waited on to his house in the same manner And thus inclosed as I said round with a Pallizado of Planckes and strong Posts foure foote deepe in the ground of yong Oakes Walnuts c. The Fort is called in honour of his Maiesties name Iames Towne the principall Gate from the Towne through the Pallizado opens to the Riuer as at each Bulwarke there is a Gate likewise to goe forth and at euery Gate a Demi-Culuerin and so in the Market Place The houses first raised were all burnt by a casualty of fire the beginning of the second yeare of their seate and in the second Voyage of Captain Newport which since haue bin better rebuilded though as yet in no great vniformity either for the fashion or beauty of the streete A delicate wrought fine kinde of Mat the Indians make with which as they can be trucked for or snatched vp our people do dresse their chambers and inward roomes which make their houses so much the more handsome The houses haue wide and large Country Chimnies in the which is to be supposed in such plenty of wood what fires are maintained and they haue found the way to couer their houses now as the Indians with barkes of Trees as durable and as good proofe against stormes and winter weather as the best Tyle defending likewise the piercing Sunbeames of Summer and keeping the inner lodgings coole enough which before in sultry weather would be like Stoues whilest they were as at first pargetted and plaistered with Bitumen or tough Clay and thus armed for the iniury of changing times and seasons of the yeare we hold our selues well apaid though wanting Arras Hangings Tapistry and guilded Venetian Cordouan or more spruse houshold garniture and wanton City ornaments remembring the old Epigraph We dwell not here to build vs Bowers And Hals for pleasure and good cheere But Hals we build for vs and ours To dwell in them whilst we liue here True it is I may not excuse this our Fort or Iames Towne as yet seated in somewhat an vnwholesome and sickly ayre by reason it is in a marish ground low flat to the Riuer and hath no fresh water Springs seruing the Towne but what wee drew from a Well sixe or seuen fathom deepe fed by the brackish Riuer owzing into it from whence I verily beleeue the chiefe causes haue proceeded of many diseases and sicknesses which haue happened to our people who are indeede strangely afflicted with Fluxes and Agues and euery particular season by the relation of the old inhabitants hath his particular infirmity too all which if it had bin our fortunes to haue seated vpon some hill accommodated with fresh Springs and cleere ayre as doe the Natiues of the Country we might haue I beleeue well escaped and some experience we haue to perswade our selues that it may be so for of foure hundred and odde men which were seated at the Fals the last yeere when the Fleete came in with fresh and yong able spirits vnder the gouernment of Captain Francis West and of one hundred to the Seawards on the South side of our Riuer in the Country of the Nansamundes vnder the charge of Captaine Iohn Martin there did not so much as one man miscarry and but very few or none fall sicke whereas at Iames Towne the same time and the same moneths one hundred sickned halfe the number died howbeit as we condemne not Kent in England for a small Towne called Plumsted continually assaulting the dwellers there especially new commers with Agues and Feuers no more let vs lay scandall and imputation vpon the Country of Virginia because the little Quarter wherein we are set dowee vnaduisedly so chosed appeares to be vnwholesome and subiect to many ill ayres which accompany the like marish places §. IIII. The Lord La WARRES beginnings and proceedings in Iames Towne Sir THOMAS GATES sent into England his and the Companies testimony of Virginia and cause of the late miseries VPon his Lordships landing at the South gate of the Pallizado which lookes into the Riuer our Gouernour caused his Company in armes to stand in order and make a Guard It pleased him that I should beare his Colours for that time his Lordship landing fell vpon his knees and before vs all made a long and silent Prayer to himselfe and after marched vp into the Towne where at the Gate I bowed with the Colours and let them fall at his Lordships feete who passed on into the Chappell where he heard a Sermon by Master Bucke our Gouernours Preacher and after that caused a Gentleman one of his owne followers Master Anthony Scot his Ancient to reade his Commission which intituled him Lord Gouernour and Captaine Generall during his life of the Colony and Plantation in Uirginia Sir Thomas Gates our Gouernour hitherto being now stiled therein Lieutenant Generall After the reading of his Lordships Commission Sir Thomas Gates rendred vp vnto his Lordship his owne Commission both Patents and the Counsell Seale after which the Lord Gouernour and Captaine Generall deliuered some few words vnto the Company laying many blames vpon them for many vanities and their Idlenesse earnestly wishing that he might no more finde it so least he should be compelled to draw the sword of Iustice to cut off such delinquents which he had much rather he protested draw in their defence to protect them from iniuries hartening them with the knowledge of what store of prouisions he had brought for them viz. sufficient to serue foure hundred men for one whole yeare The twelfth of Iune being Tuesday the Lord Gouernour and Captaine Generall did constitute and giue places of Office and charge to diuers Captaines and Gentlemen and elected vnto him a Counsell vnto whom he did administer an Oath mixed with the oath of Allegiance and Supremacy to his Maiestie which oath likewise he caused to be administred the next day after to euery particular member of the Colony of Faith Assistance and Secrecy The Counsaile which he elected were Sir Thomas Gates Kinght Lieutenant Generall Sir George Summers Knight Admirall Captaine George Percy Eâ—quire and in the Fort Captaine of fifty Sir Ferdinando Weinman Knight Master of the Ordnance Captaine Christopher Newport Vice-admirall William Strachei Esquire Secretary and Recorder As likewise the Lord Gouernour and Captaine Generall nominated Captaine Iohn Martin Master of the Battery workes for Steele and Iron and Captaine George Webb Sergeant Maior of the Fort and especiall Captaines ouer Companies were these appointed Captaine Edward Bruster who hath the command of his Honours owne Company Captaine Thomas Lawson Captain Thomas Holecroft Captaine Samuell Argoll Captaine George Yardley who commandeth the Lieutenant Generals Company Diuers other Officers were likewise made as Master Ralph Hamor and Master Browne Clarkes of the Counsell and Master Daniell Tucker and Master Robert Wilde Clarkes of the Store c. The first businesse which the Lord Gouernour and Captaine Generall after the
these Rites they say they pray for the dead They neuer make an end till they haue spent all and then they returne to their labours They are very expert in the Arts which they learne although it be writing or reading which yet is not granted them to learne They pay yeerely to their Gouernours a certaine tribute of Siluer and other things after they are eighteene yeeres old till fiftie The Commendator receiueth these things conditionally to maintaine a Priest and a Corrigidor and to pay the tenths to the Church This and other places are there giuen for two liues the sonne or eldest daughter succeeding The Corrigidors amongst the Indians are prohibited merchandise A Visitor is appointed in euery Court to goe to the places of that Precinct to enquire of affaires and to decide controuersies The number of Mesticos is great which wander vp and downe poore and beggarly nor giue their minds to learne any handicrafts It were good they were forced to labour A Councell celebrated at Lima 1583. in the third Session Chap. 22. approued of the Pope and our King decreed that wheresoeuer one thousand Indians are found together a Teacher and Priest should be set ouer them The Indians Priests vse at the Kings charges to carrie with them many religious men and the Iesuites by the supreme Councell of India with aduise of the BB. are commanded to send many thither for the Bishops assistance The Rents and Tenths of Bishoprickes are deuided into foure parts one of which goeth to the Bishop a second to the Deane and Chapiter so as the Deanes proportion is 150. the dignities 130. the Canons 100. The third and fourth part are diuided into nine shares called Ninths of which two returne to the King and are bestowed on the buildings of Cathedrall Churches another ninth and halfe on the Fabrickes another ninth and halfe on the Hospitall buildings the fourth remayning are paid to the Vicars Singers Organists and other Church Officers What remayneth is spent on the Fabrickes All are laid out by the Bishops order In my iudgement it were very good if euery Bishoprick had Seminaries and Colledges wherein the children of their Caciques and chiefe men might be educated to be maintayned by the Caciques The Bishopricke of Cusco is 200. leagues long and 70. broad that of Lima is greater by the one halfe as is that also of Quito Whereupon the Bishops of the New World writ to the King that it were better to make them more Bishoprickes each of which shall yet retaine 20000. Pezos Euery seuenth yeere ordinarily is a Prouinciall Synod in Peru to which the Bishoppes come some by Sea some by Land 400. or 600. leagues the wayes not admitting Coaches Some haue sought for Vniuersities in some places to bee erected as those of Quito at least for Diuinitie and the liberall Arts and Indian Tongue the Professors to haue foure or 5000. Duckets a piece yeerely There is no question but of the Indians many learned men may adorne the Schooles and Pulpits The Kings Reuenue out of the West Indies is twelue Millions yeerely growing out of the fifth of Gold and Siluer great Meltings Customes of Ports Indian Tributes sale of Offices the Cruzada Tribute of Rents Quicksiluer Fines of Courts and the ninth part of Ecclesiasticall Rents Popes Buls and Collations of Benefices Ecclesiasticall and Secular are subiect to the King and ordered by his supreame Councell of the Indies CHAP. X. Relation of the new Discouerie in the South Sea made by PEDRO FERNANDEZ GIROS Portugez 1609. with his Petitions to the King one Englished another in Spanish THis man being a famous Pilot was sent with two ships from Peru to discouer the Ilands of Salomon After hee had taken his course in the height of the Straits of Magellanuâ— little more or lesse he did discouer a mayne Land and sayled eight hundred leagues vpon the Coast vntill he came to the height of fifteene degrees to the Southward of the Equinoctiall Line where hee found a very fruitfull and pleasant Countrey and well peopled abounding with Pearles Gold and Siluer great store of Limons Orenges and other Fruites excellent good and in great quantitie great store of Goats Hogges Geese Partridges Conies and Fowle Pepper and Spices The Countrey is very temperate and healthfull great store of fish of many different sorts full of wood and goodly high Trees for shipping very good pasture ground for Corne and Cattell The men of the Countrey are some tawnie and some white of good disposition more ciuill and politike then the Indians of Peru and Noua Hispania There is in the Coast a Bay of some twentie leagues into which there fals two great Riuers out of the Countrey which is the place where they purpose to settle their first Plantations There are many Ilands in the same Coast both great and little plentifull they are all and well inhabited This Captaine Giroz shall be presently sent vnto Peru with order and Commission to take vp twelue hundred men and shipping with other necessaries for the Voyage to inhabit and as many more shall be sent the yeere following from Noua Hispania and for the whole businesse he is to receiue fiue hundred thousand Duckets Walsingham Gresley The Copie of a Petition presented to the King of Spaine by Captaine PETER FERDINAND de Quir touching the Discouerie of the fourth part of the World called Terra Australis incognita and of the great riches and fertilite of the same Printed with license in Siuill An. 1610. SIR I Captaine Fernandez de Quiros shew vnto you that this is the eighth Petition which by mee hath beene presented to your Maiesties view to perswade the conduction of some Colonies vnto the Land which your Maiestie hath commanded to bee discouered in the parts of Australia incognita And yet to this houre no resolution is taken neither haue I receiued any answere or hope whereby I might rest assured to obtaine my dispatch although I haue attended fourteene moneths in your Court and haue imployed fourteene yeeres in this Discouery without any profit or other respect but the benefit thereof with which notwithstanding infinite contradictions I haue gone 20000. leagues by Land and by Sea and haue diminished and sunke my estate I haue trauelled with many afflictions in my person and suffered such strange and extraordinary crosses that they seeme almost incredible to my selfe and all that so Religious an vndertake should not vnworthily be abandoned In regard whereof I do most humbly beseech your Maiestie in the bowels of the diuine charitie that you would be pleased to take order that I be not depriued of the fruits of this Designe which with such instance I doe desire and which with so much iustice are due vnto my continuall paines and trauell nor that I bee debarred from the effects of so considerable and well grounded a request whose principall scope is the glory of God and of your Maiestie and from
