cut and gave their Bodies to be butcher'd to death by the rest of his Heathen Army Julian the Apostate who with both force and fraud endeavour'd to root out the Christian Name and Religion had thousands of Christians who served under him in his Wars who I suppose never examin'd the Justice of them for if they had they would have found that even that very War he made against the Persians wherein he dyed as is said blaspheming the name of the Son of God was grounded only on Ambition to enlarge the limits of the Roman Empire and such a reason even the moral Heathen much less the Christians did never acknowledge to be a just or lawful cause of War By vertue then of these passages and precedents Souldiers may make a profession of the Art of War and may practise it and serve for Wages though they neither know nor examine whether the cause be just or not But I shall conclude this discourse as they say Bellarmine did one of his but in another case and say It is most safe to trust to the Justice and Equity of the cause and to examine it well before men engage in it FINIS Books Printed for and Sold by Richard Chiswell FOLIO SPeed's Maps and Geography of Great Britain and Ireland and of Foreign Parts Dr. Cave's Lives of the Primitive Fathers in 2. Vol. Dr. Cary's Chronological Account of Ancient Time Wanley's Wonders of the little World or Hist of Man Sir Tho. Herbert's Travels into Persia c. Holycak's large Dictionary Latine and English Sir Rich. Baker's Chronicle of England Wilson's Compleat Christian Dictionary B. Wilkin's real Character or Philosophical Language Pharmacopoeia Regalis Collegii Medicorum Londinensis Judge Jones's Reports in Common Law Cave Tabulae Ecclesiasticorum Scriptorum Hobbs's Leviathan Lord Bacon's Advancement of Learning Sir Will. Dugdale's Baronage of England in two Vol. Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity Winch's Book of Entries Isaac Ambrose's Works Guillim's Display of Heraldry with large additions Dr. Burnet's History of the Reformation of the Church of England in 2. Vol. Account of the Confessions and Prayers of the Murtherers of Esquire Thynn Burlace's History of the Irish Rebellion Herodoti Historia Gr. Lat. cum variis Lect. Rushworth's Historical Collections the 2d Part in 2. vol. Large account of the Tryal of the Earl of Strafford with all the circumstances relating thereunto Bishop Sanderson's Sermons with his Life Fowlis's History of Romish Conspir Treas Usurpat Dalton's Office of Sheriffs with Additions Office of a Justice of Peace with additions Keeble's Collection of Statutes Lord Cook 's Reports in English Sir Walter Raleigh's History of the World Edmunds on Caesars Commentaries Sir John Davis's Reports Judge Yelverton's Reports The Laws of this Realm concerning Jesuites Seminary Priests Recusants the Oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance explained by divers Judgments and resolutions of the Judges with other Observations thereupon by Will. Cawley Esq William's impartial consideration of the Speeches of the five Jesuits executed for Treason 1680. Josephus's Antiquities and Wars of the Jews with Fig. QVARTO DR Littleton's Dictionary Latine and English Bishop Nicholson on the Church Catechism The Compleat Clerk Precedents of all sorts History of the late Wars of New-England Dr. Outram de Sacrificiis Bishop Taylor 's Disswasive from Popery Spanhemii Dubia Evangelica 2 Vol. Dr. Gibbs's Sermons Parkeri Disputationes de Deo History of the future state of Europe Dr. Fowler 's Defence of the Design of Christianity against John Bunnyan Dr. Sherlock's Visitation-Sermon at Warrington Dr. West's Assize Sermon at Dorchester 1671. Lord Hollis's Relation of the Unjust Accusation of certain French Gentlemen charged with a Robbery 1671. The Magistrates Authority asserted in a Sermon By James Paston Cole's Latine and English Dictionary Mr. James Brome's two Fast-Sermons Dr. Jane's Fast-Sermon before the Commons 1679. Mr. John James's Visitation Sermon April 9. 1671. Mr. John Cave's Fast-Sermon on 30. of Jan. 1679. Assize Sermon at Leicester July 31. 1679. Dr. Parker's Demonstration of the Divine Authority of the Law of Nature and the Christian Religion Mr. William's Sermon before the Lord Mayor 1679. History of the Powder Treason with a vindication of the proceedings relating thereunto from the Exceptions made against it by the Catholick Apologist and others and a Parallel betwixt that and the present Popish Plot. Speculum Baxterianum or Baxter against Baxter Mr. Hook's new Philosophical Collections Dr. Burnet's Relation of the Massacre of the Protestants in France Conversion and Persecutions of Eve Cohan a Jewess of Quality lately Baptized Christian Letter written upon Discov of the late Popish Plot. Impiety of Popery being a second Letter writâ—en on the same occasion Sermon before the Lord Mayor upon the Fast for the Fire 1680. Fast Serm. before the House of Com. Dec. 22. 