 2_o 10_o 4_o all_o which_o coin_n be_v to_o be_v weigh_v with_o their_o accustom_a weight_n and_o the_o remedy_n of_o two_o grain_n and_o no_o more_o with_o some_o little_a advantage_n over_o or_o at_o the_o least_o be_v within_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o balance_n provide_v always_o that_o the_o coin_n of_o their_o due_a fineness_n although_o they_o be_v light_a shall_v be_v currant_n pay_v for_o every_o grain_n want_v two_o stiver_n silver_n coin_n  _fw-fr guilder_n stivers_n flemish_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ss_z d._n the_o lion_n doller_n of_o the_o low_a province_n 2_o 0_o 6_o 8_o the_o rickx_n dollar_n in_o general_n 2_o 10_o 8_o 4_o the_o cross_n doller_n of_o albertus_n 2_o 7_o 7_o 10_o the_o spanish_a rial_n of_o 8_o 2_o 8_o 8_o 0_o the_o doller_n of_o zealand_n and_o frise_n with_o the_o eagle_n 1_o 10_o 5_o 0_o the_o floren_n or_o guilder_n of_o friesland_n 1_o 8_o 4_o 8_o the_o english_a shilling_n and_o of_o great_a britain_n 0_o 10_o ½_n 1_o 9_o the_o mark_n piece_n or_o thistle_n of_o scotland_n 0_o 12_o 2_o 0_o the_o harp_n of_o scotland_n and_o ireland_n 0_o 8_o 1_o 4_o and_o if_o any_o of_o the_o say_a piece_n be_v find_v to_o want_v of_o their_o weight_n and_o the_o appoint_a remedy_n within_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o balance_n or_o some_o little_a advantage_n over_o they_o shall_v be_v currant_n pay_v for_o every_o grain_n want_v two_o penny_n hollandt_n whereof_o 16_o make_v one_o stiver_n and_o the_o english_a groat_n be_v make_v bullion_n or_o shall_v not_o be_v currant_n small_a money_n for_o ordinary_a payment_n the_o shilling_n of_o all_o the_o several_a province_n respective_o and_o of_o the_o mint_n of_o nimogen_n deventer_n campen_n and_o swoll_n 6_o stivers_n the_o half_a shilling_n after_o the_o rate_n 3_o stivers_n the_o piece_n call_v flab_n of_o groninghen_n 4_o stiver_n the_o double_a 8_o stivers_n the_o twintigst_a part_n of_o the_o great_a silver_n royal_a 2_o ½_n stivers_n the_o double_a and_o single_a stiver_n of_o all_o these_o country_n 2_o &_o 1_o stiver_n money_n the_o ten_o to_o be_v receive_v in_o copper_n money_n 1_o of_o all_o which_o small_a money_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o rent_n interest_n or_o abatement_n of_o the_o same_o as_o also_o of_o all_o manner_n of_o merchandise_n exceed_v in_o one_o parcel_n the_o sum_n of_o one_o hundred_o guilder_n no_o man_n shall_v be_v bind_v to_o receive_v more_o than_o the_o ten_o penny_n 2_o the_o duyt_n according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o province_n make_v in_o the_o provincial_a mint_n and_o none_o other_o be_v as_o yet_o tolerate_v for_o a_o duyt_n and_o all_o other_o copper_n money_n of_o the_o provincial_a mint_n be_v also_o tolerate_v to_o be_v pay_v out_o for_o one_o penny_n the_o piece_n the_o 16_o whereof_o make_v one_o hollandt_n stiver_n and_o not_o above_o whereas_o we_o do_v intend_v hereafter_o to_o prohibit_v the_o same_o to_o be_v currant_n for_o any_o price_n because_o we_o will_v provide_v ourselves_o forthwith_o with_o so_o much_o copper_n money_n as_o the_o commodiousness_n shall_v require_v 3_o we_o do_v also_o prohibit_v from_o henceforth_o no_o copper_n money_n to_o be_v bring_v into_o these_o country_n above_o two_o stiver_n upon_o pain_n often_o stiver_n for_o every_o piece_n to_o be_v forfeit_v and_o whosoever_o shall_v issue_v any_o copper_n money_n above_o the_o say_a price_n shall_v incur_v the_o like_a penalty_n of_o ten_o stiver_n for_o every_o piece_n 4_o and_o all_o the_o say_a coin_n shall_v be_v currant_n in_o these_o province_n for_o the_o price_n aforesaid_a declare_v all_o other_o piece_n for_o bullion_n melt_v all_o other_o coin_n make_v bullion_n to_o be_v melt_v which_o by_o this_o our_o proclamation_n be_v not_o value_v prohibit_v any_o of_o the_o say_a piece_n to_o be_v offer_v or_o receive_v as_o also_o to_o press_v any_o of_o those_o which_o be_v value_v to_o be_v pay_v at_o a_o high_a price_n than_o they_o be_v value_v and_o likewise_o offer_v to_o put_v forth_o other_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n value_v which_o be_v clip_v wash_v break_a mend_v neiled_a or_o otherwise_o augment_v in_o weight_n upon_o forfeiture_n of_o all_o the_o say_a coin_n so_o to_o be_v offer_v at_o high_a rate_n than_o this_o proclamation_n do_v permit_v and_o if_o the_o fact_n be_v not_o instant_o discover_v to_o forfeit_v the_o value_n thereof_o and_o moreover_o the_o quadruple_a or_o the_o value_n thereof_o or_o 24_o guilder_n in_o lieu_n thereof_o if_o the_o say_a coin_n do_v not_o amount_v to_o six_o guilder_n for_o the_o first_o time_n the_o second_o time_n double_a and_o for_o the_o three_o time_n quadruple_a and_o moreover_o arbitrable_a correction_n according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o fact_n 5_o without_o that_o any_o distinction_n shall_v be_v make_v whether_o the_o say_v coin_n be_v instant_o pay_v from_o foreign_a part_n or_o send_v from_o some_o one_o province_n or_o town_n into_o another_o in_o which_o case_n if_o the_o receiver_n thereof_o will_v be_v free_v of_o the_o say_a forfeiture_n he_o be_v to_o give_v notice_n of_o it_o within_o twenty_o and_o four_o hour_n after_o the_o receipt_n thereof_o unto_o the_o magistrate_n or_o other_o officer_n to_o be_v thereunto_o appoint_v to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v proceed_v therein_o against_o the_o sender_n of_o the_o say_a coin_n as_o it_o shall_v or_o may_v appertain_v 6_o yet_o shall_v the_o say_a receiver_n keep_v the_o say_v coin_v whole_o to_o himself_o if_o the_o say_a money_n be_v send_v unto_o he_o in_o payment_n of_o a_o former_a debt_n and_o nevertheless_o have_v his_o action_n against_o the_o party_n for_o so_o much_o as_o they_o shall_v want_v of_o the_o say_a valuation_n and_o if_o the_o say_a coin_n be_v send_v for_o any_o debt_n as_o yet_o not_o due_a or_o to_o be_v make_v the_o say_a
a_o dog_n use_v to_o bite_v or_o gnaw_v upon_o a_o bone_n so_o that_o he_o that_o bit_v not_o do_v not_o commit_v usury_n for_o usury_n be_v none_o other_o thing_n than_o a_o bite_n as_o i_o say_v of_o the_o very_a etymology_n and_o proper_a nature_n of_o the_o word_n otherwise_o it_o can_v be_v call_v neshech_n as_o the_o hebrician_n say_v according_a to_o the_o definition_n then_o of_o bite_a usury_n we_o be_v to_o proceed_v in_o this_o discourse_n after_o that_o we_o have_v brief_o declare_v the_o law_n and_o prohibition_n against_o usury_n wherein_o we_o must_v begin_v with_o the_o holy_a scripture_n observe_v these_o place_n god_n say_v in_o the_o 22_o of_o exodus_fw-la scripture_n holy_a scripture_n if_o thou_o lend_v money_n to_o any_o of_o my_o people_n that_o be_v poor_a by_o thou_o thou_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o usurer_n unto_o he_o neither_o shall_v thou_o oppress_v he_o with_o usury_n in_o another_o place_n 25._o levit._fw-la 25._o if_o thy_o brother_n be_v wax_v poor_a and_o fall_v into_o decay_n with_o thou_o receive_v he_o as_o a_o stranger_n or_o a_o soiourner_n 23._o deut._n 23._o and_o let_v he_o live_v by_o thou_o and_o thou_o shall_v take_v no_o usury_n of_o he_o nor_o yet_o advantage_n but_o shall_v fear_v thy_o god_n that_o thy_o brother_n may_v live_v with_o thou_o 6._o psal._n 15â—_n ezech._n 18._o matt._n 5._o luke_n 6._o thou_o shall_v not_o lend_v he_o thy_o money_n upon_o usury_n or_o lend_v he_o of_o thy_o food_n to_o have_v a_o advantage_n by_o it_o add_v unto_o this_o the_o place_n note_v in_o the_o margin_n and_o so_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o holy_a ancient_a father_n saint_n hierome_n say_v there_o be_v no_o difference_n betwixt_o usury_n fraud_n and_o violent_a rob_v father_n ancient_a father_n saint_n augustine_n say_v a_o usurer_n be_v he_o say_v to_o be_v who_o do_v demand_v more_o in_o money_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n else_o than_o he_o have_v deliver_v according_a to_o which_o the_o say_a saint_n hierome_n also_o say_v that_o some_o do_v think_v usury_n to_o be_v only_o in_o money_n but_o let_v they_o well_o understand_v that_o usury_n be_v a_o overplus_n in_o any_o thing_n above_o that_o which_o be_v lend_v mortis_fw-la amb._n de_fw-fr beno_fw-la mortis_fw-la saint_n ambrose_n likewise_o say_v if_o any_o man_n take_v usury_n he_o do_v commit_v extortion_n rapine_n and_o pillage_n and_o shall_v not_o live_v the_o life_n as_o who_o shall_v say_v he_o shall_v die_v therefore_o to_o omit_v many_o other_o of_o the_o say_v ancient_a father_n saint_n bernard_n say_v that_o the_o vsuror_n be_v a_o thief_n in_o law_n because_o the_o civil_a law_n tell_v he_o before_o hand_n what_o it_o be_v that_o he_o must_v rob_v from_o other_o as_o who_o shall_v say_v such_o law_n as_o permit_v vsuror_n be_v lawful_a theevery_n law_n canon_n law_n hereupon_o the_o canonist_n have_v make_v vsuror_n to_o be_v defame_v person_n and_o if_o any_o man_n make_v by_o his_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n any_o good_n unto_o they_o the_o testament_n may_v be_v break_v neither_o be_v they_o to_o communicate_v with_o christian_n or_o to_o enter_v into_o their_o congregation_n to_o offer_v any_o oblation_n and_o when_o they_o be_v dead_a they_o shall_v not_o be_v bury_v in_o christian_a burial_n and_o if_o they_o be_v the_o doer_n thereof_o be_v excommunicate_v decretal_n decretal_n decretal_n and_o clementines_n make_v by_o diverse_a pope_n be_v direct_o against_o usury_n alexander_n the_o pope_n do_v straight_o forbid_v all_o usury_n not_o only_o unto_o the_o clergy_n but_o also_o unto_o the_o laiety_n in_o the_o book_n sextus_n decretalium_fw-la gregory_n the_o ten_o bishop_n of_o rome_n of_o that_o name_n say_v we_o be_v desirous_a to_o stop_v the_o gulf_n or_o whirlpool_n of_o usury_n commit_v which_o do_v devour_v soul_n and_o utter_o waste_v wealth_n do_v command_n upon_o the_o threaten_n of_o god_n curse_n that_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o latter_a concile_v set_v forth_o against_o vsuror_n be_v without_o any_o violation_n at_o all_o full_o &_o whole_o observe_v and_o thereupon_o a_o prohibition_n be_v make_v that_o no_o corporation_n college_n or_o university_n shall_v let_v any_o house_n or_o dwell_v place_n to_o any_o strange_a vsuror_n law_n civil_a law_n baldus_n the_o civilian_n speak_v bitter_o against_o vsuror_n in_o his_o book_n of_o counsel_n say_v that_o usury_n be_v a_o gainful_a piracie_n contrary_a to_o nature_n upon_o the_o loan_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o consist_v upon_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n bartolus_n say_v that_o all_o usury_n be_v utter_o forbid_v and_o offensive_a to_o god_n and_o man_n so_o do_v panormitane_n and_o diverse_a other_o learn_v in_o the_o civil_a law_n aristotle_n aristotle_n aristotle_n in_o his_o politics_n say_v that_o such_o money_n as_o bring_v forth_o money_n through_o usury_n be_v a_o ugly_a beast_n that_o bring_v forth_o monster_n from_o time_n to_o time_n such_o as_o be_v not_o in_o nature_n the_o roman_n be_v in_o their_o most_o flourish_a estate_n make_v a_o law_n by_o their_o twelve_o table_n that_o no_o man_n shall_v put_v forth_o money_n upon_o usury_n but_o after_o one_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v faenus_fw-la unciarium_fw-la whereas_o before_o that_o time_n rich_a man_n may_v take_v at_o their_o pleasure_n afterward_o it_o be_v ordain_v at_o the_o entreat_v of_o the_o tribune_n to_o take_v a_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a and_o that_o be_v thirty_o shilling_n in_o one_o hundred_o pound_n after_o that_o it_o come_v to_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v triens_fw-la and_o last_o of_o all_o to_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v semissis_fw-la and_o yet_o all_o these_o alteration_n and_o diversity_n of_o suffer_v in_o usury_n notwithstanding_o law_n genitius_n law_n one_o genitius_n a_o tribune_n publish_v a_o law_n that_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v lawful_a for_o any_o man_n to_o be_v a_o usurer_n at_o any_o hand_n or_o by_o any_o manner_n of_o mean_n and_o so_o by_o all_o devise_n that_o may_v be_v it_o be_v utter_o forbid_v by_o diverse_a edict_n and_o proclamation_n which_o be_v often_o repress_v do_v yet_o notwithstanding_o break_v out_o by_o wonderful_a strange_a mean_n wherefore_o tiberius_n caesar_n to_o remedy_v this_o evil_a and_o that_o no_o usury_n shall_v be_v use_v he_o cause_v a_o marvelous_a mass_n of_o money_n to_o be_v lay_v in_o bank_n to_o the_o sum_n of_o two_o million_o and_o a_o half_a of_o crown_n be_v five_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n english_a or_o sterling_a and_o take_v order_n that_o every_o man_n shall_v have_v credit_n for_o three_o year_n without_o pay_v any_o usury_n at_o all_o tacitus_n cornelius_n tacitus_n put_v in_o surety_n for_o the_o double_a value_n of_o that_o he_o borrow_v and_o cornelius_n tacitus_n a_o renown_a writer_n say_v the_o canker_n of_o usury_n be_v a_o old_a venomous_a sore_n and_o the_o chief_a head_n and_o cause_n of_o rebellion_n and_o variance_n in_o country_n and_o commonweal_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v altogether_o banish_v in_o the_o old_a time_n when_o least_o corruption_n of_o life_n appear_v among_o man_n lucullus_z so_o hate_v the_o excessive_a deal_n of_o the_o usurer_n that_o whereas_o all_o asia_n be_v overwhelm_v with_o usury_n he_o clear_v the_o same_o utter_o from_o all_o usurer_n and_o so_o do_v cato_n in_o cicilia_n anthoninus_n pius_n alexander_n severus_n claudius_n vespasian_n leo_n emperor_n emperor_n and_o diverse_a other_o emperor_n do_v restrain_v the_o covetousness_n of_o usurer_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o of_o late_a year_n at_o a_o assembly_n at_o augusta_n in_o germany_n do_v conclude_v with_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n that_o no_o manner_n of_o contract_n that_o have_v any_o fellowship_n with_o usury_n shall_v be_v allow_v but_o rather_o that_o all_o usury_n shall_v be_v avoid_v for_o ever_o and_o be_v never_o more_o use_v and_o if_o any_o be_v find_v to_o have_v make_v any_o such_o contract_n the_o same_o man_n to_o forfeit_v to_o the_o magistrate_n or_o ordinary_a judge_n the_o four_o part_n of_o his_o principal_a sum_n plato_n the_o philosopher_n warn_v among_o other_o thing_n orator_n philosopher_n and_o orator_n in_o his_o five_o book_n of_o law_n that_o no_o body_n whatsoever_o he_o be_v that_o will_v bear_v the_o face_n of_o a_o honest_a man_n do_v let_v out_o his_o money_n for_o usury_n or_o gain_n the_o like_a say_v cicero_n and_o many_o other_o learned_a philosopher_n and_o orator_n as_o we_o have_v note_v of_o aristotle_n so_o do_v diverse_a lawmaker_n banish_v usury_n lawgivers_n lawgivers_n and_o utter_o suppress_v the_o same_o as_o lycurgus_n in_o sparta_n among_o the_o lacedaemonian_n amasis_n in_o egypt_n solon_n in_o athens_n sergius_n galba_n in_o africa_n be_v governor_n under_o the_o emperor_n claudius_n and_o diverse_a other_o so_o that_o usury_n
so_o be_o endanger_v to_o my_o neighbour_n for_o my_o necessary_a payment_n it_o be_v great_a reason_n that_o my_o debtor_n bear_v my_o loss_n rather_o than_o i_o shall_v sustain_v harm_n or_o danger_n for_o my_o good_a will_n and_o this_o be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o gain_n to_o be_v take_v improper_a usury_n ex_fw-la damno_fw-la habito_fw-la improper_a ex_fw-la damno_fw-la habito_fw-la and_o it_o be_v so_o be_v improper_o call_v interest_n in_o defence_n of_o usury_n in_o like_a manner_n if_o a_o shopkeeper_n lend_v money_n free_o to_o his_o neighbour_n till_o such_o a_o day_n have_v then_o occasion_n to_o use_v it_o at_o some_o fair_a to_o lay_v it_o out_o in_o ware_n if_o he_o break_v touch_v the_o shopkeeper_n may_v in_o justice_n take_v the_o benefit_n for_o his_o money_n lose_v the_o profit_n which_o he_o shall_v have_v have_v by_o the_o ware_n which_o he_o be_v hinder_v to_o buy_v cessante_fw-la exit_fw-la lucro_fw-la cessante_fw-la and_o this_o be_v take_v for_o lucro_fw-la cessante_fw-la but_o in_o neither_o of_o these_o be_v a_o intention_n to_o deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v better_a for_o they_o to_o deliver_v their_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o that_o therein_o they_o be_v less_o to_o be_v evil_o think_v on_o than_o by_o deal_v upon_o usury_n but_o this_o difference_n consist_v only_o in_o the_o name_n for_o they_o have_v both_o a_o intention_n of_o gain_n upon_o money_n and_o do_v bear_v a_o adventure_n for_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o money_n whereas_o the_o one_o be_v bind_v to_o receive_v but_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o most_o exchange_n difference_n of_o gain_n by_o usury_n and_o exchange_n and_o the_o other_o do_v expect_v fifteen_o or_o twenty_o upon_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o least_o only_o in_o regard_n he_o do_v bear_v a_o adventure_n to_o lose_v by_o exchange_n which_o be_v very_o seldom_o but_o still_o the_o intention_n remain_v which_o shall_v be_v the_o sure_a guide_n of_o conscience_n to_o take_v away_o all_o counterfeit_a pretence_n the_o venetian_n and_o other_o allow_v no_o interest_n at_o all_o but_o approve_v the_o benefit_n and_o course_n of_o exchange_n although_o it_o be_v above_o interest_n by_o the_o aforesaid_a rule_n usury_n be_v weigh_v straight_o in_o regard_n of_o charity_n albeit_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o otherwise_o that_o the_o borrower_n have_v sin_v therefore_o in_o such_o case_n circumstance_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v and_o then_o judgement_n to_o be_v give_v according_o if_o i_o deal_v with_o a_o merchant_n that_o make_v gain_v of_o my_o money_n with_o his_o trade_n and_o commerce_n and_o be_v well_o able_a to_o pay_v i_o again_o be_v chief_o enrich_v by_o my_o mean_n why_o shall_v not_o i_o in_o reason_n have_v part_n of_o his_o benefit_n and_o advantage_n when_o by_o my_o good_n he_o be_v grow_v rich_a suppose_v four_o man_n be_v become_v partner_n two_o do_v disburse_v large_a sum_n of_o money_n and_o the_o other_o employ_v their_o labour_n and_o industry_n to_o make_v by_o lawful_a trade_n a_o great_a benefit_n thereby_o be_v it_o not_o reason_n that_o the_o other_o two_o although_o they_o be_v idle_a at_o home_n shall_v have_v part_n of_o the_o benefit_n you_o will_v say_v you_o hold_v this_o reasonable_a for_o it_o be_v not_o usury_n at_o all_o but_o these_o two_o man_n take_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o their_o money_n nay_o than_o you_o reply_v and_o say_v it_o be_v usury_n although_o the_o other_o two_o have_v get_v thirty_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o it_o how_o can_v this_o be_v a_o bite_a usury_n answer_n objection_n answer_n but_o they_o have_v not_o bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n but_o condition_v a_o certainty_n the_o answer_n be_v that_o they_o have_v not_o only_o bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n but_o many_o other_o casualty_n beside_o and_o in_o trust_v they_o that_o have_v no_o mean_n of_o their_o own_o well_o therefore_o say_v you_o i_o will_v not_o deliver_v my_o money_n but_o to_o rich_a man_n herein_o you_o show_v no_o charity_n and_o may_v be_v deceive_v too_o for_o you_o know_v not_o what_o money_n a_o man_n have_v in_o his_o purse_n so_o that_o your_o conscience_n be_v still_o the_o sure_a guide_n to_o direct_v you_o with_o prudence_n as_o the_o loadstone_n do_v the_o variation_n of_o the_o pole_n so_o much_o for_o particular_a person_n now_o come_v to_o examine_v what_o the_o king_n of_o england_n have_v do_v concern_v usury_n we_o find_v that_o both_o before_o the_o conquest_n and_o after_o usury_n have_v be_v banish_v by_o some_o king_n and_o by_o some_o other_o king_n it_o have_v be_v tolerate_v according_a to_o the_o time_n and_o occasion_n king_n edgar_z before_o the_o conquest_n do_v