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shall subscribe for ten compleat Books shall for the same price have eleven compleat Books in Quires deliver'd to him IX Because several Gentlemen do complain that they have been deceived by several Proposers in this nature therefore for the punctual performance of what is here undertaken the Bookseller Moses Pitt has already given sufficient Security to Sir Joseph Williamson one of his Majesties Principal Secretaries of State and President of the Royal Society for performance of his Engagement and Proposals X. It is requested that every Subscriber to this great Undertaking would be pleased to set down the County and place of his Habitation together with directions how to send to him to the end that notice may be given him according as the Work goes forwaad WHereas his most Sacred Majesty has been Graciously pleased for the promoting of this Design to permit that his Collections of Maps and Descriptions of Countries may be perused that such of them as have not yet been published and are thought proper for this work may be taken into it and whereas his Royal Highness and his Highness Prince Rupert have been also pleased to promise the same favour and the like has been done by the Right Honorable Sir Joseph Williamson one of his Majesties Principal Secretaries of State and President of the Royal Society and also by the most learned Dr. Isaac Vossius who is pleased to communicate his most copious and exquisite Collections and it is hoped that the same will be done by several other persons of Honour and Quality therefore it is humbly desired that all Gentlemen who have any particular Maps or Relations of new Discoveries or any more perfect descriptions of places already known would be pleased to send the same to the said Moses Pitt who will give sufficient security for the safe return of the same unprejudiced and if they shall be thought proper by the persons hereafter mentioned to be inserted he will take care that it shall be done and that the obligation shall be thankfully acknowledged in such manner as shall be to their own best satisfaction May 3 1678. WE whose names are here subscribed not doubting but that this Work will be of great Use and for the Honour of the Nation and being desired by Moses Pitt to give him our Assistance that he may be the better enabled to perform it do promise that we will from time to time at spare hours both give our Advice for the carrying on of the Work and further since he offers to refer himself to us in divers of his Proposals we will observe how he makes them good and give an account thereof to Sir Joseph Williamson President of the Royal Society or to the President of the said Society for the time being Chr. Wren Isaac Vossius John Pell W. Lloyd Tho. Gale Rob. Hook UPon perusing these preceding Proposals we whose Names are underwritten well approving and highly commending this Design of the said Moses Pitt do for his encouragement not only subscribe our selves for one or more Copies of the said Book but also do recommend so Noble and Useful a Design to the rest of the Nobility and Gentry throughout his Majesties Dominions The KING' 's most Excellent Majesty The QUEEN'S Majesty His Royal Highness the Duke of YORK Her Royal Highness the Dutchess of YORK Her Highness the Lady ANN. His Highness CHARLES-LEWIS Elector Palatine of the RHINE His Highness Prince RUPERT JAMES late Lord Archbishop of St. Andrews ALEXANDER Ld. 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standing as they were before wherein were their wives children c. but all the men of war he took with him and placed himself and them in ambush who rising up at the approach of Vng-Chan slew him and all his followers and presently seizing upon the Kingdom caused himself to be called Gingis-Chan and from the very beginning of his reign either incited or encouraged as all Authors agree and himself always pretended by some divine or at least supernatural apparition he designed wars upon all his neighbours and the enlargement of the dominion and name of Tatars He also set up a new Religion if it was not the same which was begun by Sagomorbar-Chan who was taken for a great Prophet of whom we know very little but wherein it consisted I find not any satisfactory account He believed a Providence and set up Mesquitas to comply with Mahometanism but as an Arabick Author saith it was like a branch broken off the great tree of the Musselmans law and is extremely detested by them He compelled none to his Law and gave greater indulgence then they to the Christians and some of his successors either Manga or Kublai were actually baptized with his whole family and many of his chief Officers who obtained great victories against the Saracens but afterwards they returned to their former impiety which is continued by them to this day The first thing Gingis-Chan did His Victories was subjecting to himself all the neighbouring Scythians which he easily did partly by force partly promise and subdued to the Tatar Government all Cathay eastward to the great Ocean and as far as the Volga or Edil westward He also extended his dominion very far into India and Persia Yet lived he not many years but at his death divided his conquests amongst his sons and after he had shewed them by a bundle of arrows which as long as bound fast together none of them could break but the youngest broke them all when severed exhorting them to unity amongst themselves and obedience to his eldest son he gave him the ancient kingdom and of his conquests as far as Bactria or Chowaresme and made him supreme over all His successor was Ogtai His Successors or as we call him Hoccota-Chan whose life also was short besides him he had many sons particularly one called Tuschai whom some call Ken others Cuine the Father of Batuu or Baydo of whom more by and by Hoccota had also Cuina-Chan who succeeded him The next Emperor to Gina or China-Chan was Mango-Chan who conquered China To him succeeded Cobila or Kublai Chan of whom M. Paulus Venetus Haytho and others write largely he is said to have been baptized and embraced Christianity by the perswasions of a King of Armenia The eleventh or as some say the thirteenth of this race not in order of succession to the Chan but to one of the brothers was Timurlangh whom we commonly call Tamerlan who attributed all his victories to his observance of the Religion of Gingis-Chan Of Tamerlan for which he was by the Mahometan-Doctors declared an Infidel and by their writers call'd Devil Plague Calamity Traitor and Aldighall which we corruptly call Degnal i.e. Antichrist to the Turks and indeed he persecuted them with very great violence and mightily encouraged the Sect of Gingis-Chan Concerning these Of Batuu account must be given in due place it is necessary for our purpose to speak only of Batuu or Baatu or Bayto whom our authors call Batus son of Hoccota He enjoyed the country upon the eastern banks of Volga or Edil and to give a specimen of his disposition when Ban either his brother or brothers son complained that he saw no reason why Baatu should enjoy the fruitful pastures upon Edil and himself as near akin to Gingis-Chan should be driven into the dry and sandy wilderness Batu sent for him and tho the words were spoken in his drunkenness which the Tartars are used to pardon he cut off his head This Batu therefore his son Sartach also possesing northwards all betwixt Don and Volga fell upon the Nations called