curbing my passions intemperances that I may not be deprived of the use of reason These Rules by what hath been said will easily appear to be not onely consistent with the Law of self-interest and preservation but so interwoven with it that without these that cannot be in force and though these Rules be general yet from them may be derived punctual directions to guide men in the carrying on of all particular affairs for if the Understanding be rightly seasoned with these the Inclinations and Motions of the Will presently become tractable and obedient The knowledge of right and wrong is natural to all men it is as regent over all our actions I grant it is very often usurped upon by factious passions by corrupt opinions which men unwarily admit and suffer themselves to be governed by them Yet I believe that he that is professedly wicked if he allows himself any leisure to consider what he doth cannot commit an evil action without some dissatisfaction and reluctancy but his unhappiness is that being transported and prepossest with a corrupt passion or opinion he furiously pursues that which his appetite desires and admits not any leisurable arguing or deliberation as the vertuous man doth who when any thing reducible to practice holds his mind in suspence and incumbers it with difficulty frames in his thoughts the contradictory to it making two practical propositions this is lawfull It is not lawfull which being contradictory cannot both be true he examines them judiciously and warily distinguishes which is to be asserted which rejected Or as some observe there is a Syllogism contrived in mens thoughts All vice is to be avoided This is a vice Then it is to be avoided A vertuous man concedes the whole Argument An incontinent or wavering man grants the major but being placed in a middle state between virtue and vice is unresolved in the minor A desperately wicked man regards neither his furious appetite prevents all the conclusions his reason would collect from the premisses Although I made a supposition that the principles of morality were to be found most sincere among the simple and illiterate yet relating the qualifications of an exact morall man one shall be that he be of good parts well bred and have a solid judgment for such a one will manage his actons according to the rules of Reason more dexterously and judiciously and improve them with more advantage and splendor 2. Then it is required that he have a command over himself be able to subdue his passions and make them stoop to his Lure Freedome from all passions is a state of mind not attainable and if it could be attained useless and unserviceable Passions are of themselves things indifferent unrestrained they disturb the operations of the mind and put men out of course by representing various objects under the notion of good or bad pleasant or unpleasant the soul upon the apprehension thereof is ready to move the bloud and spirits rashly and disorderly insomuch as the light of Reason is obstructed and disturbed and the Actions of the Understanding become irregular As Vapours in a full stomach fume into the head disorder the visive spirits and produce error in the sight but prudently managed they become serviceable and advantagious Anger may make a man heroick valiant and hardy Joy adds speed and resolution and inforces a man oft-times to go beyond himself in dispatch of business Fear and grief though they seem to be sluggish and unactive may sometimes do a Curtesie by making men circumspect and wary Sometimes a kind of fear arises from an insuperable necessity or huge danger that wings the Resolution and begets courage necessity of action quickens the sluggish spirits enforces a man to volour and eloquence and makes him ready to attempt any enterprize Meer necessity makes some men active and Despair its self begets Hope Love widens and inlarges the minde inclines men to do favours and kindnesses from which flowes the greatest pleasure that can be Ambition and love of honour though often extravagant in compassing its ends inclines men to gallantry of spirit to hate baseness to be mercifull to Suppliants The Law of Nature is a Rule resulting from the light of Reason and directs men in the managing of their actions especially as they are Members of a Common-wealth and being written with indelible characters in their mindes invites them to correspond with such positive humane constitutions as are agreeable to it Politick and municipial Laws are but as a Commentary upon this original Law and the more conformable they are to that the more free reception they meet with among men It commands 1. Self-conservation and 2. Multiplication of the kind 3. Equality to be allowed among men 4. That God is to be worshipped 5. Good to be chosen evil to be avoided 6. A greater good to be chosen before a less 7. Parents to be honoured 8. That we ought to deal by others as we desire to be dealt by 9. That we restore things committed to our trust And 10. Desire peace and rest 11. That we usurp not the privilege of being our own Judges 12. That we be ready to pardon And divers other Rules which a man may collect by Meditation There is in the mindes of all men not brutish a Rule of Reason which avouches what is good what bad what is right and wrong for Humane Laws do not define or decree that neither can they A Tyrant may constrain men by perverse Laws to do that which is unjust but he cannot constrain them to judge and esteem that which is unjust to be just that freedom they will have in dispite of him Could this law of nature be universally received and observed it might sufficiently secure the Peace and welfare of men but in regard that passion and error oversway reason and wrest the dictates of natures Law forcing them to serve base ends and so long as men are what they are men these corruptions and exorbitances cannot but obtain Lest some men under a pretence of the law of Nature should incroach upon too great a power to the prejudice of others who could be content with a calmnesse and moderation to be ruled by reason Therefore to secure the general quiet men put themselves under the protection of humane Lawes which as occasion serves abridge and restrain the law of Nature For Example whereas Nature teaches and commands self-preservation and propagation of the kind If one man goes about under a colour of sufficiency and provision for himself to defraud and destroy others it is thought fit to consult for the good of the whole body politick by cutting off such a dangerous member Nature teacheth us to do no lesse in the natural body Nature allowes equality among men but they have found it convenient and necessary to decline from this rule and for their more commodious cohabitation and government to be content that one man should be invested with a greater share of
Rhetorick and tels them it is so horrible so odious so enormous he cannot will not dares not utter it By this trick he leaves somewhat for their thoughts to supply and raises their indignation to a higher pitch than a tedious discourse would do You may imagine that the Painter who drew Agamemnon at the sacrifice of his lovely Daughter with a vail over his face did not thereby conceal but rather more clearly represent such a posture of inexpressible sorrow In swasive and disswasive discourses or deliberations the Arguments must arise to a higher strain of Reason and decline from the popular mode to a more serious composure alwayes provided that they be accommodated to the persons whose affections are to be raised or abated If an Orator go about to perswade men to the undertaking of any exploit he tels them that it is possible to be atchieved honest pleasant and profitable and the contrary in disswading not omitting examples and testimonies of learned men For though in natural Philosophy and Mathematicks where the exquisite truth of things is searched out Arguments from Testimony Tradition and Example are of smal account yet in Civil and humane Transactions they are of great weight but with a regard had to the quality and condition of the person whose authority or example is alledged Love is stirred up by an high exaltation of some goodly person or thing Hatred by aggravating the indignity of some person or action Pitty by opening the misery of some person well esteemed of by the Hearers whose condition they will resent as if it were their own and as occasion serves the Orator tacks about and lies at trye to observe which way mens humors tempers and inclinations move and accordingly spreads the sails of his Rhetorick to meet them In Judicial