utter_o forbid_v all_o usury_n realm_n banker_n send_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n so_o do_v king_n edward_n the_o first_o who_o do_v send_v out_o of_o this_o realm_n as_o well_o the_o italian_a banker_n that_o come_v from_o pope_n gregory_n the_o ten_o call_v cursini_fw-la as_o all_o manner_n of_o jew_n who_o do_v mighty_o oppress_v the_o realm_n to_o omit_v what_o other_o king_n have_v do_v we_o know_v that_o henry_n the_o eight_o in_o the_o 37_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n make_v a_o statute_n whereby_o none_o be_v suffer_v to_o take_v above_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o upon_o loan_n either_o for_o ware_n or_o money_n and_o this_o be_v repeal_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o anno_fw-la 5_o edw._n 6_o which_o afterward_o be_v find_v against_o policy_n be_v abrogate_a so_o the_o statute_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n do_v succeed_v which_o do_v tolerate_v the_o say_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o which_o be_v of_o such_o strength_n and_o continuance_n at_o this_o present_a that_o king_n james_n himself_o be_v content_v to_o allow_v the_o say_a rate_n to_o the_o londoner_n for_o some_o money_n borrow_v of_o they_o wherein_o as_o i_o say_v before_o time_n and_o occasion_n do_v alter_v thing_n and_o as_o the_o case_n for_o the_o present_a stand_v with_o england_n and_o foreign_a nation_n we_o have_v usury_n like_o a_o wolf_n by_o the_o ear_n dangerous_a to_o be_v keep_v and_o more_o dangerous_a to_o abandon_v the_o same_o this_o usury_n be_v indeed_o exercise_v to_o the_o poor_a or_o to_o the_o rich_a without_o respect_n of_o damage_n ensue_v become_v intolerable_a but_o in_o case_n of_o interest_n when_o time_n of_o payment_n be_v neglect_v in_o the_o state_n of_o orphan_n in_o mutual_a hazard_n or_o in_o hazard_n public_a allowable_a where_o usury_n be_v allowable_a simple_o to_o disallow_v it_o be_v to_o cut_v off_o all_o trade_n and_o commerce_n or_o reparation_n of_o damage_n and_o to_o go_v about_o to_o remedy_v a_o mischief_n with_o a_o great_a inconvenience_n the_o law_n of_o justinian_n the_o emperor_n do_v therefore_o moderate_a the_o course_n of_o usury_n which_o be_v much_o to_o be_v regard_v where_o the_o word_n be_v thus_o as_o follow_v vsuris_fw-la 1._o coâ—_n c._n de_fw-fr vsuris_fw-la we_o have_v think_v necessary_a to_o make_v a_o general_a law_n or_o statute_n touch_v the_o quantity_n of_o usury_n bring_v the_o old_a hard_a and_o most_o grecuous_a weight_n of_o the_o same_o to_o a_o certain_a moderate_a stay_n or_o mean_a rate_n therefore_o we_o command_v those_o noble_a man_n that_o be_v earl_n or_o their_o better_n that_o they_o do_v not_o make_v any_o stipulation_n or_o firm_a bargain_n by_o any_o manner_n of_o contract_n whatsoever_o great_a or_o less_o for_o usury_n or_o gain_n to_o be_v have_v above_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o those_o that_o be_v guardian_n or_o governor_n over_o handiecraft_n man_n or_o place_n where_o artificer_n do_v work_v or_o else_o do_v use_v any_o lawful_a trade_n of_o merchandise_n we_o will_v that_o they_o shall_v moderate_v their_o stipulation_n or_o firm_a promise_n take_v in_o any_o bargain_n to_o eight_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o as_o for_o those_o that_o do_v adventure_v their_o good_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o put_v out_o their_o substance_n upon_o their_o own_o hazard_n such_o may_v lawful_o demand_v by_o firm_a promise_n to_o receive_v twelve_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o in_o no_o wise_a to_o take_v above_o that_o rate_n although_o by_o the_o old_a roman_a statute_n it_o have_v be_v lawful_a to_o exceed_v and_o we_o will_v that_o all_o other_o man_n shall_v take_v only_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o above_o the_o principal_a and_o the_o same_o quantity_n of_o excess_n in_o no_o wise_a to_o be_v enlarge_v in_o other_o contract_n where_o usury_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v demand_v without_o stipulation_n or_o covenant_n make_v neither_o shall_v it_o be_v lawful_a to_o the_o judge_n to_o increase_v the_o foresay_a taxation_n or_o rate_n make_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o custom_n use_v in_o any_o country_n etc._n etc._n this_o imperial_a civil_a law_n have_v
a_o regard_n to_o the_o quality_n of_o person_n be_v due_o observe_v albeit_o the_o lender_n of_o the_o money_n can_v have_v take_v more_o when_o the_o borrower_n will_v give_v it_o to_o serve_v his_o occasion_n without_o this_o precise_a observation_n of_o the_o quality_n of_o person_n a_o matter_n considerable_a now_o adays_o since_o the_o west-indies_n have_v be_v discover_v whereby_o the_o currant_n of_o money_n be_v divide_v into_o many_o country_n and_o run_v also_o according_a to_o occasion_n and_o the_o policy_n of_o state_n and_o merchant_n usury_n difference_n of_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n for_o the_o toleration_n and_o permission_n to_o deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n do_v differ_v in_o the_o rate_n in_o most_o country_n take_v in_o one_o place_n more_o and_o in_o another_o less_o according_a to_o the_o traffic_n and_o merchant_n devise_n money_n a_o policy_n by_o plenty_n of_o money_n in_o poland_n lituania_n prussia_n and_o other_o country_n adjacent_a when_o they_o do_v abound_v in_o corn_n money_n be_v common_o very_o scarce_o and_o the_o price_n of_o corn_n thereby_o much_o abate_v at_o which_o time_n they_o will_v rather_o tolerate_v or_o proclaim_v the_o money_n to_o be_v enhance_v in_o price_n or_o to_o be_v deliver_v at_o interest_n after_o fifteen_o twenty_o and_o sometime_o twenty_o and_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o a_o year_n or_o a_o lesser_a time_n hereupon_o present_o great_a store_n of_o money_n come_v from_o all_o place_n thither_o which_o make_v the_o price_n of_o money_n to_o rise_v afterward_o when_o many_o ship_n be_v lade_v and_o the_o fleet_n depart_v from_o amsterdam_n and_o other_o place_n than_o the_o interest_n begin_v to_o fall_v according_o in_o the_o low-countries_n it_o be_v lawful_a for_o a_o merchant_n to_o take_v twelve_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n and_o after_o the_o rate_n for_o the_o long_o or_o short_a time_n within_o the_o year_n but_o this_o rate_n may_v not_o be_v exceed_v unless_o it_o be_v upon_o some_o condition_n of_o casualty_n or_o adventure_n the_o roman_n and_o grecian_n make_v a_o difference_n as_o have_v be_v note_v according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o justinian_n but_o the_o take_n of_o one_o in_o the_o month_n be_v most_o usual_a because_o merchant_n be_v the_o most_o lender_n and_o this_o twelve_o pro_fw-la centum_fw-la be_v to_o be_v understand_v also_o to_o be_v interest_n upon_o interest_n wherein_o equity_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v interest_n interest_n upon_o interest_n for_o this_o twelve_o pound_n be_v deliver_v out_o again_o unto_o another_o be_v pro_fw-la rata_fw-la as_o beneficial_a as_o the_o 100_o will_v principal_a albeit_o in_o case_n of_o damage_n when_o matter_n between_o man_n be_v grow_v litigious_a and_o depend_v in_o suit_n than_o the_o court_n of_o equity_n will_v account_v the_o whole_a time_n for_o the_o forbearance_n of_o the_o money_n according_a to_o the_o year_n past_a without_o any_o interest_n upon_o interest_n politician_n or_o statesman_n be_v to_o have_v a_o serious_a consideration_n of_o the_o operation_n of_o this_o usury_n politic_a action_n usury_n a_o measure_n of_o man_n action_n as_o a_o property_n inherent_a unto_o money_n because_o that_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n man_n do_v measure_v all_o their_o action_n by_o trade_n and_o traffic_n or_o purchase_v build_v plant_v and_o bargain_n in_o all_o thing_n according_o and_o usury_n be_v so_o inherent_a and_o do_v proper_o grow_v with_o the_o decay_n of_o traffic_n usury_n the_o decay_n of_o trade_n increase_v usury_n as_o pasturage_n do_v increase_v with_o the_o decrease_n of_o till_v whereupon_o the_o follow_a consideration_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v as_o matter_n of_o moment_n especial_o in_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n which_o have_v no_o gold_n or_o silver_n mine_n of_o great_a value_n but_o abundance_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n return_v for_o the_o great_a plenty_n and_o quantity_n of_o their_o home_n commodity_n wherein_o the_o high_a continual_a rate_n of_o usury_n may_v prove_v more_o prejudicial_a than_o the_o abovesaid_a policy_n of_o poland_n lituania_n or_o other_o country_n can_v be_v beneficial_a unto_o they_o for_o we_o see_v that_o general_o all_o merchant_n when_o they_o have_v get_v any_o great_a wealth_n with_o we_o leave_v trade_v and_o fall_v to_o usury_n the_o gain_n whereof_o be_v easy_a certain_a and_o great_a whereas_o in_o other_o country_n merchant_n continue_v from_o generation_n to_o generation_n to_o enrich_v themselves_o and_o the_o state_n as_o we_o find_v diverse_a renown_a family_n in_o germany_n italy_n spain_n and_o other_o country_n there_o be_v this_o last_o year_n a_o tract_n against_o usury_n present_v to_o the_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n of_o england_n 1621._o anno_fw-la 1621._o show_v the_o inconvenience_n of_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n after_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o lesser_a rate_n of_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o take_v in_o the_o low-countries_n where_o money_n be_v so_o plentiful_a and_o upon_o this_o difference_n be_v a_o certain_a operation_n of_o usury_n note_v to_o be_v predominant_a over_o we_o both_o in_o our_o trade_n and_o other_o affair_n first_o it_o be_v allege_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n usury_n reason_n against_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n not_o only_o rich_a tradesman_n give_v over_o trade_n but_o a_o number_n of_o beginner_n be_v undo_v and_o discourage_v thereby_o their_o industry_n serve_v but_o to_o enrich_v other_o and_o beggar_n themselves_o second_o that_o many_o trade_n themselves_o be_v decay_v thereby_o because_o they_o can_v afford_v so_o great_a a_o gain_n as_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o whereas_o if_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n be_v no_o high_a than_o in_o other_o country_n they_o have_v subsist_v and_o flourish_v still_o and_o perhaps_o with_o as_o much_o advantage_n to_o the_o public_a as_o those_o that_o do_v bring_v more_o to_o the_o private_a adventure_n which_o ought_v to_o go_v together_o or_o else_o the_o common_a good_a of_o the_o state_n be_v seldom_o great_o advance_v three_o that_o by_o this_o disadvantage_n between_o six_o and_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o other_o nation_n and_o especial_o our_o industrious_a neighbour_n do_v out_o trade_n and_o undersell_v we_o for_o they_o almost_o double_a the_o use_n allow_v which_o we_o can_v by_o pay_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o whereby_o also_o all_o contribution_n to_o the_o war_n work_n of_o piety_n and_o glory_n of_o state_n be_v better_a cheap_a to_o they_o than_o to_o we_o as_o also_o the_o building_n of_o ship_n or_o hire_v of_o they_o and_o all_o other_o thing_n four_o that_o above_o all_o the_o rest_n it_o make_v the_o land_n itself_o of_o small_a value_n cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v sell_v so_o good_a cheap_a that_o man_n do_v not_o seek_v by_o industry_n any_o more_o to_o improve_v they_o which_o be_v plain_a both_o by_o example_n and_o demonstration_n for_o we_o see_v in_o other_o country_n where_o the_o use_n of_o money_n be_v at_o a_o low_a rate_n land_n be_v general_o sell_v for_o thirty_o forty_o and_o some_o for_o fifty_o year_n purchase_n be_v the_o best_a assurance_n and_o secure_a inheritance_n which_o man_n have_v and_o therefore_o bear_v still_o a_o rate_n above_o money_n which_o will_v increase_v if_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n do_v decrease_v and_o consequent_o labourer_n wage_n and_o other_o dependence_n thereupon_o which_o be_v therein_o more_o ample_o declare_v the_o scope_n of_o all_o tend_v to_o have_v a_o moderation_n in_o the_o price_n of_o usury_n usury_n objection_n to_o the_o moderation_n of_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n hereunto_o be_v certain_a objection_n also_o allege_v and_o their_o answer_n to_o maintain_v the_o rate_n of_o usury_n at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o with_o we_o in_o england_n albeit_o other_o nation_n take_v but_o four_o five_o and_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o or_o 6_o ¼_n which_o be_v call_v rend_v after_o the_o penny_n sixteen_o for_o six_o time_n sixteen_o and_o one_o four_o make_v a_o hundred_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o low-countries_n the_o objection_n be_v few_o in_o number_n first_o the_o long_a continuance_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o thing_n be_v well_o enough_o second_o that_o sudden_a change_n be_v dangerous_a three_o that_o money_n will_v sudden_o be_v call_v in_o and_o the_o borrower_n be_v much_o prejudice_v four_o that_o money_n will_v be_v hard_a to_o come_v by_o and_o commerce_n much_o hinder_v and_o last_o that_o merchant_n stranger_n money_n now_o go_v here_o at_o use_n will_v be_v carry_v away_o again_o if_o the_o rate_n of_o usury_n shall_v be_v call_v down_o objection_n answer_v to_o the_o objection_n the_o answer_n to_o the_o first_o and_o second_o objection_n be_v that_o the_o practice_n of_o usury_n have_v not_o be_v so_o general_o use_v as_o it_o be_v now_o when_o man_n
have_v spend_v time_n labour_n and_o no_o small_a charge_n in_o hope_n that_o hereafter_o it_o may_v do_v good_a to_o the_o public_a house_n pawn_v house_n if_o some_o divine_a be_v move_v to_o further_a it_o the_o first_o be_v according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o amsterdam_n to_o which_o end_n the_o substance_n of_o the_o petition_n of_o honest_a and_o religious_a man_n his_o majesty_n subject_n be_v as_o follow_v first_o that_o authority_n be_v give_v to_o a._n b._n to_o erect_v pawne-house_n in_o all_o convenient_a place_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n ireland_n and_o the_o dominion_n of_o wales_n for_o and_o during_o the_o term_n of_o one_o and_o twenty_o year_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o all_o person_n and_o person_n shall_v and_o may_v have_v at_o all_o convenient_a time_n money_n upon_o pawn_n of_o or_o upon_o all_o movable_a good_n chattel_n and_o lease_n or_o any_o thing_n which_o shall_v be_v agree_v upon_o after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n that_o the_o undertaker_n may_v be_v authorise_v or_o licence_v to_o take_v for_o the_o attendance_n labour_n and_o pain_n recompense_n of_o officer_n and_o servant_n wage_n house-rent_n and_o all_o other_o charge_v incident_a thereunto_o as_o follow_v for_o register_n and_o keep_n of_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v amount_v to_o fifty_o pound_n or_o more_o one_o farthing_n for_o every_o pound_n by_o the_o month_n for_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v amount_v to_o ten_o pound_n or_o more_o until_o fifty_o pound_n for_o every_o pound_n one_o half_a penny_n by_o the_o month_n for_o all_o pawn_n that_o do_v not_o amount_v to_o ten_o pound_n for_o every_o pound_n one_o penny_n by_o the_o month_n for_o every_o bill_n give_v for_o pawn_n under_o ten_o pound_n one_o penny_n and_o be_v of_o ten_o pound_n or_o above_o whatsoever_o it_o come_v unto_o but_o two_o penny_n with_o such_o clause_n condition_n and_o caution_n as_o shall_v be_v requisite_a for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o say_a undertaker_n and_o agreeable_a with_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n pay_v unto_o the_o king_n majesty_n a_o reasonable_a sum_n of_o money_n yearly_a etc._n etc._n the_o say_v allowance_n be_v inferior_a to_o the_o moderation_n of_o the_o emperor_n justinian_n his_o law_n and_o will_v be_v find_v very_o reasonable_a consider_v that_o by_o the_o toleration_n of_o usury_n politic_a man_n can_v deliver_v their_o money_n in_o very_a great_a sum_n at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o free_o and_o without_o such_o trouble_n chap._n xiii_o of_o mons_fw-la pietatis_fw-la or_o bank_n of_o charity_n the_o second_o mean_a to_o suppress_v the_o bite_a usury_n of_o extortion_n upon_o the_o common_a people_n be_v by_o provide_v a_o course_n that_o they_o may_v have_v money_n upon_o pawn_n without_o pay_v any_o interest_n or_o usury_n for_o the_o loan_n of_o it_o according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n in_o flanders_n which_o be_v more_o please_a but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o universal_a as_o the_o pawn_n house_n be_v where_o great_a sum_n be_v to_o be_v have_v to_o accommodate_v merchant_n and_o all_o man_n to_o prevent_v the_o general_a abuse_n albeit_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o the_o extortion_n upon_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n be_v more_o heinous_a and_o detestable_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o roman_n he_o that_o take_v usury_n of_o the_o poor_a be_v more_o punish_v than_o he_o that_o do_v steal_v from_o the_o rich_a as_o be_v before_o declare_v in_o italy_n there_o be_v montes_n pietatis_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v mount_n or_o bank_n of_o charity_n place_n where_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n be_v by_o legacy_n give_v for_o relief_n of_o the_o poor_a to_o borrow_v upon_o pawn_n and_o to_o pay_v only_o after_o three_o or_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o at_o the_o most_o to_o maintain_v the_o officer_n and_o to_o bear_v the_o charge_n of_o such_o a_o erect_a mount_n for_o ever_o but_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n as_o aforesaid_a may_v be_v think_v more_o reasonable_a pay_v the_o officer_n out_o of_o the_o contribution_n which_o by_o their_o mean_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v according_a to_o the_o order_n which_o be_v hereafter_o declare_v usury_n money_n to_o be_v give_v to_o suppress_v usury_n for_o every_o man_n be_v willing_a to_o give_v for_o the_o suppression_n of_o intolerable_a and_o abominable_a usury_n the_o rich_a that_o be_v charitable_o dispose_v will_v give_v because_o usury_n politic_a shall_v not_o be_v bite_v the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n will_v be_v contributory_a because_o of_o the_o commodiousnes_n of_o it_o for_o who_o will_v not_o give_v six_o penny_n or_o twelve_o penny_n every_o quarter_n of_o the_o year_n when_o he_o may_v borrow_v a_o reasonable_a sum_n of_o money_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n for_o it_o for_o one_o year_n or_o a_o long_a time_n according_a to_o occasion_n i_o be_o sure_a of_o most_o man_n inclination_n by_o a_o attempt_n make_v of_o the_o practice_n hereof_o some_o year_n since_o for_o after_o the_o name_n take_v of_o above_o 1500_o person_n that_o be_v willing_a to_o contribute_v yearly_a and_o some_o divine_n and_o other_o that_o will_v lend_v free_o 50_o will_v 100_o will_v or_o more_o for_o some_o year_n and_o some_o 500_o will_v i_o make_v a_o alphabetical_a register_n of_o they_o which_o be_v deliver_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o great_a personage_n who_o as_o it_o seem_v be_v not_o worthy_a of_o the_o honour_n thereof_o but_o to_o my_o remembrance_n it_o amount_v to_o some_o 2000_o will_v for_o money_n give_v and_o to_o be_v lend_v and_o above_o six_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a during_o the_o life_n of_o the_o benefactor_n so_o that_o no_o man_n have_v cause_n to_o doubt_v of_o the_o