up to him by John Baptista he enter'd the Town at first without doing any violence But when they were come as far as S. Marks in the Street called Colonna the Pope's Soldiers met them assisted by a great number of people They fought some time in the City very stoutly and many were slain and taken on both sides But the Colonneses seeing the People of Rome otherwise affected than they expected they resolv'd to retreat out of the City but as they went they plunder'd all things drove away the Cattel and forc'd a great many Men along with ' em But the Pope's Soldiers mix'd with the Romans requited 'em for it For they plunder'd and laid waste the Houses of Prosper the Cardinal and all the Colonneses together with all those that had been Martin's Friends Being thus incens'd on either side they began to make use of treachery as well as open force to bring about their Designs For the Arch-Bishop of Benevento Son to Anthony Colonna was taken and one Masius a Frier who being tortur'd confess'd that he intended to kill the Governour of Castel S. Angelo and so taking it by surprise to betray it to the Colonneses who being once Masters of that might drive the Pope and the Vrsins out of Rome when they pleased Masius was degraded from the Priesthood and quarter'd in Campo di Fiore and his Limbs hung up at the four chief Gates of the City nothing being said of the Arch-Bishop of Benevento But Eugenius falling sick either of grief for these troubles or of Poison as some said he clap'd up a Peace with the Colonneses by the mediation of Angelot Foscus a Roman Citizen whom he not long after made Cardinal at the same time with Francis Condelmero his Nephew This Peace he made publick with as much speed as possible because he understood that Sigismund was come into Italy and design'd for Rome upon which he made his Nephew Francis Chamberlain and gave him some excellent Persons for his Assistants in the management of the Church Patrimony Whilst these things pass'd thus at Rome the Florentines and Venetians having routed a Fleet of Philip Duke of Genoa upon the Coast of Genoa in a Sea-fight and having a Pope who was their Country-man took the confidence to invade Philip by Land But he sent for Nicolas Picenninus immediately out of Tuscany and both beat the Venetian Fleet at Cremona and easily defeated Carmignola whom the Venetians beheaded a little after having first as they say themselves convicted him by Torture Letters produc'd and Oral testimony that it was through his treachery that they did not take Cremona when Cavalcabos had seized one Gate of the City and that the Navy was vanquish'd before his face when he might easily have hinder'd it with such a number of men as he had so near But then the Florentines fearing lest the Emperor now coming into Italy should favour Philip they dispatch'd Nerius Capponius a Citizen of theirs if possible to persuade Eugenius that the Emperors coming to the City did threaten no less ruin to the Sea Apostolick than to Florence And that it was an easie matter to keep him from passing over Arno into Siena which had molested the Florentines a long time if he would command Nicolas Tollentinas then in Arms under the Pope to join Michelett Cotignola General of the Florentines and oppose Sigismund at Arno that he might not pass the River with his German Horse Eugenius was easily persuaded to it and upon some Debate about the charge of the War Nerius took up the business and agreed that the Florentines should pay two thousand Horse of Eugenius's raising as long as the War lasted Then Nicolas Tollentinas at the Pope's command march'd out of his Winter-quarters and whilst he pillaged the Sieneses gave Sigismund opportunity to pass the River Arno by the assistance of Anthony Pontadera who was an excellent Commander and a bitter Enemy of the Florentines and thence passing through Volaterra in so peaceable a manner that his Army seemed rather friends than foes he was received and made welcome wherever he came The Emperor having tarried six months at Siena to the great cost of that City and having in vain attempted to make Peace with the Florentines applying himself to Eugenius he made a League with him and then went to Rome where he was kindly entertain'd by the people and the Pope and receiv'd the Imperial Crown And going from the Vatican where he was crown'd into the Lateran where he lodg'd he Knighted several Italians and Germans at Ponte di S. Angelo according to custom And some say that Eugenius waited on him so far and then went back to S. Peter's After that the Emperor took leave of the Pope and travelling through the Marcha d' Ancona and Romagna he arrived at Ferrara and Mantoua Where when he had stay'd some days he made John Francis Lord of Mantoua a Marquis and married Barbara the Daughter of John Marquis of Brandenburgh to Lewis Son of John Francis This match was thought an honour to the Gonzagan Family not onely because the Lady was akin to the Emperour but because her Father John was an Imperial Elector At last the Emperor departed out of Italy leaving all things in confusion but Nicolas d' Este Marquis of Ferrara was persuaded by Philip to go to Venice and exhort them to Peace and so he did insomuch that they were induced by the awe he had over 'em and considering their great expences to send Plenipotentiaries to Ferrara along with him where by consent of Eugenius April 1. 1433. a Peace was concluded upon these Conditions to wit That Philip should depart out of Geradada and deliver it up to the Marquis of Monteferrat and Orlando Pallaricini both whom he had turn'd out of their paternal Inheritance that all which had been taken from the Florentines the Sieneses or those of Lucca should be return'd to the Owners and that he should be look'd upon as a common Enemy that did not restore what he had taken in thirty days Thus having made a Peace in all parts they hoped for some rest when on the sudden the whole shock of the War fell upon Eugenius For Philip who loved Novelties sent Francis Sforza with a great Army into Romagna pretending to march into Puglia which Alphonso had invaded to defend those Towns which his Father Sforza had possess'd there Who marching through Ancona and Ombria with his Army in good order surprised and took them in a moment And Philip not content to do so sent Nicolas Fortebrachius a valiant and prudent Commander with chosen Horse so suddenly against Eugenius that he was possess'd of the Ponte Molle and the Porta del popolo before it was known that any Enemy approached This Nicolas had formerly fought under Eugenius and by his Commission had subdu'd the Governor of Vetralla and Civita Vechia by the help of the Venetian Galleys that attaqued the Castle off the Sea But when Nicolas afterward demanded
again in an uproar for the banish'd of all places met near Bologna resolving immediately to enter Florence and thereupon in the Night getting over the Walls which were not then finish'd near the Gate that leads to Bologna they advanced as far as the Church of S. Separata that was begun to be built a little before But whilst they look'd too eagerly after the plunder and consulted their friends what they had best to do they gave their Enemies time to take courage and raise Arms insomuch that they quickly drave 'em out and killed a great many of their men Then they got Robert Duke of Calabria to be their General and were grown confident they had strength enough not onely to defend their own but to attaque their Neighbours too Hereupon they besiege Pistoia which those within it did so bravely defend that with one Sally they beat Robert and all his Army back to Prato Benedict who was a very good and holy Man resolv'd when he had quieted Italy to assist against the Tartars who were fallen into Syria and Palestine having been sollicited to it by frequent Messages But dying at Perugia where he and all the Court were in the eighth month and seventeenth day of his Pontificate he missed his Design He was buried with due pomp in the Church of the Freres Preachers the fifth of June in the year 1303. Now the Miracles which he did after his death shew him to have been an excellent holy Man for he cured the sick and cast out Devils The Sea was then vacant from the fifth of June to the seventh of July in the year ensuing although the Cardinals that were kept in the Conclave for that purpose were importun'd and sometimes threaten'd to make choice of a Pope CLEMENT V. CLEMENT the fifth a Gascon Bishop of Bourdeaux formerly called Bertrandus Gottho was made Pope in his absence at Perugia though the College of Cardinals had a long debate about the Election But he approving of their choice went from Bourdeaux to Lyons and called all the Cardinals thither to him who obey'd him without any scruple so that the Court of Rome was translated into France in the year 1305. And there it remained for seventy four years to the great damage of all Christendom but especially of Rome where the Churches great part of 'em fell to ruin for want of use whilst they were absent that ought to have taken care to repair ' em There were present at the Coronation of this Pope Philip King of France and his Brother Charles lately return'd from Italy John Duke of Britaigne who together with some others was kill'd by a Wall that fell upon him whilst the Coronation pomp was going as is usual through the City Philip also was a little hurt by the same accident But the Pope though he was in such a consternation that he fell from his Horse yet he lost nothing but one Carbuncle out of his Crown that some say was valued at 6000 l. When the Solemnity was over and all things in order Clement made a great many French Cardinals but none out of Italy though indeed he did restore John and James of Columna to their entire Dignity of Cardinalate which they formerly enjoy'd Besides that he sent three Cardinals to Rome with the character of Senators to govern not onely the City but all Italy by their Conduct But when he saw the Genoeses and those of Pisa involv'd in a bloody War one against the other and that Sardinia in the mean time was taken by the Saracens he gave that Island to Frederick King of Sicily upon condition that he should beat out the Enemy and recover it as soon as possible the Venetians making a League with Charles the Second against the Emperor of Constantinople induced King Rassianus to come and desire of the Pope to be instructed in the Orthodox Faith in the year 1307. But the Venetians and Charles falling out again they alter'd Rassianus's mind by their ill example In the mean time a new Heresie was broached at Novara by Dulcinus and Margaret which allowed Men and Women who lived together freely to exercise all acts of uncleanness and the professors of it were called the Brotherhood Clement endeavour'd to suppress them and immediately sent thither a party of Soldiers with a Legat Apostolical who partly with cold and hunger partly with force of Arms routed 'em from the Alps where they harbour'd But Dulcinus and Margaret were taken alive torn in pieces and their bones burnt and scattered into the Air. About that time Intelligence was brought that the Templers who were formerly Christ's Soldiers had revolted to the Saracens For this reason all of 'em that could be apprehended were kill'd and their goods given partly to the Rhodian Knights who had possess'd themselves of that Island a little before and partly to Religious uses Philip also King of France turn'd all the Jews out of his Territories confiscating their goods for their Rogueries and their covetousness Not long after Albert the Emperor being kill'd by his Nephew John almost all the Cities of Lombardy chose their Captains or Governors to be their Sovereign Lords as at Verona the Scaligeri at Mantua the Bonacossi at Padua the Carraresi The House of Este had been Masters of Ferrara a long time before but now they reduced Modena also Nor did Charles the Second King of Naples think it below him to marry his Daughter Beatrice to Azo Marquis d' Este But Friscus his Son seeing he had gotten a Step-mother put his Father in Prison and there murther'd him and then possessed himself of Ferrara by the assistance of the Venetians who lent him aid to storm a Castle called Thedaldo Then the Cardinal Pelagura was sent to Bologna from Clement to forbid the Venetians from medling with Ferrara under the pain of a Curse those of Ferrara desiring to be under the Church Wherefore the Venetians thinking it their best way to make haste attaqued the Castle Night and Day till at last they took it Which when they had done Friscus himself greedy of Revenge set fire on half Ferrara especially their Houses who seemed to desire a Change The Citizens now not able to endure so great an injury any longer taking up Arms turn'd Friscus out of his usurp'd Sovereignty and surrender'd themselves to the Venetians who in all probability might be able to defend them At which Pelagura was very much incensed and muster'd up all the Church forces immediately against the Venetians and those of Ferrara But Clement understanding how obstinate and how desirous of Dominion the Venetians were laid a Curse upon them with an Interdiction commanding all persons wherever to look upon them as no better than Slaves and to take away whatever they had from them by which that trading Nation suffer'd great damage both in England and France After this the Pope sent other Cardinals into Tuscany which was all one Scene of War to command Robert Duke of Calabria the