hee determined to depart from Quito and to goe seeke the Captaine Iohn de Ampudia leauing thereto moe then two hundred of Footmen and Horsemen amongst whom were a great many Inhabitants of the Citie of Quito Unto those Inhabitants the Captaine gaue licence to carrie with them the Cacikes that were escheated them in sharing with as many Indians as they would That which they did and Alfonso Sanches Nuita carried forth with him his Cacike with moe then an hundred Indians besides and in like manner Peter Cibo and his Cousin and they led out more then an hundred and fifty with their wiues and sundry also sped out their children because that in a manner euery one died for hunger Also Moran Inhabitant of Popayan carried out moe then two hundred persons And the like did all the rest Citizens and Souldiers euery one after his abilitie the Souldiers crauing that they might haue licence giuen them to captiue those Indians men and women which they carried forth the which was granted them vntill the death of the said captiues and those deceased to take as many more When they departed out of the Prouince of Quito they carried out moe then sixe thousand Indians men and women and of all those there neuer returned home into their Countrie twenty persons For they died all through the great and excessiue trauell which they made them indure in those broyling Countries contrary to their nature It happened at that time that one Altonso Sanches whom the said Captaine sent for Chieftaine ouer a certaine number of men into a Prouince there met with a good company of women and young boyes laden with victuals who stayed waiting for them without mouing from the place to giue them of that which they had and hauing so done the Captaine commanded that they should be put to the sharpe of the sword It came to passe also that at the time that the said Captaine came into the Prouince of Lili to a Towne called Palo neere vnto the great Riuer where hee found the Captaine Iohn de Ampudia which was gone before to discouer and pacifie the Countrie the said Ampudia kept a Citie by him prouided of a Garrison in the name of his Maiestie and of the Marques Francis of Pizarro and had set ouer them for Gouernours ordinary one Petre Solano of Quennoues and eight Counsellours and all the rest of the Countrie was in peace and shared out amongst them And as hee knew that the said Captaine was in the said Riuer hee came to see him with a great number of the Inhabitants of the Countrie and peacefull Indians laden with victuals and fruits Shortly after also all the neighbour Indians came to see him bringing him food There were the Indians of Xamundi and of Palo and of Soliman and of Bolo Now because that they brought no Mahis which he would haue he sent a great number of Spaniards with their Indians to goe search for Mahis commanding them to bring some where soeuer they found any So went they to Bolo and to Palo and found the Indians men and women in their houses in peace and the said Spaniards with those that were with them tooke them and robbed their Mahis their Gold and Couerings and all that they had and bound many Wherefore they seeing that the Captaine kept no Faith with them all the Countrie arose and reuolted from the Spanish whereof ensued great damage and God and the Kings Maiestie offended and by this meanes the Countrey remayned dispeopled for that the Olomas and the Manipos their enemies which are Mountaine people and warlike descended daily to take and robbe them when they perceiued the Citie and places of their abode left destitute And amongst them hee who was the stronger did eate vp his fellow for all died for famine This done the Captaine came to the Citie of Ampudia where he was receiued for Generall From this place they goe to a Citie called Tukilicui from whence the Cacike of the place yeelded forth incontinent in peace a number of Indians going before him The Captaine demanded Gold of him and of his Indians The Cacike told him that hee had but a small deale and that which he had should be giuen him and immediatly all beganne to giue him all that they had Whereupon the said Captaine gaue vnto euery of them a ticket with the name of the said Indian for a testimoniall that he had giuen him Gold affirming that hee which should haue neuer a ticket should be cast to the Dogges to bee deuoured because he gaue him no Gold Whereupon the Indians for feare that they were put in gaue him all the Gold that they were able and those which had none fled into the Mountaines and other Townes for feare to bee slaine By reason whereof perished a great number of the natiue Inhabitants of the Countrie And shortly after the said Captaine commanded the Cacike to send two Indians to another Citie named Dagna to will them that they should come in peace and bring him Gold in abundance And comming to another Citie hee sent that night many Spaniards to take the Indians and namely of Tulilicui So as they brought the next morrow aboue an hundred persons and all those which could beare burdens they tooke them for themselues and for their Souldiers and put them to the chaine whereof they died all And the said Captaine gaue the little children vnto the said Cacike Tulilicui that hee should eate them and in truth the skinnes of those children are kept in the house of the said Cacike Tulilicui full of ashes and so departed hee from thence without an Interpreter and went towards the Prouinces of Castile where hee ioyned himselfe vnto the Captaine Iohn de Ampudia who had sent him to discouer another way doing both of them great outrages and much mischiefe vnto the Inhabitants of the Countrie where they became And the said Iohn de Ampudia came to a Citie the Cacike and Lord whereof called Bitacur had caused to make certaine Duches to defend himselfe and there fell into the same two Horses the one of Antonie Rodondos the other of Marc Marqueâ—â—s That of Marcos Marquis died the other not For which cause the said Ampudia commanded to take all the Indians men and women that might be and thereupon tooke and layed together more then an hundred persons whom they cast aliue into those Ditches and slue them and brent withall more then an hundred houses in the said Citie And in that manner met in a great Citie where without summoning the Indians being at peace and without any spokesman to goe betweene them they slue with their Speares a great number of them making on them mortall warre And as it is said soone after they were met the said Ampudia told the Captaine what he had done in Bitaco and how he cast so many into the Ditches and the said Captaine answered that it was well done and that he for his part had done as much
Cape which was our third Rende-uous by our first appointment to cause Sir Walter Raleigh and all others of our Fleete to follow And being with the Iland of Terçera I looked into the roade of Brasil and saw there was no Fleete whereupon we bare alongst betwixt Saint George and Graciosa for the Island of Flores at which we might both water and take in victuals which in Merchants ships her Maiestie had sent after vs and where if the Indian Fleete did come this yeere they were likest to fall But when we had spent at Flores some ten dayes in which time Sir Walter Raleigh and his company came vnto vs by a small Pinnace come from the Indies I the Generall was told that it was doubtfull whether the Indian Fleete came from thence or not and if they did they would change their vsuall course and come in some height more to the Southward till they were past these Ilands where vsually they are attended Which newes made vs resolue in Counsell to goe for Fayal and so for Saint Michael and to haue some nimble ships to lye off and on at Sea both to the Southward and to the Northward In our passage by saile Graçiosa and Pico we tooke such commodities and refreshings as those Ilands afforded and in passing from them toward Saint Michael wee were told that a great ship was discouered off of Graciosa whereupon I the Generall gaue order to diuide and to direct the Fleete into three places the one to stirre away East North-east and to goe along the Northside of Terçera the other East South-east and to goe by the Southside of the said Iland and both to meete in the roade of Brasil so as if the Carackes or West Indian Fleete should striue to recouer Terçera they should be cut off And the third part of the Fleete should ply to the Westward which way it was said that the great ship stood and so to cut it off if it sought for the roade of Fayal which if she were kept from Terçera was her onely place she could put into and one of these three wayes she must needes stand for the winde being at North North-west shee could not goe but one of these three courses Bvt as I had giuen this direction there came to me a small Barke of Lime whose Captaine did confidently assure me that he was the man that did follow the chase and fetched it vp finding it but a small ship of our owne Fleete which made vs resolue to continue our former intended course for Saint Michael But in this meane time I the Generall hailing the Captaine of a Pinnace and willing him to call to the ships of my squadron to follow my light and those of the Viceadmirals squadron to follow his light to the Westward which direction I did presently after counter-mand hee misheard and willed some ships that were next to stand about to the Westward which direction together with his not hearing of me that which was spoken to countermand it made foure of her Maiesties ships the Garland the Marie-rose the Dread-naught and the Rainebow to stand off to the West all that night of which Sir William Mounson in the Rainebowe fell in the night with the West Indian Fleete and it being calme went off in his Boate to make and haile them which hee did and made himselfe knowne vnto them and straight rowing to his ship hee shot off his Ordnance all night and carried a light in his maine top whereupon the other three of her Maiesties ships stood off with him but could not fetch vp the Spaniards till they were gotten into Tercera Road before which after they had striued in vaine to get into them they plied till my comming which was three dayes after for I was hard aboord the Westermost part of Saint Michaell before I heard these newes And then standing about I the Generall being on head of the Fleet met in my way with a great Ship of the Gouernour of Hanana and a Frigate of the Spanish King manned with the said Kings Souldiers and another Frigate of a particular man which three I fetched out tooke and manned for the safe bringing home of the Ship and goods and fell the next night being Saturday the of with Tercera where finding the wind strong at Northwest we plyed with as much saile as euer we could bear to get vp to the road of Brasil all that night Al Sunday and Sunday night and till Munday morning wee could not weather the point of Brasil which when wee had done while I the Generall gathered such of the Fleet as were neere I sent in a Pinnace of my Lord of Cumberland and foure or fiue of very sufficient Captaines and Masters to see whether it were possible for vs to get vp where the Ships rode and they brought me backe word it was impossible With which I being not satisfied plied in with mine owne Ship keeping aboord with mee two or three of the principall Officers that wee might iudge by the eye and dispute vpon the place and when wee were in wee saw the bottome of the Bay into which they were towed and warped lay right in the eye of the wind so as to lead it in with a sayle it was impossible and to turne it vp would aske an whole day if wee had scope but both wee must vpon either boord come within a quoytes cast off their Forts and yer our Ships would wend in so narrow a place wee should haue beene on shoare Which manifest discouerie and not the idle Shot of all the Forts and Ships though they were verie liberall made mee stand off againe And as it was impossible to doe any thing for the present so when I the Generall called all the Captaines of her Maiesties Ships together and enquired the estate of their charge I found that some by the naughtinesse of their Caske and leakage of Beere had not aboue two dayes and some not one dayes drinke aboord and that which most of vs all had did so stinke as our men dyed and fell sicke continually and all men-protested that if wee stayed to attend change of windes and did not instantly seeke a watering place both men and Ships were absolutely lost Besides we saw the Galions had beene vnladen by their shewing their white bellies so much aboue water and that the Merchants Ships lay all dry on shoare so as we had abidden the extreamest hazard of her Maiesties troupes and Ships for the burning of a few dry vnladen Vessells Thus were we driuen to beare the second time with Saint Michael our chiefe end being to water but withall to sacke the Iland if we could land neere the principall Towne where wee came to an anchor before Punta Delgada the chiefe Towne and forthwith went in a little nimble Boat to discouer the landing places which we found to be exceeding dangerous For as about all those Ilands of the Acores a
eate a greene one it will stay a scouring Probagum En quo diseâ—â—dia Ciues Perduxit miseros Roagues Bay Cape Knaue Riuer of Rascals Saint Vincâ—â—ts Testigos Granados Current Margarita Sword-fish Cap. Leighs death Comana Seuen saile of Hollanders 23. March 1608. The Rose The Patience The Lilly Land-men sixtie They set saile the 23. of March They arriue at Alegranza Tenerise An excellent watering place The Riuer of Amazones Fresh water in the Sea 30. leagues from land Ioseph Acosta Hicron Gâ—raua Tarraconensis The eleuenth of May they made land in Guiana The Patience in danger of wrack Ilands called Carripapoory The Bay of Wiapoco Indian boats A village called Caripo A messenger sent to the Indians The Indians came aboard The chief men of the Nation of the Yaios couer their priuities The women generally goe all naked Their conference with the Indians Sir W. Raleighâ— acts in these parts See Hak. 〈◊〉 3. The Orenoqueponi rendred themselues subiects to Queen Elizabeth Cap. Keymis his voyage to Guiana Possession of the Countrie taken at Wiapoco by Captaine Lee to his Maiesties vse The Indians go to counsell Their answere * By Sir Walter Raleigh and Captaine Lee. The Indian Martyn goeth ashoare The English take land The English feasted by the Indians The gratefull offer of Martyn The English setled at Caripo in Wiapoco The strength of the place continuall raines The bounds and limits of Guiana Arrapoco a branch of Amazones Arrawary Maicary Anaky-v-ry chiefe of the Yaios Morooga Conâ—â—ini Cooshebery Leonard Rapago Lord of Coâ—shebery A Mountaine called Cowob Topases in Cooshebery The quality of the Prouince of Cooshebery Arracoory and Morrownia An exceeding high Hill called Callipuny Norrak Anaki-v-ry Riuers falling into the Sea betweene Amazones and Wiapoco Wianary a creek The Prouince of Wiapocoory â—rasana Aâ—riquona Câ—suriao Riuers faâ—â—ing into the Sea tâ— the North-west of Wiapoco Muccumbro an Iland Mattoory an Iland Arrawicary chiefe Captaine of the Caiane Foure or fiue men placed at Caiane The manner of their gouernment Murder and Adultery punished â—y death The Indianâ— by nature iealous ouer their wiues The Indians haue many wiues Diuers languages in Guiana The Charibes most ancient vpon the Sea coast The Indians make war for their women The Charibes warre vpon Leonard The vsual weapons of the Indians Leonard desireth aide of the English The manner of ordering then men in the warres The Charibes amazed at the sight of the English Leonard speaketh to the Charibes The Charibes agree to peace for feare of the English The season of the yeare in Guiana The Summer beginneth in August The winter beginneth in February Their account of times and numbers Religion They vse no sacrifice not religious worship to any thing The manner of their drinking feast at the death of their Captaines Their Peeaios or Priests haue conference with the diuel Their opinion of the dead At the death of a Cassique they kill an Indian to serue him in the other world The quality of the Land The prouisions for victuals The roote of Cassaui maketh their bread and drinke Maix or Guinea wheate Their diuers kinds of drinke An excellent drinke made of Cassaui Store of hony The soyle excellent for Vines Sundry kindes of Beasts in Guiana Swine which haue the Nauile in the back Great variety of Fowles Diuers kindeâ— of fish Oysters hang vpon trees A fish hauing foure eyes and the â—iâ—s and backe like a man The Sea cow like beefe Sundrie kinde a of fruits Pina Platana Potato Mâ—dler Plummes Nuts The varietie of commodities Sugar Canes Cotton wooll Naturall hemp or flaxe Diuers commodities for Dyers Annoto A gum which dyeth a yelloâ— in graine Sweet gums The vertues of Colliman or Carriman The Colliman helpeth the gowt Barratta a rare Ballamum A perfume like sweet Margerum Drugges and simples for physicke An apple which prouoketh sleepe to death A berry curing the bloudie fluxe A leafe curing the wounds of the poysoned arrowes A leafe curing the head-ache A wood that maketh fish drunke Tobacco 60000. worth of Tabacco in a yeere The comodities most esteemed by the Indians Leaden minds minde nothing but golden Mynes Disorders by mutiny Good to bee doing somewhat to preuent the deuil The high Countroy of Guiana aboundeth with images of Gold The Rocks of the purest white Sparre are Mynes of gold or siluer Many ouer-falâ— in Wiapoco People hauing great eares perhaps these eares are made large by art as diuers East Indians vse The proportion of their Idoll Possession taken for the King at Gomeribo The like possession taken at Arrawary Point Perilow A great argument of plentie in the Countrey A dangerous Boore at Carvipapoory Gomeribo deliuered to an Indian as the Kings tenant The only cause of losse by the voyage Cap. Michael Harecourt left Commander of the company Possession continued 3. yeeres Twentie men left with Captaine Harcourt at Wiapoco The Pinnasse receiued a leake at Caiane R. Meccooria R. Courwo Riuers to the West pf Courwo Ilands called Curowapory They proceed in discouery of Marrawini The Riuer full of ouerfals They went sixe daies iourney vp the Riuer Moyemon Trees which had the sense of feeling These grow both in the East Indies in Guinne See 10. Gomâ—â— 1. l. 9. Scaliger Exercit. 