80. Sermon on the 30. of January 1681. Sermon at the Election of the L. Mayor 1681. Sermon at the Funeral of Mr. Houblon 1682. Answer to the Animadversions on his History of the Rights of Princes 1682. Decree made at Rome 1679. condemning some Opinions of the Jesuites and other Casuists Published by Dr. Burnet with a Preface A Letter giving a Relation of the present state of the difference between the French K. and the Court of Rome Bibliotheca Norfolciana sive Catalogus Libr. Manuscript impress in omni Arte Lingua quos Hen. 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Bodies of Foot it is the easiest motion of all the rest and cannot be suddenly done and therefore is dangerous if an enemy be near to take advantage of the disorder of the motion Thirdly If all the three Countermarches Laconian Macedonian and Chorâ—an Third be of very little use and great danger in the Infantry as I have endeavour'd to make appear in one of my Discourses of the Grecian Militia then I suppose it will be easily granted that the use of any of the three is as little and the danger as great in Bodies of Cavalry Fourthly That I conceive Wheeling a more proper motion and more easie Fourth for the Horse than for the Foot it is a motion that hath been much used by Horse in fight for unless in wheeling they are charged in the flank and if so they are ill seconded they are quickly reduced to their first posture but it is not so with the Foot for if the Body be but indifferently great suppose fifteeen hundred men standing at three foot distance in files and six in ranks you must â—irst make them come both ranks and files to their close order before you can wheel your Battel and that requires some time for it is a motion of it self and the greater the Body be the longer time it will have to make that first motion for great Bodies move slowly Next the motion it self of wheeling the Battel is not soon done if well done for if it be not order'd discreetly the Body is immediately in confusion Thirdly when you have wheel'd this Body of fifteen hundred men you must beg yet a Cessation of Arms from your Enemy till you put your Battel in a fighting posture which you cannot do till you reduce them to their first order for at close order your Musqueâ—eers cannot fight and therefore you must cause your Battel to open it is true the ranks will quickly open backward but the files being no less in a Body of fifteen hundred men than two hundred and fifty must have such a time to open though they do it with all the hast imaginable that a resolute Body of Horse will Charge thorough them before you end these three motions But a Body of Horse being in rank and file at that distance at which it is to fight needs no command to close ranks and files before it wheel nor no command to open them after it hath wheel'd being constantly in a posture to receive an enemy And with submission to great Drill masters I should think the motions of Facing and Countermarching of Bodies of Horse whether greater or smaller might be spared in their Exercise because you may face an enemy with a Squadron of Horse either in flank or reer by wheeling either to the right or left hand or by either of the two about a great deal sooner with a great deal of more ease and with a great deal of less danger than you can do by either Facing or Countermarching Fifthly Observe that no man can or will attain to a perfect understanding of Fifth either postures motions or evolutions in the Training particular men or yet Bodies of Horse and Foot by reading the words of command in a Book or Paper or looking upon the figures of them for the Military Art is practical one shall understand what belongs to Drilling and Training more by looking on the real practice of it three days than by the contemplative study of it three years when you see a Countermarch in the Field you will quickly understand what an Evolution it is when you see the figure of it in a Book but you will not so soon know what it signifies when you see the figure before the practice And lastly I avouch it to be the essential duty of a Captain to Exercise his Sixth Troop or company himself whether it be of Foot or Horse nor should it be permitted that his Lieutenant should do it when he is present much less a Serjeant as I have often seen for thereby he Uncaptains himself and changeth places with his Lieutenant And this is too ordinary a Military grievance against which the Earl of Swafford guarded by an express instruction that no Lieutenant should exercise a Company unless the Captain were absent which he might not be without either sickness or that Lords own permission a very just command And by the same reason all Colonels should