Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
majesty_n	call_v	captain_n	master_n	4,434	5	10.4502	5	true

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A10354	The discouerie of the large, rich, and bevvtiful empire of Guiana with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the spanyards call El Dorado) and the prouinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their riuers, adioyning. Performed in the yeare 1595. by Sir W. Ralegh Knight, captaine of her Maiesties Guard, Lo. Warden of the Sannerries [sic], and her Highnesse Lieutenant generall of the countie of Cornewall.	Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 1552?-1618.	1596 (1596)	STC 20634; ESTC S110574	74,398	128

of that Countrey it hath beene thought fitte that they shoulde be thereunto adioyned Wherein the Reader is to be aduertised that although the Spanyardes seeme to glorie much of their formall possession taken before Morequito the Lord of Aromaya and others there aboutes which throughly vnderstood them not at that time whatsoeuer the Spanyardes otherwise pretend Yet according to the former discourse and as also it is related by Cayworaco the sonne of Topiawary now chiefe Lord of the saide Aromaya who was brought into England by Sir Walter Ralegh and was present at the same possession and discouerie of the Spayardes mentioned in these letters it appeareth that after they were gone out of their Countrey the Indians then hauing farther consideration of the matter and more then coniecture of their intent hauing knowne and hearde of their former cruelties vppon their borderers and others of the Indians elsewhere At their next comming there beeing tenne of them sent and imployed for a farther discouery they were prouided to receiue and entertaine them in an other manner of sort then they had done before that is to say they slewe them and buried them in the Countrey so much sought They gaue them by that meanes a full and complete possession the which before they had but begunne And so they are minded to doe to as many Spanyardes as come after Other possession they haue had none since Neyther doe the Indians meane as they protest to giue them any other One other thing to bee remembred is that in these letters the Spanyards seeme to call Guiana and other Countries neere it bordering vppon the riuer of Orenoque by the name of Nueuo Dorado because of the greate plentie of Golde there in most places to be founde Alluding also to the name of El Dorado which was giuen by Martines to the greate Citie of Manoa as is in the former treatise specified This is all I thought good to aduertise As for some other matters I leaue them to the consideration and iudgement of the indifferent reader W R Letters taken at Sea by Captaine George Popham 1594. Allonso his Letter from the Gran Canaria to his brother being commaunder of S. Lucas concerning El Dorado There haue beene certain letters receiued heere of late of a land newly discouered called Nueuo Dorado from the sonnes of certaine Inhabitantes of this Citie who were in the discouerie they write of wonderful riches to be founde in the said Dorado and that golde there is in great abundauce the course to fall with it is 50. leagues to the windward to the Marguarita Allonsos letter from thence to certaine Marchantes of S. Lucas concerning the Dorado SIrs we haue no newes worth the writing sauing of a discouery lately made by the spanyardes in a newe land called Nueuo Dorado and is two daies sailing to the windward of the Marguarita there is golde in that abundance as the like hath not beene hard of We haue it for certaine in letters Written from thence by some that were in the discouery vnto their parentes heere in this City I purpose God willing to bestow ten or twelue daies in search of the said Dorado as I passe in voyag towards Carthagena hoping there to make some good sale of our commodities I haue sent you therewith part of the information of the said discouery that was sent to his Maiesty Part of the Coppy that was sent to his Maiesty of the discouery of Nueuo Dorado In the riuer of Pato otherwise called Orenoque in the principall part there of called Warismero the 23. of April 1593. Domingo de vera Master of the Campe and Generall for Anth. de Berreo Gouernour and Captaine generall for our Lord the King betwixt the riuers of Pato and Papamene alias Orenoque and Marannon and of the Iland of Trinidado in presence of me Rodrigo de CarancÌ„a register for the sea commaunded all the soldiers to be drawne together and put in order of battaile the Captaines and soldiers and Master of the Campe standing in the middest of them saide vnto them Sirs Soldiers and Captaines you vnderstand long since that our Generall Antho de Berreo with the trauell of 11 yeares and expence of more then 100000. pesoes of Gold discouered the royall prouinces of Guiana and Dorado Of the which he tooke possession to gouern the same but through want of his peoples health and necessary munition he issued out at the Iland Maguarita and from thence peopled the Trinedado But now they haue sent me to learne out and discouer the waies most easily to enter to people the said prouinces and where the Campes and Armies may best enter the same By reason whereof I intend so to do in the name of his Maiesty and the said gouernour