he went into France The Pope understanding that the Guelphs were generally oppress'd after Robert's departure sent Charles Earl of Valois the Son of Philip King of France into Italy to protect the Guelphs and those especially that were at Vercelli with the Turrianoes who were Lords of that City But Viscount Galeatius by command from Lewis the Emperor prevented Charles and expelled the Turrianoes out of Vercelli before he came upon which that City became subject to the Viscounts Not long after Castruccio gets into Pistoia as Guido Petramala a little before had into Tipherno though the Florentines withstood him But Castruccio relying upon the aid of Viscount Galeatius for he had sent his Son Accio with one thousand five hundred Soldiers to assist him pursu'd and beat the Florentines back to the very Walls killing a great many men The Pope seeing the Bavarian resolv'd to embroil all things interdicted him with the usual Ceremonies and degraded Guido Petramala from the Priesthood after he had got possession of Tipherno He also separated Cortona from the Bishoprick of Arezzo and made it a City of it self making John of Viterbo Bishop of it In the mean time Nicolas d' Este Lord of Ferrara storm'd and took Argenta a Town belonging to the Church of Ravenna by the assistance of Passerino Bonacossio Lord of Mantua who a little before had married Nicolas's Sister These two also joyn'd their Forces and attempted Bologna but went off with great loss being defeated by Beltrando who commanded the Church-forces and not long after cursed by the Pope Ferraria too was interdicted till they restored Argenta But Castruccio at that time did torment the Florentines after he had taken Segna from whence he made frequent Sallies upon them insomuch that despairing of their Affairs they called in Charles the Son of Robert to be their Covernour At that time Pope John sent John Vrsin into Italy with all speed to animate the Florentines and the Guelphs against the Bavarian who was then coming over the Alps with a mighty Army But he in his way to Rome went first to Millain at the earnest request of the Gibellins Where having received his Iron Crown he wanted Money and was forced to raise some upon the people which Galeatius their Governour making some scruple of he put all the Viconti in Prison and chose four and twenty Citizens to manage the publick Affairs with a chief Officer of his own Family Afterward the Bavarian at the request of Castruccio set all the Viconti at liberty whilst they were at Lucca where the Emperor was entertain'd with great respect and kindness And when he went from thence he was attended to Rome by Castruccio with one thousand five hundred Horse where in the Palace of S. Giovanni Laterano he was Crown'd by Stephano Columna at the command of the Clergy and People At that time there were two chief Officers in the City chosen out of the Nobility which they called the Emperors Lieutenants and one of 'em called Nicolas di Conti being then absent it fell to Stephano's lot to do that Office Being Crown'd Emperor he presently made Peter of Corbiere of the Order of Minors born near Rieti Pope to Rival John the twenty third who was a man of mean Birth but a learned Man and very fit for business This Person had a Wife formerly against whose desire and inclination he enter'd into the Order of S. Francis So being made a mock-Pope and called by the name of Nicolas the fifth he was saluted by the Emperor and all that were there along with him as the true Vicar of Christ who likewise made Cardinals and Bishops of men like himself In the mean time the French Horse that were left in Garison at Florence having surprised Pistoia in the Night they forc'd Castruccio to depart immediately from Rome Who having first joyned the Viconti's forces came to Lucca and Pisa and thence moving toward Pistoia he besieged it a long time and at last compelled it to surrender for want of Provisions But the Bavarian followed Castruccio with an Army and left the Anti-Pope at Viterbo having a Design to storm Florence And perhaps he had taken it if Castruccio had not happen'd to die of a Disease which he contracted by the excessive pains that he took Yet the Bavarian forgot his great kindness to him and banish'd his Sons from Pisa and Lucca as they were disposing of Soldiers to guard the several Cities and took possession of the Towns At the same time Galeatius also dying his Sons sled to the Bavarian desiring him that he would restore 'em to their Countrey for such a sum as they promised him He thereupon being very greedy of Money sent Accio home but kept his Brother Marco for an hostage till the whole Money was paid And then leaving the Anti-Pope at Pisa with Viscount Marco he went to Millain in order to go for Germany but could not be received into the City by Accio who too well remember'd the injuries done to his Father But the German Soldiers who kept Marco in Tuscany for an Hostage when they knew his good temper swore Allegiance to him and made him of their Prisoner their Captain so that he was straightway Master of Lucca by the surrender of Castruccio's Soldiers who gave up the Castle into his hands And yet not long after the Germans in Marco's absence changed their mind and sold the City of Lucca to a certain Genoese of the Family of Spinola a great Seaman So that after all the Bavarian return'd to Germany without having perform'd any thing to the advantage of the Empire and Boniface Earl of Pisa to gratifie Pope John brought the Anti-Pope to Avignion where he died in Prison And now the Pope being freed of his two greatest cares to wit the Anti-Pope being dead and the Bavarian gone out of Italy into to Germany he declared an Expedition against the Saracens and imposed new Tenths to be paid to Philip upon the account of that Voyage The Florentines were then in Lucca but were driven out immediately by the Bohemians whom the people of Brescia had invited into Italy against the Bergameses and by whose assistance also the Popes Legat had taken Parma Rheggio and Modena But he making an Alliance with John King of Bohemia quickly changed all the Measures of the Italian Factions For whosoever the Pope and King of Bohemia were Confederates with Robert and the Florentines were certainly against without any distinction of Guelphs or Gibellins For Mastino Scala Lord of Verona Philippino Gonzaga of Mantua the Carrarieses Lords of Padua the Esteses of Ferrara enter'd into Alliance and League with Robert by whom the Florentines also were assisted and took Pistoia by surrender from some of the Citizens without opposition In the mean while the Marquesses of Este were not absolv'd from the Ecclesiastical Interdiction before they were tired by the Petitions of those of Ferrara and restored Argenta which they were possessed of to the Church
immediately upon his advance to the Popedom Anno 895. he proposed to the Senate and people that a Law should pass that no regard should be hereafter given to the Authority of the Emperour in the creation of a Pope taking as Platina saith an advantage when the Emperour Charles was marched with his Army out of Italy against the rebellious Normans This must have been Charles le Gros and the year 885. according to those Authors who have written the History of France But that which must have given this Pope courage herein was the weakness of Charles the Bald a Prince bold in his undertakings but unable in the execution of them for so soon as he received information of the death of the Emperour Lewis the 2d he resolved to seize the Empire which at that time was confined to the narrow compass of Rome and all Italy because his two Uncles had miserably rent the French Monarchy in pieces and divided between them after the death of Lotharius those two Kingdoms which belonged unto him But to be short Charles the Bald in order to his design raised all the Troops he was able and on a sudden passing the Alps he so surprised the Lombards that not being provided of a Force to resist they presenty yielded themselves unto him and therewith the Treasure of Lewis deceased which he so well employed at Rome that he corrupted therewith both the Senate and the Magistrates and promised great matters to Pope John the 8th if by his means he might obtain the Imperial Crown This Pope whom we call Pope Joan the Story of whom being a Woman and with Child is related by divers Authors and not wholly disbelieved by our Platina acting according to the false wisdom of this World as appears in many particulars of which Baronius accuses him or her thought fit to make advantage of this ambition of Charles that thereby he might for the future procure a right to Popes to elect and create Emperours But our Platina saith it was John the 9th but be it John the 8th or the 9th he conferred with the Barons and principal Lords of Rome on this point who being already prepared by the bribes of Charles and overjoyed to become Electors easily concurred with the Pope in the proposal he made to them in favour of Charles who being accordingly invited to Rome made his entry there on the 18th of December in the year of our Lord 856 and on the 25th day following being Christmas day the Pope proclaimed and Crowned him Emperour in St. Peter's Church with the consent of the Prelates Chief of the Clergy and all the People of Rome But lest this assumption of Charles to the Empire should seem to proceed from a right of Succession and not of Election like the other three French Emperours his Predecessours the Pope designing to put the matter out of dispute that so the Emperour might own his Title to be derived from him and his Nobles and no other he held an Assembly at Pavia composed of Bishops and Counts where having first shamefully fiattered him with praises of notorious falsity extolling him above Charlemagne he declared that his Election was an effect of his merit and piety and agreeable to the Will of God which had long before been revealed to Pope Nicolas by divine inspiration and in pursuance hereof the Act of Election was signed and confirmed by the whole Assembly and registred in the Books of that Court. In this manner the right of those who were descended from Charlemagne and the Sovereignty which the Emperours had until that time exercised in Rome and in all the Lands of the Ecclesiastical State was surrendred up into the hands and power of the Pope in vertue of which as it is most certain that several succeeding Popes did challenge a right of Creating Emperours or at least to the confirmation of them by that right which they had to Crown them so also it is apparent that there have been Emperours who after this time have exercised a Sovereign power in Italy and without regard to the base condescention of Charles the Bald have made themselves Masters of Rome and of the Pope himself An example whereof we have in Otho the Emperour who recovered three advantageous points which the Greek and French Emperours had enjoyed and which Charles the Bald had lost and betrayed to the Pope Namely 1. The Sovereign power in Rome it self 2. The right of Succession of his Children to the Empire 3dly A power to Elect a Pope or what amounts to the same thing a Right to hinder any from being chosen who was not agreeable to his good will or pleasure Nay farther it is apparent in History that the Popes themselves as well as others did take the Oath of Fidelity as it was administred to them by the Emperour's Commissioners and it is as certain that from the time that Justinian recovered Rome from the Goths the Emperours were ever Masters of the Election in such manner as that either it could not pass without his permission or being done required his confirmation Accordingly Otho the 3d. caused Bruno his near Kinsman Son of Otho Duke of Franconia and Suabia his own Cousin-German to be chosen Pope who took upon himself the name of Gregory the 5th But at length by other turns of fortune Hildebrand who was Gregory the 7th in the year 1073. raised the Papacy to the highest pitch of power and honour that ever it was in Upon consideration of which whole matter it is certain that the Pope had some right in the Election of the Emperour for when the Kingdom of Italy with Rome it self was united to the Teutonick or German Kingdom and that by the Donation of Pepin the Popes were Masters of the Exarchate Urbin Ancona Spoleto and other Towns and Countries and confirmed by Charles his Son then the Pope himself representing the people of Rome by his Legats with the Princes Lords and Deputies of the Towns of Italy had a priviledg of giving his Votes at those Elections and on no other foundation than this could the Pope pretend co a right of Electing Emperours nor in any other manner than as he was Prince over a Dominion which had a right of Election in concurrence with other States Princes and Feudataries of the Empire But when and in what manner and by what Methods afterwards this power of Election came to be transferred to the seven Electors is not very clear in History there being many and various conjectures thereupon Maimbourg in his History called la Decadence de l'Empire concludes that this Institution was established by the Authority of Gregory the 10th in the year 1274. And farther he proceeds to say That the second Pope from whom we may conjecture that this Authority was derived was Leo the 8th who by a Decree made by and with the consent of the Clergy and people of Rome gives and grants unto the Emperour Otho the first and to those who