exercise their Regiments and in their absence their Lieutenant Colonels but when either of them are present the Major ought neither to be commanded nor of himself offer to do it and this is contrary to the opinion of many who will impose so many duties on a Major that they make thereby Colonels and Lieutenant Colonels Cyphers or very insignificant Creatures CHAP. XI Of Compaies Regiments and Brigades of Foot what they have been what they are how they are Marshal'd of all their Officers their Duties and Qualifications I Suppose most Military men acknowledg the Infantry to be the Body of an Army with it the Artillery Munitions and Provisions lodg and so doth he who commands in chief The members of this Body are Regiments or Brigades and the sinews and arteries of these are Companies A Company is a Band of armed men Marshal'd in rank and file a rank and file differ in this that the first consists of men whether on horseback or foot standing in one A Rank and a File front side for side the second of men standing in one row or lane one behind another so they may easily be converted a file into a rank and a rank into a file The number of these ranks and files must be determined by the number of men appointed to be in each Company for which there is no general rule every Prince and State ordering that as they please neither do they restrict themselves constantly to one number but appoint their Companies to be stronger and weaker as the emergency of affairs or the present Ratio Belli seem to require it In former times ever since Gunpowder was invented it has been so likewise for sometimes Companies were more numerous than at other times yet never were the weakest of them of so small a number as generally now they be The first time I remember to have read of a Company of one hundred in the Modern War was in the Civil Wars of France in the Reign of Charles the Ninth about one hundred years since in them I find that the Protestant Foot-Companies Company of one hundred strong were but generally one hundred strong for which I can guess at no reason unless it were that many Gentlemen who were forc'd to take Arms and durst not stay at home might be invested with Charges and Imployments suitable to their qualities yet methinks it had conduced more to the advancement and prosecution of the grand design that Troops and Companies of Gens d'Armes or Curiassiers had been made up of those numbers of Gentlemen a service very
the rest resent it as an injury done to the whole fraternity for which they will very readily make him march a whole week without a Trumpeter to sound before him None may sound a Trumpet before a Troop but he who is master of their Art and he must prove himself to be so by producing a Certificate sign'd by a certain number of Master Trumpeters with their Seals annexed to it and this in their Language they call a Lerbrief If any wanting this offer to sound before a Company of Horse the Masters may come and take him away with disgrace in spite of the Ritmaster Those who have not yet got Lerbriefs they call Boys who must serve the Master Trumpeters in all manner of drudgery though they could sound all the points of War never so well They pretend to have got these priviledges from the Emperour Charles the Fifth under his Manual Subscription and Imperial Seal Ask them where this Patent of theirs lyeth some of them will tell you at Augsburg others say at Strasburg and a third will say at Nuremburg I have not seen any of them punished by their Officers and whatever discipline of their own they have I know not but I have not heard of any of their gross misdemeaners I knew one Colonel Boy an ancient Gentleman who for many years had commanded Horse in whose Regiment no sound of Trumpet was heard for none of them would serve under him because in his younger years he had kill'd a Trumpeter with his own hand But it is well these pretended priviledges of theirs are confin'd within the bounds of the German Empire There is another Martial Instrument used with the Cavalry which they call a Kettle-drum there be two of them which hang upon the Horse before the Kettle-drum Drummers Saddle on both which he beats They are not ordinary Princes Dukes and Earls may have them with those Troops which ordinarily are called their Life-guards so may Generals and Lieutenant Generals though they be not Noble-men The Germans Danes and Sweedes permit none to have them under a Lord Baron unless they have taken them from an Enemy and in that case any Ritmaster whatever extraction he be of may make them beat beside his Trumpeters They are used also for State by the Princes of Germany when they go to meat and I have seen them ordinarily beat and Trumpets sound at the Courts of Sweden and Denmark when either of the two Kings went to Dinner or Supper Dragoons