Antho de Berreo and in token thereof I require you Fran. Carillo that you aide me to aduance this crosse that lieth heere on the ground which they set on end towardes the east and the said Master of the Campe the Captains and soldiers kneeled down and did due reuerence vnto the said crosse and thereupon the Master of the Campe tooke a bole of water and dranke it of and tooke more and threw abroad on the ground he also drew out his sword and cut the grasse of the ground and the boughs of the trees saying I take his possession in the name of the king Don Phillip our master and of his Gouernour Antho. de Berreo and because some make question of this possession to them I answere that in these our actioÌ„s was present the Casique or principal Don Antho. otherwise called Morequito whole land this was who yeelded consent to the said possession was glad ther of and gaue his obedience to our Lord the King in his name to the said gouernor Antho de Berreo And the said Master of the Campe kneeled downe being in his liberty and all the Captaines and soldiers said that the possession was well taken that they would defend it with their liues vpon whosoeuer would say the contrary And the said Master of the Campe hauing his sword drawne in his hand said vnto me register that art heere present giue me an instrument or testimoniall to confirme me in this possession which I haue taken of this land for the gouernor Antho. de Berreo and if it be needfull I will take it a newe And I require you all that are present to witnes the same and do further declare that I will goe on taking the possession of all these landes wheresoeuer I shall enter Signed thus Domingo de vera and vndernetah Before me Rodrigo de Caranca Register of the Army And in prosecution of the said possession and discouerie of the way prouinces the 27. of April of the said yeare the Master of the Campe entred by little and little with all the Campe and men of warre more then two leagues into the Inland and came to a towne of a principall and confering with him did let him vnderstand by

DISCOVERIE OF THE LARGE RICH AND BEVVTIFVL EMPIRE OF GVIANA WITH a relation of the great and Golden Citie of Manoa which the spanyards call El Dorado And the Prouinces of Emeria Arromaia Amapaia and other Countries with their riuers adioyning Performed in the yeare 1595. by Sir W. Ralegh Knight Captaine of her Maiesties Guard Lo. Warden of the Sannerries and her Highnesse Lieutenant generall of the Countie of Cornewall Imprinted at London by Robert Robinson 1596. TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE MY singular good Lord and kinsman Charles Howard knight of the Garter Barron and Counceller and of the Admiralls of England the most renowmed And to the Right Honorable S r Robert Cecyll Knight Counceller in her Highnes priuie Councels FOR your Honors many Honorable and friendlie partes I haue hitherto only returned promises and nowe for answere of both your aduentures I haue sent you a bundle of papers which I haue deuided betwene your Lo. S r Robert Cecyl in these two respectes chiefly First for that it is reason that wastful factors when they haue consumed such stockes as they had in trust doe yeeld some cullor for the same in their account secondly for that I am assured that whatsoeuer shalbe done or written by me shall neede a double protection and defence The triall that I had of both your loues when I was left of all but of malice and reuenge makes me still prejume that you wil be pleased knowing what little power I had to performe ought and the great aduantage of for warnedenemies to answeare that out of knowledge which others shall but obiect out of malice In my more happy times as I did especially honour you both so I found that your loues sought me out in the darkest shadow of aduersitie and the same affection which accompanied my better fortune sored not away from me in my manie miseries all which though I cannot requite yet I shal euer acknowledge and the great debt which I haue no power to pay I can doe no more for a time but confesse to be due It is true that as my errors were great so they haue yeelded verie grieuous effects and if ought might haue beene deferued in fomer times to haue counterpoysed anie part of offences the frute thereof as it seemeth was long before fallen from the tree and the dead stocke onely remained I did therefore euen in deadstocke onely remained I did therefore euen in the winter of my life vndertake these trauels fitter for bodies lesse blasted with mis-fortunes for men of greater abilitie and for mindes of better incouragement that thereby if it were possible I might recouer but the moderation of excesse and the least tast of the greatest plentie formerly possessed If I had knowen other way to win if I had imagined how greater aduentures might haue regained if I coulde conceiue what farther meanes I might yet vse but even to appease so powerefull displeasure I would not doubt but for one yeare more to hold fast my soule in my teeth til it were performed Of that little remaine I had I haue wasted in effect all herein I haue undergone many constructions I haue beene accompanyed with many sorrows with labor hunger heat sicknesse peril It appeareth notwithstand that I made no other brauado of going to the sea then was ment and that I was