Comani His Wars Alani and Gazani living between the Euxin and Caspian Sea and wholly wasted their country destroying all except some few who fled into Hungary and there got for awhile secure habitations Afterwards he fell upon the Polowczi seated upon the Tanais and all along upon the north of Palus Maeotis They are commonly said to have been Gothic Nations but Polotwski are called by the Russes such as live without houses in waggons wandring from place to place as they can find pasture for their cattel Whatever they were they sent Ambassadors to the Russes their ancient enemies for assistance against the Tatars as did also the Tatars to advise them to be quiet But the Russes put to death the Tatar messengers and joined with the Polowczi Some say that Cottian their Prince had married his daughter to Miecislaus Duke of Kiow and that this Miecislaus Romanowitz Miecislaus Mscislawitz with the Militia of Halicks the Dukes of Czirnovia Smolensko and most of the Russes joined all their forces to the Polowczi and having march'd twelve days together arrived at the river Kalcza A. C. 1224 July 17 the Tatars who were there encamped perceiving them wearied with so long a march immediately gave them battel and made a very great slaughter many of the Russians were slain and taken and the rest flying homewards were murder'd by the Polowczi whom they came to assist The Tatars pursuing their victory absolutely destroyed the Polowczi and seized upon their country which is that which we call Tartaria Precopensis About thirteen years after A.C. 1238 they fell upon Russia part of which they absolutely wasted as all the country about Kiow part of it being full of woods and lakes and not fit for the Tatars pasturage they conquer'd but gave them conditions whereof we have given before a short account p. 37. thinking it more advantagious to have tribute and dominion over the country then to lay it waste Not long after Batu divided his army himself with one part fell upon Hungary the other he gave to one Peta to march into Poland c. who the first year destroyed all as far as Sendomiria The next year he entred again and forced Boleslaus the Chast Duke of Poland out of the country who retired to the Monastery of Willehrad in Moravia Peta then also burn'd Cracovia all except St. Andrews Church which was fortified and well defended against them Thence they came to Breslaw in Silesia which they found burnt to their hands by the soldiers and inhabitants despairing to keep it Thence they came to Lignitz where Henry Duke of Silesia had got together a considerable army besides those brought to him from Poland Prussia and many other places and gave battel to the Tatars who there obtained a very great victory Henry the Grand Master of the Dutch Knights and many other persons of quality were slain and
top of an hill commanding the Town and haven was first built by Adolph of Schaumburg the first Earl of Holstein Earl Adolph IV. founded a monastery of Franciscan Minorites in this City which upon the bringing in of the Augsburg confession into this Country with the rest of the Danish Territories was changed into an Hospital 2. Rensborg or Reinholsburg founded by one Reinold of whom we have no further account then that he was either a Prince of the Blood or some Great Nobleman This is the best fortifyed Town in the Dukedom environed with the Byder and defended by a strong Castle built by Earl Gerhard the Great 3. Wilster a neat and well built City seated on a River of the same name which soon after empties it self into the Stor 4. Nieumunster seated on the North-West of the Stor not far from the head of it The Earldom of Holstein was only a Province of the Great Dukedom of Saxony until Lotharius Great Duke of Saxony afterwards Emperor of Germany bestowed it upon Adolph Earl of Schaumburg or Schouwanburg about the year 1114. Since which time we have the following account of the Earls of Holstein 1. Adolph of Schouwenburg the first absolute prince of Holstein On whom the Earldom was bestowed as a recompence for the services he had done the Duke of Saxony in his German and Danish wars 2. Adolph II. son to Adolph the I. having obtained his fathers Earldom cast out the Slavonians who a little before his time had overrun all this part of Saxony and planted in their rooms Colonies of Germans Frisians and Nether Saxons In the quarrel among the three pretenders to the Crown of Denmark Sueno Canutus and Waldemar he sided with Canutus and had setled him in the throne had not King Sueno by fair means and promises prevailed with him to lay down his Arms. He left the Earldom to his son 3. Adolph III. who after many skirmishes and battles with Waldemar II. King of Denmark was at last vanquished and kept close prisoner by that King who by the intercession of Andrew Bishop of Lunden and some others granted him his liberty upon condition That he should disclaim all right and Title which he and his predecessors had hitherto pretended to the Earldom of Holstein or any other place formerly subject to Henry surnamed the Lion Duke of Saxony and quietly retire to the inheritance of his Ancestors at Schouwenburg But these Articles tho at the first secured by Hostages were not long observed by his son 4. Adolph IV. who associating to himself Henry Earl of Zurin Gerhard Bishop of Bremen and some other petit Princes begun a rebellion against King Waldemar and succeeded so well in the undertaking that within a very short time he made himself master of all the Territories his father had been beaten out of and renounced His son 5. Gerhard enjoy'd peaceably the dominions left him by his Father He was for some time kept prisoner at Imsburg by the Folchungs a noble family in Sweden for being in company with one Ingemar an upstart Gentleman but great favourite of their King Magnus whom they slew in a rage and cast his companions into prison 6. Henry Gerhards son was the first that set up a Custom-house in Hamburg which brought in no small portion of the revenue of his successors 7. Gerhard the second son of Henry upon the death of Christopher the second King of Denmark was made Protector of the Danish Kingdom and Tutor to the young King Waldemar the third By these advantages his power grew so great that he ventur'd to stile himself Duke of Jutland and by degrees would in all probability have aspired to the Crown of Denmark if not timely taken off by one Ebbo a Danish Nobleman who murdered him in his bed at Randerhusen 8. Henry the second son to Gerhard II. refused the Crown of Sweden when it was offered him by Ambassadors sent from that Court A. D. 1363. He is said to have been a Prince of great courage and candor courteous in his behaviour and exceedingly chast and temperate in the whole course of his life In short a man that had in him all the Royal vertues that might deserve a Kingdom and the modesty to refuse one when offer'd 9. Gerhard the third Henry the second 's son after he had got the Dukedom of Sleswic annexed to the Earldom of Holstein by Margaret Queen of Denmark was slain by the men of Dithmarss whom he had required to do him homage His son 10. Henry the third being denied that right to the Dukedom of Sleswic which his father had enjoy'd made war against Eric the Eighth King of Denmark in which at the siege of Flensburg he was slain 11. Adolph V. commonly called the twelfth by those that reckon all the Earls of younger houses succeeded his brother Henry and was the last Earl of this house In the