are Musketeers mounted on Horses appointed to march with the Dragoons Cavalry in regard there are not only many occasions wherein Foot can assist the Horse but that seldome there is any occasion of service against an Enemy but wherein it is both fit and necessary to joyn some Foot with the Horse Dragoons then go not only before to guard Passes as some imagine but to fight in open Field for if an Enemy rencounter with a Cavalry in a champaign or open Heath the Dragoons are obliged to alight and mix themselves with the Squads of Horse as they shall be commanded and their continuate Firing before the Horse come to the charge will no doubt be very hurtful to the Enemy If the encounter be in a close Countrey they serve well to line Hedges and possess Enclosures they serve for defending Passes and Bridges whether it be in the Advance or a Retreat of an Army and for Serve on foot beating the Enemy from them Their service is on foot and is no other than that of Musketeers but because they are mounted on Horse-back and ride with the Horse either before in the Van or behind in the Rear of an Army they are reckon'd as a part of the Cavalry and are subordinate to the Yet are part of the Cavalry General Lieutenant General or Major General of the Horse and not to those of the foot And being that sometimes they are forced to retire from a powerful and prevailing Enemy they ought to be taught to give Fire on Horse-back that in an open field they may keep an Enemy at a distance till they get the advantage of a closer Countrey a Straight a Pass a Bridge a Hedge or a Ditch and then they are bound to alight and defend that advantage that thereby though perhaps with the loss of the Dragoons themselves the Cavalry may be saved When they alight they cast their Bridle Reins over the necks of their side-mens Horses and leave them in that same order as they marched Of ten Dragoons nine fight and the tenth man keeps the ten Horses For what they have got the denomination of Dragoons Whence they have their denomination is not so easie to be told but because in all languages they are called so we may suppose they may borrow their name from Dragon because a Musketeer on Horse back with his burning Match riding at a gallop as many times he doth may something resemble that Beast which Naturalists call a Fiery Dragon Since then a Dragoon when he alights and a Musqueteer are all one I have The several services of a Musqueteer forborn hitherto to speak of the several ways how the ranks of Musqueteers fire having reserv'd it to this as a proper place Take them then thus If the enemy be upon one of your flanks that hand file fires that is nearest How he fires in the flank and falls off the danger and the next standing still to do the like that which hath fired marches thorough the rest of the files till it be beyond the furthest file of that wing of Musqueteers But if you be charg'd on both flanks then your right and left-hand files fire both and immediately march into the middle of the Body room being made for them and in such pieces of service as these Officers must be attentive dexterous and ready to see all things done orderly otherwise confusion first and immediately after a total rout will inevitably follow If your Body be retiring from an enemy who pursues you in the reer the two last How iâ— the reer ranks stand whereof one having fired it divides it self into two the one half by the right the other half by the left-hand marcheth up to the Van making ready all the while this way is much practised especially in the Low-Countries but with submission to their better judgments I should think it more easie for these ranks that have fired to march every man of them up to their Leaders and then step before them thorough these Intervals of three foot that is between files and this may be done without any trouble either to themselves or their neighbours If the service with the enemy be in the Van as mostly it is Musqueteers after firing fall off two several ways ranks may after they have fired fall off two several ways First the rank which hath fired divides it self into two and the half goes to the right hand and the other half to the left