neither hidden in cornwell or else where as was supposed They haue grosly belied me that foreiudged that I would rather become a seruant to the Spanish king theÌ„ return the rest were much mistaken who woulde haue perswaded that I was too easeful sensuall to vndertake a iorney of so great trauel But if what I haue done receiue the gratious construction of a painful pilgrimage and purchase the least remission I shal thinke all too little and that there were wanting to the rest many miseries But if both the times past the present and what may be in the future doe all by one graine of gall continue in an eternall distast I doe not then knowe whether I should bewaile my selfe either for my too much trauel and expence or condemne my selfe for doing lesse then that which can deserue nothing From my selfe I haue deserued no thankes for I am returned a begger and withered but that I might haue bettred my poore estate it shall appeare by the following discourse if I had not onely respected her Maiesties future Honor and riches It became not the former fortune in which I once liued to goe iourneys of picorie and it had sorted ill with the offices of Honor which by her maiesties grace I hold this day in England to run from Cape to Cape from place to place for the pillage of ordinarie prizes Many yeares since I had knowledge by relatioÌ„ of that mighty rich and beawtifull Empier of Guiana and of that great and Golden Citie which the spanyards call El Dorado and the naturals Manoa which Citie was conquered reedified and inlarged by a gonger sonne of Guainacapa Emperor of Peru at such time as Francisco Pazaro and others conquered the saide Empire from his two elder brethren Guascar and Atabalipa both then contending for the same the one being fauoured by the Oreiones of Cuzco the other by the people of Caximalca I sent my seruant Iacob VVhiddon the yeer before to get knowledge of the passages and I had some light from Captaine Parker sometime my seruant and nowe attending on your Lo. that such a place there was to the southward of the great bay of Charuas or Guanipa but I found that it was 600. miles farther off then they supposed and manie other impediments to them vnknowne and vnheard After I had displanted Don Anthonio de Berreo who was vpon the same enterprize leauing my ships at Trinedado at the port called Curiapan I wandred 400. miles into the said countrey by land and riuer the particulers I will leaue to the following discourse The countrey hath more quantity of Gold by manifolde then the best partes of the Indies or Peru All the most of the kings of the borders are already become her Maiesties vassals seeme to desire nothing more then her Maiesties protection and the returne of the English nation It hath another grounde and assurance of riches glory then the voiages of the west Indies an easier way to inuade the best parts therof then by the common course The king of Spaine is not so impouerished by taking 3 or 4 port townes in America as we suppose neither are the riches of Peru or Nueua Espania so left by the seaside as it can be easily washt away with a great flood or springtide or left drie vpon the sandes on a lowe ebbe The port townes are few and poore in respect of the rest within the land and are of little defence and are onely rich When the fleets are to receiue the treasure for spaine And we might thinke the spanyards verie simple haueing so many horses and slaues that if they could

meanes of Antho Bisante the Interpretor that his Maiesty Antho de Berreo had sent him to take the said possession And the said fryer Francis Carillo by the Interpretor deliuered him certain thinges of our holy Catholique faith to all which he answered that they vnderstod him well and would become Christians and that with a very good wil they should aduance the crosse in what part or place of the towne it pleased them for he was for the gouernor Antho de Berreo who was his Master Thereupon the said master of the Campe tooke a great crosse and set it on ende towarde the east and requested the whole Campe to witnesse it and Domingo de vera firmed it thus It is well and firmely done and vnderneath before me Rodrigo Caranca Register of the Army The first of May they prosecuted the said possession and discouery to the towne of Carapana From thence the said Master of the Campe passed to the towne of Toroco whose principall is called Topiawary beeing fiue leagues farther within the land then the first nation wel inhabited And to this principall by meane of the interpretor they gaue to vnderstand that his Maiesty and the said Corrigidor commauded them to take the prossession of that land that they should yeeld their obedience to his Maiesty and to his Corrigidor and to the Master of the Campe in his name and that in token thereof he would place a crosse in the middle of his towne Whe run to the said Cassique answered they should aduance it with a very good will and that he remained in the obediene of our Lorde the King and of the said Gouernour Antho de Berreo whose vassall he would be The fourth of May we came to a prouince aboue fiue leagues thence of all sides inhabited with much people the principall of this people came and mette vs in peaceable manner and hee is called Renato he brought vs to a very large house where he entertained vs wel