enervat_fw-la their_o testimony_n if_o they_o be_v make_v to_o swear_v at_o sea_n the_o privateer_n and_o company_n have_v sword_n and_o pistol_n in_o their_o hand_n because_o to_o evite_v the_o insamy_n of_o perjury_n they_o may_v adhere_v in_o their_o judicial_a re-examination_n to_o their_o testimony_n take_v at_o sea_n upon_o oath_n albeit_o not_o true_a or_o if_o by_o force_n or_o just_a fear_n they_o do_v so_o depone_v before_o the_o admiral_n deput_n february_n 25._o 1668._o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o castle_n of_o riga_n contra_fw-la captain_n seatoun_n the_o like_a be_v find_v where_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o company_n be_v hollander_n june_n 30._o 1668._o peterson_n contra_fw-la captain_n anderson_n and_o in_o the_o case_n betwixt_o captain_n allan_n and_o bartholomew_n parkman_n decide_v july_n 9_o 1668._o the_o ship_n be_v find_v prize_n for_o have_v a_o number_n of_o hollander_n sailor_n viz._n three_o the_o company_n be_v nine_o and_o for_o have_v a_o small_a parcel_n of_o tar_n as_o counterband_n aboard_o and_o have_v aboard_o the_o product_n of_o counterband_n take_v in_o the_o immediate_a return_n of_o that_o voyage_n upon_o all_o which_o ground_n joint_o the_o ship_n be_v declare_v prize_n but_o in_o this_o war_n there_o have_v no_o ship_n be_v declare_v prize_n upon_o account_n of_o the_o company_n be_v hollander_n neither_o because_o the_o master_n be_v a_o hollander_n if_o he_o be_v not_o also_o a_o part_n owner_n albeit_o two_o of_o the_o company_n be_v hollander_n july_n 24._o 1673._o captain_n bennet_n contra_fw-la the_o owner_n of_o the_o pearl_n but_o the_o master_n be_v a_o hollander_n be_v find_v a_o sufficient_a ground_n of_o suspicion_n and_o seazure_n but_o not_o of_o confiscation_n the_o property_n be_v prove_v to_o pertain_v to_o free_a man_n and_o therefore_o probation_n be_v allow_v to_o either_o party_n july_n 16._o 1673._o captain_n lyle_n contra_fw-la the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o leopard_n the_o hire_v of_o the_o enemy_n people_n be_v no_o assistance_n to_o they_o in_o the_o war_n but_o rather_o a_o weaken_n of_o they_o so_o that_o if_o these_o of_o the_o enemy_n country_n be_v only_o aboard_o as_o servant_n to_o newter_n and_o not_o upon_o their_o own_o account_n either_o as_o trader_n or_o passenger_n there_o have_v be_v no_o inquiry_n in_o the_o last_o war_n as_o to_o their_o residence_n neither_o have_v any_o thing_n as_o to_o that_o point_n be_v mention_v in_o the_o last_o proclamation_n of_o war_n or_o in_o his_o majesty_n instruction_n to_o the_o admirality_n of_o his_o kingdom_n and_o though_o the_o law_n may_v have_v reach_v ship_n navigate_fw-la by_o hollander_n reside_v in_o holland_n and_o not_o change_v the_o domicile_a yet_o in_o favour_n and_o prudence_n that_o ground_n have_v not_o be_v sustain_v it_o be_v more_o the_o king_n interest_n to_o allow_v his_o enemy_n to_o withdraw_v from_o their_o country_n then_o to_o force_v they_o to_o serve_v only_o there_o counterband_n be_v not_o only_o a_o cause_n of_o confiscation_n when_o take_v go_v towards_o enemy_n port_n but_o also_o when_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v in_o her_o return_n from_o the_o enemy_n port_n in_o that_o same_o voyage_n for_o then_o the_o delinquence_n be_v complete_a whereas_o it_o have_v not_o take_v effect_n before_o the_o ship_n attain_v the_o port_n and_o yet_o may_v be_v just_o seize_v before_o the_o full_a effect_n because_o the_o seazure_n of_o the_o ship_n in_o her_o voyage_n be_v the_o impediment_n that_o the_o effect_n be_v not_o attain_v and_o therefore_o the_o common_a custom_n of_o nation_n have_v allow_v such_o seazure_n for_o otherways_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o hinder_v newter_n to_o carry_v counterband-goods_a to_o enemy_n for_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n neither_o will_v the_o pretence_n of_o alter_v their_o resolution_n to_o sail_v to_o or_o disload_v in_o a_o free_a port_n be_v a_o sufficient_a defence_n unless_o the_o ship_n be_v actual_o steer_v another_o course_n but_o if_o a_o ship_n shall_v be_v pursue_v to_o be_v search_v for_o counterband_n in_o her_o passage_n to_o a_o enemy_n port_n and_o shall_v be_v wait_v for_o till_o her_o return_n and_o take_v as_o she_o come_v from_o that_o port_n there_o can_v be_v far_o less_o pretence_n to_o excuse_v that_o delinquence_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o confiscation_n of_o parkmans_n ship_n take_v by_o captain_n allan_n that_o she_o be_v take_v in_o the_o return_n of_o the_o same_o voyage_n in_o which_o she_o carry_v counterband_n to_o the_o enemy_n port_n july_n 9_o 1668._o and_o though_o in_o that_o case_n the_o reason_n be_v libel_v that_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v have_v in_o her_o the_o product_n of_o counterband_n have_v the_o same_o effect_n with_o counterband_n itself_o quia_fw-la surrogatum_fw-la sapit_fw-la naturam_fw-la surrogati_fw-la yet_o without_o that_o in_o the_o foresay_a case_n of_o captain_n lyle_n it_o be_v find_v sufficient_a that_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v in_o the_o return_n of_o that_o same_o voyage_n in_o which_o she_o carry_v counterband_n without_o mention_n of_o the_o product_n thereof_o july_n 16._o 1673._o in_o which_o case_n it_o be_v find_v necessary_a that_o the_o ship_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o owner_n that_o have_v carry_v in_o the_o counterband_n so_o that_o though_o the_o ship_n have_v be_v light_n without_o any_o load_n she_o will_v have_v be_v prize_n unless_o she_o have_v be_v a_o swedish_n ship_n and_o so_o secure_v by_o the_o swedish_n treaty_n confiscate_v only_a counterband_n when_o it_o be_v actual_o take_v it_o be_v a_o most_o convenient_a moderation_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n that_o the_o delinquence_n of_o carry_v counterband_n be_v follow_v no_o further_a than_o the_o immediate_a return_n of_o that_o voyage_n otherways_o it_o will_v be_v the_o foundation_n of_o mar_v trade_n by_o perpetual_a quarrel_n upon_o pretence_n of_o counterband_n carry_v in_o to_o enemy_n in_o former_a voyage_n in_o these_o war_n there_o have_v be_v no_o occasion_n to_o determine_v whether_o it_o be_v a_o cause_n of_o confiscation_n if_o a_o ship_n be_v take_v in_o return_n of_o that_o voyage_n wherein_o she_o be_v load_v with_o enemy_n good_n the_o dutch_a by_o their_o declaration_n do_v prohibit_v all_o friend_n and_o ally_n not_o only_o to_o carry_v counterband-goods_a to_o any_o port_n in_o the_o king_n dominion_n but_o to_o be_v find_v therewith_o upon_o his_o coast_n or_o divert_v from_o the_o voyage_n they_o may_v make_v with_o counterband_n towards_o the_o king_n port_n hold_v that_o for_o a_o sufficient_a probation_n of_o their_o intend_v these_o port_n which_o be_v like_a they_o will_v not_o take_v off_o by_o document_n aboard_o express_v their_o own_o port_n or_o the_o port_n of_o newter_n it_o be_v so_o easy_a to_o procure_v false_a and_o colourable_a document_n yet_o that_o be_v never_o sustain_v as_o a_o relevant_a ground_n of_o adjudication_n with_o we_o by_o what_o have_v be_v say_v the_o confiscation_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n of_o ally_n and_o newter_n upon_o account_n of_o counterband_n and_o the_o assistance_n give_v to_o enemy_n thereby_o have_v be_v clear_v the_o other_o chief_a ground_n of_o confiscation_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n of_o newter_n be_v by_o their_o concourse_n with_o enemy_n in_o carry_v on_o their_o trade_n and_o therefore_o in_o all_o the_o treaty_n the_o formula_fw-la of_o pass_n do_v require_v that_o it_o be_v attest_v upon_o oath_n that_o the_o ship_n and_o load_n belong_v to_o the_o subject_n of_o that_o ally_n and_o no_o part_n thereof_o to_o the_o king_n enemy_n and_o likewise_o the_o particular_a kind_n and_o quantity_n of_o the_o cargo_n and_o the_o owner_n thereof_o and_o of_o the_o ship_n must_v be_v express_v some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o a_o unfree_a ship_n confiscat_n the_o load_n as_o accessary_a thereto_o but_o that_o unfree_a load_n or_o a_o part_n thereof_o do_v not_o confiscate_v the_o ship_n which_o be_v but_o a_o groundless_a subtlety_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o confiscation_n be_v the_o partake_n with_o enemy_n in_o carry_v on_o of_o their_o trade_n it_o take_v place_n alike_o in_o the_o ship_n and_o load_n or_o any_o part_n thereof_o but_o it_o be_v a_o delinquence_n it_o have_v still_o the_o exception_n of_o the_o bona_fw-la fides_fw-la and_o ignorance_n of_o these_o who_o partake_v in_o that_o conjunction_n of_o trade_n but_o though_o the_o society_n or_o partnership_n be_v enter_v into_o before_o the_o war_n it_o be_v not_o find_v to_o liberat_fw-la see_v there_o be_v time_n and_o opportunity_n to_o dissolve_v it_o after_o july_n 17._o 1673._o master_n of_o the_o golden_a falcon_n contra_fw-la captain_n buchannan_n that_o a_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n belong_v to_o a_o enemy_n do_v confiscate_v the_o whole_a ship_n and_o load_v have_v be_v of_o time_n decide_v even_o in_o
the_o case_n where_o the_o master_n be_v hire_v by_o the_o swede_n or_o other_o ally_n and_o be_v a_o swear_a citizen_n in_o sweden_n unless_o it_o be_v sufficient_o instruct_v that_o he_o be_v a_o inhabitant_n and_o residenter_n there_o and_o have_v change_v his_o domicile_fw-la from_o holland_n and_o carry_v his_o wife_n and_o family_n if_o any_o he_o have_v to_o a_o newtral_a place_n neither_o be_v the_o production_n of_o a_o burgess_n brieff_n in_o sweden_n find_v sufficient_a see_v the_o skipper_n by_o his_o oath_n acknowledge_v that_o he_o leave_v his_o wife_n lying-in_n at_o amsterdam_n february_n 28._o 1673._o and_o july_n 18._o 1673._o master_n of_o the_o elsingburg_n contra_fw-la captain_n dowglas_n the_o like_a be_v find_v because_o the_o master_n by_o his_o oath_n acknowledge_v that_o he_o be_v a_o hollander_n and_o a_o part_n owner_n and_o that_o the_o evidence_n that_o his_o domicile_n be_v still_o in_o holland_n be_v more_o pregnant_a than_o that_o he_o have_v change_v the_o same_o to_o copenhagen_n june_n 25._o 1673._o captain_n contra_fw-la master_n of_o the_o saint_n mary_n the_o like_a be_v find_v where_o the_o skipper_n oath_n bear_v he_o to_o be_v a_o part_n owner_n and_o a_o hollander_n and_o that_o he_o intend_v to_o change_v his_o domicile_a but_o have_v not_o do_v it_o though_o he_o produce_v a_o swedish_n burgess_n brieff_n july_n 10._o 1673._o captain_n frazer_n contra_fw-la master_n of_o the_o young_a tobias_n it_o be_v so_o decide_v july_n 23._o 1673._o captain_n seatoun_n contra_fw-la the_o owner_n of_o the_o king_n david_n where_o the_o skipper_n oath_n contradict_v the_o pass_n acknowledge_v himself_o a_o part_n owner_n and_o a_o emdener_n under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o state_n though_o he_o show_v certificat_o of_o be_v a_o burgess_n and_o have_v child_n in_o denmark_n see_v it_o be_v also_o depone_v that_o his_o wife_n and_o family_n remain_v in_o emden_n the_o like_a be_v also_o late_o find_v in_o the_o case_n of_o captain_n stuart_n contra_fw-la the_o master_n of_o the_o wine_n grape_n in_o novemb_n 1674._o where_o many_o evidence_n be_v adduce_v for_o change_v the_o master_n domicile_fw-fr to_o sweden_n but_o the_o contrary_a evidence_n be_v find_v the_o strong_a the_o like_a be_v find_v in_o the_o reduction_n at_o the_o instance_n of_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o calm_a against_o captain_n smeatoun_n which_o be_v first_o find_v prize_n by_o the_o admiral_n and_o twice_o thereafter_o by_o the_o lord_n be_v cause_n the_o skipper_n oath_n contradict_v the_o pass_n bear_v the_o ship_n to_o belong_v whole_o to_o swede_n and_o yet_o he_o depone_v that_o he_o be_v a_o eight_o part_n owner_n and_o a_o hollander_n and_o probation_n have_v be_v adduce_v by_o commission_n both_o from_o sweden_n and_o holland_n the_o most_o pregnant_a probation_n be_v that_o his_o true_a domicile_n be_v at_o amsterdam_n december_n 13._o 1673._o the_o load_n belong_v to_o enemy_n be_v also_o find_v to_o make_v the_o ship_n prize_n see_v it_o appear_v that_o they_o know_v the_o same_o to_o belong_v to_o enemy_n when_o inload_v and_o have_v no_o privilege_n by_o treaty_n july_n 15._o 1673._o captain_n wilson_n contra_fw-la master_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o venus_n in_o like_a manner_n the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o load_n be_v prove_v to_o belong_v to_o a_o jew_n reside_v and_o traffique_a in_o amsterdam_n the_o same_o be_v find_v prize_n but_o the_o ship_n belong_v to_o lubeck_n be_v find_v free_a because_o the_o lose_a from_o lisbon_n before_o the_o certainty_n of_o a_o war_n and_o so_o be_v in_o bona_fw-la fide_fw-la to_o engage_v for_o a_o fraught_v with_o a_o hollander_n neither_o be_v it_o respect_v that_o this_o jew_n be_v a_o agent_n for_o the_o king_n of_o portugal_n see_v he_o be_v a_o reside_a traffique_a merchant_n in_o holland_n february_n 11._o 1673._o earl_n of_o kincarden_n contra_fw-la the_o master_n of_o the_o st._n andrew_n but_o thereafter_o this_o ship_n be_v also_o find_v prize_n upon_o other_o ground_n the_o great_a difficulty_n in_o the_o matter_n of_o prize_n be_v the_o discovery_n and_o probation_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o enemy_n if_o probation_n be_v not_o have_v from_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o skipper_n and_o company_n or_o from_o the_o document_n find_v aboard_o there_o remain_v no_o more_o but_o presumptive_a probation_n which_o sometime_o be_v so_o pregnant_a as_o it_o admit_v no_o contrary_a positive_a probation_n and_o ofttimes_o it_o do_v admit_v the_o same_o and_o then_o there_o be_v probation_n allow_v to_o either_o party_n for_o clear_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n either_o as_o to_o the_o property_n of_o ship_n or_o good_n the_o true_a residence_n of_o the_o master_n or_o the_o port_n true_o intend_v or_o any_o other_o matter_n of_o fact_n whereupon_o confiscation_n or_o liberation_n may_v be_v infer_v in_o the_o second_o dutch_a war_n they_o have_v find_v out_o so_o cunning_a contrivance_n to_o cover_v their_o trade_n that_o the_o same_o can_v hardly_o be_v so_o far_o discover_v as_o to_o make_v a_o lawful_a probation_n for_o they_o do_v not_o only_o procure_v pass_n from_o the_o swede_n and_o dane_n and_o other_o ally_n and_o newter_n and_o upon_o the_o privilege_n grant_v to_o they_o of_o holland_n master_n do_v send_v person_n entrust_v by_o they_o as_o master_n or_o steersman_n to_o manage_v their_o trade_n under_o pretence_n of_o fix_v their_o domiciles_fw-la in_o sweden_n or_o in_o denmark_n conform_v to_o these_o treaty_n but_o also_o they_o entrust_v their_o money_n to_o merchant_n or_o factor_n belong_v to_o the_o country_n of_o ally_n and_o newter_n who_o buy_v ship_n and_o good_n in_o their_o own_o name_n but_o to_o the_o use_n and_o behoove_v of_o the_o hollander_n and_o upon_o their_o risk_a and_o advantage_n and_o profit_n so_o that_o they_o have_v pretence_n to_o depone_v that_o the_o property_n of_o ship_n and_o good_n do_v belong_v to_o these_o freeman_n who_o buy_v they_o because_o there_o lie_v only_o a_o obligation_n of_o trust_n upon_o they_o to_o communicate_v the_o same_o to_o hollander_n as_o do_v appear_v by_o a_o report_n return_v from_o the_o magistrate_n of_o stockholme_a upon_o a_o commission_n from_o the_o lord_n for_o clear_v the_o property_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o wine_n grape_n and_o her_o load_n for_o the_o person_n who_o by_o the_o pass_n make_v faith_n as_o owner_n be_v interrogat_n whether_o they_o have_v lend_v their_o name_n for_o the_o behoof_n of_o the_o dutch_a or_o have_v buy_v the_o ship_n and_o good_n for_o their_o use_n so_o that_o the_o benefit_n or_o loss_n be_v to_o redound_v to_o the_o dutch_a they_o decline_v to_o give_v a_o direct_a answer_n upon_o oath_n deny_v the_o same_o and_o only_o assert_v that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v interrogat_v upon_o such_o indirect_a deal_n or_o the_o like_a or_o to_o that_o purpose_n yea_o use_n be_v make_v of_o the_o name_n and_o trust_v of_o his_o majesty_n subject_n to_o colour_n the_o dutch_a trade_n and_o many_o pass_n be_v procure_v from_o the_o admiralty_n of_o england_n for_o the_o same_o effect_n all_o these_o be_v the_o more_o easy_o obtain_v because_o the_o suffering_n of_o innocent_a merchant_n upon_o account_n of_o their_o governor_n be_v general_o pity_v and_o the_o profit_n of_o privateer_n be_v all_o be_v general_o hate_v and_o envy_v the_o ordinar_n ground_n of_o a_o presumptive_a probation_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o enemy_n by_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n be_v these_o first_o if_o in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n ship_n be_v not_o instruct_v with_o pass_n upon_o oath_n express_v the_o owner_n of_o ship_n and_o load_v and_o therefore_o the_o want_n of_o pass_n or_o the_o want_n of_o document_n for_o instruct_v the_o property_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o load_n or_o any_o part_n thereof_o the_o samen_n be_v presume_v to_o belong_v to_o enemy_n second_o false_a or_o forge_a document_n three_o double_a document_n four_o destroy_v of_o document_n as_o throw_v the_o same_o over_o board_n or_o send_v they_o away_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o capture_z infer_v that_o the_o ship_n or_o load_n or_o some_o part_n thereof_o belong_v to_o enemy_n and_o likewise_o the_o have_v aboard_o double_a flag_n to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o at_o diverse_a occasion_n as_o to_o the_o first_o ground_n of_o confiscation_n upon_o want_n of_o document_n first_o there_o be_v no_o necessity_n to_o have_v aboard_o a_o vendition_n of_o the_o ship_n in_o write_v but_o in_o ship_n as_o other_o moveable_n property_n be_v presume_v from_o possession_n july_n 26._o 1673._o captain_n hamiltoun_n contra_fw-la the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o of_o stattin_n neither_o do_v the_o want_n of_o a_o pass_n conform_v to_o the_o formula_fw-la in_o treaty_n as_o be_v defective_a and_o not_o express_v the_o port_n to_o which_o the_o ship_n be_v