Wars The first Battel we read of in holy Writ was when the King of Sodom and his Confederates were beaten and the Prisoners and Goods rescued by Abraham we find none of these nine Kings had any Horsemen nor do I think any will fancy that Abraham mounted his three hundred and eighteen Servants on horseback when he pursued Chederlaomer Amraphel and the other two Kings If we had not the warrant of holy Writ for it we should not be obliged to believe that the Kings of Judah and Israel would have muster'd so many hundred thousands of men in such short and narrow spots of ground as that whereof they were masters and since we read not of any Horses we may conclude all their Armies consisted of Foot Nay more the Kings of Israel were commanded not to multiply Horses and Solomon is taxed for prevaricating with this command as well as for his multiplying Wives and Concubines Now if the Lord of Hosts had thought it necessary that Horsemen should have been in the Host of his Chosen people he would not have forbid their Kings to multiply horses but rather have commanded them to provide store of them for managing their Wars which they might easily enough have done out of Egypt where abundance of them were to be bought It seems then to me that neither the Israelites nor their neighbours the Ammonites Moabites nor the Nations whom Gods people were order'd to extirpate thought Horsemen necessary at all And if we peruse other Histories we shall find that many ancient people of the world had many bloody Engagements without the help of Horses And not to go so far back it is not yet above a hundred and sixty years since the Switzers with their Foot-Batallions without the help of one Horseman durst fight against Armies composed of numerous Foot Horse and Artillery witness their Victory at Novara over the French Army wherein they destroyed all the French Infantry took all their Cannon and chac'd away all their Cavalry And Francis the First knew well what work they gave him at Martignan when he was in person at the head of two brave Armies of Foot and Horse one French the other Venetians as you have it related in the seventh Chapter of the Modern Art of War The Americans following the light and law of Nature made fierce Wars among themselves before Columbus discover'd them without Horse and when they saw some of these Animals mounted by Spaniards they had such notions of them as fabulous Antiquity had of the Centaurs whom they imagin'd to be half men half beast The civiliz'd Grecians made use of horses but not as absolutely necessary for many of their Battels were fought without them And the Romans who conquer'd most of the then known World made use but of few of them and many times they made their Horsemen quit their horses and fight on foot so little accounted they them to be absolutely necessary but of this more hereafter Only observe that as the Grecians had but the sixth part or the eighth of their Armies horse so the Romans for most part had but the fourteenth part of their Army mounted on horseback And let no man say that this was done for want of horses for so it continued to be when they were Masters of all Italy Spain France much of Africk and a good part of Greece How little James the Fifth of Scotland conceived Horsemen to be necessary in his Armies you may see in an Act of his Parliament Anno 1640 two years before his death wherein he ordains that if any come to the place of Randezvouz on Horseback he shall send back his horse with a Foot-boy except Earls Lords and Barons and the reason he gives is because these Horses destroy poor peoples Corn and Meadows and are not necessary in his Hosts where all men must fight on foot In my Discourses of the Grecian and Roman Art of VVar I spoke not of these questions mentioned here for as the Lacedemonians being asked why their Law-giver Licurgus made no Law against Thieves answered because no such crime as Theft was heard of among them so I say neither Grecian nor Roman knew any thing of those questions mentioned in these Papers And since by what is said VVars have been and may be managed though not so well without Horse but not at all without Foot I conclude the last absolutely necessary but not the first what reason then that a Foot-Officer that is absolutely necessary should be commanded by an Officer of Horse without whom the War in case of necessity may be managed Next we are to consider whether the Horse or Foot is most trusted and which of the two Services is most honourable and these I shall speak of not severally but conjunctly for I suppose it will not be denied that the greater the trust be the greater is the honour for if the King intrust a Citizen or a Merchant who is neither Lord Knight nor Gentleman to be a Privy Councellor certainly that Citizen by that great trust is not only honourable but right honourable and that title belongs to him as well as to a Lord. We are here to consider that an Army composed of Horse and Foot represents a man the Infantry his body the Cavalry his sides assuredly the intrinsick parts of a man that are contained within his breast and belly are more honourable than the extrinsecal ones which be his sides legs and arms and hence it is that they get the name of noble and vital parts and if this comparison hold as I hope it will then it is as extravagant a desire of an Officer of Horse to be admitted to command over an Officer of Foot as for the rib of a mans side to seek