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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
lord_n	write_v	year_n	yield_v	59	3	6.9165	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68397	The breuiary of Britayne As this most noble, and renowmed iland, was of auncient time deuided into three kingdomes, England, Scotland and Wales. Contaynyng a learned discourse of the variable state, [and] alteration therof, vnder diuers, as wel natural: as forren princes, [and] conquerours. Together with the geographicall description of the same, such as nether by elder, nor later writers, the like hath been set foorth before. Writen in Latin by Humfrey Lhuyd of Denbigh, a Cambre Britayne, and lately Englished by Thomas Twyne, Gentleman.; Commentarioli Britannicae descriptionis fragmentum. English	Llwyd, Humphrey, 1527-1568.; Twyne, Thomas, 1543-1613.	1573 (1573)	STC 16636; ESTC S108126	73,902	228

appeare that through the default of writers necligence of such as wrote afterwardes amonge whom Liuius euen of the Romanes themselues is touched with want of trust many thinges of greater importance then the departure of Brutus are yelded to obliuion And although Caesar call the Britaynes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say borne in the same countrey where they dwell And Diodorus siculus saieth that they were from the beginning yet doo I beleeue that Brutus came into Britayne with his traine of Troians and there tooke vpon him the gouernement of the auncient inhabitantes and of his owne men therof were called Britaynes For our coūtrymen vnto this day doo call a Britayne Brituun whiche woorde cometh not from the auncient name of the Ilande Prydain but from Brutus the kynge and our hystories call the Britaynes in the plurall numbre Brytaniaid and Brython whiche woordes are deriued from the name of Brutus For in deriuation of woordes our countrymen doo often turne V into Y the ignorance wherof did very much trouble my freende M. Leland But bycause this whiche wee haue sayd touchyng the name of the Ilande and the first inhabitantes therof seemeth sufficient for our purpose wee will now intreate of other matters Britayne which more rightly how beit more strangely ought to be called Prydain is deuided into three partes Lhoegria Albania and Cambria Lhoegria is called of our countrymen reseruyng as yet the old name that same parte of Britayne which beyng possessed by the English Saxons the Iuthi peoples of Germany is now of all nations called England For when Britayne by Maximus the Tyranne was bereft of all the youth a greate parte wherof was slayne with him at Aquilaeia the residew stoutly inuaded and possessed a parte of Fraunce called Armorica sleayng and driuyng thence the country dwellers Wherby that country at this day is called by the name of the Lesse and the Continent Britayne And here I must not let passe with silence that BEDE the Englishman Volaterranus and Polydorus Italians were shamfully ouerseene in saying that this Ilande tooke his name of that other beynge euident to all men that the same was termed Armorica whiche in our tongue is as muche to say vpon the Sea and this ours Britannia Neither was there euer any of the auncient Britaynes or Britons in Fraunce so farre as I knowe before Sidonius Apollinaris whiche liued a litle after this migracion that lefte anie remembrance of it But in an Epistle to Vincentius of Aruandus secretary which accused his Lorde of highe Treason thus he writeth This letter seemed to be sent to the kyng of Gothes or Gutland diswadynge him from peace with the Emperour of Greece and shewynge that the Britaynes vpon Ligeris ought to be set vpon So farre he But if as they dreame and also Coenalis whiche hath erroniously followed them the Britaynes had possessed some parte of Fraunce before that time and suche a parte as shoulde haue byn called Britayne as they doo affirme impudently enough it should not haue escaped vnspoken of of all the Romane writers vnto whom Fraunce was as wel knowne as Italy Howbeit our countrymen say that the Cornishmen and those were one nation whiche bothe the kynges names beyng like in bothe countries as Conane Meriadoc by whiche name a par cell of Denbygh shyre in Northwales is called to this day Hoel Alane Theodore Rywallone with diuers other and also the proper woordes and names for all thinges almost one although in theyr ioynynge and construction of speach they seeme a litle to differ as it chaunceth somtimes in one countrie do proue manifestly Our countrymen call it in theyr mother tongue Lhydaw which woorde seemeth to me to be derined from the Latine woorde Littus signifiyng the shoare as who should say it were a country liynge on the shoare of Fraunce For like as the Latines doo change D. in all our woordes into T euen so our countrymen do turne their T into D and doo alwayes in woords whiche beginne with L write them with aspiration as Lhadron borowyng the woorde Latrones from the Latines that is to say in English Theeues But to returne agayne from whēce wee haue digressed when as I haue sayd before the youth of Britayne was lead by Maximus into Fraunce those that were left at home were oppressed by the most cruell and sauage nations the Readshankes and Scottes lookyng for no succour from the Romanes whiche were then otherwise busied aboute