direct_v infer_v confiscation_n in_o this_o case_n there_o be_v no_o counterband_n good_n aboard_o so_o that_o though_o the_o true_a port_n have_v be_v the_o enemy_n port_n it_o will_v not_o have_v infer_v confiscation_n january_n 21._o 1673._o hendrick_n anderson_n master_n of_o the_o sun_n of_o dantzick_n contra_fw-la captain_n dowglas_n the_o like_a be_v find_v the_o 19_o of_o february_n 1673._o the_o owner_n of_o the_o palmtree_n and_o patience_n contra_fw-la captain_n atchison_n and_o upon_o the_o 27._o of_o february_n 1673._o the_o owner_n of_o the_o king_n david_n contra_fw-la captain_n donaldson_n where_o a_o swedish_n ship_n want_v a_o pass_n conform_v to_o the_o swedish_n formula_fw-la and_o not_o be_v upon_o oath_n though_o these_o be_v find_v presumptive_a probation_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o enemy_n yet_o not_o so_o pregnant_a as_o to_o exclude_v a_o contrary_a positive_a probation_n that_o the_o property_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n belong_v to_o freeman_n and_o the_o not_o express_v the_o port_n in_o the_o pass_n of_o a_o swedish_n ship_n be_v not_o find_v so_o to_o infer_v the_o good_n to_o belong_v to_o enemy_n but_o that_o it_o admit_v a_o contrary_a probation_n that_o the_o ship_n and_o load_v belong_v to_o free_a man_n and_o because_o the_o load_n be_v pitch_n and_o tarr_n which_o be_v counterband_n the_o not_o express_v the_o port_n be_v essential_a as_o to_o counterband_n will_v have_v confiscate_v the_o ship_n and_o load_n unless_o it_o have_v be_v secure_v by_o the_o swedish_n treaty_n declare_v pitch_n and_o tar_n and_o other_o be_v the_o growth_n of_o sweden_n not_o to_o be_v counterband_n february_n 28._o 1673._o the_o master_n of_o the_o st._n peter_n of_o stoad_n contra_fw-la captain_n stewart_n pass_n for_o ship_n in_o time_n of_o war_n must_v be_v renew_v for_o every_o voyage_n and_o can_v otherways_o express_v the_o kind_n and_o quantity_n of_o the_o cargo_n which_o be_v sustain_v as_o one_o of_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o adjudication_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o elsinburgle_n at_o the_o instance_n of_o captain_n dowglas_n decide_v july_n 18._o 1673._o yet_o a_o ship_n be_v not_o find_v prize_n as_o want_v a_o pass_n for_o the_o present_a voyage_n in_o respect_n she_o have_v louse_v at_o nantz_n and_o have_v there_o a_o particular_a pass_n she_o be_v force_v in_o to_o england_n by_o stress_n of_o wether_n and_o there_o sell_v her_o load_n and_o go_v back_o to_o nantz_n and_o take_v in_o the_o like_o load_v for_o the_o same_o owner_n and_o port_n and_o therefore_o alter_v not_o the_o first_o pass_n june_n 17._o 1673._o captain_n donaldson_n contra_fw-la master_n of_o the_o deborah_n it_o be_v likewise_o most_o necessary_a that_o pass_v be_v true_o grant_v upon_o oath_n make_v which_o be_v the_o great_a security_n against_o colourable_a document_n and_o therefore_o be_v sustain_v as_o one_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o adjudication_n of_o the_o ship_n calledth_n 〈◊〉_d st._n marry_o that_o the_o master_n by_o his_o oath_n acknowledge_v that_o he_o have_v not_o make_v faith_n as_o the_o pass_n bear_v as_o be_v find_v june_n 25._o 1673._o and_o upon_o that_o reason_n a_o ship_n be_v find_v prize_n in_o which_o case_n also_o one_o witness_v depone_v that_o paper_n be_v throw_v overboard_o july_n 9_o 1673._o captain_n gilles_n contra_fw-la the_o owner_n of_o the_o bounder_n double_a document_n infer_v confiscation_n but_o that_o be_v chief_o understand_v when_o the_o document_n be_v contrary_a in_o material_a point_n but_o where_o there_o be_v one_o pass_v from_o the_o college_n of_o commerce_n and_o another_o from_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v some_o contrariety_n but_o not_o in_o material_a point_n the_o same_o be_v not_o find_v to_o make_v the_o ship_n prize_n june_n 13._o 1673._o captain_n winchester_n contra_fw-la the_o owner_n of_o the_o st._n andrew_n the_o throw_v of_o paper_n overboard_o or_o destroy_v the_o same_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o captur_n be_v a_o most_o pregnant_a ground_n of_o confiscation_n for_o thence_o it_o be_v presume_v that_o these_o paper_n will_v have_v instruct_v the_o property_n to_o belong_v to_o enemy_n and_o therefore_o be_v prove_v but_o by_o one_o witness_n it_o put_v the_o burden_n of_o probation_n upon_o the_o stranger_n that_o the_o ship_n and_o load_v belong_v to_o free_a man_n february_n 28._o 1673._o the_o master_n of_o the_o white_a dove_n contra_fw-la captain_n alexander_n regard_n be_v also_o have_v to_o the_o same_o though_o but_o prove_v by_o one_o witness_n in_o the_o confiscation_n of_o the_o bounder_n july_n 9_o 1673._o and_o if_o there_o be_v concur_v witness_n in_o this_o point_n it_o will_v infer_v praesumptionem_fw-la juris_fw-la &_o de_fw-fr jure_fw-la not_o admit_v contrair_a probation_n ship_n have_v ofttimes_o be_v find_v prize_n by_o the_o concourse_n of_o several_a evidence_n of_o a_o contrivance_n under_o colourable_a document_n and_o therefore_o a_o ship_n be_v find_v prize_n because_o the_o pass_n do_v not_o mention_v the_o port_n which_o a_o toll-breif_a bear_v to_o be_v breme_n and_o the_o master_n by_o his_o oath_n acknowledge_v the_o port_n to_o be_v amsterdam_n and_o that_o the_o owner_n be_v other_o person_n than_o be_v express_v in_o the_o pass_n and_o that_o the_o master_n reside_v in_o holland_n though_o the_o pass_n bear_v he_o to_o to_o be_v a_o burgess_n in_o dantzick_n against_o which_o a_o contrary_a probation_n be_v not_o admit_v january_n 23._o 1673._o the_o owner_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o dantzick_n contra_fw-la captain_n lion_n a_o ship_n be_v also_o confiscate_v because_o the_o master_n and_o steersman_n depone_v that_o they_o know_v not_o to_o who_o the_o good_n belong_v but_o that_o they_o have_v order_n from_o a_o merchant_n in_o amsterdam_n to_o consign_v they_o in_o the_o pack-house_n of_o stockholme_n to_o be_v deliver_v to_o such_o person_n as_o shall_v show_v such_o mark_n july_n 10._o 1673._o captain_n frazer_n contra_fw-la master_n of_o the_o fly_a heart_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n the_o fortune_n of_o trailsoundt_fw-mi be_v find_v prize_n july_n 22._o 1673._o because_o it_o be_v acknowledge_v upon_o oath_n that_o if_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v by_o hollander_n the_o company_n shall_v depone_v the_o good_n belong_v to_o the_o tarr_n company_n in_o stockholme_n as_o the_o pass_n bear_v and_o if_o it_o come_v safe_a to_o scotland_n or_o england_n they_o shall_v declare_v the_o same_o belong_v to_o samuel_n souton_n a_o english_a man_n reside_v in_o sweden_n albeit_o a_o part_n of_o ship_n or_o load_n be_v find_v to_o belong_v to_o enemy_n and_o that_o thereby_o the_o whole_a become_v prize_n as_o be_v partner_n with_o the_o enemy_n in_o carry_v on_o their_o trade_n yet_o these_o who_o can_v show_v that_o they_o be_v in_o a_o invincible_a ignorance_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o a_o enemy_n and_o do_v all_o that_o they_o can_v do_v to_o secure_v against_o the_o same_o by_o take_v the_o oath_n of_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o whole_a ship_n and_o load_n that_o the_o property_n belong_v to_o themselves_o and_o no_o part_n thereof_o to_o a_o enemy_n it_o will_v take_v off_o the_o delinquence_n of_o that_o party_n and_o preserve_v their_o interest_n which_o be_v never_o plead_v during_o these_o war_n but_o by_o some_o of_o the_o king_n subject_n as_o in_o the_o first_o war_n the_o king_n have_v by_o his_o proclamation_n warrant_v all_o ship_n even_o from_o enemy_n to_o be_v employ_v for_o bring_v timber_n for_o the_o rebuild_n of_o london_n a_o great_a part_n whereof_o be_v then_o late_o burn_v certificat_o and_o pass_n be_v always_o have_v from_o the_o duke_n of_o york_n lord_n high_a admiral_n of_o england_n whereupon_o john_n dyssone_n merchant_n at_o london_n fraught_v a_o ship_n of_o norway_n whereof_o booz_n neilson_n be_v master_n call_v the_o raphel_n to_o import_n to_o london_n six_o thousand_o dail_n board_n the_o ship_n in_o her_o voyage_n to_o london_n be_v take_v by_o captain_n wood_n and_o the_o whole_a ship_n and_o load_v adjudge_v as_o prize_n which_o be_v bring_v before_o the_o lord_n by_o reduction_n they_o find_v that_o the_o ship_n and_o load_n become_v prize_n because_o there_o be_v find_v aboard_o fifteen_o hundred_o dail_n belong_v to_o the_o owner_n or_o company_n who_o then_o be_v in_o enmity_n in_o the_o danish_a war_n and_o yet_o the_o six_o thousand_o dail_n belong_v to_o the_o london_n merchant_n who_o have_v contract_v bona_fw-la fide_fw-la by_o the_o king_n proclamation_n do_v not_o become_v prize_n with_o the_o ship_n as_o be_v decide_v july_n 13._o 1669._o for_o the_o london_n merchant_n not_o be_v the_o place_n of_o embarque_a can_v not_o know_v whether_o there_o be_v more_o enter_v than_o the_o dail_v he_o fraught_v or_o whether_o the_o owner_n give_v true_o a_o oath_n upon_o the_o property_n and_o quantity_n of_o the_o load_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n sir_n francis_n
clerk_n merchant_n at_o london_n have_v order_v a_o parcel_n of_o brass_n wire_n to_o be_v bring_v home_o to_o he_o from_o sweden_n the_o samen_n be_v embark_v in_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o calm_a which_o be_v take_v in_o her_o voyage_n to_o london_n by_o captain_n smeatoun_n and_o be_v adjudge_v prize_n by_o the_o admiral_n because_o the_o pass_n be_v convel_v by_o the_o master_n oath_n yet_o the_o parcel_n of_o brass-wyer_n belong_v to_o sir_n francis_n clerk_n be_v find_v not_o to_o be_v prize_n decemb._n 13._o 1673._o sir_n francis_z clerk_z contra_fw-la captain_n smeaton_n and_o that_o because_o sir_n francis_n reside_v in_o england_n and_o not_o be_v upon_o the_o place_n of_o embarque_a can_v not_o know_v the_o falsehood_n or_o simulation_n of_o the_o pass_n or_o other_o ground_n of_o confiscation_n and_o albeit_o there_o be_v no_o document_n aboard_o for_o this_o parcel_n of_o brass-wyer_n which_o will_v have_v infer_v a_o presumptive_a probation_n against_o ally_n or_o newter_n that_o the_o same_o belong_v to_o enemy_n yet_o the_o same_o or_o any_o other_o presumptive_a probation_n though_o so_o strong_a against_o newter_n that_o it_o will_v admit_v no_o contrary_a probation_n as_o to_o the_o king_n subject_n reside_v in_o his_o dominion_n who_o can_v not_o trade_n but_o under_o colourable_a document_n it_o be_v not_o dolus_fw-la malus_fw-la unless_o they_o have_v or_o can_v have_v know_v the_o interest_n of_o any_o of_o the_o king_n enemy_n and_o likewise_o some_o merchant_n in_o hull_n have_v embark_v a_o load_n in_o a_o ship_n of_o hamburg_n call_v the_o lyveday_n the_o admiral_n find_v the_o load_v prize_n because_o there_o be_v double_a and_o forge_a document_n make_v use_v of_o against_o which_o no_o contrary_a probation_n will_v have_v be_v admit_v for_o newter_n who_o be_v free_a with_o all_o party_n engage_v in_o the_o war_n have_v no_o reason_n to_o make_v use_n of_o false_a or_o double_a document_n so_o that_o it_o necessary_o infer_v that_o the_o ship_n and_o load_n belong_v not_o to_o newter_n but_o to_o enemy_n yet_o the_o matter_n be_v bring_v in_o question_n by_o reducton_n the_o lord_n find_v that_o there_o be_v no_o ground_n of_o confiscation_n of_o the_o ship_n but_o it_o be_v a_o free_a hamburg_n ship_n except_o upon_o account_n of_o the_o colourable_a document_n for_o the_o load_n they_o admit_v a_o contrary_a probation_n that_o the_o property_n of_o the_o load_n belong_v to_o the_o merchant_n of_o hull_n nou._n 14._o 1673._o master_n of_o the_o lyveday_n contra_fw-la captain_n middletoun_n we_o have_v now_o go_v through_o the_o ordinary_a ground_n of_o adjudication_n of_o prize_n there_o be_v some_o other_o ground_n that_o have_v be_v allege_v for_o confiscation_n but_o have_v not_o be_v sustain_v as_o first_o it_o be_v not_o find_v a_o ground_n of_o confiscation_n of_o a_o ship_n or_o load_n that_o the_o same_o belong_v to_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n who_o hold_v some_o of_o his_o estate_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n than_o a_o declare_a enemy_n to_o the_o king_n unless_o the_o duke_n of_o holsten_n have_v contribute_v to_o the_o war_n as_o be_v find_v january_n 4._o 1667._o paul_n herrison_n contra_fw-la l._n of_o ludquharn_n neither_o that_o the_o ship_n want_v a_o vendition_n in_o write_v july_n 26._o 1673._o captain_n hamiltoun_n contra_fw-la master_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v of_o stattin_n neither_o be_v it_o find_v a_o relevant_a ground_n of_o confiscation_n because_o the_o ship_n be_v buy_v in_o holland_n and_o take_v at_o sea_n ere_o she_o touch_v any_o other_o ground_n february_n 21._o 1673._o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o prince_n of_o east-freezland_a contra_fw-la captain_n binnie_n the_o like_a be_v find_v in_o the_o foresay_a case_n of_o captain_n hamiltoun_n neither_o do_v the_o insurance_n of_o ship_n or_o load_n in_o holland_n infer_v a_o sufficient_a ground_n of_o confiscation_n alone_o though_o it_o may_v concur_v with_o other_o as_o a_o adminicle_n albeit_o the_o insurance_n be_v allege_v to_o put_v the_o risk_a and_o hazard_v of_o the_o capture_z upon_o the_o king_n enemy_n without_o detriment_n to_o his_o ally_n yet_o the_o lord_n find_v that_o see_v the_o property_n of_o the_o good_n insure_v do_v remain_v in_o the_o king_n ally_n the_o samen_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v confiscate_v neither_o be_v it_o allege_v that_o the_o insurance_n be_v express_o against_o capture_z but_o against_o hazard_n at_o sea_n in_o general_n july_n 22._o 1673._o captain_n contra_fw-la owner_n of_o the_o fortune_n of_o trailsound_n this_o further_a be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o when_o the_o ship_n of_o newter_n have_v aboard_o counterband_n the_o defect_n of_o document_n for_o the_o counterband_n or_o double_a or_o colourable_a document_n to_o cover_v the_o same_o will_v not_o infer_v confiscation_n if_o the_o property_n be_v prove_v to_o belong_v to_o free_a man_n and_o that_o the_o true_a port_n intend_v be_v not_o a_o enemy_n port_n because_o in_o such_o case_n newter_n have_v necessity_n of_o colourable_a document_n but_o as_o to_o the_o property_n of_o ship_n and_o good_n they_o have_v no_o such_o necessity_n and_o therefore_o contrary_a probation_n be_v not_o admit_v against_o the_o ordinar_n presumptive_a probation_n by_o want_v of_o document_n conceal_v or_o destroy_v of_o document_n or_o make_v use_n of_o double_a or_o false_a document_n when_o prize_v adjudge_v by_o the_o admiral_n be_v roup_v and_o sell_v if_o by_o reduction_n they_o be_v liberat_fw-la by_o the_o lord_n the_o owner_n be_v decern_v in_o solidum_fw-la to_o restore_v the_o price_n the_o ship_n and_o load_v be_v indivisible_a and_o ofttimes_o some_o be_v assume_v as_o owner_n which_o be_v not_o solvent_a june_n 10._o 1680._o the_o ann_n of_o christiana_n contra_fw-la captain_n martin_n and_o if_o the_o ship_n and_o load_n be_v orderly_o roup_v upon_o the_o admiral_n warrant_n or_o sell_v upon_o his_o decreet_a before_o the_o same_o be_v call_v in_o question_n by_o citation_n upon_o reduction_n albeit_o the_o lord_n thereafter_o liberat_fw-la the_o ship_n they_o will_v decern_v no_o more_o but_o the_o price_n obtain_v by_o the_o roup_n before_o the_o admiral_n adjudication_n or_o the_o price_n obtain_v by_o sale_n bona_fw-la fide_fw-la after_o the_o admiral_n decreet_a and_o if_o the_o king_n fifteen_o part_n and_o the_o admiral_n ten_o part_n be_v bona_fw-la fide_fw-la pay_v they_o be_v liberat_fw-la pro_fw-la tanto_fw-la and_o the_o stranger_n must_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o thesaury_n and_o against_o the_o admiral_n for_o repetition_n title_n xiii_o infeftment_n of_o property_n 1._o the_o original_n of_o fe_n 2._o feudal_n jurisdiction_n especial_o of_o the_o king_n in_o parliament_n 3._o feudal_n jurisdiction_n of_o superior_n 4._o allodial_n 5._o requisit_n of_o proper_a fe_n 6._o kind_n of_o improper_a fe_n 7._o dominium_fw-la directum_fw-la essential_a to_o all_o fe_n 8._o dominium_fw-la utile_fw-la 9_o fidelity_n also_o necessary_a 10._o feudal_n contract_v 11._o udal_n right_n 12._o infeftment_n what_o it_o signify_v 13._o how_o write_v be_v necessary_a for_o infeftment_n 14._o what_o kind_n of_o write_v be_v necessary_a for_o infeftment_n 15._o the_o tenor_n of_o formal_a charter_n 16._o when_o instrument_n of_o seasine_n become_v necessary_a 17._o the_o tenor_n of_o formal_a seasin_n 18._o the_o essential_o necessary_a in_o seasin_n 19_o seasin_n must_v have_v warrant_n and_o adminicle_n and_o what_o these_o be_v 20._o registration_n of_o seasin_n 21._o registration_n of_o resignation_n ad_fw-la remanentiam_fw-la 21._o registration_n of_o the_o allowance_n of_o apprysing_n and_o adjudication_n inhibition_n and_o horning_n 23._o the_o attest_v of_o the_o nottar_n and_o two_o witness_n necessary_a in_o seasin_n 24._o extract_v of_o seasin_n not_o probative_a 25._o transumpt_n of_o seasin_n 26._o bound_v infeftment_n 27._o base_a infeftment_n how_o far_o effectual_a without_o possession_n 28._o infeftment_n by_o confirmation_n 29._o infeftment_n upon_o apprize_a or_o adjudication_n 30._o the_o effect_n of_o appryzing_n or_o adjudication_n with_o a_o charge_n 31._o infeftment_n ward_n 32._o feus_n of_o ward-land_n how_o far_o valide_fw-la 33._o infeftment_n blensh_o 34._o infeftment_n feu_n 35._o the_o annex_v property_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d can_v only_o be_v set_v feu_n after_o 〈◊〉_d in_o parliament_n 36._o feus_n of_o the_o annex_v property_n set_v with_o diminution_n of_o the_o retour_fw-fr duty_n be_v null_n 37._o feus_n of_o kirk-land_n 38._o infeftment_n in_o burgage_n 39_o infeftment_n in_o mortification_n 40._o manse_v and_o gleibs_n 41._o conjunct_a infeftment_n 42._o infeftment_n to_o heir_n substitute_n 43._o infeftment_n simple_a and_o tailzy_v 44._o union_n 45._o erection_n 46._o warrandice_n 47._o tacit_fw-la condition_n employ_v in_o ward-land_n 48._o tacit_fw-la condition_n in_o warandice_n and_o relief_n 49._o tacit_fw-la condition_n in_o infeftment_n of_o office_n 50._o tacit_fw-la condition_n in_o excambion_n 51._o