power over the heart liver or lungs of the same man Or if you please an Army is like to a bird or fowl the Infantry is the body of the bird and the Cavalry the two wings the sides of a man may be pitifully wounded and the wings of a bird broken and yet the bodies of both man and bird preserved and even so as long as the Infantry keeps the Field Victory is there though both the sides or wings of the Horse be broken and fled And so it fell out at the Battel of Oxenfield in Germany in the year 1638. With the Infantry the Artillery both ancient and modern was and is constantly intrusted with the Infantry the Magazines of Arms Provisions Victuals Ammunition and Money is intrusted with the Infantry are intrusted the Castles Forts Ports Havens and Strengths of the Land and the Prince his Treasure and these make the vitals not only of an Army but of a State In fortified Camps not only all these but even the Cavalry it self are intrusted to the Infantry who are to maintain and defend the Ramparts Bastions and whole Circumvallation of the Camp With the Infantry the Prince who manageth the War or his General or both constantly intrust themselves and either
Constable of France yet when he saw him Prisoner at that same Battle of Dreux he gave him his hand and offered him all the service he could do him The Prince of Conde had fair Quarter given him at the Battle of Jarnac but was thereafter inhumanly shot through the head by a private Gentleman nor was ever the Murtherer called in question for it But these may seem but peccadilloes to the cruelties which are related by Historians of some of which I shall give you a touch In a Sea Battle fought about the year 1253. between the Venetians and Genueses Merciless inhumanities with the last whereof some of the Emperour of Greece his Ships were joyned the Venetian fleet was routed all the Prisoners who fell to the Genoways share were put to death every Mothers Son but the Greeks pretended they would deal more mercifully with their Captives and I will tell you how they exercised it They put out both their eyes set them a shore and so sent them to look for their fortunes so true is it what Truth it self hath told us That the mercies of the wicked are cruel As Charles of Burgundy Besieged Nancy the Lorreiners endeavoured to enter the Town which some performed but one Cifron a prime Gentleman was taken and had quarter given him but the Duke against all Law and Equity would have him hanged the Gentleman desired to speak privately with the Duke before his death intending to reveal to him the horrid Treason plotted against him by his Favourite the Count Campobacchio but that obstinate Prince would not hear him and so the poor Gentleman was hanged upon which followed the loss of the Dukes Army honour and life The pretended reason he gave for hanging Cifron was It was as he said a capital crime to offer to enter into a Town that was Invested and Besieged by a Prince and against which he had made use of Ordnance a thing in those dayes sometimes practised by the Italians and Spaniards but now deservedly out of fashion Charles of Anjou Brother to the French King Louis A King and an Arch-duke Prisoners of War beheaded the Saint did worse than all this for having taken the title of King of Naples and Sicily by the donation of Pope Martin it happened that he took Conradin the true proprietary of these Kingdoms prisoner and with him Frederick Arch-Duke of Austria and beheaded them both publickly on a Scaffold and with them a considerable number of the Nobility of those Kingdoms who were all Prisoners of War an action so much the more execrable that it was committed by a Christian King and by the instigation of a Pope who assumed to himself the title of Head of the Church This cruel King had a Son who was called Charles the Halting a Prince of a sweet disposition who had like to have paid dear for his Fathers sin he was taken at a Sea-fight by Roger de Lorra that famous Admiral of Arragâ—n and in Siâ—â—ly condemned to dye in that same manner as the other two Princes had done but the sentence of death being brought to him on a Friday morning his answer was He was well contented to dy on that day on which his Saviour suffered the death of the Cross which being reported to the Religious Queen Constance who was then Regent in Sicily for her Husband Peter King of Arragon she said That for his sake who dyed that day for all Believers Charles should live and so saved him But it was not in her power to hinder the revengeful Sicilians to sacrifice on a Scaffold the heads of two hundred French Gentlemen all taken with Prince Charles to appease How revenged the Ghosts of the murdered Conradin and Frederick This they thought was Lex Talionis though indeed it was nothing like it Take one of a later date When A detestable