gaue vs much Gold the interpreter as king him from whence that gold was he answered from a prouince not passing a daies iourney off where there are so many Indians as would shadow the sunne and so much gold as all yonder plaine will not containe it In which Countrey when they enter into the Borachera they take of the said Gold in dust and anoynt themselues all ouer there with to make the brauer shewe and to the end the Gold may couer them they annoynt their bodies with stamped herbs of a glewenous substance and they haue warre with those Indians They promised vs that if we would goe vnto them they woulde ayd vs but they were such infinite number as no doubt they woulde kill vs. And being asked how they gat the same Gold they told vs they went to a certaine downe or playne and pulled or digged up the grasse by the roote which done they tooke of the earth puting it in greate buckets which they caried to wash at the riuer that which came in powder they kept for their Boracheras that which was in peeces they wrought into Eagles The eight of May we went from thence and marched about fiue leagues at the foote of a hill we founde a principall called Arataco with 3000 Indians men women all in peace and with much victual as hens venison in great abundance and many sortes of wine Hee intreated vs to goe to his house and to rest that night in his towne being of 500. houses The interpretor asked whence he had those hens he said they were brought from a mountaine not passing a quarter of a league thence where were many Indians yea so many as grasse on the ground and that these men had the pointes of their shoulders higher then the Crownes of their heades and had so many hens as was wonderfull and if we would haue any we should send them Iewes harpes for they woulde giue for euery one two hens we tooke an Indian and gaue him 500. harpes the hens were so many that he brought vs as were not to be numbred Wee said we woulde goe thither they told vs they were now in their Borrachera and would kill vs we asked the Indian that brought the hens if it were true he said it was most true We asked him how they made their Borrachera he saide they had many Eagles of Gold hanging on their breasts pearls in their eares and that they daunced being al couered with Gold The IndiaÌ„ said vnto vs if we would see theÌ„ we should giue him some hatches and he would bring vs of those Eagles The Master of the Camp gaue him one hatchet he would giue him no more because they should not vnderstand we went to seeke gold he brought vs an Eagle which wayed 27 pounds of good Gold The Master of the Campe tooke it and shewed to the soldiers and then threwe it from him making shew not to regard it About midnight came an Indian and said vnto him giue me a pickeaxe and I will tell thee what the Indians with the high shoulders meane to doe the Interpretor told the Master of the Campe who commanded one to be giuen him he then tolde vs those Indians were comming to kill vs from our marchandize Herevpon the master of the Campe caused his company to be set in order and beganne to march The 11. day of May we went about 7 leagues from thence to a prouince where we found a great company of Indians apparrelled they told vs that if we came to fight they woulde fill vp those plaines with Indians to fight with vs but if we came in peace we should enter and be well entertained of them because they had a great desire to see Christians and there they told vs of all the riches that was I doe not heere set it downe because there is no place for it but it shall appeare by the information that goes to his Maiesty for it should heere be set downe fower leaues of paper would not containe it The letter of George Burien Britton from the saide Canaries vnto his cosen a french man dwelling in S. Lucas concerning the Dorado Sir and my very good cosen there came of late certaine letters from a new discouered country not farre from Trinedado which they writ hath Gold in great abundance the newes seemeth to be very certaine because it passeth for good amongst the best of this City Part of the information of the discouery that went to his Maiesty gocth inclosed in Alonsos letters it is a thing worth the seeing The report of Domingo Martines of Iamica concerning the Dorado He saith that in 93 being at Carthagena there was a general report of a late discouery called Nueuo Dorado and that a little before him comming thither there came a Frigot from the said Dorado bringing in it the portrature of a Giant all of Gold of weight 47 kintals which the Indians there helde for their Idoll But nowe admitting of Christianity and obedienee to the King of Spayne sent their said Idoll vnto him in token they were become Christians and helde him for their King The company comming in the saide Frigott reported Golde to be there in most abundaunce Diamondes of inestimable value with great store of pearle The report of a french man called Bountillier of Sherbrouke concerniug the Trinedado and the Dorado He saith that being at Trinedado in 91. he had of an Indian there a peece of Golde of a quarter of a pounde in exchaunge of a knife the said Indian told him he had it at the head of the riuer which coÌ„meth to Paracoa in the Trinedado but said within the riuer of Orenoque it was in great abuÌ„dance Also in 93 being taken