in_o arbitrio_fw-la judicis_fw-la whether_o to_o grant_v a_o conjunct_a probation_n before_o answer_v to_o the_o relevancy_n of_o the_o reason_n of_o adjudication_n or_o to_o discuss_v the_o relevancy_n first_o and_o then_o to_o admit_v the_o point_n find_v relevant_a to_o probation_n but_o in_o the_o other_o way_n witness_n be_v adduce_v for_o either_o party_n yet_o this_o be_v only_o ex_fw-la nobili_fw-la officio_fw-la the_o lord_n remit_v the_o cause_n to_o the_o admiral_n and_o ordain_v he_o to_o proceed_v to_o discuss_v the_o relevancy_n there_o be_v pregnant_a ground_n of_o adjudication_n instant_o verify_v june_n 12._o 1673._o and_o upon_o his_o refusal_n they_o do_v advocate_n the_o cause_n to_o themselves_o they_o do_v also_o ordain_v the_o admiral_n to_o proceed_v upon_o the_o evidence_n adduce_v to_o adjudge_v or_o assoilzie_n without_o allow_v a_o conjunct_a probation_n before_o answer_n and_o declare_v that_o if_o he_o proceed_v not_o according_o they_o will_v advocate_n the_o cause_n albeit_o the_o danish_a treaty_n bear_v that_o their_o ship_n shall_v not_o be_v meddle_v with_o or_o their_o good_n disload_v till_o they_o be_v adjudge_v in_o a_o court_n of_o admiralty_n for_o the_o lord_n be_v the_o king_n great_a court_n of_o admiralty_n in_o the_o same_o way_n as_o his_o commissioner_n in_o england_n be_v judge_n in_o the_o second_o instance_n of_o pryze_n bring_v before_o the_o admiral_n of_o england_n december_n 17._o 1673._o captain_n stuart_n contra_fw-la the_o owner_n of_o the_o danish_a ship_n call_v the_o seal_n fish_n when_o question_n concern_v prize_n come_v before_o the_o lord_n they_o do_v not_o exclude_v the_o defence_n of_o stranger_n as_o be_v competent_a and_o omit_v in_o the_o first_o instance_n though_o that_o be_v a_o rule_n by_o our_o custom_n but_o do_v proceed_v according_a to_o the_o common_a law_n of_o nation_n and_o so_o they_o decide_v july_n 23._o 1667._o hans_n jurgan_n contra_fw-la captain_n logan_n which_o be_v the_o first_o case_n occur_v in_o that_o question_n and_o be_v always_o follow_v after_o the_o rule_n by_o which_o the_o lord_n have_v always_o proceed_v in_o the_o matter_n of_o pryze_n have_v be_v the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o nation_n and_o therefore_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o admiral_n commission_n be_v not_o find_v to_o be_v the_o rule_n february_n 21._o 1668._o bartholomew_n parkman_n contra_fw-la captain_n allan_n the_o treaty_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o his_o ally_n in_o so_o far_o as_o they_o differ_v from_o the_o common_a law_n of_o nation_n have_v always_o be_v allow_v by_o the_o lord_n as_o exception_n from_o that_o general_a rule_n and_o good_a defence_n to_o the_o people_n comprehend_v in_o these_o treaty_n in_o dubious_a case_n the_o lord_n have_v proceed_v by_o the_o king_n instruction_n ordinary_o adhibit_v to_o the_o admirality_n of_o all_o his_o kingdom_n that_o they_o may_v keep_v one_o uniform_a rule_n with_o stranger_n in_o which_o not_o only_a respect_n have_v be_v have_v unto_o justice_n but_o even_o favour_n towards_o ally_n and_o policy_n and_o prudence_n towards_o all_o newter_n that_o none_o of_o they_o may_v receive_v irritation_n by_o the_o extension_n of_o justice_n in_o savourable_a case_n 〈◊〉_d the_o ground_n of_o justice_n for_o confiscate_v the_o ship_n of_o those_o who_o be_v not_o enemy_n be_v that_o they_o have_v assist_v the_o enemy_n in_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n and_o thereby_o become_v accessory_n to_o the_o war_n and_o by_o that_o delinquence_n do_v confiscate_v the_o ship_n and_o the_o load_n by_o which_o they_o have_v have_v accession_n for_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o nation_n have_v very_o fit_o restrict_v the_o reparation_n of_o this_o delinquence_n so_o as_o not_o to_o state_n the_o party_n offender_n as_o enemy_n and_o thereby_o to_o make_v all_o their_o good_n confiscable_a as_o enemy_n good_n but_o do_v limit_v the_o same_o to_o these_o ship_n in_o which_o the_o concourse_n be_v act_v ifthey_a be_v seize_v in_o that_o voyage_n in_o which_o they_o give_v assistance_n or_o in_o the_o immediate_a return_n engagement_n in_o war_n by_o prince_n and_o state_n can_v just_o hinder_v the_o free_a trade_n of_o other_o people_n upon_o who_o neither_o party_n have_v either_o obligation_n or_o jurisdiction_n but_o the_o common_a consent_n and_o custom_n of_o nation_n require_v a_o equality_n and_o neutrality_n in_o all_o other_o party_n that_o they_o concur_v not_o in_o the_o war_n with_o either_o party_n forbear_v assistance_n in_o the_o war_n which_o be_v by_o furnish_v they_o man_n instrument_n of_o war_n material_n special_o requisite_a for_o the_o present_a war_n money_n furnish_v for_o public_a use_n and_o in_o some_o case_n victual_v as_o when_o carry_v to_o place_n besiege_v and_o other_o thing_n which_o have_v promiscuous_a use_n in_o peace_n and_o war_n when_o there_o be_v a_o special_a application_n there_o of_o to_o the_o necessary_a use_n of_o the_o war_n as_o iron_n brass_n leid_n pitch_n tar_n and_o the_o like_a which_o be_v therefore_o call_v counterband-goods_a or_o prohibit-goods_a and_o by_o the_o denunciation_n of_o war_n intimation_n be_v ordinary_o make_v to_o newter_n from_o what_o thing_n to_o abstain_v as_o from_o carry_v of_o counterband-goods_a towards_o enemy_n port_n or_o carry_v the_o good_n and_o ware_n of_o enemy_n whereby_o their_o trade_n be_v promote_v and_o they_o enable_v to_o maintain_v the_o war_n or_o by_o carry_v on_o their_o trade_n under_o the_o colour_n of_o the_o trade_n of_o neuter_n and_o therefore_o in_o time_n of_o war_n neuter_n do_v instruct_v their_o vessel_n with_o pass_n and_o other_o document_n instruct_v that_o the_o bottom_n and_o good_n belong_v to_o their_o subject_n freeman_n and_o that_o the_o party_n engage_v in_o the_o war_n or_o any_o of_o their_o subject_n have_v no_o interest_n therein_o which_o pass_n be_v upon_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o master_n thereof_o and_o those_o who_o embark_v the_o load_n and_o where_o there_o be_v any_o treaty_n the_o formula_fw-la of_o such_o pass_n use_v to_o be_v express_v always_o include_v a_o oath_n and_o be_v give_v by_o such_o magistrate_n as_o be_v agree_v upon_o first_o then_o see_v the_o accession_n of_o neuter_n be_v a_o delinquence_n it_o can_v have_v no_o place_n where_o there_o be_v not_o a_o public_a denunce_v war_n which_o be_v presume_v to_o be_v know_v to_o the_o delinquent_n and_o therefore_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n belong_v to_o neuter_n be_v not_o find_v prize_n because_o carry_v counterband-goods_a towards_o the_o enemy_n port_n unless_o the_o war_n have_v be_v nottour_o know_v at_o the_o place_n where_o they_o loose_v at_o the_o time_n when_o they_o loose_v and_o act_n of_o hostility_n and_o declare_v of_o prize_n in_o neighbour_a place_n be_v not_o find_v sufficient_a july_n 22._o 1667._o hans_n jurgan_n contra_fw-la captain_n logan_n the_o like_a be_v find_v of_o a_o ship_n of_o hamburg_n carry_v counterband-goods_a to_o danish_a port_n after_o act_n of_o hostility_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o the_o dane_n because_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v before_o the_o proclamation_n of_o the_o war_n against_o the_o dane_n february_n 25._o 1668._o merchant_n of_o hamburg_n contra_fw-la captain_n dishingtoun_n if_o ship_n have_v in_o they_o counterband-goods_a they_o may_v be_v bring_v up_o if_o the_o port_n be_v not_o express_v upon_o oath_n and_o be_v a_o free_a port_n or_o be_v contradict_v by_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o skipper_n and_o company_n which_o infer_v a_o full_a probation_n in_o case_n they_o acknowledge_v a_o unfree_a port_n and_o a_o presumptive_a probation_n in_o case_n the_o pass_n bear_v not_o a_o free_a port_n yet_o it_o admit_v a_o contrary_a probation_n for_o prove_v of_o the_o true_a port_n january_n 21._o 1673._o hendrick_n anderson_n master_n of_o the_o sun_n of_o dantzick_n contra_fw-la captain_n dowglas_n the_o like_a be_v find_v where_o the_o pass_v make_v the_o port_n uncertain_a and_o ambiguous_a bear_v london_z to_o be_v the_o port_n but_o a_o great_a fraught_n promise_v if_o the_o ship_n be_v bring_v up_o into_o holland_n which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v elide_v by_o a_o positive_a contrair_a probation_n february_n 19_o 1673._o the_o owner_n of_o the_o palmtree_n and_o patience_n contra_fw-la captain_n atchison_n among_o counterband_n pitch_n and_o tar_n be_v find_v comprehend_v july_n 9_o 1668._o captain_n allan_n contra_fw-la bartholomew_n parkman_n timber_n proper_a for_o ship_n as_o mast_n etc._n etc._n be_v unquestionable_o counterband_n but_o timber_n of_o promiscuous_a use_n be_v not_o counterband_n except_o in_o special_a case_n for_o the_o peculiar_a use_n of_o the_o war._n there_o be_v a_o particular_a article_n in_o the_o first_o treaty_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o the_o swede_n by_o which_o it_o be_v declare_v that_o in_o regard_n the_o most_o of_o the_o material_n of_o the_o swedish_n trade_n be_v pitch_n tar_n 〈◊〉_d etc._n etc._n
recompense_v and_o therefore_o can_v be_v no_o other_o than_o a_o obediential_a or_o natural_a obligation_n by_o the_o authority_n of_o god_n and_o our_o obedience_n to_o he_o grotius_n l._n 2._o cap._n 10._o de_fw-la jure_fw-la belli_n §_o 8._o do_v not_o own_o this_o obligation_n as_o natural_a but_o as_o arise_v exit_fw-la lege_fw-la civili_fw-la nullum_fw-la enim_fw-la say_v he_o habet_fw-la eorum_fw-la fundamentorum_fw-la ex_fw-la quibus_fw-la natura_fw-la obligationem_fw-la inducit_fw-la but_o the_o contrary_n appear_v not_o only_o from_o what_o be_v say_v but_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o the_o law_n itself_o which_o reckon_v the_o obligation_n negotiorum_fw-la gestorum_fw-la not_o among_o contract_n or_o obligation_n or_o action_n ex_fw-la lege_fw-la but_o among_o these_o which_o be_v ex_fw-la quasi_fw-la contractu_fw-la that_o this_o obligation_n be_v effectual_a if_o it_o be_v profitable_o carry_v on_o though_o the_o success_n answer_v not_o be_v acknowledge_v in_o law_n and_o set_v forth_o by_o a_o excellent_a species_n by_o ulpian_n l._n 10._o §_o 1._o f._n de_fw-fr negotiis_fw-la gestis_fw-la it_o justify_v say_v he_o if_o the_o negotiator_n do_v profitable_o act_v although_o the_o affair_n have_v not_o the_o effect_n as_o if_o he_o have_v cure_a a_o sick_a servant_n if_o not_o with_o stand_v the_o cure_n the_o servant_n die_v he_o have_v this_o action_n 3._o from_o this_o obligation_n there_o arise_v mutual_a action_n the_o one_o direct_v whereby_o he_o who_o affair_n be_v manage_v crave_v account_n and_o restitution_n of_o the_o negotiator_n and_o reparation_n of_o what_o he_o have_v do_v amiss_o and_o the_o contrair_a action_n to_o the_o negotiator_n whereby_o he_o crave_v recompense_n and_o satisfaction_n of_o what_o he_o have_v profitable_o expend_v and_o for_o his_o labour_n and_o pain_n but_o the_o action_n be_v valid_a on_o either_o part_n whether_o intend_v directe_v or_o utiliter_fw-la l._n actio_fw-la ff_n 47._o de_fw-la negotiis_fw-la gestis_fw-la 4._o the_o negotiator_n be_v hold_v not_o only_o to_o answer_v for_o fraud_n but_o pro_fw-la culpae_fw-la levi_fw-la for_o his_o fault_n though_o light_n yea_o if_o any_o other_o negotiator_n offer_v who_o he_o exclude_v for_o the_o light_a he_o may_v be_v make_v also_o to_o follow_v forth_o his_o negotiation_n according_a to_o that_o precept_n susceptum_fw-la perfice_fw-la munus_fw-la but_o this_o and_o the_o exactness_n of_o diligence_n be_v induce_v by_o positive_a law_n equity_n leave_v the_o negotiator_n free_a if_o he_o have_v act_v profitable_o though_o he_o may_v have_v act_v more_o profitable_o in_o make_v his_o party_n liable_a to_o he_o according_a to_o his_o act_n 5._o the_o other_o obligation_n of_o recompense_n be_v for_o that_o whereby_o we_o be_v enrich_v by_o another_o mean_n without_o purpose_n of_o donation_n which_o be_v only_o presume_v in_o few_o case_n even_o he_o who_o mala_fw-la fide_fw-la build_v upon_o another_o man_n ground_n or_o repair_v unnecessar_o his_o house_n be_v not_o presume_v to_o do_v it_o animo_fw-la donandi_fw-la but_o have_v recompense_n by_o the_o owner_n in_o quantum_fw-la lucratus_fw-la l._n 38._o ff_n de_fw-fr haereditatis_fw-la petitione_n this_o remuneration_n be_v a_o most_o natural_a obligation_n as_o cicero_n l._n 3._o de_fw-la officiis_fw-la say_v that_o it_o be_v against_o nature_n for_o a_o man_n of_o another_o damnage_n to_o increase_v his_o profit_n and_o again_o justice_n suffer_v not_o that_o with_o the_o spoil_n of_o other_o we_o shall_v augment_v our_o riches_n and_o therefore_o this_o be_v a_o common_a exception_n in_o all_o positive_a law_n that_o every_o one_o shall_v be_v hold_v in_o quantum_fw-la locupletior_fw-la factus_fw-la sit_fw-la so_o pupil_n though_o they_o can_v oblige_v themselves_o by_o contract_n yet_o if_o they_o receive_v that_o which_o be_v another_o they_o be_v liable_a to_o recompense_n in_o quantum_fw-la locupletiores_fw-la facti_fw-la l._n sed_fw-la mihi_fw-la ff_n commodati_fw-la minor_n also_o though_o by_o positive_a law_n they_o be_v not_o liable_a for_o what_o they_o borrow_v and_o receive_v and_o misspend_v yet_o they_o be_v liable_a in_o quantum_fw-la locupletiores_fw-la facti_fw-la sunt_fw-la 6._o hence_o arise_v the_o action_n in_o law_n the_o in_o rem_fw-la verso_fw-it whereby_o whatsoever_o turn_v to_o the_o profit_n of_o any_o make_v he_o thereby_o liable_a though_o without_o any_o engagement_n of_o his_o own_o we_o be_v enrich_v either_o by_o accession_n of_o gain_n or_o prevention_n of_o loss_n whence_o be_v the_o obligation_n of_o contribution_n for_o make_v up_o good_n throw_v out_o to_o lighten_v ship_n whereby_o shipwreck_n and_o the_o loss_n of_o all_o be_v prevent_v lege_fw-la rodia_n de_fw-la jactu_fw-la ff_n l._n 2._o by_o which_o whatsoever_o be_v throw_v out_o to_o lighten_v a_o ship_n for_o prevent_v shipwreck_n be_v to_o be_v satisfy_v by_o the_o contribution_n of_o all_o who_o enjoy_v that_o common_a benefit_n of_o safety_n from_o shipwreck_n proportional_o according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o what_o be_v thereby_o save_v wherein_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n bear_v their_o share_n l._n 2._o §_o 2._o eodem_fw-la wherein_o not_o only_a jewel_n though_o of_o small_a weight_n but_o even_o the_o clothes_n and_o ring_n of_o passenger_n bear_v a_o share_n ibidem_fw-la and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n may_v detain_v their_o good_n till_o their_o share_n be_v pay_v l._n 2._o §_o 1._o codem_fw-la which_o hold_v also_o when_o there_o be_v hazard_n of_o naufrage_fw-la by_o enter_v a_o shallow_a river_n or_o port_n if_o a_o part_n of_o the_o good_n be_v put_v