ordinance Cittyes maye be defended Chap. xxix AL kinde of shot either pellets of leade or Iauelines short dartes or longer dartes the higher that they come downe so much more violentlye they fall vpon those that be vnder them Arrowes also shotte with bowes and stones throwne with hands slinges or slingstaues from how much the higher place they be cast so much the deeper do they pearse But Balâ—stae and Onagri two kindes of ordinaunce if they be warelye discharged by such as be skilful and cunning they do cutte in sonder euery thing they meete with and against this kinde of ordinance can nothinge be a sufficient defence â–ª For whatsoeuer it strikes in maner of thuÌ„der it vndoeth it goeth through it ¶ Howe ye maye knowe what heyght your ladders and other enginnes ought to be of Chap. .xxx. LAdders and other enginnes do verye muche auayle for the takinge of towne walles if they be made of such heighte that they ouer reache the towne The heyghte of the towne yee maye take two maner of wayes for eyther maye you tye a slender line to the one ende of an arrowe and so shootinge it when it shall come to the toppe of the wall by the lengthe of the lyne you maye know the heighte of the wall or els when the sonne eyther setting or rysinge doth caste a shadowe from the towers and walles to the earthe then measure the lengthe of that shadowe thine ennemyes not knowinge thereof And afterwarde sticke vppe a poole tenne foote hye aboue the grounde and measure likewise the shadowe therof the which being done ye maye easelye knowe the heyghte of the wall or towne by proportion of the poole seinge that a bodye of this heighte casteth a shadowe of this or that lengthe And thus haue I sette forth for the common commoditye and profitte as I suppose of those thinges which auncient writers of chiualrye haue lefte behinde them and the latter age by experience hath necessarilye founde out touching the assault aâ—d defendinge of Cittyes Marye this one thinge I cannot to muche warne you of that you prouide dilligentlye that there be neyther scarcitye of meate nor drincke in your Cittye besieged for that cannot by anye meanes be remedyed Therfore the longer time that you suppose y siege wil endure so much the more victualles must you laye vppe in your towne ⸪ And thus much the maner of warre on lande beinge declared sufficientlye with the meanes of defendinge and assaulting of Townes I will consequently treate of warre helde on the Sea and of shippes and Gallyes and first of y Liburnian Gallyes Preceptes to be obserued in makinge warre vppon the Sea. Chapiter xxxj THe maner of makinge warre vppon the lande sufficientlye declared at your maiestyes commaundemente most mightye and worthye Emperour the portion yet not spoken of as I trowe is of warre vppon the Sea. Of the feates and cunninge whereof the lesse therefore remayneth to be spoken for that the Sea beinge quieted now this good while wee keepe warre with other strange Nations vppon the lande Notwithstanding that the people of Rome for the worshippe and commoditye of their greate renowne and not for anye necessitye growing by sodaine commotion but least at anye time it mighte suffer daunger alwayes had an armye in readines For no man dare geue occasion of warre or do or offer anye wrong to that kingdome or people whom hee knoweth well prouided and readye to withstande and to reuenge the same Therefore at MisenuÌ„ and Rauenna Cittyes of Italye at eche there abode a Legion of Romaynes with y Nauies that they should not leaue the Cittye vndefended and when as occasion serued without delay or fetching much compasse they might passe to al partes of the worlde For the Misenates had lyinge harde vppon them Fraunce Spayne the Moores Affricke Egipte Sardine and Cycil The Rauennates vsed to passe with a streighte course into Epyrus Macedonia Achaia Propontis Pontis East Asia Creta and Cyprus and to these with most speede because in warrelye affayres speediâ—es and swiftnes doth more auayle then manhoode ¶ The names of the Iudges which gouerned the Nauye Chap. .xxxii. THe chiefe Captayne of the Nauye of the Misenates did gouerne the shippes or Gallyes which laye in CaÌ„pania on the weste syde of Italye but the Captayne of the Nauye of the Rauennates did keepe them that rested in the Sea called lonium on the Easte syde of Italye vnder the which there were appointed .10 Tribunes in euerye bande one But euerye Gallye had such a one as was called Nauaâ—chus that is the maister or gouernour of the shippe whom they called also Nauicularium a Pilote or coÌ„ducter of shippes Which besides other duties of Mariners did carefullye and dilligentlye euerye daye helpe the gouernours and rowers and further also wyth all possible industry all maner of exercises of the souldiours ¶ Why the Lyburnian Gallyes were so called Chap. xxxiii DIuers countryes at diuers and sundrye times haue beene able to do muche vppon the Sea and therefore haue had diuers and sondrye kindes of shippes But what time as Augustus foughte the battell at Actium whereas Antonye by the ayde of the people of Liburnia was chiefely ouercome it appeared