year 1440 he received the Dukedom of Sleswic at the hands of Christopher the third King of Denmark swearing fealty to that Crown Christian Earl of Oldenburg son of Hedvigis sister to Henry and Adolph the two last Earls of Holstein succeeded his Uncle Adolph in the Earldom of Holstein Which in his time was enlarged by the addition of Dithmarss and changed into a Dukedom by the Emperor Frideric the third A. D. 1474. When this Christian was advanced to the throne of Denmark the Dukedom of Holstein became a part of that Kingdom Yet so that the Kings of Denmark as the Kings of Sweden upon the late accessions in Germany to their Crown were reckoned Princes of the Empire as Dukes of Holstein tho not obliged to repair to any Diet. Afterwards the title of Duke of Holstein together with a considerable part of the Country was given to Adolph Christian the Third's brother created Knight of the Garter by our Queen Elizabeth A. D. 1562 who governed it interchangeably with the King his brother by turns Upon the decease of this Duke and his issue male the title was conferr'd on Vlric King Christian the fourth's brother Since his days there have been several houses of the Dukes of Holstein as Sunderburg Norburg Gluckburg Arnsbeck Gottorp and Ottingen Amongst whom the Duke of Holstein Gottorp is chief and challenges the same power in governing and administration of justice which was at first conferred upon Duke Adolph King Christian the third's brother In the late wars between the two Northern Crowns the King of Denmark jealous of the great power of the present Duke of Gottorp forced this Prince to quit his Dukedom and leave his Majesty in full possession of the whole Country of Holstein But at the signing of the Treaty between the Kings of France Sweden and Denmark at Fountenblaeu on the second of September 1679 the Danish Ministers promised their Master should at the desire of his most Christian Majesty restore to the said Duke all his Countries Towns and places in the state they were and the soveraignty thereof all which he
superadded to the Title of Freyherr to denote the antiquity of those four who bear this name in the rank of Barons Paurmeister gives his opinion of the case proposed in these words Ego Baronum genera nulla esse arbitror quocunque nomine Semper-Freyen Freyherrn Edle Herrn vel singulariter Freyen Herrn Edle vel Die Edle appellantur Nobilitate ac Dignitate pares esse Omnes enim generali vocabulo Herrn comprehenduntur ut perpetuo habet Decretorum Comitiorum subscriptio Von der Graven und Herrn wegen i. e. I do not think there are any different kinds of Barons but that whatever Title they may have whether Semper-Freyen Freyherrn Edle Herrn Freyen Herrn or Edle they are all of them notwithstanding of equal Nobility and Dignity since they all agree in the general Title of Herrn as we find the Decrees anciently pass'd in the Diets subscribed Von der Graven und Herrn wegen i. e. by assent and authority of the Counts and Barons And as Herrn is a common name for all sorts of German Barons so is Herrschaft a general name for a Barony which two words the High Dutch use in the same sense as we do Lord and Lordship We see then what the Title of Frey-herr signifies â—â—â—on And in the modern writings of the Germans we seldom or never meet with the word Baron tho this is as ordinary in Spain Italy France and England as the former is in Germany However Schottelius who made as diligent enquiry into the ancient monuments and records of the German Nation as any man whatever assures us that Bar or Baar in old Teutonic manuscripts signifies a Baron and is commonly there used instead of the more modern word Frey-herr And possibly there may be as just grounds for deriving Baro from the High Dutch as either the Latin or Greek For the Latin word Vir signifying a man separate and distinct from the vulgar by his virtue whence the generality of Critics derive Baro has in all probability been borrowed of the High Dutch in whose ancient Laws Baro or Barus and Foemina do usually occur for a man or woman The English Saxons call'd a man Æ¿er or Æ¿ar which the old Franks turn'd into Ber and afterwards Paro In Junius's Edition of the Codex Argenteus the Gothic word Wair is used for man and Waire in the plural for men Sometimes instead of Baron the Germans use the Title of Banner-herr â—â—nner-herr or Panner-herr which may be render'd Dominus vexillifer and signifies the same thing with Banneret I cannot certainly affirm that the word Banner-herr tho ordinarily met with in German writers is ever made use of to denote any High Dutch Title of Honour but only to express the Honorary Titles of other Nations What a Chivalier Banneret or Knight Banneret which the Germans usually render Banner-herr does signifie may be learn'd from the account which the Author of La division du mond gives of it Pour faire says he un Chevalier Banneret cest quant il a longement suyvy les guerres et que il a assez terres et revenue tant que il peult tenir et soudoyer cinquants gentils homes pour accompagnier sa Banniere Lors il peult licitement lever ladit Banniere et non autrement car nul autre home ne puit porter Banniere en Battaile sil n'a cinquant homes prestz pour battailler Which story of maintaining fifty men under him to accompany his Banner is in the end of the old printed Copy of Gesta Romanorum in French notwithstanding the assertion of some late Authors that a Banneret need have no more then twenty-five some say ten men under him The Germans call a Knight Ritter â—â—tter for the same reason as the Latins stiled him Eques because this Title was formerly never conferr'd upon any man that had not perform'd some gallant exploit in the field and who was dubb'd Knight by being accouter'd with a Sword and pair of Spurs One of our ancient English Poets Dan. Lydgate gives us a full explication of the Title of Ritter in these words Eques ab Equo is said of very right And Chevalier is said of Chevalry In which a Rider called is a Knight Arragoners done also specifie Caballiero through all that party Is name of worship and so took his ' ginning Of spores of Gold and chiefly Riding The first original of dubbing of Knights with a Sword came probably from the ancient custom of the Northern Nations of girding their young men with a Sword as soon as they were able to bear Arms. Nihil says Tacitus speaking of the ancient Germans neque publicae neque privatae rei nisi armati agunt Sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris quam Civitas suffecturum probaverit Tum in ipso concilio vel Principum aliquis vel Pater vel Propinquus scuto frameaque Juvenem ornant Haec apud illos Toga hic primus Juventae honos Ante hoc Domus pars videntur mox Reipublicae Besides this Ceremony of giving a Lance or Target to such as were admitted members of the Empire they had another way of adopting Sons per arma Thus Theodoric King of the Eastern Goths in Italy adopted the King of the Heruli by a Charter still extant in Cassiodorus's Northern History And hence Justin the Elder being about to adopt Cosroes the King of Persia's Son was advised by Proclus his Chancellor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Procopius speaks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. That it should be done according to the custom of the barbarous Nations who did not adopt Sons by Writing but by Arms. There are not so many several Orders of Knighthood in Germany as in most other European Nations Orders of