collection_n of_o a_o great_a stock_n for_o so_o godly_a a_o work_n if_o authority_n be_v have_v when_o this_o be_v do_v upon_o the_o only_a hope_n and_o surmise_v thereof_o to_o the_o effect_v whereof_o i_o will_v be_v willing_a still_o to_o do_v my_o best_a endeavour_n now_o the_o order_n be_v as_o follow_v order_n to_o be_v observe_v for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o mount_n of_o charity_n consist_v of_o two_o house_n within_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o the_o suburb_n thereof_o and_o one_o house_n at_o westminster_n where_o all_o man_n may_v borrow_v money_n in_o small_a sum_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n or_o loan_n for_o the_o same_o upon_o pawn_n to_o be_v deliver_v for_o caution_n or_o security_n of_o the_o say_a money_n according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o bridge_n in_o flanders_n and_o other_o country_n 1_o imprimis_fw-la that_o all_o man_n of_o what_o quality_n or_o condition_n soever_o they_o be_v be_v destitute_a of_o money_n shall_v have_v money_n at_o all_o convenient_a time_n without_o pay_v any_o use_n or_o loan_n for_o the_o same_o but_o deliver_v only_o a_o pawn_n of_o any_o movable_a thing_n so_o it_o be_v not_o above_o forty_o shilling_n at_o any_o one_o time_n until_o a_o competent_a stock_n be_v raise_v for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o say_a mount_n of_o charity_n for_o ever_o 2_o item_n whereas_o the_o say_a stock_n be_v raise_v and_o to_o be_v increase_v by_o mean_n of_o charitable_a and_o conscionable_a person_n which_o either_o do_v free_o lend_v money_n without_o take_v interest_n for_o the_o same_o or_o do_v free_o give_v in_o money_n and_o yearly_a contribution_n according_a to_o their_o virtuous_a disposition_n which_o money_n may_v in_o progress_n of_o time_n amount_v to_o a_o notable_a sum_n the_o treasurer_n general_a therefore_o shall_v be_v a_o man_n sufficient_a and_o of_o honest_a behaviour_n careful_a to_o appoint_v swear_v honest_a man_n upon_o surety_n to_o collect_v the_o say_v money_n and_o for_o keep_v of_o the_o pawn_n with_o their_o clerk_n and_o other_o attendant_n and_o the_o surueior_fw-fr of_o account_n shall_v be_v a_o man_n diligent_a and_o skilful_a in_o account_n all_o for_o the_o better_a encouragement_n of_o the_o say_v charitable_a giver_n and_o free_a lender_n for_o the_o advancement_n of_o this_o charitable_a work_n 3_o item_n whereas_o the_o like_a house_n call_v saint_n george_n be_v heretofore_o erect_v at_o genova_n in_o italy_n by_o noble_a knight_n bind_v in_o honour_n to_o see_v the_o people_n relieve_v from_o oppression_n bite_v usury_n and_o extortion_n which_o by_o all_o virtuous_a knight_n be_v at_o all_o time_n approve_v and_o commend_v there_o shall_v be_v keep_v one_o pair_n of_o table_n in_o every_o house_n contain_v the_o name_n of_o such_o honourable_a person_n and_o virtuous_a knight_n '_o as_o shall_v be_v yearly_a contributaries_n by_o quarterly_a payment_n during_o their_o natural_a life_n or_o lend_v any_o sum_n of_o money_n gratis_o for_o a_o time_n together_o with_o the_o name_n of_o such_o well_o dispose_v person_n as_o by_o
act_n make_v by_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o the_o word_n be_v in_o effect_n as_o follow_v none_o may_v have_v receive_v accept_v or_o take_v for_o the_o lend_n or_o forbear_v of_o his_o or_o their_o money_n for_o one_o whole_a year_n or_o for_o a_o long_o or_o short_a time_n or_o for_o a_o more_o or_o less_o sum_n above_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o pound_n pro_fw-la cent_n yearly_a 37._o hen._n 8._o forasmuch_o as_o some_o man_n usury_n a_o objection_n to_o the_o statuâ—e_n of_o usury_n accuse_v the_o maker_n of_o this_o statute_n to_o have_v commit_v some_o absurdity_n it_o will_v not_o be_v impertinent_a to_o clear_v the_o same_o the_o statute_n say_v they_o give_v ability_n unto_o a_o man_n to_o take_v one_o way_n ten_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n or_o more_o for_o the_o use_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o one_o year_n be_v deliver_v out_o for_o two_o year_n and_o another_o way_n he_o can_v take_v ten_o pound_n five_o shilling_n and_o less_o for_o one_o year_n but_o he_o shall_v be_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o statute_n but_o if_o they_o have_v a_o due_a consideration_n that_o time_n be_v proper_o the_o judge_n hereof_o and_o that_o they_o can_v not_o make_v the_o say_a statute_n without_o the_o limitation_n of_o a_o time_n certain_a they_o will_v not_o find_v any_o absurdity_n therein_o for_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o make_v it_o otherwise_o more_o certain_a usury_n time_n beget_v usury_n to_o make_v this_o evident_o appear_v and_o of_o necessity_n time_n be_v herein_o efficient_a and_o active_a and_o the_o rate_n of_o 10_o pro_fw-la 100_o positive_a and_o passive_a let_v we_o suppose_v that_o you_o do_v deliver_v at_o interest_n one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o three_o month_n after_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o you_o may_v lawful_o receive_v at_o the_o three_o month_n end_n two_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n for_o your_o interest_n and_o continue_v the_o hundred_o pound_n again_o for_o other_o three_o month_n by_o a_o new_a contract_n or_o agreement_n and_o then_o receive_v again_o 2_o will_v 10_o ss_z continue_v in_o this_o manner_n for_o the_o whole_a year_n by_o four_o several_a agreement_n whereby_o you_o do_v receive_v three_o part_n of_o your_o interest_n at_o several_a time_n which_o interest_n you_o may_v put_v out_o also_o at_o usury_n and_o so_o take_v above_o 10_o pro_fw-la 100_o without_o incur_v the_o danger_n of_o the_o statute_n time_n agreement_n alter_v â—he_n property_n of_o use_n money_n by_o time_n because_o your_o agreement_n have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n alter_v the_o property_n of_o the_o interest_n money_n which_o you_o do_v receive_v and_o be_v beget_v in_o time_n according_a to_o the_o statute_n and_o that_o which_o be_v before_o another_o man_n be_v thereby_o become_v you_o and_o thereof_o you_o may_v dispose_v again_o but_o if_o you_o do_v deliver_v out_o 100_o will_v from_o the_o beginning_n for_o one_o whole_a year_n than_o you_o can_v have_v but_o ten_o pound_n interest_n for_o the_o same_o at_o the_o year_n end_v with_o your_o principal_n for_o the_o property_n of_o the_o ten_o pound_n be_v not_o till_o then_o alter_v by_o your_o agreement_n thus_o be_v it_o with_o money_n deliver_v for_o a_o short_a time_n in_o like_a manner_n be_v it_o for_o money_n deliver_v out_o for_o a_o long_a time_n as_o for_o example_n one_o deliver_v out_o 100_o will_v for_o four_o year_n for_o the_o which_o at_o the_o four_o year_n end_n he_o can_v receive_v but_o 140_o will_v but_o if_o he_o have_v deliver_v out_o 100_o will_v for_o one_o year_n he_o may_v at_o the_o year_n end_v receive_v 10_o will_v for_o interest_n and_o continue_v the_o 100_o pound_n again_o for_o the_o second_o year_n by_o a_o new_a agreement_n and_o then_o receive_v another_o ten_o pound_n and_o so_o for_o the_o three_o and_o four_o year_n now_o whereas_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o several_a agreement_n according_a to_o the_o time_n he_o have_v alter_v the_o property_n of_o interest_n money_n and_o receive_v 10_o will_v the_o fiâ—st_a year_n he_o may_v put_v out_o again_o this_o 10_o will_v as_o his_o own_o for_o another_o year_n and_o so_o have_v interest_n thereof_o twenty_o shilling_n whereby_o he_o receive_v 11_o will_v the_o second_o year_n which_o be_v put_v out_o the_o three_o and_o four_o year_n will_v yield_v he_o according_o in_o like_a manner_n for_o the_o 10_o will_v receive_v the_o second_o and_o three_o year_n which_o will_v yield_v he_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n according_o so_o that_o he_o shall_v have_v above_o 146_o will_v being_n thus_o deliver_v out_o the_o body_n of_o his_o sum_n still_o remain_v whole_a and_o be_v only_o distinguish_v by_o time_n which_o make_v the_o difference_n again_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o the_o 100_o will_v be_v deliver_v out_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o four_o year_n to_o be_v repay_v by_o 25_o will_v a_o year_n and_o the_o interest_n it_o follow_v proportionable_o that_o the_o first_o year_n he_o be_v to_o receive_v 27_o will_v 10_o ss_z the_o second_o year_n 30_o will_v the_o three_o year_n 32_o will_v 10_o ss_z and_o the_o four_o year_n 35_o will_v which_o make_v all_o but_o 125_o will_v add_v to_o this_o the_o interest_n of_o 25_o will_v receive_v in_o deduction_n of_o his_o principal_a three_o year_n before_o the_o time_n which_o be_v 7_o will_v 10_o ss_z and_o of_o 25_o will_v more_v in_o like_a manner_n for_o two_o year_n which_o be_v 5_o will_v and_o of_o 25_o will_v more_v for_o the_o three_o year_n which_o be_v receive_v one_o year_n before_o the_o time_n which_o be_v 2_o will_v 10_o ss_z all_z be_v 15_o will_v which_o together_o with_o the_o 125_o will_v make_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o 140_o will_v but_o when_o money_n be_v repay_v in_o this_o manner_n as_o it_o be_v by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n than_o the_o body_n of_o your_o sum_n of_o 100_o will_v be_v divide_v and_o still_o time_n and_o interest_n must_v concur_v for_o the_o interest_n be_v beget_v by_o time_n for_o you_o may_v not_o deliver_v out_o 300_o 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receive_v that_o 300_o will_v and_o any_o part_n of_o my_o principal_n and_o continue_v the_o rest_n for_o another_o year_n and_o so_o do_v the_o like_a for_o more_o year_n who_o doubt_v thereof_o so_o that_o you_o do_v make_v new_a contract_n or_o agreement_n from_o year_n to_o year_n whereby_o the_o property_n of_o the_o interest_n money_n become_v effectual_o alter_v according_a to_o the_o law_n as_o aforesaid_a your_o money_n from_o the_o beginning_n be_v deliver_v out_o but_o for_o one_o year_n but_o if_o you_o do_v deliver_v your_o 3000_o will_v from_o the_o begin_n by_o one_o sole_a contract_n and_o agreement_n for_o six_o year_n to_o be_v repay_v yearly_a by_o 500_o will_v and_o receive_v 550_o will_v the_o first_o that_o be_v to_o say_v 300_o will_v for_o your_o interest_n and_o 250_o will_v for_o part_n of_o your_o principal_n as_o it_o may_v be_v construe_v against_o you_o then_o do_v you_o incur_v the_o danger_n of_o the_o statute_n for_o in_o this_o which_o be_v for_o a_o more_o sum_n and_o a_o long_a time_n there_o be_v the_o like_a reason_n as_o there_o be_v with_o a_o less_o sum_n and_o a_o short_a time_n as_o by_o the_o former_a example_n be_v declare_v and_o as_o there_o be_v more_o gain_n when_o money_n be_v deliver_v out_o for_o three_o month_n or_o less_o time_n and_o so_o continue_v from_o time_n to_o time_n within_o the_o year_n than_o when_o money_n be_v deliver_v out_o for_o one_o year_n so_o be_v there_o more_o gain_v when_o money_n be_v deliver_v out_o for_o one_o year_n and_o continue_v by_o new_a agrement_n from_o year_n to_o year_n than_o when_o it_o be_v original_o deliver_v out_o for_o six_o or_o more_o year_n agree_v with_o the_o rule_n of_o geometrical_a deliniation_n
and_o arithmetical_a proportion_n and_o the_o rule_n quadrant_n quadrant_n the_o rule_n quadrant_n or_o the_o golden_a rule_n of_o arithmetic_n prove_v unto_o any_o man_n of_o understanding_n that_o in_o calculation_n these_o four_o thing_n must_v concur_v first_o principal_a principal_a you_o may_v find_v out_o by_o your_o interest_n money_n and_o the_o time_n after_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n what_o the_o sum_n be_v which_o be_v deliver_v at_o interest_n second_o rate_n rate_n at_o what_o rate_n according_a to_o the_o time_n such_o a_o sum_n be_v deliver_v three_o time_n time_n the_o time_n for_o which_o it_o be_v deliver_v at_o such_o a_o rate_n and_o last_o interest_n interest_n what_o the_o interest_n money_n be_v for_o the_o sum_n deliver_v according_a to_o the_o time_n and_o all_o these_o posito_fw-la in_fw-la any_o one_o sum_n for_o all_o will_v manifest_v the_o delivery_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o one_o whole_a year_n of_o twelve_o ordinary_a month_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o if_o it_o be_v so_o deliver_v out_o for_o by_o invert_v postpound_v and_o suppose_v all_o must_v produce_v these_o just_a and_o positive_a sum_n whereby_o you_o may_v be_v assure_v whether_o you_o term_v your_o money_n deliver_v out_o according_a to_o the_o art_n and_o rule_v of_o arithmetic_n the_o principle_n whereof_o be_v infallible_a or_o whether_o be_v deceive_v therein_o you_o have_v unaware_o make_v a_o usurious_a contract_n as_o many_o do_v ignorant_o calculator_n auditor_n or_o calculator_n the_o civilians_n especial_o benvenutâ—_n straccha_n term_v those_o which_o we_o call_v auditor_n or_o accountant_n calculatores_fw-la which_o in_o deed_n be_v to_o be_v very_o judicious_a in_o matter_n of_o account_n as_o skilful_a in_o the_o account_v able_a by_o position_n to_o find_v out_o hide_v sum_n for_o it_o fall_v out_o many_o time_n in_o prince_n account_n that_o sum_n be_v name_v which_o have_v relation_n to_o other_o sum_n and_o must_v by_o supposition_n be_v find_v out_o and_o can_v be_v do_v as_o they_o say_v calculando_fw-la for_o example_n a_o sum_n of_o money_n be_v deliver_v out_o for_o three_o year_n every_o year_n to_o be_v pay_v whereof_o the_o first_o sum_n posito_fw-la be_v 500_o will_v and_o the_o four_o or_o last_o sum_n be_v 665_o will_v â—0_n ss_z between_o these_o two_o you_o be_v to_o find_v two_o sum_n proportionable_a multiply_v 500_o will_v within_o itself_o be_v 500000_o with_o this_o multiply_v the_o 665_o will_v 10_o ss_z of_o the_o product_n take_v your_o cubike_a root_n be_v 550_o for_o the_o second_o sum_n now_o to_o find_v your_o three_o sum_n multiply_v 665_o 10_o with_o 550_o be_v â—3200_n your_o quadrant_n root_n be_v medium_fw-la between_o 2_o and_o 4_o be_v 605_o and_o so_o you_o have_v your_o sum_n and_o the_o interest_n you_o find_v to_o be_v 10_o pro_fw-la cent_n the_o like_a for_o 5_o 6_o or_o more_o sum_n which_o by_o geometâ—iâ—_n be_v yet_o more_o easy_a penny_n reduction_n of_o maluady_n into_o ducat_n shilling_n and_o penny_n so_o we_o find_v that_o for_o matter_n of_o division_n to_o reduce_v million_o of_o maluady_n in_o spain_n into_o ducat_n without_o much_o division_n by_o 375_o maluady_n for_o the_o ducat_n and_o then_o the_o shilling_n and_o penny_n of_o ducat_n make_v in_o bill_n of_o exchange_n take_v â…“_n part_n of_o the_o sum_n and_o the_o overplus_n if_o any_o be_v put_v it_o down_o for_o shilling_n and_o penny_n than_o in_o like_a manner_n take_v â…•_n of_o that_o sum_n and_o again_o â…•_n of_o that_o sum_n and_o last_o â…•_n of_o that_o sum_n be_v â…—_n derive_v from_o â…“_n and_o you_o have_v your_o ducat_n shilling_n and_o penny_n of_o ducat_n in_o vntratto_n as_o the_o italian_a say_v in_o like_a manner_n divide_v by_o all_o the_o number_n contain_v in_o the_o table_n of_o multiplication_n for_o 42_o take_v â…™_n and_o 1_o 7_o for_o 63_o take_v 1_o 7_o and_o 1_o 9_o part_n and_o so_o of_o all_o the_o other_o sum_n for_o six_o time_n seven_o be_v forty_o and_o two_o chap._n xvi_o of_o usurious_a contract_n i_o need_v not_o to_o make_v double_a inculcation_n against_o usury_n for_o the_o civillians_n have_v be_v so_o precise_a in_o the_o description_n of_o usurious_a contract_n vsuris_fw-la doctor_n wilsoâ—_n de_fw-fr vsuris_fw-la which_o doctor_n wâ—lson_n have_v note_v that_o it_o be_v hard_o for_o any_o merchant_n to_o escape_v the_o censure_v of_o be_v a_o usurer_n albeit_o not_o in_o danger_n of_o the_o statute_n which_o be_v very_o necessary_a for_o all_o merchant_n to_o take_v notice_n of_o but_o he_o conclude_v lend_v no_o usury_n without_o lend_v that_o where_o there_o be_v no_o lend_v there_o can_v be_v no_o usury_n wherein_o he_o make_v a_o distinction_n between_o mutuum_fw-la locatio_fw-la and_o commodatum_fw-la declare_v mutuum_fw-la to_o be_v where_o my_o good_n be_v make_v thou_o locatio_fw-la where_o a_o thing_n be_v â—ut_v forth_o or_o let_v to_o hire_n the_o property_n still_o remain_v in_o the_o owner_n who_o bear_v the_o adventure_n thereof_o and_o commodatum_fw-la to_o be_v a_o let_v or_o lend_v without_o alteration_n of_o the_o property_n also_o but_o free_a without_o any_o gain_n at_o all_o where_o for_o hire_v a_o gain_n be_v take_v and_o so_o he_o make_v a_o description_n of_o vsuror_n if_o they_o deal_v in_o manner_n follow_v if_o any_o commodity_n be_v sell_v unto_o any_o man_n who_o buy_v the_o same_o by_o mean_n of_o a_o broker_n or_o otherwise_o to_o make_v a_o shift_n and_o to_o sell_v the_o same_o instant_o to_o make_v money_n of_o to_o supply_v his_o occasion_n lose_v thereby_o as_o he_o must_v of_o necessity_n the_o seller_n of_o this_o commodity_n be_v a_o usurer_n in_o this_o case_n if_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o the_o say_a seller_n do_v buy_v or_o cause_v the_o say_a commodity_n to_o be_v buy_v again_o direct_o or_o indirect_o the_o statute_n against_o usury_n will_v take_v hold_n of_o he_o and_o that_o very_o just_o i_o do_v borrow_v of_o a_o man_n one_o hundred_o pound_n for_o three_o month_n promise_v to_o give_v his_o wife_n a_o satin_n gown_n or_o a_o amble_a gelding_n hereupon_o he_o forbear_v his_o money_n for_o many_o month_n more_o without_o interest_n it_o be_v usury_n i_o do_v bind_v my_o land_n worth_n twenty_o pound_n by_o the_o year_n to_o a_o man_n for_o one_o hundred_o pound_n in_o money_n for_o a_o year_n and_o do_v not_o pass_v it_o by_o bargain_n and_o sale_n if_o the_o creditor_n do_v take_v the_o revenue_n and_o his_o principal_n it_o be_v usury_n be_v it_o that_o a_o man_n dare_v a_o hundred_o pound_n free_o and_o hope_v assure_o to_o have_v some_o thankful_a recompense_n at_o the_o year_n end_n this_o be_v mentalis_fw-la vsura_fw-la what_o if_o one_o lend_v money_n in_o hope_n to_o get_v a_o office_n this_o be_v also_o usury_n if_o one_o lend_v a_o man_n money_n for_o a_o certain_a time_n because_o the_o same_o man_n shall_v speak_v a_o good_a word_n for_o he_o or_o do_v he_o a_o certain_a pleasure_n it_o be_v a_o rule_v case_n that_o for_o so_o much_o as_o a_o covenant_n be_v past_a it_o be_v usury_n i_o do_v lend_v you_o one_o hundred_o pound_n that_o you_o shall_v do_v as_o much_o for_o i_o when_o i_o shall_v demand_v it_o of_o you_o this_o be_v usury_n because_o a_o contract_n be_v simple_o make_v without_o any_o addition_n of_o time_n appoint_v whereas_o if_o he_o have_v ask_v so_o much_o at_o the_o year_n end_n than_o it_o have_v be_v no_o usury_n but_o permutation_n when_o one_o good_a turn_n be_v do_v for_o another_o and_o the_o time_n know_v certain_a a_o lord_n do_v lend_v his_o tenant_n money_n with_o this_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v plough_v his_o land_n if_o he_o do_v not_o pay_v they_o for_o their_o labour_n but_o with_o the_o use_n it_o be_v usury_n i_o will_v borrow_v and_o one_o sell_v i_o ware_n for_o more_o than_o they_o be_v worth_a by_o the_o half_a the_o seller_n be_v a_o usurer_n i_o do_v sell_v commodity_n unto_o a_o man_n for_o six_o month_n at_o a_o reasonable_a price_n and_o afterward_o he_o pay_v i_o in_o ready_a money_n deduct_v the_o interest_n for_o the_o time_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o this_o be_v usury_n the_o father-in-law_n do_v lend_v his_o son_n a_o sum_n of_o money_n and_o take_v in_o pawn_n the_o possession_n of_o the_o dower_n and_o convert_v the_o fruit_n thereof_o to_o himself_o for_o the_o lone_a of_o money_n this_o father-in-law_n be_v a_o usurer_n he_o that_o buy_v before_o hand_n corn_n wine_n or_o oil_n so_o good_a cheap_a as_o he_o be_v sure_a not_o to_o be_v a_o loser_n but_o a_o gainer_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o harvest_n the_o same_o man_n be_v a_o usurer_n i_o do_v lend_v one_o hundred_o pound_n to_o my_o friend_n