181. sect 28. Bartas Eden 1. day 2. weeke Viawia a Towne of 20. houses M. Vnton Fisher and two others left at Wiawia M. Fisher trauelled eleuen daies iourney vp the Riuer of Morra viz. 100. leagues The Prouince of Moreshegoro Indians with rough skinnes like Buffe Diuers mighty Nations of Indians far vp in Marrawini towards the high Land Riuers falling into Marrawini Twentie daies iourney from Taupuramune to the head of Marraw The Countrie aboue the head of Mar. is plaine and Champian ground The tenth of September they left Guiana They were in danger to bee cast away They finde 3. English ships at Punta de Galea Pitch gotten in the earth which melteth not with the Sunne They arriue at Port de Hispania Don Sanches de Mendosa commeth aboord their ship The Spaniards much molested by the Charibes They depart from Triaidadâ— They arriue at Meues An excellent hot Bath at Meues An extrâ—ame cough cured by the Bath A mans hand burned with Gunpowder and by the Bath cured in 24. houres Swellings in the legges cured in a day They depart from Meues They fell with Fayal They are driuen bya storme into Ireland The number of those that died A beast and a fish like Beefe A beast like Mutton * I found this fairely written amongst M. Hak. papers but know not who was the Author Long eares perhaps made by art with hanging weights thereon as is vsed in the East Indies Waters ouerflowing Great Bats Darke and dangerous passage Stones transparant See A. Kniuet Spaniards killed Spanish deuises of torruâ—es Sir Fr Drakes at Guatulco on the South Sea found a Negro in iron chains 20. yards long senced to be whipped till al his flesh was
aide 5000. foote and 1000. horse at her owne charge to be by them after repayed the first yeares charges in the first yeare of peace the rest in the foure following Flushing and the Ramekins and Brill to remaine â—ers in caution c. Her Maiestie set forth a Booke also for her iustification by the ancient leagues with the Belgian Prouinces for mutuall defence the Spanish crueltie on the poore Belgians and their nefarious deuises against her neither had she any intent in administring these aides but that the Low-Countries might enioy their ancient liberty she and her subiects their securitie and both Nations peaceable commerce And to the end that warre might not first be brought home to her owne doores she set forth a Fleete to finde the Spaniard worke abroad Hereupon Anâ—o 1585. Sir Francis Drake with a Fleete of fiue and twenty saile and 2300. Souldiers and Sailers was set forth from Plimmouth Sep. 12. Christopher Carlile his Lieutenent Generall Anthonie Powell Sergeant Maior Captaine Matthew Morgan and Iohn Samson Corporall of the field Land Captaines Anthonie Plat Edward Winter Iohn Goring Robert Pen George Barton Iohn Merchant William Ceuill Walter Bigs Iohn Haman Richard Stanton Captaine Martin Frobisher Viceadmirall in the Primrose Captaine Francis Knolles Rereadmirall in the Gallion Leicester Captaine Thomas Vennâ—r in the Eliz. Bonaduenture vnder the Generall Captaine Edward Winter in the Aide Christopher Carlile in the Tigre Henry White Captain of the Sea Dragon Thomas Drake Captaine of the Thomas Thomas Seely Captaine of the Minion Captaine Bayly of the Barke Talbot Robert Crosse of the Barke Bond George Fortescue of the Barke Boner Edward Carelesse of the Hope Iames Erizo of the White Lyon Thomas Moone of the Fancis Iohn Riuers of the Vantage Iohn Vaughan of the Drake Iohn Varney of the George Iohn Martin of the Beniamin Richard Gilman of the Scout Richard Hawkins of the Ducke Captaine Bitfield of the Swallow They tooke a Shippe of Saint Sebastians laden with fish entred the Iles of Bayon and sent to the Citie to know whether there were warres betwixt England and Spaine and why the English Merchants and their goods in Spaine were embarged or arrested The Gouernour professed his ignorance in both and that this later was the Kings pleasure After some spoiles done about Vigo they fell with Hierro but the Iland being poore departed without harme Thence they went to the Iles of Cape Verde and at Saint Iago entred betwixt the Towne called Playa or Praya and Saint Iago landed 1000. men and the men being fled entred the Towne and shot off all their Ordnance being 50. peeces answered from the Ships to honour the Queenes day the 17. of Nouember No Treasure was found but Wine Oyle Meale c. They possessed it foureteene dayes Nouember the foure and twentieth they marched to Saint Domingo twelue miles within land and found the people fled After foureteene dayes they departed hauing burned the Towne of Playa none of the inhabitants hauing offered to intercede which seemed to happen from their guiltinesse towards old Master William Hawkins whose men perfidiously they had murthered foure or fiue yeares before against their promise putting off to the West Indies they could not put off the effects of the aire of that Iland which by a Calentura killed two or three hundred of their men The first Iland which they fell with was Dominica the next Saint Christophers and hauing there spent their Christmas they resolued for Hispaniola and hauing receiued intelligence by a Frigot which they tooke in the way they landed nine or ten miles to the Westward of Saint Domingo on New yeares day About noone they approached the Towne vnder the conduct of Master Carlile and 150. horsemen presenting themselues from the Citie being retired they diuided their forces to assault both the Westerne gates at once The Ordnance being discharged on them they ran in to preuent a second charge and entred with them pell mell into the Gates the enemy altering their fight into flight which they made by the North gate Both troopes met in the Market-place and there barricadoed themselues The Castle was abandoned the next night They held the Towne a whole moneth They burned many houses before they could bring the Spaniards to a price for the ransome of the rest for which at last they paid after much spoile 25000. Duckets The pray was not much In the Towne-house were the Kings armes and in the lower part of the scutchion was painted a globe of the Sea and Land a horse standing thereon with his hinder legges the forepart without the globe with this motto ascribed to his mouth Non sufficit Orbis From Saint Domingo they set saile for Carthagena on the Continent landing some Companies with Captaine Carlile fiue miles of which were led on by night the Generall with this Fleete presenting themselues before the chained Port and hauing gotten the Citie held the same six weekes They tooke Alonso Brauo the Gouernour After many houses burned 11000. Duckets were paid for ransome of the rest from burning The Calentura continued killing some being a pestilent spotted Feuer and spoyling others of their strength and memory for a long time The Serena or Euening ayre is said to cause it to them which are then abroad if not of that Countrey so that by holding their watch the English were thus infected This forced them to giue ouer their intended voyage to Nombre de Dios and Panama sailing therefore alongst the coast of Florida they tooke and fired two garrison Townes of the Spaniards Saint Anthonie and Saint Helena and the Fort of Saint Iohn Then passing alongst the Virginian shore they tooke home the English Colonie there remaining with Master Lane their Gouernour sent by Sir Walter Raleigh These are said by Master Camden to haue beene the first bringers in of the vse of Tobacco since so frequently abused by our Nation They arriued at Portsmouth the 28. of Iuly 1586. They got Ordnance of Brasse aboue 200. peeces and about 40. of Iron They prey was valued at 60000. li. English There dyed most of the Calentura 700. persons The industry of the Generall in all places is remakeable whose vigilance and bodily presence and labour in all businesse was much that had he beene in the meanest he had merited the highest place To this is fittest in next place to adde his Cadiz exploit Anno 1587. and the taking of the rich Caracke called Saint Philip. HEr Maiestie being informed of that inuincible Armadas preparing in Spaine which did come and was ouercome the yeare after sent a fleete of 30. saile vnder the command of Sir Francis Drake the Bonaduenture the Lyon the Dread-naught and the Rainbow were out of her Nauy Royall chosen to this seruice The 16. of Aprill two Shippes of Midleborough which came from Cadiz with whom we met in 40. degrees gaue him to vnderstand that there was great
Nations of Indians These liue on the Sea Coast and in a great part of the Land all of one Speech though they differ in some words This is that which the Portugals doe vnderstand it is easie eloquent pleasant and copious the difficultie of it is in hauing many comparisons but of the Portugals almost all those that came from the Kingdome and are seated here and doe communicate with the Indians do know it in a short time and the children of the Portugals borne here doe speake it better then the Portugall as well men as women chiefly in the Captainship of Saint Vincent and with these ten Nations of Indians haue the Fathers communication because they know their Language and they more tame and well inclined These were and are the ancient friends of the Portugals with whose helpe and armes they conquered this Countrie fighting against their owne kindred and diuers other Nations very barbarous and those of this generation were so many that it seemed an impossible thing to extinguish them but the Portugals haue made such haste that they are almost dead and they vse such meanes that they disinhabit the Coast and flie the Land inward some three hundred some foure hundred The first of this Language are called Pitiguaras Lords of Parayba thirtie leagues from Pernambuco and haue the best Brasill woode and are great friends to the Frenchmen and did contract with them vntill now marrying their Daughters with them but now in the yeere 1584. Parayba was taken by Iames Flares his Maiesties Generall driuing out the Frenchmen and he left a Fortresse with 100. Souldiers besides the Portugals which also haue their Captaine and Gouernour one Fructuoso Barbosa that with the principall men of Pernambuco carried an Armie by Land wherewith he ouercame the enemies for from the Sea those of the Armada fought not Neere vnto these liued a great multitude of people which they call Viatan of these there are are none alreadie for they being friends with the Pitaguaras and Kindred the Portugals made them enemies among themselues giuing them to be eaten that by this meanes they might warre against them and hold them for slaues and finally hauing a great dearth the Portugals in stead of releeuing them tooke them Captiues and did send ship-loades to bee sold in other places There was ioyned with this a Magician Portugall Priest that with his deceits conueighed them all to Pernambucò and so ended this Nation The Portugals remained without Neighbours to defend them from the Pitiguaras which vntill now that they were ouercome persecuted the Portugals setting on a sudden vpon their Corne Goods and Sugar-mils burning and killing many of the Portugals because they are verie warlike but now by the goodnesse of God they are freed from this incumbrance Others there be that they call Tupinaba these inhabit from the Riuer Royall till ye come neere the Illeos these were also among themselues contrarie those of the Bay with them of Camamâ— and Intrare Along the Riuer of Saint Francis dwelt another Nation called Caaete and among these were also contrarieties with them of Pernambuco From Illeos or the little Ilands and Port Secure vnto the Holy Ghost inhabited another Nation called Tupinaquin these proceeded from those of Pernambuco and scattered themselues in a Countrie of the Maine multiplying exceedingly but now they are but few These were alwaies great enemies of the things of God hardened in their errours verie reuengefull and would reuenge themselues as soone as they see their enemies and louers of many women of these alreadie are many Christians and they are firme in the faith There is another Nation a kinne to these which runneth off the Maine from Saint Vincent to Pernambuco called Tupiguae these were without number they doe diminish for the Portugals doe goe to seeke them to serue themselues with them and those which escape doe flee verie farre off that they may not be slaues There is another Nation Neighbour to this called Apigapigtanga and Muriapigtanga There is also another Nation contrarie to the Tupinaquins which are called Guaracayo or Itati Another Nation dwelleth in the Holy Ghost called Timimâ—uo they were contrarie to the Tupinaquins but they are now verie few Another Nation which is called Tamuya inhabitors of the Riuer of Ianuarie these the Portugals destroyed when they inhabited the Riuer and of them there be verie few and some that are in the Maine are called Ararape another Nation inhabiteth beyond Saint Vincent about eightie leagues enemies of the Tupinaquins of Saint Vincent of these there are infinite multitudes and doe runne along the Sea Coast and in the Maine vnto the Paraguai which the Castilians doe inhabite all these Nations abouesaid though different and many of them enemies one to another they haue the Language and their conuersion is in hand and they haue a great respect to the Fathers of the company of Iesus and in the Maine they sigh for them and call them Abare and Father desiring they would come to their Countries and conuert them and such is their reputation that some Portugals of badde consciences doe faine themselues Fathers apparelling themselues in Gownes shauing their crownes and telling them they are Abares and that they came to seeke them for the Churches of the Fathers which are theirs aswell as ours Thus they seduce them and assoone as they come to the Sea they diuide them among themselues sell and marke them making first a great slaughter of them in the Countrie robberies and assaults taking away their Daughters and their Wiues c. And if it were not for these and other like hinderances all those of this Language had beene conuerted to our holy Faith There be other contrarie Nations enemies to these of diuers Languages which in a generall name are called Tapuya and they are contrarie also among themselues In the Maine first neighbouring to the Tupinaquins inhabit the Guamures and they occupie some eightie leagues of Coast and toward the Mayne all that they list They are Lords of the wild Woods very great bodied and by the continuance and custome of going through the Woods they haue their skinnes very hard and for this effect they beate their children being young with certaine Thistles to accustome them to goe in the wilde Woods They haue no Husbandrie they liue by rapine and by the point of the Arrow they eate the Mandioca raw and it doth them no hurt they runne verie swiftly and to the White men they come not but on a sudden They vse verie great Bowes they carrie certaine stones made a purpose verie bigge that wheresoeuer they hit they may presently breake the heads in pieces And when they come to fight they hide themselues vnder shrubs and from thence they play their part they are greatly feared there is no power in the world that is able to ouercome them They are great cowards in the fields and dare not