act of a Count of Nassaw Count Lodowick of Nassaw otherwise a brave and a worthy Gentleman had deâ—eated and killed the Count of Arembergh at Wirschot in the Province of Groninghen he took many Spaniards Prisoners whom he hanged every Mothers Son a most disavowable act The Duke of Alva that severe Governour of the Netherlands did not at all challenge him for his cruelty much less that he had done any thing against the Law of War or Nations but looking on it as an indignity done to the Spanish Nation since Lodowick had used the men of no other Country with so much severity he revenged it as most wise men of those times thought by putting to death shortly after under the pretext of justice great numbers of the Dutch In one day he beheaded on the Sandhil of Bruxels eighteen Lords and Gentlemen of quality the next day he caused six or seven prime men to be tortured to death and a few days after that caused the Earls of Egmond and Horne to be beheaded publickly on a Scaffold at Bruxels This had nothing of Lex Talionis in it none of these Lords or Gentlemen having been accessary to that Action of Count Lodowick But was there ever Turk more merciless to men who had Quarter promised them than an Italian of whom I am now to tell you When the Imperialists Besieged Florence Volterri revolted from the Florentines who sent one Ferrucci to reduce it to obedience he entred the Castle which held out for Florence and by it the City where he committed extream cruelties killed many Souldiers and took fourteen Spaniards to whom Quarter was promised but when they thought themselves secure the merciless Ferrucci alledging Unspeakable cruelty of an Italian to his Prisoners that some of their Country men had once taken him and given him a very spare Dyet threw them all into a dark Dungeon where he famished the poor wretches to death and then hanged their Carcasses about the Walls What do you think of this Lex Talionis May not a man say without wrong to charity that this Italian if it had been in his power would have tortured these poor mens Souls as well as their Bodies nor did he keep any agreement made to the poor Citizens but hanged some and plundâ—red all and spared neither Church nor Cloyster The same Ferrucci being summoned shortly after to deliver up the Town to Maramaldo one of the Imperial Generals against the Law of Arms he hanged the Trumpeter this action sounded loud for revenge which quickly overtook him for being thereafter beaten by the Imperialists he is taken Prisoner and brought to that same Maramaldo who after Revenged by the like outragious Language caused him to be disarmed and then killed him with his own hand an ignoble act of Maramaldo but too good a death for Ferrucci But before I go out of Italy hear another barbarous usage of a Prisoner in that same Rencounter a Florentine Gentleman one Amico d'Arsoli was taken Prisoner fair Quarter was given him and he had his ransome paid but by A barbarous usage of â— Prisoner the
wrong hand for one Martio Colonna bought him from him who had taken him purposely to kill him and poor Amico was killed and by Martio's own hand a very unmartial act and all because Amico had fairly killed a Cousin of Marcio one Stephano Colonna nor had Lex Talionis place here neither The Italions then need not to expostulate with the Turks either for cruelty or inobservance of Quarter given to Prisoners But let us in the next place see how a a Spaniard behaved himself and he was a person of no mean qualility in keeping the Quarter that was given to Prisoners of War When Philip the Second King of Spain had taken Possession of the Kingdom of Portugal his Admiral the Marquess of Santa Crux at a Sea Battle near the Terceras defeated a French Fleet Here was taken Philip Strozzi a Florentine Santa Crux his inhumanity to French Prisoners who was sent as General of the forces ordain'd by Catherine de Medici Queen Mother of France to assist the Prior of Crato with Strozzi were three hundred more taken and had fair quarter promis'd them Strozzi was pitifully wounded and laid down before Santa Crux but neither the quarter promis'd him nor the sad condition of a brave Gentleman nor the consideration of the instability of humane affairs could move Santa Crux to pity him but gave a barbarous order to throw him immediately over-board Nor did his cruelty stop there for by a formal Sentence he beheaded fourscore Gentlemen of the Prisoners all the rest of three hundred that were above seventeen years of age he hang'd those that were under that age he condemn'd to the Galleys An unparallel'd act of Justice I have said before that quarter unless promis'd by Articles should not be given to Fugitives But here a question ariseth If an Officer or a common A question Souldier be taken and be not able to maintain himself in