by the Spanyardes and brought prisoner into the Iland of Madera the place for his prison there came in this meane time a barke of 40 tunnes from a newe discouery with two millions of Gold the company whereof reported Gold in that place to be in great abundances called it the Nueuo Dorado This french man passed from Spayne in the barke and hauing a cabben nere a gentleman one of the discouerers that came from that place in the said barke had diuers times conference with him and amongst other thinges of the great abundance of Golde in the said Dorado being as they said within the riuer of Orenoque Reportes of Certaine Marchantes of Rio de Hacha concerning the Nueuo Dorado They said aduancing the kings great treasure in the Indies that Nueuo Reyno yeelded very many Gold mines wonderful rich but latly was discouered a certain prouince so rich in Gold as the report thereof may seeme incredible it is there in such abundance and is called the Nueuo Dorado Anthonio de Berreo made the said discouery The Report of a Spanyard Captaine with Berreo in the discouerie of Nueuo Dorado That the information sent to the K. was in euery point truely said that the riuer Orenoque hath seauen mouths or out lets into the sea called Las Sciete bocas de drago that the said riuer runneth farre into the land in many places very broad and that Antho de Berreo lay at Trinedado making head to goe to conquere and people the said Dorado

the gold beads which he gave to the Church friers to be praid for This Martynes was he that christned the citie of Manoa by the name of El Dorado and as Berreo informed me vpon this occasion Those Guianians and also the borderers and all other in that tract which I haue seen are marueylous great drunkards in which vice I thinke no nation can compare with them and at the times of their solemne feasts when the Emperor carowseth with his Captayns tributaries gouernors the manner is thus All those that pledge him are first stripped naked their bodies annointed al ouer with a kind of white Balsamum by them called Curcai of which there is great plenty and yet very deare amongst them and it is of all other the most precious whereof we haue had good experience when they are annointed all ouer certaine seruants of the Emperor hauing prepared gold made into fine powder blow it thorow holow canesvpoÌ„ their naked bodies vntil they be al shining from the foote to the head in this sort they sit drinking by twenties hundreds continue in drunkennes sometimes six or seven daies together the same is also confirmed by a letter written into Spayne which was intercepted which master Robert Dudley told me he had seene Vpon this sight and for the abundance of Gold which he saw in the citie the Images of gold in their Temples the plates armors and shields of gold which they vse in the wars hee called it El Dorado After Oreliano who was emploied by Pacaro afterwards Marques Pacaro conqueror and gouernour of Peru and the death of Ordace and Martynes one Pedro de Osua a knight of Nauarre attempted Guiana taking his way from Peru and built his brigandines vpon a riuer called Oia which riseth to the southward of Quinto and is very great this riuer falleth into Amazones by which Osua with his companies descended and came out of that Prouince which is called Mutylones and it seemeth to me that this Empyre is reserued for her Maiestie and the English nation by reason of the hard successe which all these other Spaniards found in attempting the same wherof I will speake briefly though impertinent in some sort to my purpose This Pedro de Osua had among his troupes a Bescayn called Agiri a man meanely borne bare no other office than a Surgeant or Alferez but after certain months when the souldiers were grieued with trauels and consumed with famine and that no entrance could be found by the branches or bodie of Amazones this Agiri raised a muteny of which hee made himselfe the head and so preuailed as he put Osua to the sword and all his followers taking on him the whole charge and commaundement with a purpose not onely to make himselfe Emperour of Guiana but also of Peru and of al that side of the West Indies he had of his partie seven hundred soldiers and of those many promised to draw in other captains and companies to deliuer vp townes and sorts in Peru but neither finding by the said riuer any passage into Guiana nor any possibilitie to returne towards Peru by the same Amazones by reason that the descent of the riuer made so great a currant he was inforced to desemboque at the mouth of the said Amazones which cannot be lesse than a thousand leagues froÌ„ the place where they imbarqued from thence he coasted the land till he arriued at Marguerita to the North of Mompatar which is at this daie called puerto de Tyranno for that he there slue Don Iuan de villa Andreda gouernor of Marguerita who was father to Don Iuan Sermiento gouernour of Marguerita when Sir Iohn Burgh landed there and attempted the Iland Agiri put to the sworde all other in the Iland that refused to be of his partie and tooke with him certane Cemerones and other desperate companions From thence he went to Cumana and there flew the Gouernour and dealt in all as at Marguerita he spoiled all the coast of Caracas and the province of Vesuello and of Rio de hache and as I remember it was