Knighthood if we except those who have any Honour and Title of some particular Order sent them from the Kings of Spain England and Denmark For from these Princes several Dukes Counts and other Grandees of the Empire receive the honorary Titles of Knights of the Golden Fleece the Garter and the Elephant The Teutonic Order of Knighthood of which we have spoken something before in the Description of Prussia was first instituted under the walls of Acon or Ptolemais in the Holy Land altho Jacob de Vitriaco Polydore Vergilius Gretser and several other Historians of good note make the Order much more ancient After the City was taken by the Christians these new Knights who were most of them Citizens of Lubec and Bremen fix'd themselves at a Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary from whence they are sometimes stiled Equites Mariani Here they were setled under Henry Walpot von Passenheim their first Great Master in the year 1190. Afterwards when the Christians were beaten out of Syria they remov'd to Venice and thence to Marpurg in Hassia where as in several other parts of Germany their Convent was endow'd with fair revenues Whence some fancy they first got the name of Equites
that great Conqueror From his Loins after several generations descended Billiengus a potent King of the Vandals whose Mother say some was Charles the Great 's Sister He was the first that after his own conversion brought in the profession of Christianity into Mecklenburg tho afterwards at the instigation of his Son Micislaus both himself and all his Subjects turn'd Apostates The next famous Prince of Mecklenburg was Gottschalck surnam'd the Godly who would often himself take the pains to preach Christianity to his Subjects by whom he was at last for his Religion murder'd in the year 1066. From him descended amongst many others Henry II. who dying in the year 1228 left behind him two Sons Nicolot and John From the former of these sprang all the succeeding Princes of the Vandals until William the last Prince of that Line who died in the year 1430. From the later surnam'd Knese Janko or John the Divine because he had taken a Doctor of Divinity 's degree in the University at Paris are descended the present Dukes of Mecklenburg This John left behind him Henry who was six and twenty years kept prisoner by the Turks Father to Henry surnam'd the Lion whose two Sons Albert and John Dukes of Mecklenburg were by the Emperor Charles IV. created Princes of the Empire in the year 1349. Which is not to be understood tho I find this construction put upon it by several of the modern German Historians as if these two Princes before Charles's creation had been only ordinary Lords or Barons of Mecklenburg and by the Emperor advanc'd to the dignity of Princes or Dukes For from him they receiv'd no more than an admission into the number of the Estates of the Empire under whose protection they were brougth by making themselves members thereof upon condition they should be subject to its Laws and contribute to its necessities Albert's eldest Son Albert II. was chosen King of Sweden and not long after taken prisoner by Margaret Queen of Denmark by whom after several years imprisonment he was at last releas'd upon the payment of a vast ransom So that the management of the Dukedom of Mecklenburg was committed to his Brother Magnus a Prince that if we believe Chytraeus who in his first Book of the Saxon Chronicle has given him a noble character was nomine re Magnus endow'd with all the excellent qualities that are requisite to make a brave Prince His Son John who succeeded his Father in the Dukedom founded the University at Rostock in the year 1419. This Duke's Successors Henry the Fat and Magnus II. Founder of the Cathedral Church at Rostock upon the death of William the last Prince of the Vandals made themselves Masters of the whole Land of Mecklenburg After the death of this Magnus and his Son Albert II. the Dukedom came to his Grandchild John Albert in the year 1547 who first brought in the Lutheran Confession into his Dominions by demolishing Popish Abbeys and converting their Revenues to the use of the University at Rostock His Son John III. who died in the year 1592 left two Sons the eldest was Adolph Frideric who married Ann-Mary Countess of East Frisland by whom amongst other children he had Christian-Ludowic the present Duke of Mecklenburg-Swerin His youngest Son was Gustavus Adolphus who seated himself at Gustrow In the late Civil Wars in Germany the whole Land of Mecklenburg was overrun by the Imperial Army and the Dukedom conferr'd upon their ambitious and at last unfortunate General Albrecht Duke of Friedland However within a little while after the two Dukes Adolph Frideric and John Albrecht were reinstated in their Dominions by Gustavus Adolphus the victorious King of Sweden their Kinsman For a character of the present Dukes of Mecklenburg the Reader may have recourse to the following descriptions of Swerin and Gustrow the places of their residence The strength of these Princes would be considerable enough Militâ—â—â— strength sufficient to secure their own Territories and keep their neighbours in awe if firmly united Their equal pretensions to the sole government of the City and University at Rostock did formerly occasion some animosities between the two Houses but this quarrel has for some years last past been quite laid aside and now a difference in Religion the Duke of Swerin being a Romanist and he of Gustrow a Lutheran is the greatest cause of their mutual fears and jealousies Heretofore they thought it their chief interest to adhere to the Swedes and secure themselves under the wings of the potent Kings of that Nations but when after the many conquests of the brave Gustavus Adolphus the power of those Princes grew so formidable as to threaten an universal slavery to their neighbours round about them rather then the defence of any of their Liberties the Dukes of Mecklenburg thought it high time to relinquish that party and join with the Dane and Branburger in opposing their common enemy the King of Sweden They saw Wismar rent out of their hands without any probability of being ever recover'd and they had reason to fear that a great part of the adjoining Country would follow it if their ruin were not timely prevented by the strength of their new Allies The whole Land of Mecklenburg so much I mean as is now subject to the two Dukes which bear that Title is usually divided into these six parts Territries The Dukedomes of Mecklenburg strictly so call'd and Vandalia the Earldom of Swerin the Baronies of Rostock and Stargard and the Bishopric of Butzow In the Dukedom of Mecklenburg are reckon'd the Cities of Wismar to which is the neighbouring Island Poel Tempsin Gades Rhena and Bucow In the Dukedom of Vandalia Gustrow Sterneberg Malchin Stavenhagen Ivenack Neu-Calven Warin Pentzlin Rebell Wredenhagen Malchau Tetrou Goltberg Parchum Plage Lupsian Grabou Domitz Neu-Statt Eldenau and Gorlosen In the Barony of Rostock the City of Rostock Ribnitz Gnoien Tessin Laga Schwan Salines and Morlou In the Barony of Stargard Brandeburg Stargard Furstenburg Strelitz Mirow Fredland and Wesenberg And lastly in the Bishopric of Butzow the City of Butzow and the Peninsula of Swerin The most considerable Cities in the Dukedom of MECKLENBURG I. LUBEC Lubec This City is indeed situate in Wagerland and for that reason we have already given the Reader some short account of it in the Description of Denmark but because it is of it self an Imperial City wholly independant upon the Crown of Denmark and immediately subject to the Emperor of Germany we have reserv'd a more particular survey of it for this place And it cannot so properly be referr'd to any particular Province of the Empire as the Dukedom of Mecklenburg For altho the Citizens of Lubec do not pay any manner of tribute or homage to the Princes of Mecklenburg yet it may perhaps as justly be reckon'd part of that Dukedom as Bremen which never yet acknowledg'd any subjection to the Kings of Sweden may be esteem'd part of that Principality which now bears