of_o jurisdiction_n in_o the_o best_a manner_n that_o can_v be_v devise_v every_o person_n of_o this_o society_n to_o be_v free_a and_o exempt_v of_o all_o imposition_n tax_n custom_n subsidy_n lend_v of_o money_n any_o manner_n of_o way_n or_o any_o charge_n as_o also_o master_n of_o the_o count_a house_n which_o shall_v not_o be_v permit_v to_o exercise_v any_o traffic_n or_o trade_n particular_a but_o must_v whole_o employ_v themselves_o to_o this_o business_n with_o such_o allowance_n and_o order_n as_o be_v prescribe_v unto_o they_o all_o worldly_a thing_n be_v subject_a to_o mutability_n even_o the_o greatness_n and_o superiority_n of_o prince_n which_o may_v happen_v to_o be_v depose_v for_o a_o time_n and_o afterward_o to_o be_v restore_v again_o it_o be_v provide_v that_o of_o the_o gain_n of_o the_o three_o part_n allot_v unto_o they_o for_o three_o stake_n in_o this_o covenant_n the_o two_o shall_v remain_v to_o the_o crown_n and_o the_o three_o to_o the_o prince_n until_o he_o be_v restore_v again_o or_o dead_a which_o be_v only_o to_o take_v place_n in_o all_o hereditary_a kingdom_n the_o say_a society_n therefore_o not_o to_o purchase_v any_o land_n for_o the_o generality_n to_o endanger_v prince_n estate_n but_o only_o for_o their_o particular_a as_o occasion_n serve_v model_n or_o medalia_fw-la to_o be_v wear_v by_o the_o say_v hundred_o person_n of_o the_o society_n and_o the_o master_n of_o count_a house_n only_o with_o emendation_n and_o augmentation_n of_o their_o arm_n and_o by_o their_o successor_n upon_o true_a register_n and_o acknowledgement_n to_o be_v make_v and_o keep_v thereof_o the_o say_v model_n to_o contain_v on_o the_o one_o side_n the_o world_n concatenate_v together_o under_o a_o crown_n imperial_a assist_v with_o the_o personage_n of_o prosperity_n honour_n and_o mercy_n environ_v round_o about_o with_o two_o enclose_a hand_n and_o arm_n of_o faith_n and_o credit_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o like_a with_o a_o cross_n and_o inscription_n he_o do_v crown_v his_o own_o work_n in_o us._n all_o which_o person_n shall_v be_v make_v noble_a knight_n of_o this_o order_n according_o with_o certain_a other_o addition_n as_o shall_v be_v think_v convenient_a as_o by_o faith_n and_o credit_n it_o shall_v subsist_v or_o the_o like_a the_o aforesaid_a stock_n and_o credit_n to_o be_v employ_v by_o the_o say_a master_n of_o count_a house_n and_o assistant_n in_o five_o several_a matter_n by_o exchange_n bank_n mount_v of_o charity_n mensa_fw-la argentaria_fw-la and_o house_n of_o vendition_n without_o any_o adventure_n or_o loss_n according_a to_o a_o instruction_n show_v the_o benefit_n and_o commodiousness_n which_o will_v arise_v thereby_o unto_o all_o estate_n for_o the_o preservation_n and_o augmentation_n of_o honour_n and_o wealth_n of_o the_o rich_a relief_n of_o the_o poor_a and_o welfare_n of_o the_o commons_o in_o general_a have_v some_o gratuity_n bestow_v upon_o they_o the_o private_a person_n with_o who_o all_o the_o aforesaid_a party_n be_v to_o covenant_n be_v to_o be_v general_a master_n of_o all_o the_o count_a house_n and_o only_o to_o keep_v a_o general_a book_n of_o account_n without_o any_o administration_n of_o the_o stock_n or_o to_o meddle_v in_o any_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n but_o to_o have_v the_o honour_n of_o knighthood_n with_o a_o large_a allowance_n of_o charge_n expense_n have_v and_o to_o be_v have_v for_o to_o entertain_v all_o the_o party_n and_o correspondency_n which_o may_v resort_v to_o the_o place_n of_o his_o habitation_n to_o which_o purpose_n he_o must_v be_v provide_v of_o a_o stately_a house_n with_o all_o convenient_a thing_n necessary_a and_o many_o servant_n messenger_n and_o post_n with_o the_o gain_n of_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o crown_n that_o he_o do_v furnish_v by_o many_o allowance_n and_o other_o mean_n to_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o all_o the_o party_n according_a to_o a_o particular_a agreement_n wherein_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n be_v name_v the_o chief_a place_n or_o rendezvous_n of_o this_o negotiation_n or_o intend_a contract_n whereunto_o diverse_a country_n have_v condescend_v the_o author_n of_o this_o project_n under_o the_o say_a private_a name_n do_v desire_n for_o the_o advancement_n hereof_o permission_n to_o execute_v the_o same_o safgarde_n to_o be_v protect_v from_o all_o injury_n and_o to_o repair_v all_o damage_n which_o may_v be_v do_v unto_o they_o in_o hostile_a or_o peaceable_a manner_n freedom_n of_o all_o tax_n and_o assurance_n for_o their_o person_n and_o good_n according_a to_o a_o instruction_n to_o which_o end_n the_o master_n general_a of_o the_o say_v count_v house_n if_o breach_n be_v make_v by_o any_o one_o of_o the_o party_n in_o any_o article_n of_o this_o covenant_n be_v to_o receive_v the_o complaint_n and_o to_o consult_v with_o his_o counsel_n of_o assistance_n and_o so_o to_o give_v notice_n thereof_o unto_o the_o next_o neighbour_n prince_n or_o state_n of_o this_o society_n to_o see_v the_o same_o redress_v or_o amend_v if_o that_o prince_n do_v deny_v to_o be_v aid_v or_o be_v forgetful_a therein_o he_o shall_v be_v accessary_a and_o judge_v as_o guilty_a as_o the_o first_o offendor_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o this_o first_o offendor_n for_o the_o time_n shall_v be_v he_o and_o the_o society_n may_v remove_v their_o count_a house_n or_o change_v they_o into_o correspondency_n if_o other_o prince_n and_o state_n shall_v also_o prove_v to_o be_v negligent_a and_o without_o respect_n have_v to_o their_o private_a gain_n abandon_v so_o good_a a_o action_n lose_v their_o title_n or_o revenue_n violate_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n wherewith_o no_o doubt_n most_o prince_n shall_v find_v themselves_o aggrieve_v and_o these_o prince_n or_o person_n transgressor_n will_v find_v the_o worse_o and_o endanger_v their_o estate_n to_o their_o great_a dishonour_n through_o all_o the_o world_n and_o disturbance_n of_o other_o neighbour_n prince_n for_o the_o better_a advancement_n hereof_o there_o be_v a_o place_n reserve_v for_o reward_n of_o two_o unknown_a person_n which_o by_o their_o industry_n labour_n and_o science_n shall_v be_v think_v worthy_a thereof_o one_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o it_o this_o princely_a contract_n require_v a_o serious_a consideration_n the_o stock_n or_o capital_a be_v 2_o ½_n million_o or_o 2500_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a or_o ten_o million_o flemish_a which_o increase_v by_o nine_o hundred_o correspondency_n will_v make_v the_o stock_n to_o be_v twenty_o and_o five_o million_o oâ—_n one_o hundred_o million_o flemish_n it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o through_o all_o the_o world_n there_o lie_v so_o much_o money_n dead_a without_o any_o use_n or_o employment_n the_o calculation_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n double_v yearly_a so_o that_o he_o who_o by_o gift_n employ_v one_o hundred_o pound_n be_v to_o have_v for_o it_o one_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a for_o ever_o and_o this_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v get_v by_o five_o several_a mean_n viz._n by_o cambium_n bank_n mons_fw-la pietatis_fw-la mâ—nsa_fw-la argentaria_n and_o domus_fw-la commutationis_fw-la whereof_o you_o may_v find_v the_o particular_n in_o this_o book_n the_o proceed_n of_o this_o matter_n of_o great_a consequence_n have_v be_v interrupt_v by_o monsieur_n olden_n barnevelt_fw-mi late_o execute_v at_o the_o hague_n in_o holland_n the_o sequel_n hereof_o time_n will_v discover_v and_o we_o may_v say_v with_o the_o poet_n quid_fw-la non_fw-la mortalia_fw-la pectora_fw-la cogunt_fw-la etc._n etc._n chap._n xviii_o of_o money_n deliver_v upon_o life_n annuity_n and_o pension_n have_v entreat_v of_o money_n deliver_v at_o interest_n without_o casualty_n and_o so_o term_v usury_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o contract_n of_o benefit_n without_o adventure_n it_o be_v convenient_a to_o handle_v of_o money_n deliver_v upon_o life_n when_o merchant_n do_v give_v twelve_o upon_o the_o hundred_o without_o pawn_n call_v beyond_o the_o sea_n after_o the_o penny_n 8_o the_o moiety_n whereof_o with_o pawn_n be_v six_o upon_o the_o hundred_o or_o double_a eight_o according_a to_o the_o penny_n 16_o as_o aforesaid_a the_o penny_n 8_o be_v 12_o ½_n for_o eight_o time_n 12_o ½_n make_v one_o hundred_o so_o the_o penny_n 16_o which_o be_v use_v for_o rent_n upon_o house_n or_o land_n be_v 6_o ¼_n according_a to_o which_o penny_n 8_o upon_o one_o life_n or_o double_a for_o one_o year_n so_o they_o all_o live_v be_v equal_a upon_o eight_o life_n this_o be_v much_o use_v in_o diverse_a city_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o draw_v money_n into_o their_o hand_n as_o for_o example_n one_o hundred_o pound_n be_v deliver_v to_o have_v two_o hundred_o pound_n for_o it_o at_o the_o year_n end_v upon_o eight_o life_n if_o they_o all_o live_v you_o have_v two_o hundred_o pound_n to_o buy_v a_o perpetual_a rent_n or_o sometime_o as_o it_o have_v be_v
in_o hungary_n the_o say_a rycke_n doller_n be_v seven_o shilling_n seven_o penny_n now_o enhance_v to_o eight_o shilling_n colloigne_n colloigne_n at_o colloigne_n and_o cleves_n a_o gelder_n be_v 24_o whitpennie_n of_o twelve_o morkens_n and_o every_o whitpennie_n be_v two_o shilling_n or_o stiver_n and_o four_o mark_v for_o the_o gelder_n hamborough_n hamborough_n at_o hamborough_n the_o doller_n coin_a at_o thirty_o and_o one_o shilling_n lup_n and_o for_o many_o year_n currant_n for_o thirty_o and_o three_o be_v enhance_v now_o to_o fifty_o and_o four_o shilling_n of_o three_o whitpennie_n and_o every_o shilling_n be_v twelve_o penny_n of_o two_o heller_n every_o penny_n pomerania_n pomerania_n in_o pomerania_n the_o say_a doller_n be_v thirty_o and_o two_o shilling_n of_o two_o snuden_n one_o mark_n snudens_n be_v eight_o shilling_n lup_n and_o the_o two_o mark_n snud_n be_v one_o mark_v lup_n dansicke_a dansicke_a at_o dansicke_a the_o doller_n thirty_o and_o five_o gross_a of_o three_o shilling_n and_o in_o other_o place_n as_o you_o may_v find_v upon_o the_o money_n denominate_v hereafter_o in_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o imaginary_a money_n of_o exchange_n for_o merchant_n further_a direction_n chap._n xx._n of_o merchant_n account_n keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n the_o manner_n of_o keep_v account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n be_v first_o devise_v in_o italy_n upon_o very_o good_a consideration_n there_o be_v great_a affinity_n between_o faith_n trust_v and_o confidence_n in_o divinity_n trust_v and_o confidence_n be_v two_o handmaid_n unto_o faith_n even_o as_o faith_n be_v the_o hand_n whereby_o we_o apprehend_v god_n mercy_n to_o repose_v our_o trust_n in_o he_o and_o to_o be_v confident_a thereof_o but_o in_o humane_a action_n the_o word_n trust_v be_v more_o proper_a which_o impli_v a_o credit_n or_o belief_n which_o we_o give_v or_o repose_v upon_o other_o or_o other_o do_v attribute_n and_o give_v unto_o us._n hence_o proceed_v the_o italian_a speech_n star_n dal_n credere_fw-la ground_v upon_o that_o maxim_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n omnis_fw-la homo_fw-la bone_fw-la donec_fw-la contrarium_fw-la probetur_fw-la whereupon_o a_o man_n negotiate_v in_o this_o world_n must_v trust_v and_o be_v trust_v he_o that_o be_v trust_v with_o any_o good_n money_n or_o other_o mooveable_a thing_n be_v therefore_o call_v a_o debtor_n or_o debtor_n unto_o the_o party_n that_o do_v trust_v he_o therewith_o and_o he_o call_v that_o party_n his_o creditor_n because_o he_o give_v he_o credit_n for_o the_o same_o whereby_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n concur_v between_o party_n and_o party_n suppose_v now_o that_o a_o young_a man_n be_v of_o age_n to_o manage_v his_o own_o be_v desirous_a to_o deal_v in_o the_o world_n in_o traffic_n and_o trade_n by_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n or_o to_o let_v out_o his_o money_n at_o use_n or_o by_o exchange_n for_o other_o country_n unto_o which_o three_o action_n we_o still_o observe_v our_o method_n as_o be_v the_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n as_o often_o have_v be_v declare_v and_o thereupon_o he_o endevour_v to_o keep_v a_o true_a account_n of_o all_o his_o proceed_n and_o negotiation_n by_o way_n of_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o have_v still_o a_o creditor_n unto_o a_o debtor_n and_o a_o debtor_n unto_o a_o creditor_n which_o must_v reciprocal_o answer_v each_o other_o now_o consider_v of_o his_o mean_n for_o the_o effect_n hereof_o he_o find_v that_o he_o have_v one_o hundred_o clothes_n two_o hundred_o kersey_n or_o any_o other_o commodity_n leave_v he_o by_o his_o father_n or_o friend_n and_o moreover_o some_o thousand_o pound_n in_o ready_a money_n and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n in_o debt_n owe_v by_o several_a person_n payable_a at_o some_o time_n to_o come_v beside_o some_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a in_o land_n or_o lease_n out_o of_o all_o these_o he_o make_v a_o stock_n or_o capital_a which_o he_o do_v enter_v into_o a_o bookâ—_n call_v a_o journal_n book_n a_o journal_n book_n because_o it_o contain_v his_o daily_a action_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o from_o this_o book_n they_o be_v transfer_v or_o set_v over_o into_o another_o big_a book_n call_v a_o liedger_n book_n a_o leidger_n book_n because_o the_o same_o remain_v as_o lie_v according_o in_o a_o place_n for_o that_o purpose_n the_o spaniard_n do_v call_v this_o book_n el_n libro_fw-la grande_fw-fr and_o the_o journal_n he_o call_v manual_a be_v of_o a_o far_o lesser_a volume_n common_o but_o one_o three_o part_n of_o the_o other_o be_v manuable_a and_o unto_o this_o they_o keep_v a_o borrador_n or_o memorial_n wherein_o all_o thing_n be_v first_o enter_v book_n a_o memorial_n book_n and_o may_v upon_o occasion_n be_v blot_v alter_v or_o by_o error_n be_v miscast_v or_o not_o well_o enter_v but_o in_o the_o journal_n and_o leidger_n book_n there_o may_v not_o be_v any_o alteration_n of_o cypher_n blot_v nor_o place_n leave_v in_o blank_a in_o the_o journal_n but_o one_o parcel_n without_o intermission_n must_v follow_v another_o otherwise_o the_o book_n be_v of_o no_o credit_n in_o law_n or_o before_o any_o magistrate_n whereas_o otherwise_o much_o credit_n be_v give_v to_o book_n well_o and_o orderly_o keep_v for_o the_o decide_n and_o determination_n of_o many_o controversy_n which_o happen_v between_o merchant_n and_o merchant_n and_o their_o factor_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o i_o can_v not_o omit_v to_o write_v thereof_o as_o a_o branch_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n to_o the_o end_n that_o such_o judge_n and_o other_o that_o be_v unacquainted_a with_o the_o manner_n of_o it_o may_v be_v enlighten_v in_o their_o proceed_n which_o in_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n may_v come_v before_o they_o to_o be_v determine_v the_o manner_n how_o he_o do_v enter_v they_o in_o the_o journal_n be_v as_o follow_v wherein_o observe_v that_o every_o debtor_n must_v have_v a_o creditor_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a every_o creditor_n his_o debtor_n and_o always_o the_o left_a side_n of_o your_o leidger_n book_n be_v open_a be_v the_o debtor_n side_n and_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o say_a book_n towards_o your_o right_a hand_n be_v the_o creditor_n side_n journal_n how_o parcel_n be_v find_v in_o the_o leidger_n and_o journal_n wherein_o you_o enter_v every_o account_n by_o itself_o from_o the_o parcel_n of_o your_o journal_n which_o parcel_n in_o the_o say_v leidger_n book_n be_v find_v in_o the_o journal_n by_o the_o date_n of_o it_o when_o it_o be_v make_v but_o in_o the_o journal_n the_o leave_n or_o folio_n of_o the_o leidger_n be_v note_v over_o a_o line_n in_o the_o margin_n for_o the_o debtor_n and_o under_o the_o say_a line_n for_o the_o creditor_n and_o so_o in_o the_o leidger_n book_n every_o parcel_n have_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n a_o direction_n to_o the_o folio_n or_o carta_n as_o the_o italian_n call_v it_o whereby_o the_o debtor_n show_v his_o creditor_n and_o the_o creditor_n make_v relation_n to_o his_o debtor_n which_o word_n be_v not_o use_v but_o understand_v by_o such_o a_o one_o owe_v and_o such_o a_o one_o be_v due_a to_o have_v not_o only_o of_o person_n but_o of_o thing_n themselves_o as_o the_o great_a merchant_n which_o buy_v and_o sell_v many_o commodity_n for_o themselves_o or_o for_o other_o they_o will_v arm_v a_o account_n which_o be_v the_o spanish_a phrase_n armar_n una_fw-la cuenta_fw-la but_o in_o plain_a english_a they_o will_v keep_v or_o frame_v a_o account_n for_o themselves_o magazine_n magazine_n and_o make_v their_o warehouse_n or_o magazine_n debtor_n because_o the_o warehouse_n be_v trust_v with_o the_o ware_n or_o commodity_n other_o will_v make_v the_o commodity_n debtor_n and_o their_o own_o capital_a or_o stock_n creditor_n stock_n capital_a or_o stock_n in_o like_a manner_n because_o their_o money_n be_v lay_v up_o or_o lock_v in_o a_o chest_n which_o they_o call_v cash_n they_o will_v therefore_o imagine_v this_o cash_n to_o be_v a_o person_n who_o they_o have_v trust_v chest._n caâ—â—_n or_o chest._n and_o make_v the_o say_v cash_n a_o debtor_n for_o the_o money_n they_o put_v into_o it_o and_o when_o they_o pay_v out_o that_o money_n or_o any_o part_n thereof_o they_o will_v make_v cash_n creditor_n and_o that_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v pay_v shall_v be_v make_v the_o debtor_n and_o if_o he_o do_v pay_v the_o same_o by_o your_o order_n to_o another_o party_n he_o shall_v be_v make_v the_o debtor_n and_o so_o the_o other_o be_v discharge_v and_o become_v a_o creditor_n and_o so_o from_o one_o to_o another_o until_o you_o come_v to_o receive_v the_o money_n again_o and_o then_o cash_n be_v debtor_n again_o for_o you_o must_v still_o have_v a_o care_n to_o find_v a_o debtor_n to_o have_v his_o creditor_n summer_n a_o â—â—rrie_a jest_n of_o will._n summer_n and_o