the same yeer that Sir Iohn Hawkins failed to Saint Iuan de Lua in the Iesus of Lubeck for himselfe told me that he met with such a one vpon the coast that rebelled and had failed downe all the riuer of Amazones Agiri from thence landed about Sancta Marta and sacked it also putting to death so many as refused to be his followers purposing to inuade Nueuo reygno de Granada to sack Pampelone Merida Lagrita Tunia the rest of the cities of Nueuo reygno and from thence againe to enter Peru but in a fight in the said Nueuo reygno he was ouerthrowne finding no way to escape he first put to the sworde his own children foretelling them that they should not liue to be defamed or opbraid by the Spaniards after his death who would haue tearmed them the children of a Traytor or Tyrant and that sithence he could not make them Princes he would yet deliuer them from shame and reproch These were the ends and tragedies of Oreliano Ordace Osua Martines and Agiri After these followed Ieronimo Ortal de Saragosa with 130. soldiers who failing his enterance by sea was cast with the currant on the coast of Paria and peopled about S. Miguell de Neueri It was then attempted by Don Pedro de Silua a Portugues of the familie of Rigomes de Sylua and by the fauour which Rigomes had with the king he was set out but he also shot wide of the mark for being departed from Spaine with his fleete he entred by Maragnon and Amazones whereby the nations of the riuer and by the Amazones he was vtterly ouerthrowen and himselfe and all his armie defeated onely seuen escaped and of those but two returned After him came Pedro Harnandez de Serpa and landed at Camana in the West Indies taking his iourney by land towards Orenoque which may bee some 120. leagues but ere he came to the boarders of the saide riuer he was set vpon by a nation of Indians called Wikiri and ouerthrowne in sort that of 300. soldiers horsemen many Indians and Negros there returned but 18 others affirme that he was defeated in the very entrance of Guiana at the first ciuill towne of the Empire called Macureguarai Captaine Preston in taking S Iago de Leon which was by him and his companies very resolutly performed being a greate towne and far within the land held a gentleman prisoner who died in his ship that was one of the companie of Hernandes de Serpa and faued among those that escaped who witnessed what opinion is held among the Spaniards thereabouts of the greate riches of Guiana and El dorado the citie of Inga Another Spaniard was brought aboord me by Captaine Preston who told me in the hearing of himselfe and diuers other gentlemen that he met with Berreos Campmaister at Carasas when he came from the borders of Guiana and that he

the strongest nations of all the frontires that were enemies to the Epuremei which are subiects to Inga Emperor of Guiana and Menoa and that night we ankored at another Iland called Caiama of some fiue or sixe miles in length and the next day ariued at the mouth of Caroli when we were short of it as low or further down as the port of Morequito we heard the great rore and fall of the riuer but when we came to enter with our barge and wherries thinking to haue gone vp some fortie miles to the nations of the Cassipagotos we were not able with a barge of eight oares to row one stones cast in an hower and yet the riuer is as broad as the Thames at Wolwich and we tried both sides and the middle and euery part of the riuer so as we incamped vpon the bankes adioyning and sent off our Orenequepone which came with vs from Morequito to giue knowledge to the nations vpon the riuer of our being there and that we desired to see the Lords of Camuria which dwelt within the prouince vpon that riuer making them know that we were enemies to the Spaniards for it was on this riuer side that Morequito slew the Frier and those nine Spaniards which came from Manoa the Citie of Inga and tooke from them 40000. pesoes of Golde so as the next daie there came downe a Lorde or Cassique called Wanuretona with many people with him and brought all store of prouisions to entertaine vs as the rest had done And as I had before made my comming knowne to Topiawari so did I acquaint this Cassique therewith and how I was sent by her Maiesty for the purpose aforesaid and gathered also what I could of him touching the estate of Guiana and I founde that those also of Caroli were not onely enemies to the Spaniardes but most of all to the Epuremei which abound in Golde and by this Warunetona I had knowledge that on the heade of this riuer were three mightie nations which were seated on a great lake from when ce this riuer descended and were called Cessipagotos Eparagotos and Arawagotos and that all those eyther against the Spaniardes or the Epuremei would ioine with vs that if we entred the lande ouer the mountaines of Curaa wee should satisfie our selues with golde and all other goodthinges hee tolde vs farther of a nation called Iwarawaqueri before spoken off that held daily warre with the Epuremei that inhabited Macuregnarai the first ciuill towne pf Guiana of the subiectes of Inga the Emperour Vpon this riuer one Captaine George that I tooke with Berreo tolde me there was a greate siluer mine and that it was neere the banckes of the saide riuer But by this time as well Orenoque Caroli and all the rest of