and_o lease_n often_o profectio_fw-la militaris_fw-la and_o expeditio_fw-la be_v the_o same_o which_o among_o the_o saxon_n be_v call_v here_o fare_n among_o the_o germane_a hereban_n with_o we_o and_o the_o french_a escuage_n at_o least_o that_o which_o be_v certain_a heribannm_fw-la certain_a glos_n verbo_fw-la heribannm_fw-la the_o charter_n of_o bertulph_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n anno_fw-la 851._o to_o the_o monastery_n of_o crowland_n grant_v all_o those_o abovesaid_a church_n chapel_n be_v land_n tenement_n pasture_n fishing_n manor_n mansion_n milles_n marsh_n free_a and_o discharge_v from_o all_o secular_a service_n and_o earthly_a charge_n etc._n etc._n and_o i_o free_a from_o all_o duty_n of_o the_o king_n and_o of_o every_o other_o lord_n and_o man_n of_o what_o dignity_n excellency_n and_o honour_n soever_o 861._o soever_o council_n 346._o jngulph_n hist_o 861._o king_n athelwulf_n the_o west_n saxon_n and_o monarch_n in_o his_o grant_n of_o the_o ten_o mansion_n and_o of_o the_o ten_o of_o all_o good_n to_o the_o church_n differ_v little_a from_o these_o he_o will_v have_v that_o ten_o part_n to_o be_v free_a as_o the_o several_a copy_n have_v it_o and_o as_o we_o find_v it_o hitherto_o to_o have_v be_v from_o all_o socular_a servitude_n and_o from_o all_o royal_a tribute_n the_o great_a and_o the_o lesser_a or_o from_o the_o tax_n as_o in_o ingulphus_n which_o we_o call_v winterden_v as_o malmesbury_n witerden_n as_o math_n of_o westminster_n witeredden_a who_o agree_v with_o the_o other_o in_o this_o part_n only_o he_o have_v secular_a service_n for_o servitude_n all_o of_o they_o make_v the_o charter_n conclude_v contrary_a to_o the_o charter_n of_o eadbald_n before_o and_o let_v it_o be_v free_a etc._n etc._n to_o serve_v god_n only_o without_o expedition_n repair_n of_o bridge_n and_o castle_n which_o by_o the_o old_a law_n or_o old_a policy_n rather_o of_o the_o english_a saxon_n it_o be_v say_v the_o king_n can_v not_o discharge_v this_o be_v therefore_o call_v the_o write_n of_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n this_o charter_n worthy_a of_o everlasting_a memory_n be_v grant_v in_o a_o general_n council_n at_o winchester_n such_o one_o as_o be_v call_v pan_n anglicum_fw-la where_o be_v present_a three_o king_n athelwulf_n the_o monarch_n the_o west_n saxon_n bear_v the_o mercian_n after_o drive_v out_o by_o the_o dane_n and_o edmund_n the_o eastangle_n the_o martyr_n slay_v by_o those_o dane_n hence_o the_o most_o worthy_a knight_n think_v the_o rectory_n and_o the_o glebe_n to_o have_v have_v their_o beginning_n though_o fair_a addition_n from_o the_o munificence_n of_o pious_a patron_n have_v be_v make_v to_o it_o since_o 352._o since_o council_n 349._o 352._o in_o optona_fw-la grena_fw-la vpton_n green_a as_o ingulphus_n st_n gutlac_n the_o tutelar_a special_a saint_n of_o crowland_n have_v and_o bathe_v wood_n and_o marsh_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n free_a and_o quit_v from_o all_o service_n 909_o service_n hist_o 909_o &_o from_o the_o time_n of_o king_n etheldred_n be_v the_o seat_n of_o our_o abbey_n say_v he_o quit_v and_o discharge_v from_o all_o secular_a service_n and_o our_o abbey_n be_v quit_v and_o free_a from_o all_o secular_a service_n in_o the_o time_n of_o that_o king_n who_o be_v the_o lawful_a successor_n of_o the_o royal_a blood_n of_o the_o english_a and_o father_n of_o the_o most_o pious_a king_n edward_n 40.50_o edward_n p._n 911._o s_o 30_o 40.50_o and_o again_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o marsh_n and_o meadow_n of_o the_o seat_n of_o our_o monastery_n say_v he_o i_o demise_v for_o a_o certain_a yearly_a rent_n and_o other_o service_n to_o be_v do_v 912._o do_v 912._o the_o folcland_n of_o the_o base_a