by the experiment of so greate a conflicte that the Liburnian shippes were more fit for the warres then others And according to the fashion of them did the Romayne Emperours afterwarde builde their Nauye borrowing of them both their name and their likenes For Liburnia is a parte of the countrye called Dalmatia lying nighe to the Cittye called â—adera after whose example now the shippes of warre are builded be named Liburnae ¶ Wyth what dilligence the Gallyes or shippes called Liburnae are made Chap. xxxiiii LIke as in buildinge of houses men seeke dilligentlye for good morter and stones eueÌ„ so ought good stuffe be soughte for the framinge and makinge of shippes and so much rather because the daunger is greater if a shippe be faltye then an house Therfore if you wil builde a Liburnian vessell chose chiefely to make it of Cyprysse and Pyne tree Larche Firre then any other tymber And for your nailes it is more profitable to haue them of brasse then yroÌ„ althoughe the cost be greater For yron nayles will sone be rustye with water and so consume but brasen nayles for all the water do keepe their naturall substance still ¶ What heede must be taken in cuttinge downe of Timber Chap. xxxv THe Timber whereof Gallyes must be made oughte to be cutte downe betweene the xv and the xxiii daye of the Moone And this must especiallye be obserued For none other but onlye that which is cutte in these eyghte dayes will be free from wormes and rottinge That which is vppon anye other daye hewed downe within a yeares space wil be worme eaten and turne to dust And this do all Carpenters know to be true by their skill and dailye experience ¶ In what monethes Timber should be cutte downe Chap. xxxvi IT is good cuttinge of
let him get the higher places for the footemen accomplishe his enterprise chiefelye by them When a spye of the enemyes doth go to and fro in y campe verye priuily let euery man be commaâ—ided in the day time to resort to his pauilion straight wayâ— the spyes is apprehended When you shall know that your counsell and purpose is bewrayed to the ennemyes then you muste chaunge your intent and purpose herein That which chiefely ought to be brought to passe intreat and deliberate with manye but that which you do intende to do herein communicate with verye fewe and those moste trustye faythfull or rather deliberate and consult of them wyth your owne selfe and no mo Punishment and feare do amende souldiours abyding in one certayne place in a vyage oriourneye hope and rewardes do make them better Good Captaynes do neuer fight in open or set battell but vppon good occasion or very great necessitye It is a good deuise rather to oppresse the ennemye wyth hunger and famine then wyth the sworde As touchinge an armye of horsemen there be manye rules and precepts but seing that this part of warrefare hath profited and proceded through vse and exercise through the kinde of armour and the worthines of horses I suppose that nothinge is to be gathered out of bookes when as this present instruction may be sufficient Let not the ennemyes knowe after what maner you intende to fight least they go about to preuent and withstand the same by one helpe or other I haue orderly declared thinges O valiaunt and mighty Emperour whiche being approued diuers sundry times through faithfull and diligent experience the moste worthy authours haue set foorth and published that vnto the cunning of shooting which in your grace the Persian doth praise and maruayle at vnto the knowledge and comelines of riding of horses whiche the people of Hungarre and Scithia called Hunni Alani would gladly imitate if they could and to the swiftenes of running wherein the Saracine and man of Inde can not matche with you to the exercising of handling the weapons vsing al kinde of artillerie wherin the captaines and maisters of the fielde are glad that they knewe some good examples to followe vnto all these thinges I saye a rule or trade howe to fighte in battayle yea rather pollicie howe to gette the victorie muste bee annexed that as much as you can through puissance and marueilous good orderinge of your common wealth you may shewe the office and perfourme the dutie bothe of an Emperour and a souldiour The fourth booke of Flauius Vegetiuâ— Renatus of the feates of vvarre The Prologue BUilding of cities was the thing that in the beginning did separate and deuide the homelye and rude lyfe of men from the societie and companie of dumme creatures wilde beastes The whiche cities vpon their common vtilitie and profite haue the name of publike weales Therefore most mightie nations and princes of famous memory haue thought there could be no greater renowme then either to builde newe cities or els amplifying those whiche haue bene builded by others to call them after their owne name Wherein your maiestie doth obtayne the chiefest prayse of al other For whereas other princes haue builded one citie a piece or fewe moe Your grace with continuall labour hath erected suche a nuÌ„ber that they may seeme to be builded not so muche by mans hand as by the will and working of god So you excell all