the riuers were risen fowre or fiue foote in height so as it was not possible by the strength of any men or with any boate whatsoeuer to rowe into the riuer against the stream I therefore sent Captain Thyn Captaine Greenuile my nephew Iohn Gylbert my cosen Butshead Gorges Captaine Clarke and some 30. shot more to coast the riuer by lande and to goe to a towne some twentie miles ouer the valley called Amnatapoi and they found guides there to goe farther towardes the mountaine foote to another great towne called Capurepana belonging to a Cassique called Haharacea that was a nephew to old Topiawari king of Arromaia our chiefest friend because this towne and prouince of Capurepnna adioyned to Macureguarai which was a frontier towne of the Empire and the meane while my selfe with Captaine Gifford Captaine Calfield Edw. Hancocke some halfe a dosen shot marched ouer land to view the strange ouerfalls of the riuer of Carols which rored so farre of also to see the plaines adioyning and the rest of the prouince of Canuri I sent also captaine Whiddon W. Connocke som eight shot with them to see if they coulde finde any minerall stone alongst the riuer side When we ronne to the tops of the first hils of the plaines adioyning to the riuer we beheld that wonderfull breach of waters which ranne downe Caroli and might from that mountaine see the riuer how it ran in thre parts aboue twentie miles of and there appeared som ten or twelue ouerfals in sight euery one as high ouer the other as a Church tower which fell with that fury that the rebound of water made it seeme as if it had beene all couered ouer with a greate shower of raine and in some places we took it at the first for a smoke that had risen ouer some greate towne For mine owne part I was well perswaded from thence to haue returned being a very ill footeman but the rest were all so desirous to go neere the saide strange thunder of waters as they drew mee on by little and litle til we came into the next valley where we might better discerne the same I neuer saw a more beawtifull countrey nor more liuely prospectes hils so raised heere and there ouer the vallies the riuer winding into diuers braunches the plaines adioyning without bush or stubble all faire greene grasse the ground of hard sand easie to march on eyther for horse or foote the deare crossing in euery path the birds towards the euening singing on euery tree with a thousand seuerall tunes cranes herons of white crimson and carnation pearching in the riuers side the ayre fresh with a gentle easterly wind and euery stone that we stooped to take vp promised eyther gold or siluer by his complexion Your L. shall see of many sortes and I hope some of them cannot be bettered vnder the sunne and yet we had no meanes but with our daggers and fingers to teare them out heere and there the rockes being most hard of that minerall sparre aforesaid and is like a flint and is altogether as hard or harder and besides the veines like a fathome or two deepe in the rockes But we wanted all thinges requisite saue only our desires and good will to haue performed more if it had pleased God To be shorte when both our companies returned each of them brought also seueral sorts of stones that appeared very faire but were such as they found loose on the ground were for the most part but cullored and had not any gold fixed in them yet such as had no iudgement or experience kept all that glistered and would not be perswaded but it was rich because of the lustre and brought of those and of Marquesite with all from Trinedado and haue deliuered of those stones to be tried in many places and haue thereby bred an opinion that all the rest is of the same yet some of these stones I shewed afterward to a Spaniard of the Caracas who told me that it was El Madre deloro and that the mine was farther in the ground But it shall be found a weake policie in mee eyther to betray my selfe or my Countrey with imaginations neyther am I

night which we ancored in the mouth of the riuer of Capuri where it falleth into the sea there arose a mightie storme and the riuers mouth was at least a league broad so as we ran before night close vnder the land with our small boates and brought the Galley as neere as we could but she had as much a doe to liue as could be and there wanted little of her sinking and all those in her for mine own part I confesse I was verie doubtful which way to take eyther to goe ouer in the pestred Galley there beeing but sixe foot water ouer the sands for two leagues together that also in the channell she drew fiue or to aduenture in so great a billow and in so doubtfull weather to crosse the seas in my barge The longer we tarried the worse it was and therefore I took Captaine Gifford Captaine Calfeild my cosen Greeneuile into my barge and after it cleared vppe about midnight wee put our selues to Gods keeping and thrust out into the sea leauing the Galley at ancor who durst not aduenture but by day-light And so beeing all very sober and melancholy one faintly chearing another to shew courage it pleased God that the next day about nine of the clocke we discried the Iland of Trinedado and stearing for the nearest part of it wee kept the shore till we came to Curiapan where we found our ships a ancor then which there was neuer to vs a more ioyfull