in_o a_o boat_n and_o perish_v the_o value_n thereof_o be_v to_o be_v satisfy_v by_o contribution_n contribution_n be_v also_o make_v for_o what_o be_v pay_v for_o redemption_n of_o ship_n from_o pirate_n which_o be_v not_o extend_v to_o thing_n take_v away_o by_o pirate_n or_o robber_n out_o of_o ship_n l._n 2._o §_o 3._o eodem_fw-la this_o lex_fw-la rodia_n be_v now_o become_v a_o law_n of_o nation_n as_o common_o receive_v by_o all_o for_o its_o expediency_n to_o prevent_v shipwreck_n and_o to_o encourage_v merchant_n to_o throw_v out_o their_o good_n see_v thereby_o they_o will_v but_o bear_v their_o share_n of_o the_o loss_n but_o this_o law_n be_v not_o declaratory_a of_o pure_a equity_n and_o do_v hold_v by_o custom_n otherways_o what_o any_o party_n do_v for_o his_o own_o profit_n though_o it_o have_v a_o consequential_a advantage_n to_o other_o it_o will_v not_o oblige_v they_o to_o bear_v a_o share_n of_o the_o expense_n nor_o will_v it_o be_v interpret_v as_o negotium_fw-la 〈◊〉_d for_o he_o who_o improve_v aright_o though_o it_o become_v simple_o void_a and_o other_o right_n beside_o his_o be_v preferred_n yet_o he_o be_v do_v his_o own_o business_n not_o they_o and_o can_v claim_v no_o share_n from_o they_o of_o his_o expense_n it_o be_v find_v that_o to_o evite_v captor_n by_o a_o privateer_n a_o skipper_n have_v by_o consent_n of_o some_o merchant_n aboard_o and_o of_o the_o company_n make_v a_o hole_n in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ship_n that_o he_o may_v run_v near_o the_o shoar_n at_o a_o creik_v and_o open_v the_o hole_n make_v the_o ship_n so_o far_o sink_v that_o she_o can_v not_o be_v carry_v off_o by_o the_o privateer_n yet_o that_o privateer_n have_v reach_v she_o near_o the_o shoar_n but_o before_o the_o hole_n be_v open_v and_o have_v agree_v for_o a_o ransom_n for_o which_o the_o merchant_n contribute_v the_o ship_n have_v be_v wrack_v five_o day_n after_o by_o a_o storm_n which_o she_o may_v have_v prevent_v by_o go_v off_o before_o the_o storm_n arise_v the_o merchant_n and_o passenger_n be_v not_o find_v liable_a for_o contribution_n of_o their_o share_n for_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o ship_n july_n 15._o 1680._o lesly_n and_o miller_n contra_fw-la logan_n weir_n and_o other_o 7._o from_o the_o natural_a obligation_n of_o recompense_n do_v arise_v the_o obligation_n of_o relief_n whereby_o when_o many_o person_n be_v oblige_v in_o solidum_fw-la and_o thereby_o liable_a conjunct_o and_o several_o payment_n or_o satisfaction_n make_v by_o one_o for_o more_o than_o his_o own_o share_n do_v oblige_v all_o the_o rest_n pro_fw-la rata_fw-la although_o there_o be_v no_o conventional_a clause_n of_o relief_n nor_o any_o law_n nor_o statute_n but_o the_o natural_a obligation_n of_o recompense_n for_o he_o who_o pay_v not_o only_o for_o himself_o but_o for_o other_o be_v not_o presume_v to_o do_v it_o animo_fw-la donandi_fw-la as_o be_v find_v in_o the_o case_n of_o co-principals_a june_n 19_o 1662._o mr._n john_n wallace_n contra_fw-la fork_n june_n 28._o 1665._o 〈◊〉_d contra_fw-la anderson_n it_o be_v so_o find_v before_o as_o be_v observe_v by_o haddingtoun_n 〈◊〉_d contra_fw-la hunter_n and_o upon_o the_o same_o ground_n relief_n be_v competent_a among_o cautioner_n without_o clause_n of_o relief_n because_o the_o payment_n of_o one_o liberat_o all_o june_n 27._o 1675._o monteith_n contra_fw-la roger._n yea_o relief_n be_v find_v
general_o in_o know_v and_o not_o restrain_v the_o common_a and_o know_a inclination_n of_o the_o actor_n towards_o delinquence_n of_o that_o kind_n as_o when_o a_o master_n keep_v outrageous_a and_o pernicicious_a servant_n or_o beast_n and_o therefore_o in_o many_o case_n even_o by_o natural_a equity_n the_o master_n be_v liable_a for_o the_o damnage_n do_v by_o his_o beast_n as_o be_v clear_o resolve_v in_o the_o judicial_a law_n in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o push_a ox_n which_o if_o it_o be_v accustom_v that_o he_o push_v before-time_n the_o owner_n be_v liable_a for_o the_o damnage_n thereof_o as_o be_v oblige_v to_o restrain_v but_o if_o not_o he_o be_v free_a so_o the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o mastiff_n and_o other_o dog_n if_o they_o be_v accustom_v to_o assault_v man_n their_o good_n or_o cattle_n and_o be_v not_o destroy_v or_o restrain_v their_o owner_n be_v liable_a hence_o also_o be_v that_o famous_a edict_n of_o the_o praetor_n in_o the_o roman_a law_n nuntae_fw-la caupones_fw-la stabularii_fw-la quod_fw-la salvum_fw-la fore_fw-la receperunt_fw-la nisi_fw-la restituant_fw-la in_o eos_fw-la judicium_fw-la dabo_fw-la by_o which_o the_o master_n of_o tavern_n stable_n or_o ship_n be_v liable_a for_o restitution_n of_o what_o be_v bring_v in_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o their_o employment_n of_o the_o damnage_n that_o may_v be_v sustain_v by_o their_o servant_n or_o any_o other_o that_o shall_v happen_v to_o be_v there_o for_o the_o time_n concomitant_a accession_n be_v when_o the_o accessory_n be_v not_o equal_o concurrent_a in_o the_o act_n but_o countenance_n or_o otherways_o assist_v abett_o cherish_v praise_n or_o connive_v at_o the_o delinquence_n posterior_n accession_n be_v by_o ratihabition_n approbation_n praise_n 〈◊〉_d defence_n or_o support_v of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d in_o order_n to_o the_o 〈◊〉_d all_o these_o 〈◊〉_d in_o our_o law_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o part._n as_o to_o the_o question_n then_o who_o of_o these_o co-operants_a be_v oblige_v and_o how_o far_o first_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o where_o the_o delinquence_n be_v commit_v by_o many_o alike_o there_o all_o of_o they_o be_v liable_a alike_o but_o whether_o in_o equity_n they_o be_v all_o liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la or_o for_o the_o whole_a reparation_n it_o be_v not_o so_o 〈◊〉_d positive_a law_n have_v make_v they_o all_o liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la for_o the_o repress_v such_o concurrence_n and_o that_o the_o injure_a be_v not_o put_v to_o the_o trouble_n of_o seek_v in_o by_o part_n from_o the_o several_a delinquent_n yet_o equity_n will_v rather_o lay_v the_o reparation_n of_o every_o man_n part_n upon_o himself_o and_o in_o case_n of_o his_o not_o be_v find_v solvent_a or_o sufficient_a upon_o the_o rest_n make_v up_o with_o all_o the_o trouble_n of_o obtain_v reparation_n from_o many_o by_o refound_v the_o expense_n in_o obtain_v thereof_o and_o the_o labour_n and_o pain_n and_o content_a of_o the_o injure_a as_o to_o the_o obligation_n of_o punishment_n of_o many_o concur_v delinquent_n if_o a_o army_n or_o a_o part_n of_o it_o in_o a_o mutiny_n all_o shoot_n at_o on_o person_n if_o he_o be_v kill_v it_o will_v not_o be_v think_v just_a for_o that_o one_o life_n to_o take_v the_o life_n of_o all_o and_o therefore_o because_o it_o can_v be_v know_v who_o ball_n kill_v the_o man_n it_o be_v accustom_v and_o not_o without_o good_a ground_n by_o lot_n to_o single_a out_o who_o be_v to_o suffer_v and_o the_o rest_n be_v free_a from_o whence_o it_o may_v be_v gather_v as_o in_o the_o punishment_n so_o in_o reparation_n fellow_n delinquent_n socii_fw-la criminis_fw-la be_v to_o concur_v in_o the_o reparation_n as_o they_o concur_v in_o the_o action_n though_o as_o have_v be_v say_v positive_a law_n do_v well_o to_o make_v all_o liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la yet_o so_o that_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o one_o or_o more_o liberat_o the_o rest_n second_o as_o to_o the_o accessary_a delinquent_n though_o delinquent_n by_o command_n be_v number_v among_o they_o yet_o as_o we_o say_v he_o do_v that_o cause_v do_v therefore_o such_o be_v proper_a efficient_n though_o mediate_v and_o therefore_o no_o less_o liable_a than_o concurrent_n three_o other_o accessory_n albeit_o by_o positive_a law_n they_o be_v 〈◊〉_d all_o or_o many_o of_o they_o make_v liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la yet_o as_o we_o have_v say_v of_o concurrent_n in_o equity_n they_o be_v liable_a but_o according_a to_o the_o influence_n they_o have_v in_o the_o delinquence_n but_o in_o these_o the_o obligation_n may_v be_v much_o more_o to_o the_o punishment_n where_o the_o will_n come_v in_o to_o be_v consider_v with_o the_o act_n then_o in_o the_o reparation_n where_o the_o damnage_n which_o be_v the_o outward_a and_o more_o conspicuous_a thing_n be_v main_o consider_v but_o in_o these_o we_o shall_v insist_v no_o further_o but_o come_v to_o the_o obligation_n by_o delinquence_n which_o be_v civil_o cognoscible_a by_o our_o custom_n according_a to_o their_o know_a name_n and_o title_n in_o law_n which_o though_o they_o do_v rather_o signify_v the_o act_n or_o action_n whereby_o such_o obligation_n be_v incur_v or_o prosecute_v than_o the_o obligation_n themselves_o yet_o will_v they_o be_v sufficient_a to_o hold_v out_o both_o 6._o these_o be_v either_o general_a have_v no_o particular_a name_n or_o designation_n and_o such_o be_v pursue_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o damnage_n and_o interest_n which_o have_v as_o many_o branch_n and_o specialty_n as_o there_o can_v be_v valuable_a and_o reparable_a damnage_n beside_o these_o of_o a_o special_a name_n and_o nature_n which_o be_v chief_o these_o assythment_n extortion_n circumvention_n spuilzie_n intrusion_n ejection_n molestation_n breach_n of_o arrestment_n deforcement_n contravention_n 7._o assythment_n as_o it_o signify_v the_o reparation_n make_v so_o it_o insinuat_v the_o obligation_n to_o repair_v damnage_v sustain_v by_o slaughter_n mutilation_n or_o other_o injury_n in_o the_o member_n or_o health_n of_o the_o body_n but_o it_o be_v chief_o pursue_v by_o the_o wife_n or_o bairn_n or_o near_a of_o kin_n of_o party_n slay_v in_o other_o case_n it_o be_v competent_a to_o the_o party_n mutilat_fw-la or_o hurt_v or_o otherways_o prejudge_v by_o the_o muti_fw-la the_o mutilation_n or_o hurt_v and_o though_o the_o private_a interest_n be_v only_o for_o reparation_n of_o damnage_n and_o loss_n yet_o our_o custom_n apply_v much_o of_o that_o which_o be_v penal_a therein_o to_o the_o injure_v and_o therefore_o consideration_n be_v have_v of_o the_o ability_n and_o estate_n of_o the_o offender_n and_o the_o assythment_n be_v according_o modify_v all_o circumstance_n be_v consider_v and_o that_o either_o against_o the_o principal_a offender_n or_o the_o accessory_n so_o be_v it_o find_v in_o the_o pursuit_n at_o the_o instance_n of_o patrick_n and_o isobel_n greer_n for_o the_o assythment_n and_o slaughter_n of_o their_o brother_n against_o thomas_n horn_n baxter_n nic._n de_fw-fr siccariis_fw-la this_o action_n be_v so_o favourable_a that_o it_o be_v sustain_v though_o there_o be_v no_o particular_a quantity_n of_o damnage_n libel_v but_o the_o same_o refer_v to_o the_o lord_n spot_n summons_n and_o libel_n and_o though_o it_o be_v pursue_v by_o one_o of_o many_o brethren_n his_o part_n be_v decern_v reserve_v the_o right_n of_o the_o rest_n january_n 8._o 1577._o ker_n contra_fw-la yea_o it_o be_v sustain_v at_o the_o instance_n of_o some_o of_o the_o kin_n though_o not_o of_o the_o near_a degree_n and_o though_o there_o be_v not_o some_o concur_v of_o the_o four_o branch_n of_o the_o slay_v it_o be_v a_o sufficient_a proof_n in_o this_o action_n if_o the_o defender_n have_v take_v remission_n as_o be_v find_v in_o the_o case_n of_o greer_n and_o the_o like_a be_v observe_v january_n 25._o 1611._o draw_v contra_fw-la home_n in_o montrose_n where_o the_o defender_n be_v not_o free_v though_o he_o have_v a_o acknowledgement_n under_o the_o defunct_n hand_n and_o that_o he_o be_v cause_n of_o the_o wound_n and_o therefore_o quit_v the_o wrong_n assythment_n be_v a_o privilege_a action_n as_o recent_a spulzie_n par._n 1528._o cap._n 7._o 8._o extortion_n signify_v the_o act_n of_o force_n or_o other_o mean_a of_o fear_n whereby_o a_o person_n be_v compel_v to_o do_v that_o which_o of_o their_o proper_a inclination_n they_o will_v not_o have_v do_v it_o do_v also_o imply_v the_o obligation_n of_o the_o injurer_n to_o the_o injure_v to_o repair_v his_o loss_n and_o damnage_n by_o such_o act_n thing_n so_o do_v be_v say_v to_o be_v do_v vi_fw-la majori_fw-la or_o metus_fw-la causa_fw-la by_o force_n or_o fear_n deed_n or_o obligation_n extort_a be_v in_o their_o own_o nature_n and_o equity_n efficacious_a because_o they_o have_v true_o the_o consent_n or_o act_v of_o the_o will_n by_o which_o such_o right_n be_v constitute_v and_o therefore_o the_o roman_n have_v no_o civil_a remeid_v in_o their_o ancient_a
the_o same_o rate_n and_o then_o put_v his_o couzin-german_a to_o acquire_v it_o february_n 2._o 1681._o master_n of_o balmerino_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o pourie_n upon_o the_o same_o ground_n a_o donatar_n of_o a_o liferent_a escheat_n be_v examine_v whether_o it_o be_v to_o the_o behoof_n of_o his_o good-brother_n have_v depone_v that_o it_o be_v to_o his_o own_o behoof_n he_o die_v before_o he_o be_v re-examined_a his_o oath_n be_v interpret_v only_o that_o he_o have_v give_v no_o back-bond_n or_o promise_n in_o favour_n of_o his_o good-brother_n and_o therefore_o pregnant_a presumption_n of_o the_o trust_n be_v infer_v in_o that_o the_o brother_n only_o be_v concern_v in_o that_o liferent_a that_o he_o manage_v and_o be_v at_o all_o the_o expense_n of_o the_o process_n that_o the_o donatar_n successor_n never_o own_v nor_o confirm_v the_o benefit_n of_o the_o gift_n february_n 11._o 1679._o forbes_n of_o balvenie_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o boyn_n 46._o the_o law_n for_o utility_n of_o commerce_n do_v against_o the_o common_a rule_n foresay_v constitute_v a_o obligation_n upon_o exercitor_n by_o the_o deed_n or_o contract_n of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n a_o exercitor_n be_v he_o to_o who_o the_o profit_n of_o vessel_n or_o ship_n whether_o upon_o the_o sea_n rivers_n or_o lake_n belong_v whether_o he_o be_v owner_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o have_v only_o hire_v the_o same_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v he_o that_o have_v the_o command_n thereof_o who_o therefore_o may_v contract_v and_o borrow_v money_n for_o reparation_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o out-rigging_a thereof_o or_o for_o the_o entertainment_n of_o the_o mariner_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o voyage_n and_o thereby_o not_o only_o the_o master_n contracter_n but_o the_o exercitor_n who_o constitute_v he_o be_v liable_a yea_o if_o the_o master_n substitute_v another_o master_n his_o engagement_n also_o obliege_v the_o exercitor_n so_o that_o whosoever_o he_o be_v that_o contract_v with_o he_o who_o for_o the_o time_n officiat_n as_o master_n obliege_v the_o exercitor_n in_o what_o be_v borrow_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o ship_n company_n or_o voyage_n and_o there_o seem_v no_o necessity_n of_o show_v a_o commission_n but_o the_o exerce_a of_o the_o office_n be_v sufficient_a and_o thereby_o the_o ship_n and_o out-rigging_a may_v be_v hypothecat_n and_o affect_v yea_o if_o there_o be_v many_o exercitor_n they_o be_v all_o liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la and_o if_o there_o be_v many_o master_n the_o contract_n of_o one_o of_o they_o obliege_v the_o exercitor_n unless_o it_o be_v express_o provide_v they_o can_v contract_v but_o joint_o which_o must_v appear_v by_o their_o commission_n neither_o need_v he_o who_o contract_v with_o the_o master_n instruct_v that_o the_o money_n borrow_v be_v actual_o employ_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o ship_n company_n or_o voyage_n but_o this_o much_o he_o must_v make_v appear_v that_o when_o he_o lend_v the_o money_n there_o be_v such_o need_n of_o it_o albeit_o he_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o take_v notice_n whether_o the_o master_n misemploy_v it_o or_o not_o because_o the_o exercitor_n shall_v have_v look_v who_o he_o trust_v if_o the_o master_n be_v constitute_v with_o power_n to_o buy_v ware_n and_o load_v the_o ship_n the_o prepositor_n be_v liable_a to_o these_o who_o contract_n with_o he_o upon_o that_o account_n but_o this_o be_v not_o presume_v upon_o act_v as_o master_n unless_o his_o commission_n appear_v and_o the_o master_n other_o contract_n oblige_v not_o the_o exercitor_n albeit_o their_o fault_n do_v by_o the_o edict_n nautae_fw-la caupones_fw-la stabularij_fw-la all_o which_o be_v clear_a from_o the_o title_n ff_fw-mi de_fw-fr exercitoria_fw-la actione_n per_fw-la totum_fw-la and_o be_v general_o in_o vigour_n 47._o after_o the_o similitude_n of_o the_o exercitory_a action_n the_o praetor_n by_o the_o perpetual_a edict_n do_v introduce_v the_o institory_a action_n where_o by_o the_o contract_n of_o institor_n in_o relation_n to_o that_o wherein_o they_o be_v entrust_v their_o prepositor_n be_v oblige_v as_o exercitor_n be_v as_o to_o maritime_a matter_n so_o prepositor_n be_v correspondent_a in_o traffic_n at_o land_n and_o institor_n be_v these_o who_o be_v entrust_v in_o such_o affair_n