other Emperours in happines of estate in temperance in chastnes of life in examples to bee followed and in the great loue that you beare towardes learning We see with oâ—r eies the goodnes of your gouernemeÌ„t and also of your good minde The which thinges both they whiche haue gone before vs did wyshe to enioye and they whicht are yet to come desire to coÌ„tinue for euer By reason wherof we doe reioyce that so great a iewell is geuen to all the worlde as either the minde of man could desire or the bountiefulnes of God could geue And as for the building vp and repairing of walles howe it hath gone forewarde through the good orders deuised by your grace the citie of Rome can shewe Whiche by defending the tower Capitolium hath saued the citizeÌ„s liues that afterward it might with greater glory obtayne the dominion of all the worlde Therefore for the accomplishing of this worke taken in hande at the commaundemen of your maiestie I wyll bringe into order the deuises of sundry writers by the whiche both our owne cities may be defended and the cities of our enemies ouerthrowen neither shall it forthinke me of my labour because these thinges in time to come may be profitable to all men That cities ought to be fenced either vvith handvvorke or nature or bothe The first Chapter CIties and castels are fenced either by nature or with hande or els with both which is rekened the stronger By nature as with the heighte or craggines of the place with the sea with fennes or with riuers By hande as with ditches and walles In that benefite and helpe of nature the moste safetie consisteth in the wittines and counsell of the chooser in the playne grounde full necessary is the diligent trauel of the builder And we see some very auncient cities so builded in playne open fieldes that although the helpe of situation did faile yet with cunning and workemanship they were made inuincible ¶ That wales should â—ot be made streight but with many coignes Chapiter .ij. MEn in times past drewe not y circuite of their walles streight lest they might be apt to receaue the strokes of the battering ramme But laying the foundation they enclosed their cities with many wyndinges turnings in and out and in the very corners did builde many towers For this cause that if the enemy would set ladders or other engines vnto a wall builded after suche order hee might bee beaten downe not onely before but also on the sides and in a manner behinde as enclosed in a lane or bought ¶ After what sorte earth may be heaped vp and ioyned to a wall so that it shall neuer be beaten downe Cap. iij. A Wall which can neuer be throwen down is made after this maner Make two walles on the towne side of y ditche a good way distant a sunder then caste betweene them that earthe whiche yowe throwe out of the ditche and beate it downe harde with beetels and weigâ—tie instrumentes so that that whiche is firste and nexte to â—he vtmoste stonewall be somewhat lower then the stonewall it selfe and the seconde a good deale lower then the firste that from the citie men may goe vp easely to the battlementes as in the rising of an hil or after the maÌ„ner of steiars A wal thus strengthened with earthe can neuer be beaten downe with any ramme and though the stones should chauÌ„ce to be throwen downe yet the greate heape of earthe that is rammed betwene the walles doth withstande them that
heauy agayne as their vsuall and wonted wasters And thus bothe in the morninge and at after noone â–ª the younge souldiours were occupied at an exercyse called the stake And this vse of the stake is not onely necessarye for souldiours but also for maisters of sence Neither was any euer thought either in the place of exercise or in the fielde a tried and valiaunt fellowe that had not bene very well exercised at the stake And for euery souldiour was there a stake dryuen into the grounde so faste that it might not stirre and so depe that it might bee sixe foote aboue the grounde Against this stake as against the enemie the yong souldiour did aduaunce hym selfe with his wicker and his waster as with a sworde a buckeler Sometyme he stroke alone as it were at the heade or at the face sometyme hee made at the â—yre sometyme belowe at the legges sometime hee would geue barke sometyme steppe in sometyme euen leape at it and as earnestly and artificially would hee fighte with the same stake as if his enemy had bene in place before him In whiche 〈◊〉 of exercise this was generallye to bee obserued that so the younge souldiour shoulde striue to venne wâ— his ennemie that he him selfe in no parte laye open to any blowe ¶ That younge souldiours should be taught to foyne and thruste not to cutte and stryke downe right Chapiter .xij. FUrthermore they did learne to pricke not to cutte For suche as vsed to strike downe blowes the Romaynes woulde easely ouercome and besides laughe at them when they had done A downe stroke come it neuer so violeÌ„tly seldome kylleth by reason of armoure and bones that defende the vitall partes Contrariwyse a sricke out twoo inches depe dispatcheth a man for running inwarde so it must needes pearce the