and Albert Dukes of Mecklenburg two Cousin Germans in the year 1419. The Corporation of the City bore it seems half the charges of the foundation and therefore 't was then ordered by a Decree still in force that half of the Professors should be chosen by the Dukes of Mecklenburg and the other half by the Burgomasters and Radtshern of the Town The Rector Magnificus as they are pleased to intitle the chief Magistrate of their University is chosen every half year as in most other German Universities by turns out of the two Companies of Professors He has power to call Convocations and appoint times for meeting of the other Professors on all extraordinary occasions as collecting or disbursing any part of their common-Treasure or the like In matters of greater weight and moment then are usually debated he has an Assistant whom they call Promotor chosen out of the Seniors of the eighteen Professors The University was at first stocked with Professors from Leipsic and Erfurt who all of them received their Licences to teach and read in publick together with a Charter of priviledges and body of Statutes from Pope Martin V. The Bishop of Swerin is their perpetual Chancellor who commonly deputes one of the Senior Professors his Vice-Chancellor at any public Promotion or taking of Degrees when he himself is not at leisure to give a personal attendance Amongst many other learned men that have been bred in this University Albert Crantzius John Posselius and Nathan Chytraeus three famous Historians have got themselves and the place of their education great credit by their elaborate writings The Citizens are subject to a kind of mixt government made up of Aristocracy and Democracy The Democratical part consists of twenty four Aldermen chosen out of the Nobility Scholars and rich Merchants of the Town whereof four are Burgomasters two Chamberlains two Stewards for the River and two Judges The Chamberlains collect and distribute all manner of Assesments for the reparations of public buildings in and about the City The two Stewards are overseers of the Haven at Warnemund and look to the cleansing of the Channel from that Port up to the City The Judges determine and pass sentence in all causes Civil and Criminal These twenty four Magistrates of the upper House decide all ordinary Controversies and have the sole power of coining money chusing Officers c. But besides them there are in the Town a hundred more Common-Councilmen elected out of the inferior Tradesmen of the Town who are summon'd to appear and give their opinions upon debate of any matter of more then ordinary concernment to the common welfare Though the River Warna be navigable up to the Walls of the City of Rostock yet it is not deep enough to carry Ships of the largest bulk but such Vessels are forced to take harbour at Warnemund so called because situate on the mouth of the River a small Town about seven English miles distant from Rostock Since the Treaty of Munster the Swedes built a Fort on the mouth of this River by the strength of which and a good Garison always kept in it they exacted a toll or custom of all Merchantmen that pass'd this way from or towards Rostock to the great decay of trade in this City and impoverishing of its inhabitants This Castle was in the late wars between the Northern Crowns demolished and thereby a stop put to the Swedish encroachments Whereupon the Ministers for the Dukes of Mecklenburg in the last general Treaty at Nimeguen were very diligent in soliciting the Mediators for a redress of this grievance which they represented as a violation of an express Article in the Westphalian Treaty With Memorials and Petitions to this purpose our English Mediatours by the Duke of Gustrow's Minister and the Popes Nuncio on the other hand by the Duke of Swerin's were continually wearied in the latter end of the year 1678 and beginning of 1679. Their importunity prevailed so far at last as to have the following clause inserted into the first Proposal of a Treaty betwixt the Emperor and King of Sweden Omni casu salva sint Dominis Ducibus Mecklenburgicis sine turbatione competentia jura sublatum maneat vectigal seu telonium Warnemundense cum omnimoda aliarum quae ibi motae sunt pretensionum abolitione portus Warnmundensis relinquatur in pristina qua nunc gaudet commerciorum libertate But the Swedish Plenipotentaries in all their conferences with the Imperial Ambassadours upon this Subject constantly denied that they had instructions to meddle with it and the Imperialists were willing to omit the insertion of this point rather then delay the signing of the other Articles till new Instructions could be procured from the Swedish Court So that all the satisfaction the Princes of Mecklenburg had was a compliment from the Emperour 's Plempotentiaries shewing the great care their Master would be always ready to take in asserting their Rights and Priviledges as well as those of any other member of the German Empire against the encroachments of any Foreign Enemy whatever and a Certificate under their hands that their Ministers had used all imaginable diligence in the discharge of their duty Neque defuerunt say they durante hoc congressu officio suo praedictorum Dominorum Ducum i. e. Mecklenburgicorum Ablegati Dominus Antonius Bessel Dominus Joannes Reuter sed omnes partes impleverunt quae a Ministrorum fide dexteritate vigilantia expectari possunt In quorum omnium fidem Legatio Caesarea praesentes hasce a se subscriptas sigillis suis munivit Dabantur Neomagi duodecima Februarii Anno 1679. IV. SWERIN Swerin Situate at about fifty English miles distance from Rostock upon a great Lake which from the name of this City is usually by the Neighbourhood called Der Swerinsche See It was built and fortfied by Henry surnamed the Lion Duke of Saxony who soon after its first foundation which is said to have been in the year 1163. bestowed this City with all the Territories and Lordships thereunto belonging upon Guntzel or Gunceline one of the Generals in his Army whom he made Earl of Swerin His son Henry who succeeded his father in the Earldom was a great favourite of the Emperour Otho IV and well deserved all the honour his master could confer on him He took Woldemar King of Denmark prisoner in his own Kingdom brought him bound into Saxony in triumph and kept him in close custody in the Castle at Danneberg till his Subjects had almost reduced themselves to beggary by paying ransome The last Earl of this Family was Otho who died in the year 1355. His only daughter and child Richardis was married to Albrecht Duke of Mecklenburg for which reason the Earldom of Swerin after Otho's death was annexed to the Dukedom of Mecklenburg The Bishoprick of Swerin was removed from Mecklenburg to this City The first Bishop of this Diocess was one Johannes Scotus who in the fourth year of his Prelacy A.