the yeare of our Lorde 450. They called vnto them the Saxons whiche were then practising Pyracie on the coastes of Fraunce and Britayne gaue them wages to ayde them And whereas some write that before that time the Britaynes neuer knew the Saxons it may appeare to be false out of sundrie Authours For Claudianus where he inueigheth against Eutropius speaketh of them in these woordes aboute the yere of our Lorde 400. What I may do since thou my prince hast bin Thinges not farre hence can shew for Tethis doth begin To waxe more milde since Saxons thou hast quailde c. Lykewise of the forteth Consulship of Honorius The Orchades were wet with bloud of Saxons slayne And in another place Britayn speaketh And me she sayth with countries neare about who was destroyd Almost defenced well hath Stilico By whose helpe now it is that Scottish warres I doo not doubt Ne doo I dread the Picts ne doo I feare the Saxon rout By standinge on the shoare to see them come with doubtfull windes c. Also Sidonius Apollinaris whiche wrote aboute their commyng into England hansomly describeth their Pyracie in an Epistle to Lampridius Wee may behold the vvannish Saxons here Vsd to the Sea before to dread the shoare From of whose heads where outward they appere Their bittes content to hold not any more The shires their toppes of heare do clip shore So that their lockes cut hard vnto the skinne Do make their head decreace but face to winne And in his Panegiricus vnto Socer But also the Amorick coast the Saxons pyracie Wel hoped for ▪ to whom the British salts but playe it was All naked and with clouted boate the graysh Sea to pas Moreouer Sextus Rufus in his booke de Notitia Prouinciarum of the knowledge of Prouinces speaketh of the Earle of the Saxon shoare alonge both the Britaynes These I say beynge sufficiently knowne to the Britaynes before they sent them against the Scots and Readshankes vnder the conduct of one Hengischus Whom when they had ouercome they entred a Trayterous league with them and like false men turned theyr face agaynst theyr maisters And hauing slayne the whole nobilitie of Britayne by crafte at Ambrose hill and sendynge for ayde from amonge the Englishmen and Iuthj beyng Germans they vsurped the same countrie which wee call Lhoëgria And after almost infinite battels they draue the auncient inhabitantes into the ends and edges of the Ilande and parted the same between themselues

call it Mur seuerus that is to say Seuerus wall and in another place Gual seuerus Seuerus vally at this day In this region standeth Edēburge the seat of the kinges of Scotland somtime builded by Eboracus kyng of Britaynes called also Castle Mynyd agnes that is to say the castel of S. Agnes hil afterward the Castel of Virgins The water there which is now called Forthea was called the Picticum Sea and afterward the Scottish Sea and thus farre stretched the kyngedome of Northumberland Tacitus calleth the same Bodotua howbeit Polydorus so termeth the Riuer Leuinus whiche out of the lake Lomundus floweth into Cluyda For saith he Glota and Bodotua two diuers armes of the Sea rūnyng forth a greate length are kept a sundre with a narrow peece of grounde Wherfore Bodotua floweth not into Glota neither is it any riuer but an arme of the Sea therefore it cannot be Leuinus by any meanes Beyonde these armes of the Sea dwelled the Caledonij the most nobliest nation of Albania where now the inlande Scots inhabite At the East parte was Horestia now Angusia Fisa and Mernia At the VVest were the Epidij and more towards the North the Creoni And after these the Canouaci where now Lennosia Argadia and Lorna are The Carini possessed Loguhabria the Logi Strathnauernia And at the other Sea coast the Cauti Morauia and Rossia And the Cornabij which are farthest of al inhabited Sutherlandia and Cathanisia And wheras Boethius writeth that in the time of Claudius the Emperour the Moraui came by an whole Nauie into Scotland it is most false as appeareth in Hystories For the nation of the Slaui wherof the Moraui tooke theyr beginnyng was altogether vnknowen to the worlde vntil the time of the Emperour Mauritius aboute the yere of our lorde 600. The Marcomanni also and the Quadi inhabited those places whiche afterward the yere of our Lorde 900. beyng vnder Arnulphus began by Zuentebaldus kynge of the SLAVI to be called the kyngdome of Morauia Beyonde Scotlande in the Germane Oceane are the Ilandes called Orchades wherof the biggest is called Pomonia And on the other side of Albania in the sea Vergiuium which the Britaynes call Norweridh as who should say the Irishe Sea from whence I coniecture that the antique name Vergiuium was deriued lie the Iles Hebrides in nūbre two and fortie of others called Euboniae The I le of Anglisea is none of these as I will shew in another place And not far hence lieth Ireland an Iland also whiche our countrymen call Ywerdhon the inhabitants Verni Wherby in my opinion they do farre better which terms it Iuernia as Mela and Iuuenal in his seconde Satyre or Ierna as Claudianus and Dionysius rather then Hibernia now Ireland The Britaynes and Scots doo call the inhabitantes by one name Guyddhyl THus hauynge ▪ ended the description of Scotland with the Ilandes liyng thereabout let vs now proceede to wales the third part of Britayne The same is deuided frō Lhoëgr