liuely partes Besides when a man reacheth vp to strike a downe stroke hee lieth open both of his arme and his syde but castinge a pricke a man is euer warded and the enemy hurte before the pricke bespied And certaine it is that the Romaines vsed chiefly to fighte after this maner Deuising for this cause a wycker 〈◊〉 and a wooden waster twyse againe so heauy as was customable that wheÌ„ the souldiour should take in hande the wonted and lighter weapoÌ„s in dede hee might vnburdened as it were fight both more easely and also more cherefully ¶ That younge souldiours be taught cunningly to handle weapons Chapter .xiij. MOreouer the younge souldiour must bee perfectly enstructed cunningly to handle his weapon whiche thing is set forth by them that teache the same in the fieldes or other places of exercise the whiche vse yet in some parte is kepte For it is playne that euen nowe in all maner of battayles those that can best vse and haÌ„dle their weapoÌ„s doo fighte a great deale more conuenientlye then others Wherein the difference may bee perceiued betwene a well practised souldiour and him that hath had litle or no exercise when as they that are but meanely this waye instructed farre passe and goe beyonde their fellowes in artificiall and cunning fighting And so carefully did our auncestours obserue this practised discipline that thei doubly rewarded the teachers thereof And as for the souldiours whiche had but smally profited in this same practise in steade of wheate wer fayne to take barley and not one of theÌ„ had euer any wheateÌ„ breade geuen him till in the presence of the lieutenante the captaines and suche as were chiefe they had shewed by sure proofes that they had fulfilled all thinges which were to be required in a good souldiour For there is nothing more sure more happy nor more commendable then suche a common wealth whiche hath pleÌ„ty of experte and learned souldiours It is not glistering and gaie apparell it is not pleâ—ty of golde siluer precious stones that makes the enemies to stoupe or seke for fauour but the onely terrour of weapoÌ„s that subdueth theÌ„ Besides in other thinges as saith Cato if ought be done amisse it may afterward be amended but a faulte committed in battaile is altogether past cure wheÌ„ present punishement followeth by and by vpoÌ„ the ouersight For either they are forthwith slayne whiche haue cowardly or ignorauntly foughte or els being once put to flight they dare not euer after deale and encounter againe with those that ouercame them ¶ That younge souldiours should vse to caste dartes and other shot Chapiter .xiiij. BUt I returne to the same wherewith I begonne The younge souldiour whiche is exercised with the cudgell at the post must at y same post caste dartes as it were at a man but muche more heauie must those dartes be then suche as afterwardes he shall by occasion vse in deede In whiche exercyse the teacher of this maisterie must take diligent heede that euerye one whurle his speare stronglye that with good leuell he hitte the poste or els goe very nere it This exercise maketh a man strong in the armes and very expert also in whurling and casting ¶ That younge souldious should be diligently taught to shoote Chapter .xv. ALmoste the thirde or fourthe parte of younge souldiours suche as were thoughte fittest to make archers with wooden bowes and arowes for the same were wont for exercise to shoote also at the stake For this purpose were there teachers chosen and cunning fellowes in deede diligently to take heede that the souldiour helde his bowe well and cunninglye as hee shoulde doe that hee drewe home and stronglye that his lefte hande were euer steadâ—e that he ruled his ryght hande well that he eyed and mynded the marke altogether at the whiche hee woulde shoote that whether hee were on horsebacke or on foote he endeuoured to shoote euer as straight as coulde bee Whiche arte both had neede to be learned diligently and also with daylie vse to be kept coÌ„tinually And how necessary and profitable good archers are in battell Cato in his bookes of the knowledge of feates of warre plainely declareth And Claudius with archers well practised before ouercame that enemy with whom til then he was neuer able to deale Uerely Scipio Aphricanus when he should ioyne battaile with the Numantines whiche had sometime subdued the armie of the people of Rome thought it was not els possible for him to get the victorie except he placed in euery bande a certaine of chosen archers ¶ The younge souldiours should be vsed to cast stones with a slinge or with the hande Chapiter .xvj. IT is conuenient that the younger sorte bee diligentlye exercised in casting stones either with handes or with slinges They whiche firste inhabited the Iles called Baleares are reported to haue first founde out and deuised the vse of slinging and so carefully besides to haue exercised the same that the mothers would suffer their little boyes not to eate any meate but that whiche they had stricken and kylled with a slinge And oftentimes rounde stones throwen leuell out of a slinge or slingestaffe against warriours fenced with helmettes corsâ—ettes