place sprung out of Hills of Allum Brimstone and Niter but their Waters are not so hot here as at Baden Drunk inwardly they have been known to cure Asthmaes and all manner of stoppage and shortness of breath as also old and inveterate Agues and Feavers By washing and bathing they cure the Itch Scab and Leprosie and are an excellent remedy against old sores and bruises Rotel Sponheim Susenburg and Mahlberg Badenweiler are places which have been formerly of some note by reason of the Castles or Palaces of some ancient Princes of the Empire who have borrow'd their Titles from the ancient Seat of their Family And hence the names of these old Towns are still registred in the Titles of the Marquises of Baden but otherwise they have nothing worthy of a description THE LANDGRAVIATES OF ALSACE ALSATIA or Elsass has its name in all probability from the River Ell or Ill which runs thorow it Whence Elsassen as the Germans call the inhabitants of this Country signifies no more then die an der Elle Sassen oder wohnen i.e. the people that dwell on the banks of the Elle Some I know would have the ancient name of the Country to be Edel-Sassen intimating a delicate and Noble Seat our Countryman Mr. Sheringham as we have elsewhere observed makes this a part of the Territories of the ancient Saxons and by them call'd Edel-Sassen or Noble as a piece of the richest and pleasantest ground they were masters of The Country is certainly as these later Etymologists would make it as rich and noble a Province as any in the German Empire and as plentifully stock'd with all manner of necessaries especially Corn and Wine The Hills are commonly cover'd with Chesnut-Groves and Leberthal with some other Valleys afford good store of Copper Lead and other Mettals In some places you meet with rich Meadows and fat Pasture-grounds which furnish the inhabitants with good Butter and a sort of Cheese equal if not preferable to the best in Holland 'T is bounded on the East with Schwaben and the Dukedom of Wirtenberg on the South with Switzerland on the West with the Dukedom of Lorrain and on the North with the County Palatinate of the Rhine The length of it is reckon'd at about twenty German miles tho the bredth scarce any where exceeds four This whole Land was formerly subject to the Kings of the Francks and by their King Hilderic bestow'd under the name of a Dukedom on his Favorite Etico in the year 684. Etico was succeeded by his Son Adelprecht who left his two Sons Linfrid and Eberhard Coheirs of the Dukedom After this the Dukes of this Country were driven out of their Dominions by Charles Martel Hofmeister or Lord Chamberlain of the Houshold to the King of France But in the days of the Emperor Otho I. the Counts of Kiburg the Emperor's Kinsmen got possession of Alsatia and as some will have it were made the first Landgraves of this Country Others say that 't was first divided into two Landgraviates in the reign of the Emperor Otto III. In whose time the Upper Alsace came first into the hands of the Counts of Hapsburg who from thenceforward were Lords of that part of the Country The Lower Alsace was afterwards by the Earls of Ottingen who got the possession of it after the decease of Henry its Landgrave without issue sold to the Bishop of Strasburg who is like to continue Master of it so long as the French King will give him leave Alsatia is usually divided into the Upper and Lower Alsace besides the lesser Territories of Ortenaw Brisgow Hagenaw Sungaw c. But most of these petty Provinces may be referr'd to the Upper Alsace and coming within the bounds of the Upper Landgraviate and the rest to the Lower The chief Cities and great Towns in the Lower ALSACE NEXT to Strasburg of which anon the chief Town in the Lower Alsace is Zabern Zabern or Elsasszabern as 't is sometimes call'd to distinguish it from the other two Cities of the same name one in the Palatinate and the other in Bergen 'T is thought to be the Tabernae mention'd by Antonine and Marcellinus one of the old Roman Garrisons demolish'd by the ancient Germans but rebuilt by Julian the Apostate The City is defended by a strong Castle on the top of a high Rock up to which you are led by a narrow and rugged way cut out of the hard craggy Mountain by William III. Bishop of Strasburg This Prelate and his successors have usually kept their Residence at Zabern where they had also erected a Court of Judicature for the decision of all Controversies arising within the Precincts of their Diocess but 't is thought that the French King who pretends to be Master of the place will employ the Castle otherwise hereafter 2. Weissenburg WEISSENBURG is an Imperial City but reckon'd a part of the Lower Alsace as being incorporated into the Province of Hagenaw Beatus Rhenanus says that 't was the Seat of the ancient Sebusii and therefore 't is call'd by Latin Authors Sebusium Dagobert King of France presented this City with a Crown of Silver gilt with Gold and adorn'd with a great many Turrets and other flourishes of Art whose diameter was four and twenty foot In remembrance of which noble present the Citizens had a Crown of Copper of the same bigness hung up in their great Church which continued there till in the late Civil Wars of Germany 't was broken in pieces by the Soldiery who siezed on it for good plunder The same King granted the Citizens of Weissenburg priviledg to hunt and fish within the compass of a certain circle which in some places reaches two German miles from the Town in others no more then one This Circle is in their Charter stiled Emunitas which the modern inhabitants of the place have corrupted into Mundat The Emperor Charles IV. made the Abbot of this place as well as of the Monasteries at Fulda Kempten and Murbach a Prelate of the Empire bestowing on him the Title of a Prince and allowing him to sit at his feet in all Diets and other public Assemblies of the States General of the Empire 3. Brisach The Imperial City Hagenaw is seated between the two Rivers Motter and Sorna about four German miles from Strasburg 'T is encompassed round with a sandy Soil and thick Woods but at some distance from the Town there are large and pleasant Corn-fields with good store of Vineyards It has anciently been reckon'd one of the four chief Villages of the German Empire and indeed it may now as properly as ever be term'd a Village since 't was burnt to the ground by the French Forces A. D. 1677 but had in it even in those days the supreme Court of Judicature for both the Upper and Lower Alsace Afterwards the Emperor Frideric I. wall'd it round beautifying it with a fair Palace wherein himself for some time kept his Residence and making it