hundred men of the Carios but of the enemies almost innumerable were slaine for there was so great a multitude of them that they spread almost a whole league in length But the Carios sending a messenger to the towne where we were earnestly entreated our Generall that they would come with some supply of Souldiers to helpe them for the Maigenos had so beset them round in a wood that they could neither goe forward nor returne backe againe Which when our Generall vnderstood he presently commandeth the Horses to be made ready and to send away and dispatch one hundred and fiftie Christians but of the Carios assembled a thousand men leauing the rest of the Souldiers in the tents to guard them that wee being absent the Maigenos our enemies might inuade them We went forth therefore with this force to wit the said horse one hundred and fiftie Christians and one thousand Carios to helpe the Carios our friends But so soone as the Maigenos perceiued our comming remouing their tents they committed themselues to flight and albeit we pursued them with as much speede as wee could yet could we neuer ouer take them Returning therefore to our tents we abode there three daies for we had found in this towne of the Maiegenos great plentie of foode and other things Hauing trauailed a continuall iourney of thirteene daies that is to say in our iudgement and theirs who are skilfull in the celestiall motions two and fiftie leagues we came to a Nation whose people are called Carcokies and hauing trauailed further the space of nine daies we came into a certaine little Countrie sixe leagues long and broad which was all so thicke ouerspread with excellent Salt as if it had â—owed Salt in great abundance and this Salt is not corrupted winter nor summer We rested two daies in this Salt Countrie going forward at length after foure daies iourney we came to the foresaid Nation Carcokies But when we were yet foure leagues from their towne our Generall sent fiftie Christians fiftie Carios to prouide vs lodgings Hauing entred the towne we found such an innumerable multitude of men gathered together as in all this iourney we had not seene the like wherefore being very pensiue and carefull aboue measure sending a messenger presently backe vnto our Generall who taking his iourney the very same euening came vnto vs betweene three and foure of the clocke in the morning But the Carcokies supposing there had bin no more men there then we whom they had seene before had now promised themselues the victorie But when they vnderstood that our Generall followed vs with a greater force they were very sad and sorrowfull and performed all friendly offices and kindenesse vnto vs for they could doe none other seeing they were afraid of their wiues children and their towne They brought vs therefore flesh of Deere Geese Hens Sheepe Estridges Conies and whatsoeuer else of this kinde of Venison and also of Birds they had also Turkish Come Wheate Rise and certaine Rootes of all which things there was great plentie in this Countrie The men of this Countrie weare a blew stone in their lippes as broad as a Dye Their weapons are Darts the staues of Speares and round Targets made ef the skins of the Indian Sheepe called Amidas Their women haue a little hole in their lips in the which they put Christall either of a greene or blew colour they haue garments of Cotten like to a shirt but without sleeues they are beautifull enough they doe nothing else but spinne and order things appertaining to the houshold for tillage of the ground and other things necessarie for the maintenance of the familie are looked vnto by the men 48. When we had gone three daies iourney from this towne we came to a certaine Riuer called Machcasies a league and a halfe broad and when we saw not how we might passe safely ouer without danger at length we found out this meanes that for euery two persons wee should make a Boate of twigs and timber whereon being carried downe the Riuer they might come to the other side of the banke but in this passage foure of our men were drowned This Riuer hath most sauourie Fish Many Tygars also are found about these places and this Riuer is but foure leagues onely distant from the towne Machcasies The Inhabitants comming forth to meete vs entertained vs curteously speaking to vs in the Spanish tongue whereat being astonished and sore afraid at the first wee demanded of them to what Lord they were subiect and who was their supreame Gouernour They therefore answered vs and our Captaine that they were subiect to a certaine Noble man in Spaine whose name was Petro Ausuetes Entring into this Towne we found certaine men and women and little Infants also swarming with very little vermin like our fleas These little vermin if they lay hold of the toes of the feete or any other part of the body they gnaw and enter alwaies more and more deepely in and at length become wormes such as are found in our filberds yet if it be done in time this mischiefe may be preuented that it shall not hurt but if deferring the cure it be neglected at length by eating and gnawing it consumeth and corrupteth whole toes From the often named Citie of the Assumption of Mary to this Towne are numbered according to the account of the Astronomers three hundred seuentie two leagues And when we had staied there about twentie daies a Letter was brought vs from a Citie of the Kingdome of Peru called Lima where the Viceroy or Lieutenant of Caesars Maiestie who at that time was Liecutiatus Lagasca had an house The Letter contained that our Generall Martin Don Fiottas should goe no further forward vpon paine of death but abiding in the Towne Machcasies should expect his further commandement But after this our Generall sent away foure persons to the Gonernor to Peru. These foure persons iournying sixe weekes in Peru came first to that Nation called Potasi next to another called Rueskem The third Nation to which they came was called Plata and the fourth which was the Metropolis or the chiefe Citie was called Lima. 49. This also is worthie of obseruation That the Countrie of Machcasies is so fruitfull that we neither found not saw any like it in fruitfulnesse in all this our Iourney For if an Indian going forth into the Wood make an hole or a cleft in the first tree that commeth to hand smiting an Hatchet into it fiue or sixe measures of so pure Honie flowe out as if it were sweete Wine or Muskadell The Bees that make this Honie are without stings and are very small This Honie being eaten with Bread or mingled with other food yeeldeth pleasant meate They make also Drinke thereof or Wine of the same taste that Muskadell hath but sweeter Our Generall Eyollas so wrought with the people that wee could stay no longer here
by reason of the want of prouision For we had scarce victuall for one moneth In performing this Iourney we spent a yeere and an halfe doing nothing else but making continuall warre And in this Iourney we had brought into our subiection about twelue thousand men women and children who were compelled to serue vs as bond-slaues as I for mine owne person did possesse about fiftie men women and children 50. Wee with our Generall Martin Don Eyollas came vnto the Citie Assumption but Abriego a Captaine which had rebelled against Captaine Mendoza and slaine him would neither open the Citie to our Generall nor yeeld it vp vnto him nor acknowledge him for Generall and his Gouernour But the said Diego Abriego being forced to forsake the Citie with fiftie Christians who ioyned themselues with him fled thirtie leagues from vs so that we could atchieue nothing against him This warre continued two whole yeeres space betweene vs the two Captaines so opposing themselues one against the other that neither was safe from danger of other 51. In the meane season while these things were thus done I receiued Letters out of Spaine and shewed to Martin Don Eyollas I presently desired a friendly and curteous dismission from him I tooke my Iourney in the name of God vpon Saint Stephens Day which was the sixe and twentieth of December in the yeere 1552. and departing from the Assumption of Marie carried vpon the Riuer of Plate with my twentie Indians in two Canoas or Boats when wee had now gone sixe and fortie leagues we first arriued at a certaine Towne called Iuberic Sabaie In that Towne foure others also together with two Portugals ioyned themselues with vs hauing gone fifteene leagues we came to a Towne called Gaberetho After this hauing gone sixteene leagues further in foure dayes we came to a certaine Village called Barotij Whence departing againe hauing gone foure and fiftie leagues in nine dayes wee came to a Towne called Barede where staying two dayes we sought prouision and Boats to carrie vs for wee were to goe one hundred leagues vp the Riuer Parana by Boat At length being brought to a certaine Towne called Gingie wee abode there foure dayes And thus farre the Countrie and Empire of Caesars Maiestie extendeth it selfe all which places in former time were subiect to the People Carios 52. After this therefore all the Nation Toupin beginneth the Countrie and Iurisdiction of the Portugall and we were compelled leauing Parana and our Boats to trauell by land vnto these Toupin which continued sixe whole moneths in which Iourney we were to goe ouer Desarts Mountaines and Valleyes and for the feare waxed of wilde and rauening beasts we durst not safely take our sleepe c. Wee wandred eight whole dayes through Woods and Thickets so that although hauing trauelled farre and wide yet in all my life time I had neuer gone so rough troublesome and tedious a way nor had we any thing which we might eate so that wee were compelled to sustaine our selues with Honie and Roots wheresoeuer we could get them and for the danger also to wit that we feared lest our enemies would pursue vs we had not so much time as to take any venison After this wee came to a Nation called Biesaie where staying foure dayes wee prouided our selues againe of victuall but durst not come neere their Towne because we were so few In this Countrie there is a Riuer called Vrquam wherein we saw Water-snakes and Serpents called Tuesca in the Spanish Tongue Scheue Eyba which were sixteene paces long and foure fathome thicke These Serpents doe much hurt for if a man wash himselfe in that Riuer or any beast swim ouer forthwith such a Serpent swimming to them windeth his tayle about the man or beast and drawing them vnder water deuoureth them Proceeding further hence we trauelled about one hundred leagues in a continued Iourney of a whole moneths space and at length came into a large Towne called Scheuetveba and rested there three dayes Going againe further we came into a certaine Towne of Christians whose Captaine was Iohn Reinueill 53. Moreouer proceeding further thence we came to the Towne of Saint Uincent From the Citie of the Assumption of Marie to the Towne of Saint Uincent in Brasill are reckoned three hundred and seuentie leagues Setting sayle from the Towne of Saint Uincent on Saint Iohn Baptists Day which was the foure and twentieth of Iune in the yeere of our Lord 1553. wee arriued at Lisbon the third of September in the yeere 1553. and while wee abode fourteene dayes there two of my Indians died which I brought with me out of those Countries I had thought here to haue added the Voyages of Iohannes Stadius another German which serued the Portugals in Brasill about Schmidels later time published in Theodore de Bry and had the same by me translated But contayning little light for the Countrie and People and relating in manner onely his owne Tragedies in his taking by the Sauages and often perils of being eaten by them as some of his friends were before his face with other like Sauage arguments wherewith wee haue glutted you alreadie I being alreadie too voluminous haue omitted the same and hasten to other Relations CHAP. V. The Obseruations of Sir RICHARD HAWKINS Knight in his Voyage into the South Sea An. Dom. 1593. once before published now reuiewed and corrected by a written Copie illustrated with notes and in diuers places abbreuiated §. I. What happened in this Voyage before they came neere the Aequinoctiall Line with diuers accidentall Discourses vsefull for Nauigators WIth the Counsels consent and helpe of my Father Sir Iohn Hawkins Knight I resolued a Voyage to be made for the Ilands of Iapan of the Philippinas and Moluccas the Kingdome of China and East Indies by the way of the. Straites of Magelan and the South Sea For this purpose in the end of the yeere 1588. returning from the Iourney against the Spanish Armado I caused a Ship to bee builded in the Riuer of Thames betwixt three and foure hundred tunnes which was finished in that perfection as could be required For shee was pleasing to the eye profitable for stowage good of sayle and well conditioned On the day of her lanching shee was named The Repentance The Repentance being put in perfection and riding at Detford the Queenes Maiestie passing by her to her Palace of Greâ—nwich commanded her Barge-men to rowe round about her and viewing her from Post to Stemme disliked nothing but her Name and said that shee would Christen her a new and that thenceforth shee should bee called the Daintie which name shee brooked as well for her proportion and grace as for the many happie Voyages shee made in her Maiesties seruices Hauing taken for her Maiestie a great Bysten of fiue hundred tunnes loden with Iron and other Commodities vnder the conduct of Sir Martin Furbusher A Carack bound for the East