Cleophas and Bishop of Jerusalem was crucified in the hundred and twentieth year of his Age. These things which we have spoken were acted in the time of this Bishop and not of Cletus as Eusebius in the third book of his History would have it for Damasus makes out that Cletus and Anacletus differed both as to their Countrey and manner of Death Cletus being a Roman and suffering under Domitian but Anacletus and Athenian and suffering under Trajan Our Anacletus having erected an Oratory to St. Peter and assigned places of burial for the Martyrs distinct from those of other men and at one Decembrian Ordination made five Presbyters three Deacons and six Bishops upon his Martyrdom the See was vacant thirteen days after he had sat in it nine years two months and ten days S. EUARISTUS EUARISTUS by birth a Grecian his Father a Jew named Juda of the City of Bethleem lived in the time of Trajan A Prince whom I take delight to mention because of his singular Justice and Humanity Who behav'd himself so acceptably towards all men that as far as the times of Justinian the usual acclamation of the People at the Creation of an Emperour was this Let him be more prosperous than Augustus and better than Trajan He was of a temper so courteous and condescending in visiting the Sick in saluting his Friends in keeping Festivals and being present at Collations to which he was invited that the fault which some found with him for that very reason gave the occasion of that worthy noble saying of his That a Prince ought to be such to his Subjects as he desires they should be to him He impartially distributed Honours Riches and Rewards to all that deserved well never oppress'd any man to fill his own Exchequer granted advantageous immunities to poor Cities repaired the High-ways and made the passages of Rivers secure made a high large Mole at the Haven of Ancona to break the violence of the Waves and indeed neither acted nor designed any thing in his whole life but what tended to the publick Good Having gain'd such Renown both in War and in Peace he died of a Flux at Seleucia a City of Isauria in the eighteenth year and sixth month of his Reign His bones were afterward convey'd to Rome and there buried in an Urn of Gold in the Forum which himself had built under the winding Pillar of an hundred forty foot high which is yet to beseen But we return to Euaristus who as Damasus tells us divided the City of Rome among the Presbyters into Parishes ordained that seven Deacons should attend the Bishop when ever he preached to be witnesses of the truth of his Doctrine and moreover that the accusation of a Lay-man should not be admitted against a Bishop He held Decembrian Ordinations at which he made six Presbyters two Deacons and five Bishops In his time lived Papias Bishop of Hierapolis an Auditor of John a person who took not so much delight in the Records of the ancient Disciples of our Lord as in the living Conversation of Aristion and John the Elder And it is manifest from the order he observes in setting down the names of these two after the mention of almost all the Apostles that the John whom he places among the Apostles was a distinct Person from this John the Aged whom hereckons after Aristion He was certainly a very learned man and followed by many as particularly Irenaeus Apollinarius Tertullian Victorinus Pictaviensis and Lactantius Firmianus Now also Quadratus a Disciple of the Apostles did by his Industry and Courage support the Church of God as much as might be in such dangerous times For when Adrian who now passed the Winter at Athens and was admitted a Priest to the Goddess Eleusina began to persecute the Christians Quadratus with his own hand presented to him a very honest and rational Book of the Excellency of the Christian Religion The like did Aristides and Athenian Philosopher converted to Christianity who at the same time with Quadratus presented to Adrian a Treatise containing an account of our Religion The effect of which Apologeticks was that Adrian being convinc'd of the injustice of putting the Christians to death without their being heard wrote to Minutius Fundanus the Proconsul of Asia ordering that no Christian should be executed unless his guilt were proved by a credible Witness As for our Euaristus some tell us that he was martyr'd in the last year of Trajan but they are more in the right who are of opinion that he suffered under Adrian before his being reconciled to the Christians For he was in the Chair nine years ten months two days and was buried in the Vatican near the body of S. Peter October the twenty seventh The See was then vacant nineteen days S. ALEXANDER I. ALEXANDER a Roman Son of Alexander a Person of Wisdom and Gravity far exceeding his years held the Pontificate in the time of Aelius Adrianus This Adrian who was Son to Trajan's Cosin-German at his first coming to the Empire proved an Enemy to the Christians but afterwards as shall be said anon upon knowledg of their Religion and Devotion became very kind and propitious to them From the great benefits which the Roman State receiv'd by his Government he was called the Father of his Countrey and his Wife had the Title of Augusta He was excellently well skil'd both in the Roman and Greek Languages made many Laws created a goodly Library at Athens being mightily pleased with the Learning and Conversation of Plutarch Sixtus Agathocles and Oenomaus the Philosopher and at the request of the Athenians compiled Laws for them according to the Model of Draco and Solen Being admitted to the Eleusinian Mysteries he was very bountiful to the Citizens of Athens and repair'd their bridg broken down by an Innundation of the River Cephysus He built also a Bridg at Rome called by his own name remaining to this day and a stately Sepulchre in the Vatican near the River Tyber which the Popes now make use of for a Citadel Moreover he made that most sumptuous and stately Villa now called Old Tiber to the several parts of which he gave the names of Provinces and the most celebrated parts of the World Coming to Pelusium he was at great expence in adorning Pompey's Tomb and in Britain he built a Wall of sixty miles to sever the Romans from the Natives And because Septicius Clarus the Captain of his Guards and Suetonius Tranquillus his Secretary with several others had without his leave conversed somewhat more familiarly with his Empress Sabina than the Reverence of a Court admitted of he remov'd them all and put others into their Offices But to return to our Alexander He was the first who for the remembrance of Christs Passion at the Communion added those words Qui pridie quam pateretur to the Clause Hoc est corpus meum He ordained likewise that the Holy Water as it is called
so much smartness in the Translation how much more shall we judg to be in the Original As for 〈◊〉 having at three Decembrian Ordinations made twelve Presbyters eight Deacons fifteen Bishops he died and was buried near S. Peter in the Vatican May 26. He was in the Chair fifteen years three months two days and the See was vacant five days S. VICTOR I. VICTOR an Asian Son of Felix was as I believe in the time of Aelius Pertinax Which Aelius being seventy years of Age was from the Office of City-praefect created Emperour by a Decree of the Senate Being afterwards desired to declare his Lady Augusta and his Son Coesar he refused both saying it was enough that he himself was Emperour against his Will But undergoing the reproach of that unprincely Vice Covetousnes being so sordid as to cause the half of a Lettuce or Artichoke to be served up to his Table he was without any opposition slain in the Palace by Didius Julianus the Lawyer in the sixth month of his Reign This is that Julian who made the perpetual Edict and who in the seventh month after his coming to the Empire was vanquished and slain in a Civil War by Severus at Pons Milvius Victor out of his care of the Affairs of the Church decreed that according to a former constitution of Eleutherius as Damasus tells us Easter should be kept upon the Sunday which fell between the fourteenth and twenty first day after the Phasis or appearance of the Moon in the first Month. Theophilus Bishop of Coesarea Palestinoe was obedient to this Decree and wrote against those who observed that Feast as the Jews did their 〈◊〉 always upon the fourteenth day of the Moon whatever day of the Week it happened to be But Polycrates Bishop of Ephesus very hotly declaimed against this Constitution stifly contending that according to ancient Custom it ought to be celebrated precisely on that day on which the Jews kept their 〈◊〉 For he maintain'd that herein he 〈◊〉 the Example of S. 〈◊〉 the Apostle and others the Ancients We says he observe the exact day neither anticipating nor protracting it Thus did Philip who died at Hierapolis thus did John who leaned on our Lords bosom thus did Polycarp Thraseas Melito and Narcissus Bishop of Hierusalem 〈◊〉 some tell us that a Council was held in Palestine at which were present 〈◊〉 Irenoeus Narcissus Polycarp Bacchylus all Bishops of great Note in Asia But the whole matter was afterwards refer'd to the Council of Nice in which it was decreed that Easter should be kept on the Sunday following the fourteenth day of the Moon to avoid all appearance of Judaizing 〈◊〉 also ordained that in cases of necessity Proselytes might at their 〈◊〉 be baptized in any kind of Water or at any time of the year 〈◊〉 his Pontificate there flourished many learned men As for instance Appion who wrote the Hexaëmeron or account of the six days work of Creation 〈◊〉 Samosatenus who together with Theodotus held our Saviour to have been a meer man Sixtus who wrote of the 〈◊〉 and Arabianus who published several Treatises of Christian Doctrine Now also one Judas wrote a Cronology to the tenth year of Severus the Emperor wherein yet he is guilty of a mistake in asserting that Antichrist would come in his time an Errour into which I suppose him to have fallen from the observation he had made of the Cruelty and other Vices of the Age which he saw now grown to such an heighth that he thought Almighty God could not bear with mankind any longer By which very thing Lactantius and S. Austin themselves were after deceived Our Victor having first written some books concerning Religion died and was buried near S. 