Prison and no care is had by his Superiours either to exchange ransome or maintain him if he be forc'd to take service under the Enemy and be re-taken whether he should be used as a Fugitive or not Here I suppose a distinction will be Answered necessary If he be the natural subject of the Prince or State that makes the War he may not serve their Enemy on any pretence and if he do it he is liable to punishment as a Traytor but if he serve him only as a mercenary it seems disputable for the Grecians and Romans punish'd such of their own as serv'd the Enemy with death but not their Auxiliaries unless they had run over from them to the Enemy but that is not the question for all Run-aways deserve death but these I speak of are not such Yet there was a valiant Knight Capuz Muden who had done Charles the Fifth great services but Severity was none of his Subjects he was taken by the French in Piedmont and having often and in vain sollicited for his exchange or ransome he took service under the French King and after that was taken by the Imperialists in Artois and notwithstanding all his defences had his Head cut off by the Emperours command When that Major General Kniphausen whom I mention'd in the last Chapter was Prisoner with Count Tili he wrote to the King of Sueden whose subject he was not and desir'd to know since he could neither maintain nor ransome himself if he might take imployment under the Emperour the King told all those who were with him That the Major General ask'd him the question Whether he might lawfully be a Knave or not Intimating thereby that he might not for all his Imprisonment break his Military Oath But for all that I have known thousands take service in that manner and never challeng'd for it when they have been re-taken Inexorable necessity dispensing oft with transgressions of that kind To make those Prisoners who have not taken Arms but live in amity with Injustice in making some Prisoners both parties only because they are suspected to favour one party more than the other hath little of the Law of Arms in it and less of that of Conscience Herein the famous Count of Mansfeld is inexcusable for putting Guards on the Earl of East-Friezeland when he had quarter'd his Army in his County So was the Suedish Felt-Marshal Banier for sending one of the Dukes of Saxon-Lauenburg and the Lord Arnheim Prisoners to Sueden Neither can the late King of Sueden be well excused for seizing on the persons of the Duke and Dutchess of Courland The securing of the Dutchess as well as her Husband the Duke minds me of a question Whether Women should be made Prisoners of War it is certain Whether Women should be Prisoners of War if taken in ancient and later times too they were taken and ransom'd or exchang'd or made slaves yet it would seem since Nature hath generally exempted that Sex from making War they cannot properly be made Prisoners of War The Mahometans notwithstanding make Slaves of them And I suppose in our late Wars they were not ordinarily made Prisoners rather because the custome of it is worn out than that it is abrogated by any Law It is not yet 130 years since some French Captains under Francis the First took some Spanish Ladies Prisoners at Perpignan and would have put them to ransome but that generous King gave a summ of money to those who had taken them and sent them home to their Husbands without ransome Now it is not like he would have bought them from his own Officers if he had not thought they had some right to them by the Law of War The great Cyrus did well in preserving the honour and chastity of the fair Panthea taken Prisoner in the War but Some instances of it he had done better to have sent her home to her Husband Abradates Alexander did well to use Darius his Mother Wife and Daughters honourably but he had done better to have sent them home to the Persian King either for or without ransome Selimus the First as barbarous and cruel a Tyrant as he was known to be shew'd more generosity in this point than both of them for the noise of the Turks Cannon having rather frighted the Persian Horses than chac'd the Sophi Isaâ—ael out of the Calderan Plains his Horse-men took a number of noble Persian Ladies Prisoners whom the Great Turk sent home to their Husbands without ransome and without any violence done to their persons or honours But Prisoners of War having got fair quarter promis'd them and honestly Slavery remitted by Christians kept What shall be done with them Assuredly they must be either enslaved exchang'd or ransom'd As to the first we are to know that after the great Constantine suffer'd the Christian Faith to be preach'd without interruption over most of the then known World men remitted much of the severity of the Law of War and Nâ—tions to Prisoners And Slavery which makes men differ but