correspond_v to_o the_o master_n of_o ship_n such_o institorsare_n these_o who_o be_v entrust_v with_o keep_v of_o shop_n buy_v or_o sell_v of_o ware_n keep_v of_o cash_n for_o exchange_n such_o as_o be_v send_v abroad_o to_o buy_v ware_n and_o these_o who_o be_v entrust_v with_o the_o labourage_n of_o any_o field_n or_o any_o other_o like_o business_n and_o it_o be_v alike_o of_o whatsoever_o sex_n or_o age_n they_o be_v though_o even_o they_o be_v pupil_n who_o can_v oblige_v themselves_o or_o minor_n who_o have_v the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d yet_o both_o do_v effectual_o oblige_v their_o prepositor_n and_o it_o there_o 〈◊〉_d more_o prepositor_n they_o be_v liable_a in_o solidum_fw-la but_o such_o obligation_n reach_v no_o further_o then_o for_o what_o be_v contract_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o affair_n wherein_o they_o be_v entrust_v neither_o be_v the_o prepositor_n oblige_v if_o they_o have_v intimate_v to_o the_o party_n contracter_n not_o to_o contract_v with_o their_o institor_n but_o if_o they_o contract_v bona_fw-la fide_fw-la albeit_o the_o institor_n be_v limit_n and_o prohibit_v to_o contract_n in_o such_o case_n the_o creditor_n contract_n bona_fw-la fide_fw-la with_o they_o be_v secure_a all_o which_o appear_v title_n de_fw-fr instit_n actione_n ff_n per_fw-la totum_fw-la 48._o custody_n be_v call_v in_o the_o law_n depositum_fw-la or_o commendatum_fw-la to_o which_o we_o have_v no_o suitable_a term_n but_o this_o contract_n be_v most_o fit_o express_v by_o the_o duty_n and_o obligation_n thereof_o which_o be_v to_o keep_v or_o preserve_v that_o which_o be_v give_v in_o custody_n and_o it_o be_v here_o subjoin_v to_o mandat_fw-la because_o indeed_o it_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o it_o for_o the_o lawyer_n do_v not_o so_o much_o notice_n the_o accuracy_n of_o logical_a division_n whereby_o no_o member_n can_v comprehend_v another_o as_o the_o usual_a term_n know_v in_o law_n and_o therefore_o handle_v mandatum_fw-la depositum_fw-la &_o pignus_fw-la several_o though_o all_o of_o they_o be_v true_o mandate_n and_o therefore_o also_o depositum_fw-la may_v be_v fit_o define_v to_o be_v a_o mandate_n or_o commission_n give_v and_o undertake_v to_o keep_v and_o preserve_v something_o belong_v to_o the_o mandator_n or_o some_o three_o party_n and_o therefore_o whatsoever_o have_v be_v before_o say_v of_o mandate_n must_v be_v here_o understand_v of_o custody_n and_o need_v not_o be_v repeat_v except_o what_o be_v special_a in_o custody_n 49._o the_o civil_a law_n make_v a_o difference_n in_o the_o diligence_n of_o mandatar_n and_o depositar_n that_o these_o be_v liable_a only_o for_o fraud_n where_o of_o alone_a the_o praetor_n edict_n make_v mention_v l._n 1._o §_o 1._o ff_n depositi_fw-la l._n 23._o ff_v de_fw-fr regulis_fw-la juris_fw-la l._n 20._o ff_n depositi_fw-la where_o by_o the_o depositar_n though_o he_o loss_n the_o thing_n depositate_fw-la without_o fraud_n be_v free_a but_o it_o be_v extend_v to_o lata_fw-la culpa_fw-la the_o gross_a fault_n quae_fw-la dolo_fw-la aequiparatur_fw-la in_o jure_fw-la l._n quod_fw-la nerva_fw-la 32._o ff_n depositi_fw-la where_o the_o diligence_n opposite_a to_o gross_a fault_n be_v excellent_o describe_v by_o such_o diligence_n as_o man_n ordinary_o do_v or_o the_o depositar_n do_v in_o his_o own_o affair_n but_o mandatar_n be_v liable_a for_o the_o light_a fault_n yet_o as_o be_v show_v before_o that_o be_v by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o not_o by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o mandate_n for_o sure_o the_o reason_n and_o ground_n of_o the_o diligence_n of_o both_o be_v alike_o as_o be_v gratuitous_a and_o at_o the_o free_a choice_n of_o the_o constituent_a who_o therefore_o shall_v demand_v no_o more_o in_o either_o case_n but_o such_o diligence_n as_o the_o person_n entrust_v use_v or_o man_n ordinary_o do_v in_o their_o own_o affair_n unless_o it_o be_v otherways_o agree_v or_o that_o the_o depositar_n have_v procure_v the_o custody_n when_o other_o offer_v l._n 1._o §_o 35._o ff_n depositi_fw-la or_o that_o he_o have_v any_o honorary_a or_o salary_n therefore_o which_o may_v be_v consistent_a here_o or_o in_o other_o mandate_n when_o in_o the_o meaning_n of_o the_o party_n it_o be_v not_o a_o equivalent_a satisfaction_n to_o the_o benefit_n receive_v which_o ordinary_o be_v not_o esteemable_a as_o the_o salary_n of_o medicine_n for_o the_o preservation_n of_o health_n or_o life_n and_o cure_v any_o member_n or_o of_o judge_n or_o lawyer_n for_o the_o do_v or_o procure_v of_o justice_n and_o therefore_o be_v call_v a_o honorary_a and_o the_o contract_n be_v esteem_v notwithstanding_o free_a or_o in_o depositation_n make_v in_o case_n of_o
naufrage_fw-la fire_n tumult_n or_o fall_v of_o house_n where_o the_o positive_a law_n give_v the_o double_a in_o case_n of_o denial_n of_o the_o thing_n depositat_fw-la in_o commiseration_n of_o these_o case_n for_o the_o public_a good_a l._n 1._o ff_n depositi_fw-la but_o these_o case_n must_v be_v evident_a and_o the_o only_a cause_n of_o the_o contract_n l._n 1._o §_o 3._o ff_n depositi_fw-la hence_o it_o follow_v that_o depositar_n be_v not_o liable_a for_o light_a fault_n or_o the_o perish_a or_o deterioration_n of_o the_o thing_n depositat_fw-la by_o casuality_n or_o accident_n yet_o it_o may_v be_v question_v if_o the_o depositar_n delay_n and_o not_o redeliver_v whether_o in_o that_o case_n he_o be_v liable_a to_o make_v it_o good_a the_o same_o question_n be_v also_o in_o mandate_n and_o the_o law_n be_v for_o the_o affirmative_a in_o this_o and_o all_o other_o case_n unless_o the_o thing_n after_o the_o delay_n will_v have_v the_o same_o way_n perish_v if_o it_o have_v be_v restore_v l._n 5._o ff_n de_fw-fr rebus_fw-la creditis_fw-la l._n 12._o §_o 3._o ff_n depositi_fw-la where_o the_o depositar_n peril_n be_v per_fw-la judicium_fw-la acceptum_fw-la the_o reason_n whereof_o be_v render_v because_o if_o the_o thing_n have_v be_v restore_v the_o owner_n may_v have_v sell_v it_o and_o so_o though_o it_o have_v perish_v he_o have_v be_v no_o loser_n yet_o this_o be_v partly_o penal_a and_o the_o adequat_fw-la ground_n of_o it_o must_v be_v by_o the_o obligation_n of_o reparation_n of_o the_o damnage_n sustain_v by_o that_o delinquence_n in_o not_o restore_v the_o thing_n depositat_fw-la to_o its_o owner_n when_o require_v and_o therefore_o it_o be_v to_o be_v measure_v according_a to_o the_o true_a interest_n and_o though_o possible_o the_o owner_n may_v have_v sell_v it_o before_o it_o have_v perish_v yet_o unless_o there_o have_v be_v a_o know_a occasion_n or_o offer_v to_o have_v buy_v or_o purchase_v it_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o remain_v of_o it_o after_o delay_n equity_n will_v not_o conclude_v the_o make_n up_o of_o what_o have_v so_o perish_v in_o this_o we_o be_v not_o bound_v with_o any_o positive_a law_n or_o custom_n and_o therefore_o equity_n in_o it_o with_o we_o may_v take_v place_n and_o we_o be_v not_o severe_a in_o diligence_n of_o mandatar_n as_o appear_v from_o the_o former_a paragraph_n neither_o yet_o in_o custody_n and_o therefore_o a_o person_n have_v receive_v money_n in_o keep_v and_o it_o be_v demand_v he_o do_v declare_v that_o it_o be_v send_v with_o his_o own_o to_o dundee_n for_o safety_n and_o that_o the_o owner_n may_v have_v it_o there_o for_o send_v for_o and_o thereafter_o dundee_n be_v take_v and_o plunder_v he_o be_v liberat_fw-la give_v his_o oath_n that_o the_o money_n he_o get_v in_o keep_v be_v lose_v there_o july_n 19_o 1662._o fidde_v contra_fw-la jack_n and_o a_o horse_n be_v put_v in_o the_o park_n of_o halyroodbouse_n for_o grassing_n though_o he_o be_v lose_v the_o keeper_n be_v find_v free_a because_o there_o be_v a_o placat_fw-la on_o the_o entry_n of_o the_o park_n that_o the_o horse_n to_o be_v put_v there_o be_v upon_o their_o master_n peril_n though_o this_o horse_n be_v deliver_v to_o a_o servant_n who_o say_v nothing_o of_o the_o placat_fw-la november_n 16._o 1667._o whitehead_n of_o park_n contra_fw-la john_n straitoun_n 50._o in_o the_o civil_a law_n there_o be_v a_o depositation_n of_o special_a nature_n institute_n by_o the_o edict_n nautae_fw-la caupones_fw-la stabularij_fw-la quod_fw-la cujusque_fw-la salvum_fw-la fore_fw-la reciperunt_fw-la nisi_fw-la restituant_fw-la in_o eos_fw-la judicium_fw-la dabo_fw-la l._n 1._o ff_n eodem_fw-la by_o this_o edict_n positive_a law_n for_o utility_n sake_n have_v appoint_v that_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o good_n of_o the_o passenger_n in_o ship_n or_o voyager_n in_o inn_n or_o in_o stable_n shall_v be_v far_o extend_v beyond_o the_o nature_n of_o depositation_n which_o obliege_v only_o for_o fraud_n or_o supine_n negligence_n they_o who_o have_v express_o contract_v for_o their_o own_o fact_n but_o this_o edict_n for_o public_a utility_n sake_n extend_v it_o first_o to_o the_o restitution_n of_o the_o good_n of_o passenger_n and_o voyager_n and_o reparation_n of_o any_o loss_n or_o injury_n do_v by_o the_o mariner_n or_o servant_n of_o the_o inn_n or_o stable_a l._n 1._o §_o 8._o eodem_fw-la whereas_o by_o the_o common_a law_n before_o that_o edict_n in_o this_o and_o other_o such_o case_n there_o be_v no_o such_o obligement_n much_o less_o be_v person_n now_o oblige_v for_o their_o hire_a servant_n fact_n or_o fault_n except_o where_o they_o be_v special_o entrust_v by_o they_o but_o because_o the_o theft_n and_o loss_n of_o such_o good_n be_v very_o ordinary_a in_o ship_n inn_n and_o stable_n before_o this_o edict_n be_v introduce_v for_o the_o security_n of_o traveller_n l._n 1._o §_o eodem_fw-la second_o the_o edict_n extend_v this_o obligement_n even_o to_o the_o damnage_n sustain_v by_o other_o passenger_n or_o voyager_n of_o the_o ship_n inn_n or_o stable_a for_o the_o which_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n innkeeper_n or_o keeper_n of_o the_o stable_a can_v be_v no_o way_n oblige_v but_o by_o virtue_n of_o this_o edict_n three_o they_o be_v make_v liable_a for_o the_o loss_n or_o theft_n of_o such_o thing_n absolute_o from_o which_o they_o be_v free_a by_o no_o diligence_n but_o be_v not_o liable_a for_o accident_n or_o force_n by_o nautae_fw-la in_o the_o edict_n be_v understand_v not_o the_o mariner_n but_o the_o exercitor_n or_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n to_o who_o the_o profit_n belong_v and_o so_o the_o master_n of_o the_o inn_n or_o stable_a and_o by_o the_o statute_n they_o be_v only_o liable_a for_o that_o quod_fw-la salvum_fw-la fore_fw-la reciperunt_fw-la that_o which_o they_o receive_v in_o custody_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o such_o other_o as_o they_o entrust_v to_o admit_v passenger_n or_o voyager_n their_o good_n and_o horse_n l._n 1._o §_o 2._o eodem_fw-la whether_o the_o same_o be_v ware_n clothes_n cloag-bag_n and_o other_o furnish_n for_o passenger_n or_o voyager_n or_o the_o furniture_n of_o horse_n in_o stable_n l._n 1._o §_o 6._o eodem_fw-la or_o whether_o other_o thing_n bring_v in_o the_o more_o common_a opinion_n be_v albeit_o the_o thing_n bring_v in_o be_v neither_o know_v or_o show_v to_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n inn_n or_o stable_a they_o be_v liable_a for_o restitution_n l._n 1._o §_o 8._o eodem_fw-la and_o if_o any_o thing_n be_v want_v the_o party_n loser_n have_v jur_fw-la amentum_fw-la in_o litem_fw-la and_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o show_v what_o be_v in_o his_o clogbag_n pocket_n etc._n etc._n gloss._n ibid._n the_o reason_n of_o all_o which_o be_v render_v l._n 1._o ibidem_fw-la because_o it_o be_v in_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n option_n to_o receive_v such_o person_n or_o not_o and_o consequent_o if_o he_o doubt_v of_o their_o trust_n in_o case_n they_o allege_v any_o thing_n want_v he_o may_v refuse_v they_o access_n unless_o they_o show_v what_o they_o have_v otherways_o he_o be_v presume_v to_o trust_v their_o oath_n without_o which_o this_o benefit_n will_v be_v useless_a they_o be_v also_o not_o only_o liable_a for_o what_o be_v receive_v and_o enter_v in_o the_o ship_n or_o inn_n but_o also_o if_o it_o be_v express_o receive_v for_o that_o end_n else_o where_o by_o these_o have_a power_n and_o if_o it_o be_v lose_v before_o it_o be_v enter_v in_o the_o ship_n as_o on_o the_o shoar_n l._n 3._o ibid._n neither_o be_v these_o person_n liberate_a by_o bid_v each_o man_n look_v to_o his_o own_o good_n unless_o the_o passenger_n consent_n l._n 7._o eodem_fw-la but_o their_o silence_n will_v not_o import_v their_o consent_n when_o they_o be_v enter_v and_o in_o their_o passage_n yet_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v so_o express_v before_o or_o at_o their_o entry_n when_o it_o be_v free_a to_o they_o to_o enter_v or_o not_o such_o silence_n will_v sufficient_o infer_v consent_n neither_o be_v they_o free_a though_o the_o passenger_n take_v the_o key_n of_o the_o chamber_n or_o chest_n himself_o which_o be_v but_o propter_fw-la majorem_fw-la securitatem_fw-la and_o not_o to_o liberate_v their_o obleigment_n especial_o see_v they_o may_v have_v other_o key_n which_o the_o passenger_n can_v know_v this_o excellent_a edict_n be_v but_o positive_a will_v be_v effectual_a with_o we_o only_o in_o so_o far_o as_o the_o common_a custom_n of_o nation_n have_v own_v it_o especial_o in_o maritime_a matter_n betwixt_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n or_o in_o so_o far_o as_o our_o own_o custom_n have_v receive_v it_o at_o home_n but_o the_o evident_a expediencie_n of_o it_o can_v but_o make_v it_o acceptable_a any_o where_o where_o the_o least_o respect_n be_v have_v to_o the_o civil_a law_n it_o be_v find_v therefore_o that_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n
act_n either_o without_o the_o possessor_n consent_n or_o by_o their_o tolerance_n or_o tradition_n and_o delivery_n or_o by_o forsake_v or_o relinquish_a they_o so_o that_o in_o the_o matter_n of_o possession_n of_o movable_n there_o be_v little_a controversy_n 12._o second_o possession_n of_o the_o ground_n be_v also_o clear_a in_o many_o case_n as_o first_o in_o habitation_n whether_o in_o cave_n tent_n or_o proper_a house_n next_o in_o garden_n enclosure_n and_o all_o plantation_n three_o in_o field_n by_o pasturage_n or_o tillage_n in_o so_o far_o as_o the_o act_n extend_v so_o far_o these_o all_o be_v most_o natural_a possession_n but_o after_o that_o most_o ancient_a simplicity_n right_n and_o the_o way_n of_o acquire_v thereof_o be_v multiply_v and_o therefore_o possession_n can_v not_o be_v entire_a but_o behove_v to_o be_v divide_v among_o the_o several_a interest_n than_o do_v the_o difficulty_n arise_v as_o when_o one_o have_v the_o property_n a_o second_o the_o fruit_n a_o three_o the_o use_n a_o four_o the_o servitude_n in_o some_o part_v a_o five_o the_o detention_n for_o security_n a_o six_o the_o custody_n or_o location_n and_o all_o these_o exercise_v either_o by_o the_o party_n themselves_o their_o servant_n or_o child_n in_o their_o power_n and_o their_o procurator_n in_o their_o name_n yea_o and_o by_o opposite_a and_o interrupt_a act_n many_o at_o once_o pretend_v to_o the_o same_o kind_n and_o part_n of_o possession_n 13._o so_o then_o the_o three_o kind_n of_o possession_n be_v when_o the_o earth_n begin_v to_o be_v divide_v by_o limit_n and_o bound_n and_o to_o have_v common_a denomination_n than_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o whole_a be_v attain_v by_o exercise_v possessory_a act_n upon_o a_o part_n as_o he_o who_o possess_v a_o field_n need_v not_o go_v about_o it_o or_o touch_v every_o turf_n of_o it_o by_o himself_o or_o his_o cattle_n but_o by_o possess_v a_o part_n unless_o there_o be_v contrary_a possessory_a acts._n so_o possession_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o land_n contain_v in_o one_o tenement_n be_v find_v sufficient_a to_o validat_n a_o base_a infeftment_n as_o to_o the_o whole_a and_o to_o exclude_v a_o posterior_n public_a infeftment_n for_o remove_v the_o tenant_n from_o a_o part_n of_o the_o tenement_n though_o the_o base_a infeftment_n have_v possession_n several_a year_n and_o have_v attain_v or_o pursue_v for_o no_o possession_n of_o these_o tenement_n spot_n remove_n hunter_n contra_fw-la hardie_n observe_v by_o dury_n january_n 14._o 1630._o the_o like_a of_o possession_n of_o a_o tack_v of_o a_o part_n of_o teind_n in_o a_o tack_v find_v sufficient_a to_o validat_n the_o tack_v as_o to_o the_o whole_a spot_n 1._o possessione_n lady_n merchistoun_n contra_fw-la wrights-house_n 14._o possession_n civil_a be_v extend_v to_o uplift_v of_o mail_n and_o duty_n which_o be_v sufficient_a to_o introduce_v and_o preserve_v property_n though_o the_o pasturage_n and_o tillage_n and_o all_o other_o natural_a deed_n of_o possession_n be_v in_o other_o who_o be_v proper_o call_v possessor_n who_o hold_v and_o possess_v for_o themselves_o in_o so_o far_o as_o concern_v the_o excresce_fw-it of_o the_o profit_n above_o the_o rent_n as_o to_o which_o they_o possess_v in_o name_n of_o their_o master_n and_o therefore_o this_o possession_n