it dulleth and blindeth the vnderstanding and consequently depraueth any man of true valour For that hee is disenabled to iudge and apprehend the occasion which may bee offered to assault and retire in time conuenient the raynes of reason being put into the hands of passion and disorder For after I was wounded this nimium bred great disorder and inconuenience in our ship the pot continually walking infused desperate and foolish hardinesse in many who blinded with the fume of the liquor considered not of any danger but thus and thus would stand at hazard some in vaine glory vaunting themselues some other rayling vpon the Spaniards another inuiting his companion to come and stand by him and not to budge a foote from him which indiscreetly they put in execution and cost the liues of many a good man slaine by our enemies Muskettiers who suffered not a man to shew himselfe but they presently ouerthrew him with speed and watchfulnesse For preuention of the second errour although I had great preparation of Armour as well of proofe as of light Corselets yet not a man would vse them but esteemed a pot of wine a better defence then an armour of proofe which truly was great madnesse and a lamentable fault worthy to be banished from amongst all reasonable people and well to be weighed by all Commanders For if the Spaniard surpasseth vs in any thing it is in his temperance and suffering and where he hath had the better hand of vs it hath beene for the most part through our owne folly for that wee will fight vnarmed with him being armed And although I haue heard many men maintaine that in shipping armour is of little profit all men of good vnderstanding will condemne such desperate ignorance For besides that the sleightest armour secureth the parts of a mans bodie which it couereth from pike sword and all hand weapons it likewise giueth boldnesse and courage a man armed giueth a greater and a weightier blow then a man vnarmed he standeth faster and with greater difficultie is to be ouerthrowne And I neuer read but that the glistering of the armour hath beene by Authors obserued for that as I imagine his show breedeth terrour in his contraries and despaire to himselfe if he be vnarmed And therefore in time of warre such as deuote themselues to follow the profession of Armes by Sea or by Land ought to couet nothing more then to bee well armed for as much as it is the second meanes next Gods protection for preseruing and prolonging many mens lines Wherin the Spanish nation deserueth commendation aboue others euery one from the highest to the lowest putting their greatest care in prouiding faire and good Armes Hee which cannot come to the price of a Corslet will haue a coate of Mayle a Iacket at least a Buffe-ierkin or a priuie Coate And hardly will they bee found without it albeit they liue and serue for the most part in extreame hot Countries Whereas I haue knowne many bred in cold Countries in a moment complaine of the waight of their Armes that they smoother them and then cast them off chusing rather to be shot through with a bullet or lanched through with a pike or thrust through with a sword then to endure a little trauaile and suffering But let mee giue these lazie ones this lesson that hee that will goe a warfare must resolue himselfe to fight and he that putteth on this resolution must be contented to endure both heate and weight first for the safeguard of his life and next for subduing of his enemy both which are hazarded and put into great danger if hee fight vnarmed with an enemy armed Now for mine owne opinion I am resolued that armour is more necessary by Sea then by Land yea rather to be excused on the shoare then in the ship My reason is for that on the shoare the bullet onely hurteth but in the ship I haue seene the splinters kill and hurt many at once and yet the shot to haue passed without touching any person As in the Galeon in which I came out of the Indies in Anno 1597. in the rode of Tarcera when the Queenes Maiesties ships vnder the charge of the Earle of Essex chased vs into the roade with the splinters of one shot were slaine maymed and sore hurt at the least a dozen persons the most part whereof had beene excused if they had beene armed And doubtlesse if these errours had beene forescene and remedied by vs many of those who were slaine and hurt had beene on foot and wee enabled to haue sustained and maintained the fight much better and longer and perhaps at last had freed our selues For if our enemy had come to boord with vs our close fights were such as wee were secure and they open vnto vs. And what with our Cubridge heads one answering the other our hatches vpon bolts our brackes in our Deckes and Gunner roome it was impossible to take vs as long as any competent number of men had remained twentie persons would haue sufficed for defence and for this such ships are called Impregnable and are not to be taken but by surrender nor to be ouercome but with boording or sinking as in vs by experience was verified and not in vs alone but in the Reuenge of the Queenes Maiestie which being compassed round about with all the Armado of Spaine and boorded sundry times by many at once is said to haue sunke three of the Armado by her side A third and last cause of the losse of sundry of our men most worthy of note for all Captaines owners and Carpenters was the race building of our ship the onely fault shee had and now adayes held for a principall grace in any ship but by the experience which I haue had it seemeth for sundry reasons verie preiudiciall for ships of Warre For in such those which tackle the sayles of force must bee vpon the deckes and are open without shelter or any defence yet here it will bee obiected That for this inconuenience waste clothes are prouided and for want of them it is vsuall to lace a bonnet or some such shadow for the men worthily may it bee called a shadow and one of the most pernitious customes that can bee vsed for this shadow or defence being but of linnen or woollen cloth emboldneth many who without it would retire to better securitie whereas now thinking themselues vnseene they become more bold then otherwise they would and thereby shot through when they least thinke of it Some Captaines obseruing this errour haue sought to remedie it in some of his Maiesties ships not by altering the building but by deuising a certaine defence made of foure or fiue inch planks of fiue foot high and sixe foote broad running vpon wheeles and placed in such parts of the ship as are most open These they name Blenders and made of Elme for the most part for that it shiuers not with a
contrary to that which the Christians doe And thus they answered the Christians in their language and did the like to others in a language which was among them which we vnderstood and those that vse it wee call Pringaitu which wee had found vsed for aboue the space of foure hundred leagues of the Countrey where we trauelled so that we found no other language for the space of foure hundred leagues and more Finally it was not possible for vs to make those Indians beleeue that we were any of those other Christians yet with much adoe and through our perswasion we made them returne vnto their houses commanding them to rest satisfied and bring backe their people to sowe and till the ground which because it was so desolate became now full of woods albeit of it owne nature surely it were the best Countrey and more fertile and abundant then any in all those Indies for they sowe three times in the yeare and haue many fruites and many goodly Riuers and other very good waters There are many signes and great tokens of Mines of Gold and Siluer The people are very well conditioned and serue the Christians that are their friends with a very good will they are much better disposed then the people of Mexico and finally it wanteth nothing to make it an absolute Countrey The Indians being dispatched they told vs that they would doe as much as they had commanded and bring backe their people if the Christians would suffer them to continue whereupon I said and certainely affirmed that if they did it not the Christians should be much to blame And after wee had sent them away the Christians sent vs with an Alcado named Zebrero and with him three other Christians whereby it appeareth how much the imaginations of men were deceiued in that we went to seeke liberty among the Christians and when wee had thought to haue found it the qâ—ite contrary befell vs and by seperating vs from the conuersation of the Indians they brought vs through desolate Mountaines because we should not see what they did nor their euill vsage for they had determined to goe to assault the Indians whom wee sent away secured and in peace and so they did as they imagined they brought vs two dayes through those Mountaines without water and without any beaten way or path insomuch as we thought we should haue burst for thirst whereof seuen of our men died many friends which the Christians brought with them could not come till the next day at noone where we found water and we trauailed with them about fiue and twenty leagues at the end whereof we came vnto a people of the Indians which were in peace and there the Alcado who brought vs left vs and went three leagues further to a people called Culiazzan where Melchior Diaz the Sergeant Maior and Captaine of that Prouince abode As soone as he knew of our comming hee presently came the same night to finde vs out and lamented much with vs highly praising our Lord God for his exceeding mercy towards vs and spake vnto vs and vsed vs very well and in the behalfe of the Gouernour Nunnez di Guzâ—an and himselfe offered vs whatsoeuer hee had or could procure and began to speake much of the euill vsage wherewith Alcaraz and the rest had vsed vs so that we held it for certaine that if hee had bin there that which was done vnto vs had not bin done and that night being passed we departed for Auhacan and the Sergeant Maior intreated vs earnestly to stay there and that wee might doe great seruâ—â—e vnto our Lord God and to your Maiestie because the Countrie was desolate without manuring and altogether destroyed and the Indians went and hid themselues flying through the Mountaines vnwilling to come and stay with their people and that we should send to call them and command them in the name of our Lord God and of your Maiesty to come and inhabit the Plain and till the Countrie But this seemed a troublesome matter vnto vs to put it in execution because wee had not any of our Indians or those who were wont to accompany vs to helpe and further vs in such like offices Notwithstanding we thought good to proue two of our Indians which we had prisoners there who were of the same Country and were found with the Christians when we first came among them and saw the people that accompanied vs vnderstood by them the great authority dominion which we had had throughout all those Countries the miraculous things which we had done in healing the diseased and many other things and with these we sent others of the same people which were also with them to call the Indians that abode in the Mountains those of the riuer Patachan where we had found the Christians And we willed them to tell them that they should come vnto vs because we would speake with them and so secure them that went and the other who should come we gaue them a great gourd of those which we caried in our hands which was a principall token and speciall argument of great state and with this they went and trauailed seuen daies and in the end came and brought with them three Lords of those who had fled into the Mountaines who were accompanied with fifteene men who brought vs Crownes Turkies and plumes of Feathers and the messengâ—â—â— told vs that they had not found them of the Riuer from whence we came because the Christians had caused them to flye into the Mountaines So Melchior Diaz willed the Interpreter to speake vnto those Indians in our behalfe and say vnto them that we were come from God who abideth in heauen and had tranailed through the world nine yeares saying vnto all them that we found that they should beleeue in God and serue him because he is Lord of all the things in the world and that he giueth a reward and paiment vnto the good and perpetuall punishment of hell fire vnto the wicked and that when the good men dye he taketh them vp into heauen where afterwards they shall neuer dye any more nor suffer hunger or cold or endure any other necessitie but finde there greater glory then can be imagined And they who will not beleeue nor obay him shall be throwne downe vnder the earth in the company of Diuels into an exceeding huge fire which neuer shall haue end but continually and eternally torment them And besides that if they will become Christians and serue God after the manner that we will tell them the Christians shall hold them for brethren and vse them very well and that we would command that they should not doe them any hurt nor take their Counyrie from them but become their good friends And if they would not doe it the Christians should vse them very cruelly and carry them for slaues into farre and remote Countries To this they answered the Interpreter that they would become very good