cash_n you_o make_v over_o 300_o will_v for_o amsterdam_n by_o exchange_n with_o condition_n and_o order_n to_o your_o factor_n that_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o the_o money_n grow_v due_a he_o shall_v make_v it_o over_o again_o by_o exchange_n unto_o you_o at_o double_a usance_n which_o be_v two_o month_n as_o you_o make_v it_o over_o unto_o he_o some_o now_o in_o this_o case_n will_v arm_v a_o account_n of_o exchange_n but_o it_o be_v better_a to_o make_v the_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n debtor_n for_o it_o and_o cash_n creditor_n ship_n be_v now_o arrive_v from_o saint_n lucar_n in_o spain_n and_o your_o factor_n of_o seville_a have_v sell_v your_o perpetuanoes_n bayes_n and_o lead_v tobacco_n return_v from_o spain_n in_o tobacco_n and_o in_o return_n thereof_o have_v send_v you_o a_o parcel_n of_o tobacco_n because_o cutcheneall_a be_v too_o dear_a and_o rich_a indigo_n be_v here_o too_o good_a cheap_a withal_o he_o have_v send_v you_o the_o account_n of_o your_o commodity_n keep_v in_o royal_n of_o silver_n spain_n account_n of_o good_n sell_v in_o spain_n account_v six_o penny_n for_o a_o royal_a of_o the_o clear_a provenu_fw-fr be_v 27240_o royal_n make_v sterling_a 681_o will_v whereof_o you_o make_v he_o debtor_n and_o the_o voyage_n for_o spain_n creditor_n and_o when_o you_o come_v to_o your_o leaguer_n book_n there_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o say_v good_n do_v cost_v you_o 736_o will_v and_o so_o there_o be_v lose_v 55_o will_v for_o this_o now_o to_o clear_v the_o account_n of_o the_o say_a good_n you_o make_v profit_n and_o loss_n debtor_n spain_n loss_n upon_o ware_n in_o spain_n and_o the_o say_a voyage_n creditor_n to_o balance_v this_o loss_n contrary_a to_o the_o gain_n the_o tobacco_n do_v cost_v with_o all_o charge_n 24800_o royal_n which_o be_v 620_o will_v for_o this_o you_o make_v a_o account_n of_o tobacco_n debtor_n and_o your_o factor_n of_o seville_a creditor_n sterling_a reduction_n of_o spanish_a money_n into_o sterling_a in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o you_o do_v your_o velvet_n put_v thereunto_o the_o great_a impost_n which_o you_o pay_v for_o the_o same_o and_o all_o charge_n and_o have_v sell_v your_o tobacco_n for_o ten_o shilling_n a_o pound_n one_o with_o another_o you_o find_v to_o have_v make_v clear_a above_o one_o thousand_o pound_n be_v it_o 1010_o will_v which_o cost_v you_o in_o spain_n but_o 620_o will_v so_o here_o be_v 390_o will_v get_v tobacco_n gain_v by_o tobacco_n but_o you_o lose_v 55_o will_v by_o your_o ware_n send_v into_o spain_n well_o this_o account_n be_v clear_v tobacco_n be_v make_v debtor_n 390_o will_v and_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o now_o you_o be_v well_o store_v for_o money_n for_o all_o be_v ready_a money_n save_v 300_o will_v at_o six_o month_n hereupon_o you_o make_v more_o money_n over_o by_o exchange_n for_o amsterdam_n exchange_n money_n make_v oâ—er_o by_o exchange_n by_o several_a bill_n to_o your_o factor_n to_o the_o sum_n of_o 500_o will_v and_o thereupon_o he_o be_v make_v debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n for_o the_o say_a sum_n interim_n your_o say_a factor_n of_o amsterdam_n have_v make_v over_o unto_o you_o by_o exchange_v the_o former_a 300_o will_v back_o again_o for_o which_o you_o make_v he_o creditor_n and_o the_o party_n debtor_n that_o be_v to_o pay_v you_o the_o money_n at_o double_a usance_n the_o ship_n of_o lixborne_n be_v also_o arrive_v and_o bring_v in_o return_n of_o your_o kersey_n and_o read_v clothes_n forty_o chest_n of_o sugar_n of_o the_o three_o sort_n pancla_n mascavado_n and_o blanco_n or_o white_a with_o advice_n that_o the_o commodity_n be_v sell_v at_o a_o reasonable_a rate_n for_o by_o the_o account_n it_o appear_v that_o the_o net_n provenu_fw-fr of_o it_o come_v to_o 1204_o thousand_o 800_o reys_n sterling_a reduction_n of_o portugal_n money_n into_o sterling_a which_o make_v 3012_o ducat_n of_o ten_o royal_n or_o 400_o reys_n be_v sterling_a 753_o will_v so_o that_o there_o be_v advance_v by_o the_o account_n just_a one_o hundred_o pound_n which_o be_v carry_v to_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n as_o in_o the_o former_a account_n the_o forty_o chest_n of_o sugar_n do_v cost_v 550_o will_v whereof_o the_o factor_n of_o lixborne_n be_v make_v creditor_n and_o the_o account_n of_o sugar_n debtor_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o aforesaid_a mutatis_fw-la mutandis_fw-la and_o the_o say_a sugar_n be_v sell_v paiable_a at_o six_o and_o six_o month_n for_o 820_o will_v so_o that_o the_o charge_n and_o custom_n deduct_v there_o be_v 190_o will_v get_v which_o be_v likewise_o post_v to_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n again_o money_n which_o be_v make_v over_o return_v by_o exchange_n again_o the_o 300_o will_v make_v over_o from_o amsterdam_n be_v now_o due_a to_o be_v pay_v here_o and_o the_o merchant_n do_v offer_v you_o to_o pay_v they_o by_o a_o new_a bill_n of_o exchange_n whereunto_o you_o agree_v and_o hereupon_o you_o make_v he_o creditor_n and_o your_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n again_o debtor_n and_o withal_o you_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_v other_o 200_o will_v payable_a at_o double_a usance_n and_o for_o this_o you_o make_v he_o debtor_n also_o and_o cash_n creditor_n the_o year_n be_v now_o almost_o expire_v and_o every_o provident_a merchant_n do_v common_o make_v up_o his_o account_n and_o draw_v a_o balance_n of_o his_o book_n and_o this_o merchant_n find_v to_o have_v receive_v of_o his_o manor_n of_o latham_n reckon_v money_o receive_v oâ—_n land_n and_o lease_n expense_n of_o house_n keep_v reckon_v and_o lease_n of_o a_o house_n 106_o will_v and_o for_o this_o he_o charge_v his_o cash_n and_o carry_v the_o same_o to_o gain_n and_o loss_n as_o he_o do_v all_o the_o former_a parcel_n then_o he_o do_v cast_v up_o his_o expense_n of_o house_n keep_v which_o come_v to_o 150_o will_v and_o for_o this_o he_o make_v profit_n and_o loss_n debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n the_o 400_o will_v make_v over_o from_o hamborough_n be_v receive_v and_o cash_n be_v debtor_n for_o it_o and_o the_o party_n that_o pay_v the_o same_o be_v make_v creditor_n and_o discharge_v now_o by_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n there_o appear_v to_o be_v get_v 911_o will_v clear_v stock_n gain_n of_o the_o account_v of_o profit_n &_o loss_n and_o loss_n carry_v to_o capital_a or_o stock_n all_o charge_n and_o expense_n deduct_v this_o be_v now_o carry_v to_o stock_n which_o be_v now_o 5911_o will_v hereupon_o take_v all_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n which_o be_v the_o balance_n of_o the_o book_n and_o you_o shall_v find_v nothing_o on_o the_o creditor_n side_n but_o the_o capital_a of_o 5911_o will_v which_o be_v balance_v by_o the_o nine_o account_n follow_v and_o the_o three_o account_n for_o the_o land_n lease_n and_o household_n stuff_n amount_v to_o 1900_o will_v unalter_a so_o 1900_o will_v for_o the_o say_a land_n book_n balance_n of_o the_o leaguer_n book_n lease_n plate_n and_o household_n stuff_n 420_o owe_v by_o two_o parcel_n at_o interest_n by_o c.d._n &_o n.w._n merchant_n 520_o owe_v for_o velvet_n sell_v to_o etc._n etc._n 300_o owe_v for_o tobacco_n sell_v to_o etc._n etc._n 820_o owe_v for_o sugar_n sell_v to_o etc._n etc._n 1000_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n etc._n etc._n 180_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o hamborough_n etc._n etc._n 61_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o seville_a etc._n etc._n 203_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o lixborne_n etc._n etc._n 507_o ready_a money_n in_o cash_n 5911_o will_v  _fw-fr thus_o it_o appear_v that_o this_o merchant_n have_v augment_v his_o capital_a or_o stock_n nine_o hundred_o and_o eleven_o pound_n loss_n loss_n by_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n be_v now_o worth_a 5911_o will_v and_o if_o he_o have_v be_v a_o loser_n by_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n then_o must_v he_o make_v his_o capital_a debtor_n and_o the_o say_a account_n creditor_n to_o balance_v the_o matter_n whereby_o his_o stock_n will_v have_v decrease_v now_o by_o these_o proceed_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v receive_v and_o pay_v you_o may_v understand_v all_o other_o voyage_n for_o what_o place_n soever_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o diversity_n of_o money_n and_o calculation_n of_o exchange_n already_o declare_v in_o our_o former_a chapter_n have_v a_o especial_a care_n to_o keep_v a_o orderly_a cash_n book_n of_o all_o the_o money_n receive_v and_o pay_v out_o which_o book_n the_o importance_n oâ—_n a_o cash_n book_n as_o money_n be_v publica_n mensura_fw-la or_o a_o right_a judge_n to_o set_v a_o price_n unto_o every_o thing_n so_o may_v you_o by_o the_o measure_n thereof_o true_o enter_v in_o the_o cash_n book_n find_v out_o many_o doubt_n question_n and_o uncertainty_n
of_o john_n make_v mention_n of_o peter_n and_o william_n here_o be_v four_o taker_n up_o of_o money_n and_o but_o effectual_o one_o deliverer_n of_o money_n which_o be_v francis_n for_o albeit_o that_o peter_n be_v the_o first_o deliverer_n of_o the_o five_o hundred_o pound_n he_o become_v a_o taker_n again_o of_o the_o say_a money_n receive_v the_o same_o of_o william_n so_o that_o gradatim_fw-la john_n be_v the_o first_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o say_v five_o hundred_o pound_n peter_n be_v the_o second_o taker_n up_o william_n be_v the_o three_o taker_n up_o and_o nicholas_n be_v the_o four_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o say_v five_o hundred_o pound_n of_o francis_n to_o this_o francis_n be_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n give_v payable_a to_o his_o friend_n factor_n or_o servant_n in_o the_o place_n for_o which_o the_o money_n be_v take_v up_o but_o the_o say_a bill_n be_v make_v by_o john_n the_o first_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o say_a money_n declare_v that_o the_o value_n of_o it_o be_v receive_v of_o peter_n for_o william_n and_o for_o nicholas_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o francis_n which_o be_v the_o last_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n which_o bill_n be_v pay_v all_o the_o party_n in_o this_o exchange_n be_v satisfy_v and_o pay_v and_o this_o be_v do_v with_o great_a facility_n 4_o there_o be_v also_o a_o custom_n that_o money_n be_v take_v by_o exchange_n for_o a_o certain_a place_n by_o man_n who_o be_v not_o general_o know_v and_o therefore_o must_v use_v the_o credit_n of_o another_o man_n as_o a_o three_o person_n in_o the_o exchange_n if_o this_o man_n do_v subscribe_v his_o name_n to_o the_o three_o or_o second_o bill_n of_o exchange_n it_o be_v sufficient_a and_o will_v be_v due_o perform_v according_o 5_o it_o be_v also_o ordinary_a that_o a_o master_n to_o draw_v money_n from_o his_o servant_n into_o his_o own_o hand_n or_o a_o merchant_n in_o the_o like_a case_n from_o his_o factor_n will_v make_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n payable_a to_o some_o other_o person_n and_o say_v in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o value_n receive_v of_o such_o a_o one_o name_v a_o friend_n of_o he_o as_o he_o take_v the_o say_a person_n to_o be_v if_o the_o servant_n or_o factor_n do_v accept_v this_o bill_n he_o will_v be_v make_v to_o pay_v it_o and_o if_o this_o person_n who_o name_n have_v be_v use_v will_v deal_v unjust_o the_o master_n or_o merchant_n shall_v be_v remediless_a unless_o he_o have_v some_o collateral_a writing_n for_o the_o same_o because_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n must_v be_v maintain_v 6_o again_o if_o a_o know_a servant_n do_v take_v up_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n upon_o his_o master_n and_o give_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o upon_o the_o say_a master_n the_o master_n be_v liable_a to_o pay_v the_o same_o although_o he_o do_v not_o accept_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o be_v understand_v that_o by_o his_o credit_n and_o not_o by_o the_o servant_n credit_n the_o money_n have_v be_v take_v up_o so_o that_o until_o he_o make_v a_o public_a declaration_n denounce_v his_o servant_n to_o the_o broker_n of_o exchange_n and_o otherwise_o the_o master_n be_v to_o pay_v all_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n to_o be_v keep_v inviolable_a 7_o there_o be_v also_o a_o custom_n that_o a_o master_n unto_o his_o servant_n or_o one_o friend_n unto_o another_o will_v send_v bill_n of_o exchange_n with_o the_o name_n in_o blank_a from_o one_o country_n into_o another_o as_o from_o hamborough_n to_o embden_n or_o from_o antuerpe_n to_o amsterdam_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o dansicke_a and_o at_o amsterdam_n the_o name_n be_v put_v in_o to_o who_o to_o be_v pay_v and_o of_o who_o receive_v and_o this_o depend_v upon_o the_o credit_n of_o he_o that_o make_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o this_o be_v also_o accomplish_v very_o orderly_o 8_o again_o a_o merchant_n may_v take_v by_o exchange_n in_o another_o man_n name_n or_o in_o his_o own_o name_n and_o another_o man_n name_n together_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o any_o place_n where_o exchange_n be_v use_v and_o subscribe_v his_o name_n and_o that_o man_n name_n or_o that_o man_n name_n alone_o and_o this_o man_n who_o name_n be_v use_v be_v liable_a and_o answerable_a to_o the_o say_a exchange_n if_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o it_o be_v do_v or_o the_o like_a use_v to_o be_v do_v by_o that_o other_o party_n with_o his_o consent_n or_o privity_n for_o to_o avoid_v inconvenience_n in_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n 9_o nay_o this_o go_v yet_o further_o to_o be_v consider_v of_o in_o equity_n and_o so_o adjudge_v that_o if_o a_o man_n do_v take_v up_o money_n for_o any_o place_n by_o exchange_n posito_fw-la from_o london_n to_o middleborough_n and_o there_o the_o money_n be_v pay_v and_o take_v up_o again_o by_o exchange_n for_o antuerpe_n and_o there_o it_o be_v also_o pay_v by_o money_n take_v up_o for_o amsterdam_n and_o at_o amsterdam_n it_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o say_a money_n be_v take_v up_o there_o again_o for_o middleborough_n and_o at_o middleborough_n it_o be_v again_o return_v and_o take_v up_o for_o london_n in_o one_o or_o more_o sum_n run_v in_o account_n between_o all_o these_o party_n deal_v therein_o but_o here_o at_o london_n it_o be_v not_o pay_v but_o go_v back_o again_o to_o middleborough_n by_o protest_v and_o there_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o it_o become_v insoluent_a now_o if_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o those_o money_n be_v original_o take_v up_o in_o london_n by_o the_o credit_n of_o that_o first_o taker_n which_o have_v be_v a_o principal_a cause_n of_o the_o continuance_n of_o it_o by_o exchange_n this_o man_n of_o london_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v with_o it_o as_o well_o as_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n thus_o may_v we_o see_v how_o tender_a and_o noble_a a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v of_o nature_n which_o by_o the_o proceed_n thereupon_o will_v be_v make_v more_o apparent_a *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n vi_o of_o the_o non-acceptation_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o custom_n observe_v concern_v the_o same_o this_o high_a nature_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n require_v such_o preciseness_n of_o proceed_n to_o see_v the_o performance_n thereof_o that_o every_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v very_o vigilant_a to_o observe_v the_o same_o and_o therefore_o as_o soon_o as_o a_o merchant_n receive_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whether_o it_o be_v payable_a at_o sight_n usance_n or_o double_a usance_n he_o be_v to_o present_v the_o say_a bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o the_o party_n upon_o who_o it_o be_v direct_v to_o know_v whether_o he_o will_v accept_v the_o same_o which_o if_o he_o do_v or_o promise_v by_o write_v under_o it_o the_o word_n accept_v observation_n first_o observation_n or_o with_o the_o addition_n of_o his_o name_n accept_v by_o i_o a._n b._n than_o the_o party_n be_v to_o pay_v it_o at_o the_o time_n contain_v in_o the_o bill_n but_o if_o the_o say_a party_n be_v not_o resolve_v to_o accept_v the_o same_o then_o after_o twenty_o and_o four_o hour_n past_a it_o be_v convenient_a to_o present_v he_o the_o say_a bill_n with_o a_o notary_n to_o make_v intimation_n of_o it_o unto_o he_o and_o to_o know_v whether_o he_o will_v accept_v the_o same_o as_o you_o do_v before_o if_o he_o deny_v to_o accept_v it_o than_o the_o notary_n do_v protest_v against_o he_o in_o word_n that_o the_o merchant_n do_v intend_v to_o recover_v all_o damage_n which_o he_o or_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n or_o himself_o for_o other_o might_n or_o shall_v sustain_v thereby_o whereunto_o the_o party_n need_v not_o to_o make_v any_o reply_n but_o if_o he_o do_v and_o withal_o desire_v the_o notary_n to_o declare_v the_o same_o in_o the_o notariall_a act_n or_o protest_v which_o he_o make_v for_o the_o non-acceptation_n then_o the_o notary_n be_v to_o put_v it_o down_o in_o write_v according_o and_o to_o deliver_v the_o same_o to_o the_o merchant_n to_o be_v send_v beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o all_o expedition_n because_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n there_o may_v take_v notice_n of_o it_o and_o secure_v himself_o of_o the_o party_n if_o there_o be_v cause_n and_o in_o the_o send_n of_o this_o protest_v of_o intimation_n the_o opportunity_n of_o the_o first_o post_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v to_o send_v the_o same_o by_o observation_n second_o observation_n if_o the_o merchant_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v payable_a be_v absent_a or_o sick_a or_o depart_v this_o life_n nevertheless_o any_o friend_n or_o servant_n of_o he_o may_v cause_v this_o protest_v to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o notary_n who_o do_v declare_v the_o name_n of_o he_o at_o who_o request_n he_o do_v present_v the_o
say_a bill_n of_o exchange_n if_o the_o party_n unto_o who_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v direct_v be_v absent_a or_o will_v not_o be_v find_v the_o notary_n may_v proceed_v nevertheless_o observation_n three_o observation_n and_o go_v to_o his_o lodging_n or_o dwell_v house_n and_o leave_v afterwards_o the_o copy_n of_o the_o protest_v with_o some_o of_o the_o house_n or_o throw_v the_o same_o within_o door_n and_o keep_v a_o note_n of_o it_o against_o the_o next_o time_n but_o these_o protest_v must_v be_v make_v at_o convenient_a hour_n neither_o too_o early_o in_o the_o morning_n or_o too_o late_a in_o the_o evening_n neither_o upon_o sabbath_n day_n or_o holy_a day_n but_o as_o it_o be_v sedente_fw-la curia_fw-la when_o any_o court_n of_o justice_n be_v open_a before_o the_o time_n of_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o say_a bill_n observation_n four_o observation_n the_o party_n may_v notwithstanding_o accept_v the_o say_a bill_n and_o pay_v it_o at_o the_o time_n or_o another_o man_n may_v accept_v the_o bill_n for_o the_o honour_n of_o it_o if_o you_o take_v that_o other_o man_n to_o be_v sufficient_a wherein_o the_o danger_n be_v nothing_o for_o all_o other_o remain_v still_o answerable_a and_o you_o have_v one_o man_n more_o bind_v by_o the_o say_v his_o acceptation_n which_o he_o do_v in_o these_o word_n accept_v by_o i_o a._n b._n for_o the_o honour_n of_o the_o bill_n if_o this_o man_n at_o the_o time_n do_v pay_v the_o say_a bill_n of_o exchange_n observation_n five_o observation_n because_o the_o party_n upon_o who_o it_o be_v direct_v do_v not_o yet_o he_o be_v to_o make_v first_o before_o he_o do_v pay_v the_o same_o a_o protest_v with_o a_o declaration_n that_o he_o have_v pay_v the_o same_o for_o the_o honour_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereby_o to_o receive_v the_o money_n again_o of_o he_o that_o have_v make_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n if_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v accept_v and_o nevertheless_o not_o pay_v observation_n six_o observation_n or_o that_o it_o be_v not_o accept_v as_o aforesaid_a and_o remain_v unpay_v then_o must_v you_o cause_v the_o notary_n to_o make_v a_o second_o protest_v for_o the_o non_fw-fr payment_n of_o it_o and_o therein_o declare_v that_o you_o pretend_v to_o recover_v all_o damage_n charge_n and_o interest_n against_o the_o maker_n of_o the_o bill_n or_o any_o other_o interest_n in_o the_o say_a exchange_n and_o rechange_v which_o must_v be_v declare_v in_o the_o say_v protest_v by_o a_o swear_a broker_n of_o exchange_n who_o give_v notice_n of_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n to_o the_o notary_n and_o if_o there_o because_o or_o hope_v of_o payment_n you_o may_v keep_v this_o protest_v two_o or_o three_o day_n in_o your_o hand_n without_o danger_n or_o else_o send_v it_o away_o to_o be_v recover_v beyond_o the_o sea_n of_o he_o that_o make_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o take_v up_o the_o