〈◊〉 in the Vatican whose Feast we observe on the twenty eighth of July He was in the Chair ten years three months ten days And the See was vacant twelve days S. ZEPHYRINUS ZEPHERINUS a Roman Son of Habundius lived in the time of Severus the Emperour Who being by birth an Asrican of the Town of Leptis upon the death of Julian succeeded in the Empire and took the Surname of Pertinax He was first an Officer of the Exchequer then a Colonel in the Army till by several steps he advanced himself to the Dignity of Imperator He was of a very frugal temper the cruelty of his nature was heightened by the many Wars he had been engaged in and he exercised great Valour in defending and great care in governing his Subjects He was eminent not only for his skill in Arms but in Letters too taking very much delight in the study of Philosophy He conquer'd the Parthians and Adiabeni and made Arabia Interior a Province of the Roman Empire For this Atchievement he triumphed and upon the Arch erected to him in the Capitol he was styled Parthicus Arabicus and Adiabenicus Moreover he adorned the City with publick buildings For he made those 〈◊〉 from his own name are called the Severian Baths and erected the famous Septizonium that part of which noble Pile that is now remaining hardly 〈◊〉 being pull'd down some years ago by order of Pope Paul the second to make the best of the stones But Bishop Zephyrinus 〈◊〉 more intent upon Ecclesiastical than secular Affairs decreed that every Deacon and Priest should be ordained in the presence of the Faithful both Clergy and Laity which was afterwards 〈◊〉 in the Council of Chalcedon He decreed likewise that the 〈◊〉 at the Communion should not be consecrated as had been 〈◊〉 used in a wooden Chalice but in Glass Though this 〈◊〉 was altered in following times wherein order was given that it should 〈◊〉 be in Wood because of its spunginess whereby some of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 might soak into it nor of Glass because of its brittleness and the 〈◊〉 of its being broken nor of any ordinary course mettal by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the ill taste it might contract from it but only in 〈◊〉 of Gold or Silver or at least of Pewter as appears in the Canons of 〈◊〉 Councils 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Reims He also ordained that all 〈◊〉 of fourteen years of Age should communicate every year upon Easter-day which in after-times Innocent the third extended not only to Communion but Confession too He commanded likewise that no Bishop being 〈◊〉 by his Patriarch or Primate or Metropolitan should have sentence pass'd against him but by the Authority of the See 〈◊〉 Lastly he ordained that when the Bishop celebrated all his Presbyters should be present In his time flourished Heraclius who wrote a Comment upon the Apostle Maximus who in a large book 〈◊〉 the great Controversie of this Age viz. concerning the Author 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Original of Matter Candidus who com posed an 〈◊〉 and Origen who in the tenth year of Severus 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being rais'd against the Christians and his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 put to death for his Religion whom he himself being yet a Youth did very much confirm in
all manner of Vice and wickedness and if he had any time to spare from his lusts he spent it in Hunting and not in Prayer The Romans had at this time two Consuls annually and one Prefect who was a Judg among the Citizens Out of the People were created twelve Decarchons who were instead of the Senate neither were the Romans without some kind of Dominions for the neighbouring Towns of Tuscany between Orvieto and Todi and all that lies between the City and Benevent Naples Tagliacozzo and Riete were subject to the City of Rome What lies beyond was possessed partly by the Greeks and partly by the Saracens It is not altogether certain who then held Marca di Ancona and the Dutchy of Spoleto In the City thus free Octavian favour'd by the power of his Father assumes the Papal Dignity a weight for which his shoulders were very unfit which gave so great offence that two Cardinals who were nettled at it sent to Otho beseeching him to come and deliver the Clergy and the People of Rome out of the hands of Berengarius and this Pope John otherwise telling him that the Christian Religion and the Empire too would both be ruin'd Otho was at that time great in the estimation of all people having as we said before conquered Boleslaus King of Bohemia and routed the Hungarians that 〈◊〉 Germany in three fierce Battels taking three of their Princes who were hanged up by the Germans against the mind of the Emperor While Otho was expected the whole design was betray'd to John who took both the Cardinals and cut off the Nose of the one and the hand of the other This mov'd Otho to hasten his march into Italy where first he took Berengarius and his Son Albertus Prisoners and banish'd one to Constantinople the other into Austria and soon after entring Rome he was splendidly received even of John himself and Crown'd as some write Emperor of Germany and Hungary the Empire being now first translated to the Germans There are Authors yet that place this to the times of Leo VIII of whom we shall speak hereafter whose Opinion is follow'd by Gratian in his Decree though Ricardus and Cuseulinus disallow not the former but the Lateran Library-keeper writes that Otho came to Rome in John's time but says not a word of his Coronation so perplex'd and confused are the Affairs of those times by the carelesness and neglect of their Writers Otho however having somewhat setled the State of the City had some conference in private with John dissuading him kindly from his naughty way of life and exhorting him to reform but when he found fair words would not avail he made use of threats and declar'd for a General Council convening all the Bishops of Italy to judg of the way of life of this wicked Fellow The Censures of these good Men he apprehended would be heavy and therefore fled to Anagni sculking up and down in by-places like a wild Beast So that Otho by the persuasion of the Clergy creates Leo a Roman a keeper of the Archives in the Lateran Pope But upon the departure of the Emperor the Kinsmen and Friends of John turn out Leo and recall him who within few days after was struck dead as was thought from Heaven lest the Church of God should be ruin'd by so pernicious a Sedition as was then growing on Some indeed write that this wicked Wretch or Monster rather was taken in Adultery and there stabb'd However this put not an end to the Schism for the Romans upon the death of John put up Benedict in his room and were earnest with the Emperor who was then at Spalato to confirm their choice But the Emperor was highly displeased and not onely denied their request as unjust but as shall hereafter be told compelled them by force of Arms to abrogate Benedict and receive Leo. Many Prodigies are said to have been seen at this present time in Italy for in a mighty tempest of wind and rain there fell a stone of a wonderful 〈◊〉 from the Sky and in the garments of many persons the figure of a bloody Cross appeared miraculously which portents were look'd upon to 〈◊〉 great Slaughters and calamities to the Church This John who was certainly the most pernicious profligate Fellow of any that preceded him in the Pontifical Chair died in the ninth year third month and fifth day of his Popedom upon whose death during the Sedition the Sea was vacant twelve days BENEDICT V. BENEDICT the Fifth a Roman in the Sedition was of a Deacon made Pope chiefly by the assistance of the kinred and Dependents of John to whom the Preferment of Leo by Otho gave great disgust But the Emperor disapproving this Election flatly the confirmation of it to the Romans who earnestly sought it and wasting the territories of the City with fire and sword forced them not onely to turn out but to yield up Benedict and submit to Leo with an Oath not to attempt any alteration in what the Emperor had establish'd in the affair of the Popedom Matters thus composed in Italy Otho goes back for Germany taking Benedict with him who soon after died at Hapspurg whither he was banish'd He held the Papacy six months and five days The Sea was after vacant thirty days LEO VIII LEO the Eighth the Proloscriniary as I said before upon the expulsion of John was created Pope by the Clergy and People of Rome For when John led such an abominable and exorbitant life that the Romans urg'd the Emperor to depose him and set up another Pope he answered that the Election belong'd to the Clergy and People and let them chuse a Man they took to be most fit he would confirm him immediately Hereupon when they had chosen Leo and the Emperor had confirm'd him soon after altering their minds they deposed him and put up Benedict which so angred Otho that he compelled them by force of Arms to yield up Benedict and accept of Leo again who was so teiz'd with the mutinous humour of the Romans that he transferred the whole power of electing of Popes from the Clergy and People to the Emperor But he liv'd not long after dying in the sixteenth month of his Popedom JOHN XIV JOHN the Fourteenth Bishop of Narni a Roman Son of John a Bishop succeeded Leo. But the Romans having got the trick of expelling their Popes vex'd this Man also with seditions for having call'd to their assistance Geffrey Lord of Terra de Lavoro they broke into the Lateran Palace and feiz'd upon John whom they first cast into the Prison of Castle S. Angelo and soon after banish'd to Capua but Geffrey with his onely Son being slain by John Prince of Capua the Pope return'd straight to Rome in the eleventh month of his Exile Otho also upon notice of the Pope's distress together with his Son Otho and a good Army by long journeys came to Rome and immediately threw the Consuls the Praetor and the Decarchons
of Ravenna Yet still relying upon the assistance of the Scaligeri they attaqu'd the Castle of S. Felix in Modena till Charles the King of Bohemia's Son came upon them with Manfred surnamed Pius who was Lord of Carpo and by these two Confederates they were routed and beaten out of the Field 'T is certain that eight hundred of their Soldiers fell in that Battel and many of their Nobles were taken and among others of the greatest note one Nicolas d' Este Brother to Rainaldo the Marquess The Legat of Bologna took this occasion and getting a considerable Army together commanded by Galeot Malatesta of Rimini Francisco Ordelapo of Forli Richard Manfred of Faenza and Hostasio Polentano of Ravenna at that time Lords of their respective Cities he besieged Ferrara which was then sharply attaqued and the Suburbs of S. Antony taken when Auxiliary Forces sent by Philippino Gonzaga Mastino Scala and Vbertino of Carrara encouraged the Ferrarians to sally forth which they did with such success that they routed the Enemy and took most of their Captains But the Earl of Romagna who was taken was chang'd for Nicolas d' Este and the rest were sent safe home upon condition that they should take up Arms no more against the House of Este Rainaldo d' Este proud of such a Victory march'd into Bologna where he spoiled all the Country round about and had very near taken the Town They of Bologna well hoped that the King of Bohemia would have assisted the Legat and it was reported that he was on his way thither when on the sudden news was brought to him that Mastino Scala had taken Brescia and Bergamo by surrender and that Accio Viconti was got into Pavia and storming the Castle For this reason he desisted from any farther attempts and leaving his Son at Parma went himself with some Troops to Pavia where seeing he could not take in the Forts that the Viconti had raised he only plunder'd the Country about Millain and went back again to Parma without effecting his Design There he understood that Americk Son to Castruccio had gotten Lucca by means of some friends within but that the Castle held out still though the King for a sum of Money surrendred that too because he was to go shortly into Germany being weary of the Italian Factions For the Viconti having taken the Castle of Pavia made excursions far and near Wherefore placing a German Garison in Modena and Rheggio and committed the care of Parma to Marsilio and Piedro Rubeo he went into Germany but promised to come suddenly back again with a greater Army When the King was gone the Bologneses with the aid of the Florentines and the Marquess d' Este beat out the Legat and recover'd their Liberty killing all the Ecclesiastical forces both within and without the City So that the Legat growing helpless writ to Avignion in the year 1334. just when John the Pope died in the ninetieth year of his Age and in the nineteenth year and the fourth month of his Pontificate and left behind him in the Treasury such a mass of Gold as never any Pope did before him He was buried in the Cathedral in great State Some say that Petro Mutroneo once Pope was canonized by John and that Gentilis of Fuligno and Dyno of Florence two famous Physicians were at the same time rewarded by him with money and honour for he was reckon'd a great Lover of learned Men. BENEDICT XII BENEDICT the Twelfth of Tholouse a Cistercian formerly call'd James Cardinal Priest of S. Prisca was made Pope at Avignion