tenure_n among_o the_o saxon_n as_o m._n lombard_n which_o pass_v without_o writing_n be_v that_o which_o now_o we_o call_v copyhold_n at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n exscripta_fw-la lord_n glos_n terra_fw-la exscripta_fw-la who_o condition_n as_o also_o that_o of_o those_o who_o hold_v by_o socage_n be_v far_o more_o servile_a before_o the_o norman_a entrance_n then_o in_o some_o time_n since_o before_o the_o service_n of_o all_o these_o consist_v in_o fcasance_n in_o do_v after_o in_o render_v by_o payment_n etc._n etc._n as_o the_o most_o reverend_a judge_n littleton_n of_o those_o who_o hold_v by_o socage_n afterward_o these_o service_n be_v change_v into_o money_n by_o consent_n of_o the_o tenant_n and_o desire_v of_o the_o lord_n viz._n into_o a_o annual_a rent_n etc._n etc._n yet_o the_o name_n etc._n etc._n remain_v and_o in_o divers_a place_n the_o tenant_n yet_o do_v such_o service_n with_o their_o plough_n to_o their_o lord_n 119._o lord_n l._n 2_o s_o 119._o bracton_n call_v the_o copyholder_n villain_n sockman_n or_o sockman_n of_o base_a tenure_n 8._o tenure_n l._n 2._o c._n 8._o other_o tenant_n in_o villeinage_n servitude_n indeed_o or_o villeinage_n since_o richard_n the_o second_o time_n be_v by_o degree_n rather_o wear_v out_o then_o abolish_v by_o any_o law_n nothing_o now_o be_v leave_v but_o the_o name_n the_o last_o man_n which_o i_o have_v know_v claim_v for_o a_o villain_n be_v crouch_n of_o sommersetshire_n in_o queen_n elizabeth_n time_n 283._o time_n dy._n 266._o 283._o this_o too_o be_v saxon_a english_a and_o precede_v the_o norman_n but_o be_v never_o favour_v by_o the_o law_n 42._o law_n dy._n 267._o lit_fw-fr s_o 193._o forost_n c._n 42._o the_o saxon_a law_n call_v the_o villain_n ðeoƿ_n mon_fw-fr or_o man_n ðeoƿ_n and_o ðeoƿe_n indifferent_o a_o servant_n man_n or_o servant_n not_o that_o freeman_n be_v not_o servant_n too_o as_o since_o they_o be_v both_o which_o be_v visible_a in_o that_o law_n of_o king_n ina_n if_o a_o servant_n man_n work_n on_o sunday_n by_o his_o lord_n command_v be_v he_o free_a and_o the_o lord_n shall_v pay_v thirty_o shilling_n for_o a_o penalty_n if_o he_o work_v without_o his_o lord_n knowledge_n he_o shall_v lose_v his_o hide_n be_v whip_v or_o his_o hide_n gild_v the_o price_n of_o it_o but_o if_o a_o freeman_n work_v that_o day_n without_o his_o lord_n command_v he_o shall_v lose_v his_o freedom_n or_o sixty_o shilling_n 5._o shilling_n ll._n ina_n c._n 3.23.46.73.50_o ll._n aelfr_n c._n 5._o in_o that_o extract_n of_o the_o land_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o crowland_n take_v out_o of_o the_o doomsday_n book_n by_o ingulphus_n the_o abbot_n we_o find_v in_o langtoft_n s._n guthlac_n bas_fw-fr etc._n etc._n viz._n five_o carve_v eight_o villain_n 81._o villain_n barder_n sup_v 81._o four_o bord._n and_o twenty_o have_v soc_n socham_n habentes_fw-la 5_o carucatas_fw-la it_o shall_v be_v twenty_o socm_n habentes_fw-la 5_o carucatas_fw-la and_o in_o bston_n etc._n etc._n there_o in_o dominio_fw-la one_o carve_v five_o villain_n two_o bord._n and_o seven_o soem_n with_o two_o carve_v in_o soudnave_n slound_v two_o servant_n six_o villain_n three_o bord._n with_o one_o sochman_n have_v three_o carve_v etc._n etc._n with_o much_o more_o of_o the_o same_o 908._o same_o ingulthus_n savil._n 908._o in_o the_o year_n 1051._o thorold_n of_o buckenbale_n sheriff_n of_o lincolnshire_n likely_a of_o the_o the_o blood_n a_o descendent_a of_o the_o former_a thorold_n who_o have_v land_n in_o buckenhale_n grant_v the_o manor_n of_o spalding_n to_o wulgate_v abbot_n of_o crowland_n in_o these_o word_n i_o have_v give_v etc._n etc._n to_o god_n and_o st._n guthlac_n of_o crowland_n etc._n etc._n all_o my_o manor_n situate_a near_o the_o parochial_a