at the Riuer Bamba when hee entred the same which is in the Prouince of Quito and that he had flung into the Ditches moe then two hundred persons and there they stayed warring on all the Countrie Soone after he entred into the Prouince of Bitu or Anzerma in making cruell warre with fire and bloud till they came as farre as vnto the Salt-houses And from thence he sent Francis Garcia before him to pillage who made cruell warre on the naturall Inhabitants of the Countrie as he had done before him The Indians came vnto him two and two making signes that they demanded peace on the behalfe of the whole Countrie alledging that they would affoord him all that he could reasonably demand were it Gold or Women or Uictuals onely that they would not kill them as indeed it was a troth For themselues afterwards confessed it to bee so But the said Francis Garcia bid them get them packing telling them moreouer that they were a sort of drunkards and that hee vnderstood them not and so returned hee to the place where the said Captaine was and they made a complot to ouerrunne all the Prouince making cruell warre on all the Countrie in spoyling robbing and slaying all and with the Souldiers which hee brought with him drew thence moe then two thousand soules and all those died in the chaine Before departing the place which hee had peopled they slue more then fiue hundred persons And so returned to the Prouince of Calili And by the way if any Iode or Indesse were weary in such sort that they could not passe any further they did incontinently head them paring it off from the shoulders euen with the chaine to the end not to take the paines to open the locke thereof and to the end that others which went the same way should not make wise to bee sicke and by this meanes died they all and in the high-wayes were left all those people which hee made his purchase of out of Quito and of Pasto and of Quilla Cangua and of Paxa and of Popayan and of Lili and of Cali and of Anzerma and a great number of people died Also immediatly vpon their returne to the great Citie they entred into it slaying all that they could taking in that day moe then three hundred persons c. AMong diuers the remedies by Friar De las Casas Bishop of the Royal Towne called Chiapa propounded in the assemblie of sundry Prelates named Parsons by his Maiesties commandement gathered together in the Towne of Valladolid the yeere of our Lord 1542. for order and reformation to be obserued in the Indies the eighth in order was this ensuing which consisteth vpon twentie reasons and motions The eight Remedie is among all other principall and most in force as without which all the rest are to no purpose for that they all haue relation thereunto as euery motion to his proper end in whatsoeuer toucheth or is of any importance vnto your Maiestie which no man can expresse in as much as thereupon dependeth at the least the whole losse or preseruation of the Indies And the remedie that I speake of is this that your Maiestie doe determine decree command and solemnely in your soueraigne Courts ordaine by pragmaticall Sactions and Royall Statutes that all the Indies as well already subdued as hereafter to be subdued may be inserted reduced and incorporate into the Royall Crowne of Castile and Leon to be holden in chiefe of your Maiestie as free subiects and vassals as they are Likewise that they be not giuen in commendam vnto the Spaniards but that it stand as an inuiolable constitution determination and Royall Law that they neuer neither at this time neither hereafter in time to come may bee alienated or taken from the said Royall Crowne neither that they be giuen commanded demised in fee farme by depost commandement or alienation either vnder any other title or manner whatsoeuer and be dismembred from the Royall Crowne for any whatsoeuer the seruice or desert of any either vpon any necessitie that may happen or for any cause or colour whatsoeuer that may be pretended For the inuiolable obseruation or establishment of which Law your Maiestie shall formally sweare by your Faith and on your Word and Royall Crowne and by all other sacred things whereby Christian Princes doe vsually sweare that at no time neither your selfe neither your successours in these ten Dominions or in the Indies so farre as in you shall lie shall reuoke the same and you shall further set downe in expresse words in your Royall Will and Testament that this decree be euer kept maintayned and vpholden also that so farre as in your selfe or in them shall lie they shall confirme and continue the same And for proofe of the necessitie hereof there bee twenty reasons to be alledged out of which twenty we haue drawne and put in writing so many as may seeme to serue to our purpose The Spaniards through their great auarice and couetousnesse to get doe not permit any religious persons to enter into their Townes and Holds which they possesse alledging that they receiue double losse by them One and the principall is that religious persons doe keepe the Indies occupied when they gather them together to their Sermons so as in the meane time their worke is omitted while the Indians being idle labour not yea it hath so fallen out that the Indians being in the Church at the Sermon the Spaniard comming in in the face of al the people hath taken fifty or an hundred or so many as he hath needed to carrie his baggage and stuffe and such as would not goe he hath loden with stripes spurning them forth with his feet thereby to the great griefe both of the Indians and of the religious persons troubling and molesting all that were present c. The Spaniards are charged to instruct the Indians in our holy Catholike Faith whereupon on a time when we examined Iohn Colmenere of Saint Martha a fantasticall ignorant and foolish man who had gotten a great Towne in commendam and had a charge of soules he could not tell how to blesse himselfe and asking him what doctrine he taught the Indians committed to his charge he said he gaue them to the Deuill also that it was enough for him to say Per signim sanctin Cruces How can the Spaniards that trauell to the Indies how noble or valiant soeuer they be haue any care of the soules when the most of them are ignorant of their Creede and ten Commandements and knowe not the matters pertayning to their owne saluation neither doe trauell to the Indies for any other purpose but to satisfie their owne desires and couetous affections being for the most part vicious corrupt vnhonest and disordinate persons so as hee that would weigh them in an equall ballance and compare them with the Indians should finde the Indians without comparison more vertuous and holy then them For the Indians what Infidels
Predecessors could neuer attaine vnto without great cost labour and cares and oftentimes with the losse and destruction of diuers Which when the Bishop of Chiapa vnderstood hee determined also to write an Apologie in the vulgar tongue against the said Doctors summarie in defence of the Indies therein impugning and vndermining his foundations and answering all reasons or whatsoeuer the Doctor could alleage for himselfe therein displaying and setting before the peoples face the dangers inconueniences and harmes in the said doctrine contained Thus as many things passed on both sides his Maiestie in the yeere 1550. called to Valadolid an Assembly of learned men as well Diuines as Lawyers who beeing ioyned with the Royall counsaile of the Indies should argue and among them conclude whether it were lawfull without breach of Iustice to leuie warres commonly tearmed conquests against the Inhabitants of those Countries without any new offence by them committed their infidelity excepted Doctor Sepulueda was summoned to come and say what he could and being entred the Counsaile Chamber did at the first Session vtter his whole minde Then was the said Bishop likewise called who for the space of fiue dayes continually did reade his Apologie but being somewhat long the Diuines and Lawyers there assembled besought the Learned and Reuerend Father Dominicke Soto his Maiesties Confessor and a Dominican Friar who was there present to reduce it into a Summary and to make so many Copies as there were Lords that is fourteene to the end they all hauing studied vpon the matter might afterward in the feare of God say their mindes The said Reuerend Father and Master Soto set downe in the said Summary the Doctors reasons with the Bishops answeres to the same Then had the Doctour at his request a Copie deliuered him to answere out of which Summarie he gathered twelue against himselfe whereto he made twelue answeres against which answeres the Bishop framed twelue Replyes Doctor Sepulued a his Prologue to the Lords of the Assembly beganne thus Most worthy and Noble Lords sith your Lordships and Graces haue as Iudges for the space of fiue or sixe dayes heard the Lord Bishop of Chiapa reade that Booke whereinto he hath many yeeres laboured to gather all the reasons that either himselfe or others could inuent to proue the conquest of the Indies to be vniust as seeking first to subdue barbarous Nations before we preach the Gospell vnto them which haue beene the vsuall course correspondent to the grant made by Pope Alexander the sixt which all Kings and Nations haue hitherto taken and obserued it is meete and I doe so desire you that I who take vpon me to defend the grant and authority of the Apostolike Sea together with the equitie and honour of our Kings and Nation c. Out of which Replies here followeth the Abstract of two that stand vs insteed The report is vntrue that the Indians did yeerely sacrifice in New Spaine twenty thousand persons either one hundred or fiftie For had that beene so we could not now haue found there so much people and therefore the Tyrants haue inuented it thereby to excuse and iustifie their Tyrannies also to detaine so many of the Indians as escaped the oppression and desolation of the first Vintage in bondage and tyrannie But we may more truely say that the Spaniards during their abode in the Indies haue yeerely sacrificed to their so deerely beloued and reuerend Goddesse Couetousnesse more people then the Indians haue done in a hundred yeeres This doe the Heauens the Earth the Elements and the Starres both testifie and bewaile the Tyrants yea the very Ministers of these mischiefes cannot deny it For it is euident how greatly these Countries at our first entrie swarmed with people as also how wee haue now laid it waste and dispeopled the same wee might euen blush for shame that hauing giuen ouer all feare of God wee will yet neuer the lesse seeke to colour and excuse these our so execrable demeanours considering that only for getting wealth and riches we haue in fortie fiue or fortie eight yeeres wasted and consumed more Land then all Europe yea and part of Asia doe in length and breath containe robbing and vsurping vpon that with all crueltie wrong and tyrannie which we haue seene well inhabited with humane people among whom there haue beene slaine and destroyed twentie Millions of soules In the twelfth and last Reply as followeth The Spaniards haue not entred into India for any desire to exalt Gods honour or for zeale to Christian Religion either to fauour and procure the saluation of their Neighbours no neither for their Princes seruice whereof they doe so vainely bragge but Couetousnesse hath brought them and Ambition hath allured them to the perpetuall dominion ouer the Indies which they as Tyrants and Deuils doe couet to bee parted among them and to speake plainly and flatly doe seeke no other but to expell and driue the Kings of Castile out of all that World and themselues seizing thereupon by Trannie to vsurpe and take vpon them all Royall Souereigntie CHAP. V. Notes of Voyages and Plantations of the French in the Northerne America both in Florida and Canada OF the French Plantation in that part of Brafill by Uillagaynon which therefore Frier Thenet called France Antarctike you haue seene alreadie in Lerius Besides the French haue almost from the first beginnings of the Spanish Plantation with men of warre haunted those Coasts and taken many Spanish prises The French haue also made other Discoueries and setled some habitation for a time in the Northerne parts of the New World Iohn Uerrazano a Florentine was sent Anno 1524. by King Francis the first and Madame Regent his Mother who is said to haue discouered from the eight and twentieth to the fiftieth degree all which and much more had long before beene discouerd by Sir Sebastian Cabot for the King of England who was the first that set foote on the American Continent in behalfe of any Christian Prince Anno 1496. or as otheâ—rs 1497. and therefore the French reckoning falleth short some of which Nation vpon Verazanos Discouery challenge I know not what right to all that Coast and make their New France neere as great as all Europe To leaue that we are to do them Historicall right in relating their actions in those parts The Rites and Customes of Florida are related at large by Renâ— Laudonniere by Master Hakluyt translated and in his Workes published Laudonniere was sent by that famous Admirall Chastillon with Iohn Ribalt Anno 1562. who arriued at Cape François in Florida in thirtie degrees and there erected a Pillar with the French Armes The Riuer they called the Riuer of May hauing entred it on May day In the Woods they found great store of red and white Mulberie Trees and on their tops an infinite number of Silk-wormes Eight other Riuers they discouered to which they gaue the names of Seine Somme Loyre Cherente
the North the Land is mountainous and so in a manner from thence by a South-west Line So that the more Southward the farther off from the Bay are those Mountaines From which fall certaine Brookes which after come to fiue principall Nauigable Riuers These runne from the North-west in to the South-east and so into the West side of the Bay where the fall of euery Riuer is within twentie or fifteene miles one of another The Mountaines are of diuers natures for at the head of the Bay the Rockes are of a composition like Mil-stones Some of Marble c. And many pieces of Christall we found as throwne downe by water from the Mountaines For in Winter these Mountaines are couered with much Snow and when it dissolueth the waters fall with such violence that it causeth great inundations in the narrow Vallies which yet is scarce perceiued being once in the Riuers These waters wash from the Rockes such glistering tinctures that the ground in some places seemeth as gilded where both the Rockes and the Earth are so splendent to behold that better iudgements then ours might haue beene p 〈…〉 swaded they contained more then probabilities The vesture of the Earth in most places doth manifestly proue the nature of the soile to be lustie and very rich The colour of the Earth we found in diuers places resembleth Bole Armoniac terra sigillata ad lemnia Fullâ—rs Earth Marle and diuers other suâ—h appearances But generally for the most part the Earth is a blacke sandie mould in some places a fat slimie clay in other places a very barren grauell But the best best ground is knowne by the vesture it beareth as by the greatnesse of Trees or abundance of Weeds c. The Countrie is not mountainous nor yet low but such pleasant plaine Hils and fertile Vallies one pretily crossing another and watered so conueniently with their sweete Brookes and Christall Springs as if Art it selfe had deuised them By the Riuers are many plaine Marishes contayning some twentie some one hundred some two hundred Acres some more some lesse Other Plaines there are few but only where the Sauages inhabit but all ouer-growne with Trees and Weeds being a plaine Wildernesse as God first made it On the West side of the Bay we said were fiue faire and delightfull nauigable Riuers of which we will now proceed to report The first of those Riuers and the next to the mouth of the Bay hath his course from the West and by North. The name of this Riuer they call Powhatan according to the name of a principall Countrie that lieth vpon it The mouth of this Riuer is neere three miles in breadth yet doe the shoales force the Channell so neere the Land that a Sacre will ouer-shoot it at Point blanke This Riuer is nauigable one hundred and fiftie miles as the Channell goeth the shoales and soundings are heere needlesse to be expressed It falleth from Rockes farre West in a Countrie inhabited by a Nation that they call Monacan But where it commeth into our Discouerie it is Powhatan In the farthest place that was diligently obserued are Falles Rockes Shoales c. which makes it past nauigation any higher Thence in the running downeward the Riuer is enriched with many goodly Brookes which are maintained by an infinite number of small Rundles and pleasant Springs that disperse themselues for best seruice as doe the veines of a mans bodie From the South there fals into this Riuer First the pleasant Riuer of Apamatuck next more to the East are the two Riuers of Quiyoughcohanocke