proceedings whose aim is to gain favour or severity of justice by examining matters of fact the chief person of the auditory is the Judge who being a person invested with Authority and presumed to be a Master of Reason much acuteness and solidity must appear in them If the Orator assumes the person of the Accuser he sums up the impulsive causes which might probably move the party accused to the commission of the fact as anger malice fore-thought and formerly evidenced occasion opportunity hope of gain avoiding of some apparent Evil easie concealment Consternation and the like the Defendent argues from contrary Topicks and indeavouring to refute his adversaries Arguments if any thing be so obvious that it cannot be omitted by a handsome praeterition he endeavours to diminish the validity of it Unlesse he peremptorily stands upon his vindication and then he argues the fact to be Lawfull from the Law of Nature Equitie Covenant Custome Example or craves pardon because it was done involuntarily upon necessity forcible impulsion perturbation and commotion of mind which extenuating circumstances have a great influence upon mens mindes where free disceptations find place but yet in ordinary legal tryals where the bare matter of fact is considered they do not often procure favour Above all it is very material that in all addresses the Orator should bring into publick view a Carriage Elocution and Action suitable to his intended discourse and such as may contribute a lively representation of what he endeavers to imprint in the minds of his Auditory In instructing he ought to be earnest grave and serious with a voice and pronuntiation suitable A quick lively and pleasant stile soonest moves men to joy Sorrow is caused by a low passionate stile the voice flattering and interrupted In ample matters the discourse should be lofty bold and manly the voice undisturbed and without artificial interruptions In mean occasions concise acute and elegant In Panegyricks stately flourishing and full of ornament In narrations clear and perspicuous in asking or excusing modest and submissive In commendations officious and full of respect In mirth and prosperous encounters luxuriant and pleasing and not to nicely crampt into a method In sorrow and fearfulnesse a grave compendious and leisurable stile is most pertinent the voice low flattering and arteficially interrupted Anger and Indignation requires a rough trouble and uneven stile suitable to the nature of such impetuous passions So that an Orator ought to tune and modify his voice as a Lutanist doth his strings that it may expresse all the several motions and passions of the mind provided that he order the matter so dexterously as to redeem himself from the suspition of affectation For it is the part of an Artist to conceal his Art The various modifications of words and sentences Figures and Tropes whereby they are drawn from their proper meaning to a pleasing and more emphatical signification add much ornament to an Oration tickle the eares and recreate the mindes of the hearers through the handsome contrivance of words and pleasant cadences in the periods of sentences But if there appear a manifest affectation in them they prove like womens paint when discovered they deface and discredit while they seem to beautify By this time it appears that Oratory derives its perfection from invention Elocution and action or gesture The first is advanced by help of a well stored memory the other come by practice but are cheefly promoted by a bold and selfe-pleasing fancy In one designed for an Orator a luxuriant and ranck wit is not to be rejected a superabundance is better then deficiency trees that have some superfluous branches are sooner corrected than those that are dry and withered can be advanced to fruitfulnesse 2. His voice must be strong but so as he have a command over it to raise or depresse it tune it to a gentle or harsh strain a sweet or severe accent as occasion requires 3. He must be industrious And 4. desirous of praise not to say ambitious 5. Of a good presence and personage 6. Of a strong constitution and habitude of body 7. Active 8. Bold for many times the confidence of an Advocate helps out the evidence and alwaies adds effecacy to his arguments 9. He must be practised and trayned up in company for we see that such as affect solitude and addict themselves wholely to study though they may perchance have their minds furnished with sublime notions and refined contemplations wherewith they pleasantly entertain their thoughts and fix a period to their content tacitely applauding their own felicity yet when they come abroad they are like people long accustomed to a close and obscure room whose eyes are dazled at the light A frequency of people astonishes them overmuch study hath made them low spirited and unfit for society they have been so long love-sick with the Muses that they are emasculated become sneaking and meal-mouthed not couragious enough to bare the Checks and Affronts wherewith men that adventure upon manly imployments must sometimes expect to incounter 10. It wil be a great ornamant to him if he be facetious of a jocular fancy to contrive witty Jests elegant resemblances apt
the most dangerous incendiaries if upon any emergent occasion or diâ—tast they conspire against it 5. All manner of laborious persons whose imployment was remarkably advantageous and conducible to the publick good as Husbandmen Smiths Clothworkers Carpenters and such necessary Tradesmen were especially encouraged by peculiar immunities and priviledges 6. Inferiour men although not arrived at a considerable height of wealth should not aspire to the title and dignity of Nobles or Gentlemen without speciall licence 7. Certain Magistrates much resembling the Censors among the ancient Romans if they observe any man out of employment who had not an estate sufficient to maintain him after the rate and degree of a Gentleman had power to cause him either to betake himself to an agreeable profession or distribute him to some publick service as in the exercise of War either by Sea or Land or the management of businesse in forraign plantations yet so as it should be an advantage and credit to him if he were not wanting to himself not a punishment as had been used by some cruell Usurpers formerly These and divers other Laws were Enacted by Alcidruinus and not Enacted only but effectually and impartially put in execution by a regular and prudent discipline without which Laws are as ineffectuall as the fond wishes of idle persons who wish â—hemselves at such a place but through â—aziness never advance a step forward â—o come thither Certain it is that the Countrey flourished in this Prince his â—ime in plenty peace and strength of â—ffection and so neither had nor needed the use of such torturing Lawes â—s in divided States are altogether in â—ashion procured by some peevish prevailing Faction out of meer revenge against their concurrents Eriander was born at Entaphia an ancient City of the Caloturians in the Eastern part of Alycia this City is seated in a very pure and delicate air â—ut the ground thereabout somewhat â—nclining to barrenness It was anciently beautified with a very stately Monastery erected in honour of a Prince of that Province who had sufâ—ered Martyrdom for the vindication of his Countrey and Religion Noâ—hing now remains of that but some ruinous walls two lofty Gate-houses â—eading each of them into a spacious square Plat in one of which there â—tand two fair Churches and of a competent bigness from thence the City â—limbs up a small Hill with an easie ascent toward the West whereby it gives a commodious prospect to such as travel over the Champion on the East-side and here stood the Mansion house of Charinus Father to Eriander a House of a considerable bigness and fair but built rather for use and decency than pomp and ostentation The Furniture competently rich and suitable to the quality of his person the Rules of Expence agreeable to his Estate the Oeconomy grave and prudent all things managed with order and decency His Mother was Timoclea a Lady of an ancient and religious Family not far distant who being dignified with a brave cleer spirit allayed with a convenient Modesty a sound Judgment sublime Vertue and incomparable grace in her expressions was highly valued by all that knew her Nor did she want those exteriour Ornaments which might partly commend her to Charinus's choice a rare beauty and becoming presence her complexion was exactly and equally composed of White and Red her Visage round a