made lyke a rammes head to beat downe y walles And Vineas which are an ordinaunce of warre made of timber hurdles vnder the which men went surely to the walles of a towne besieged Also battell rammes towers mouable But least in rehersing euery thing more be sayd then neede a legion ought euery wher to carye with it all maner of thinges which are thoughte necessarye in anye kinde of warre that in what place soeuer it shall pitch the Campe it may make an armed Cittye The thirde booke of Flauius Vegetius Renatus of the feates of vvarre The Prologue THe auncient Chronicles do testifye that the Athenians the Lacedemonians and the Macedonians haue bene chiefe Lords and mighty rulers But the Athenians haue not onlye taken diligent trauayle in feates of warre but haue also in diuers sciences famouseiye flourished As for the LacedemoniaÌ„s they had their chiefest regarde and applyed themselues most to warre For they first of al other gathering the experiments of fight by the successe therof are affyrmed to haue written of warre in such sort y they brought that which was thought to coÌ„sist in maÌ„hoode good fortune into a forme of knowledge cunning coÌ„maunded the masters of Armes which they cal Takâ—ikous to teach their youth the vse diuersitye of fightinge Men worthy of prayse much to be mâ—rueled at which would be cunninge in that science without the whiche other sciences are altogether nothing The Romaynes following their ordinaÌ„ces both haue kepte in vse and also sette forth in writinge the rules of martial pollicye y which being dispersed abroad in diuers Authors bookes you haue coÌ„maunded mee most victorious Emperour as my meane knowledge in learning shal be able briefelye to abridge least the multitude of those rules should bring tediousnes or the small pointes be deuoyde of due and full credence But howe greatlye the knowledge of the Lacedemonians haue preuayled in battaile to let the other passe it is declared by the example of Xantippus which toke Attilius Regulus and gaue the ouerthrow to the armye of the Romaynes whiche before had beene conquerours against the Carthaginians All whiche he did not by prowesse and manhoode but by the helpe of pollicye and that triumphinglye and at one onset to the dispatchinge of that whole battaile and bringinge it to an ende Hanniball when he prepared to come into Italye sought for some Lacedemonian to leade and guide the Armye by whose counsels although inferiour in nomber strength he vtterlye destroyed so manye Consulles so mightye and great Legions He therefore that desyreth peace let him prepare for warre he the coueteth the victorye let him diligentlye trayne and enstructe his souldiours he that wysheth for prosperous successe let him fight with art and pollicye not at all aduenture and by chaunce No man dare prouoke or offende him whom hee doth perceyue to be the better or superiour if the matter come to blowes What maner or of what nomber an Armye shoulde be of The first Chapter IN the first Booke I haue shewed the musteringe and exercyse of yonge souldiours in y seconde was taught the orderinge of a Legion and the knowledge science of warfare But this third booke doth sound the Trompettes and bloweth out the Alarum For therefore are those thinges written before that these wherein the cunninge of conflictes and the chiefest pointe of the victorye doth consist mighte the sooner by obseruing some order in teachinge be vnderstoode and thereby profite the more An host or armye is called a multitude as well of Legions as of aydes and also of horsemen gathered together to make warre The maner whereof is to be knowen of the maisters of armes For whereas we reade examples of Xerxes Darius Mithridates and other kinges which haue had in theyr armyes infinite nombers of people it doth euidently appeare that ouer great armyes haue oftner bene destroyed through the greatnes of their owne nomber then throughe the manhoode of their ennemyes For the greater multitude is subiecte to manye chaunces in iourneyes and vyages it is alwayes slower by reason of the vastnes thereof And when it traueyleth a lengthe it chaunceth oftentimes to be inuaded and to suffer losse thoughe the ennemyes be but fewe And in passinge of roughe places or ryuers it is oftentimes deceyued by the lettes and stayes of the carryages Moreouer for the great nomber of cattel and horses forage is gathered and gotten not without great labour Also the trouble and daunger in prouidinge grayne and the scarcitye thereof which in anye maner of vyages is to be auoyded doth eftsones encumber the greater armyes For with howe greate studye and diligence soeuer victualles be prepared yet the moe that they be employed and distributed vnto the sooner they do fayle The very water also sometimes doth scantly suffice a greate multitude If so be that y armye by chaunce should be put to flighte it must needes be that of a great nomber a great meanye must be slaine and that they which haue escaped being once thorowly afrayde will afterwarde feare to fight againe But the auncient meÌ„ of warre which by experience had