that is England by the Riuers Seuern d ee and on euery other side is enuironed by the Vergiuiū or Iris he Oceane And it was called Cambria as our Chronacles doo report of Camber the thyrde sonne of Brutus like as Lhoëgr of Locrinus and Albania of Albanactus his other sonnes also This same only with Cornwal a most auncient country of Britaynes enioyeth as yet the olde inhabitants The welshmen vse the British tongue and are the very true Britaynes by birth And although some doo write that VVales doth not stretch foorth on this side the Riuer Vaga or VVye this can be no fraud to vs For we haue taken in hand to describe Cambria and not VVallia Wales as it is now called by a new name and vnacquaynted to the welshmen In Northwales the welshmen keepe their olde boundes But in Southwales the Englishmen are come ouer Seuern and haue possessed al the lande between it and VVye So that al Herefordshyre the Forest of Deane and Glocestreshyre a great part of worcestershyre Schreupshyre on this side Seuern are inhabited by Englishmen at this day These regions with certayne corners of Fluitenshyre and Denbyghshyre were sumtime vnder the kings of March. And our countrymen vnto this day do call their neare borderers Gwyry Mers that is to say the men of March. For OFFA a most mightie kynge of March the yere of the incarnate worde seuen hundred and seuentie to the intent that the boundes of his kyngdome towardes the Britaynes in Wales might the better be knowne caused a verie deepe ditch with an exceedynge high wall to be made from the water Deuanus a litle aboue the Castle called Filix through ●ie hilles and deepe valleyes Fennes Kockes Cliffes Riuers vnto the mouth of the Riuer wye about an hundred myles longe The same reseruyng the olde name for of our countrymen it is called Clauddh Offa that is to say Offas ditch it may easely be seene of all throughout the whole coast And all the townes and villages almost whiche be on the East side therof haue their names endynge in these terminations ton or ham wherby it appeareth that the Saxons sometime dwelled there Howbeit now the VVelshmen in all places beyond that ditch towards Ihoëgr haue planted them selues The inhabitants of this region are called in their mother tongue Cymbri In whiche word the force of the sounde of the letter B is scarcely perceaued in pronouncing And it is very likely that this was the moste auncient name and that Cambria a region of England was therof so called When I perceaued that the Cymbri whiche fought with the Romans so manie blouddy battels were called by the same name that ours are it came into my mynde to enquyre and search what good writers haue thought of the beginnyng of that nation And hauyng read much therof I founde also very much wherby I am so perswaded that I dare auouche that it was this our British nation First the name is all one with ours then their tongue which is a very great argument For Plinius in his fourth booke and. 13. chapter saieth that Philemō was of the Cymbri called Mori marussium that is to say Mare mortuū the Dead Sea vnto the promontory Rubeas c. And our countrimen call the Dead Sea in their tongue Mor Marw And as for these words neither the Germans neither the Danes neither Suenones neither the Slaui neither the Lithuani nor the Lyuones doo vnderstand them Wherfore it is manifest that the Cymbri were none of these nations But our Cymbri doo speake so wherfore it is euident that they were of the same name and tongue Moreouer Plutarchus in the life of Marius affirmeth that they departed out of a farre country and that it was not knowne whence they came nor whether they went but the like cloudes they issued into Fraunce and Italy with the Almaynes Whervpon the Romans supposed that they had byn

had purposed ended the warre requiryng yet moe pleadges of whom notwithstandyng he receaued but few So Caesar returned in to the continent such thynges as were vnquiet durynge his absence he appeased gayning nothyng to him selfe nor to the Citie of Rome out of Britayne but only the glorie of the expedition taken in hande Which both he himselfe did very much set foorth in woordes and the Romans extolled wonderfully at Rome In so muche that in consideration of these deedes so happely atcheeued they decreed a supplication or thankes gyuyng of twentie dayes And in another place The Britaynes callyng foorth their fellowes and communicatynge the effect of their entent vnto Suella who amongst all the Petiroyes or Erles of that Ilande was of greatest power they marched vnto the Roman shyppes where they rode at anker With whom the Romans meetynge at the first encounter were troubled with the Wagons but anon making a lane amongst them and auoyding the Wagons they cast their Dartes agaynst the enemie which cam runnyng in sidelonge vpon them and so restored the battell After this battell bothe partes stoode still in the same place and in another conflict when the barbarous people had ouercome the Roman footemen yet being discomfited by the horsemen retyred backe to the Riuer Thames Moreouer Herodian in the life of Seuerus writeth thus of the Britaynes For diuers places of Britayne sayeth he by common wasshyng in of the Oceane doo become Marish In these Marishes therefore the Earbarous people doo swymme and wade vp to the belly not regardyng the mierynge and