money_n there_o but_o if_o this_o bill_n be_v accept_v here_o observation_n seven_o observation_n then_o be_v it_o lawful_a to_o demand_v payment_n of_o it_o by_o law_n or_o otherwise_o both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n at_o your_o pleasure_n until_o the_o bill_n be_v satisfy_v neither_o may_v the_o party_n that_o make_v the_o bill_n leave_v it_o unpaid_a without_o discredit_n until_o he_o that_o have_v accept_v the_o same_o do_v pay_v it_o or_o be_v compel_v thereunto_o by_o law_n for_o there_o must_v be_v plain_a and_o honest_a deal_n in_o it_o both_o way_n and_o if_o the_o party_n that_o do_v accept_v the_o bill_n do_v afterwards_o break_v before_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n the_o giver_n of_o the_o bill_n or_o any_o other_o who_o credit_n have_v be_v use_v therein_o be_v still_o answerable_a for_o all_o there_o must_v be_v great_a regard_n have_v of_o the_o letter_n of_o advice_n observation_n eight_o observation_n and_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o for_o what_o account_v the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v pay_v before_o you_o accept_v the_o same_o for_o if_o a_o bill_n shall_v say_v put_v it_o to_o the_o account_n of_o such_o a_o man_n and_o the_o letter_n of_o advice_n upon_o some_o occasion_n shall_v alter_v the_o same_o you_o can_v safe_o pay_v this_o bill_n of_o exchange_n but_o must_v declare_v the_o same_o by_o way_n of_o protest_v otherwise_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n may_v be_v construe_v against_o you_o if_o there_o be_v difference_n in_o account_n whereupon_o the_o matter_n may_v come_v in_o question_n observation_n nine_o observation_n again_o if_o a_o man_n do_v accept_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n within_o himself_o as_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o himself_o and_o he_o do_v it_o upon_o another_o than_o either_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n or_o the_o letter_n of_o advice_n do_v signify_v he_o must_v also_o make_v a_o protest_v declare_v the_o same_o or_o he_o shall_v pay_v it_o in_o his_o own_o wrong_n by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n observation_n ten_o observation_n if_o a_o man_n do_v pay_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n before_o it_o be_v due_a unto_o one_o that_o do_v break_v afterwards_o he_o shall_v be_v compel_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o again_o unto_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n in_o who_o power_n it_o be_v to_o divert_v the_o payment_n or_o to_o cause_v the_o bill_n to_o be_v alter_v and_o make_v payable_a to_o another_o during_o all_o the_o time_n of_o the_o payment_n observation_n eleven_o observation_n if_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v intercept_v by_o any_o mean_n and_o take_v from_o the_o post_n that_o shall_v have_v bring_v the_o same_o and_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v payable_a have_v advice_n of_o it_o by_o other_o letter_n do_v come_v to_o he_o upon_o who_o the_o say_a bill_n be_v direct_v and_o desire_v his_o promise_n of_o acceptation_n without_o that_o the_o bill_n be_v show_v he_o and_o afterward_o do_v pay_v he_o the_o same_o according_o without_o take_v any_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o this_o payment_n be_v not_o good_a nor_o lawful_a by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n and_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n will_v recover_v it_o of_o you_o again_o observation_n twelve_o observation_n if_o protest_v of_o non_fw-fr payment_n be_v make_v of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o have_v be_v set_v over_o or_o transfer_v to_o many_o person_n as_o in_o the_o case_n before_o declare_v where_o francis_n be_v the_o last_o deliverer_n then_o all_o the_o party_n interress_v in_o that_o exchange_n be_v answerable_a for_o it_o insomuch_o that_o peter_n who_o be_v the_o first_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n and_o afterwards_o become_v a_o taker_n do_v bear_v adventure_n of_o all_o until_o the_o bill_n be_v pay_v and_o so_o do_v all_o the_o other_o taker_n name_v in_o the_o bill_n as_o for_o example_n francis_n the_o party_n who_o take_v this_o bill_n as_o be_v deliverer_n of_o it_o at_o last_o must_v go_v a_o retrograde_a course_n herein_o if_o john_n who_o make_v the_o bill_n and_o be_v the_o first_o taker_n up_o do_v not_o pay_v the_o same_o francis_n then_o seek_v nicholas_n nicholas_n seek_v william_n william_n seek_v peter_n and_o peter_n seek_v john_n the_o first_o taker_n of_o the_o money_n of_o he_o suppose_v john_n be_v break_v than_o he_o go_v to_o peter_n if_o peter_n break_v then_o to_o william_n if_o william_n break_v then_o to_o nicholas_n if_o nicholas_n break_v than_o all_o be_v lose_v so_o that_o all_o of_o they_o be_v answerable_a to_o this_o bill_n as_o abovesaid_a these_o twelve_o observation_n be_v to_o be_v keep_v and_o maintain_v by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n concern_v bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o careful_o and_o serious_o as_o the_o roman_n do_v their_o law_n of_o twelve_o table_n so_o much_o celebrate_v by_o they_o there_o happen_v of_o late_a a_o case_n worthy_a the_o consideration_n for_o matter_n of_o exchange_n accept_v a_o case_n about_o bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v accept_v a_o merchant_n of_o antuerp_n be_v indebt_v unto_o another_o merchant_n there_o do_v deliver_v several_a bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o 800_o will_v upon_o a_o merchant_n in_o london_n who_o do_v accept_v all_o the_o say_a bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v payable_a at_o usance_n and_o double_a usance_n after_o this_o the_o merchant_n that_o give_v the_o say_v bill_n in_o antuerp_n to_o the_o other_o merchant_n do_v break_v hereupon_o the_o merchant_n at_o london_n repent_v himself_o to_o have_v accept_v the_o say_v bill_n make_v intimation_n by_o a_o notary_n to_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v paiable_a that_o he_o do_v not_o intend_v to_o pay_v the_o say_a bill_n because_o the_o party_n break_v in_o antuerp_n have_v not_o receive_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n of_o the_o other_o merchant_n there_o although_o the_o bill_n of_o
exchange_n do_v acknowledge_v the_o receipt_n for_o the_o bill_n be_v give_v upon_o account_n between_o they_o which_o be_v to_o be_v make_v up_o and_o he_o be_v not_o to_o clear_v their_o account_n and_o the_o party_n break_v do_v owe_v unto_o he_o far_o great_a sum_n the_o party_n at_o london_n answer_v the_o notary_n that_o they_o look_v to_o be_v pay_v according_a to_o the_o acceptation_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o for_o other_o matter_n they_o have_v nothing_o to_o do_v therewith_o interim_n the_o party_n at_o london_n who_o have_v accept_v the_o bill_n die_v and_o so_o all_o the_o bill_n return_v protest_v and_o the_o matter_n rest_v undetermine_v but_o the_o opinion_n of_o other_o merchant_n and_o my_o own_o be_v that_o the_o acceptor_n of_o the_o bill_n be_v to_o pay_v they_o and_o his_o heir_n and_o executor_n be_v liable_a thereunto_o unless_o there_o be_v find_v a_o apparent_a combination_n and_o practice_n in_o it_o between_o the_o two_o merchant_n of_o antuerp_n as_o be_v by_o many_o suspect_v thus_o much_o concern_v the_o observation_n of_o exchange_n chap._n vii_o of_o notary_n intimation_n and_o protest_v the_o intimation_n of_o notary_n well_o and_o orderly_o make_v may_v be_v call_v to_o be_v true_a probation_n of_o the_o original_n in_o the_o court_n of_o law_n and_o equity_n whereby_o the_o better_a foundation_n may_v be_v lay_v in_o all_o litigious_a cause_n which_o take_v their_o feel_a beginning_n of_o a_o wrong_n do_v protest_v the_o time_n of_o intimation_n and_o protest_v whereof_o intimation_n be_v a_o manifestation_n and_o protest_v as_o be_v more_o sensible_a be_v mean_n of_o the_o redress_n thereof_o both_o these_o have_v a_o tripartite_a reference_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n to_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o which_o we_o be_v to_o make_v our_o declaration_n observe_v first_o and_o foremost_a that_o the_o time_n to_o make_v the_o say_a intimation_n and_o protest_v must_v be_v observe_v both_o for_o day_n and_o hour_n as_o have_v be_v note_v for_o the_o hour_n convenient_a be_v when_o the_o action_n of_o man_n be_v public_o do_v in_o the_o day_n time_n neither_o too_o early_a nor_o too_o late_o but_o as_o it_o be_v at_o such_o time_n as_o matter_n be_v ordinary_o hear_v in_o judicial_a court_n wherein_o the_o sabbath_n day_n and_o holiday_n be_v except_v which_o they_o be_v likewise_o to_o observe_v day_n commodity_n to_o be_v deliver_v by_o a_o day_n for_o commodity_n buy_v or_o sell_v to_o be_v deliver_v at_o or_o before_o such_o a_o day_n it_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o make_v intimation_n and_o to_o tender_v the_o commodity_n before_o the_o day_n but_o it_o must_v also_o be_v do_v upon_o the_o last_o day_n and_o to_o take_v witness_n of_o it_o and_o if_o the_o commodity_n be_v not_o of_o the_o goodness_n that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v by_o the_o contract_n or_o bargain_n make_v and_o nevertheless_o for_o some_o cause_n you_o do_v not_o hold_v convenient_a to_o refuse_v they_o let_v there_o be_v make_v a_o notariall_a instrument_n or_o act_n concern_v the_o defectivenesse_n of_o the_o commodity_n with_o a_o protestation_n of_o your_o intention_n to_o recover_v all_o your_o damage_n and_o loss_n sustain_v or_o like_a to_o be_v sustain_v thereby_o which_o will_v be_v very_o available_a unto_o you_o upon_o all_o occasion_n this_o be_v much_o observe_v beyond_o the_o sea_n especial_o upon_o the_o lading_n of_o ship_n which_o be_v to_o take_v in_o the_o same_o or_o else_o may_v incur_v a_o further_a danger_n unto_o the_o charter-partie_n of_o fraightment_n and_o whereas_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n will_v make_v a_o protest_v against_o you_o if_o his_o lade_n be_v not_o ready_a at_o the_o day_n appoint_v or_o agree_v upon_o so_o be_v it_o reasonable_a that_o you_o make_v the_o like_a protest_v against_o the_o party_n that_o sell_v you_o the_o commodity_n to_o be_v deliver_v at_o such_o a_o day_n and_o if_o it_o do_v fall_v out_o that_o you_o have_v commit_v the_o like_a fault_n and_o thereupon_o a_o protest_v be_v make_v against_o you_o and_o the_o notary_n will_v crave_v your_o answer_n to_o be_v record_v that_o thereupon_o at_o convenient_a time_n some_o advantage_n may_v be_v take_v against_o you_o the_o not_o answer_v being_n take_v to_o be_v discourteous_a or_o brutish_a the_o ordinary_a answer_n be_v video_fw-la &_o taceo_fw-la or_o i_o do_v hear_v and_o see_v which_o word_n the_o notary_n do_v insert_v in_o his_o act_n intimation_n or_o protest_v specialty_n money_n payable_a by_o bond_n or_o specialty_n if_o intimation_n protest_v or_o witness_n be_v make_v concern_v the_o receipt_n and_o payment_n of_o money_n upon_o bond_n or_o other_o evidence_n limit_v to_o a_o day_n you_o be_v then_o to_o observe_v the_o last_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n and_o to_o tender_a or_o to_o attend_v for_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v or_o to_o be_v receive_v until_o sun_n set_v at_o the_o place_n where_o the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v pay_v and_o common_o stay_v there_o one_o hour_n after_o sun_n set_v with_o witness_n and_o if_o the_o house_n lodging_n or_o place_n be_v shut_v up_o make_v your_o tender_a or_o demand_v upon_o the_o threshold_n of_o the_o door_n but_o the_o money_n must_v be_v tell_v even_o and_o then_o put_v up_o again_o into_o the_o bag_n and_o to_o take_v notice_n and_o witness_n of_o it_o under_o their_o hand_n write_v of_o the_o day_n and_o hour_n when_o the_o money_n be_v tender_v or_o on_o the_o other_o side_n when_o it_o be_v demand_v but_o this_o last_o be_v in_o case_n when_o money_n be_v make_v paiable_a upon_o reasonable_a demand_n demand_n money_n paiable_a upon_o reasonable_a demand_n for_o albeit_o that_o money_n simple_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v owe_v by_o bill_n or_o bond_n without_o limitation_n of_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n be_v take_v to_o be_v due_a ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la that_o be_v as_o soon_o as_o you_o do_v underwrite_v the_o say_a bill_n or_o bond_n yet_o civility_n require_v a_o kind_n of_o intimation_n and_o demand_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n although_o a_o bill_n have_v a_o time_n limit_v for_o the_o payment_n yet_o if_o the_o same_o be_v thirty_o year_n old_a and_o have_v be_v never_o demand_v it_o be_v void_a of_o course_n and_o can_v be_v recover_v by_o that_o law_n and_o bill_n make_v upon_o reasonable_a demand_n if_o they_o be_v not_o demand_v in_o seven_o year_n which_o be_v account_v for_o the_o life_n of_o man_n it_o be_v void_a also_o for_o there_o must_v be_v a_o determinate_a course_n in_o all_o thing_n or_o a_o continuance_n by_o way_n of_o reviuer_n therefore_o land_n hold_v in_o quiet_a possession_n for_o the_o space_n of_o sixty_o year_n be_v a_o perpetual_a inheritance_n by_o the_o say_v law_n if_o money_n payable_a upon_o the_o forfeiture_n of_o a_o bond_n forfeiture_n money_n take_v which_o be_v payable_a upon_o a_o forfeiture_n have_v be_v take_v or_o rob_v upon_o the_o high_a way_n or_o otherwise_o whereby_o the_o bond_n can_v not_o be_v pay_v upon_o the_o day_n yet_o be_v it_o necessary_a to_o make_v intimation_n of_o it_o at_o the_o place_n where_o the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v pay_v to_o avoid_v all_o such_o advantage_n as_o may_v be_v take_v thereupon_o upon_o the_o redemption_n of_o land_n or_o lease_n jewel_n or_o any_o other_o commodity_n wherein_o the_o court_n of_o equity_n will_v relieve_v a_o man_n hereupon_o the_o soon_o for_o it_o be_v a_o demonstration_n of_o a_o good_a will_n and_o intention_n prevent_v by_o such_o a_o mischievous_a accident_n et_fw-la si_fw-la desint_fw-la vires_fw-la tamen_fw-la est_fw-la laudanda_fw-la voluntas_fw-la concern_v intimation_n and_o protest_v to_o be_v make_v upon_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o non-acceptation_n of_o payment_n it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v exchange_n for_o non-acceptation_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o the_o first_o protest_v which_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o intimation_n require_v more_o celerity_n than_o the_o other_o and_o albeit_o that_o by_o custom_n the_o party_n who_o be_v to_o accept_v the_o same_o have_v twenty_o and_o four_o hour_n respite_n to_o deliberate_v before_o he_o give_v his_o answer_n nevertheless_o it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o lose_v any_o time_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o protest_v of_o acceptation_n for_o if_o there_o be_v no_o pregnant_a cause_n the_o protest_v may_v be_v leave_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o notary_n for_o a_o while_n but_o your_o diligence_n can_v be_v discommend_v this_o protest_v be_v make_v exchange_n for_o nonpayment_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o afterward_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n become_v due_a the_o notary_n be_v the_o fit_a man_n to_o demand_v the_o payment_n or_o to_o protest_v unless_o the_o party_n upon_o who_o
any_o thing_n in_o question_n where_o there_o want_v proof_n or_o they_o may_v minister_v the_o say_a oath_n to_o either_o party_n upon_o pregnant_a occasion_n to_o boult_v out_o the_o truth_n the_o like_a authority_n have_v the_o prior_n and_o consul_n of_o merchant_n and_o moreover_o their_o authority_n do_v far_o exceed_v the_o power_n of_o commissioner_n for_o as_o arbitrator_n have_v a_o determinate_a power_n to_o make_v a_o end_n of_o controversy_n in_o general_a term_n without_o declaration_n of_o particular_n so_o have_v the_o prior_n and_o consul_n power_n to_o do_v the_o like_a whereas_o commissioner_n be_v to_o give_v a_o reason_n and_o declaration_n of_o their_o proceed_n to_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n final_o the_o arbitrator_n authority_n impli_v a_o voluntary_a command_n proceed_v from_o both_o party_n which_o the_o commissioner_n have_v not_o but_o the_o merchant_n court_n have_v chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o merchant_n court_n or_o office_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n the_o three_o mean_a to_o end_n and_o determine_v merchant_n question_n and_o controversy_n happen_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n be_v the_o court_n of_o merchant_n call_v prior_n and_o consul_n or_o il_fw-fr consolato_fw-la as_o the_o italian_n have_v call_v the_o same_o and_o here_o we_o may_v say_v a_o merchant_n be_v in_o loco_fw-la propriâ—_n as_o the_o fish_n in_o the_o water_n where_o he_o understand_v himself_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n according_a to_o which_o they_o be_v determine_v and_o if_o he_o do_v not_o yet_o as_o every_o man_n be_v take_v to_o be_v wise_a in_o his_o profession_n so_o may_v he_o be_v admit_v to_o understand_v they_o the_o rather_o when_o he_o shall_v true_o peruse_v and_o ponder_v the_o content_n of_o this_o book_n which_o in_o my_o love_n to_o merchant_n i_o have_v compile_v as_o aforesaid_a the_o civilians_n have_v consider_v of_o this_o office_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n establish_v in_o many_o place_n of_o france_n italy_n and_o germany_n power_n wherein_o prior_n and_o consul_n have_v no_o power_n have_v make_v diverse_a question_n of_o their_o authority_n say_v they_o can_v decree_v any_o thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n as_o that_o the_o father_n shall_v be_v bind_v for_o the_o son_n or_o the_o son_n for_o the_o father_n or_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v malum_fw-la in_o se_fw-la or_o natural_o unjust_a or_o against_o the_o public_a good_a or_o that_o which_o savour_v of_o a_o monopoly_n neither_o may_v they_o forbid_v any_o man_n to_o go_v to_o law_n or_o order_n that_o a_o work_n begin_v by_o one_o shall_v not_o be_v end_v by_o another_o without_o the_o other_o consent_n neither_o be_v they_o to_o deal_v or_o to_o determine_v of_o any_o thing_n but_o what_o concern_v merchandise_v for_o other_o thing_n as_o the_o sell_n of_o house_n land_n and_o the_o like_a do_v not_o appertain_v unto_o they_o true_a it_o be_v that_o all_o matter_n criminal_a or_o offensive_a do_v not_o belong_v unto_o they_o to_o deal_v in_o for_o there_o the_o king_n attorney_n be_v a_o party_n and_o have_v interest_n therein_o as_o falsify_v of_o obligation_n and_o bill_n of_o debt_n or_o other_o writing_n matter_n of_o reproach_n or_o discredit_v of_o person_n theft_n and_o other_o evil_a unlawful_a behaviour_n do_v and_o commit_v by_o their_o say_a servant_n or_o themselves_o or_o any_o other_o merchant_n factor_n or_o intermedler_n in_o cause_n of_o merchandise_n as_o also_o all_o other_o not_o exercise_v the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v forbid_v to_o be_v deal_v with_o by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n neither_o be_v they_o to_o deal_v with_o the_o contract_n of_o usury_n either_o feign_v or_o otherwise_o unlawful_a nor_o with_o the_o will_n and_o testament_n or_o contract_n of_o marriage_n of_o any_o person_n or_o with_o the_o interchange_n of_o good_n by_o consent_n and_o all_o other_o such_o like_a contract_n but_o only_o in_o all_o civil_a cause_n of_o merchandise_v how_o be_v it_o these_o questionable_a matter_n be_v not_o of_o that_o moment_n to_o be_v discuss_v consider_v that_o their_o authority_n be_v declare_v and_o confine_v by_o the_o charter_n and_o privilege_n make_v unto_o they_o by_o prince_n and_o commonweal_n whereunto_o