light brown hair with a cleer Eye but fixt and steady Although in this important affair of Marriage wherein he knew there was no redress to be procured by second thoughts nor can a man erre twice as to the same adventure I presume he used much circumspection and prudently made virtue and Wisdom his principal aim as being assured these would highly conduce to his own particular content the repute of his Family the support of his Estate and as far as humane prudence can secure men in such a matter entail Wisdom and Vertue upon his Posterity yet to say beauty had no share in his desires were to represent him either better or worse than Man especially if we consider the time when he was affianced to Timoclea which was about thirty years of age Timoclea not much less than eighteen Charinus to give a brief but true Character of him was a person truly Religious constant and resolute in the defence of the substantial principles of Religion wherein all men at least the wisest were observed to agree but lived altogether unconcerned in those vain and nice controversies toyish and Phanatick Opinions which were now and then devised by some busie and pragmatical brains and recommended to the giddy multitude whose custom is to stare and admire at any thing that is new soon love and soon dislike their indiscretion as ill as it is yet herein proves lucky their beloved novelties like Childrens Rattles never please long that Opinion which at one time is so fiercely asserted that some would only not suffer Martyrdom rather than disavow it perhaps continues not in credit one mans age and Posterity will scarce vouchsafe to enquire after it In the mean time a pious and truly-zealous man bestows himself in believing in and serving God lives peaceably and deals justly with all men wherein the sum of true Religion is comprized while unquiet spirits are miserably intangled in such endless controversies as are of no importance to premote Religion but very destructive to the peace and charitable conversation of men It is not impossible but that the most pious and wise may even in matters of Religion have some fond erroneous and impertinent thoughts such as are usually produced in a scattered and uncollected mind but they are so far Masters of themselves as to restrain them they permit them not to arrive at any considerable growth whereas men of smal knowledge but great confidence not onely give way to absurd Opinions but as men in some pestilent distempers are observed to do eagerly attempt to propagate their contagion to the great disturbance of Mankind Charinus in his gesture and deportment observed a becomming gravity his garb decent his countenance setled and serious not over sad and lowring nor petulant and effeminate the one usually passes for a token of self-conceit the other of small wisedom His addresses as free from affected Complements as rude bluntness neither sneakingly meal-mouth'd nor over-bold his discourse was ever profitable and to the purpose yet modest and without any affectation of applause A wise man's discourse is alwaies adorned with three remark-properties Truth Conciseness and perspicuity Lies and slanders are Vices incident to ignorant peevish and cowardly persons who like querulous Curs make a noise at a distance insult over the absent and at hand pretend to lick them whole by some faint commendation or shew of pity meaning worst when they speak fairest Multitude of words was ever suspected as an instance of small wisedom some that have but a scant stock of knowledge endeavour to dilate themselves by multiplicity of words as those that have shrimpish bodies
and yet would fain appear proper men eke them out by some advantagious dress He that puts men to the trouble of guessing and his meaning because he speaks as if he meant not to be understood or intended to be mistaken is not in this particular a wise man but either a fool or as ill However his actions and designs were Heroick and Noble they were managed without any glorious pretentions and his demeanour in the mean time humble he never spread his sails to receive the gales of popular air which swell some men into a strain of pride and make them as big in their own conceits as they are in the eyes of the Vulgar His beloved design was to acquire Vertue which is sufficient of its self to ennoble a man among the wisest and most intelligent part of men Glory is a shadow that follows him who declines it flees from him that pursues it and a wise mans minde carries the same relation to it that the body doth to the shaddow retains its dimension is not extended into a greater or cramp'd into a lesser compass according to the various alteration of the shaddow That he was generally well-beloved you will presently guess when I have told you that he was free from pride and envy an humble and curteous man is the World's Darling whiles a proud man one meerly enamoured of himself hath commonly the luck to be troubled with few Rivals and that he was free from these appeared by his liberal bearing witness to other mens merits they that have this piece of Ingenuity you may be sure they are furnished with true worth of their own Some choice and peculiar Friends and Privadoes he had whose conversation and counsel he found useful in many emergencies especially in matters of counsel and advice when one hath occasion to adventure upon some design not usuall and ordinary to him in such cases a man's understanding is wonderfully enlightned and his Resolutions quietly stated by the concurrence of other mens counsel for though every intelligent man is best able to take the dimension of himself and no wise man will make himself a Slave to the dictates of others yet because the Rules which our own thoughts suggest to us in sudden encounters are commonly troubled it is not amiss to make the lives of other men our Looking-glass the results of whose adventures in matters of like nature may much enlighten us and their counsels guide us two eyes see more that one and he that will always be his own Tutor hath a fool to his Scholar Whatsoever was commendable in his friends or occasional Companions he was studious to imitate what was amiss provided it were not impious he was willing to bear with for quiets sake if he discovered any impiety or pernicious error he forbare not to admonish them of it avoiding always reproachful language the usual ingredient of some mens reprehensions who endeavour not so much to amend others as by vexing them to gratifie their own humor His friendship was therefore permanent because well grounded for in the choice of friends he principally set his thoughts on men that were of known integrity and his equals True Friends should resemble the fixed stars alwayes at a like distance Inferiors with Superiors are upon terms of disadvantage one is loath to stoop the other cannot rise If frailty or inadvertency had betrayed him into an error he thought it no shame to acknowledge it it 's a piece of humane frailty to err but very unmanly to persist in an error If slanders and close cavillations wherewith cowardly and degenerate persons usually endeavour to undermine the reputation of the bravest men were at any time raised against him he neither troubled the quiet state of his mind by a childish impatience nor betrayd his innocence by a cowardly silence He alwayes laboured to secure his Reputation with men of approved worth and integrity for others by a prudent neglect he permited them to weary themselves with an imaginary conceit of subverting his fame till seeing their error which they would soon do when they found their Adversary careless they learn'd at length to be wise and silent As for pleasures if consistent with reason they were sometimes admited into his Entertainment as things that give an agreeable relish to vertuous actions there 's no man to be found of so warrented a constancy that can purely for the love of Vertue persist in well-doing the pleasure and content that results from thence hath a great energy to secure our perseverance Vertuous actions though in the managing of them they be attended with some harshness yet they end in a most sincere and indisturbed content but the most exact pleasures without this have a loathing and fastidious nauseating immediately subsequent Those Objects that have most sharp and forcible impulsions upon our senses at the first which arrest and violently captivate our reason and make us so pertinaciously intent upon the enjoyment of them terminate in disdain their satiety begets an hatred in us The most glorious colours and pleasant pictures recommend