be_v partly_o naturral_a to_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o partly_o civil_a by_o their_o tenant_n 15._o five_o possession_n be_v attain_v symbolical_o where_o there_o be_v not_o use_v of_o the_o whole_a or_o a_o part_n but_o only_o of_o a_o symbol_n or_o token_n and_o this_o be_v when_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v possess_v be_v present_a as_o the_o civil_a possession_n by_o infeftment_n by_o delivery_n of_o earth_n and_o stone_n upon_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o land_n or_o by_o delivery_n of_o a_o parcel_n of_o corn_n for_o a_o stack_n or_o field_n of_o corn_n or_o some_o of_o a_o herd_n or_o flock_n for_o the_o whole_a flock_n be_v present_a in_o which_o the_o symbol_n be_v also_o part_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v possess_v have_v some_o affinity_n to_o natural_a possession_n six_o civil_a possession_n be_v by_o a_o token_n or_o symbol_n which_o be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v possess_v but_o be_v a_o token_n to_o represent_v it_o as_o either_o have_v some_o resemblance_n with_o it_o as_o the_o delivery_n of_o a_o copy_n or_o scroll_n for_o a_o office_n or_o a_o penny_n for_o a_o annualrent_a or_o otherways_o have_v no_o resemblance_n but_o be_v a_o token_n mere_o suppositious_a to_o represent_v it_o as_o delivery_n of_o a_o batton_n in_o resignation_n or_o delivery_n of_o a_o thing_n buy_v or_o sell_v by_o a_o wisp_n of_o straw_n which_o ordinary_o be_v in_o absence_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v possess_v 16._o seven_o possession_n be_v attain_v or_o retain_v without_o symbol_n and_o without_o interposition_n of_o any_o person_n in_o our_o power_n or_o procurator_n but_o only_o by_o conjunction_n of_o interest_n so_o when_o the_o property_n of_o land_n be_v grant_v to_o one_o and_o the_o usufruct_v or_o liferent_a to_o another_o or_o when_o the_o liferent_a be_v reserve_v the_o possesssion_n of_o the_o liferenter_fw-la be_v hold_v to_o be_v the_o possession_n of_o the_o fire_n as_o to_o all_o other_o three_o party_n and_o right_n and_o a_o husband_n possession_n of_o land_n by_o himself_o or_o any_o derive_v right_o from_o he_o be_v hold_v to_o be_v the_o wife_n possession_n by_o her_o liferent_a infeftment_n the_o several_a kind_n and_o degree_n of_o possession_n be_v thus_o lay_v open_a it_o will_v be_v more_o easy_a to_o takeup_v the_o common_a notion_n and_o nature_n of_o it_o and_o it_o may_v be_v thus_o describe_v 17._o possession_n be_v the_o hold_v or_o detain_v of_o any_o thing_n by_o ourselves_o or_o other_o for_o our_o use_n it_o be_v not_o every_o hold_v or_o detain_v which_o make_v possession_n for_o so_o depositar_n detain_v but_o because_o it_o be_v not_o for_o their_o use_n they_o do_v not_o possess_v to_o possession_n there_o must_v be_v a_o act_n of_o the_o body_n which_o be_v detention_n and_o hold_v and_o a_o act_n of_o the_o mind_n which_o be_v the_o inclination_n or_o affection_n to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o thing_n detain_v which_o be_v of_o the_o mind_n be_v not_o so_o easy_o perceivable_a as_o that_o of_o the_o body_n but_o it_o be_v presume_v whensoever_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o detainer_n may_v be_v to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o thing_n but_o where_o it_o may_v be_v wrong_a or_o hurtful_a it_o be_v not_o presume_v as_o he_o who_o take_v another_o man_n horse_n by_o the_o head_n or_o keep_v that_o which_o be_v waith_n or_o take_v in_o his_o hand_n the_o money_n or_o good_n of_o another_o which_o if_o it_o be_v to_o make_v use_n of_o it_o will_v infer_v theft_n and_o therefore_o such_o detention_n be_v not_o presume_v to_o be_v possession_n he_o also_o who_o detain_v or_o hold_v a_o thing_n not_o at_o all_o for_o his_o own_o use_n but_o for_o another_o who_o do_v detain_v by_o he_o as_o by_o his_o servant_n or_o procurator_n do_v not_o possess_v but_o otherways_o if_o he_o have_v no_o warrant_n from_o another_o but_o only_o intend_v or_o be_v oblige_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v to_o the_o behoof_n of_o another_o in_o that_o case_n he_o be_v possessor_n because_o the_o real_a right_o be_v in_o he_o and_o there_o be_v upon_o he_o only_o a_o obligation_n to_o make_v it_o forthcoming_a to_o another_o and_o they_o who_o possess_v partly_o for_o themselves_o and_o partly_o for_o other_o as_o tenant_n have_v possession_n in_o part_n 18._o to_o come_v now_o to_o the_o requisite_n for_o enter_v and_o begin_v possession_n there_o must_v be_v both_o the_o detention_n of_o the_o body_n and_o the_o detention_n of_o the_o mind_n for_o use_v for_o neither_o of_o the_o two_o alone_o can_v begin_v possession_n corporal_a possession_n alone_o can_v neither_o begin_v it_o nor_o continue_v it_o and_o if_o any_o act_n of_o the_o mind_n be_v enough_o possession_n will_v be_v very_o large_a and_o but_o imaginary_a but_o the_o manner_n of_o this_o seizure_n of_o possession_n to_o begin_v it_o be_v very_o diverse_a by_o all_o the_o several_a way_n which_o be_v before_o set_v forth_o 19_o possession_n be_v once_o begin_v be_v continue_v not_o only_o by_o reiteration_n of_o possessory_a act_n but_o even_o by_o the_o mind_n only_o though_o there_o be_v no_o outward_a act_n exerce_v and_o the_o mind_n and_o affection_n to_o continue_v possession_n be_v always_o presume_v unless_o the_o contrary_n appear_v so_o that_o if_o the_o thing_n once_o possess_v be_v void_a as_o to_o outward_a act_n yet_o it_o be_v hold_v possess_v by_o the_o mind_n and_o any_o contrary_a act_n of_o other_o enter_v to_o that_o possession_n be_v unwarrantable_a and_o intrusion_n for_o as_o have_v be_v
which_o be_v counterband_n yet_o the_o king_n declare_v these_o shall_v not_o be_v seize_v upon_o that_o account_n which_o be_v not_o find_v sufficient_a to_o defend_v a_o swedish_n ship_n carry_v such_o counterband-goods_a not_o be_v the_o product_n of_o their_o own_o country_n july_n 27._o and_o 31._o and_o november_n 6._o 1665._o parkman_n contra_fw-la captain_n allan_n in_o the_o last_o treaty_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o the_o swede_n there_o be_v a_o article_n bear_v that_o counterband_n shall_v be_v prize_n si_fw-la deprehendatur_fw-la and_o therefore_o it_o be_v thereby_o infer_v that_o the_o ship_n and_o remanent_fw-la loadn_v be_v not_o prize_n july_n 18._o 1673._o captain_n winchester_n contra_fw-la the_o owner_n of_o the_o st._n andrew_n there_o be_v the_o like_a article_n both_o as_o to_o counterband_n and_o enemy_n good_n in_o the_o treaty_n of_o breda_n betwixt_o the_o king_n the_o dutch_a the_o french_a and_o dane_n at_o the_o pacification_n of_o the_o first_o dutch_a war_n but_o that_o pacification_n be_v break_v by_o the_o second_o dutch_a war_n it_o be_v not_o find_v effectual_a in_o the_o subsequent_a war_n upon_o a_o letter_n from_o the_o king_n a_o ship_n be_v not_o find_v prize_n for_o carry_v of_o victual_n or_o money_n to_o the_o enemy_n country_n july_n 16._o 1673._o captain_n lyel_fw-mi contra_fw-la the_o master_n of_o the_o leopard_n there_o be_v no_o doubt_n but_o carry_v of_o soldier_n to_o the_o enemy_n country_n of_o what_o nation_n soever_o they_o be_v be_v counterband_n and_o use_v to_o be_v express_v in_o the_o treaty_n of_o ally_n general_o under_o the_o name_n of_o man_n which_o can_v only_o be_v understand_v of_o stranger_n when_o they_o be_v actual_a soldier_n in_o the_o enemy_n service_n for_o thereby_o there_o be_v a_o great_a participation_n of_o the_o war_n then_o either_o by_o carry_v of_o enemy_n good_n or_o by_o carry_v the_o instrument_n of_o war_n towards_o the_o enemy_n port_n but_o otherways_o passenger_n who_o be_v neuter_n may_v free_o go_v to_o the_o port_n of_o enemy_n for_o trading_n travel_v or_o any_o other_o end_v not_o be_v find_v or_o presume_v to_o become_v citizen_n or_o soldier_n there_o but_o reside_v only_o as_o factor_n for_o stranger_n and_o not_o contribute_v with_o the_o enemy_n to_o the_o war_n they_o do_v not_o exceed_v the_o bound_n of_o neutrality_n the_o difficulty_n be_v great_a in_o case_n person_n belong_v to_o the_o enemy_n country_n be_v carry_v in_o the_o ship_n of_o ally_n or_o neuter_n and_o there_o be_v little_a doubt_n but_o the_o person_n of_o enemy_n reside_v in_o the_o enemy_n country_n and_o contribute_v to_o the_o war_n have_v the_o same_o or_o more_o effect_n than_o the_o carry_v of_o their_o good_n though_o that_o have_v not_o occur_v to_o be_v determine_v with_o we_o and_o there_o be_v less_o doubt_n that_o be_v bear_v in_o the_o enemy_n country_n or_o have_v reside_v there_o as_o citizen_n but_o have_v leave_v the_o same_o before_o the_o war_n do_v no_o further_a state_n they_o as_o enemy_n then_o that_o by_o their_o language_n or_o other_o evidence_n they_o be_v presume_v to_o be_v enemy_n unless_o they_o make_v it_o appear_v that_o they_o have_v leave_v the_o enemy_n country_n and_o fix_v their_o residence_n elsewhere_o neither_o will_n any_o burden_n impose_v upon_o their_o land_n or_o house_n import_v their_o concourse_n in_o the_o war_n as_o enemy_n there_o be_v a_o special_a concession_n by_o the_o king_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n that_o because_o the_o language_n of_o his_o subject_n in_o the_o netherlands_o be_v the_o same_o with_o these_o of_o the_o unite_a province_n that_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o seazure_n of_o the_o ship_n belong_v to_o his_o subject_n upon_o account_n of_o be_v serve_v or_o navigate_fw-la by_o hollander_n there_o be_v also_o a_o article_n in_o the_o swedish_n treaty_n that_o it_o shall_v be_v free_a for_o they_o to_o make_v use_n of_o dutch_a master_n for_o navigate_a their_o ship_n provide_v that_o these_o master_n fix_v their_o domiciles_fw-la in_o sweden_n and_o become_v citizen_n and_o inhabitant_n there_o these_o concession_n give_v great_a occasion_n of_o doubt_n whether_o these_o or_o other_o ally_n or_o newter_n may_v make_v use_n of_o hollander_n as_o mariner_n or_o servant_n in_o their_o ship_n because_o if_o without_o that_o concession_n they_o be_v free_a to_o hire_v hollander_n for_o servant_n they_o may_v hire_v they_o for_o master_n of_o ship_n as_o well_o as_o other_o mariner_n and_o so_o need_v no_o such_o privilege_n and_o therefore_o run_v no_o hazard_n by_o be_v navigate_fw-la by_o hollander_n but_o if_o they_o may_v not_o lawful_o make_v use_n of_o a_o holland_n master_n till_o they_o have_v it_o by_o special_a privilege_n a_o pari_fw-la they_o can_v not_o make_v use_n of_o holland_n mariner_n it_o be_v clear_a that_o the_o be_v by_o nation_n hollander_n infer_v no_o hazard_n either_o as_o to_o the_o master_n or_o seaman_n for_o the_o war_n be_v only_o with_o the_o citizen_n and_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o enemy_n country_n so_o that_o the_o true_a domicile_fw-fr or_o residence_n be_v the_o main_a point_n in_o question_n there_o be_v also_o great_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o master_n or_o steersman_n and_o the_o common_a mariner_n for_o the_o master_n be_v in_o possession_n of_o and_o entrust_v with_o the_o ship_n which_o be_v affect_v both_o with_o his_o delinquence_n and_o by_o his_o contract_n of_o bottomarie_a and_o therefore_o his_o oath_n alone_o be_v always_o account_v sufficient_a probation_n as_o to_o the_o property_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o frequent_o the_o steersman_n be_v entrust_v with_o the_o load_n in_o which_o case_n also_o his_o oath_n will_v be_v sufficient_a probation_n as_o to_o the_o property_n thereof_o but_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o mariner_n have_v only_o be_v make_v use_n of_o as_o ordinar_n witness_n prove_v by_o the_o concourse_n of_o two_o or_o more_o and_o the_o confession_n of_o the_o master_n steersman_n or_o company_n at_o sea_n when_o they_o be_v take_v have_v not_o be_v allow_v as_o sufficient_a probation_n to_o confiscate_v the_o ship_n or_o load_n yea_o though_o renew_v after_o they_o come_v to_o land_n but_o only_o when_o take_v judicial_o and_o very_o little_a use_n have_v be_v make_v of_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o privateer_n or_o his_o company_n for_o prove_v against_o stranger_n but_o only_o their_o own_o oath_n and_o other_o evidence_n the_o oath_n of_o the_o skipper_n alone_o be_v find_v to_o prove_v against_o the_o owner_n july_n 13._o 1669._o captain_n wood_n contra_fw-la booz_n neilson_n the_o take_a privilege_n for_o a_o holland_n master_n upon_o the_o consideration_n aforesaid_a do_v not_o import_v that_o mariner_n may_v not_o be_v make_v use_n of_o who_o be_v by_o nation_n holanders_n if_o they_o reside_v not_o in_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o enemy_n neither_o will_v the_o be_v of_o some_o of_o they_o aboard_o infer_v such_o evidence_n that_o the_o whole_a ship_n and_o load_n belong_v not_o to_o newter_n and_o free_a man_n but_o if_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o company_n be_v hollander_n or_o if_o the_o master_n be_v a_o hollander_n the_o presumption_n be_v strong_a and_o give_v sufficien_fw-fr ground_n for_o seazure_n and_o therefore_o be_v fit_o declare_v by_o treaty_n that_o if_o the_o master_n by_o nation_n be_v a_o hollander_n the_o pass_n shall_v bear_v expret_o that_o it_o be_v swear_v upon_o oath_n that_o he_o be_v citizen_n and_o inhabitant_n in_o sweden_n the_o king_n by_o his_o proclamation_n of_o the_o first_o war_n against_o the_o dutch_a do_v command_v to_o seize_v and_o make_v prize_n of_o all_o ship_n where_o there_o be_v find_v any_o number_n of_o man_n belong_v to_o the_o enemy_n and_o therefore_o a_o swedish_n ship_n be_v find_v prize_n because_o navigate_fw-la with_o hollander_n be_v all_o or_o the_o most_o part_n of_o her_o company_n albeit_o she_o have_v a_o pass_n from_o sweden_n in_o the_o term_n of_o the_o formula_fw-la contain_v in_o the_o swedish_n treaty_n and_o albeit_o the_o treaty_n bear_v that_o where_o such_o a_o pass_n be_v in_o bona_fw-la aut_fw-la homines_fw-la nullo_n modo_fw-la inquiratur_fw-la because_o in_o that_o same_o article_n it_o be_v subjoin_v nisi_fw-la gravis_fw-la suspicio_fw-la subsit_fw-la and_o it_o be_v a_o most_o weighty_a ground_n of_o suspicion_n that_o the_o ship_n or_o good_n belong_v to_o hollander_n that_o the_o company_n acknowledge_v that_o they_o reside_v in_o holland_n and_o be_v take_v on_o there_o immediate_o before_o this_o voyage_n in_o this_o process_n it_o be_v allege_v that_o the_o confession_n of_o the_o company_n take_v by_o a_o admiral_n depute_v at_o cromarty_n be_v extort_a by_o hold_v sword_n and_o pistol_n to_o their_o breast_n or_o that_o the_o samin_n be_v so_o extort_a at_o sea_n when_o they_o be_v take_v it_o be_v find_v sufficient_a to_o