the sixteenth day after John's death and presently confirm'd the Censures which John had laid upon the Bavarian as one that usurped the Empire By this means the Empire was vacant and every thing tended toward a War when every one though never such a petit Lord endeavour'd to encroach upon his Neighbour For the Scaligeri were not content to be sole Governours of Verona Brescia and Bergamo but strove to get Parma too from the Rubei Gonzaga had a mind to get Rheggio d' Este Modena and the Florentines Lucca But the Scaligeri seeing they could not take Parma because the Soldiers within especially the Germans who hated the Scaligeri defended it so briskly they march'd toward Vincenza But they could do no good upon it and therefore hearing that the Germans were gone from Parma they return'd thither and straight took it by surrender of the very Rubeans themselves Nicolas d' Este also took Modena by the assistance of his Father-in-law one Guido Gonziaco whose Daughter he had married And Philippino Gonzaza had Rheggio voluntarily yielded to him by the Citizens But at the same time the growing Power of Mastino Scala who had gotten into Parma Lucca and Padua by surrender from Vbertino Carrara made all the Princes and States almost in Italy conspire to ruin his Grandeur but the most zealous of 'em were the Venetians Gonzaga and d' Este besieged Verona whilst Lucino with another Army took Brescia and Bergamo But the Venetians fearing lest by their endeavours to lessen the power of one they might augment that of another they make a Peace with Mastino Scaliger upon Condition that if he would let the Carrareses have Padua and the Viscount Brescia and Bergamo as he formerly had he should keep Verona Vincenza Parma and Lucca This Peace was very offensive to the Florentines who were their friends and Allies and had a great mind to have Lucca yet they deferr'd their complaint till another time and at that present held their Tongues But the Pope sent a Legat into Italy who persuaded the Senate and People of Rome that they would exercise the Senatorian Office in the name of him and the Church though they had done it for a long time in the name of the King For this reason Stephano Columna was continu'd Senator for five years and Collegues or Partners in the Office were assigned him annually But when the Pope had sent for Stephano to Avignion Vrsus Earl of Anguillaria who was Stephano's Collegue made Francis Petrarcha a man very eloquent especially in his Mother-tongue and famous for the Poems he had publish'd Poet Laureat in the Capitol before all the Nobility and people of Rome in the year 1338. But the Pope fearing lest when the Empire was vacant Italy might be invaded by any forein Enemy he made Viscount Luchino and John his Brother Arch bishop of Millain Lieutenants of Millain and other Cities that were in their possession The same Power he delegated to Mastino Scala over Verona and Vincenza to Philippino Gonzaga in Mantua and Reggio to Albertino in Carrara and Padua and to Obicio d' Este in Ferrara Modena and Argentae and that very justly as he pretended for the Empire being vacant all the Power belonging to it devolves upon the Pope who is the sole Vicar of Jesus Christ upon the Earth But he set a Tribute upon Obicio d' Este that he should pay ten
the assistance of the Bolognians under the conduct of Rodolphus Varraneo he went with his Army to Winter in Cesena In which City there was such an upooar by reason of the pride of the French that six hundred Britains were slain and the rest turn'd out of Town But they got in again afterward by way of the Tower and being increased in their number they fill'd all places with bloud and rapine not sparing even those whose very age made their excuse onely young Women and Maids were kept alive to be abused But those of Forli fearing lest for want of advice and one to Govern them they might be oppress'd by the Legate they took Synebald Pyne John and Theobald Ordelaphi as their Lords into the City and were bravely defended by them from the fury of the Britains But Pope Gregory conceiving that all the mischiefs of Italy proceeded from his being absent and that the long shipwrack of Affairs there happen'd because the Pilot was out of the way the good Man was very intent a good while upon a Journey into Italy But he was mightily concerned at a certain Bishops words who being asked by the Pope as they were walking together why he did not return to his Church which he ought not to have left so long without a Pastor He reply'd Why do not you that are the greatest Bishop give a good Example and go to your own Bishoprick at Rome The Pope was disturb'd at these words and therefore he got ready one and twenty Ships in the Rhoan under pretence of going elsewhere that he might not be stop'd by the French as he would have been if they had understood he had been going to Rome because it was their Interest to keep the Court in France Thereupon he went first to Genoa and then to Corneto from whence he went by Land for he was weary of sailing in the Winter especially to Rome and arrived there in the year 1376. about the 11. of January in the seventh year of his Pontificate and the 70th year after the Court went out of Rome into France But what preparations the people of Rome made and with what incredible joy they received him 't is needless to relate for all the Nobility went to meet him with their countenances gestures and acclamations expressing all kind of pleasure as Children do that see their dear Father return'd from a strange Country And indeed all things lacked his presence there For both the Walls the Churches and all buildings in general publick or private threatened nothing but ruin till he repaired most part of them as the Tower which he built at S. Maries the Great does testifie The morality also of the City was so decay'd that they seemed to have nothing about 'em which look'd like a Citizen but appeared as if they ought to go and learn manners who formerly had reduced the whole to urbanity and good behaviour So then the Pope having seated himself in Rome as a good Pastor should do began to look about him and think of a cure for the Wounds of Italy And whilst he was a ruminating of it he consider'd that nothing but a Peace could do the feat Thereupon he sent his Legate first to the Florentines who inclin'd to War and persuades 'em not to slight or refuse any fair Conditions of Peace They suspecting the Popes power and fearing lest they should be compell'd to make a Peace enter into Alliance and Confederacy with Bernabos their old Enemy After that they corrupted Haucut with money and fair promises to come over from the Church to their Party at which they were so triumphant and so proud that they omitted no sort of injury or Affront that they could do the Pope For which they were anathematized and yet were so insolent that they forced their Priests notwithstanding the Interdiction to perform the Divine Offices against Law and Reason The Pope therefore weary at last of intreating took up Arms and having reconciled Bologna which was to be govern'd in his Name he like the Florentines before made Varraneo his stipendiary and gave him the command of the Church Army to go against Florence But a quarrel arose between the Genoeses and the Venetians which put a stop to his Designs he fearing lest any forein force should invade Italy if he ingaged with the Florentines himself For whilst Andronicus by the Genoeses assistance to whom he had given Tenedo as the reward of the Exploit had dethroned Charles's Father who was John Emperor of Constantinople the Venetians restored him again to his Country and had the Island Tenedo given to them by him At which the Genoeses were angry though they deferr'd their revenge till another occasion for fear of the Pope's Curse who threaten'd it to both parties if they did not quit their Arms not holding it fit for either of them to meddle in that War But whilst this holy Man did all things with that diligence that became a Pope he dy'd of that intolerable pain the stone in the Bladder in the seventh year and fifth month of his Pontificate the sixteenth of April in the year 1378. and was buried in S. Maries in the New Street in a Marble Tomb which is yet to be seen and so much lamented as never man was before him For all people thought themselves deprived of a Father in him and did bewail not onely the present but their future Calamity into which they were faln by the loss of so good a Pope and the Discords that arose among the chief Citizens VRBAN VI. GREGORY being dead and the making a new Pope being under debate the Clergy and People of Rome address'd themselves to the Cardinals and desired 'em that they would choose some worthy Person an Italian to govern the Church and State of Rome with integrity and piety for that unless an extraordinary Pastor were then elected Christianity as it stood at that time must needs fall to decay And they desired an Italian Pope lest if he were a French man the Court of Rome must remove again beyond the Mountains to the great disadvantage and damage of the City of Rome and all Italy besides Alledging that when the Pope was absent all the Country and City were continually embroil'd with Usurpations and Seditions and that the Churches in Rome were so neglected and thereby grown so much out of order that they were most of 'em ready to fall And that upon this account the people who came continually to Rome were not so zealous as they used to be when they saw the Papal Sea the Cardinals Churches and Monasteries nay the holy places where the Martyrs lie without a Roof and the Walls falling down to let in sheep and other Cattel That it was fit the Pope should live where Peter had placed the Pontifical Chair by the Will of God out of his own Country and Nation and advanced the honour of it by the ashes and the blood of Martyrs Confessors and holy Popes Hence might the
also aided them that they were almost all of 'em kill'd before they were sensible what danger they were in The Earl of Armagnac himself General of this great Army was taken but died immediately of a wound that he receiv'd Besides him there were taken Rainardus Lanfigliatius and John Riccio two Florentine Knights who had guided the Earl into Italy Galeatius grown confident by this Victory sent part of his Foces against Hawkwood who had pass'd the Rivers Adige and Mencio to join Armagnac upon notice whereof Hawkwood hasted toward Padua but lost a great many men by the way who were drown'd in the Seluces that the Country people had made to hinder their retreat But the Florentines being hard put to it by James Vermes who was sent thither by Galeatius with twelve thousand Horse and four thousand Foot called back Hawkwood who overcame their Enemies by stratagem whom he was not able to conquer in the open field In the mean time a Peace was made at Genoa upon good conditions between Galeatius and the Florentines by the mediation of Pope Boniface and Antony Adurno General of the Genoeses But one flame was no sooner quench'd but another broke out For Francis di Vico Prefect of the City got Viterbo out of the Popes hands by treachery And Peter Gambacurta Lord of Pisa and his Sons was kill'd by James his Secretary and Counsellor who strait usurp'd his Seigniory At this time also upon the death of Albert d' Este one Azzo of the same Family who had been banish'd a long time attempted to be restor'd to his Country by the Power of the Counts of Cunie But the Guardians of young Nicolas Son of Albert took up Arms and driving Accius from Ferrara promised the Towns of Lugo and Monselice to John Cunio if he would kill Azzo But he shewed 'em a trick for it and only kill'd a man very like him upon which the Towns being surrender'd to him he produced the real Azzo Alberic his Progenitor would never have done such an Act to whom the Italians owe more than to all the Generals of his Age. For he first taught the Italians the Art of War when they had been long unaccustomed to Arms how to defend themselves from domestick as well as forein Enemies For before his time if the Italians had any War either among themselves or against the Barbarians they were forced to desire the aid of forein Soldiers But he raised such a mighty Army in a short space under the Banner of St. George that he drave the Britains who had ruined our Country and the Castles belonging to the Church together with the Germans English and all other Invaders out of Italy From him arose the Bracceschi and Sforceschi by whom Italy gain'd so much Glory that other Nations either were content to be quiet for fear or if they attempted to invade us 't was at the cost of their lives