themselves to us under the notion of novelty we cannot endure to be constant spectators of them The most ravishing Notes of Musick at last prove tedious The Tast the most voluptuous of all the Senses is affected with sweet things and these soonest offend it Indolency and freedom from pain is the greatest pleasure men ordinarily acquire that active impulsion wherewith they find themselves affected in some sensual pleasures is a kind of restlesness a pain which they endeavour to expel or allay that so they may be at ease So that a wise man receives more content by not desiring than any can do in the fruition of them and placing his happiness in that which is permanent piety and wisdom he is sure to avoid that grand infelicity which is to have been happy If we look upon Charinus in relation to his Diet we find him a constant Observer of temperance a sure Pillar to preserve and support the Fabrick of the body but he never inslaved and confined himself to any precise and fantastical Diet which some men affecting more out of ostentation than reason make their bodies unapt for such mutations and digressions as one must of necessity encounter withal He never used to eat till his stomach craved consulting rather to relieve the necessities of Nature than indulge voluptuousness At his meals although he was not a nice Observer of order yet usually he eat moist and laxative meats in the first place more firm and solid afterwards nourishments extream hot and of a biting quality which without great caution devour the spirits he usually avoided At great banquets which are frequent among the people of that countrey and those set forth with great variety of dishes he usually considered what was agreeable to his constitution and the rules of temperance which invites a man to denie his own desires and fortifie himself against the importunity of affections rather
than complied with the custom of the people who being generally Lovers of good cheer think themselves at their meetings obliged to some kind of excess upon pain of being accounted uncivil Hereupon he so ordered the matter that by pleasant discourse and seasonable table-talk his company was ever acceptable and redeemed him both from Intemperance and the imputation of incivility or singularity He used moderate Exercise which very much conduced to the clearing of his spirits and maintaining the healthful constitution of his body by discussing such noughty humours as sedentariness causeth to reside in unactive bodies Those wherein he principally delighted were walking riding leaping and shooting with the long-bow in which the Alycians were generally expert If happily he sometimes deviated from these good Rules of health and contracted any distemper he used abstinence and rest in the first assault of it Reason instructed him that Nature had then enough to do to wrastle with the encroaching disease and could neither so vigorously labour about concoction nor assist him in accustomed exercises which at such a time would exhaust the spirits and enfeeble the body He was look'd upon as a thriving man one that encreased his Estate but still by honest sincere and generous courses he knew well enough that Goods ill gotten soon decay Iron breeds its own Consumption rust Brass ingenders its Canker and Wood corroding Worms which without any outward violence or impression cause them to decay and Goods scraped up by sacriledge robbery and oppression though some endeavour not to believe it consume away no body knowes how notwithstanding all the provident care industry and penurious sparing of the pretended professors In all times and among all Nations honesty hath been attended with a Blessing either of prosperous adventure or some countervailing content Villainy and Injustice have been made exemplary by some remarkable vengeance and sooner or later come to ruine His estate though plentifull did not transport him beyond the bounds of aequanimity ordinary calamities he alwayes entertained with a generous and sedate spirit prosperous adventures with a gratefull recognition of divine providence nor did it raise him to so fond a conceit as to esteem himselfe above the cognizance of Lawes and Justice if therefore he had occasioned or procured any injury and trespass to his neighbours which at one time or other will happen among such as have any dealings in the World he willingly afforded them such recompence as was equivalent to the wrong sustained and the same dealings he accepted of from others if occasion were offered By this means he avoided all peevish quarrels and tedious Law-suits whereunto the people of those parts were exceedingly addicted insomuch that many times for a very small matter they would eagerly pursue these contentions till one or both of them were reduced to beggery Charinus though derived from a noble stock whose many branches for a long tract of time had been renowned for valour and wisdom was never observed to boast of his Pedegree as some will do with a supercilious oftentation he esteemed that only to be true Nobility which proceeded from a mans own worthy actions It seem'd to him a matter of small commendation as he was often heard to say for one to boast of a fair Coat of Arms and to relate how his great Grandfather acquitted himself valiantly in such a battel when himself is of a cowardly and ignoble spirit not adventuring upon any brave act for the renown and protection of his Countrey No less folly he esteemed it for another to relate how his Progenitors were wise States-men served their Prince and Countrey with much honour and sincerity who hath nothing to distinguish him from the ordinary sort of men but an imperious dialect and fantastical garb or some skill in hawking and hunting things very commendable nevertheless when they are not the All of a man with as little credit doth another boast of great Mannors and ample Possessions which his Ancestors purchased if he consume them in pleasures and riot such men like Cyphers in books of accompt are nothing of themselves but derive their value from some figure going before To speak what is right concerning these exterior appendages Nobility Wealth Honour ancient Families great Relations they are like rich Drapery in a Picture which is an Ornament to an handsom Countenance an ugly visage deforms it they add Confidence and Resolution to a man whereas Poverty duls the courage frustrates many a noble design and proves a clog to ingenious mindes They acquire observance authority and respect while Poverty renders men contemptible The Vulgar pay respect to a man not for his Wisdom which they cannot judge of but according to the rate of his outward Lustre and Magnificence These or the like considerations so inflamed the generous minde of Charinus that he thought himself peculiarly obliged so to acquit himself that his Family and his Estate should not be so great Ornaments to him as he to them He never was ambitious in seeking after great places to say the truth he did not affect them wisely considering that men of high aims mounting to the top of honour are like such as stand upon a Precipice with the Sun in their faces the dangerousness of their station and splendor of their greatness conspire together to overthrow them Yet his known wisdom and Integrity had so deservedly recommended him to Alcidruinus that he alwaies had a special respect to him and used him in the managing of many considerable affairs So that he did not like that austere and sullen Roman only come into the Theatre and so go out again pass away his time without any remarkable exploits his whole life was a series and reiteration of famous and worthy Actions too many to be related here and too good to be defaced by an imperfect and overbrief recital therefore wholly omitted which made him generally beloved in his life and honorable after his death But as the most exquisite beauty may have a mole and the most exact piece of limning an overdeep shadow whereof one may seem to disparage Nature and the other Art both serve but as a foil to set off the other parts with the greater lustre so the most absolute and exact man is not without his passions and distempers It 's possible to frame an Idea of an absolute happy Common-wealth managed with such decency such an even distribution that every man shall receive full content and none be ever annoyed with the least grievance To set forth the pattern of a compleat Prince such a one as should give full content and satisfaction to all his Subjects to contrive the model of an exact man of a golden temper an unwearied champion in the lists of Virtue and honour Art will prescribe a platform for all these give punctuall rules how they may be atchieved because it considers the design its self apart from all remora's but he that attempts to put these in practice shall finde his