church_n of_o the_o same_o town_n with_o all_o the_o land_n and_o tenement_n rent_n and_o service_n etc._n etc._n which_o i_o have_v in_o the_o same_o manor_n etc._n etc._n with_o all_o the_o appendant_o viz._n colgrin_n my_o reeve_n and_o his_o whole_a scquele_n with_o all_o the_o good_n and_o chattel_n which_o he_o have_v in_o the_o same_o town_n field_n and_o march_n etc._n etc._n also_o harding_n the_o smith_n and_o his_o whole_a sequel_n with_o all_o the_o good_n and_o chattel_n which_o he_o have_v in_o the_o same_o town_n etc._n etc._n also_o leftan_n the_o carpenter_n and_o his_o whole_a sequel_n with_o all_o the_o good_n and_o chattel_n etc._n etc._n also_o ringulph_n the_o primum_fw-la the_o ringulphum_fw-la primum_fw-la first_o and_o his_o whole_a sequel_n with_o the_o good_n and_o chattel_n &c_n &c_n also_o elstan_n the_o fisher_n and_o his_o whole_a sequel_n with_o the_o good_n and_o chattel_n etc._n etc._n also_o gunter_n liniet_fw-la etc._n etc._n outy_a grimkelson_n etc._n etc._n turstan_n dub_v etc._n etc._n algar_n the_o black_a etc._n etc._n edric_n the_o son_n of_o siward_n etc._n etc._n osmund_n the_o miller_n etc._n etc._n besy_n tuke_n etc._n etc._n elmer_n of_o pincebeck_n etc._n etc._n also_o goose_n gamelson_n etc._n etc._n with_o the_o same_o clause_n to_o they_o as_o before_z the_o conclusion_n be_v these_o my_o servant_n seruos_fw-la and_o their_o good_n and_o chattel_n with_o all_o
without_o trial_n justice_n shall_v not_o be_v sell_v nor_o defer_v etc._n etc._n the_o observation_n of_o these_o law_n be_v a_o condition_n of_o peace_n which_o ever_o appease_v the_o ancient_a distemper_n and_o cement_v what_o be_v loose_a and_o disjointed_a in_o the_o great_a body_n the_o law_n toe_n of_o st._n edward_n be_v insert_v into_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n usual_o take_v at_o their_o coronation_n which_o be_v not_o only_o superfluous_a and_o abundant_a but_o a_o impious_a vanity_n if_o there_o be_v no_o such_o law_n any_o where_o after_o the_o solemnity_n of_o this_o religious_a and_o sacred_a bond_n to_o be_v observe_v the_o manner_n of_o take_v the_o oath_n as_o we_o find_v be_v this_o the_o archbishop_n ask_v the_o king_n whether_o he_o be_v willing_a to_o take_v the_o oath_n usual_o take_v by_o his_o predecessor_n and_o whether_o the_o law_n and_o gustome_n by_o the_o ancient_a just_a and_o devout_a king_n grant_v to_o the_o people_n of_o england_n with_o the_o confirmation_n of_o his_o oath_n he_o will_v grant_v and_o keep_v to_o the_o same_o people_n and_o especial_o the_o law_n custom_n and_o liberty_n by_o the_o glorious_a king_n edward_n to_o the_o clergy_n and_o people_n grant_v regali_fw-la grant_v exit_fw-la libro_fw-la regali_fw-la after_o he_o be_v lead_v to_o the_o high_a altar_n where_o he_o swear_v to_o observe_v they_o etc._n etc._n further_o so_o far_o be_v some_o from_o allow_v our_o law_n to_o be_v norman_a that_o they_o be_v of_o opinion_n the_o norman_n receive_v they_o from_o we_o as_o they_o must_v of_o their_o custom_n be_v so_o derive_v as_o william_n of_o rovel_v in_o his_o preface_n to_o his_o commentary_n upon_o the_o grand_a customary_a edward_n the_o confessor_n be_v a_o long_a while_n in_o normandy_n give_v law_n to_o the_o norman_n and_o make_v the_o custom_n of_o england_n and_o normandy_n jurata_fw-la normandy_n d._n spel._n gloss_n v._o jurata_fw-la which_o if_o it_o be_v not_o so_o nothing_o be_v lose_v by_o it_o nor_o do_v it_o make_v any_o of_o these_o truth_n suspicious_a 55._o suspicious_a sup._n 55._o that_o so_o few_o of_o these_o law_n be_v come_v to_o our_o hand_n of_o which_o something_a be_v say_v before_o and_o of_o their_o book-case_n or_o judgement_n none_o at_o all_o there_o never_o can_v be_v any_o such_o volume_n of_o they_o hear_v of_o as_o