A little farther is a Bay wherein falleth three or foure pretie Brookes and Creekes that halfe intrench the Inhabitants of Warraskoyac then the Riuer of Nandsamund and lastly the Brooke of Chisaptack From the North side is the Riuer of Chickahamania the backe Riuer of Iames Townes another by the Cedar I le where we liued ten weekes vpon Oisters then a conuenient Harbour for fisher-boats or small Boats at Kecoughtan that so conueniently turneth it selfe into Bayes and Creekes that make that place very pleasant to inhabit their Corne fields being girded therein in a manner as Peninsulaes The most of these Riuers are inhabited by seuerall Nations or rather Families of the name of the Riuers They haue also in euery of those places some Gouernour as their King which they call Werowances In a Peninsula on the North side of this Riuer are the English planted in a place by them called Iames Towne in honour of the Kings most excellent Maiestie vpon which side are also many places vnder the Werowances The first and next the Riuers mouth are the Cecoughtans who besides their women and children haue not past twentie fighting men The Paspaheges on whose Land is seated the English Colonie some fortie miles from the Bay haue not past fortie The Riuer called Chickahamania neere two hundred The Weanocks one hundred The Arrowhatocks thirtie The place called Powhatan some fortie On the South side this Riuer the Appamatucks haue sixtie fighting men The Quiyougcohanocks fiue and twentie The Warraskoyacks fortie The Nandsamunds two hundred The Chesapeacks are able to make one hundred Of this last place the Bay beareth the name In all these places is a seuerall Commander which they call Werowance except the Chickhamanians who are gouerned by the Priests and their Assistants of their Elders called Caw-cawwassoughes In Summer no place affoordeth more plentie of Sturgeon nor in Winter more abundance of Fowle especially in the time of Frost There was once taken fiftie two Sturgeons at a draught at another draught sixtie eight From the latter end of May till the end of Iune are taken but young Sturgeons of two foot or a yard long From thence till the midst of September of two or three yards long and few others And in foure or fiue houres with one Net were ordinarily taken seuen or eight often more seldome lesse In the small Riuers all the yeere there is-good plentie of small fish so that with Hookes those that would take paines had sufficient Fourteene miles Northward from the Riuer Powhatan is the Kiuer Pamaunke which is nauigable sixtie miles but with Catches and small Barkes twentie or thirtie miles farther At the ordinary flowing of salt water it diuideth it selfe into two gallant branches On the South inhabit the people of Youghtanund who haue about sixtie men for warres On the North branch Mattapament who haue thirtie men Where this Riuer is diuided the Countrie is called Panamaunke and nourisheth neere three hundred able men About fiue and twentie miles lower on the North side of this Riuer is Werawocomoco where their great King inhabited when Captaine Smith was deliuered him prisoner yet there are not past fortie able men But now he hath abandoned that and liueth at Orapakes by Youghtanund in the Wildernesse tenne or twelue miles lower on the South side of this Riuer is Chiskiack which hath
at the Church a little within Ludgate London SIR IT was the nineteenth of May before I was fitted for my discouery when from Monahiggan I set sayle in an open Pinnace of fiue tun for the Iland I told you of I passed alongst the Coast where I found some antient Plantations not long since populous now vtterly void in other places a remnant remaines but not free of sicknesse Their disease the Plague for wee might perceiue the sores of some that had escaped who described the spots of such as vsually die When I arriued at my Sauages natiue Country finding all dead I trauelled alongst adaies iourney Westward to a place called Nummastaquyt where finding Inhabitants I dispatched a Messenger a dayes iourney further West to Poconaokit which bordereth on the Sea whence came to see me two Kings attended with a guard of fiftie armed men who being well satisfied with that my Sauage and I discoursed vnto them being desirous of noueltie gaue mee content in whasoeuer I demanded where I found that former relations were true Here I redeemed a Frenchman and afterwards another at Mastachusit who three yeeres since escaped shipwracke at the North-east of Cape Cod. I must amongst many things worthy obseruation for want of leisure therefore hence I passe not mentioning any place where we touched in the way to the Iland which wee discouered the twelfth of Iune Here we had good quarter with the Sauages who likewise confirmed former reports I found seuen seuerall places digged sent home of the earth with samples of other commodities elsewhere found sounded the Coast and the time being farre spent bare vp for Monahiggan arriuing the three and tieth of Iune where wee found our Ship ready to depart To this I le are two other neere adioyning all which I called by the name of King Iames his Iles because from thence I had the first motiues to search For that now probable passage which may hereafter be both honourable and profitable to his Maiestie When I had dispatched with the ships ready to depart I thus concluded for the accomplishing my businesse In regard of the fewnesse of my men not being able to leaue behind mee a competent number for defence and yet sufficiently furnish my selfe I put most of my prouisions aboord the Sampson of Cape Ward ready bound for Virginia from whence hee came taking no more into the Pinnace then I thought might serue our turnes determining with Gods helpe to search the Coast along and at Virginia to supply our selues for a second discouery if the first failed But as the best actions are commonly hardest in effecting and are seldome without their crosses so in this we had our share and met with many difficulties for wee had not sayled aboue forty leagues but wee were taken with a Southerly storme which draue vs to this strait eyther we must weather a rockie point of Land or run into a broad Bay no lesse dangerous Incidit in Syllam c. the Rockes wee could not weather though wee loosed till we receiued much water but at last were forced to beare vp for the Bay and run on ground a furlong off the shoare where we had beene beaten to pieces had wee not instantly throwne ouerboord our prouisions to haue our liues by which meanes we escaped and brought off our Pinnace the next high water without hurt hauing our Planke broken and a small leake or two which we easily mended Being left in this misery hauing lost much bread all our Beefe and Sider some Meale and Apparell with other prouisions and necessaries hauing now little left besides hope to encourage vs to persist Yet after a little deliberation we resolued to proceed and departed with the next faire winde We had not now that faire quarter amongst the Sauages as before which I take it was by reason of our Sauages absence who desired in regard of our long iourney to slay with some of our Sauage friends at Sawahquatooke for now almost euery where where they were of any strength they sought to betray vs. At Manamock the Southerne part of Cape Cod now called Sutcliffe Inlets I was vnawares taken prisoner when they sought to kill my men which I left to man the Pinnace but missing of their purpose they demanded a ransome which had I was as farre from libertie as before yet it pleased God at last after a strange manner to deliuer me with three of them into my hands and a little after the chiefe Sacheum himselfe who seeing me weigh anchor would haue leaped ouerboord but intercepted craued pardon and sent for the Hatchets giuen for ransome excusing himselfe by laying the fault on his neighbours and to be friends sent for a Canoas lading of Corne which receiued we set him free I am loth to omit the story wherein you would finde cause to admire the great mercy of God euen in our greatest misery in giuing vs both freedome and reliefe at one time Departing hence the next place we arriued at was Capaock an Iland formerly discouered by the English where I met with Epinew a Sauage that had liued in England and speakes indifferent good English who foure yeeres since being carried home was reported to haue beene slaine with diuers of his Countreymen by Saylers which was false With him I had much conference who gaue mee very good satisfaction in euery thing almost I could demand Time not permitting mee to search here which I should haue done for sundry things of speciall moment the wind faire I stood away shaping my course as the Coast led mee till I came to the most Westerly part where the Coast began to fall away Southerly In my way I discouered Land about thirtie leagues in length heretofore taken for Mayne where I feared I had beene imbayed but by the helpe of an Indian I got to the Sea againe through many crooked and streight passages I let passe many accidents in this iourney occasioned by treacherie where wee were compelled twice to goe together by the eares once the Sauages had great aduantage of vs in a streight not aboue a Bowe shot and where a multitude of Indians let flye at vs from the banke but it pleased God to make vs victours neere vnto this wee found a most dangerous Catwract amongst small rockie Ilands occasioned by two vnequall tydes the one ebbing and flowing two houres before the other here wee lost an Anchor by the strength of the current but found it deepe enough from hence were wee carried in a short space by the tydes swiftnesse into a great Bay to vs so appearing but indeede is broken land which gaue vs light of the Sea here as I said the Land treadeth Southerly In this place I talked with many Saluages who told me of two sundry passages to the great Sea on the West offered me Pilots and one of them drew mee a Plot with Chalke vpon a Chest whereby I found it a great Iland parted the two Seas they report the one
seuen miles in circuit at the foot fashioned it is vpward like an Hiue and the top therof most commonly to be discerned within and aboue the clouds This Mountaine hath in it by report many great hollow Caues and deepe Vaults and it is credibly reported that oftentimes it breathes out flames and sparkes of fire as doth the Mountaine Aetna Also at the bottome of this Mountain towards the East there is a great Spring of Fresh-water which is seen many times to issue out flakes and stones of fire with great violence and of the number and bignesse of the stones that are throwne out by the force and source of this Spring and what huge workes they make of the multitudes of them they confidently doe tell strange wonders which I will neither affirme nor deny but leaue indifferent to credit as men list Fayall is so called of Faya which in the Portugues signifieth a Beech Tree wherewith that Iland is said to abound But yet I saw there more store of Iuniper and Cedar then of any other Wood or Timber For Aire and Soyle it is as pleasant and fruitfull as any of the other Ilands and in it are some fiue Townes with many pretie Villages and in this Iland there are yet remaining certaine families of the Flemish race Gratiosa is so called of the exceeding fruitfulnesse of the Soyle and pleasant temper of the Ayre Flores of the abundance of Flowers that grow in it Cueruo of the multitude of Rauens and Crowes breeding therein And that Iland doth also breed Horses Saint Maries Saint Georges and Saint Michaels were so called of those Saints names vpon whose dayes they were first discouered for such is the custome of many Nauigators and especially of the Spaniards and Portugues so to call those Landes that they first make by the Saints day and name wherein they are discouered And these three Ilands for temper and fruitfulnesse are suteable with the others But Saint Michael is the greatest of them all Tercera the strongest and Saint Maries the neerest to the Coast of Spaine But now as wee come neerer to our intended purpose for the better vnderstanding thereof I thinke it very necessary and pertinent somewhat to speake of the chiefe Commanders as well by Sea as by Land and also of the number of our Ships and Souldiers together with the proiect and designe of that iourney then vndertaken for the seruice of her late Maiestie and the Honour of our Nation It is therefore to be vnderstood that Robert Deuereux late Earle of Essex Master of the Horse and Ordnance and Knight of the Garter First commanded in chiefe as well Admirall of the Nauie by Sea as Generall of the Armie by Land His Vice-Admirall was the Lord Thomas Howard Knight of the same Order and second Sonne to the last Thomas Duke of Norfolke a Nobleman much honoured and beloued and of great experience in Sea seruice His Reare-Admirall was Sir Walter Raleigh Knight Captaine of her Maiesties Guard Lord Warden of the Stanneries and Lieftenant of Cornwall For the Land seruice his Leiftenant Generall was Sir Charles Blunt Lord Mountioy Knight of the Garter Gouernour of Portsmouth and a man in high fauour with her late Maiestie His Marshall of the Field was Sir Frauncis Vere Knight a great Souldier and Coronell Generall of the English Forces in the Low-Countries The Master of the Ordnance Sir George Carew Knight Leiftenant of the Ordnance of the Kingdome of England His Sergeant Maior Sir Ferdinando Gorges Knight Gouernour of the Forts of Plimouth The Coronell Generall of the Foot Sir Christopher Blunt Knight The Treasurer of the Armie Sir Hugh Biston Knight one of her Maiesties Receiuers Generall in the Principalities of Walles with all other Officers designed to places requisite that were needful by Land or Sea now too long to rehearse And yet of all the Noblemen I will as neere as I can record their names particularly but craue pardon if I faile in the precedencie of their places The Earles of Essex Rutland and Southampton the Lord Howard the Lord Audley the Lord Gray the Lord Mountioy the Lord Rich and the Lord Cromwell But the particular names of all the Land Captains that had charge I could neuer come to the knowledge of much lesse can I marshall them orderly in this discourse And therefore I will passe to the number of the Ships in generall and therein name some particulars of the chiefe and principall Vessells of the Royall Nauie with their Captaines The whole Nauie which was diuided into three Squadrons viz. The Admirall his Squadron The Vice-Admirall his Squadron and the Reare-Admirall his Squadron consisted of 120. sayle or thereabout whereof sixtie were good men of Warre and gallant Ships the rest Victuallers and Ships of Transportation Of her Maiesties owne Ships the number was eighteene or nineteene and these were their names The Merhoneur Admirall whereof Sir Robert Mansfield was Captaine The Due Repulse Vice-Admirall whereof Master Middleton was Captaine The Wast Spite Reare-Admirall whereof my selfe was Captaine The Garland the Earle of Southampton commanded The Defiance wherein the Lord Mountioy was shipped had for Captaine Sir Amias Preston The Saint Mathew to Sir George Carew Master of the Ordnance The Mary Rose to Sir Francis Vere Marshall whose Captaine was M. Iohn Winter The Dread-nought Sir William Brooke was Captaine of The Nonparellia Sir Richard Luson was Captaine of The Bonouenture Sir William Haruey was Captaine of The Antelope Sir Thomas Vauisâ—r was Captain of The Rainbow Sir William Mounson was Captaine of The Swiftsure Sir Gilly Mericke was Captain of The Golden Lion was sent after for a supply The Hope whereof was Captain The Foresight whereof Sir Carew Reignall was Captaine The Saint Andrew whereof Master Marcellus Throckmorton was Captain The Tramontana whereof young Master Fenner was Captain The Moone whereof Sir Edward Michelboorne was Captaine Besides that there were some other of her Maiesties small Pinnaces that attended the Fleet. The residue or the Fleet aforenamed consisted of the best shipping of London and other Port-Townes of the Kingdome with sundry stout Vestells belonging to some Lords and Gentlemen that were Aduenturers in this Voyage There were also added to this Nauie tenne sayle of good men of Warre sent from the States of the Low-Countries to attend her Maiesties Fleet in this seruice vnder the conduct of one Mounsier de Duneincorde well manned and furnished The Land Army besides Saylers that might be afforded and spared vpon occasion of landing consisted of six thousand able men well appointed with ten Peeces of Artillery for the Field and Battery with all necessary Vtensils fit for them The proportion of victuals was for four months at large allowance double apparell both for Souldier's and Mariners In this Armie there went Knights Captaines and Gentlemen voluntaries fiue hundred at the least as gallant parsonages and as brauely furnished as euer the