they had several drinking-cups kept in his house beforemention'd which were made of the first Letters he used Angelus Rocha who published an account of the Vatican Library in the days of Pope Sixtus the Fifth tells us that Aldus Junior a learned Antiquary shew'd him a printed Copy of Donatus's Grammar in Vellam in the first page of which were these words Johannes Faustus civis Moguntinus Avus maternus Joannis Schoeffer primus excogitavit imprimendi artem typis aereis Quos deinde plumbeos invenit multaque ad poliendam artem addidit ejus filius Petrus Schoeffer Impressus est autem hic Donatus Confessionalia primo omnium A. D. MCCCCL Admonitus certe fuit ex Donato Hollandiae prius impresso in tabula incisa In which words Mariangelus Accursius for the same Author says 't was his hand assures us that the first man that printed Books in Germany with molten Letters had the first hint of his Trade out of Holland The old Chronicle of the City of Colen which was wrote in the year 1496 confirms this story in telling us wie wail die kunst is vonden tzo Mentz al 's dan nu gemeynlich gebruicht wirt so is doch die eyrste vurbyldung vonden in Hollant vuss den Donaten die dae selffst vur der tzyt gedruckt syn i. e. Notwithstanding the common report of the first invention of this Art at Mentz yet the first hint was had from Holland where Donatus was printed before that time speaking of Guttenburg's first printing at Mentz And indeed most of the German Historians seem very willing to grant that the first printing with wooden Cuts was invented by this Coster before their Country-man found out the way of setting Letters composing words out of the several different characters and making lines up of words and pages of lines but this they look upon as an Art distinct from Typography and no more then in all probability was some thousands of years since practis'd in China and perhaps Mexico too where they used thus to cypher out their Hieroglyphicks But the Hollanders have a second part of their story which if true utterly confutes whatever the High Dutch can pretend to bring against them They tell us further that after Costor had improv'd this new-found Art so far as to print with Tin Letters he began to take more Servants into his House to enable him to carry on his work with greater vigour Amongst these there was one John whom Junius fancies to be Joannes Faustus abovemention'd to whom upon his taking an oath of secresie the whole Art was communicated After this fellow had for some time apply'd himself with all imaginable industry to his trade and attained to as great skill as his Master he resolv'd at the first opportunity to fly and to take with him as many of his Masters Utensils as he and another whom he had made privy to his design could conveniently carry off Accordingly on Christmas-Eve which was a night of as great solemnity in Holland in those days as it is still in the Popish dominions whilst Coster and his whole Family were attending the usual Processions these two seized on as many Cases of Letter and other printing instruments as they were able to convey without the danger of being apprehended in their flight With these carriages John and his Companion got safe to Amsterdam where for some short time they privately printed small Books and Pamphlets Thence they removed to Strasburg and there communicated their Art to Guttenburg who carrying on the Press at his own charges had the honour of being reckon'd the first Printer in the world At last they setled at Mentz where out of danger of being prosecuted by Costor they kept open shop and made public profession of their Trade The first Book they printed in this City was Alexander Gallus's Grammar with Peter Hispanus's small Grammatical Tracts annex'd There is in our public Library at Oxford a Copy of Tully's Offices printed by this Faustus on Vellam which by the irregular and unequal cut of the Letter seems engraven in plates or cut in wood as those Copies of Coster's work which are in the custody of the Prince of Orange and the Citizens of Harlem At the end of it we read these words in red Letters Praesens Marci Tulii clarissimum opus Johannes Fust Moguntinus civis non atramento plumali canna neque aerea Sed arte quadam perpulcra Petri manu pueri mei feliciter effeci finitum Anno M. CCCC LXV Junius says that he often has heard his Master Nicolas Gale tell of an old Bookseller in Harlem with whom he was acquainted in his younger days who had been Servant to Coster and Chamber-fellow witht his Fellow that cheated him of this invention The old man would tell the story with such vehemency of passion as commonly caus'd the tears to gush from his eyes and he was resolv'd to undeceive the world but liv'd not so long as to perform his promise These are the reports we have from both parties whereby each of them pretends a just title to the Invention but whether has the surer grounds I dare not venture to determine Some French Authors have engaged their Kingdom in the brawl and assert that France has as good reason to lay claim to this point of Honour as either Germany or the Low Countries The grounds they have for this conjecture are exceedingly mean and inconsiderable The first original of their mistake as Wimpheling assures us was this About the year 1471 the Art of Printing was first carried to Rome by one Vldaric Hahn a German Now Hahn in the High Dutch signifies as much as the Latin appellative Gallus a Cock whence the Latin writers call'd him Vldaricus Gallus which Campanus and others interpret Vlderic a Frenchman And when those Historians had represented him as the first Founder of Printing in Italy these men very illogically concluded he was the first Inventor of that Art which the world ever heard of Notwithstanding these brags Printing was not only us'd in Holland and Germany but in England also before ever the French were acquainted with it Stow tells us the Hollanders first taught our Nation this Art being brought over into England by William Caxton about the year 1471 and adds that the first printing in this Isle was in Westminster-Abbey But it appears the Art was sooner brought hither then he speaks of For there is in the Archives of our University of Oxford a Copy of St. Jerome's Exposition of the Apostles Creed given by Mr. Moses Pitt the Publisher of this ATLAS printed on Paper which ends thus Explicit exposicio sancti Jeronimi in simbolo apostolorum ad papam laurencium Impressa Oxonie et finita Anno domini M. cccc lxviii xvii die decembris Mr. Wood in his learned Account of the Antiquities of our University at Oxford tells us that Robert Tourner Master of the Wardrobe to King Henry the Sixth was the first that brought from Harlem into