learned remedyes against incumberauÌ„ces would not haue theyr armyes so huge in noÌ„ber as well trayned vp in the feates of warre Therefore in smaller battayles they thoughte one Legion with the aydes ioyned vnto it that is to saye tenne Thousande footemen and two Thousand horsemen able to suffice which armye the Pretors beinge as meaner Captaynes did vse to leade forth when anye vyage was in hande If the power of then ennemyes were great then the mighte of the Consulles as who saye a greater authoritye was sent with xx Thousande footemen and foure Thousand horsemen If that an infinite noÌ„ber of cruell people had rebelled then in so great and daungerous time of neede two Captaines namely both the Consulles were sent with two armyes with suche commaundemente that they shoulde foresee that the common wealth should take no damage nor detriment Finally wheÌ„ as y Romaynes almost al their time fought in diuers realmes against diuers and sondrye ennemyes their souldiours were for this cause the more sufficiente because they iudged it not so profitable to haue great armyes as well instructed and trayned in the knowledge of feates of armes Yet prouided alwayes that there should not be in the campe a greater nomber of the confederate helpes then of Cittizens of Rome ¶ After what maner the health of an armyâ— should be maintayned Chapiter .ij. NOwe I will declare which thinge ought chiefelye to be foreseene how the health of the armys may be preserued that is to saye by reasonable places waters time medecine and exercise For the places that the souldiours do not tarye long in a pestilent and vnholsome country nigh vnto marisses or fennes apt to breede sickenes nor in fieldes wanting water nor hillles without woode nor in the Sommer withoute tentes and pauilions least that goinge late from their place they bring sickenes on them
styrre vp cause most vehement tempestes in y which although certayne dayes be marked by y testimony of authors yet for as much as they be sometimes altered by diuers chauÌ„ces we must confesse acknowledge that mans nature cannot know perfectlye the condition or state of heaueÌ„ The rysing of teÌ„pestes yerely is of thre sorts For by experience we find y â— â—â—pestes do happen either about â—ne certayne daye of the yere prefixed or before it or after wherevpon the teÌ„pestuous seasoâ—s that go before y day appointed or middest of winter we call by y name of a Greeke word Procheimasin those y ryse iust at the ordinary day we name Epicheimasin those y followe the same we terme Metachâ—imasin But to reherse euerye thinge by name it seemeth both vnmeete for this place to long Seing y many wryters haue declared dilligently y course order not only of monethes but also of dayes in this case Also the motions of planettes many times trouble the clerenes of the ayre when as at certaine dayes appointed by God the creator of the world they draw neare or depart from some of the xii signes Likewise the dayes wherein the Moone chaungeth are commonly ful of tempestes fearefull to such as vse the sea ¶ Of sâ—gnes and tokens whereby to know the clearenes and troublesomenes of the ayre Chap. xlj BY many tokens may men foreknow both stormes after a calme fayre weather after tempestes this doth y cyrcle of the moone declare as in a glasse A ruddie coloure betokeneth windes a blewish or skye coloure rayne A colour mixt of both foretelleth stormes ragiÌ„g weather A pleasant brighte cyrcle doth promyse cleare weather to shippes especially if the fourth day after y chauÌ„ge her hornes be not blunt redde nor yet darkened with much moysture Furthermore in the Sonne ye must marke whether at his rising or settiÌ„g his beames be chereful of one colour or by reason of a cloude ouer against it they be of diuers colours whether they be bright glisteringe or redde like fyre which is a signe of wynde that will shortly follow or pale and speckled which betoketh raine sone after Likewyse by the ayre sea the greatnes and fashion of the clouds may maryners knowe the chauÌ„ges of weather if they geue their minde to it And some tokens may they learne of byrdes and some of fishes as Virgill in his Georgikes doth very wisely declare and Varro in his bookes of sayling doth dilligeÌ„tly set forth the same And these things do Pilats maisters of shippes professe themselues to know so farre forth as vnlearned experience without any profound learning hath enstructed them ¶ Of ebbing and flowing of the Sea â–ª Chap. xlii THe Element of the Sea is the third part of the worlde whiche besydes the blowinge of the windes doth also moue by it selfe For at certaine houres as well in the daye time as in the night it runneth to and fro by ebbing flowing And sometime like a running brooke floweth to y landwarde sometime backe into the deepe againe This doublenes of the mouing of the Sea doth helpe the course of shippes if it be wyth them and hinder them if it be contrarye Whiche thinge must be eschewed wyth greate heedefulnes of him that intendeth to fight For the violence of the tyde cannot be ouercome by any helpe of Oares when as y winde it selfe doth geue place