be_v fancy_v beside_o the_o honest_a simplicity_n of_o the_o first_o age_n and_o the_o strictness_n of_o rule_n speak_v of_o writing_n and_o deed_n either_o to_o pass_v land_n or_o privilege_n be_v not_o in_o use_n till_o king_n wither_v near_o 700._o year_n after_o our_o saviour_n that_o king_n be_v so_o illiterate_a that_o he_o can_v not_o write_v his_o name_n as_o himself_o confess_v 198_o confess_v council_n sax._n 198_o king_n aelfred_n little_o less_o than_o two_o hundred_o year_n after_o this_o complain_v of_o the_o ignorance_n then_o that_o there_o be_v scarce_o any_o on_o this_o side_n humber_n who_o can_v understand_v the_o ordinary_a common_a prayer_n or_o translate_v a_o piece_n of_o latin_a into_o english_a but_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n on_o the_o south_n of_o the_o thames_n he_o remember_v not_o a_o man_n who_o can_v have_v do_v it_o walsagepiscep_v it_o ibid._n 379_o epist_n aelfredi_n ad_fw-la walsagepiscep_v and_o although_o this_o king_n of_o sacred_a memory_n if_o perhaps_o as_o i_o can_v think_v he_o be_v not_o the_o solon_n and_o arthitect_n of_o our_o saxon_a english_a order_n yet_o a_o great_a restorer_n of_o it_o build_v glorious_o upon_o the_o frame_n he_o find_v yet_o these_o be_v less_o than_o beginning_n will_v likely_o have_v be_v where_o such_o a_o prince_n have_v be_v the_o workman_n he_o can_v not_o intend_v they_o the_o dane_n like_o a_o fatal_a whirlwind_n tear_v up_o root_n and_o branch_n every_o where_o ruine_v have_v long_o before_o break_v into_o the_o land_n which_o two_o hundred_o year_n together_o they_o miserable_o harass_v with_o who_o he_o fight_v fifty_o six_o battle_n and_o as_o may_v be_v imagine_v have_v not_o leisure_n to_o perform_v the_o duty_n of_o peace_n but_o in_o his_o arm_n sometime_o hide_v in_o the_o poor_a shed_v of_o a_o herdsman_n as_o the_o most_o know_a knight_n a_o king_n without_o a_o kingdom_n a_o prince_n without_o people_n so_o that_o he_o can_v not_o think_v of_o his_o law_n 378._o law_n council_n 378._o and_o although_o there_o be_v some_o breathe_n and_o the_o storm_n have_v some_o intermission_n some_o calm_n be_v in_o the_o two_o hundred_o year_n some_o in_o his_o reign_n yet_o such_o ravage_v and_o spoil_v have_v these_o barbarous_a thief_n make_v and_o so_o universal_a may_v the_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n be_v we_o may_v conceive_v it_o will_v be_v the_o labour_n of_o no_o short_a peace_n to_o restore_v thing_n fall_v or_o shake_v to_o their_o first_o condition_n without_o make_v any_o the_o least_o progression_n this_o be_v not_o to_o be_v do_v till_o the_o corruption_n which_o war_n licentiousness_n and_o careless_a negligence_n have_v breed_v in_o the_o part_n most_o sound_a be_v pluck_v up_o and_o the_o weed_n throw_v out_o which_o must_v be_v the_o work_n of_o time_n the_o proceed_n too_o of_o the_o saxon_n our_o ancestor_n as_o m._n lambard_n in_o judgement_n be_v the_o plane_n and_o without_o solennity_n enough_o to_o clear_v this_o though_o the_o saxon_a law_n than_o be_v enough_o for_o the_o commonwealth_n yet_o they_o have_v no_o great_a extent_n whatsoever_o unto_o s._n edward_n gather_v out_o of_o the_o law_n of_o those_o who_o follow_v this_o king_n and_o see_v more_o quiet_a day_n or_o out_o of_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o saxon_a law_n can_v not_o reach_v far_o but_o not_o out_o of_o any_o defect_n in_o the_o law_n itself_o than_o the_o cause_n why_o the_o law_n run_v in_o a_o large_a channel_n and_o spread_v into_o more_o vein_n now_o be_v not_o any_o artifice_n or_o injust_a deal_n of_o those_o who_o practice_n it_o but_o the_o improvement_n of_o estate_n by_o good_a husbandry_n much_o traffic_n whence_o contract_n be_v more_o frequent_a as_o sir_n john_n davies_n there_o