them satisfie us that they are but when we go about to conceive what they are we are lost and content our selves to say they are incorporeal immortal invisible as much as to say we know what they are not we know not what they are Generally received Axioms and clear fundamental Propositions contrived already to our hand commonly finde easie admission into our Understandings yet with some difference for that truth which to one man seems very cleer another cannot perswade himself to believe it and to the same man some propositions seem credible others not Many times he suspends his consent and then he is sayd to doubt if he consents warily and weakly he is sayd to have an opinion or firmly and then he is sayd to believe If this belief be procured by the evidence of the thing its self then it is called demonstration if by rational arguing conviction if by humane testimonies we may term it perswasion if by infallible and divine authority Faith Which degrees of Knowledge if we consider rightly proceed not from any difference in the things but from our Understandings which look upon them with a different aspect And so much concerning a second step or help to our Understandings which is a borrowing of assistance from others When any thing is offered to a mans disquisition a single Notion a Proposition or dubious Question what does he then do but as the usual phrase is cast about in his minde rally his Thoughts and put his Understanding into such a posture that it may finde it and irradiate it for the Understanding is of the nature of Light the more or less it illuminates a thing the clearer or obscurer is the reflection and representation of it to us Then if the Truth be of such a nature that it correspond with that in-bred Light those innate Notions which Nature by which I mean the power and working of God in his Creatures hath imprinted in his minde which in several men are very various of different degrees and qualities how soon does he own it he cannot perswade himself but that he had some labouring apprehensions of it before and wonders he should be so long before he should finde it out and so here seems to be discovered a third means of procuring and advancing our Knowledge which to avoyd new fangled terms may be called the light of Reason That there is such a thing as this will be easily granted if we consider how that the first Inventer of any Science â—â—â—eived not instructions from others bâ—t wrought out all by the meer aâ—â—â—â—e force of his Understanding and that he which learns a Science is usually prae-possest with some general Notions of what he addresses himself to learn and therefore the fundamental Axioms or Principles of Arts are not undertaken to be proved because they are supposed to be evident to mens Understandings which complies with them as soon as they are delivered Education and Institution infuse not any new quality into the Soul but only excite and draw forth the latent Notions as the Sun by its influence draws forth the Earth to its utmost fertility There is in our Souls a natural harmony or consent to the Principles of Sciences but yet with a difference for one man is more inclinable to this or that Science than another not from any real difference in the nature and substance of the Soul its self but from the various aspects it carries with things and the several postures men put themselves into to pursue their ends By these admirable faculties and opperations through which we have traced the soul it will appear that it is To apprehend exactly what it is and where it peculiarly resides is a matter of great obscurity yet to procure some satisfaction to our cucuriosity let us suppose that there is in every living creature a pure and agile substance composed of or at least resembling aire and fire such a substance as this will be capable of projecting and expanding its self will have an active quick motion and easie penetrability especially through the Veines Arteries and Nerves into every part of the body and withall be capable of perceiving any vibration or pression made upon the parts of the body to which it is expanded and such a substance is the soul of a beast Again suppose such a substance dignified with a superaddition of power from God and a command to exercise such faculties as have been recited and so we have a tolerable and convenient account of the soul of man But to reassume my method Timoclea as alwaies so especially during the time she was with child observed good order in her diet which was of meats of good nourishment but sparing and moderate and in exercise without which no body can enjoy a convenient state of health no not that of Infants unborn sedentariness in the Mother begets a dull unactivenesse in the Babe moderate walking prevents it Nor was she less sedulous to avoid all disordered passions and perturbations of the mind which as they excite some unbecoming symptomes in the Mother so they operate upon the Child of so great importnance is it to the framing of a well shaped and well tempered babe to prevent annoyances before he be born many perturbations of mind and indecent gestures of the body may probably owe their original to some indiligences of their Mothers before they were born Being born they administred unto him a small quantity of refined Sugar to clear the bowels of such slimy humors as usually reside there and creeping into the veins might produce convulsions or other dangerous symptoms they wash'd him in clear fountain water with a small quantity of salt thereby to dry consolidate the flesh and strengthen the sinewes After they had first carefully cut the umbilical vein lest the parts thereabout should prove ill proportioned and irregular Vracus enim ut perhibent nimis coarctatus constrictus genitalia membra comprimit et sterilitatem plenumque inducit idem praeter justum laxatus distentus vesicam ei annexam quasi poudere quodam iisdem partibus incumbere sinit unde penis in masculo uterusve in foemina supra modum augetur cafesit non sine priapismi immodicae salacitatis periculo Nor were they less sedulous in wrapping and swathing his little body to fortifie it against the cold and keep the parts from wringing and swerving aside and retain the hot exhalations from breaking out of the body But neither did they swath him too streight nor immure him up too warm the first by crushing in the breast and ribs which are then but cartilagineous and flexible hinders the free passage of humors and may beget dangerous obstructions the other may contract a weak and effeminate temper unfit to encounter with variety of air and weather to which he must afterward of necessity be exposed But as they cherished him by convenient heat so as his condition might by degrees and not on a sudden
decline from that he enjoyed in the womb so by degrees they prudently inured him to the several qualities of the air when no excess prohibited it Timoclea her self was his Nurse this she accounted her duty and besides more conducing to the good of the child that she should receive nutriment from her whose temper was familiar to him than from a stranger which cannot but alter the childes temper more or lesse although in some cases it be prudence to admit of a stranger as if the mother be of an infirm or depraved constitution provided that such an one be chosen as is of a good temperature and a vigorous elocution which is of great efficacy to make the child lively and be preparative to his good pronunciation Timoclea accustomed him to eat often but sparingly because too much nourishment makes little ones gross and thick the stomach full stuft must needs thrust forth the parts adjacent as every one will easily imagine but it hinders their growth in height The meates she gave him at first were moist and of easy digestion agreeable to his present constitution and such as were usually given to children more firm and solid meats afterwards as he grew in strength All these diligences used about him I have not collected as things remarkable and extraordinary but only to shew that nothing considerable was omitted But in this she observed some singularly that she did not as it is usual with Nurses to do terrify him with bugbares Chimera's and such seemingly innocent fooleries which they will often inculcate to them and please themselves with the starting and aversion the little