with as much sumptuousnesse as they could get brauing therein their conquered Foes and setting to the shew of the world the fruits of their Ualour and Trauailes Whereas wee for the most part contrariwise going out brauely and returning home againe beggarly leaue no other testimony nor records of our Enterprises and Victories either to the liuing or to posteritie then the Merchants bookes wherin we are deep plunged euen to the morgage or sale of our Inheritance to conuert the true honor of Souldery into effeminate pompe and delicacy But now to the matter We hauing in this Fort repaired and supplied the defects of our weather beaten Nauie onely attended the fauour of the winds wherein it seemed the heauens were vtter enemies to our designes For during the space of an whole moneth together after wee were againe readie the weather stood flat opposite to our course insomuch that wee were not able to worke our selues out of the Harbour And in this consumption of Time we lost the best season of the yeere for our purpose and also greatly decayed our victualls and prouisions besides the number of our Souldiers and Mariners that daily diminished And about this time the Lord Rich finding himselfe as many others did altogether vnable to indure the inconueniences of the Seas in a long and toilesome voyage tooke his leaue of our Generall and gaue ouer the iourney In this extreamitie of contrary windes and crosse fortunes against which the policie and power of man could not preuaile our Generall with the aduice of his counsell resolued vpon some other course and to fashion his enterprises according to opportunitie and the proportion of the meanes that remained And thereupon cashing the greatest part of his Land Armie hee onely retained one thousand of the best Souldiers as was thought most of them being Companies brought out of the Low-Countries And also at that time hee discharged diuers of the smaller Ships and many of the Victuallers taking out of them such prouisions and store as remained to supply that which was spent and to lengthen out the time for those lesser numbers that were to be imployed And whilest these things were thus altering and ordering and committed to the care and charge of discreet Officers Our Admirall himselfe with his Reare-Admirall resolued to ride post to the Court to receiue further directions or approbation in that he intended for her Maiestie and the Lords of the Councell Leauing the charge both of the Nauie and Souldiers in his absence with the Lord Thomas Howard his Vice-Admirall and the Lord Mountioy his Leiftenant Generall by Land whom hee authorised together with the Counsell of Warre to marshall those affaires as occasion required Here by it may be easily coniectured what it is for men to vndertake Sea-actions that haue not great meanes to follow the same with prouisions and allowance of superfluitie to meet with lets and misaduentures and not to depend on the bare ordinary prouisions of a set proportion For by this great crosse of ours wee may well take knowledge how vncertaine and difficult it is to set out and prepare a Sea Army except it bee on the purse and defraies of a Prince able and willing to supply the expences and hinderances of such wast and accidents as doe many times happen by want of windes when all things else are in readinesse wherein oftentimes the ouerslipping and not taking of six houres aduantage of winde when it hath serued hath ouerthrowne a Uoyage And it hath to my knowledge so fallen out that some Ships that haue taken a present gale of a day by the benefit thereof haue performed their Uoyage and returning againe into the Harbour finding others of their consorts bound for the same place and ready at the same time still sticking fast at ancor by leesing the same opportunitie In this absence of our Generall at the Court there fell out such extreame stormy weather as that it greatly troubled and puzled our Ships both in Plimouth Road and in the Cat Water insomuch that many of their ancors came home and a Ship of the Reare-Admiralls of three hundred Tunnes called the Roe-buck draue a ground and bulged her selfe and so became vnseruiceable for that iourney although much paines and care was taken of all hands and specially by our Vice-Admirall himselfe in his owne person to haue preserued her During all this time of our abode in Plimouth which was some six or seuen weekes we neither found eyther want or dearth of any manner of victualls either in the Towne where our Mariners were daily resident or in the Countrey where the Land Army was quartered nor yet that extreame manner of inhaunsing the prices of all things vsed in London and in other places of the Realme vpon the extraordinary assembling of any such great troupes And withall it is strange to see how happily that poore corner of England doth often receiue and sustaine so many Armies and Fleets as doe there many times meet without any of those inconueniences or alterations that vpon the like occasion are found in many other more rich and fruitfull parts of the Kingdome Our Generall as is aforesaid hauing spent now sixe or seuen dayes in that iourney to the Court returned with a resolution to continue the voyage to the Seas and there as intelligence fell out to follow the best courses in spending the rest of the Summer and the remainder of his victualls all sorts being very sorry that so great preparations should haue vtterly qâ—ailed without effecting or attempting something of worth Wee therefore now proposed to our selues that by tarrying out till the last of October for the which time we were victualled after the Land Army was discharged wee might range the Coast of Spaine and so doe seruice in some of the Kings shipping or else lying in the height betweene the Rocke and the South Cape wee might intercept some Indian Fleet or Carrackes either outwards or homeward s bound or at the least wee might meete and fight with the Adelantado who was then saide to bee preparing of a Fleet and ready to put to the Seas Besides there was a brute giuen out thaâ— our Generall meant to attempt the Groyne or Ferrall and there to distresse some of the Kings shipping that lay in the Harbour But whatsoeuer pretences and speeches were giuen out for that matter both our Generall and the wisest of his Counsell of Warre did well enough knowâ— that the Groyne or Ferrall were then no morsells fit for our mouthes our Forces being so abated and those places so well warned and prouided for by our long delayes and impediments besides there was no likelihood that wee would euer ingage so many of her Maiesties best Ships within the circuit and mercy of those Harbours vpon so great disaduantage and hazard as they must haue adâ—entured in doing any good on any of them as they were then furnished But wee daily see that it is
Voyage Herein was Gods fauour and mercy mightily shewed towards all sides For by this Storme which so furiously for the time afflicted vs were wee and that Spanish Fleet vnder the Adelantado seuered and kept from incountring which had cost much blood and mischiese and to say a truth in all likelihood the worst might haue fallen to our shares For when wee had left the Ilands and were once crosse sayled for England I obserued that before the Storme diuers of our best Ships made all the haste they could homewards neuer following nor attending the Admirals course nor light Which is an Errour too much vsed amongst vs and very disorderly and dangerous as would haue beene well found if the Adelantado had then met with any of those straglers or with the Admirall himselfe homewards bound so stenderly accompanied Which manner of disorder and scattering in the Conduct of a Royall Nauie especially in so long a Voyage is very fit to bee straightly reformed These Spanish Flee-boates and Carauels had made many landings by stealth on that side of Cornewall and put the Countrey in great frights and amazements especially vpon the report of a great Fleet that was comming after them for England Whereupon our Reere Admirall from before the Saint Iues left the Seas and went a Land to take some order for the Countrey of Cornewall whereof hee was then her Maiesties Lieutenant seeing it then in much amazement and feare and so meant to goe ouer land to Plimouth there to meet with our Generall From the Road of Saint Iues the next morning wee in the Wast-spight set sayle for Kingroad and met with such foule weather as that ouer against the flat Holmes shee brake againe her Maine yard which was before broken and new fished in the beginning of this Voyage But at last with much adoe wee brought her about to Kingroad and within a few dayes after moored her safe in Hungread where I tooke speedie order for the paying and discharging of her men at the Spaniards cost and also for the repayring of her decayes By this time wee also had newes that our Admirall and the rest of our Fleet were safely met and arriued at Plimouth And at the same instant also wee had intelligence by a small man of Brasill but newly come from Corke in Ireland that Sir Iohn Norris President of Munster and the Lord Burgh Deputie of Ireland were both lately deceased Of which two men her Maiestie and the Realme had no small losse being both Martiall men of as great worth and seruice as England bred in many yeeres before And although it be no part of this matter to speake of them yet their Deathes being diuulged to vs at the same time cannot be thought vnfit or vnworthy by the way heere to be remembred and lamented After I had thus taken order with the Officers of the Ship at Bristoll I receiued Letters from the Lord Treasurer and the Lord Admirall for the accomplishing of that which I had already out of due consideration gone in hand withall I meane the discharging and paying of the Marriners and Souldiers being to the number of foure hundred men which would haue growne to a great and needlesse expense to haue kept them in pay and victuals vntill such time as I could haue sent vnto the Court to receiue directions backe againe for the same And therefore did first take vp monies vpon credit and then by the Drum make knowne in Bristow that there were Sugars Brasil wood and Fernanbuck aboord o r Ships which I would presently make sale of to those that would giue most for it and not merchand it vnder hand nor in secret to the preiudice and deceiuing of her Maiestie And therefore with the knowledge and aduice of the Master the Purser and Boatswaine of the Ship and the Customer and Searcher of Bâ—â—stow I landed those Wares in safe Cellers and sold them to the best Chapmen in publique testified vnder the hands of these Officers of the Citie and of the Ship for my discharge in that behaâ—â—e and made thereof fiue hundred pounds The which summe I deliuered to one Askew then Purser of the Wast-spight to the end that hee by his Booke might pay the Marriners and the Souldiers by the Powle as a care of mine for those poore-men vnder my Charge which was duely performed The which I haue beene the more precise to remember and notifie for that I tooke no small paines and care in getting those Sugars and Brasill wood aboard vs out of a torne Brasill 〈◊〉 that was ready to founder in the Seaâ— before Saint Michaels and abandoned to any that would aduenture to goe abâ—ord her to fetch away the lading Which businesse in that vacant time that the Ar 〈…〉 e lay at Villa Franca and we before S. Michaels Towne 〈◊〉 put my selfe and my Marriners vnto And I had not so much paines and trauell in the getting as trouble and vexation afterwards to preserue it whilest it was aboord when we came to Kingroad from the purloyning and stealing of the Marriners and Officers of the Ship And to say no more but a truth I dare thus much anouch and iustifie that if there had beene in some other of her Maiesties ships the like regard for these goods that were gotten and of the Prizes taken in this Iourney and as faithfully answered as were these that then for all the crosses and errours that had happened it had fully returned to her Maiestie the double value of all the Charges she had beene at for this Voyage But it was strange to see what carelesse courses were held in all such actions as were set out by the State and what poore returnes were made againe into the Exchequer And therefore more strange that the Prince could subsist so often to set out such chargeable Voyages without any manner of getting more then to particuler persons For so fell it out before in the Indian Voyage when Sancto Domingo and Cartagena were taken and sackâ— by Sir Francis Drake and when Cades in Spaine was surprised and sackt by the English Armie where was infinite wealth But that of Lisbona in Portugall vndertaken by Sir Iohn Norris where the Suburbes did so abound with Merchandize and Spicerie being wholly at the mercy and disposition of our Armie was to be excused for that our Shops kept not promise with him in comming vp the Riuer that should haue both assisted the land Armie with Munition and Victuals and also carried away those Spiceries and rich Merchandize wherein the Sea-men were greatly wanting and taxed by the generall voyce But in this Voyage wee all saw and knew that there were besides Brasill men three good Prizes taken that came from the Hauana laden with Cochynella and other rich Merchandize besides the Siluer Gold Pearle Ciuet Muske Amber-greece which was amongst the Passengers And those three Prizes whereof one was about 400. Tunnes by the report of those Merchants that came in them were