relation_n be_v to_o be_v have_v and_o according_o they_o be_v to_o proceed_v have_v a_o respect_n to_o the_o equity_n of_o the_o cause_n hereupon_o benvenuto_n straccha_n the_o civilian_n make_v a_o treatise_n quomodo_fw-la procedendum_fw-la sit_fw-la in_o causis_fw-la mercatorum_fw-la of_o the_o manner_n to_o proceed_v in_o merchant_n affair_n wherein_o be_v many_o universal_a thing_n propound_v which_o be_v easy_a but_o particular_a thing_n be_v common_o more_o true_a by_o his_o own_o observation_n confirmation_n the_o decree_n of_o merchant_n need_v no_o other_o confirmation_n and_o he_o conclude_v that_o the_o decree_n of_o merchant_n need_v no_o other_o confirmation_n or_o approbation_n the_o oath_n take_v by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n to_o observe_v the_o law-merchant_n be_v subject_a to_o punishment_n if_o they_o be_v perfidious_a or_o forswear_a as_o well_o as_o the_o oath_n of_o all_o other_o judge_n and_o write_v de_fw-la consulibus_fw-la mercatorum_fw-la he_o say_v that_o a_o merchant_n may_v call_v in_o question_n and_o begin_v his_o plea_n before_o they_o although_o it_o be_v against_o one_o that_o be_v no_o merchant_n if_o the_o cause_n concern_v merchandise_v and_o the_o plaintiff_n herein_o bind_v the_o defendant_n to_o be_v judge_v by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n be_v he_o either_o a_o knight_n or_o ecclesiastical_a person_n or_o a_o stranger_n not_o resident_a in_o the_o place_n in_o the_o like_a manner_n all_o banker_n shopkeeper_n in_o fair_n and_o market_n be_v bind_v to_o their_o jurisdiction_n for_o matter_n of_o money_n and_o exchange_n or_o for_o merchandise_n the_o plaintiff_n may_v in_o other_o place_n where_o the_o defendant_n do_v deal_v or_o negotiate_v be_v at_o his_o choice_n to_o begin_v or_o commence_v his_o suit_n where_o he_o will_v but_o not_o in_o two_o place_n at_o one_o time_n for_o one_o cause_n wherein_o sometime_o the_o penalty_n be_v by_o he_o respect_v to_o be_v far_o great_a in_o one_o place_n than_o in_o another_o here_o let_v we_o remember_v the_o controversy_n between_o two_o brother_n which_o be_v above_o fortie-yeare_n since_o call_v joan_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr failia_n and_o jaques_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr failia_n who_o go_v to_o law_n in_o brabant_n for_o many_o thousand_o pound_n and_o afterward_o one_o of_o they_o do_v commence_v suit_n in_o flanders_n be_v another_o jurisdiction_n whereupon_o he_o be_v compel_v to_o pay_v a_o forfeiture_n of_o 4000_o will_v jurisdiction_n a_o forfeiture_n for_o a_o jurisdiction_n for_o in_o truth_n good_a order_n and_o custom_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v as_o law_n and_o nothing_o be_v to_o be_v admit_v that_o may_v infringe_v the_o law_n of_o merchant_n the_o proceed_n before_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n be_v by_o libel_n or_o petition_n or_o by_o declaration_n wherein_o let_v we_o note_v the_o difference_n set_v down_o by_o the_o say_a civilians_n declaration_n difference_n between_o a_o petition_n and_o a_o declaration_n the_o libel_n or_o declaration_n be_v to_o be_v make_v with_o all_o the_o form_n use_v in_o law_n as_o well_o for_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n as_o the_o matter_n of_o law_n but_o in_o a_o petition_n the_o form_n be_v not_o needful_a so_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v well_o express_v especial_o the_o sum_n which_o be_v demand_v or_o the_o good_n be_v lend_v or_o unjust_o detain_v must_v be_v specify_v and_o if_o it_o be_v for_o money_n owe_v for_o merchandise_n or_o lend_v it_o must_v be_v declare_v otherwise_o the_o consul_n will_v reject_v the_o petition_n as_o impertinent_a albeit_o some_o trivial_a error_n in_o petition_n be_v to_o be_v tolerate_v and_o the_o party_n be_v to_o be_v by_o the_o merchant_n law_n relieve_v they_o be_v to_o proceed_v summary_o in_o all_o their_o action_n proceed_v summarie_n proceed_v to_o avoid_v interruption_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n and_o they_o be_v to_o respect_v plain_a and_o sincere_a deal_n among_o merchant_n with_o a_o consideration_n to_o construe_v all_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v bona_fw-la fide_fw-la so_o that_o trust_n may_v be_v preserve_v among_o they_o debar_v as_o much_o as_o in_o they_o lie_v the_o exception_n of_o prescription_n excussion_n and_o of_o promise_n make_v without_o consideration_n quod_fw-la nudo_fw-la pacto_fw-la promisisti_fw-la and_o the_o like_a in_o so_o much_o that_o many_o time_n a_o woman_n be_v admit_v to_o be_v a_o procuratrix_n contrary_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n law_n a_o custom_n contrary_n to_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o all_o other_o exception_n upon_o plain_a bill_n and_o obligation_n be_v set_v a_o part_n and_o the_o truth_n be_v hunt_v after_o and_o all_o exception_n proceed_v of_o justice_n and_o
circumstantibus_fw-la and_o empannell_n they_o that_o be_v to_o take_v other_o person_n of_o the_o stander_n by_o which_o be_v do_v before_o the_o judge_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o trial_n when_o the_o jury_n have_v deliver_v up_o their_o verdict_n execution_n verdict_n judgement_n and_o execution_n if_o nothing_o be_v allege_v in_o respite_n of_o judgement_n than_o judgement_n be_v have_v of_o course_n and_o alsoe_o execution_n be_v award_v to_o be_v execute_v as_o the_o final_a end_n of_o law_n nevertheless_o there_o be_v three_o mean_n to_o dissolve_v the_o say_a judgement_n and_o execution_n namely_o by_o a_o writ_n of_o attaint_n a_o writ_n of_o error_n and_o a_o audita_fw-la quaerela_fw-la which_o writ_n be_v ground_v upon_o equity_n by_o law_n and_o conscience_n the_o writ_n of_o attaint_n be_v not_o only_o tedious_a and_o thargeable_a attaint_n write_v of_o attaint_n but_o also_o never_o for_o seldom_o try_v for_o the_o same_o be_v bring_v by_o the_o party_n grieve_v against_o the_o twelve_o man_n and_o the_o party_n for_o who_o the_o sentence_n be_v give_v and_o whereas_o before_o common_o upon_o the_o first_o enquest_n they_o be_v all_o yeoman_n or_o man_n of_o mean_a call_n now_o upon_o this_o attaint_n must_v go_v twenty_o four_o gentleman_n of_o great_a quality_n and_o forty_o eight_o must_v be_v warn_v to_o appear_v then_o there_o must_v in_o the_o attaint_n no_o more_o evidence_n be_v bring_v in_o but_o only_o that_o which_o be_v bring_v in_o and_o allege_v before_o the_o first_o enquest_n which_o not_o appear_v of_o record_n be_v hard_o to_o be_v make_v a_o plain_a matter_n again_o gentleman_n and_o other_o be_v loath_a to_o discredit_v their_o neighbour_n yet_o if_o the_o matter_n be_v so_o apparent_a that_o they_o must_v needs_o find_v they_o attaint_v then_o mean_n be_v find_v to_o defer_v the_o judgement_n and_o it_o may_v be_v the_o party_n shall_v be_v bring_v to_o a_o agreement_n or_o at_o the_o least_o one_o of_o they_o that_o be_v of_o the_o attaint_v juror_n will_v die_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n and_o then_o the_o attaint_n cease_v yet_o in_o this_o case_n if_o the_o party_n be_v in_o prison_n which_o bring_v the_o writ_n of_o attaint_n he_o may_v be_v bail_v as_o be_v in_o natura_fw-la brevium_fw-la the_o writ_n of_o error_n be_v more_o easy_a error_n write_v of_o error_n and_o be_v heretofore_o usual_a to_o prolong_v suit_n in_o law_n before_o the_o statute_n of_o jeofaile_v be_v make_v mean_v in_o good_a french_a i'ay_fw-fr failly_fw-fr for_o every_o small_a error_n if_o it_o be_v but_o false_a latin_a will_v overthrow_v a_o cause_n but_o now_o it_o run_v into_o another_o extreme_a for_o if_o the_o party_n grieve_v speak_v in_o arrest_n of_o judgement_n and_o show_v some_o material_a error_n upon_o motion_n make_v the_o adverse_a party_n may_v have_v it_o amend_v as_o often_o as_o error_n be_v open_v the_o record_n therefore_o aught_o to_o be_v first_o remove_v and_o not_o only_o by_o transcript_n be_v put_v into_o another_o court_n but_o the_o party_n be_v to_o plead_v thereunto_o in_o nullo_n est_fw-la erratum_fw-la and_o then_o the_o danger_n of_o open_v error_n be_v pass_v if_o there_o be_v no_o trick_n use_v in_o amend_v of_o the_o record_n under_o hand_n wherein_o lie_v a_o cerciorare_fw-la to_o satisfy_v the_o court_n where_o the_o record_n be_v bring_v namely_o from_o the_o common_a plea_n to_o the_o king_n bench_n court_n from_o the_o king_n bench_n to_o the_o exchequer_n which_o heretofore_o be_v do_v in_o parliament_n and_o therefore_o the_o party_n grieve_v and_o in_o prison_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n can_v be_v bailable_a upon_o a_o writ_n of_o error_n after_o judgement_n and_o execution_n as_o he_o be_v upon_o a_o judgement_n of_o the_o common_a plea_n in_o the_o court_n of_o king_n bench_n for_o this_o court_n of_o king_n bench_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n challenge_v some_o priority_n herein_o quaerela_fw-la the_o writ_n of_o audita_fw-la quaerela_fw-la the_o writ_n of_o audita_fw-la quaerela_fw-la be_v grant_v out_o of_o the_o king_n bench_n court_n if_o the_o judgement_n do_v depend_v there_o and_o returnable_a in_o the_o say_a court_n or_o else_o out_o of_o the_o chancery_n returnable_a in_o the_o king_n bench_n whereupon_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n take_v four_o bail_n in_o the_o vacation_n time_n before_o a_o master_n of_o the_o chancery_n and_o the_o matter_n do_v mere_o depend_v upon_o the_o bail_n the_o suggestion_n of_o the_o writ_n in_o matter_n of_o law_n be_v a_o late_a contract_n after_o judgement_n and_o execution_n a_o escape_n in_o law_n if_o the_o prisoner_n be_v by_o the_o gaoler_n permit_v to_o go_v abroad_o without_o the_o king_n writ_n or_o if_o he_o break_v prison_n in_o which_o case_n the_o gaoler_n be_v to_o pay_v the_o debt_n or_o upon_o a_o payment_n make_v since_o the_o execution_n also_o a_o wrong_a recovery_n by_o a_o executor_n who_o the_o prerogative_n court_n do_v afterward_o disavow_v such_o and_o the_o like_a suggestion_n be_v to_o be_v try_v by_o another_o jury_n upon_o evidence_n to_o be_v produce_v to_o prove_v the_o say_a allegation_n law_n a_o strict_a law_n this_o common_a law_n be_v so_o strict_a that_o the_o proverb_n be_v summum_fw-la ius_fw-la summa_fw-la iniuria_fw-la for_o example_n if_o a_o man_n seize_v of_o land_n in_o fee_n have_v issue_n two_o son_n the_o elder_a son_n go_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o because_o a_o common_a voice_n be_v that_o he_o be_v dead_a the_o young_a brother_n be_v take_v for_o heite_n the_o father_n die_v the_o young_a brother_n enter_v as_o heir_n and_o alienate_v the_o land_n with_o a_o warranty_n and_o die_v without_o any_o heir_n of_o his_o body_n and_o after_o the_o elder_a brother_n come_v again_o and_o claim_v the_o land_n as_o heir_n to_o his_o father_n in_o this_o case_n by_o the_o law_n the_o elder_a brother_n shall_v be_v bar_v by_o the_o warranty_n of_o the_o young_a brother_n again_o partner_n can_v sue_v each_o other_o by_o the_o law_n law_n partner_n can_v sue_v each_o other_o by_o the_o law_n if_o two_o man_n have_v a_o wood_n joint_o and_o the_o one_o sell_v the_o wood_n and_o keep_v all_o the_o money_n whole_o to_o himself_o in_o this_o case_n his_o fellow_n shall_v have_v no_o remedy_n against_o he_o by_o the_o common_a law_n for_o as_o they_o when_o they_o take_v the_o wood_n joint_o put_v each_o other_o in_o trust_n and_o be_v content_v to_o occupy_v and_o deal_v together_o so_o the_o law_n suffer_v they_o to_o order_v the_o profit_n thereof_o the_o law_n therefore_o be_v not_o complete_a without_o the_o court_n of_o chancery_n or_o equity_n for_o the_o imperfection_n and_o rigour_n of_o it_o be_v qualify_v thereby_o call_v to_o be_v aequum_fw-la &_o bonum_fw-la which_o may_v be_v consider_v in_o this_o case_n two_o stranger_n joint_o do_v deliver_v in_o trust_n unto_o a_o widow_n woman_n a_o round_a sum_n of_o money_n with_o condition_n not_o to_o deliver_v the_o same_o out_o of_o her_o hand_n but_o when_o they_o both_o shall_v demand_v the_o same_o within_o a_o while_n after_o one_o of_o they_o come_v unto_o she_o and_o do_v assure_v she_o by_o good_a indices_fw-la and_o probability_n that_o the_o other_o his_o companion_n be_v dead_a and_o thereupon_o do_v entreat_v she_o to_o deliver_v he_o the_o money_n which_o she_o do_v not_o suspect_v any_o fraud_n so_o the_o party_n go_v away_o with_o the_o money_n afterward_o come_v the_o other_o who_o be_v say_v to_o be_v dead_a and_o demand_v the_o money_n of_o the_o woman_n and_o understand_v that_o she_o have_v pay_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o other_o be_v much_o offend_v therewith_o and_o cause_v she_o to_o be_v adiourn_v before_o the_o judge_n the_o woman_n appear_v do_v declare_v the_o matter_n according_a to_o the_o truth_n show_v how_o the_o other_o have_v deceive_v she_o and_o she_o do_v whole_o rely_v upon_o the_o integrity_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o judge_n equity_n example_n of_o law_n and_o equity_n here_o a_o action_n of_o the_o case_n may_v have_v be_v bring_v against_o the_o woman_n by_o the_o law_n and_o cause_v she_o to_o seek_v the_o party_n that_o have_v deceive_v she_o but_o the_o judge_n temper_v the_o rigour_n of_o the_o law_n do_v give_v sentence_n that_o the_o woman_n shall_v pay_v the_o money_n unto_o the_o party_n so_o as_o he_o bring_v his_o companion_n with_o he_o to_o demand_v the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o covenant_n they_o both_o joint_o have_v repose_v a_o trust_n in_o she_o here_o i_o call_v to_o mind_v the_o question_n which_o no_o judge_n can_v determine_v a_o covetous_a doctor_n at_o the_o civil_a law_n will_v not_o instruct_v a_o young_a student_n unless_o he_o do_v pay_v he_o a_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n whereunto_o the_o student_n do_v condescend_v conditional_o that_o he_o shall_v
salt_n francis_n the_o first_o make_v the_o same_o perpetual_a as_o the_o domaine_v of_o the_o crown_n and_o all_o man_n be_v compel_v to_o buy_v it_o at_o the_o magazine_n upon_o pain_n of_o punishment_n this_o impost_n be_v let_v to_o farm_n for_o two_o million_o of_o crown_n or_o six_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a yearly_a the_o right_a of_o the_o sea_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n and_o he_o may_v lay_v imposition_n thirty_o league_n from_o the_o land_n into_o the_o sea_n if_o no_o other_o sovereign_a prince_n be_v not_o within_o that_o precinct_n there_o be_v eight_o court_n of_o parliament_n in_o france_n and_o eight_o chamber_n of_o account_n at_o paris_n erect_v 1302_o by_o philip_n le_fw-fr bell._n at_o paris_n parlement_n court_n of_o parlement_n at_o tholouze_n also_o and_o confirm_v by_o charles_n the_o 7._o in_o britain_n at_o grenoble_n 1453_o by_o lewis_n the_o 11._o at_o dion_n account_n court_n of_o account_n at_o bourdeaux_n 1462_o by_o lewis_n the_o 11._o at_o monpellier_n at_o aix_n 1501_o by_o lewis_n the_o 12._o in_o dolphin_n at_o dion_n 1476_o by_o lewis_n the_o 11_o for_o burgundy_n in_o provence_n at_o rouen_n 1449_o by_o lewis_n the_o 12_o for_o normandy_n at_o blois_n at_o rheame_n 1553_o by_o h._n the_o 2_o for_o britainie_n at_o rouen_n of_o the_o salic_a law_n of_o france_n it_o be_v a_o usual_a receive_a opinion_n that_o pharamont_n be_v the_o author_n of_o this_o law_n other_o think_v it_o be_v so_o call_v of_o the_o gaul_n that_o be_v call_v salie_n among_o who_o that_o law_n be_v establish_v for_o the_o ancient_a gaul_n term_v all_o their_o law_n either_o ripuarie_n or_o salic_a and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o charlemagne_n they_o be_v call_v salique_n nevertheless_o it_o be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v invent_v of_o latter_a time_n as_o by_o philip_n le_fw-fr long_n to_o frustrate_v the_o daughter_n of_o lewis_n huttin_n or_o else_o to_o have_v have_v the_o first_o strength_n from_o a_o usual_a custom_n of_o all_o barbarian_n which_o be_v never_o to_o suffer_v the_o female_n to_o inherit_v the_o crown_n and_o so_o be_v begin_v in_o the_o first_o and_o second_o line_n of_o the_o king_n it_o have_v continue_v in_o the_o three_o and_o by_o custom_n it_o be_v rather_o confirm_v than_o to_o be_v prove_v to_o be_v a_o law_n at_o any_o time_n ordain_v have_v be_v little_a account_n make_v thereof_o until_o the_o controversy_n between_o philip_n le_fw-fr long_n and_o end_v duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o claim_v it_o for_o his_o niece_n jane_n daughter_n to_o lewis_n huttin_n and_o philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n with_o edward_n king_n of_o england_n the_o book_n of_o the_o salic_a law_n be_v but_o a_o collection_n howbeit_o there_o be_v no_o example_n ever_o hear_v of_o that_o any_o woman_n govern_v of_o the_o law_n of_o the_o high_a and_o low_a germany_n concur_v with_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o court_n of_o equity_n in_o substance_n the_o court_n of_o equity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n after_o bill_n and_o answer_v replication_n and_o rejoinder_n and_o sometime_o duplication_n and_o at_o last_o conclusion_n with_o the_o examination_n of_o witness_n in_o serious_a manner_n the_o whole_a proceed_n be_v deliver_v to_o certain_a doctor_n or_o learned_a man_n which_o be_v as_o master_n of_o the_o chancery_n or_o belong_v to_o certain_a university_n to_o be_v abreviate_v which_o be_v call_v ad_fw-la rotulandum_fw-la who_o do_v cut_v off_o all_o superfluous_a thing_n which_o upon_o the_o matter_n be_v confess_v on_o both_o side_n process_n to_o abreviate_v long_a process_n or_o be_v not_o material_a to_o the_o state_n of_o the_o cause_n to_o bring_v the_o difference_n between_o the_o party_n to_o certain_a point_n or_o head_n whereupon_o the_o say_a party_n with_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o advocate_n or_o learned_a counsel_n do_v dispute_n and_o debate_v the_o say_a difference_n to_o bring_v they_o as_o it_o be_v ripe_a and_o perfect_v before_o the_o judge_n for_o if_o the_o defendant_n will_v take_v covert_o any_o exception_n against_o the_o judge_n of_o that_o jurisdiction_n he_o may_v have_v the_o whole_a process_n make_v up_o in_o the_o name_n of_o a.b._n and_o c.d._n as_o it_o be_v complainant_a and_o defendant_n without_o name_v either_o of_o the_o party_n and_o the_o same_o to_o be_v send_v under_o the_o town_n seal_v unto_o doctor_n or_o other_o learned_a man_n of_o university_n elect_v thereunto_o in_o other_o jurisdiction_n which_o do_v give_v their_o sentence_n or_o judgement_n thereupon_o and_o return_v the_o same_o back_n again_o under_o seal_n before_o the_o judge_n where_o the_o cause_n be_v depend_v who_o call_v both_o party_n before_o he_o demand_v of_o they_o whether_o he_o shall_v open_v the_o process_n and_o whether_o they_o will_v stand_v to_o the_o judgement_n therein_o contain_v and_o if_o the_o complainant_n descend_v thereunto_o then_o be_v the_o defendant_n thereby_o conclude_v see_v he_o have_v his_o choice_n and_o do_v in_o a_o manner_n appeal_v from_o the_o judge_n whereupon_o execution_n be_v present_o have_v and_o matter_n be_v end_v with_o expedition_n by_o the_o premise_n we_o may_v observe_v how_o other_o law_n be_v variable_a and_o subject_a to_o alteration_n and_o that_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v constant_a and_o permanent_a in_o her_o custom_n which_o therefore_o be_v not_o to_o be_v infringe_v but_o serious_o to_o be_v maintain_v by_o all_o the_o four_o precedent_a mean_n or_o some_o select_a course_n of_o execution_n to_o be_v devise_v concur_v with_o the_o same_o for_o the_o better_a furtherance_n whereof_o and_o more_o exact_a explanation_n by_o contrary_n i_o have_v for_o a_o corrollarie_n of_o this_o work_n add_v hereunto_o three_o paradox_n allude_v to_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n which_o will_v illustrate_v the_o most_o material_a consideration_n