ones expresse at the sight or hearing of such things as they usually scare them with for indeed every motion action or gesture of a Child carries a becomingnesse with it and is pleasing to the beholders This lusory astonishment of Infants seems to carry no great appearance of harm yet may insensibly leave such an impression upon the fancy that after reason and discression obtain force they find some trouble to correct undeceive themselvs some indecent tripidation and commotion invades them at their incountring with such objects and hence may proceed that secret aversion men find in themselves from some things commonly called antipathy a distast they took against it in their infancy though no body observed how or at what time terror and sadnesse acquired in infancy cause one ever after to be pensive and low spirited and the same may be understood of any other passion of the mind So true is the observation of a grave and wise author that we own the well and evil being of our lives to the discreet or ill managing of our infant years Crying is a thing which in infants cannot be avoided and if moderate wants not its benefit it vents forth drowsie humors which would make them unactive purges the brain dilates the passages about the brest stirs up the natural heat and makes them lively but if excessive exhausts the moisture and spirits too much makes them disposed to peevishnesse and laies the foundation of a cholerick and froward disposition When he began to walk about and prattle he was entertained with such toyes as not only pleased his mind but somewhat busied the memory and fancy by numbering ordering and regular contriving Although his Parents love and indulgence was very great yet they were so discreet as not to discover it to be so they would not have him treated as a little Prince or exercise a petty Monarchy in the family but taught him to be obedient betimes and courteous to all though never so mean assuring themselves he would be so much the more fit to govern with discression when time should be he was not accustomed to too much pleasure and liberty to have his mind fulfilled in all things but a restraint sometimes put upon him to teach him contentedness and the skill of willingly wanting something all inimical affectation of gestures and pomp of words was abandoned commendations and incouragements when he did well correction and rebuke for doing amisse were not forgotten the latter are as usefull as the former where there is need but for him they were not of much necessity his Parents example and mild instructions were sufficient to keep him in good order and I have formerly told the Reader how prudently the family was governed and what manner of servants retained a thing very considerable for there are no such pernicious enemies to good education as rude and uncivil servants who condescending to the humors of children more than the Parents and Masters ought to do cause them to affect and learn their gestures and discourses how rude soever and many times they will endeavour to vilifie and bring into dislike him that instructs them otherwise Many Parents busying their thoughts about the limiting of their Fortunes and future Estates take no notice of these Mischiefs But in a Family where no remarkable Vice is tollerated nothing but good actions seen not an uncivil expression heard as it was in Charinus's house where shall a Child learn evil if at any time his Parents were undecent in their passions and expressions as some forcible occasion might urge them they would not if it might be avoided let him observe it much reverence and grave respect is due to an old man but more to a Childe for the first the fear is only lest he should see any evil in us the other lest he should learn any by us but whatsoever was exemplary and good he was alwayes admitted a Spectator at it as their devotions though in private where though very young the frequent reiteration of the thing begat some kind of earnest observation and cast into his mind the early seeds of Piety which revealed themselves in mature fruits afterwards as I intend to shew if God permit Certainly this ocular way of teaching is the certainest where it may be had one may sooner learn to steer a ship in the Sea by seeing it often done than by a great many tedious Precepts and Rules not only Children but Men are led more by Examples than Precepts those elaborate Discourses and earnest Exhortations to Piety and Goodness wherewith some think to work wonders in reforming the World have not so forcible an operation upon men as the example of one eminent Person The People are as much instructed by the eye as by the ear and therefore he that hath the intention to make them irreligious need but only astonish them with some strange sublime notions take away their Ceremonies and religious Services which have something of visible in them and the work is done Eriander was rather of a round than long visage his eyes of a Hazle or Chesnut colour equally fixt ready and vigorous in motion neither promnient nor sinking in their orbits his hair a bright yellowish colour but inclining by degrees to brown his forehead somewhat high and smooth and of a convenient bredth his complexion florid and ruddy mixt
humor had consumed its self and was vanished this done he found seasonable rebuks and advice as effectual unto these as unto any other in this he imitated the prudent Physician who first prepares and concocts ill humors then attempts to remove them As to his exteriors he was of a becoming stature and personage a stout spirit and manly elocution these contributed something towards the gaining of respect and keeping in awe the little people who are ready to disesteem one of a low spirit childish behaviour or unhandsome lineaments of body though otherwise of abilities to teach them He had the happy vein of making his instructions pleasing by couching and intermingling them with pertinent fables and ingenious comparisons and examples which insinuate into the minds of Children sooner than serious discourses that are not so quickly adverted by them And that they might perfectly understand what he read or dictated to them such order was observed as that which went before induced that which followed by a natural consequence and too great speed which confounds tender wits carefully avoyded yet with an uninterrupted constancy For as in filling narrow-mouth'd vessels if we powre a full stream upon them more slips beside than runs in So in tumultuous and precipitated teaching many instructions are lost because the intention of the hearer cannot comprehend them all If any exercise were to be performed which they had not used before he would first do it himself causing them to look on and observe so guiding their hands and as it were directing their steps that they might afterward make tryall of themselves The method which he observed in teaching the Latine tougue was not any new-fangled device of a private man but such as was generally approved of and allowed by learned men and enjoyned by statutes to be used in that place It proceeded by these steps 1. They taught them to pronounce the Letters distinctly and to know the difference Then 2. They acquainted them with the nature of syllables And 3. with the several kinds of words and their manner of declining omitting the scrupulous and lesse-necessary exceptions till they had learned all the Grammatical Rules Then 4. They proceeded to the usual and ordinary rules of construction reading withall some easie Latine-book And to imprint the rules of Grammer more firmly in their memory they were obliged to call them to account by examinations once in three daies at least Proceeding on to Authors they 5. taught them the nature and differences of accents and the points of distinction in sentences that in reading they might know when to suspend and stop their voice when to raise or depresse it and besides that They 6. caused them to parse every sentence giving an account of words and points of construction according to the rules they had learned It was 7. their office to shew the Schollars the order observable in construing as if in the sentence there were a Vocative case that to be taken first If a question were asked the interrogative is first to be construed If these be not in the sentence or if they be then next to them the nominative case and whatsoever agrees with it the Verb and whatsoever is governed of that as an Infinitive mood or casual word but because practice and observation are the best guides in these things therefore 8. they caused them to make