superior_n must_v be_v call_v 73._o all_o other_o interest_n of_o fee_n be_v carry_v as_o part_v and_o pertinent_a though_o they_o be_v not_o express_v and_o albeit_o wood_n and_o loch_n use_v oft_o to_o be_v express_v yet_o they_o be_v comprehend_v under_o part_n and_o pertinent_o and_o therefore_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ground_n have_v not_o only_o right_a to_o the_o water_n in_o loch_n but_o to_o the_o ground_n thereof_o and_o may_v drain_n the_o same_o unless_o servitude_n be_v fix_v to_o water-gangs_a of_o milns_n or_o other_o work_n and_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o loch_n and_o all_o that_o be_v upon_o it_o or_o under_o it_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o fee_n but_o if_o the_o loch_n be_v not_o whole_o within_o the_o fee_n but_o partly_o within_o or_o adjacent_a to_o the_o fee_n of_o another_o then_o unless_o the_o loch_n be_v express_v it_o will_v be_v divide_v among_o the_o fiars_n who_o land_n front_v thereupon_o the_o part_n of_o fee_n be_v only_o express_v in_o bound_a charter_n but_o in_o all_o other_o the_o part_n be_v only_o know_v by_o the_o common_a reputation_n of_o the_o neighbourhood_n what_o they_o comprehend_v under_o the_o designation_n express_v in_o the_o infeftment_n and_o by_o possession_n as_o part_v and_o pertinent_a of_o the_o land_n design_v in_o the_o infeftment_n whether_o they_o have_v but_o one_o common_a designation_n as_o such_o a_o barony_n or_o tenement_n or_o if_o there_o be_v a_o enumeration_n of_o their_o part_n by_o distinct_a name_n which_o do_v not_o exclude_v other_o part_n though_o belong_v to_o none_o of_o the_o part_n enumerat_a there_o be_v only_o this_o difference_n that_o express_a infeftment_n be_v preferable_a to_o these_o which_o allege_v but_o part_n and_o pertinent_a much_o more_o if_o it_o be_v allege_v to_o be_v separatum_fw-la tenementum_fw-la require_v a_o distinct_a infeftment_n and_o yet_o prescription_n as_o part_v and_o pertinent_a will_v exclude_v a_o infeftment_n as_o a_o separate_a tenement_n but_o where_o there_o be_v march-stone_n set_v it_o be_v a_o great_a convenience_n to_o preserve_v peaceable_a possession_n and_o though_o it_o can_v be_v prove_v when_o these_o march_n be_v set_v yet_o their_o be_v repute_n as_o march-stone_n will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o defend_v at_o any_o time_n within_o prescription_n but_o land_n be_v ofttimes_o so_o large_a comprehend_v mure_n and_o mountain_n that_o march-stone_n can_v be_v set_v for_o remeid_v whereof_o the_o lord_n of_o session_n by_o a_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la 1580._o ratify_v in_o par._n 1587._o cap._n 42._o ordain_v all_o molestation_n in_o property_n or_o commontie_z in_o possessorso_fw-it to_o be_v before_o sheriff_n baily_n of_o regality_n and_o other_o inferior_a ordinar_n judge_n where_o the_o land_n lie_v and_o for_o that_o effect_n the_o lord_n will_v direct_v letter_n of_o cognition_n to_o proceed_v upon_o fifteen_o day_n warn_v by_o a_o inquest_n of_o person_n who_o best_o know_v the_o matter_n the_o most_o part_n thereof_o be_v landed-man_n have_v at_o least_o four_o plough_n of_o land_n or_o three_o hundred_o mark_n of_o irredeemable_a rent_n and_o the_o rest_n substantious_a famous_a zeamans_n of_o the_o same_o paroch_n and_o fail_v thereof_o of_o the_o paroch_n near_a adjacent_a and_o if_o both_o party_n have_v cognition_n raise_v before_o litiscontestation_n on_o either_o the_o half_a of_o the_o assyzer_n shall_v be_v take_v of_o these_o summon_v for_o either_o party_n or_o in_o case_n there_o be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a number_n of_o they_o habile_fw-la the_o judge_n shall_v supply_v the_o same_o and_o the_o odd_a man_n to_o be_v choose_v by_o lot_n which_o inquest_n shall_v visit_v the_o ground_n and_o shall_v return_v their_o verdict_n upon_o oath_n both_o upon_o the_o claim_n and_o exception_n of_o the_o party_n and_o in_o case_n the_o judge_n ordinar_n be_v suspect_v or_o that_o the_o land_n lie_v in_o divers_a jurisdiction_n the_o lord_n be_v to_o appoint_v unsuspect_v judge_n to_o be_v pass_v under_o the_o quarter_n seal_v there_o be_v only_o except_v the_o action_n belong_v to_o the_o member_n of_o the_o college_n of_o justice_n which_o be_v to_o be_v before_o the_o lord_n yet_o the_o lord_n be_v accustom_v to_o grant_v commission_n to_o some_o of_o their_o own_o number_n where_o question_n arise_v concern_v the_o part_n or_o march_n of_o tenement_n to_o visit_v the_o ground_n and_o there_o to_o receive_v witness_n hinc_fw-la inde_fw-la both_o as_o to_o possession_n and_o interruption_n which_o the_o lord_n do_v advise_v and_o determine_v without_o a_o inquest_n part_n of_o tenement_n in_o possessorio_fw-la be_v sustain_v by_o the_o present_a peaceable_a possession_n for_o some_o time_n for_o seven_o year_n peaceable_a possession_n will_v sustain_v the_o right_n of_o the_o whole_a till_o reduction_n and_o forty_o year_n possession_n as_o part_v and_o pertinent_a be_v sufficient_a in_o petitorio_fw-la for_o the_o point_n of_o right_n and_o will_v exclude_v a_o infeftment_n express_v yea_o though_o it_o be_v a_o infeftment_n as_o distinctum_fw-la tenementum_fw-la november_n 14._o 1671._o walter_z young_z contra_fw-la william_n carmichael_n but_o if_o there_o be_v interruption_n and_o that_o either_o party_n have_v have_v some_o possession_n the_o express_a infeftment_n will_v be_v preferable_a and_o any_o lawful_a interruption_n will_v preserve_v a_o infeftment_n of_o a_o separate_a tenement_n but_o if_o neither_o party_n be_v express_o infeft_v in_o the_o land_n in_o question_n interruption_n by_o either_o party_n will_v not_o exclude_v prescription_n because_o there_o be_v not_o a_o prior_n special_a right_n valid_a of_o itself_o without_o possession_n and_o therefore_o if_o both_o party_n have_v have_v mutual_a or_o promiscuous_a possession_n each_o possess_v when_o they_o can_v and_o turn_v off_o the_o other_o that_o part_n of_o the_o land_n so_o possess_v will_v continue_v as_o a_o promiscuous_a commontie_z which_o frequent_o fall_v out_o about_o the_o march_n of_o large_a tenement_n and_o be_v so_o determine_v betwixt_o the_o lord_n strathoord_n and_o sir_n thomas_n stuart_n of_o gairntully_n if_o neither_o party_n have_v a_o express_v or_o several_a infeftment_n discontiguity_n will_v not_o exclude_v part_n and_o pertinent_a though_o if_o the_o question_n be_v with_o he_o to_o who_o the_o land_n be_v contiguous_a less_o probation_n will_v prefer_v he_o craig_n l._n 2._o dieges_fw-fr 3._o relate_v a_o case_n in_o his_o time_n betwixt_o the_o earl_n of_o angus_n and_o hoom_n of_o polwart_n where_o discontiguity_n do_v not_o exclude_v part_n and_o pertinent_a not_o be_v know_v as_o a_o distinct_a tenement_n pertinent_o comprehend_v all_o the_o natural_a fruit_n for_o corn_n be_v account_v as_o movable_a and_o as_o no_o part_n of_o the_o ground_n as_o have_v be_v show_v in_o the_o former_a title_n section_n second_o and_o also_o all_o servitude_n so_o a_o servitude_n of_o a_o pasturage_n in_o another_o heretors_n wood_n be_v sustain_v as_o a_o pertinent_a by_o long_a possession_n spot_n servitude_n laird_n of_o knockdolian_n contra_fw-la tenant_n of_o partick_n and_o part_n and_o pertinent_a be_v express_v in_o a_o minute_n of_o sale_n it_o be_v find_v to_o carry_v common_a pasturage_n in_o a_o mure_n which_o be_v a_o commontie_z to_o a_o barony_n whereof_o the_o land_n sell_v be_v a_o part_n february_n 14._o 1668._o william_n borthwick_n contra_fw-la lord_n borthwick_n and_o in_o the_o case_n betwixt_o the_o laird_n of_o hain_v and_o town_n of_o selkirk_n decide_v february_n 15._o 1668._o a_o barony_n of_o the_o king_n cum_fw-la pertinentibus_fw-la &_o cum_fw-la pascuis_fw-la &_o pasturis_fw-la be_v find_v to_o carry_v common_a pasturage_n in_o the_o mure_n of_o the_o barony_n and_o that_o the_o last_o forty_o year_n possession_n do_v presume_v the_o like_a possession_n in_o the_o fevar_n from_o the_o obtain_n their_o feve_n and_o that_o interruption_n by_o the_o town_n who_o infeftment_n be_v but_o general_a cum_fw-la communiis_fw-la do_v not_o exclude_v the_o pasturage_n of_o the_o fever_n who_o have_v also_o make_v interruption_n against_o the_o town_n 74._o craig_n l._n 2._o dieges_fw-fr 8._o debate_n this_o question_n whether_o wood_n and_o coal_n be_v part_n of_o the_o ground_n or_o only_o pertinent_a as_o fruit_n thereof_o for_o if_o these_o be_v part_n of_o the_o ground_n conjunct-feers_a or_o liferenter_n will_v have_v no_o share_n thereof_o nor_o donatar_n of_o ward_n nonentry_n or_o liferent-escheat_n so_o that_o the_o question_n be_v very_o important_a wherein_o he_o relate_v two_o decision_n one_o betwixt_o the_o lord_n seatoun_n and_o his_o mother_n who_o be_v serve_v to_o a_o terce_n be_v find_v to_o have_v right_a to_o the_o three_o of_o a_o coal-work_n constant_o go_v for_o sale_n in_o the_o defunct_n time_n and_o another_o betwixt_o ramsay_n of_o dalhousie_n and_o mary_n ballantine_n his_o predecessor_n relict_n in_o relation_n to_o a_o wood_n which_o the_o fire_n be_v find_v to_o have_v the_o only_a right_o to_o sell_v and_o
be_v not_o waken_v every_o five_o year_n for_o such_o prescrive_v in_o ten_o year_n by_o the_o act_n 9_o par._n 1669._o the_o exception_n of_o remove_v at_o the_o instance_n of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ground_n be_v very_o frequent_a and_o various_a for_o it_o be_v ordinary_o propon_v and_o sustain_v that_o the_o defender_n be_v tenant_n by_o payment_n of_o mail_n and_o duty_n to_o a_o three_o party_n who_o be_v not_o warn_v nor_o call_v neither_o be_v they_o put_v to_o dispute_v their_o master_n right_o to_o be_v valide_fw-la which_o hold_v whether_o his_o right_n be_v a_o infeftment_n liferent-right_a or_o tack_v and_o though_o the_o tennent_n have_v be_v put_v to_o condescend_v what_o the_o right_n be_v and_o that_o in_o specie_fw-la it_o be_v a_o valide_fw-la right_o though_o he_o need_v not_o dispute_v the_o particular_a defect_n of_o it_o nor_o the_o competition_n of_o it_o with_o any_o other_o right_o that_o have_v be_v do_v that_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi might_n know_v how_o to_o quarrel_v their_o master_n right_o but_o i_o have_v never_o observe_v that_o litiscontestation_n have_v be_v make_v or_o a_o term_n assign_v to_o tenant_n to_o instruct_v their_o master_n right_o therefore_o this_o defence_n be_v but_o dilatory_a and_o shall_v not_o be_v sustain_v unless_o instant_o verify_v by_o tack_n or_o discharge_v from_o the_o allege_a master_n which_o will_v be_v repel_v if_o the_o tenant_n have_v intervert_v the_o pursuer_fw-mi or_o his_o author_n possession_n or_o if_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi be_v singular_a successor_n not_o presume_v to_o know_v any_o interest_n but_o of_o the_o possessor_n if_o the_o tennent_n produce_v his_o master_n seasine_n with_o his_o tack_v or_o discharge_v it_o will_v instruct_v this_o dilator_n which_o be_v sufficient_a upon_o the_o not_o call_v the_o tenants_n master_n for_o his_o not_o be_v warn_v be_v proper_a for_o himself_o to_o allege_v and_o the_o party_n will_v in_o the_o same_o process_n get_v warrant_n to_o cite_v that_o master_n who_o must_v defend_v himself_o upon_o his_o own_o right_n and_o therefore_o this_o defence_n be_v sustain_v to_o tenant_n though_o they_o condescend_v upon_o no_o other_o right_n to_o their_o master_n but_o tacit_a relocation_n december_n 2._o 1628._o mr._n walter_n whitefoord_n contra_fw-la laird_n johnstoun_n it_o have_v also_o be_v sometime_o sustain_v that_o the_o defender_n be_v tenant_n by_o payment_n of_o mail_n and_o duty_n to_o a_o appryzer_n though_o not_o infeft_v hope_n hic_fw-la crawfoord_v contra_fw-la brown_n this_o exception_n be_v also_o elide_v by_o this_o reply_n that_o the_o defender_n have_v acknowledge_v the_o pursuer_fw-mi by_o payment_n of_o mail_n and_o duty_n nicol_n hic_fw-la lady_n evandale_n contra_fw-la her_o tenant_n it_o be_v also_o elide_v by_o allege_v that_o the_o defender_n master_n right_o be_v reduce_v at_o the_o pursuer_n instance_n december_n 12._o 1622._o spading_n contra_fw-la fleming_n the_o like_a where_o his_o right_n be_v reduce_v at_o the_o instance_n of_o the_o pursuer_n author_n spot_n hic_fw-la maxwel_fw-mi contra_fw-la tenant_n of_o glassock_n earl_n of_o nithisdale_n contra_fw-la his_o tenant_n the_o exception_n against_o remove_v upon_o the_o defender_n own_o right_a be_v either_o in_o respect_n of_o his_o right_n to_o the_o land_n in_o question_n or_o to_o the_o other_o land_n brook_v by_o he_o pro_fw-la indiviso_fw-la with_o it_o for_o the_o first_o there_o be_v as_o many_o such_o defence_n as_o there_o be_v right_n competent_a for_o defend_v possession_n and_o they_o be_v either_o found_v upon_o the_o benefit_n of_o a_o possessory_a judgement_n which_o how_o conpetent_fw-la may_v be_v see_v at_o large_a title_n infeftment_n 13._o §_o 82._o which_o need_v not_o to_o be_v repeat_v or_o if_o that_o be_v not_o competent_a the_o defender_n must_v found_v himself_o upon_o the_o point_n of_o right_n which_o ordinary_o infer_v a_o competition_n of_o right_n but_o in_o either_o case_n the_o defence_n will_v not_o be_v sustain_v upon_o any_o right_n if_o the_o possession_n be_v not_o attain_v there_o upon_o bat_n upon_o the_o pursuer_n right_a which_o possession_n must_v be_v restore_v and_o the_o defender_n leave_v to_o his_o action_n upon_o the_o other_o right_a as_o accord_n as_o if_o after_o redemption_n of_o a_o temporary_a right_n whereby_o the_o defender_n enter_v in_o possession_n he_o shall_v defend_v upon_o another_o right_n which_o will_v not_o be_v sustain_v in_o this_o possessory_a judgdement_n against_o he_o or_o his_o successor_n from_o who_o he_o have_v the_o possession_n november_n 22._o 1677._o sir_n archibald_n stuart_n of_o castlemilk_n contra_fw-la duke_n of_o hamiltoun_n the_o exception_n pro_fw-la indiviso_fw-la be_v very_o pregnant_a and_o take_v not_o only_a place_n in_o solemn_a remove_n but_o in_o the_o action_n to_o find_v caution_n for_o mail_n and_o duty_n or_o to_o remove_v though_o the_o excipient_fw-la have_v take_v tack_n from_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi december_n 6._o 1623._o 〈…〉_z contra_fw-la carmichael_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o find_v relevant_a to_o stop_v remove_v from_o the_o pursuer_n part_v of_o a_o coal-heugh_a in_o land_n undevide_v because_o the_o coal_n be_v divisible_a by_o measure_n as_o they_o be_v raise_v out_o of_o the_o coal-pot_n spot_n remove_n hugh_z somervel_v contra_fw-la dickson_n neither_o be_v it_o find_v sufficient_a to_o maintain_v a_o relict_n in_o possession_n of_o a_o house_n which_o can_v not_o be_v divide_v whereof_o she_o have_v a_o three_o part_n and_o possess_v the_o other_o two_o thirâ—s_o pro_fw-la indiviso_fw-la but_o the_o fire_n have_v the_o two_o three_o be_v to_o be_v prefer_v to_o the_o possession_n pay_v she_o the_o three_o of_o the_o mail_n upon_o condition_n that_o if_o he_o seâ—_n the_o tenement_n she_o shall_v be_v prefer_v give_v as_o much_o mail_n as_o another_o january_n 26._o 1665._o legan_n contra_fw-la galbraith_n the_o last_o exception_n against_o remove_v be_v obedience_n by_o voluntary_a remove_n conform_v to_o the_o warning_n and_o leave_v the_o land_n void_a and_o red_a at_o the_o term_n without_o necessity_n of_o a_o renunciation_n in_o write_v march_z 2._o 1637._o keith_n contra_fw-la simpson_n the_o like_a the_o defender_n find_v caution_n to_o desist_v from_o the_o possession_n nicol._n de_fw-fr migrando_fw-la wallace_n contra_fw-la mitchel_n but_o the_o alledgeance_n of_o obedience_n be_v not_o find_v relevant_a upon_o a_o exception_n bear_v that_o the_o land_n be_v leave_v void_a and_o red_a at_o the_o term_n see_v that_o it_o bear_v not_o that_o the_o possession_n be_v offer_v to_o the_o charger_n in_o respect_n that_o at_o the_o time_n of_o his_o remove_n another_o party_n enter_v in_o his_o vice_n january_n penult_v 1624._o greenlaw_n contra_fw-la adamson_n but_o the_o obedience_n must_v be_v full_a according_a to_o the_o warn_n by_o the_o defender_n remove_v himself_o his_o family_n sub-tennent_n and_o cottar_n good_n and_o gear_n so_o that_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi may_v enter_v in_o possession_n and_o therefore_o decreet_a will_v be_v obtain_v against_o the_o principal_a tacks-man_n and_o the_o letter_n still_o put_v to_o execution_n against_o he_o till_o all_o these_o be_v remove_v and_o if_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi please_fw-mi he_o may_v pursue_v they_o to_o remove_v without_o other_o warning_n then_o what_o be_v make_v to_o the_o principal_a tacks-man_n so_o it_o be_v sustain_v against_o a_o son_n upon_o a_o warn_n against_o his_o father_n even_o after_o his_o father_n death_n january_n 26._o 1630._o hoom_n contra_fw-la hoom._n as_o to_o the_o last_o point_n concern_v the_o effect_n of_o decreet_n of_o remove_v it_o be_v not_o only_o the_o attain_n possession_n of_o the_o land_n itself_o but_o sometime_o also_o the_o corn_n grow_v thereupon_o as_o be_v a_o part_n thereof_o be_v a_o possession_n violent_a hope_v spuilzie_n john_n elliot_n contra_fw-la lord_n balcleugh_n yea_o of_o the_o hay_n of_o that_o crop_v though_o separate_v and_o stack_v by_o the_o person_n remove_v hope_v spuilzie_n sir_n james_n balmuire_v contra_fw-la williamson_n but_o the_o main_a effect_n be_v the_o obtain_v the_o violent_a profit_n of_o the_o land_n until_o the_o possessor_n obedience_n and_o that_o both_o against_o these_o who_o be_v warn_v and_o against_o these_o who_o succeed_v in_o the_o vice_n of_o warn_v or_o remove_v tenant_n 44._o violent_a profit_n be_v so_o call_v because_o they_o be_v such_o profit_n as_o be_v due_a by_o and_o for_o violent_a possessioa_n whatsoever_o way_n it_o be_v by_o warning_n and_o remove_v ejection_n intrusion_n or_o succeed_v in_o the_o vice_n and_o they_o be_v opposite_a to_o ordinary_a profit_n which_o be_v due_a by_o tacit_n relocation_n or_o be_v former_o accustom_v to_o be_v pay_v violent_a profit_n be_v pursue_v for_o by_o a_o several_a action_n after_o the_o decreet_a of_o remove_v be_v obtain_v wherein_o the_o decreet_a of_o remove_v be_v both_o a_o sufficient_a title_n and_o probation_n of_o the_o violent_a possession_n against_o the_o party_n