In the mean time Clement VII the Anti-Pope died and in his place the Cardinals who join'd in the present Schism put up Peter Luna then called Benedict XIII at Avignion At that time also Winceslaus Son to Charles the Emperor succeeded him from whom John Galeatius Viconti received the Title of Duke of Milan by his Embassador Peter Philargi Arch-Bishop of Milan who afterward got the Papacy and was called Alexander the Fifth But Galeatius when John Hawkwood was dead and buried at Florence whom the Florentines made use of as their chief Commander in their Wars He resov'd to send Albrick with an Army into Tuscany to keep the Florentines in awe who then made War upon Appiax Lord of Pisa There were in that Army Paul Vrsin Ceculino Brolia Brandelino Paul Sabello Luke Canali great Captains who going with joint-forces and Counsels to besiege Florence pitched their Camp near the Carthusian Monastery from whence they continually infested the City of Florence and all the Country about it with frequent inrodes and filled all places with slaughter rapine and fire Anno Dom. 1397. At which time Boniface went to Perugia to procure a reconciliation between the Nobility and Commonalty there But the Commonalty even in the Popes presence took up Arms against their Promise and kill'd eighty of the Nobles and then made Biordo and Nichilotto who were admitted into the City as heads of their Faction chief Lords of all The Pope was angry at that and went to Assisi from whence he sent Agents to Galeatius to desire him that he cease to attempt Mantua which he then besieged by Land and Water having sent for Albrick Barbianus into that Country to assist in the War But the Florentines and the Venetians being bound as Allies to aid Mantua they sent a good Army under the conduct of Charles Malatesta Cousin to the Duke of Mantuan who defeated Galeatius's forces at Governo At that time the Florentines had a design to fall upon the Pisans but the Earls of Puppio and Balono and the Vbertine Rebels who threaten'd destruction to the City of Florence if they stirred a foot against the Pisans diverted them from it But not long after James Appian died and his Son Gerard succeeded him who when he could not keep Pisa in subjection by reason of the Tumults which the Florentines raised in it he sold the City to Galeatius Viconti in the year 1399. keeping onely one Town for him and his called Piumbino At Perugia Biordus being slain by the contrivance of Lantedescus the Perugians endeavour'd to assert their Liberty And when Vgolin Trinci of Fuligno the Popes Vicar there endeavour'd in his name to bring Perugia into the Churches Patrimony the Citizens were angry and surrender'd themselves to Galeatius who two months after got possession also of Bologna and Lucca by a wile Hence was the fear of the Florentines so encreased that they gave out that they and their Liberty were all lost unless Galeatius were taken off The Year of Jubilee approaching the Pope was moved by Embassadors from Rome to leave Assisi and reside with them which though he was very willing to do yet he concealed his desire and told 'em he would not because he said they denied to have Senators chosen out of forein Nobility according to the Custom and Orders of former Popes and because they had chosen Conservators of the Chamber on their own head Men not fit for the Employment who gave too much Licence to the Banderesii Then the Romans to gratifie the Pope remov'd the Banderesii and admitted of Malatesta Son to Pandulphus of Pesaro a learned Man as Senator in the Popes Name and furnish'd Boniface with Money to go to Rome When he was come into the City he fortified S. Angelo as I told you with Walls and Turrets and made himself by degrees Master of the whole place After that in the year 1400. the Jubilee was kept and a great multitude of People stock'd to Rome for Devotion and then the Florentines being willing to be rid of Galeatius invited Robert Duke
by the importunity of his Friends to let it alone And for this reason I think it would go better with the Church of God if Popes would not mind their kindred or at least not too much but consult the good and honour of the Papacy rather than promote the interest of flesh and blood Especially at that time when Tamberlain who conquer'd the Turks and led their Emperor in Chains along with him was dead and had left all the Armenians Persians Egyptians and Assyrians without Governors so that the Christians might easily have recover'd Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre But his care was plac'd nearer home for he persecuted the Albi Bianchi or Whites that would have introduced a new sort of Superstition under his Pontificate of whom I heard my Father who saw the Man say that there was a certain Priest who came down from the Alps into Italy the year afore the Jubilee with a great many after him and being clothed in white Cloth pretended so much modesty that every body look'd upon him as a Saint So that this Fellow coming into Italy drew a great number of Men and Women over to his Opinion in a short time And these People at Night lay Men or Women Pesants or Citizens Servants or Freemen promiscuously together cover'd with their white Robes like so many Sheep They feasted in the publick Streets and strove who should bring the best provisions The Priest himself carried a Crucifix which he said wept for the sins of Mankind and as often as it did so the people set up a clamour and begg'd pardon of God They sang the Lauds or Praises of the Blessed Virgin going along and standing still in Hymns made for that purpose But as he came from Piedmont and that way into Romagna Tuscany and Millain the Opinion of his sanctity was advanced whereby he brought over not only the rude and unlearn'd Commonalty but even great Men and Bishops of several Cities At Viterbo being tired with travelling he tarried with the multitude and from thence said he would come to Rome to visit the holy Places and Bodies of the Saints But Boniface fearing him to be a Cheat and thinking as he said that the superstitious Knave had a mind to get the Popedom by the assistance of that Gang about him he sent Soldiers to meet him and bring him to Rome Which done some write that his knavery was detected by Fortune and that he was deservedly burnt alive but others say the Man was guiltless and that it was onely a trick of the Pope to raise that report of him whereas he put him to death out of envy Which is true God knows But this is certain that after so great a conflux of people caused partly by this and partly by the Jubilee a number of Men died of the Plague But amidst all the evils wherewith Italy was afflicted we received one Benefit For Chrysoloras Byzantius brought the Greek Learning into our Country which had been neglected in Italy for four hundred years Hence came the Greek and Latin Schools where Guarinus Victorinus Philielphus Ambrose the Monk Leonard and Charles of Arezzo and many more were educated by the emulation of who many Wits were excited to laudable Studies INNOCENT VII INNOCENT the Seventh of Sulmona before named Cosmo Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce was made Pope at Rome when all Italy was in an uproar For John Galeatius being dead and leaving two Sons but young all Italy betook themselves to Arms. John Maria the elder Son got the Dutchy of Millain and Philip Maria the younger made himself Lord of Pavia with ease as lawful Earl of it The other Cities to the number of twenty five revolted from the Viconti Paul Guiniffius a Citizen of Lucca usurped the Dominion of his Country Francis Carrara now that General was gone off whose Arms he exceedingly fear'd that he might enlarge his Territories sent Embassadours to Verona Brescia Bergamo and Cremona to sollicite the Guelphs to be on his side But when he saw William Scala and Charles Viconti who desired to govern their own Cities could hinder his attempts he promised William the Signiory of Verona and that of Millain to Charles of whom he borrowed thirty thousand pounds So he restored William to his Country but he soon after was poison'd and then Verona fell again to Francis He would have serv'd Charles the same trick when he was urgent with him either to perform his promise or to pay the money he had lent him He also advised Francis Gonzaga by Letter to come over to his side and embrace his Alliance and if he would not that he would look upon him as an Enemy and give him reason ere long to repent of his obstinacy And that he said was easie because he having gotten Verona which border'd upon Mantoua he should shortly compass Brescia too and so teaze the Mantoueses as he pleased Francis resolv'd to say nothing in answer to him till he heard what the Venetian Embassadors said whom he understood to be upon the way coming to him For the Venetians suspecting the power of the Carraresi took Vincenza into their protection by a free surrender of the Citizens who fear'd Francis's strength and would rather be under any Lord than one of Padua for there was a mortal hatred between the Paduans and those of Vincenza So then the Venetians admonish'd Francis Carrara that he should not meddle with those of Vincenza who were their Tributaries and that he would raise the Siege from Cologna which they accounted within their Dominions if not that the Venetians would revenge their quarrels Francis reply'd that he admired at the impudence of the Venetians who though they have no right or claim to any thing upon the Continent yet would prescribe Laws to them who had just Titles He therefore bad 'em go and confine themselves within their Bays and Fens and let them alone to govern the several Cities who had derived a right to it from their Forefathers This enraged the Venetians who thereupon sent instructions to their Embassadors then upon the Road to make a League with Francis Gonzaga and choose him General of their Forces with an honourable yearly stipend And Francis when the League was made thought it best to make haste because he heard the Enemy had gotten Cologna and raising a great Army attaqued the Veroneses on that side that lies toward Mantoua The Venetians from Vincenza did the same Which so terrified the Veroneses that having no hopes of help they surrender'd For the Citizens hated Francis Carrara for having poison'd William Scala and imprison'd his Sons after he had gotten Verona by a Wile But as the Army enter'd the City keeping their exact Order for fear of some stratagem of the Enemy James Carrara who had commanded the Garison ran away with some few Soldiers to Hostia But as he cross'd the Poe he was taken Prisoner and sent to Venice Now the Venetians having fortified Verona as well as they could march'd
thence with all their Forces to Padua which they besieged though it were fenced with very high Walls and a deep Ditch and garison'd with stout Men and after some months having block'd up the Avenues for provision they had it yielded to them Francis was fled into the Castle with his Sons and Nephews but the Venetians took that too not long after by surrender of the Soldiers within who were ready to starve But Francis being taken and sent to Venice was put to death along with his Brother And this was the end of him who indulged his own lust of ruling so much that he contemn'd Peace and would get all things by force of Arms. But this was not the end of our misfortunes For either by the neglect of Popes who used to procure Peace either by Interdictions Menaces or force or rather by means of the Schism under which the Church of God did at that time labour it was come to that pass that every base Usurper after the death of John Galeatius would venture upon any mischievous Design And though Innocent whilst he was Cardinal used to blame the negligence and timorousness of former Popes saying their sloth was the cause that the Schism which was the bane of the Church of Rome and of all Christendom was not rooted out Yet when himself had gotten the Popedom he follow'd Vrbans and Bonifaces steps in several things which he had carp'd at in them when he was a private person and not onely did not what he had before commended but took it very ill if any one mention'd it to him Beside he was so furious in his Administration of the Government that once when the Romans desired to have their Liberty restored and that the Capitol Ponte Molle and S. Angelo might be put into their hands and also were urgent with him to extirpate the Schisms which had been so destructive and of such ill example out of the Church and that he would seek the Peace of Christendom since the King of France promised to assist him in it and Peter Luna the Anti-Pope was not against so