sight Nowe that it hath pleased God to send vs safe to our ships it is time to leaue Guiana to the Sunne whome they worship and steare away towardes the north I will therefore in a fewe wordes finish the discouery thereof Of the seueral nations which we found vpon this discouery I will once againe make repetition and how they are affected At our first entrance into Amana which is one of the outlets of Orenoque we left on the right hand of vs in the bottome of the bay lying directly against Trinedado a nation of inhumaine Canibals which in habite the riuers of Guanipa and Berbeese in the same bay there is also a third riuer which is called Areo which riseth on Paria side towardes Cumana and that riuer is inhabited with the Wikiri whose chiefe towne vpon the said riuer is Sayma In this bay there are no more riuers but these three before rehearsed and the fower braunches of Amana all which in the winter thrust so great abundance of water into the sea as the same is taken vp fresh two or three leagues from the land In the passages towardes Guiana that is in all those landes which the eight branches of Orenoque fashion into Ilandes there are but one sort of people called Tiuitiuas but of two castes as they tearme them the one called Ciawani the other Waraweeti and those warre one with the other On the hithermost part of Orenoque as at Toparimaca and Winicapora those are of a nation Called Nepoios and are of the followers of Carapana Lorde of Emeria Betweene Winicapora and the port of Morequito which standeth in Aromaia and all those in the valley of Amariocapana are called Orenoqueponi and did obey Morequito and are nowe followers of Topiawari Vpon the riuer of Caroli are the Canuri which are gouerned by a woman who is inheritrix of that prouince who came farre off to see our nation and asked mee diuers questions of her Maiesty beeing much delighted with the discourse of her Maiesties greatnes and wondring at such reports as we truely made of her highnes many vertues And vpon the head of Caroli and on the lake of Cassipa are the three strong nations of the Cassipagotos Right south into the land are the Capurepani and Emparepani and beyond those adioyning to Macureguarai the first Citie of Inga are the Iwarawakeri all these are professed enemies to the Spanyardes and to the rich Epuremei also To the west of Carols are diuers nations of Canibals and of those Ewaipanoma without heades Directly west are the Amapatas and Anebas which are also marueilous rich in gold The rest towardes Peru wee will omit On the north of Orenoque betweene it and the west Indies are the Wikiri Saymi and the rest before spokeen of all mortall enemies to the Spanyardes On the south side of the maine mouth of Orenoque are the Arwacas and beyonde them the Caniballes and to the south of them the Amazones To make mention of the seuerall beasts birds fishes fruites flowers gummes sweete woodes and of their seuerall religions and customes would for the first require as many volumes as those of Gesnerus and for the rest another bundle of Decades The religion of the Epuremei is the same which the Ingas Emperors of Peru vsed which may be red in Cieca and other Spanish stories how they beleeue the immortalitie of the Soule worship the Sunne and burie with them aliue their best beloued wiues and treasure as they likewise doe in Pegu in the east Indies aud other places The Orenoqueponi bury nor their wiues with them but their Iewels hoping to inioy them againe The Arwacas dry the bones of their Lordes and their wiues and friendes drinke them in powder In the graues of the Peruuians the Spanyards founde their greatest abundance of treasure The like also is to be found among these people in euery prouince They haue all many wiues and the Lordes fiue fould to the common sort their wiues neuer eate with their husbands nor amoÌ„g the men but serue their husbands at meales and afterwardes feede by thamselues Those that are past their younger yeares make all their breade and drink and worke their cotten beddes and doe all else of seruice and labour for the men doe nothing but hunte fifh play and drinke when they are out of the wars I will enter no further into discourse of their maners lawes and customes and because I haue not my selfe seen the cities of Inga I caÌ„not auow on my credit what I haue hard although it be very likely that the Emperour Inga hath built and erected as magnificent pallaces in Guiana as his ancestors did in Peru which were for their riches and rarenes most marueilous exceding al in Europe and I think of the world China excepted which also the Spanyards which I had assured me to be of truth as also the nations of the borderers who being but Saluaios to those of the lund do cause much treasure to be buried with them for I was enformed of one of the Cassiqui of the valley of Amariocapana which had buried with him a litle before our ariuall a chayre of Goulde most curiously wrought which was made either in Macuraguarai adioyning or in Manca But if we should haue grieued them in their religion at the first before they had beene taught better and haue digged vppe their graues wee had lost them all and therefore I helde my first resolution that her maiesty should eyther accept or refuse the enterprice

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