frequent tryal 9. So soon as they had throughly learned the ordinary Rules of Syntax they spake Latine not only in the School but in the Refectory and at their play 10. They used double translations 2 or 3 daies in a week turned a sentence or two in some Latine Author into the vulgar tongue and laying aside their books into Latine again which was a means to make them exact in the Orthography of both tongues and prepared them for making Epistles Themes Verses and such School-exercises by way of Imitation and such Exercises they made twice in a week This method though disliked by some new-fangled persons which cavil at every thing themselves devise not because it was an old way of teaching and thought too tedious by such as loved their ease was so handsomely managed by the dexterity of Amalthaeus that the School very much flourished in his time and bred up many excellent Wits for deliberate proceedings sedate advancements accompanied with certainty produce better effects in teaching than over-hasty and precipitate courses which make a great splendor for a while but conspire with time to betray their own vanity Some have adventured to comprize the whole Latine tongue into a portable Enchiridion which being throughly learned they conceive the children thereby sufficiently initiated and able to manage their studies of themselves without any further expatiating in Authors a designe very plausible and pitty it is it answers not expectation for if it did it would free the Teachers and Schollars of much trouble incident to the known way of learning a language by reading of Authors It is probable that they who first recommended it to use had formerly learned the Latine tongue by reading of divers Authors and at last meeting with or contriving such an abridgement as comprized the most remarkable words and phrases found a marvelous assistance afforded to their memory which in small space retrived what they had so long quested after in many volumes whereupon they fancyed that it might produce a quick dispatch in teaching of young Schollars Indeed to a man that hath spent some compentent time in the study of any Art or language a Compendium is a singular help to his memory but one that comes raw and unfurnished will never prove absolute Master of it if he trades only in abridgements To ingratiate this compendious method they alledge by way of comparison that a man may soon take a view of divers creatures inclosed in a room such as Noahs Ark whereas it would be a long and weary labour to travel into several parts to take a view of them So to peruse variety of words and phrases in an Enchiridion contrived on purpose to exhibit them is a work of smal labour and short time True but as he that views those creatures so inclosed cannot take a particular view or make so distinct observation of their natures as by traveling abroad and taking notice of their haunts feedings actions and the like because the very crowd obstructs his animadversion deprives him of a leisurable observation very necessary in the exercises of memory So he that attemps to gain a language crampt into a Compendium whereby the sense becomes forced and obscure shall never attain to it with so much certainty as he that will take the paines to travel over the choicest Authors where he may find his pains requited with a knowledge of the natural and sincere meaning of words the genuine use and extent of phrases besides the knowledge of many excellent things on the by which ever leave some impression upon the most perfunctory and careless Reader
and will be useful in the ordinary translations of his life Our progresse in learning resembles the motion of the shaddow of a Dial the shooting forth of grasse or to take a comparison nearer the advancement of the mind in knowledge resembles the growth of the body in stature the most scrutinous eye is not able to discover each minute degree of augmentation but it may easily be observed at convenient distances of time In which particular there is neverthelesse a great diversity some after a small continuance at their books are able on a sudden to utter all they know and make shew of more Others are unready upon sudden encounters who yet after a convenient research can deliver a lesse specious but a more solid account of such things as seemed to be latent in them And the same is observable in men who lay claim to wisdom or Religion about which many will discourse with taking expressions and great ornament of words whilst others cannot give a sudden account of them yet upon any occasion when they come to practice clearly discover that they are guided by such rules that occur not at present to their remembrance This is so well known to the wise that whereas men of vulgar understandings admire the first sort they justly prefer the latter and if such quick dilated wits sometimes deceive wise men it is but as glosed wares or counterfeit jewels impose upon men at the first view which when exactly looked into lose their grace or as many Romances and Poetical stories which the oftener they are read the less we are affected with them whereas men of sedate and profound minds so thriftily manage their discours that the oftener we converse with them the more we may learn of them Besides what hath been said concerning those compendious waies of teaching it is very well known to the learned that such abridgments are usually made up of the Radical and chief words of a language loosly tackt together But the learned know very well that an exact understanding of the particles and small words is exceeding necessary because in the use of these the idiom and propriety of languages is chiefly seen In which thing such abridgements being defective cannot but fall short of what they promise Their method for the Greek because it was not different from this for the Latine Tongue I shall not need to describe So it was that Eriander proved a good Proficient in both languages insomuch that at the age of seventeen years he was judged fit for the University neither was he ever removed from that School but kept close to the same method a great advantage doubtless to his proficiency for young Wits like young Trees by being often transplanted are robb'd of their strength and become unfruitfull The reason is evident for to omit that seldom any two Masters observe the same method punctually in every respect so that by changing the mindes of children are distracted and the former notions disturbed It is a great while ere a perfect alliance and correspondence betwixt the Genius of the Master and Schollar can be acquired which though it seem a nicety a kind of mysterious conceit yet indeed is a principal matter to advance his proceeding This consideration is worthy to be recommended to those new-fangled and unconstant Parents who upon any smal occasion of dislike post their Children from one Master to another seldom for their good though they change for the better It is a bold assertion and yet very true and grounded upon sufficient observation that a Master or Tutor of mean and ordinary parts may teach a Schollar well enough if he be diligent and the Schollar capable presuming the Schollar shall not be admitted under the tuition of one more ignorant than himself for by a continued diligence both will do themselves good there being no such way for a man to improve his skill as by communicating it and teaching others And now that Eriander was to lanch forth into the world and appear more publickly at the University and such places of concourse and frequency care was taken to put him under the tuition of a grave and learned man and withall to procure him the acquaintance of such young Students as besides their conference and discourse which contributed much to him in relation to learning might also by their civility of manners induce him to courses of Honesty and Manliness There are not wanting in such places many that take occasion from their unripe years good-nature and unwary judgements to make a prey of young Gallants to whom as they say of Harlots they wish all good things except Discretion It is certain that from seventeen to seven and twenty is the most fickle and dangerous part of a mans life Before that time the Parents or Masters Authority fear or the want of occasions prevent or keep under many disorders which then if ever will begin to appear and are not so easily remedied because they are become more sturdy and inflexible like stiff and tough bodies which may by violence be compressed and drawn into such a Figure as their nature abhors but so soon as the mastering violence