good a work the Pope e'en sent the Romans themselves to Lewis his Nephew who lay at the Hospital of the Holy Ghost in the Stone-Way as to an Executioner For eleven of these publick-spirited Citizens were presently put to death and thrown out at the Windows for that he said was the onely way to remove Schism and Sedition The People of Rome were so incens'd at this cruel usage that they sent for Ladislaus King of Naples and took up Arms to revenge themselves of Lewis But the Pope to avoid the fury of the People took Lewis along with him and ran away to Viterbo Whereupon the People seeing they could not satisfie their wrath upon the Author of the Villany they turn'd their indignation upon the Courtiers and plunder'd them of all they had Yet some they say were preserv'd in the Houses of several Roman Cardinals who with much ado did make a shift to protect those that fled to 'em by the assistance of their Clients Then the Romans having taken the Capitol and Ponte Molle they attempted S. Angelo but in vain though they were assisted by John Columna Earl of Troja Gentilis Monteranus Earl of Carrara great Commanders under King Ladislaus But when Paul Vrsin came upon them by order of the Pope with Mostarda and Cecchalino they routed John Columna and Ladislaus's Men that were left in a place called Neros Meads This was a great damage to the Romans for their Men and Cattel were driven away and therefore when their anger was over they became friends with the Pope and desired him to return home to the City For he was naturally courteous and affable learned in the civil and Canon Law and well skill'd in the Art of Perswasion When therefore things were thus composed he came to Rome and made more Cardinals among which were Angelus Carrara a Venetian Cardinal of S. Mark after called Gregory XII Peter Philardi a Candiot Cardinal of the Twelve Apostles afterward Alexander and Otho Columna Cardinal of S. George after called Martin V. Thus having setled the Popedom he created Lewis his Nephew Marquis of Marca d' Ancona and Prince of Fermo but he himself died a little after at Rome in the second year of his Pontificate and was buried in S. Peters in a Chappel that was formerly dedicated to the Popes which Nicolas V. afterward repair'd and his Tomb bears this Inscription Innocentio VII Pontifici Maximo cum neglecti ejus Sepulchri memoria interiisset Nicolas V. Pontifex Maximus restitui curavit In the mean time the Italians wanted a true Pope and a good Emperor and therefore every one did what they pleased For Cabrinus Fundulus of whom Charles Cavalcabos made great use both in War and Peace being puffed up with hopes of being sole Governour because all Magistrates and Lieutenants of Castles obey'd him as much as Charles he murther'd Charles with his Brethren and Kindred at Machasturma ten miles from Cremona as he was coming back from Lodi From thence he fled with a few Men to Cremona before the thing was known in the City and having gotten possession of the Fort and all the Gates he went into the Market all in Arms and whomsoever he saw that was likely to withstand his Designs he banish'd or put to Death But to make himself absolute he omitted no kind of cruelty Nor could the great Men of Milan hinder this being themselves embroil'd by the different Designs of Gucegaldo Governour of Genoa who attempted to bring Milan to subjection to the French King and of Facino Cane an excellent Commander who strove to conserve it in the hands of the Heir John Maria Visconte Now also Otho III. Lord of Parma was enticed upon pretence of treating with him by Nicolas d' Este to Rubera a Castle of his where at the command of Nicolas he was kill'd by Sforza Cotignola upon whose death Nicolas immediately got Reggio and Parma by surrender of the Citizens who hated the name of Otho But Ladislaus having been possess'd of Rome as I said before and Perugia being put into his hands which had been brought low by the Forces of Braccio he led his Army into Tuscany which by the industry and conduct of Malatesta of Pesaro was so bravely defended that Ladislaus was beaten thence and retreated into his own Kingdom having received more damage than he had done his Enemies But the Florentines being deliver'd from such an Enemy turn'd their Arms toward the Pisanes and after a long Siege took Pisa under the conduct of Tartaglia and Sforza in the year 1406. GREGORY XII THE Schism continuing still in the Church to the decay of Christianity one Pope being chosen at Rome and another at Avignion the Princes of France to wit the Dukes of Berry Burgundy and Orleans who at that time governed all France during the Kings indisposition took pity on the Church at last and came
Uncle became his Successor Lewis XII continuing his claim by right of Inheritance to the Kingdom of Naples and also to the Dukedom of Milan in right of his Grandmother the Daughter of John Galeazzo entered into a League with the Pope which was fatal to Italy and with them the King of Spain the Florentines and the Venetians were all combined against Duke Lodowick Sforza and King Frederick on conditions that Lewis having conquered Milan should cause Cremona to be restored to the Venetians and that Caesar Borgia who was the Popes bastard Son having renounced his Cardinals Cap and taking Carlotta de Alebretto Daughter to the King of Navar and Kinswoman to the King of France for his Wife should be invested in Romagna Marca and Vmbria and that the Kings of Spain and France should equally divide the Kingdom of Naples between them Lewis entering Italy with a powerful Army drove out the Duke of Milan from his State and shortly after took Cardinal Ascanius Prisoner whom he sent into France where he died in a short time afterwards The Venetians by virtue of the League had Cremona consigned to them and all matters succeeded so prosperously for Lewis in Italy that Frederick King of Naples being thereby wholly dis-animated cast himself with all humble confidence into the arms of King Lewis who treated him basely and with the highest indignities imaginable In the mean time the French and the Spaniards being to divide the spoils of the Kingdom such differences arose betwixt them as being only to be decided by the Sword the French were all cut in pieces by the valor of Gonsalvo a brave Captain by which means that Kingdom fell into the hands of Spain In the mean time Pope Alexander being attentive to nothing more than to raise and enrich his Bastard Children encouraged and countenanced his Son Caesar Borgia in the grievous oppressions he laid on all the Barons of the Ecclesiastical State for he designing and aspiring to make himself sole and absolute master of it made the Family of the Orsini the most remarkable examples of his insolent indignities spoiling and harassing their Country for the space of a whole Summer As yet Caesar Borgia had not renounced his Cardinals Cap and therefore continuing still under the notion of a Prelate Guido Vbaldo di Vrbino and John Borgia an other of the Popes Bastards were made Generals of the Ecclesiastical Army who over-running several Countries reduced Braciano by Siege and proceeded every where victoriously until Charles the natural Son of Virginio Orsino joyning Battel with them routed their Army and took the Duke of Vrbin prisoner After this a Peace being concluded with the Orsini and the Pope perceiving that his business did not thrive well by War he endeavoured to advance his designs by fortifying the interest of his Family with great and potent alliances and in the first place he gave his Daughter Lucretia in Marriage to John Sforza Lord of Pesaro breaking his promise to a certain Nobleman of Spain to whom he had formerly contracted her then he took her from Sforza and gave her to Lewis of Aragon Bastard Son of Alfonso King of Naples who being killed she was given to Alfonso da Esté Duke of Ferrara with whom afterwards she ended her days This Pope had also three Sons Geoffery the youngest was made Prince of Squillaci Caesar who was the second was Cardinal and John the eldest was sent into Spain and there made Duke of Candia but he rambling one night in his pleasures about the Streets of Rome was by the treachery of his Brother the Cardinal assassinated and his body thrown into the â—ybar which kindness he did him after they had supped the same night together at the Table of their Mother Vanoccia with which horrid act the Pope was not so much displeased as he was terrified fearing that upon the least displeasure the spirit of this miscreant would be provoked to add parricide to the murder of his Brother After this he made little account of his Scarlet or degree of Cardinal but turning his thoughts wholly to War he was made General of the Popes Army and uniting his Forces with the French and joyning with their interest he became master of a considerable Principality in Italy for having expelled Sforza from Milan and imprisoned the Chiefs of that Family with assistance of Lewis the 12th he with great cruelty and blood possessed himself of all the Cities of Romagna Bologna only excepted banishing or putting to death all the ancient Lords and persons of quality belonging to it He also took Imola and Forli banishing all the Children of Riario to whom the Inheritance belonged only their Mother Catherina he took prisoner and carried her in triumph with him to Rome Next he took Sinigaglia by force of Arms and by treachery surprized the State of Vrbin for being with all his Army at Cagli where he was kindly received upon the signal given he seized that City and marched immediately with the same design to Vrbin Guido Vbaldo da Feltro Prince of that State surprized with this suddain attempt and fearing to fall into the cruel hands of this Tyrant left the City and with some few of his domesticks saved himself by flight Then this Borgia turned his Arms upon Camerino which he took and put many of the ancient Lords and Barons of it to death with the like cruelty and wickedness he treated all the Lords and Barons about the parts of Rome particularly that noble Family of the Gaetani which were Lords of ancient possessions in the Volsci of which he put James the Son of Honorato Gaetano to death then Protonotary of Rome He also ordered that Cola Gaetano a youth who was the only Son and hopes of the Family should be removed out of the world He in the next place by assistance of the French attacked the Family of Colonna and seized on all their State forcing them to fly into Puglia and Sicily for refuge His next and last work was to subdue the Orsini but they having always been constant and firm friends to the Pope in all times and against all Factions he wanted some colourable pretence to fix a quarrel on them but at length the occasion which he sought the Orsini themselves administred for they growing jealous of the successes and fortune of Borgia and fearing lest his insatiable avarice should transport him also to an appetite of devouring them they considered it prudence to provide in time against a danger so apparent and imminent as this wherefore consulting with others who were possessed with the like apprehensions and fears such as Bentivolio Lord of Bologna Paolo Baglione the Usurper of Perugia Vitellozzo Vitelli Lord of the City of Castello Liverotto Lord Fermo Pandolfo Petrucci of Siena they appointed a Council to be held at Perugia where they agreed upon an alliance and confederacy together against Borgia and accordingly setting out an Army into the Field they took Vrbino and Camerino and overthrew