to_o be_v have_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n chap._n xviii_o three_o paradox_n allude_v to_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n have_v heretofore_o publish_v a_o treatise_n entitle_v england_n view_n in_o the_o unmask_n of_o two_o paradox_n which_o have_v be_v present_v unto_o the_o french_a king_n henry_n the_o four_o as_o a_o matter_n of_o great_a consequence_n and_o considerable_a in_o the_o government_n of_o commonweal_n and_o find_v that_o the_o true_a understanding_n of_o they_o with_o a_o three_o paradox_n observe_v by_o i_o do_v proper_o allude_v to_o the_o content_n of_o this_o book_n or_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n i_o do_v resolve_v to_o handle_v the_o substance_n of_o they_o for_o a_o corrollarie_n of_o the_o same_o be_v paradox_n what_o it_o be_v the_o rather_o because_o paradox_n be_v thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o vulgar_a opinion_n and_o will_v also_o make_v all_o the_o premise_n more_o manifest_a and_o apparent_a by_o their_o conclusion_n the_o say_v two_o paradox_n present_v by_o monsieur_n malestroit_n one_o of_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o finance_n or_o treasury_n in_o france_n be_v as_o follow_v say_v 1_o that_o to_o complain_v of_o the_o general_a dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n in_o france_n be_v without_o cause_n commodity_n commodity_n for_o there_o be_v nothing_o grow_v dear_a these_o three_o hundred_o year_n 2_o that_o there_o be_v much_o to_o be_v lose_v upon_o a_o crown_n and_o money_n and_o or_o any_o other_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n albeit_o one_o do_v give_v the_o same_o in_o payment_n at_o the_o price_n he_o do_v receive_v the_o same_o the_o three_o paradox_n which_o i_o have_v add_v hereunto_o be_v 3_o that_o the_o imaginary_a money_n suppose_v in_o exchange_n for_o money_n exchange_n exchange_n make_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o course_n and_o property_n of_o real_a and_o substantial_a money_n in_o specie_fw-la mounseur_fw-fr malestroit_n say_v that_o since_o the_o ancient_a permutation_n have_v be_v change_v in_o buy_v and_o sell_v and_o that_o the_o first_o riches_n of_o man_n which_o consist_v of_o cattle_n be_v transfer_v to_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n whereby_o all_o thing_n have_v receive_v their_o estimation_n dearth_n gold_n and_o silver_n be_v the_o judge_n of_o good_a cheap_a or_o dearth_n it_o follow_v that_o those_o metal_n be_v the_o right_a judge_n of_o good_a cheap_a or_o dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n we_o can_v say_v that_o any_o thing_n be_v dear_a than_o it_o be_v three_o hundred_o year_n ago_o unless_o that_o for_o the_o buy_v thereof_o we_o must_v now_o give_v more_o gold_n and_o silver_n than_o we_o do_v then_o but_o for_o the_o buy_n of_o all_o thing_n we_o do_v not_o give_v now_o more_o gold_n or_o silver_n than_o we_o do_v then_o therefore_o say_v he_o nothing_o be_v grow_v dear_a in_o france_n since_o that_o time_n to_o prove_v this_o he_o do_v allege_v that_o during_o the_o reign_n of_o
purpose_n as_o by_o the_o grant_n appear_v this_o licence_n they_o in_o short_a time_n pervert_v to_o the_o great_a disturbance_n of_o the_o ancient_a course_n of_o the_o staple_n whereby_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o realm_n great_o decline_v and_o the_o king_n custom_n decrease_v so_o that_o from_o 160_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a pay_v out_o of_o the_o staple_n the_o custom_n come_v short_a of_o 120_o thousand_o pound_n becket_n the_o fraternity_n of_o saint_n thomas_n of_o becket_n these_o new_a merchant_n term_v themselves_o the_o fraternity_n of_o saint_n thomas_n of_o becket_n be_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o by_o direction_n under_o the_o great_a scale_n of_o england_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o six_o prohibit_v from_o do_v any_o act_n that_o may_v prejudice_n the_o staple_n and_o so_o it_o continue_v until_o the_o two_o and_o twenty_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o and_o then_o there_o be_v another_o great_a complaint_n in_o parliament_n against_o the_o say_a fraternity_n for_o decay_v of_o trade_n and_o a_o very_a strict_a law_n make_v against_o they_o with_o especial_a order_n that_o they_o shall_v admit_v any_o of_o the_o king_n liege_n people_n into_o their_o society_n pay_v unto_o they_o ten_o mark_n which_o under_o pretence_n of_o some_o privilege_n have_v be_v interrupt_v and_o especial_o by_o his_o majesty_n proclamation_n in_o the_o fifteen_o year_n of_o his_o highness_n happy_a reign_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o controversy_n for_o the_o dress_n and_o die_v of_o cloth_n nevertheless_o in_o all_o their_o grant_n exception_n be_v make_v that_o the_o stapler_n shall_v not_o be_v prejudice_v which_o in_o the_o wisdom_n of_o a_o parliament_n will_v be_v find_v most_o necessary_a to_o be_v unite_v again_o to_o make_v a_o free_a trade_n under_o government_n 8_o the_o exportation_n of_o the_o material_n for_o cloth_n as_o wool_n fuller_n earth_n woolfell_n and_o woodash_n be_v prohibit_v late_o by_o his_o majesty_n proclamation_n with_o good_a order_n for_o the_o execution_n thereof_o according_a as_o heretofore_o be_v do_v by_o the_o corrector_n of_o the_o staple_n for_o other_o commodity_n 9_o touch_v the_o war_n of_o christendom_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o have_v also_o great_a war_n in_o his_o time_n with_o france_n and_o in_o ireland_n and_o nevertheless_o he_o do_v receive_v a_o very_a great_a assistance_n by_o subsidy_n of_o fifty_o shilling_n upon_o every_o sack_n of_o wool_n export_v for_o and_o during_o the_o time_n of_o six_o year_n which_o amount_v to_o 1500_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n when_o one_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v value_v but_o at_o twenty_o penny_n which_o will_v now_o amount_v to_o four_o million_o and_o a_o half_a 10_o and_o last_o the_o immoderate_a use_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v by_o the_o mayor_n and_o constable_n of_o the_o staple_n have_v in_o consideration_n for_o they_o have_v always_o a_o especial_a care_n to_o the_o enrich_n of_o the_o kingdom_n because_o the_o provident_a care_n of_o the_o king_n do_v put_v they_o in_o mind_n thereof_o insomuch_o that_o when_o the_o say_a king_n become_v forgetful_a therein_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o war_n and_o that_o the_o kingdom_n want_v chaffer_v ware_n and_o necessary_a provision_n the_o parliament_n do_v absolute_o deny_v to_o give_v he_o any_o subsidy_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o chronicle_n of_o grafton_n in_o the_o one_o and_o fifty_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n so_o that_o by_o the_o premise_n thing_n have_v be_v in_o some_o measure_n consider_v of_o when_o least_o disorder_n in_o trade_n appear_v a_o conclusion_n to_o the_o judicious_a reader_n the_o trivial_a vice_n of_o envy_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o mother_n of_o wickedness_n and_o account_v to_o sit_v in_o a_o imaginary_a theatre_n her_o palace_n be_v a_o dim_a and_o hollow_a vault_n wherein_o she_o wax_v pale_a and_o wan_a as_o have_v the_o consumption_n of_o the_o liver_n look_v a_o squint_a as_o bear_v under_o saturn_n never_o rest_v as_o though_o she_o be_v a_o arm_n of_o ixâ—ns_n wheel_n engender_v and_o hatch_v by_o the_o ugly_a megara_n of_o hell_n that_o feed_v and_o cram_v her_o gorge_n with_o dragon_n and_o foam_v out_o again_o deadly_a poison_n this_o unce_n have_v send_v forth_o triple_a head_a cerberus_n under_o the_o shadow_n of_o zoilus_n momus_n and_o mastix_fw-la satyy_n three_o envious_a satyy_n to_o perform_v her_o intend_a tragedy_n but_o zoylus_n remember_v that_o his_o rail_a commentary_n present_v by_o he_o to_o ptolemy_n king_n of_o egypt_n and_o his_o presumption_n to_o be_v better_o learn_v than_o homer_n do_v work_v his_o overthrow_n go_v by_o with_o silence_n and_o shake_v his_o head_n seem_v to_o be_v discontent_v and_o under_o hand_n he_o do_v instigate_v momus_n and_o mastix_fw-la to_o follow_v their_o envious_a humour_n whereupon_o momus_n with_o his_o carp_a eye_n dim_v with_o passion_n have_v cursory_o read_v over_o this_o book_n take_v upon_o he_o to_o be_v a_o great_a politician_n or_o statist_n and_o find_v fault_n that_o many_o thing_n therein_o contain_v which_o he_o term_v mystery_n shall_v be_v publish_v and_o make_v know_v especial_o such_o as_o may_v concern_v prince_n in_o their_o revenue_n or_o secret_n of_o their_o mint_n unto_o he_o therefore_o i_o frame_v this_o answer_n confess_v and_o avoid_v that_o true_a it_o be_v that_o the_o ancient_a monarchy_n empire_n and_o commonweal_n hold_v the_o knowledge_n of_o their_o revenue_n in_o such_o reverence_n and_o secret_a that_o none_o but_o the_o officer_n which_o have_v the_o manage_n thereof_o be_v make_v privy_a of_o they_o as_o be_v sacred_a thing_n not_o fit_v that_o the_o people_n shall_v take_v notice_n thereof_o which_o be_v true_o observe_v in_o the_o roman_a empire_n and_o commonweal_n of_o the_o grecian_n but_o as_o time_n produce_v variety_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o man_n do_v change_v breed_v corruption_n of_o law_n and_o custom_n so_o be_v it_o find_v that_o by_o this_o secrecy_n officer_n be_v both_o embolden_v and_o enable_v to_o deceive_v the_o prince_n thereby_o and_o the_o people_n will_v pretend_v ignorance_n to_o giâ—e_v unto_o they_o their_o due_n whereupon_o the_o senator_n of_o rome_n by_o mature_a deliberation_n do_v ordain_v that_o from_o that_o time_n forward_o the_o revenue_n of_o their_o treasure_n and_o the_o dependence_n thereupon_o shall_v be_v publish_v and_o make_v know_v not_o only_o unto_o the_o people_n but_o unto_o stranger_n also_o which_o the_o emperor_n justinian_n cause_v to_o beobserue_v and_o other_o emperor_n succeed_v he_o as_o appeareth_z by_o the_o code_n and_o other_o book_n which_o the_o french_a king_n have_v imitate_v ever_o since_o willing_a and_o command_v that_o these_o thing_n shall_v be_v know_v of_o every_o one_o yea_o even_o of_o the_o mere_a stranger_n of_o other_o country_n so_o that_o this_o objection_n be_v of_o small_a moment_n especial_o this_o book_n be_v moderate_a in_o the_o handle_n thereof_o now_o mastix_fw-la ride_v a_o false_a gallop_n on_o a_o hackney_n horse_n be_v full_o freight_v of_o conceit_n come_v to_o town_n and_o make_v two_o exception_n to_o the_o method_n and_o content_n of_o the_o book_n first_o he_o will_v not_o allow_v the_o term_n of_o art_n by_o divide_v of_o the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n next_o he_o will_v not_o have_v merchant_n secret_n lay_v open_a or_o their_o trade_n divulge_v to_o the_o first_o concern_v the_o be_v essence_n or_o existence_n of_o thing_n he_o will_v make_v no_o difference_n between_o natural_a thing_n and_o thing_n artificial_a and_o so_o there_o be_v but_o two_o essential_a part_n of_o materia_fw-la &_o forma_fw-la albeit_o that_o some_o philosopher_n have_v establish_v three_o beginning_n of_o natural_a thing_n matter_n form_n and_o deprivation_n the_o matter_n have_v no_o other_o office_n or_o function_n but_o the_o change_n from_o one_o form_n into_o another_o deprivation_n give_v a_o inclination_n thereunto_o for_o deprivation_n be_v a_o imperfection_n so_o conjoin_v to_o the_o matter_n that_o without_o she_o if_o she_o be_v separate_v nothing_o will_v be_v engender_v and_o therefore_o in_o heaven_n there_o be_v no_o deprivation_n and_o consequent_o no_o generation_n ne_o corruption_n the_o form_n therefore_o give_v perfection_n to_o the_o thing_n and_o be_v also_o and_o without_o her_o the_o matter_n be_v more_o imperfect_a than_o the_o eye_n be_v without_o the_o faculty_n of_o see_v or_o the_o ear_n without_o hear_v but_o in_o artificial_o the_o be_v have_v her_o part_n as_o traffic_n have_v three_o namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n so_o other_o thing_n may_v consist_v of_o more_o be_v or_o simples_n wherein_o the_o term_n of_o art_n be_v not_o exclude_v neither_o can_v they_o avoid_v mastix_fw-la his_fw-la envy_n to_o the_o second_o the_o whole_a content_n of_o this_o book_n manife_v to_o all_o judicious_a merchant_n how_o necessary_a the_o knowledge_n be_v of_o the_o matter_n therein_o contain_v to_o maintain_v equity_n and_o justice_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o that_o there_o be_v no_o particular_a secret_n of_o any_o merchant_n trade_n reveal_v to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o any_o man_n or_o nation_n in_o so_o much_o that_o they_o be_v much_o please_v with_o it_o as_o be_v desirous_a to_o advance_v the_o good_a and_o to_o banish_v the_o evil_a observe_v that_o virtue_n make_v a_o stranger_n grow_v natural_a in_o a_o strange_a country_n and_o the_o vicious_a become_v a_o mere_a stranger_n in_o his_o own_o native_a soil_n let_v virtue_n therefore_o enjoy_v her_o freedom_n and_o possess_v her_o privilege_n by_o the_o right_n of_o law_n and_o all_o the_o people_n shall_v flourish_v with_o equity_n justice_n shall_v maintain_v peace_n peace_n shall_v procure_v security_n security_n shall_v nourish_v wealth_n and_o wealth_n felicity_n no_o man_n be_v to_o be_v dismay_v at_o his_o small_a talent_n or_o to_o grudge_v at_o another_o great_a prosperity_n for_o without_o doubt_n nature_n have_v by_o her_o secret_a motion_n deny_v none_o some_o perfect_a quality_n to_o supply_v that_o want_n which_o in_o himself_o breed_v discontent_a or_o mislike_n for_o even_o as_o the_o fish_n have_v no_o ear_n have_v a_o most_o clear_a sight_n so_o though_o want_n of_o dignity_n be_v a_o disgrace_n to_o some_o though_o want_v of_o coin_n discontent_n diverse_a and_o though_o lack_v of_o wealth_n impair_v the_o credit_n of_o many_o yet_o nature_n have_v supply_v that_o outward_a ornament_n with_o such_o a_o internal_a reward_n as_o a_o loyal_a and_o love_a heart_n notwithstanding_o many_o hard_a measure_n will_v with_o constancy_n spend_v all_o his_o time_n for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v thereunto_o employ_v this_o work_n thus_o at_o length_n happy_o conclude_v and_o commend_v to_o the_o kind_a acceptation_n of_o all_o gentle_a and_o well_o dispose_v mind_n be_v not_o compile_v to_o please_v the_o vain_a appetite_n of_o some_o man_n according_a to_o their_o nice_a opinion_n but_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o judicial_a and_o affable_a judgement_n of_o this_o age_n to_o who_o i_o shall_v during_o the_o remainder_n of_o my_o day_n always_o be_v ready_a to_o supply_v any_o thing_n which_o in_o the_o next_o impression_n may_v be_v desire_v not_o doubt_v but_o they_o will_v measure_v it_o by_o the_o just_a desert_n and_o censure_v thereof_o as_o their_o own_o kind_a nature_n have_v ever_o be_v accustom_v soli_fw-la deo_fw-la gloria_fw-la finis_fw-la
of_o these_o two_o lord_n be_v like_a unto_o phaeton_n horse_n for_o all_o be_v set_v into_o a_o combustion_n and_o the_o poor_a man_n go_v beg_v homeward_o to_o our_o exceed_a great_a loss_n of_o the_o benefit_n in_o expectation_n our_o mine_n be_v rich_a than_o those_o of_o the_o west-indies_n whereof_o i_o have_v make_v and_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v many_o trial_n of_o above_o twenty_o several_a sort_n of_o silver_n oar_n the_o two_o mine_n of_o muggleswike_n and_o wardall_n at_o duresme_n contain_v six_o and_o eight_o ounce_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o hundred_o which_o be_v fall_v in_o duresme_n silver_n mine_n at_o duresme_n may_v with_o a_o reasonable_a charge_n be_v bring_v in_o work_v according_a to_o the_o information_n which_o i_o take_v of_o the_o inhabitant_n there_o at_o which_o time_n i_o do_v intend_v to_o go_v further_o into_o lancashire_n to_o slaithborne_n mine_n lancashire_n slaithborne_n mine_n in_o lancashire_n hold_v above_o four_o ounce_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o hundred_o but_o be_v in_o the_o winter_n time_n and_o the_o weather_n very_o foul_a i_o be_v divert_v not_o without_o discontent_n because_o it_o be_v the_o country_n where_o my_o ancestor_n and_o parent_n be_v bear_v the_o silver_n mine_n at_o combmartin_n in_o cornwall_n cornwall_n combmartin_n in_o cornwall_n hold_v ten_o ounce_n in_o the_o hundred_o where_o sir_n bevis_n bulmer_n do_v work_v for_o a_o time_n which_o be_v deep_a and_o overflow_v with_o water_n but_o there_o be_v diverse_a branch_n of_o that_o my_o run_v many_o mile_n off_o spread_v into_o the_o earth_n and_o within_o these_o two_o year_n some_o ore_n be_v send_v i_o from_o barnestaple_n of_o a_o branch_n of_o that_o mine_n barnestaple_n mine_n of_o silver_n by_o barnestaple_n lie_v within_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a of_o the_o superficies_n which_o upon_o diverse_a trial_n of_o one_o pound_n weight_n at_o once_o hold_v by_o computation_n above_o ten_o ounce_n of_o silver_n but_o little_a lead_n for_o every_o pound_n do_v produce_v above_o two_o penny_n weight_n in_o silver_n and_o be_v not_o difficult_a in_o the_o melt_a the_o party_n in_o who_o ground_n it_o be_v find_v will_v not_o have_v it_o touch_v nor_o meddle_v with_o fear_v his_o ground_n shall_v be_v spoil_v and_o the_o mine_n take_v from_o he_o which_o be_v know_v above_o half_a a_o mile_n of_o one_o foot_n broad_a howsoever_o i_o think_v good_a to_o remember_v this_o for_o our_o posterity_n for_o there_o may_v come_v a_o time_n that_o industrious_a man_n shall_v be_v more_o regard_v it_o be_v also_o injurious_a scotland_n silver_n mine_n of_o scotland_n if_o i_o shall_v not_o remember_v the_o silver_n mine_n of_o scotland_n especial_o that_o i_o which_o lie_v in_o the_o ground_n of_o sir_n thomas_n hamilton_n knight_n lord_n advocate_n of_o scotland_n within_o eighteen_o mile_n of_o edinburgh_n towards_o the_o sea_n side_n discover_v in_o the_o year_n 1607_o by_o mean_n of_o a_o collier_n as_o i_o be_o inform_v in_o the_o 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plate_n decrease_v in_o weight_n with_o all_o the_o tub_n and_o utensill_n the_o long_a time_n of_o imbibition_n and_o consequent_o workman_n wage_n i_o find_v the_o charge_n to_o exceed_v and_o that_o the_o course_n of_o ordinary_a melt_a be_v to_o be_v prefer_v and_o so_o experience_n have_v since_o prove_v the_o same_o to_o the_o great_a loss_n of_o the_o undertaker_n for_o when_o work_n be_v clog_v with_o immensive_a charge_n in_o the_o beginning_n it_o choke_v the_o benefit_n ever_o after_o as_o we_o shall_v present_o declare_v see_v that_o profit_n be_v the_o radical_a moisture_n of_o such_o and_o the_o like_a action_n his_o majesty_n have_v be_v gracious_o please_v to_o incorporate_v a_o company_n of_o worthy_a person_n mine_n the_o company_n of_o royal_a mine_n for_o all_o royal_a mine_n by_o letter_n patent_n and_o have_v reserve_v but_o one_o fifteen_o part_n to_o himself_o but_o there_o be_v none_o of_o that_o company_n that_o do_v advance_v any_o work_n that_o i_o can_v 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set_v down_o the_o great_a treasure_n that_o ever_o come_v at_o any_o one_o time_n which_o be_v in_o the_o year_n 1587._o as_o a_o provision_n for_o the_o great_a armada_n then_o prepare_v whereunto_o unto_o great_a benevolence_n have_v be_v gather_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o meritorious_a action_n which_o god_n from_o invincible_a make_v invisible_a the_o register_n of_o the_o treasure_n be_v with_o the_o most_o namely_o from_o nova_fw-la espana_n and_o terra_n firm_a for_o the_o king_n 8100_o ingot_n of_o silver_n 12_o chest_n with_o gold_n 300_o thousand_o royal_n of_o eight_o 20_o case_n with_o pearl_n 1_o chest_n with_o emerald_n 5600_o rove_n of_o cutchenille_n for_o particular_a person_n west-indies_n a_o remembrance_n of_o the_o great_a revenue_n of_o the_o west-indies_n 5_o million_o teasted_a silver_n