leaves them at liberty they return with a nimble jerk unto their natural state One thing I had almost forgot his Father would never let him know what estate he intended to settle upon him till he should arrive at such a pitch of discretion as to set no more than a due estimation upon it he had observed that the mention of riches to children often made them remiss in their studies insolent in their behaviour and not so tractable and obedient as those which are under discipline ought to be especially if some Flatterer be ready at hand to tickle their ears with a pleasing conceit that they are born to an estate which will maintain them and their retinue bravely without labour a long worshipful title which it is pitty to blemish with the name of a Schollar these will supply all defects cause the people to magnifie them and shadow over all the stains of their nature and manners But Charinus still told his Son he must endeavour to apply himself to so me Science for his ornament and accommodation though not meerly for his support though his estate should be never so plentifull yet to be brought up to an Imployment would be neither burden nor dispargement but an advanage many waies If an Estate fails Industry may support a man If his complexion incline him to any particular vice the wit of man never devised a better remedy against it than Imployment the thoughts of vain pleasures and the pensive remembrance of calamities privily steal away from an Artist or Student whose mind is immerst in the contemplation of his Art whilst he that for want of Imployment knowes not how to give his thoughts entertainment or keep company with time is almost necessitated to some vain or degenerate course and having nothing to do learnes to do ill For
natures disagree false when the contrary is done To discover when a proposition is true or false 1. Let a man take the contradictory to it so he shall have two propositions whereof one must be true the other false after a serious and leisurable comparing of them together if he be not void of that which they call natural Logick reason wil instruct him to reject one admit the other Or 2. Let him turn the proposition into a question for example Whether Intemperance be hurtful This question hath two parts first the Subject or thing it self concerning which the question is made that 's intemperance and secondly the Praedicate or that which is attributed to it namely to be hurtful Then to assist his discovery he must assume a third or middle term which may be this to impair the health and joyne it first with the Praedicate thus Whatsoever impareth the health is hurtful next with the Subject Intemperance impareth the health So finding the Subject and Praedicate to agree in a third or middle terme in imparing the health the conclusion offers its self Therefore Intemperance is hurtfull The reason of the consecution is this Whatsoever things agree in one third agree also in themselves Whatsoever parts of a Proposition agree in the middle terme agree also in the conclusion Whatsoever may be affirmed concerning an universal may be affirmed concerning all particulars that are contained comprehended under it Intemperance and Hurtfull agree in a third in impairing the health therefore they agree in themselves they may be combined together in the premisses therefore they may be joyned in the conclusion If I may say in general whatsoever impayreth the health is hurtful I may truly affirm so much of Intemperance in particular because it is comprehended in the number of those things which impair the health If one would inquire the truth of this proposition whether Pleasure be mans cheefe felicity let him to promote his inquiry select a convenient middle terme let it be permanent and the discursion may run thus all true felicity is permanent Pleasure is not permanent Pleasure then is not true felicity Pleasure and felicity agree not in being permanent therefore the conclusion severs them the reason of the consecution here is that whatsoever things disagree in the third or middle term disagree in themselves Or 3. A Proposition may be put into a disjunctive form wherein two things being layd down to which a third cannot be added if an Affirmation or Negation pass upon one of them the other is exempted or if more than two they being fully enumerated an Affirmation or Negation attributed to one exempts the rest as he that precisely affirms a thing to have been done in the day exempts the night He that of the four parts of the year exempts Spring Summer and Harvest must needs mean Winter This is all that I conceive needfull for discovering the nature of Logick in order to this design for I take not upon me to give an exact account of any Art The works that a Logician hath to do are 1. to reduce every thing to its due series 2. to define or comprise the nature of a thing in apt and pertinent terms 3. To compose things which admit of composition and sever such as disagree whence Truth or Falsity result according as this operation is well or ill performed 4. From some propositions probable or granted to deduce something that is disputable To the two first a quick and clear fancy is requisite to the second and third a good judgment and a minde setled which is ever most advantagiously prae-disposed to this art and he that proves a close Student at it if it find him not so it will help to make him so The study of Arts is the culture of the minde and serves to correct the errors of our natures The Opponent should enjoy a quick invention that he may excogitate Arguments against his Adversaries tenets The Respondent should have a solid reaching judgement to know when an Argument concludes when not and frame his Answer as occasion requires In the Sophisticall part he carries the credit that can lay on tongue and wrangle which moves the Students in coelestial Sciences as they call them to say that in the geniture of a Logician Mars must be Lord of the Horoscope and view Mercury in a Trine Oratory endeavours to excite the Appetite and Will by recommending some florid and plausible notions to the Fancy therefore an Orator in the first place attempts to illaqueate the fancy to win the affections of his Auditory by an insinuating Preface pleasing gesture and inchanting language Then he perspicuously states the matter and so proceeds to prove what he intends by popular Arguments for concise and subtle disputations are ineffectual with the people and that which might make against him if it be not too manifest he conceals it like that Painter who being to draw the picture of a man who had but one eye concealed that blemish by representing onely the perfect side of the countenance as the posture is in such as they call half-faces If he go about to demonstrate the goodness or vileness of a person or thing thereby to procure liking or disliking he deduces Arguments from such qualities or circumstances which have contributed some share of commendation or discredit the rest he conceals by a handsome praeterition The Country Parents Family Birth Actions Honours Virtues Temperature Death and Fame after death are the usual Ingredients into the Encomium of a Person The nature quality antiquity pleasantness usefulness and goodness of things make them commendable Exploits or actions of men derive their glory from their lawfulness utility the occasion of undertaking them the manner of managing them the time when the place where and motives by whose instigation they were attempted and the contrary qualities are urged in vituperation In which kind of Panegyricall discourses devised for the most part to procure delight it is easie to observe of what force their cunning transitions handsome digressions and intermixing of acute sentences and pertinent stories have with the people As the fore-shadowing in Pictures causes the utmost Verges to fall round upon themselves and so knit up in the end that they promise more than we see and cause us to discern some part to be included and folded under that shadowing which by not being discovered is discovered the more So in an Oration when we are told that there are many things which for want of time cannot be recited or that the superlative excellency of I know not what puts the Orator to a loss of expression this detains our mindes in suspence and many times causes us to believe the matter greater than it is or than he could otherwise perswade us to believe it to be On the contrary when he would procure a loathing and hatred in the mindes of the Auditory he cunningly fore-shadows the matter at which he darts the weapons of his