durteynge of their naked bodies For they know not the vse of garments but they arme their bellies their neckes supposing that to be an ornament a token of ritches like as other barbarous people doo Golde They paynte also their bodies with diuers pictures and shapes of al manners of beastes liuyng thynges Wherfore they weare on nothinge least thereby they should hide the payntyng of their body It is a very warlike Nation and greedie of slaughter contented only with a narow Sheild and a Speare and a Sworde hangyng downe by their naked side They are altogether ignorant of the vse of the breastplate and headpeece taking them to be a let vnto them in passing ouer the Fennes and Marishes Besides these Eutropius of the French warre writeth thus Caesar passeth ouer into Britayne hauynge thereto prepared lxxx shippes partly for burthen and partly to fight and maketh warre vpon the Britaynes Where beyng first wearied with a sharpe battayle and afterward fallyng into a cruell tempest returned into Fraunce and so foorth And afterward Agayne at the beginnynge of the sprynge he sayled into Britayne where at the first encounter of the Horsemen he was vanquished and there was Labienus the Tribune slayne and at the seconde battayle with greate perill of his owne men he ouercame the Britaynes and constrayned them to flie Suetonius Tranquillus affirmeth that Vespasianus ouercame in battell two mightie and valiant nations of Britayne and that he faught thirtie times with the enemy which is a token of no cowardly but of a most stoute and warlike nation Eutropius also in the. ix booke of his hystory writeth thus When notwithstandyng Warre was in vayne made agaynst Carausius the Britayne a man very expert in martial assayres in the ende peace was concluded And Sextus Ruffus recityng the Roman Legions amonge the Legions of the mayster of the footemen reckneth vp Britannicians and British and amonge the Legions Comitalensis the seconde British Legion And again among the Legions of the mayster of the horsemen the French Britons and agayne Britons And afterward with the worthy approued erle of Spayne the inuincible yonger Britons And in an other place he numbreth the yonger British carriars with the Earle of Britayne But what shall it be needfull to tu●n ouer the woorkes of so many learned men that the glory of Britayne may appeare When as so many puissant kynges so many inuincible captaynes so many noble Roman Emperours spronge forth of the British bloud haue made manifest vnto the world by their noble actes wel worthy immortality what maner men this Iland bringeth foorth For what shall I speake of Brennus the tamer of the Romans and Grekes and almost of all the nations in the worlde What of Caswallan to whom as Lucane reporteth Iulius Caesar did turne his fearfull backe What of Cataracus who molested the people of Rome with warre the space of ix yeres What of Bunduica that valiant manlike dame Who to beginne with all and for han●●ll sake slew lxx thousand Romans Of whom such feare inuaded Rome and Italy as Virunnius writeth as neuer the like before neither at commynge of Brennus nor of Hannibal What of Aruiragus the inuincible kynge of Britayne Who in despite of the Romans whiche were Lordes of all the worlde preserued his libertie What of those noble Captaynes which faught thirtie times with Vespasian Who also with sorow and angwise of minde killed Seuerus the moste valiant Emperour bycause he coulde not ouercome them What as I say shal I speake of these when as Britayne hath yelded foorth communicated to the rest of the world Constantinus Magnus not only a most valiant and fortunate Captaine but that more is a perfect goodman and the first Emperour of the Christians instructed by Helene his Mother a Britayne also How much Fraunce and Italy for their deliuerie from Tyrannes are indebted vnto Britayne for this man which was brought foorth out of the midst of the bowels therof all men do well know only Polydorus excepted and William Petit the Monke his scholemayster of late brought to light vnworthy euer to haue seene light by the slaunderers detra●tours of the British glory And for as much as a certeine Frēchman of late daies and also an auncient Greeke author of the name of Maior affirme that he was borne at Dyrachiū called now Durazo I meane to brynge foorthe the most auncient wordes of the Panegyricus whiche was pronounced before Constantinus himselfe O sayth he most fortunate and now aboue all landes most blessed Britayne whiche diddest first beholde Constantinus the Emperour Nature hath worthely endued thee with all benefites of ayer and soyle in whom is neither ouermuch colde of Wynter nor heate of Summer Where there is also suche plentie of Corne that it suffiseth for the vse of Ceres and Liber that is to say for Bread and Drinke Where are also Wooddes without wilde and cruell beastes the Earth without hurtfull Serpentes Contrarywise of tame Cattell an innumerable multitude stroutyng with Milke and laden with Flieses with all other thynges necessarie and commodious for our life verie longe dayes and no nightes without some light whylst that vttermoste playnes of the Sea shoare rayseth no shadowe and the shew and aspect of the Starres of Heauen deo exceede the boundes of night that the Sunne which to vs seemeth to goe downe appeareth there but to