England the Art of Printing The King furnish'd him with seven hundred Marks and Thomas Boucher Arch-Bishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of Oxford who put the King upon this business contributed three hundred more to carry on the design For some time Tourner did nothing but travel up and down with Caxton who traded at Amsterdam and Leyden and could never come at Harlem because the Citizens were cautious of admitting any stranger that might cheat them of the Monopoly of this new Art At last after the King had sent him a new supply of five hundred Marks he agreed with Frideric Corsellis one that wrought at the Press to steal away from his Trade and come over with him into England Which according to contract he did and set up a public Print-house at Oxford Where a strong Guard continually attended him till others had learned his Art for fear he should make an escape before he had perform'd his promise Not long after this there was a Print-house set up at Westminster another at St. Albans a third at Worcester and many others in several Monasteries The oldest Book we find printed at Westminster is Caxton's Chronicle of the Kings of England which was published in the year 1480. Boterus who is follow'd by some late Authors that rely too much upon his authority affirms that the Chinois had the use of Printing amongst them above a thousand years before 't was known in Europe and that the Europeans are not beholden to their own ingenuity for the discovery but the good nature of these strangers who imparted the secret to them But if this be true why then did not Marcus Venetus bring over the Art with him to Venice Rome or Naples that so the Italians might have had the credit of being the first Teachers or Restorers at least for Boter hardly allows the Germans any better title of the Art of Printing in Europe When this question is press'd home to Boter he is forc'd to confess tho unwillingly I Tedeschi sono stati Inventori della stampa dell'artigliaria et dell ' horologio a mota cose Nobilissime i. e. The Germans have been Authors of three noble Inventions Printing Guns and Clocks I do not find any great reason to believe the Germans to have been the first Inventors of Clock-work Clock-work tho they are as likely men if Histories would allow us to fix our conjectures upon them as any in the world But I am afraid Boter injures his own Country in ascribing this to the High Dutch The first man whom the Latin Historians mention as the contriver of an Engine in this kind is Severinus Boetius a famous Philosopher and Nobleman of Rome We meet with a Letter from Theodoric King of the Goths to this Boetius to beg a Clock of him to present to his Brother-in-law Gundibald King of Burgundy in which Letter he calls this Engine Machinam mundo gravidam coelum gestabile rerum compendium i. e. A Machine that encircled the world a portable Heaven an abstract of the Universe But however none have more improved the Art of making Clocks and Watches then the Germans The Emperor Charles the Fifth had a Watch in the Jewel of his Ring and our King James had the like both which were made in Germany In the Town-hall of Prague there is a Clock that shews the annual and periodical motions of the Sun and Moon the names and numbers of the Months Days and Festivals of the whole Year the time of the Sun 's rising and setting the rising of the Twelve Signs in the Zodiac and lastly the Age of the Moon with its several Aspects In the Elector of Saxony's Stable at Dresden there is a Saddle which in the pommel hath a gilded head with eyes continually moving and in the hinder part of it a Clock which shews exactly the hour of the day These and the like knacks are ordinary in every part of Germany but the most famous in its kind is the great Clock at Strasburg of which a full account shall be given when we come to treat of that City Tycho Brahe tells us that William Lantgrave of Hassia had spent much study in contriving a way to regulate Clocks and Watches that the former should not gain nor the latter lose any thing in their motion but what success he met with that great Astronomer does not inform us This in great measure is now perform'd by the regulation which is given to motion by the Pendulum and farther emprovements are projected by some ingenious members of our Royal Society at London and 't is hoped they will be shortly able to give the world a good and satisfactory account how they have sped in the enterprize The High Dutch have far outgone the rest of the European Artificers at the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or ingenious knacks and extravagances of Art then which nothing more demonstrates the excellency and curious skill of a workman One of these not many years presented the Landtgrave of Hassia with a Bear and Lion of pure Gold which were hollow within and each of them about the length of a man's middle finger Every part and lineament in them was proportionable to their length and both together weighed no more then a French Crown The most curious man in this kind which ever the German Nation bred was Johannes Regiomontanus who as Keckerman tells the story when the Emperor Maximilian came to the City of Noremberg made a wooden Eagle which flew an English mile out of Town to meet him and return'd back with him to his Lodgings Peter Ramus reports of the same man that having invited some friends to a Feast to divert them he threw an iron Fly from his hand which flew round the Room and return'd to him again Engraving Painting Cutting of Seals c. are Arts which the High Dutch are almost generally well skill'd in Of the Religion of the Modern GERMANS WE have before given the Reader a view of the Idolatrous practices Ceremonies and Sacrifices of the Pagan Germans and shew'n how zealous they were in defending the Rites and Customs of their false Religion and how much honour and respect they paid their Priests and indeed all others who attended upon their Altars Nor shall we find them less zealous in maintaining the true Religion after their Conversion to Christianity A sufficient testimony of which we may have from the multitude of Monasteries Nunneries Bishoprics and Collegiate Churches which are every-where to be met with in Germany This great Country cannot be suppos'd to have been all converted at once but piecemeal and hardly one Province in it but had its different Apostle Theodoret mentions Germany as well as Britain amongst the Nations converted by the Apostles And the Historian who under the name of Dorotheus Bishop of Tyre publish'd a Synopsis of the Twelve Apostles and Seventy Disciples reports that St. Thomas the Apostle preach'd in Germany But these and the like stories have little of certainty