Consultations held upon the point of the Regale At length by the Arch-bishop of Paris they offered these several Proposals by way of accommodation between his Majesty and the Pope That those on whom the King in Right of his Regality bestows any Ecclesiastical Benefices shall in the vacancy of the Sees have their approbation and Mission from the Vicars General That the Chapters which are in possession of bestowing Prebends and other Dignities shall continue to dispose of them whilst the See is vacant That in the Churches where the collation is alternative between the Bishops and the Chapters the same shall be observed during the vacancy of the Sees that are under the Regality the King having the turn which the Bishop should have had That where the Bishops dispose of the Prebends jointly with the Chapter the King shall in the vacancy of the See appoint a Commissioner who shall have the same power and place in the Chapter as the Bishop had Howsoever no farther proceedings were made in this matter because the Pope appeared resolute to maintain his priviledg and jurisdiction and the Cardinal d' Estrée who had ever since the beginning of this year been at Rome to try and bend the mind of the Pope gave little hopes to prevail with him wherefore it was thought fit that the Controversie should remain in suspence rather than be farther pressed to the breach of that amity which interceded between the common Father and the eldest Son of his Church so the King holds his Right and the Pope hath not relinquished his Claim but remains still in a capacity to reassume the same when either he or his Successours are strengthened with circumstances of time and force to make good their Demands It is known to all the World that in the Church of Rome vain and superstitious Opinions have been ever growing for divers Centuries of years some of the most wild and extravagant of which certain Popes have been weeding out but with that negligence and inattention that where one hath been destroyed twenty have arisen Hereof the present Pope Innocent the XI being sensible who is certainly one of the most understanding and most worthy of those that ever sate in the Papal Chair hath suppressed an Office called The Office of the Immaculate conception of the most Holy Virgin approved by Paul V. who granted unto whosoever should devoutly recite the same an hundred days Indulgence as may appear by his Bull of July 10th 1615. printed at Milan This Office he entirely abolished Decreeing That no person of what Order Degree or Condition soever should dare to keep read print or cause to be printed the said Book and requiring that whosoever should have the said Office in his keeping should forthwith deliver the same to the Ordinary or to the Inquisitors of the place The which Decree was published Feb. 19. 1678. Moreover this Pope in his Wisdom hath suppressed a multitude of idle and foolish Indulgences which many cheating Priests carried into remote Countries and raised Money thereupon from the ignorant people Of which kind were those Indulgences granted by John II. and Sixtus IV. to those who should recite the Prayer of Charity of our Lord Jesus Christ By Eugenius the 3d. to the Revelation made to St. Bernard of a blow or stroak on the shoulder of our Lord Jesus Christ By John the 22th to those who kiss the measure of the Soal of the foot of the Blessed Virgin By Leo the 10th to those who wear the Cord of St. Francis printted first at Rome and then at Milan Anno 1665. To them that shall say the Angelical Prayer when the Clock strikes to the Image of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary printed in a Circle with the Moon under her feet By Paul V. and Gregory XV. to those who say Blessed be the Holy Sacrament Likewise those Indulgences for fourscore thousand years copied out of the Antient Table which is said to be kept in the Lateran Church to those who say this truly pious Prayer O God who for the Redemption of the World c. Besides which this Pope suppressed a multitude of other Indulgences as vain and idle as the foregoing and declared that though according to the Doctrine of the Council of Trent the use of Indulgences may be useful to the people and doth Anathematize such as shall deny that there is not a power in the Church to grant them yet he is desirous that the Doctrine thereof be rightly understood and a moderation used in the granting of them lest by a too great facility or easiness the discipline of the Church be corrupted and enfeebled This Doctrine of Indulgences hath been a prickly and a contentious point and the Original cause of the present divisions and separations amongst Christians for from thence Luther began his quarrel and took the first rise and ground for a Reformation and indeed the matter on the part of the Church of Rome was so scandalous and abusive that the very common people in all their ignorance were able to discover the fraud and Cheat that was in them so that the wise and Learned Men at the Council of Trent knowing that this Doctrine was not solid and would not hold water they slightly touched thereupon and though it was the chief matter for which that Council was assembled yet nothing was farther determined therein than onely that Indulgences be used with such moderation as was approved by the Antient Custom of the Church of God Now it is a most certain and an undeniable truth that Indulgences were never in use with any Nation of the Eastern Churches either in the Primitive times or afterwards And indeed neither were they in practice in the Western Churches from times of Ancient date that is from before the time of Vrban II which was about the year of Christ 1095. and then also they were not very common and granted onely to remit the rigour and severity of Penance enjoined by the Confessour which reasons this Pope Innocent XI wisely considering and the many abuses of this Doctrine did attempt the means to regulate the extravagance thereof Besides the suppression of these Indulgences this Pope condemned sixty five Propositions about Cases of Morality which were scandalous and divers of them maintained by the subtle distinctions of the Jesuits the preamble to which condemnation saith that this present Innocent XI in pursuance of the same work commenced by his Predecessour Alexander VII did by and with the advice concurrence and assistance of the most Reverend and Eminent the Cardinals as also of the Inquisitors General and many other Divines gather and weed out from several Books Theses and other Papers lately written a great number of scandalous and pernicious Doctrines in Morality tending to the debauchery of Manners and to the encouragement of a loose and a dissolute life in Mankind But in nothing more hath the Vertue Piety and care of this Pope been conspicuous than in those large
Churches first ordain'd 106 Saracens why so call'd 107. their insult upon Libya and Africa 121.124 and Spain 126. and France 131. defeated 132. enter France again 134. and are again overthrown 135. Shipwrack'd 162. routed by Pope Leo 163. driven out of Italy 171. returning again they are vanquish'd by Pope John XI 180. driven out of Sicily 196. besiege Toledo 256. are allow'd a City in Italy to inhabit 264.276 take Sardinia 300 Saxons converted to Christianity 125.147 Scaligeri Lords of Verona 300 Schisms in the Church 36.58.72.84.89.91.121.122.141.143.166.177.186.190.192.199.206.209.229.233.234.242.308.325.365 Sclavi receive the Christian faith 187 Scotus the learned Schoolman 164 S. Sebastian his body translated 159 Sedes stercoraria the reason of it 165 Serapion surnam'd Scholiastes 59 Severians Hereticks 21 Severus the Emperour his Character 26 Sforza defeats the Venetians 376. takes Milan 377 Sicardus Duke of Beneventum 157 Sicily deliver'd from the Moors 158 Siconolfus Prince of Beneventum 161 Sigebert of Gemblours 226 Sigismund King of Bohemia and Hungary chosen Emperour 343. comes to Rome 359 Simeon a Disciple crucified 13 Simon Magus an account of him 3.4 Sophronia a chast Virgin 50 Spaniards forc'd to receive the faith 147 Stanislaus Bishop of Cracow Canoniz'd 268 Stilico a Roman General 70 Stone upon which Christ sate brought to Venice 232 Strabo Brother to Venerable Bede 126 Sueropylus Prince of Dalmatia 187 Syracuse a Church there falling down kills many 216 T Tacitus Emperour of Rome 42 Tamberlane vanquishes the Turks 338 Tarsus taken by the Christians 218 Tartars ravage as far as Europe 259.267 some of their Noblemen receive the faith 280 Tatianus a learned Christian 21 Taxillo Duke of the Boiarians 141.148 Tertullian the famous Christian Writer 29 Theoderick King of the Goths 75. invades Italy 79. his Actions 81. imprisons Pope John 87 Theodolinda Queen of the Lombards 99 Theodore Bishop of Ravenna 116 Theodorus a Heretick 92 Theodosius Emperour 66.68 Another of the same name 73. Another 130 Theodotion a learned Christian 23 Theophilus Bishop of Antioch 20 Thomas Becket Canoniz'd 245 Thomas Cantilupe Bishop of Hereford Canoniz'd 306 Thomas Aquinas Canoniz'd ibid. Tiberias taken by the Christians 222 Tiberius Emperour 1. Another 97. Another 124 Titus the Emperour takes Jerusalem 9. his Character 10 Toledo besieged by the Saracens 256 Totilas King of the Goths his Actions 94 Toto Duke of Nepi 142 Trajan Emperour his Character 13.14 Transamundus Duke of Spoleto 136 Translation of the Bible of S. Jerom 64 Treasure how found by a Saracen 202 Trebellius Prince of the Bulgarians 126.128 Tripoli taken by the Turks and rased 291 Tryphon a learned Christian 31 Turks their first successes 139. take Edessa 236. Baruti and Tripoli 291. routed by the Christians at Belgrade 386 Turriani a powerful Family in Lombardy 286.302 U Valens a Roman Emperour 94. overthrown by the Goths 65 Valentinian the Emperour 64.74 Valentinian Hereticks 18 Valerianus Emperour 37 Vandals ravage as far as Africa 73 Venetians forbidden to sell Christian Slaves 138. the first Increase of that Commonwealth 157. they take Comachio and burn it 184. fight successfully against the Saracens 232. ravage the borders of Greece ibid. defeat the Pisans 253. seize several Islands in the Archipelague 256. rout the Genoeses 271. a mortal hatred between 'em 281.326 put to flight by the Anconeses 2â—â— set under an Interdict by the Pope 301. defeated by Francis Sforza 376 Veramundus Patriarch of Constantinople 232 Vespasian Emperour 9 S. Vgibert a Nobleman of Lorain 182 Vgutio Fagiolano Governour of Pisa and Lucca 304 Viconti a powerful Family in Lombardy 286.302 make themselves Masters of Milan 307 Victorinus an Usurper in Gallia 38. Another of that name Bishop of Poictiers 43. Another 65 S. Vincent his body translated 165 Vinigisius Duke of Spoleto 150 Vitellius Emperour a short account of his Life 8 Viterbo made a Bishop's Sea 254 Vitiges a Gothish King in Italy 91. besieges Rome ibid. Vldericus King of Bohemia 199 Vrsini and Hannibali two factions at Rome 285 Vsun-Cassan King of Persia his Message to the Pope 388 W Holy War several Expeditions to it 217.251.254.255.258.262.267 Holy Water when first ordered 16. Water to be mix'd with the Wine in the Sacrament ibid. Wenceslaus King of Bohemia murthered by his Brother 183 Whites and Blacks two Factions in Italy 297. a History of the Whites 335 Wickliff his Opinions condemn'd 346 William Earl of Angoulesm surnam'd Sector-ferri 176. Count of Calabria 231. King of Sicily 243 William surnam'd Longsword 247 Women ordered not to touch the Elements or Vessels of the Altar 17.23 not the consecrated Pall or Incense 72 Z Zara taken by the Venetians 355. AN INDEX Of the Principal matter contain'd in the Continuation of the Lives of the POPES A AColti a Conspirator against Pius IV. 156 Adrian Schoolmaster to Charles V. chosen Pope 41 Aldebrandino Cardinal created Pope and nam'd Clement VIII 211 Alexandra superadded by the Pope to the name of Christina Queen of Sweden 327 Alfonso Cardinal of Siena strangled 33 Alphonsus King of Naples 13. surrenders his Crown to his Son 14 Altieri Cardinal chosen Pope and nam'd Clement X. 360 Armada of the Spaniards against England destroy'd 198 Articles of Peace between the Emperour and Pope 54.55 between the Spaniards and French 353 Aurange the Prince thereof General of the Imperial Army 57 B Bajazet Emperour of the Turks his Present to the Pope 11 Banditi their insolence 172. severely punish'd by Sixtus V. 179 Barberino Cardinal Maffeo chosen Pope and call'd Vrban VIII 272. his Family how preferr'd 276. the animosities of Innocent X. against them 296. to 311 Barbarossa overthrown by Charles V. 70. appears upon the coast of Italy 81 Battel of Ravenna 26. of Pavia 48 of Lepanto 161 Battory Stephen K. of Poland 194 Belvedere at Rome by whom built 11 Bessarion Cardinal an Intimado of Sixtus IV. 1. Legat to the King of France 2 Bologna taken by the French 24 Borghese Camillo chosen Pope and call'd Paul V. 227 Borgia Caesar the Pope's Bastard made a Cardinal 13.14 spoils the Country of the Orsini 15. procures the assassination of his Brother ibid. his abominable cruelty and rapine 16.17 made Duke Valentino 17. his Cup bearer mistakes his bottles 18. imprison'd 20. enlarg'd 21. is cut in pieces 22 Borri an Enthusiastical Heret 331 Borromeo Charles a holy man a Confident of Pius IV. 121. Canoniz'd 203 Bourbon Charles Duke thereof slain before the Walls of Rome 56 Buda taken by the Turks 52 Buoncompagno Hugh chosen Pope with the name of Gregory XIII 163 C Camilla a poor Sister of Sixtus V. how receiv'd by him 176. a Pasquil upon her 161 Candia much press'd by the Turks 349.355 relief for it attempted in vain 356 Caraffa John made Pope by the name of Paul IV. 109. the Family hated by the People 118. and punish'd by the Pope 121 Cardinals exil'd by Julius II. how receiv'd by Leo X. 30. some under that Character very young 29.68.90.107.204 number of Cardinals