be_v more_o luxury_n and_o excess_n in_o the_o world_n more_o force_n deceit_n and_o oppression_n more_o covetousness_n and_o malice_n breach_n of_o peace_n and_o trust_n which_o as_o they_o gather_v strength_n and_o multiply_v so_o must_v the_o law_n there_o be_v a_o necessity_n that_o as_o these_o mischief_n increase_v there_o shall_v be_v supplement_n of_o law_n to_o meet_v with_o they_o mr._n daniel_n observe_v of_o the_o assize_n of_o clarendon_n long_o after_o the_o saxon_n that_o it_o consist_v as_o it_o do_v of_o very_a few_o point_n and_o that_o the_o multitude_n of_o action_n which_o follow_v in_o succeed_a time_n grow_v out_o of_o new_a transgression_n etc._n etc._n when_o the_o roman_n be_v little_o better_a than_o shepherd_n and_o herdsman_n it_o be_v say_v a_o few_o ivory_n table_n contain_v their_o law_n after_o they_o come_v to_o be_v lord_n of_o the_o world_n thousand_o of_o book_n be_v write_v of_o the_o roman_n civil_a law_n albericus_fw-la gentilis_fw-la just_o reprehend_v ludovicus_n vives_z who_o maintain_v as_o he_o that_o all_o thing_n may_v be_v finish_v by_o a_o few_o law_n as_o the_o same_o mr._n lambard_n speak_v of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n positive_a or_o write_a law_n neither_o be_v nor_o can_v be_v make_v such_o a_o perfect_a rule_n as_o that_o a_o man_n may_v thereby_o true_o squâ—e_v out_o justice_n in_o all_o case_n which_o may_v happen_v for_o write_v law_n must_v needs_o be_v make_v in_o generality_n and_o ground_v upon_o that_o which_o happen_v for_o the_o most_o part_n because_o no_o wisdom_n of_o man_n can_v foresee_v every_o thing_n in_o particularity_n which_o experience_n and_o time_n do_v beget_v 77._o beget_v archeior_fw-fr 76_o 77._o there_o be_v a_o curse_n of_o peace_n the_o high_a prosperity_n have_v its_o danger_n there_o can_v be_v no_o safety_n in_o it_o the_o rich_a man_n be_v more_o infirm_a more_o unsound_a than_o the_o poor_a pride_n and_o malicious_a contention_n be_v disease_n he_o be_v seldom_o free_a from_o it_o be_v well_o say_v of_o wicked_a man_n and_o their_o injustice_n there_o be_v need_n of_o many_o law_n to_o bridle_v they_o of_o many_o officer_n to_o execute_v of_o many_o lawyer_n to_o interpret_v those_o law_n we_o know_v all_o law_n come_v not_o in_o by_o heap_n but_o as_o time_n corrupt_v thing_n and_o new_a wrong_n and_o offence_n be_v discover_v by_o the_o same_o degree_n thus_o the_o sumptuary_n law_n among_o the_o roman_n come_v in_o the_o fabian_z of_o plagiaries_n the_o julian_n of_o public_a or_o private_a force_n de_fw-fr ambitu_fw-la and_o the_o rest_n all_o our_o statute_n law_n which_o be_v remedy_v so_o must_v it_o be_v and_o so_o it_o have_v be_v in_o all_o commonwealth_n of_o
the_o law_n yet_o no_o where_n in_o it_o i_o think_v once_o name_v our_o most_o reverend_a judge_n litleton_n he_o call_v the_o law_n in_o just_a and_o the_o lawyer_n or_o interpreter_n of_o they_o ignorant_a speak_v of_o those_o of_o the_o time_n of_o william_n the_o 1._o upon_o a_o supposition_n that_o the_o most_o of_o the_o law_n be_v normanne_n he_o and_o his_o book_n be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o great_a account_n by_o dr._n cowel_n in_o as_o much_o esteem_n with_o the_o student_n of_o the_o common_a law_n as_o justinian_o justitute_n be_v with_o the_o civilian_n say_v the_o famous_a clarencieux_fw-fr the_o lord_n coke_n say_v this_o be_v as_o absolute_a a_o book_n and_o as_o free_v from_o error_n as_o ever_o be_v write_v of_o humane_a learning_n epist_n learning_n pres_n upon_o littlet_n r._n 2.67_o r._n 10._o epist_n according_a to_o the_o judgement_n of_o a_o court_n before_o litletons_n word_n will_v pass_v every_o where_o ipse_fw-la dixit_fw-la carry_v thing_n as_o master_n 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