thereto And because that in diuers conntryes thorowe the state of the moone encreasing or diminishing at certaine houres the tydes do alter Therfore he that goeth about to make warre on the Sea oughte to knowe before hee ioyne battell the vsage of the Sea in that place ¶ Of the knowledge of places and of the rowers Chapiter .xliij. THe dilligence and cunning of the Marriners and gouernours is to knowe the places and hauens where they sayle that they maye esche we shallowe places suche as be daungerous by reason of rockes appearinge or hidde For the deeper that the sea is so much the more safe quiet it is In marriners is requyred dilligence in the Maister skilfulnes in the rowers strength and manhoode Because that a Sea battell is ioyned when the water is calme and Gallyes when they strike their ennemyes shippes with their stemmes forepartes are driuen with Oares and not with wind And also when they shunne the brunt of others they vse the helpe of Oares and not winde thereto Therefore loke what parte hath strongest rowers and cunningest Captaine and maister that same carryeth the victorye ¶ Of weapons and ordinaunce of shippes Chap. xliiii A Land battel requyreth many kindes of armour and weapons but that which is fought on the Sea needeth manye mo kindes both of armour weapons and also enginnes and ordinaunce euen as they should â—ight on the walles towers of a Citty For what is more cruell theÌ„ the fight vpon the Sea whereas men be killed â–ª not onlye with water but with fyre Therefore there must be a speciall regarde had of harnesse and other coueringes that the souldiours he feÌ„ced with complete armour coates of plate helmets and legge harnesse For no man can complaine of the waight or burdeÌ„ of his armour which fighteth standing in the shippes ye maye make your shieldes both stronger larger to beare of the strokes of stoones hookes and clampers and other kinde of weapons vsed in shippes Dartes and stones are caste betweene both partyes with arrowes pellettes slinges slingstaues leaden plummettes greater ordinaunce lesser ordinaunce yron bowes or Crossebowes and which is a more greâ—ous thing they that presume and thincke themselues surâ— by reason of theyr manhoode after their Gallyes be ioyned 〈◊〉 do passe ouer into y shippes of their ennemyes on bridges layed ouer betweene In the greater gallyes they do make vppe fortresses and towers that as vppon a wall so they maye from aboue more easelye wounde and slea their ennemyes Also they vse to wrappe arrowes in towe pitche and briâ—â—stone and so kindling them â–ª to shoote and strike them into the sydes of theyr ennemyes shippes and so sodainly to set them on fyre by reason of the pitche and rosen wherewith the sydes of the shippes are alreadye annoynted One sorte are slaine with the â—word and stones or pellettes another sort are compelled to burne in the water and amonge so many kindes of deathes which is the must cruell of al their bodyes vuburyed must be deuoured and confumed of fishes ¶ Howe wyles maye be wrought on the Sea. Chap. xlv AS the vse is in a fielde battell so likewysâ— on 〈◊〉 water you may priuilye steale vppon your ennemyes at vnwares or in â—â—eekes and strâ—ightes conuenient you maye hyde a nomber of Gallyes readye to come forthe when neede shall requyre that your ennemyes being vnprouided may the sooner be ouercome specially if they be wearye with longe rowing or if the winde or tyde be contrarye to them â–ª or if they
sleape suspecting none ill or if the rode or corner which they keepe haue no way to issue out If opportunitye to fight do come as you would wishe then must your men fall to it cherefullye hauinge these helpes and so ioyne your battell as maye be most for your aduauntage If so be that the foresight of the ennemye be such that they will not be beguiled but encounter in open fight then your Gallyes muste be placed in araye not straighte as souldiours be in a fielde battell but bowinge in after the similitude of the halfe moone so that the two endes come oute and the middle be hollowe that if the ennemye shall assaye to burst throug be â–ª he may be caught and compassed in by reason of the very order and araye But in the winges must ye place the chiefest strength both of your Gallyes and of your souldiours ¶ What should be done when open battel is ioyned on the Sea. Chap. xlvj MOreouer it is profitable that your nauye be alwayes in the deepe sea and at libertye but your ennemyes alwayes driuen to the shoore For they do loose all force and strength in fighting which are thrust to lande In this sea â—ight three sortes of weapons helpe muche named in latine Asâ—eres Falces Bipennes Asser is when a scleâ—der and a long beame much like the sayle yeard doth hange on the mast and hath both y endes headed with yron This serueth in steede of the battell Ramme and beinge driuâ—â— mightely and with great force it throweth done and killeth both Mariners souldiours oftentimes beateth through the shippes sydes Falx is a verye sharpe yron croked like a hooke which beinge put vppon greate longe pooles doth sodenlye cut the ennemyes tackeling a