and_o so_o transmits_n no_n right_o paction_n do_v only_o constitute_v or_o transmit_v a_o personal_a right_n or_o obligation_n whereby_o the_o person_n oblige_v may_v be_v compel_v to_o transmit_v the_o real_a right_n it_o must_v needs_o then_o be_v the_o present_a dispositive_a will_n of_o the_o owner_n which_o convey_v the_o right_a to_o any_o other_o which_o be_v express_v by_o such_o word_n de_fw-fr presenti_fw-la titius_n disponeth_n alienate_v or_o annualzeth_n gift_v grant_v sell_v etc._n etc._n which_o can_v proper_o import_v a_o obligation_n have_v its_o effect_n in_o the_o future_a though_o there_o may_v be_v obligation_n consequent_a as_o to_o delivery_n warrandice_n etc._n etc._n but_o these_o term_n do_v express_v something_o present_o do_v and_o not_o engage_v to_o be_v do_v and_o so_o can_v be_v nothing_o else_o but_o alienation_n or_o transmission_n of_o the_o right_n itself_o that_o the_o dispositive_a will_n of_o the_o owner_n alone_o without_o any_o further_a be_v sufficient_a to_o alienate_v his_o right_n without_o delivery_n or_o possession_n be_v evident_a in_o personal_a right_n wherein_o the_o dispositive_a clause_n of_o assignation_n or_o translation_n be_v sufficient_a intimation_n or_o possession_n be_v introduce_v for_o expediency_n in_o some_o case_n by_o our_o custom_n that_o the_o dispositive_a will_n be_v also_o sufficient_a to_o transmit_v real_a right_n it_o appear_v because_o the_o will_v alone_o be_v sufficient_a to_o retain_v not_o only_o right_n but_o even_o possession_n itself_o though_o there_o be_v no_o corporeal_a act_n exercise_v therein_o and_o therefore_o the_o act_n of_o the_o will_v alone_o as_o it_o retain_v so_o may_v it_o relinquish_v that_o right_n or_o possession_n whereby_o it_o cease_v to_o be_v the_o former_a owner_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o will_v be_v not_o simple_o to_o relinquish_v but_o to_o remit_v or_o transmit_v the_o right_n to_o any_o other_o hoc_fw-la ipso_fw-la that_o other_o do_v become_v dominus_fw-la dominion_n be_v the_o power_n of_o disposal_n which_o be_v a_o faculty_n and_o no_o corporeal_a thing_n and_o may_v be_v fit_o constitute_v in_o the_o acquirer_n by_o the_o will_n of_o the_o disponer_n unlel_n the_o acquirer_n reject_v it_o for_o the_o disponer_n before_o have_v the_o only_a power_n of_o disposal_n and_o remit_v that_o power_n to_o the_o acquirer_n the_o thing_n can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v nullius_fw-la as_o be_v relinquish_v and_o therefore_o the_o dominion_n or_o disposal_n of_o it_o must_v either_o be_v in_o the_o disponer_n or_o the_o acquirer_n not_o in_o the_o disponer_n because_o by_o his_o will_n which_o be_v sufficient_a to_o relinquish_v or_o quit_v it_o he_o have_v remit_v it_o and_o therefore_o that_o power_n must_v be_v in_o the_o purchaser_n unless_o he_o reject_v it_o this_o be_v the_o more_o evident_a that_o positive_a law_n and_o custom_n which_o require_v delivery_n or_o possession_n rest_v in_o symbolical_a or_o imaginary_a possession_n as_o by_o delivery_n ofearth_n and_o stone_n for_o land_n of_o a_o penny_n for_o annualrent_n and_o in_o some_o case_n require_v no_o possession_n so_o the_o fisk_n acquire_v real_a right_n without_o possession_n and_o the_o right_a oflegacy_n and_o other_o from_o the_o dead_a be_v transmit_v without_o possession_n 5._o but_o for_o utility_n sake_n not_o only_o the_o roman_n but_o almost_o all_o nation_n require_v some_o kind_n of_o possession_n to_o accomplish_v real_a right_n that_o thereby_o the_o will_n of_o the_o owner_n may_v sensible_o touch_v the_o thing_n dispone_v and_o thereby_o be_v more_o manifest_a and_o sure_a so_o the_o law_n say_v traditionibus_fw-la &_o usucapionibus_fw-la non_fw-la nudis_fw-la pact_n be_v dominia_fw-la 〈◊〉_d transferuntur_fw-la with_o which_o our_o custom_n accord_v it_o use_v here_o to_o be_v debate_v whether_o possession_n itself_o be_v sufficient_a to_o accomplish_v disposition_n or_o if_o there_o must_v be_v tradition_n or_o delivery_n of_o that_o possession_n by_o the_o disponer_n to_o the_o acquir_a the_o forecited_a law_n seem_v to_o require_v tradition_n or_o at_o least_o usucapion_n or_o prescription_n which_o doubtless_o be_v the_o most_o proper_a way_n to_o accomplish_v disposition_n yet_o utiliter_fw-la and_o equivalenter_fw-la possession_n lawful_o attain_v by_o virtue_n of_o the_o disposition_n although_o not_o deliver_v by_o the_o disponer_n will_v be_v sufficient_a as_o if_o the_o disponer_n be_v not_o in_o possession_n himself_o and_o so_o can_v deliver_v it_o yet_o the_o acquirer_n may_v recover_v it_o from_o the_o detainer_n or_o the_o acquirer_n may_v have_v be_v in_o possession_n before_o by_o any_o other_o title_n as_o by_o custody_n conduction_n etc._n etc._n in_o which_o case_n none_o require_v delivery_n yea_o it_o be_v more_o questionable_a whether_o the_o possession_n will_v not_o consummate_v the_o disposition_n though_o unlawful_o attain_v as_o if_o the_o disponer_n not_o be_v in_o possession_n the_o acquirer_n attain_v the_o possession_n from_o a_o three_o party_n vi_fw-la aut_fw-la clam_fw-la though_o he_o may_v be_v oblige_v to_o restore_v that_o possession_n to_o the_o three_o party_n yet_o whether_o it_o will_v not_o exclude_v a_o posteriour_a disposition_n though_o more_o legal_a possession_n it_o be_v a_o question_n as_o probable_a in_o the_o affirmative_a as_o in_o the_o negative_a it_o remain_v then_o that_o possession_n be_v the_o accomplishment_n of_o the_o disposition_n of_o real_a right_n so_o that_o not_o the_o first_o disposition_n but_o the_o first_o possession_n by_o virtue_n thereof_o prefer_v this_o possession_n be_v not_o alike_o in_o all_o case_n for_o in_o some_o real_a in_o other_o symbolical_a possession_n be_v requisite_a which_o can_v be_v supply_v by_o real_a possesson_n itself_o as_o in_o property_n of_o land_n or_o annualrent_n by_o infeftment_n wherein_o the_o disposition_n and_o natural_a possession_n make_v no_o real_a right_n without_o seasine_n july_n 12._o 1628._o bennet_n contra_fw-la turnbul_n novem._n 25._o 1628._o mitchel_n contra_fw-la wright_n possession_n be_v requisite_a not_o only_o to_o the_o conveyance_n of_o the_o property_n of_o movable_a good_n but_o also_o of_o liferent-rights_a tack_n and_o rental_n servitude_n pledge_n which_o tack_n though_o they_o be_v true_o personal_a right_n of_o location_n and_o constitute_v only_a as_o real_a right_n by_o statute_n yet_o intimation_n will_v not_o transmit_v they_o but_o there_o be_v necessity_n of_o possession_n and_o though_o liferent_n be_v more_o proper_o real_a right_n because_o constitute_v by_o infeftment_n yet_o see_v a_o liferenter_fw-la can_v infeft_v another_o as_o a_o fire_n can_v assignation_n or_o disposition_n be_v sufficient_a but_o it_o must_v be_v clad_v with_o possession_n but_o reversion_n though_o they_o be_v account_v as_o real_a right_n by_o statute_n require_v no_o possession_n for_o transmit_v they_o but_o a_o assignation_n due_o registrate_n according_a to_o the_o act_n of_o par._n 1617._o be_v sufficient_a as_o a_o public_a intimation_n in_o movable_n possession_n be_v of_o such_o efficacy_n that_o it_o do_v not_o only_o consummate_v the_o disposition_n thereof_o but_o thereupon_o the_o disposition_n be_v presume_v without_o any_o necessity_n to_o prove_v the_o same_o which_o be_v find_v sufficient_a to_o inctruct_v the_o property_n of_o a_o ship_n from_o possession_n without_o vendition_n in_o write_n july_n 26._o 1623._o captain_n hamilloun_n contra_fw-la the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n stetine_n and_o the_o property_n of_o money_n be_v infer_v from_o have_v the_o key_n of_o the_o chest_n in_o which_o the_o money_n be_v find_v seal_v unless_o a_o contrary_a probation_n be_v adduce_v june_n 18._o 1675._o tailzior_n contra_fw-la rankine_n and_o so_o a_o creditor_n have_v poynd_v good_n from_o his_o debtor_n be_v prefer_v thereunto_o to_o a_o three_o party_n who_o offer_v to_o prove_v these_o good_n to_o be_v his_o own_o proper_a good_n breed_v upon_o his_o own_o ground_n and_o set_v a_o grass_v to_o that_o debtor_n the_o poynder_n instruct_v that_o the_o good_n be_v milk_v wrought_v and_o the_o offspring_n thereof_o enjoy_v by_o the_o debtor_n for_o two_o year_n without_o any_o possession_n by_o the_o other_o party_n during_o that_o space_n which_o so_o far_o presume_v his_o right_n that_o the_o lord_n admit_v not_o the_o contrary_a probation_n nevem_n 24._o 1624._o turnbul_n of_o symontoun_n contra_fw-la ker_n of_o cavers_n the_o like_a upon_o two_o year_n possession_n june_n 17._o 1625._o brown_n contra_fw-la hunterstoun_n but_o restitution_n of_o a_o horse_n be_v not_o exclude_v because_o the_o possessor_n offer_v to_o prove_v he_o buy_v he_o from_o one_o who_o then_o have_v he_o in_o possession_n in_o respect_n the_o pursuer_fw-mi then_o offer_v to_o prove_v that_o immediate_o before_o he_o have_v set_v the_o horse_n in_o hire_n for_o a_o journey_n to_o that_o person_n who_o sell_v he_o novem._n 18._o 1680._o william_n forsyth_n stabler_n contra_fw-la hugh_n kilpatrick_n so_o that_o it_o will_v not_o be_v sufficient_a to_o any_o claim_v right_o to_o movable_a good_n
own_o debt_n and_o therefore_o be_v only_o oblige_v to_o assign_v to_o creditor_n after_o the_o executor_n themselves_o be_v satisfy_v or_o at_o least_o that_o they_o have_v sufficient_a time_n to_o recover_v satisfaction_n till_o the_o lord_n by_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la of_o the_o 5._o of_o march_n 1679._o declare_a executor_n creditor_n liable_a for_o what_o they_o confirm_v as_o other_o executor_n dative_a but_o that_o they_o be_v not_o 〈◊〉_d to_o confirm_v the_o whole_a inventary_n and_o that_o they_o may_v have_v licence_n to_o pursue_v to_o find_v out_o the_o most_o solvent_a deb_n of_o their_o defunct_a debtor_n make_v faith_n that_o they_o doubt_v of_o the_o existency_n 〈◊〉_d or_o 〈◊〉_d of_o these_o debt_n and_o find_v caution_n to_o confirm_v what_o they_o find_v good_a debt_n and_o that_o other_o executor_n may_v be_v confirm_v ad_fw-la omissi_fw-la who_o shall_v be_v liable_a to_o all_o party_n as_o principal_a executor_n the_o reason_n whereof_o be_v because_o the_o mean_n of_o orphan_n may_v be_v neglect_v by_o the_o confirmation_n of_o executor_n creditor_n who_o be_v oblige_v to_o give_v up_o and_o confirm_v a_o full_a inventary_n upon_o oath_n though_o far_o exceed_v their_o own_o debt_n whereby_o other_o executor_n that_o be_v oblige_v to_o diligence_n be_v exclude_v and_o hinder_v executor_n creditor_n be_v liable_a for_o the_o defunct_n privilege_a debt_n as_o funeral_n expense_n servant_n fee_n for_o a_o year_n or_o a_o term_n as_o the_o servant_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o be_v preferable_a to_o the_o executor_n creditor_n own_o debt_n nou._n 25._o 1680._o david_n crawford_n contra_fw-la huttoun_n 65._o but_o the_o executor_n have_v relief_n of_o all_o heritable_a debt_n against_o the_o heir_n as_o the_o heir_n have_v of_o movable_a debt_n against_o the_o executor_n july_n 30._o 1630._o carnousie_n contra_fw-la meldrunt_fw-la december_n 11._o 1632._o geills_n shaw_n contra_fw-la shaw_n 66._o executor_n may_v not_o prefer_v one_o creditor_n to_o another_o and_o so_o may_v not_o make_v voluntary_a payment_n but_o upon_o sentence_n without_o colinsion_n and_o if_o before_o payment_n any_o other_o creditor_n use_v citation_n they_o may_v not_o pay_v secure_o till_o in_o 〈◊〉_d double-poynding_a the_o creditor_n be_v call_v and_o dispute_v their_o preference_n december_n 2._o 1628._o lyel_fw-mi contra_fw-la hepburn_n december_n 16._o 1629._o white_a contra_fw-la relict_n of_o the_o master_n of_o jedburgh_n july_n 8._o 1634._o dame_n margaret_n prestoun_n contra_fw-la executor_n of_o hepburn_n unless_o the_o creditor_n cite_v pass_v from_o that_o instance_n december_n 4._o 1623._o rochead_n contra_fw-la manderstoun_n and_o therefore_o the_o ordinary_a defence_n be_v that_o the_o executor_n be_v exhaust_v by_o payment_n make_v upon_o sentence_n before_o intent_v of_o the_o pursuer_n cause_n yet_o if_o the_o executor_n have_v pay_v he_o may_v allege_v that_o the_o creditor_n to_o who_o he_o have_v pay_v have_v do_v more_o timous_a diligence_n and_o so_o be_v preferable_a in_o which_o case_n he_o will_v be_v hear_v as_o that_o creditor_n be_v compete_v and_o executor_n may_v pay_v creditor_n who_o debt_n be_v acknowledge_v in_o testament_n without_o process_n if_o the_o same_o be_v pay_v before_o intent_v of_o any_o other_o creditor_n pursuit_n but_o after_o citation_n debt_n may_v not_o be_v pay_v though_o give_v up_o by_o the_o defunct_a in_o testament_n march_n 31._o 1624._o lady_n curriehill_n contra_fw-la laird_n of_o curriehill_n nicol._n de_fw-fr haereditariis_fw-la actionibus_fw-la march_n 28._o 1627._o contra_fw-la anderson_n neither_o may_v the_o executor_n pay_v any_o other_o debt_n though_o before_o citation_n in_o prejudice_n of_o the_o debt_n in_o the_o defunct_n testament_n which_o put_v the_o executor_n in_o mala_fw-la fide_fw-la and_o in_o necessity_n to_o suspend_v on_o double-poynding_a though_o these_o debtor_n testamentary_a insist_v not_o march_n 8._o 1631._o duff_n contra_fw-la alves_n nicol._n de_fw-fr haereditariis_fw-la actionibus_fw-la march_n 28._o 1631._o scougal_n contra_fw-la horseburgh_n yea_o executor_n may_v not_o safe_o pay_v any_o creditor_n of_o the_o defunct_a not_o be_v a_o testamentary_a or_o privilege_a one_o but_o upon_o sentence_n otherwise_o executor_n may_v before_o any_o pursuit_n prefer_v what_o creditor_n they_o please_v june_n 7._o 1677._o andrew_n contra_fw-la anderson_n 67._o but_o because_o creditor_n relict_n bairn_n or_o legatar_n may_v pursue_v the_o executor_n immediate_o after_o the_o confirmation_n before_o executor_n can_v do_v diligence_n therefore_o they_o can_v be_v decern_v to_o pay_v but_o either_o time_n will_v be_v grant_v to_o do_v diligence_n or_o the_o executor_n will_v be_v liberat_fw-la upon_o grant_v assignation_n to_o part_n of_o the_o inventary_a wherein_o the_o creditor_n will_v be_v first_o prefer_v and_o next_o the_o relict_n bairn_n and_o legatar_n 68_o and_o because_o creditor_n at_o distance_n may_v be_v exclude_v not_o know_v of_o the_o defunct_n death_n therefore_o the_o lord_n by_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la february_n 28._o 〈◊〉_d do_v declare_v that_o all_o creditor_n of_o defunct_n use_v legal_a diligence_n at_o any_o time_n within_o half_a a_o year_n of_o the_o defunct_n death_n by_o confirm_v themselves_o executor_n creditor_n or_o by_o citation_n of_o the_o defunct_n executor_n or_o vicious_a intromettor_n with_o their_o good_n shall_v all_o come_v in_o pari_fw-la passu_fw-la without_o respect_n of_o the_o priority_n or_o posterioritie_n of_o their_o diligence_n whereunto_o it_o be_v necessary_o consequent_a that_o all_o decreet_n against_o executor_n within_o six_o month_n of_o the_o defunct_n death_n except_o for_o privilege_a debt_n aught_o to_o bear_v supercee_v execution_n for_o seven_o month_n at_o least_o after_o the_o defunct_n death_n that_o in_o the_o seven_o month_n executor_n may_v suspend_v upon_o double-poinding_a all_o decreet_n against_o they_o within_o six_o month_n of_o the_o defunct_n death_n to_o the_o effect_n all_o the_o creditor_n may_v come_v in_o joint_o if_o they_o exceed_v not_o the_o inventary_a and_o if_o they_o do_v exceed_v they_o must_v suffer_v proportional_a abatement_n but_o if_o the_o inventary_n exceed_v all_o the_o debt_n the_o relict_n and_o bairn_n will_v have_v their_o share_n of_o what_o be_v free_a and_o dead_n part_n will_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o legatar_n who_o if_o their_o legacy_n exceed_v must_v suffer_v proportional_a abatement_n but_o if_o they_o be_v less_o the_o remainder_n will_v belong_v to_o the_o child_n or_o other_o near_a of_o kin._n 69._o after_o the_o six_o month_n be_v run_v from_o the_o defunct_n death_n and_o all_o debt_n recover_v in_o that_o time_n be_v satisfy_v creditor_n pursue_v thereafter_o be_v preferable_a according_a to_o the_o sentence_n recover_v by_o they_o without_o collusion_n as_o if_o the_o executor_n defend_v against_o one_o and_o not_o another_o or_o that_o after_o process_n before_o the_o lord_n other_o creditor_n prevent_v they_o by_o prior_n sentence_n before_o inferior_a court_n the_o first_o citation_n will_v be_v preferable_a if_o they_o have_v not_o be_v negligent_a 70._o if_o the_o executor_n make_v payment_n bona_fw-la fide_fw-la to_o the_o relict_n bairn_n or_o legatar_n of_o the_o defunct_a before_o intent_v of_o any_o creditor_n cause_v he_o will_v be_v secure_a against_o creditor_n intent_v posterior_n process_n for_o he_o can_v not_o hinder_v the_o payment_n of_o these_o upon_o unknown_a creditor_n but_o voluntary_a payment_n without_o sentence_n at_o the_o instance_n of_o the_o relict_n bairn_n and_o legatar_n will_v not_o secure_v he_o by_o the_o roman_a law_n legatar_n be_v oblige_v to_o find_v cautionem_fw-la mucianam_fw-la oblige_v they_o to_o refound_v their_o legacy_n in_o case_n posterior_n creditor_n do_v pursue_v l._n si_fw-la cujus_fw-la es_fw-la ff_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la deliberandi_fw-la which_o have_v not_o be_v accustom_v with_o we_o but_o there_o be_v competent_a to_o such_o creditor_n action_n of_o repetition_n against_o the_o relict_n bairn_n or_o legatar_n which_o will_v be_v instruct_v by_o the_o discharge_v to_o the_o executor_n 71._o testament_n or_o confirmation_n be_v execute_v when_o the_o inventary_n be_v establish_v in_o the_o person_n of_o the_o executor_n either_o by_o obtain_v payment_n bond_n or_o decreet_a yet_o thereby_o the_o executor_n become_v not_o to_o have_v the_o full_a property_n of_o the_o defunct_n good_n and_o debt_n so_o establish_v but_o he_o remain_v fideicommissarie_n and_o be_v oblige_v to_o restore_v yea_o the_o decreet_a or_o bond_n grant_v to_o he_o for_o the_o defunct_n estate_n may_v be_v affect_v for_o debt_n due_a by_o the_o defunct_a and_o in_o competition_n betwixt_o the_o creditor_n of_o the_o defunct_a and_o the_o creditor_n of_o the_o executor_n the_o defunct_n creditor_n be_v preferable_a though_o the_o creditor_n of_o the_o executor_n proprio_fw-la nomine_fw-la have_v do_v more_o diligence_n and_o for_o the_o same_o cause_n the_o rebellion_n of_o the_o executor_n or_o his_o delinquency_n do_v not_o confiscate_v the_o executory_a although_o establish_v in_o his_o person_n