sonder and the roopes that beare vppe the sayle yarde and so the sayle clothes falling downe together doth make the shippe more â—lowe vnprofitable Bipennis is a double edged axe on both sydes verye broade and sharpe with the which the moste skilfull Mariners when as the battell is hottest they go downe into a small boate and priuilye cutte a sonder the roopes wherewith the rudders of the ennemyes shippes are tyed Which thing beinge done the shippe is streight way taken as vnarmed For what helpe is left when the rudder is lost As touchinge the shippes of pastyme which are vsed in the the ryuer of Danubius in daily watchinges I purpose to speake nothing at all because that in them by often vse hath bene founde more cunninge then our auncestours haue left to vs in wryting and my purpose was only to gather such thinges together as I finde written in Bookes FINIS The commodityes of peace The calamytyes of Warre The happye estate of Englande vnder 〈◊〉 Elizabeth Rebellion neuer prospered Pax deriued A pactione Peace resembled to fayre weather wâ—â— to foule weather The reading of historyes other writers of Warre not vâ—â—eete for Captaynes Uegetius the chiefest writer of warre An obiection answered The contenâ—es of the .iiii. bookes of Uâ—getius The. 1. booke An armye in latine called Exercitus ab Exercitio The .2 booke Legio ab eligendo The 3. booke The 4. booke Experience ioyned with knowledge briÌ„geth great thinges to passe Alexander the great C. Iulius Caesar. Better to ioyne experience to knowledge then to gette knowledge by experience The notâ—â—â—â— skilfulnes of Iulius Caesar This engine serueth for the xiiij Chapter of the fourth Booke Folio 55. This engine surueth for the xv Chapter of the fourth Booke Folio 55. This engine serueth for the xvi Chapter of the fourth Booke â–ª Folio 56. This serueth for the xviij Chapter of the fourth booke Folio 56. This engine with the two next following serueth for the xxi Chapter of the fourth Booke Folio 57. For the â–ª xxi Chapter of the fourth Booke For the xxi Chapter of the fourth Booke A table declaringe what euerye Booke contayneth in euery Chapter The first Booke THat the Romaynes through the only exercise of armes haue ouercome all Nations Chapter 1. Out of what couÌ„tryes a yong souldiour should be chosen Chapter 2. Whether out of the countrye or out of the Cittye yong souldiours may be taken most conueniently Chap 3. Of what age the yonge souldiour should be which shoulde be thought allowable Chap. 4. Of what stature yong souldiours should be chosen Chap 5. To know by the countenaunce making of the body which souldiours are like to proue good Chap. 6. What sciences yonge souldiours should be skilful in which should be eyther chosen or refused Chap. 7. What time yonge souldiours should be regestred or billed Chap. 8. That yonge souldiours be exercised in marchinge running and leaping Chap. 9. That yonge souldiours should vse to swimme Chap. 10 Howe warriours aforetime caused their souldiours to vse wicker tergets cudgels at a stake or post Chap. 11. That souldiours shoulde be taughte to foyne thrust not to cutte and strike downe righte 12. That yonge souldiours be taughte cunningelye to handle weapons Chap. 13. That yonge souldiours shoulde vse to cast dartes and other shot Chap. 14. That yong souldiours should be diligently taught to shoote Chap. 15. That yonge souldiours should be vsed to cast stoones with a slinge or with the hand Chap 16. Of the exercise of leaden plummettes Chap. 17. That yonge souldiours should be exercised to vault or mouÌ„t on horses Chapter 18. That yonge souldiours should vse to carry weight and burdens Chap. 19. What kinde of armour souldiours of old time were wonte to vse Chap. 20. Of fortifying of campes Chap. 21. In what place a campe should be pitched Cap. 22. In what forme the campe should stande Cap. 23. Wyth what thinges a campe should be fortifyed Cap. 24. How a campe should be fenced wheÌ„ the ennemye is at hand 25. How the yonge souldiours may be trayned that in the battell they keepe good order their aray and space betwene one and an other Chap. 26. How much space y souldiours must go and come when they be broughe forth to marche and how â—ften they must be exercised in a moneth chap. 27. Of the perswation to warrefare and of the manhoode of y Romaynes chap. 28. The seconde Booke INto how many kindes the Art of warre may be deuided Chapter 1. Howe the Legionary souldiours and those that are sent for ayde do differ chap. 2. The cause why Legions haue beene wasted deminished 3 What nomber of Legions the aunciente Romaynes ledde with them to the warres chap. 4. How a legion shoulde be ordered chap. 5. How manye cohortes or bands shoulde be in one legion and how manye souldiours should be in one bande chap 6. Names degrees of the principal men of the Legion ca. 7. The names of them which ledde y auncient orders of souldiours chap. 8. Of the office of him that is called Praefectus legionis the Lieuetenantes deputye chap. 9. Of the office of the chiefe ouerseer of the campe cap. 10. Of the office of the maister of the artificers cap. 11.